Full text of "History of Northampton County [Pennsylvania] and the grand valley of the Lehigh under supervision and revision of William J. Heller, assisted by an advisory board of editors.."

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History of Northampton County

[PENNSYLVANIA]

and

The Grand Valley of the Lehigh

Under Supervision and Revision of
WILLIAM J. HELLER

Assisted by
AN ADVISORY BOARD OF EDITORS

VOLUME I

1920

THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY

KOSTON NEW YOEK CHICAGO

CONTENTS

NoTE.^ — The historical narrative is paged continuously, and closes in Volume II. The
Biographical matter follows immediately thereafter, and is paged continuously to itself,
extending into Volume III. Historical and Biographical Indexes will be found at close
of Volume III.

PAGE

Chapter I— Thk Abokigenes — The various Tribes— Their Customs — ^How affected by

the coming of the Whites I

Chapter II — The Penns — William Penn — His Constitution for the new Colony —

Pcnn's sons 25

Chapter III — Scotch-Irish Settlements — Early Families 41

Chapter IV — The Indian Walk — Penn's purchase from the Indians 47

Chapter V — The German Pioneers— Various sects — Influence of the Reformed

Church — Founding of Franklin College 51

Chapter VI — The Moravians — The Unitas Fratrum — Coming of Whitcfield — Founda-
tions of Bethlehem — The Economy — Educational Progress 61

Chapter VII — Indian Mass.\cres — On Mahoning Creek and at Gnadenhutton —

Arrival of Colonel Franklin 77

Chapter VIII — Erection of Northampton County — First County Buildings — ^First

Commissioners 81

Chapter IX — Indian Treaties — The Delaware Embassy — Teedyuscung — Conference

at Easton — Peace Treaty between the Indians and Sir William Johnson 85

Chapter X — Early Roads — Ferries — Bridges — First Stage Lines — Lehigh River Navi-
gation — The Delaware Canal — First Steamboats — Railroads — Trolley Lines 103

Chapter XI — The Pennamite War — The Susquehanna and Delaware Companies —

Proclamation against intruders — Scenes of strife 113

Chapter XII — The Indian Massacre of 1763 — Accounts of various murders 121

Chapter XIII — Batti,e and Massacre of Wyoming — Attacks by Indians and British

— Flight of the survivors 127

Chapter XIV — The Revolutionary Period — Early military companies — Their leaders

— Gen. Sullivan's expedition — ^Attacks by Indians — Early gunmakers 131

Chapter XV — Fries' Rebellion — Resistance to law — Militia called out — Trial of Fries

^Pardon of the culprits 143

Chapter XVI — Opening of Nineteenth Century— War of 1812 — Northampton
County volunteers — An era of speculation— Introduction of Anthracite Coal —
Coal floated to market — Silk manufacture — Forecasters of the Civil War 149

Chapter XVII — The Civil War — Northampton County's troops — Their Military

service l6l

Chapter XVIII — Military Rolls 177

Chapter XIX — The Last Half Century — ^Advance in educational facilities — North-
ampton in Spanish-American and World Wars 235

Chaptpir XX — Political — The Whig and Free Soil Parties — Democratic predominance

— Notable elections 241

Chapter XXI — Bench and Bar — Provincial Courts — First State Constitution — Notable

Lawyers and Jurists 247

Chapter XXII — The Medical Profession — Early practitioners 259

Chapter XXIII — Poets of the Forks of the Dei.aware — Some famous names 265

CONTENTS

FACE

Chapter XXIV — Iron and Kindred Industries — Early iron working — Hematite ore —
Iron works at Glendon and South Easton — First Foundry and Machine Shop —
The Thomas Iron Works — Works at Hellertown and elsewhere — The Bessemer
process — The Bethlehem Steel Company 269

Chapter XXV — The Slate Industry — Various important companies 279

Chapter XXVI — The Cement Industry — The Portland process — Various manufac-
turing companies 283

Chapter XXVII — The Press — Early newspapers — The first German and first English

newspapers — A notable array of Journalists 289

Chapter XXVIII — The Silk Industry— Various manufactories 301

Chapter XXIX — Diversified Industries — Discovery of Zinc — Cotton manufacture —
Iron and Brass — Boat building — Furniture — Boots and Shoes — Flag manufacture
— Nearly every line of manufactures represented 30S

Chapter XXX — Financial Institutions — Early Banks — Later Banks — Building and

Loan Associations — Clearing House 317

Chapter XXXI — Public Education — The Moravian schools — Early schoolhouses and
schoolmasters — George Wolf, Father of the State Public School System — Able
Superintendents 325

Chapter XXXII — Higher Institutions of Learning — Wolf Academy— Nazareth
Hall — Moravian Seminary and College for Women — Moravian College and Theo-
logical Seminary— Easton Union Academy— Lafayette College— Lehigh University 337

Chapter XXXIII —The Catholic Church— Catholic pioneers — First church and first
priests — Notable names — St. Joseph's Church— St. Anthony's — St. Michael's —
Other churches 361

Chapter XXXIV— City of Easton — Pioneer settlers — Incorporation of Borough —
Incidents of early days — Advance during the present decade — Easton Library —
Historical and Genealogical Society— Hospital and Home for Friendless Chil-
dren—Board of Trade— Insurance Company — Water Company — Early officials-
Military organizations — Early churches — Various denominations and sects —
Advantages of Easton 395

Chapter XXXV— Bethlehem— The Pennsylvania home of the Moravians— Notable
Names— First Sea Congregation— The American Moravian Church— First build-
ings—Borough incorporation — Educational institutions — Fountain Hill — The era
of Electricity— Theological Seminary— The Churches— Civil institutions 43'

Chapter XXXVI— Townships— Lower Saucon— Upper Mount Bethel— Allen—
Bethlehem— Williams— Forks— Plainfield— Moore— Lehigh— Lower Mount Bethel
—Upper and Lower Nazareth— Hanover— Bushkill— East Allen— Palmer— Wash-
ington — Wilson 403

Chapter XXXVII— BoROUCHS—South Easton— Bath— Freemansburg— Nazareth-
Chapman— Glendon— Hellertown— Bangor— Portland— Pen Argyl— West Easton—
Tatamy— Wind Gap— Stockertown— Northampton— Northampton Heights— North
Catasauqua— Roseto — Walnutport S07

THE .\nV YOf,n -

^STOK, LENOX AVn

CHAPTER I
THE ABORIGINES

The origin of the North Amcric.in Indian is one of the mysteries of his-
tory ; many have tried to solve it, but it is still an enigma. They were here
to welcome Columbus, the explorer of the Mississippi river, the Cavalier and
Puritan settlers of Virginia and New England.

In the period under review, the area now comprised in the States of
Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York was occupied by Indian tribes
known collectively as Algonquins, and embraced in two nations, or rather
groups of nations, called by Europeans the Iroquois and the Delawares, the
former having received their names from the French, and the latter from
the English. The language of both these peoples was the Algonquin, but
materially different dialects.

Among themselves, in the Indian language, the Delawares were known
as the Lenni Lenape, or simply the Lenape, which signifies the "original or
true people," while the Iroquois were called the Mcngwe or Mingoes, this
last being a corruption originating among the more ignorant white men, and
from them adopted by the Delawares, who applied it as a name of reproach
or contempt to their Mcngwe neighbors, between whom and themselves very
little friendly feeling existed. The country of the Mengwe extended from
the shores of Lake Erie to those of Champlain and the Hudson, and from
the headwaters of the Allegheny, Susquehanna and Delaware rivers north-
ward to Lake Ontario, and even across the St. Lawrence, thus really
embracing nearly all of the State of New York and a portion of Canada.
This they figuratively styled their long "Council House," within which,
the place of kindling the grand council fire, was the Onondaga Valley,
where delegates from all the tribes met in solemn deliberation. They ex-
isted as a confederation of tribes, and were usually known in English annals
as the Five Nations. This alliance was composed of the Mohawks, Sene-
cas, Cayugas, Onondagas and Oneidas. They were later joined by the
Tuscaroras from the Carolinas, who had been driven north by white men.
This made the federation the Six Nations.

The Mohawks occupied the country nearest the Hudson river, and were
considered as holding the post of honor — the guarding of the eastern entrance
of the "Long House." The highest chief of the tribe was also always the
leading war chief of the Confederacy. They held the first rank among the
tribes, although the Senecas were the most numerous and were possessed
of the highest degree of warlike spirit and military energy. They defended
the western portal of the "Long House," while the Cayugas were guardians
■over the southern, that is, the frontier of the Delaware and Susquehanna
valleys. The Onondaga nation held the office of chief sachem of the league;
the Oneidas held forth along the northern front. They became very power-
ful, and reduced several rival nations, among them the Lenape, to a state of
semi-vassalage.

NORTH.— 1—1.

2 NORTH AM PTOxM COUNTY

The domain of the Delawarcs extended along the seashore from the
Chesapeake to the country border, Long Island Sound to the eastward of
New Amsterdam. Back from the coast it reached beyond the valley of the
Susquehanna, and on the north it joined the jealously guarded hunting
grounds of their supercilious neighbors, the hated "Murgoes." The three
most notable sub-divisions of the Delawares were the tribes of the Turtle,
or Unamies ; the Turkeys, or Wunalachtikos ; and the Wolf, or Minsi. The
Unamies and Wunalachtikos branches of the Delaware nation, comprising
the tribes of Assunpinks, Alators, Chickequaus, Shackmaxons, Tuteloes,
Nanticokes, and others of lesser note, inhabited the lower country towards
the coast, while the more warlike tribes of the Wolf watched their dangerous
northern neighbors. Their lands extended from the Iroquois frontier south
to Mackahneck, and thej- lighted their council fire in the Alinisinks near what
is now Port Jervis. Their principal villages were along the valleys of the
Aquanshicole and the Analomuk (Broadhead creek), and the Upper Dela-
v^rare all above the Blue Mountains. There were no Indian habitations in
the section known as the Forks of the Delaware, that is, the area between
the two rivers and the Blue Mountains prior to 1700; it was a common hunt-
ing ground accessible to all. When the white man reached the Forks, the
first Indians he discovered were from the Jerseys, and who had emigrated
from the southern half of New Jersey to the only nearest land on which they
had rights — the Forks. The Shawnees had a few towns along the Dela-
ware, but not any within the Forks. These towns were placed so as to
protect something of value to the Six Nations, who granted the privilege to
the Shawnees to settle in the country of the Delaware when they were
expelled from their homes in what is now the southern part of the Middle
West. One was at Durham, Bucks county, to look after the jasper mines
and other interests in Rattlesnake Hill ; one on the Flats, at the north end
of Phillipsburg, New Jersey, to guard the marble deposits in the nearby
hills. Their principal town was on Shawnee Island, about four miles above
the Delaware Water Gap ; this town was in plain view of the copper mine.
There were some others of lesser importance ; one of these was on Coplay
creek, in White Hall township, now Lehigh county. When disaffection
arose among the Indians, the Shawnees betook themselves to the lands of
the Alleghenies, leaving the Delawares sole possessors of the Forks country,
where they lived in harmony with the first white settlers until the 3'ear 1742,
when they were so ignominiously banished from their homes by the Six
Nations at the instigation of the proprietors, the avaricious sons of WilUiam
Penn.

The wars between the Delawares and Iroquois were of long standing,
and finally they discovered that warfare was depleting their numbers, espe-
cially the Iroquois (who, at this period under review, consisted of five
nations, later of six nations), joined the federation, and became known
among the English as the Six Nations, and by the French as Iroquois. The
Delawares called them the Mengwe, and in derision Mingo.

The strength of the Delawares was increased by the addition of the
Shawnees, who were forced out of the southern country and were permitted
to dwell among the upper nations. The Delawares were always too power-

THE ABORIGINES 3

ful for the Iroquois, so that the latter were at length convinced that if they
continued the war, their total extinction would be incvital)lc. They there-
fore sent tlie fcillowing message: "It is not profitable that all the nations
should be at war with each other, for this will, at length, be the ruin of the
whole Indian race. We have, therefore, considered of a remedy, by which
this evil may be prevented. One nation shall be the women. We will place
her in the midst, and the other nations who make war shall be the men, and
live among the women. No one shall touch or hurt the women, and if any
one does it, we will immediately say to him, 'Why do you beat the woman?'
Then all the men shall fall upon him who has beaten her. The women shall
not go to war, but endeavor to keep peace with all, therefore if the men that
surround her beat each other and the war be carried on with violence, the
women shall have the right of addressing them, 'Ye men, what are you about,
why do you beat each other? We are almost afraid; consider that your
wives and children must perish unless ye desist. Do you mean to destroy
yourselves from the face of the earth?' Then shall you hear and obey the
women."

The Delawares not immediately perceiving the intention of the Iroquois,
had submitted to be the women. The Iroquois then appointed a great feast
and invited the Delawares to it, at which time, in consequence of the author-
ity given them, they made a solemn speech containing three capital points.
The first was that they declared the Delaware nation to be the women, in
the following words: "We dress you in a woman's long habit, reaching
down to your feet, and adorn you with ear-rings," meaning that they should
no more take up arms. The second point was thus expressed : "We hang
a calabash filled with oil and medicines upon your arm. With the oil you
shall cleanse the cars of the other nations that they may attend to good and
not to bad words; and with the medicine you shall heal those who are walk-
ing in foolish ways, that they may return to their senses and incline their
hearts to peace." The third point, by which the Delawares were exhorted
to make agriculture their future employment and means of subsistence, was
thus worded : "We deliver into your hands a plant of Indian corn and a
hoe." Each of these points was confirmed by delivering a belt of wampum.
These belts had been carefully laid up, and their meaning frequently repeated.
Ever after this singular treaty, the Iroquois called the Delawares their
cousins. The three tribes of the Delawares were called comrades; but these
titles were only made use of in their council, and when some solemn speech
was to be delivered.

The Iroquois, on the contrary, asserted that they conquered the Dela-
wares, and that the latter were forced to adopt the defenceless state and
appellation of a woman to avoid total ruin. Whether these different accounts
be true or false, certain it is that the Delaware nation were looked upon to
preserve peace, and entrusted with the charge of the great belt of peace and
chain of friendship, which they must take care to preserve. According to
the figurative explanation of the Indians, the middle of the chain of friend-
ship was placed upon the shoulders of the Delawares, the rest of the Indian
nations holding one end, and the Europeans the other. Such were the con-
ditions when the white man first made his appearance at the forks of the
Delaware.

4 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

The Lenni Lenape and the nations in league with them resembled each
other, both as to their bodily and mental qualifications. The men were
mostly slender, middle-sized, handsome and straight; there were not many
deformed or crippled among them. The women were short, not so hand-
some, and rather clumsier in appearance than the men, caused principally
by their dress. Their skin was of a reddish brown, nearly resembling
copper, but in different shades — some of a brownish yellow, not much differ-
ing from the mulattoes ; some lighter brown, hardly to be known from a
brown European, except by their hair and eyes ; jet black hair, stiff, lank
and coarse, almost like horsehair, that grew gray in old age ; their eyes were
large and black. The men had a fierce but not dreadful countenance; their
features regular and not disagreeable, but the cheekbones were rather promi-
nent, especially in the women. Both had very white teeth ; the men a firm
•walk, a light step, and could run remarkably swift. Their smell, sight and
hearing w-ere very acute, and their memory so strong that they could relate
the most trivial circumstances which had happened in their councils many
years previous, and tell the exact time of former events with the greatest
precision ; their powers of imagination very lively, which enabled them in a
short time to attain to great skill and dexterity in learning. They compre-
hended whatever belonged to their manner of living or tended to their sup-
posed advantage with the greatest ease ; and their continued practice in
needful accomplishments, to which they were trained up in infancy, gave
them a decided advantage. They had but few objects which required their
whole attention, and therefore were less divided. Their history gives many
instances of their greatness of mental powers and accuracy of deliberation
and judgment, good sense in their intercourse with strangers, and strict
•conformity to the rules of justice and equity, which proved that they saw
things in the proper light. They were far superior to any other uncivilized
people on the face of the globe.

In common life and conversation the Indians observed good manners.
They usually treated one another and strangers with kindness and civility,
without empty compliments ; their whole behavior appeared solid and prudent.
In matters of consequence they spoke and acted with the most cool and
serious deliberation, avoided all appearance of precipitancy, but this was
chiefly due to suspicion, and their coolness was merely affected ; they were
past-masters in the art of dissembling. They were sociable and friendly,
and a mutual intercourse existed between families. Quarrels and offensive
behavior were carefully avoided ; they never put anyone to blush or reproach,
■ even a noted murderer. Their common conversation turned upon hunting,
fighting and affairs of state. Xo one interrupted his neighbor in speaking,
but listened attentively to news, whether true or false. This was one reason
why they were so fond of receiving strangers. Cursing and swearing were
unknown to them, their language containing no such expressions.

Difference of rank was not to be found among them : all were equally
noble and free ; the only difference consisted in wealth, age, dexterity, courage
and office. Whoever furnished much wampum for the chiefs was considered
as a person of quality and riches. Age was everywhere respected, for,
.according to their ideas, long life and wisdom were always related; young

THE ABORIGINES 5

Indians endeavored by presents to gain instruction from the aged. A clever
hunter, a valiant warrior and an intelligent chief, held high honor, and no
Indian, with all his notions of liberty, refused to follow and obey his captain
or his chief. Presents were very acceptable to an Indian, but he was not
willing to acknowledge himself under any obligation to the donor, and even
took it amiss if they were discontinued. Their hospitality was renowned ;
it extended even to strangers who would take refuge amongst them ; they
considered it a sacred duty from which no one was exempted. Whoever
refused hospitality to anyone committed a grievous offence, and made him-
self detested and abhorred by all, and also liable to revenge from the offended
person. In their conduct toward their enemies they were cruel and inexor-
able, and when enraged, bent upon nothing but murder and bloodshed.
They were, however, remarkable for concealing their passions and waiting
for a convenient opportunity of gratifying them. If they could not satisfy
their resentment they even called upon their friends and posterity to do it.
The longest space of time could not cool their wrath, nor the most distant
place of refuge afford security to their enemy.

The Indians in general, but especially the men, loved ease; and even
hunting, though their chief employ, was attended to with perseverance but
for a few months of the year, the rest being chiefly spent in idleness. The
women were more employed, for the whole burden of housekeeping lay
upon them, and nothing but hunger and want could rouse the men from
their drowsiness and give them activity.

Tlie honor and welfare of the nation were considered by them as a most
important concern, for, though they were joined together neither by force
nor compact, yet they considered themselves as one nation, of which they
had an exalted idea, and professed great attachment to their particular tribe*
Independence appeared to them to be the grand prerogative of Indians.
Considered either collectively or as individuals, they franklj' owned the
superiority of the Europeans in several arts, but despised them as submitting
to laborious employments; the advantages they themselves possessed in
hunting, fishing, and even in their moral conduct, appeared to them superior
to any European refinements. This public spirit of the Indians produced
the most noble exertions in favor of their own people. They were fearless
to danger, suffered any hardship, and met torments and death itself with
composure, in the defence of their country. Even in their last moments they
possessed the greatest appearance of insensibility in honor of their nation,
boasted of their intrepidity, and with savage pride defied the greatest
sufferings and tortures which their enemies could inflict upon them.

The Delaware and Iroquois were the principal languages spoken
throughout eastern North America, and all others were dialects of them,
but the Delaware language bore no resemblance to the Iroquois. Though
the three different tribes of the Delaware had the same language, yet they
spoke different dialects. The Unamies and Wunalachtikos, who inhabited
the eastern coast of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, nearly agree in pronuncia-
tion, but the dialect of the Minsi, who lived in the Minisinks above the
Blue Mountains, differed so much from the former that they would hardly
be able to understand each other did they not keep up a continual intercourse.

6 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

The language of the Delawarcs had an agreeable sound, both in common
conversation and public delivery. The dialect spoken by the Unamies and
Wunalachtikos was peculiarly grateful to the ear, and much more easily
learned by an European than that of the Minsi, which was rougher and
spoken with a broad accent. However, the Minsi dialect is a key to many
expressions in the dialect of the other two tribes. The pronunciation of
the Delaware language was generally easy, only the ch is a very strong
guttural. The letters f, v, p, k and r are wanting in their alphabet. They
omitted them entirely in foreign words, or pronounced them differently;
for example: Pilipp for Philip, Petelus for Petrus, Pliscilla for Priscilla.
The sense of many words depended entirely on the accent, and great care
was necessary in defining the meaning, as an Indian was loath to repeat
his utterances.

In matters relating to common life the language of the Indians was
remarkably coi)ious ; they had frequently several names for one and the
same thing under different circumstances. For instance, the Delawares had
ten different names for a bear, according to its age or sex; such names had
often not the least resemblance to each other. They had no terms for the
things in which they were not conversant and engaged, nor did they take
any pains to enrich their language in proportion as their knowledge extended,
but rather chose to express themselves in a figurative or descriptive manner.
The foUc'wing examples will be sufficient to give an idea:

1. The sky is overcast with dark, blustery clouds — We shall have

troublesome times ; we shall have war.

2. A black cloud has arisen yonder — War is threatened from that

quarter or from that nation.

3. The path is already shut u]> — Hostilities have commenced; the war

is begun.

4. The rivers run with blood — War rages in the country.

5. To lay down the hatchet or slip the hatchet under the bed — To cease

fighting for a while during a truce ; or to place the hatchet at
hand, so that it may be taken up again at a moment's warning.

6. To bury the hatchet — To make or conckide a peace.

7. Singing birds — Tale bearers, liars.

8. Don't listen to the singing of the birds which fly by! — Don't believe

what stragglers tell you.
g. You stopped my ears ! — You ke])t the thing a secret from me.
TO. I draw the thorns out of your feet and legs, grease your stiffened

joints with oil and wipe the sweat off your body ! — I make you

feel comfortable after 3'our fatiguing journey, that you may

enjoy yourself while with us.
II. The path between us is again open! — We are again on friendlv terms.

Thus the language of their orators, who most sensibly felt the want of
proper expressions, was full of images, and they found even gesture and
grimace necessary to convey their sentiments. W^hen they saw new objects
they commonly observed that these were things which have no name; now
and then a council was held to consult about a term descriptive of a new
thing. Thus they have chosen a word to express "brown color," which
signifies "the middle between black and white"; for buckles they invented a
word meaning "metal shoestrinsrs."

TTTE ARORIGINKS 7

Tlic want of pro])cr expressions in spiritual thins^s, of which Ihey were
totally ignorant, was most jjcrplcxing-. I'ut after the Gospel had been
preached among them, the language of the Delawares and Iroquois gained
much in this respect and improved in volume. The following is the Lord's
Prayer in the Delaware language:

Ki Wetochenulcnk, talli epian Avvossagamc. Machelendosutsch Ktclle-
wunsowoagan Ksakimowagan peyewiketsch Ktelitehewagan lekctsch yun
Achqui;lhackanike elgiepii leek talli Awossagame Milineen cHgischquik
qunagischuk Achpoan woak miwelendammauwinecn n'tschannauchsowagan-
nena elgiqui niluna miwelendammauwcnk nik tschetschanilawequengik woak
kalschi n'pawuneen li achquelschlowaganink shuckund ktennineen untschi
mcdhicking Alod Knihillatamen ksakimowagan woak ktallewussoagan woak
ktallowilissowagan ne untschi nallemiwi Nanne Icketsch.

To illustrate the difficulties encountered by the early interpreters and
translators in making the English language in its most common form fit the
limited vocabulary of the Indian language, the literal translation of the above
prayer is here given :

Thou our Father there dwelling beyond the clouds, magnified thy name ;
thy kingdom come on ; thy thought come to pass here all over the earth.
The same as it is there beyond the clouds. Through this day the usual
daily bread, and forgive to us our transgressions, the same as we who are
here we mutually forgive them who have injured us, and let us come to that,
that we fall into tenq^tation, rather keep us free from all evil, for thou
claimest kingdom and the superior power and all magnificence from hereto-
fore always, amen.

It was not expected to find arts and sciences amongst the wild Indians,
nor even any inclination to study them ; unable to read or write, it was most
difficult to give them any idea of those accomjtlishments. If a written or
printed paper or book was shown them, and something read or spoken of
as contained in it, they imagined that a spirit spoke secretly to the reader,
dictating whatever he wished to know. Some thought that the paper, when
written upon, could speak to the reader, but so as to be heard by no one
else; therefore, a letter, particularly if it be sealed, was considered as a very
sacred thing. They would not take pains to learn either to read or write.
If any peace contracts or commercial papers were required to be delivered
to the Europeans, signed by their chiefs, captains or councillors, they would
never sign their name themselves, but get others to make the signature;
then each would add his mark, which was often nothing but a crooked line
or a cross, sometimes a line in the form of a turkey's foot, a tortoise or of
some other creature.

The Delawares knew nothing regarding their history but what had been
verbally transmitted to them by their fathers and grandfathers. Thus the
stories were handed down from father to son, and to impress it upon their
young minds they would enlarge on the original so that in the course of
time and the numerous repetitions the legendary tale lost all semblance of its
original import. When they spoke of their ancestors they boasted that they
were mighty warriors and exhibited many feats of valor.

They delighted in describing their genealogies, and were so well versed
in them that they marked every branch of the family with the greatest

8 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

precision. They could also add the character of their ancestors, both in the
male and female line. Though they were indifferent about the history of
former times and ignorant of the art of reading- and writing, yet their
ancestors were well aware that they stood in need of something to enable
them to convey their ideas to a distant nation, or preserve the memory of
remarkable events, at least for a season. To this end they invented some-
thing like hieroglyphics and also strings of wampum; their hieroglyphics
were characteristic figures which were more frequently painted upon trees
than cut in stone. These were intended to caution against danger, to mark
a place of safety, to direct the wanderer into the right path, to record some
important transaction, or to commemorate the deeds and achievements of
their celebrated heroes, and were as intelligible to them as a written account
would be to us. For this purpose they generally preferred a tall, well-grown
tree ; they then would peel the bark on one side, scrape the wood till it became
white and clean, then draw the figure of the hero whose exploits they wished
to celebrate. These drawings would last fully fifty years, and it was a great
consolation to the dying warrior that his glorious deeds vi'ould be preserved
so long, for the admiration of posterity. Traveling Indians who might happen
to camp at a certain place while on a hunting trip, would record the fact on
one of the trees, giving an account of the amount of game secured, what
tribe they belonged to, and other statements.

Among the different tribes there were no fixed laws, but those in
authority found no difficulty of governing them. Their councillors and chiefs
were capable men, and whatever they saw or did was never questioned by
subordinates, as they were proud of seeing such able men conduct the affairs
of their nation ; the Indians were little troubled about what they were doing,
knowing that the result of their deliberations would be made public in due
time. Matters of public import were generally made known by the chief
through the orator, for which purpose they would be called together and
assemble at the council-house ; and if it was found necessary to require a
contribution of money for carrying the desires of the chiefs into effect, the
entire assembly cheerfully complied. The chiefs were very careful in pre-
serving for their own information and that of future generations, all important
deliberations and treaties made at any time between them and other nations.

For the purpose of refreshing their own memories and of instructing
one or more of their most capable and promising young men in these matters,
they assembled once or twice a year. On these occasions they always met
at a chosen spot in the woods, at a small distance from the town, where a fire
was kindled, and at the proper time provisions would be brought out to
them there on a large piece of bark or on a blanket, and all the documents
laid out in such order that all could distinguish each particular speech the
same as we know the principal contents of an instrument of writing by
the endorsement on it.

If parchment writings were connected with the belts of wampum (strings
of beads woven into belts), they would apply to some trusty white man to
read the contents to them. Their speaker then, who was always chosen
from among those who were endowed with superior talents and who had
already been trained up in the business, would rise and in an audible voice

'I'llI-: ABORKHNES 9

deliver with tlie gravitj' that the subject required, the contents, sentence
after sentence, until he had finished the whole subject. On the manner in
which the belt or strinjj of wampum was handled by the speaker much
depended ; the turning of the belt, which took- place when he had finished
one-half of his sjieech, when done pro])erly, by it was as well known how
far the speaker had advanced in his s])eech as with us in taking a glance at
the i>ages of a book or pam]ihlct while reading, and a good speaker would
be able to point out the exact place on a belt, which was the answer to each
particular sentence, the same as we can point out a passage in a book.
Belts and strings, when done with by the speaker, were again handed to
the chief, who put them u]> carefully in the speechl»ag or pouch. These
belts of wampum were of different dimensions both as to length and breadth;
white and black wampum were the kinds used — the former that which was
good, a peace-friendship, good will; the latter the reverse — yet occasionally
the black also was made use of as ]3eace errands when the white could not
be procured ; but previous to its being produced for such purjjosc it was
daubed all over with white clay, or anything to change the color from
black to white.

Roads from one friendly nation to another were generally marked on
the belt by one or two rows of white wampum interwoven in the black, and
running through the middle and from end to end ; it meant that they were
on good terms and kept up a friendly intercourse with each other. A black
belt with the mark of a hatchet made on it with red paint was a war ibelt,
which, when sent to a nation, together with a twist or roll of tobacco, was
an inxitation to join in a war. If the nation so invited smoked of this
tobacco, and said it smoked well, they thus gave their consent, and from
that moment became allied. If, however, they declined to smoke, it was a
sign of rejection. Although at their councils they do not seat themselves
after the manner of the white people, yet the attitude they place them-
selves in is not chargeable to thetu as a want of respect. Faithful to the
trust coinmitted to them, they were careless of ceremonies from which the
native cannot derive any benefit. They sat themselves promiscuously around
a council fire, some leaning one way, some another, so that a stranger on
viewing them might be led to conclude they were unattentive to what was
said, or had become tired of attending. By sitting in this position they
were given the opportunity of being intent on what was said and attentive
to the subject under their consideration, as they had no object to look at
which might draw off their attention. They were all ears, though they did
not stare at the speaker; the fact was, nothing could draw their attention
from the subject under deliberation unless the house they were sitting in
should take fire or be attacked by an enemy.

\Vam])um is an Indian word for mussel; a number of these mussels
strung together was called a string of wampum, which, when a fathom long,
was termed a belt, but the word "string" was commonly used, whether it
be long or short. The mussels from which wami)um was made were found
princiiially along the coast of Maryland and \'irginia, and were valued
according to the color. Having first sawed these shells into square pieces
about a quarter of an inch in length, an eighth in thickness, they ground

ic NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

them round or oval upon a common grindstone, then a hole was bored
lengthwise through each, large enough to admit a wire thong. The black
wampum was more precious than the white on account of its scarcity. The
Delawares and Shawnees had a place in the Durham Valley where they
procured jasper, from which they made black wampum. When the white
man saw the value of wampum he set up a lathe and made the tiny beads
in great abundance, and a profitable vocation it proved to be.

Besides the above-mentioned by which the Indians commemorate certain
events, they likewise had songs in praise of their heroes, extolling their
glorious exploits; these were frequently sung, but merely from memory.
They taught them to their children, and those who loved poetry composed
more, so that there was no want of them.

They required but very little arithmetic to keep an account of their
goods and chattels, yet they were not wholly unacquainted w-ith it. While
some of the nations could only count ten or twenty, they would express a
greater number by pointing to the hairs on their head, signifying that the
number exceeded their power of calculation ; but the Delawares understood
very little about our letters and cyphers, yet could count into the thousands.
They could count regularly to ten, make a mark, proceed to the next ten,
and so on to the end of the account; then, by adding the tens, they found
hundreds and thousands. The numerals as expressed in the Delaware lan-
guage were as follows, which also illustrates the difference between the two
tribes, the Minsi above the mountains, and the Unamie below the mountains:

UN AM IE

N'gutti

Nischa

Nacha

Newo

Palcnach

Guttasch

Nishasch

Chasch

reschkoid<

Tellcn

Those Indians who understood the value of money had learned it chiefly
from the English and Dutch. The Delawares called pence, pcnnig ; and stivers,
stipd. If they wished to calculate a sum of money with exactness they
would take Indian corn, calling every corn a penny or stiver, adding as
many as are necessary to make florins, shillings and pounds.

Most of them determined a number of years by so many winters,
summers, springs or autumns since such an event took place, and other
facts ; few of them knew exactly how many years old they were after thirty.
Some of them reckoned from the time of a hard frost or a deep snow in
such a year; from a war with the IndiariS, or from the building of Pittsburgh
or Philadelphia, as "when Pittsburgh was built I was ten years old," or as
"in spring when we boil sugar, or when we plant, I shall be so old."

Of geography they knew nothing; some imagined the earth was sup-
ported on the back of an immense turtle who floated on the sea; but they
had an idea of maps, and could delineate plans of countries known to them

MINSI

Gutti

Nischa

■2

Nacha

Newa

Nalan

Guttasch

Nischoasch

Chaasch

Nolewi

Wimbat

Tlli'. AP.OKIGINES ii

iqx)!! Iiircli hark wilh sonic exactness. The distance from (Jiie jilace to
another they would not mark in miles, but by days' journeys of about fifteen
or twenty miles each. These were divided into half or quarter day's journeys,
and with accuracy when sending out war parties, or for hunting purposes,
the road could be clearly described and time required to make the journey.
An Indian would never lose his way in the woods, though some were
between two and three hundred miles in length and as many in breadth.
Besides knowing the courses of the rivers and brooks and the situation of
the hills, he was .safely directed by the branches and moss growing upon the
trees. They marked the boundaries of their different territories chiefly by
mountains, and these in smaller divisions by lakes, rivers and brooks, all
mrasurements in straight lines if possible. They directed their course at
night with the Polar star, and when the sun set they thought it went under
water; >vlien the moon did not .shine they said it was dead. The three last
<!ays before the new moon they callcfl naked days; the moon's first appear-
ance was called resurrection.

The Delawares divided the year into four quarters, and each quarter
into periods. But their calculations were somewhat imperfect and could
not agree when to begin the new year, so their year generally began with
March. This month the fish passed up the streams, and was known as the
shad time ; April, planting time ; May, hoeing time ; June, the time when
the deer became red; July, the time of raising the earth about the corn;
August, when the corn is in milk ; September, first month in autumn ; October,
harvest time; November, known among all Indians as time for hunting;
December, time when the bucks cast their antlers; January, squirrel period,
the squirrels then coming out of the holes ; and February, frog season, as
at that time the frogs began to croak.

They did not divide the months into weeks or days, but into nights ;
an Indian would say, "I was traveling so many nights." But if he did not
stay from home all the night he termed it, "I was a day's journey from
home." Half day was expressed by pointing to the sun directly above, and
quarter day by its rising or setting. If they wished to speak more accurately
they would point to other marks intelligible to themselves. By the course
of the sun they could determine the time of day with nearly as much exact-
ness as we do by a watch ; "I will be with you tomorrow when the sun
stands in such place." The growth of the corn was also a mark of time;
"I will return when the corn is grown so high" ; "I will do this and that
when the corn is in bloom, or ripe." Thunder they conceived to be a spirit
dwelling in the mountains and occasionally coming forth to make himself
heard.

In their ideas of man, they made proper distinction between body and
soul, tlie latter of which was considered by them as a spiritual and immortal
being. Their ideas of the nature of a spirit did not preclude their represent-
ing good spirits in a human form, but that these excelled even the Indians,
whom they considered as the most beautiful of the human race in comeliness
and perfection. They considered the soul as immortal, and believed all
Indians who led a good life would go to a good place after death, where
they would have evervthing in abundance, but that all who had lived in

12 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

wickedness would rove al)oi]t wilhout anj- fixed .ibode and be restless, dis-
satisfied and melancholy-

They were very superstitious, made many sacrifices to their deities,
practiced many absurdities in their belief and fear of the evil spirits, and
differed but little from the religious ceremonies of the western Indian nations
of today. While there was a similarity in worship, there was a vast differ-
ence in the dress, habitation and mode of living, and we will, therefore, forego
an extended accomit of their religious practices and give fuller detail of
domestic habits of the Delawares.

In their dress and ornaments they displayed much singularity, but little
art ; to avoid clothing as a burden, they dressed very light. The men
wore a blanket hung loose over both shoulders, or only over the left, that
the right arm could be free to tie or pin the upper ends together. Formerly
these coverings were made of turkey feathers woven together with the
thread of the wild hemp, but these went out of fashion with the coming of
the white man, who furnished them with a readymade blanket woven in
gaudy colors. The rich wore a piece of blue, red or black cloth, about two
yards long, around their waists. In some, the lower seam of this cloth was
decorated with ribbons, wampum or corals. The poor Indians covered
themselves with nothing but a bearskin, and even the rich did the same in
cold weather, or put on a pelise of beaver or other fur, with the hair turned
inward. These were either tanned by rubbing in water or smoke-dried, and
then rubbed until they became soft.

The men never suffered the hair to grow long; some even pulled so
much of it out by the roots that only a little remained on the crown of the
head, forming a round crest of about two inches in diameter. Th'is they
divided into two tails, plaited, tied with ribbons and hanging down, one to
the right and the other to the left. The crown was frequently ornamented
with a plume of feathers, placed either upright or in a standing position.
At feasts, their hair was frequently decorated with silver rings, corals or
wampum, and even with silver buckles. Some wore a bandage around their
head, ornamented with as many silver buckles as it would hold.

They bestowed much time and labor in decorating their faces, laying
on fresh ])nint e\ery day, especially if they went out to dance. They sup-
posed that it was very projier for brave men to paint, and always studied a
change of fashion. \^ermilion was their favorite color, and frequently they
painted their enfire head : here and there black streaks were introduced, or
they painted one-half of the face black and the other red. The figures painted
upon their faces were of various kinds, every one followed his own fancy,
and exerted his powers of invention to excel others and to have something
peculiar to himself. One jirided himself with the figure of a serpent upon
each cheek; another with that of a turtle, deer, bear or some other creature
as his arms and signature.

Some would bore a hole through the cartilage of the nose and wear a
large pearl or a piece of silver, gold or wampum in it. They would also
decorate the lappets of their ears with feathers, flowers, corals or silver
crosses. A broad collar made of violet wamjjum was deemed a most precious
orname:it, and the rich decorated even their breasts with it. ITie intent of

THE ABORIGINES 13

this ornamentation was not to jjlcase others, but to pive themselves a coura-
geous and formidable appearance. It was customary to rub their bodies
with the fat of bears or other animals, which was sometimes colored. This
was done to make them supple and to guard against the sting of mosquitoes
and other insects. This operation also ])reventcd perspiration, increased
their dark color, and gave a greasy, smutty appearance. A tobacco pouch
was a most essential piece of an Indian's outfit ; it contained his pipe, pocket
knife and tinder box, which he always wore with a small axe and long knife in
his girdle. Most pouches were made of the whole skin of a young otter,
beaver or fox, with an opening at the neck. Those who chose to add orna-
ments to the tobacco pouch fastened pearls in the eye-sockets, or had the
women adorn them with corals. Some would wear the claw of a buffalo,
with a large pendulous pouch of deerskin stained with various colors and
neatly worked. The Delawares were fond of a handsome head for their
pipes, and preferred those made of a red marble found along the Mississippi
river. These were made by the western tribes, and brought east to trade
with the Delawares for arrowheads and imjilements of stone found only
along the Delaware.

The Delawares were noted as lovers of fancy dress ; the married men
took care that their wives adorned themselves in a proper manner. The
men paid particular attention to the dress of the women, and on that account
clothed themselves more scantily. The dress which peculiarly distinguished
the women was a petticoat made of a piece of cloth about two yards long,
fastened tight about the hips, and hanging down a little below the knees;
this they wore day and night. Their holiday dress was either blue or red,
hung all around with red, blue and yellow ribbons. Most women of rank
wore a fine white linen shirt with a red collar, reaching from their necks
tiearly to the knees. Others wore shirts of printed cotton of various colors,
decorated at the breast with a great number of buckles, which were also
used by some as ornaments upon their petticoats.

The Delaware women folded their hair and tied it round with a piece
of cloth ; some tied it behind them, rolled it u]i, and wrapped it with a skin of
the rattlesnake. They never painted their faces, except a small round spot
on each cheek, also red on their eyelids and top of the forehead.

For their dwellings a site well watered and containing plenty of wood
was selected, and in close proximity to a low and rich soil for the raising
of corn. The villages therefore were generally situated near a lake, river
or creek, yet sufficiently elevated to escape the danger of inundation during
periods of high water. The huts were made of bark, lined with rushes and
covered with either bark, rushes or long reed grass, but for some years
prior to their emigration to the west, log huts were much in evidence. The
Indian hut was built in the following manner: they peeled trees abounding
in sap, then by cutting the bark into pieces of two or three yards in length.
They laid heavy stones upon them, so they would become flat and even in
drying; the frame of the hut was made by driving poles into the ground,
and strengthened by cross-beams. This framework then was covered both
inside and out with the bark, fastened very tight wuth twigs of hickory; the
roof came to a point and was covered in the same manner. There was an

14 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

opening at the extreme apex of the roof to let out smoke, and one in the side
for an entrance. The door was made of a large selected piece of bark, and
had neither lock nor hinges; a stick leaning on the outside was a sign that
nobody was at home. All around the building were small openings with
sliding shutters. There were no regular plans made for the village, but
everyone built according to his own fancy ; the Delawares were never known
to have very large towns.

The same blanket that clothed them through the day served as a cover-
ing for the night ; the bed was made of bear skins or twigs. The stock of
provisions and other necessaries were hung upon a pole fixed across the top
of the hut, within easy reach.

Prior to the advent of the European, the Indian kindled a fire by
twirling a dry stick very rapidly upon a dry board, using both hands. Their
knives were made of thin flint, in a long, triangular shape, the long sides
being sharpened at the edge and fastened to a wooden handle. These, how-
ever, were not used for heavy work, such as the felling of trees, but only
to peel them, and for warfare. They had a very ingenious manner of fasten-
ing the handle to their stone hatchets ; they would select the stone and a
young sapling, split the latter sufificicntly to admit of the stone, then fasten
it securely in place, bind the sapling above and below the hatchet, cover
with clay, then left to grow securely around the groove of the stone, when
the sapling would be cut down and shaped satisfactorily as a handle. This
process required from one to two years to complete a hatchet, but they were
everlasting. Their pots and boilers were made of clay, mixed with pounded
seashells and burned so bard that they were black throughout.

However, the Fork Indians in the white man's time were u&ing the
same implements and utensils as their white neighbors; formerly this outfit
consisted of kettle, spoon and ciish. Each would use the same spoon when
eating, or most generally discard the spoon, and all ate from the same dish.
Cleanliness was not common among them ; dishes and spoons were never
washed but left for the dogs to lick clean.

When they had no axes but those made of stone, they used to kindle a
fire around a large tree and burn it so long that the tree would fall, then
apply fire at certain distances apart and thus divided them into smaller
pieces for use. The Indian kept a constant fire burning in his hut, and
consumed much wood, also destroyed carelessly considerable more, which
compelled him to move his town to other places, for he always disliked the
carrying of firevvood from an)- distance.

The Delawares married early in life, the men at eighteen and the women
at fourteen. When an Indian wished to marry he first sent a present of
blankets, cloth, linen and a few belts of wampum, according to his wealth,
to the nearest relative of the person he had fixed upon. If they happened to
be pleased, both with the present and with the character of the suitor, they
proposed the matter to the girl, who generally decided agreeably to the wish
of her parents and relations, and was afterward led to the dwelling of the
bridegroom without further ceremony. But if the other party wished to
decline the proposal, the presents were returned by way of a friendly neigh-
bor. After the marriage the presents made by the suitor were divided

THE ABORIGINES 15

amongst the friends of tlic bride. These returned the civility by a present
of Indian corn, beans, kettles, dislies, spoons, baskets, hatchets and other
useful articles brought in solemn procession into the hut of the newly mar-
ried couple. The housekeeping of the Dclawares was to a great extent
better than among all other North American nations. A Delaware Indian
hunted nnd fished, provided meat for the household, kept his wife and chil-
dren in clothing, built and repaired the hut, made fences around the planta-
tion. The wife cooked the victuals, brought firewood and labored in the
field or garden. Occasionally the husband would assist in field work, but
in managing the affairs of the family the husband left the whole to his wife,
and never interfered in things committed to her. She cooked meals twice a
day; if she neglected to do it in proper time, or even altogether, the husband
never said a word, but would go to some friend, being assured that he
would find something to eat there. If the wife desired meat, he went out
early in the morning Avithout eating, and seldom returned minus some game.
When he returned with a deer he dropped it in front of the door, walked
in, said nothing; but his wife, who heard him lay down his burden, gave
him something to eat, dried his clothes, then went out and brought in the
game. She was then entitled to do with it what she pleased ; he said nothing
if she chose to give the greatest and best part away to friends. This giving
to friends was a very common practice among all Indians. Whatever the
husband got by hunting belonged to the wife, therefore as soon as he
brought the skins and meat home he considered them the property abso-
lutely of the wife. On the other hand, whatever the wife reaped from the
garden and plantation belonged to the husband, from which she had to
provide him with the necessary food, both at home and abroad. Some men
would keej) the skins and purchase clothes for the wives and children. The
cows belonged to the wife, but the horses to the husband, who generally
made his wife a present of the finest one for her own use. The children
were always considered as the property of the wife. If a divorce occurred,
they all followed her; those grown up could, if they chose, go with the
father. Both parties were very desirous of maintaining the love of their
children, as shown by their conduct toward them, never opposing their incli-
nation, so they would not lose their afTection. Education was somewhat neg-
lected, consequently the children had their own way generally. The parents
were very careful not to beat or chastise them for any fault, fearing lest the
children might remember it and revenge themselves on some future occasion.
Yet many wellbred children were found among them' who paid great atten-
tion and respect to their parents and were civil to strangers. Very little
attention was bestowed upon the dress of their children, and boys went
naked until about six or seven years of age. The father generally named
the child when it reached the age of six years, which was done with great
ceremony, but if it was left to the mother to name, the ceremony was
omitted. She would call the name after what struck her as peculiar, as
beautiful ; if they did not love the child they would choose a disagreeable
name.

As the girls grew uj) the mothers endeavored to instruct them in all
kinds of work, first taking them as assistants in the housekeeping and by

i6 XORTHAMPTOX COUNTY

degrees making them acquainted with every part of a woman's business.
But the boys were never obliged to do anything; they would loiter about,
live as they pleased and follow their own fancies. If they did mischief to
others they were gently reproved, and the parents would prefer to pay
twice or three times over for any damage done than punish them for it.
They were destined for hunters and warriors ; they exercised themselves
ver\- early with bows and arrows, and in shooting at a mark. As they grew
up they acquired a remarkable dexterity m shooting birds, squirrels and
small game. When the parents saw their children provided for, or able to
provide for themselves, they no longer cared for their support ; they never
thought of saving a good inheritance for them. Every Indian knew that
whatever he would leave at his death would be divided among his friends.
If a woman became a widow, the relations of the deceased took everything
belonging to him, and gave to their friends. Thus the children had no more
claim upon any inheritance than the widow and other near relatives. But
if a dj'ing Indian left his gun or any other pieces of his furniture to a par-
ticular friend, the legatee was immediately put into possession of it, so no
one would dispute his right thereto.

Whatever the husband gave to his wife during lier lifetime remained
her propertj-. Therefore, married persons held very little in common, for
otherwise the wife, after her husband's death, would be left destitute, and
the husband would lose all when his wife died. According to an ancient
rule the widow was not to remarry within a year after her husband's death,
furthermore was compelled to live by her own industry-, and often suffered
in consequence. She was prevented from buying meat, owing to a supersti-
tious fear of the seller failing in his luck to shoot straight in the future. As
soon as the first year of her widowhood was past, the friends of her deceased
husband clothed and provided for her and her children ; they also proposed
another husband, or at least told her that she was now at liberty to choose
for herself; but if she had not attended to the prescribed rule but married
within the year, they never troubled themselves about her again. The same
rule was observed with respect to the widower by the friends of his deceased
wife, for they still considered him as belonging to their family. The family
connections often became ver>' extensive, owing to frequent marriages or
changing of wives.

The Delawares always cooked their meat, but never used salt. They
were never known to eat meat raw; in roasting meat they fastened it to a
stick made of hard wood and held it before the fire. They were also fond
of mussels and oysters, and could subsist for weeks on them ; land turtles
were also a luxury, and once a year they would enjoy a feast of locusts.
Of the products of the soil, corn was their staple product ; this they would
prepare in twelve different ways: i. They boiled it in the husk till soft and
fit to eat. 2. Parboiled it in the husk, then removed the husk ; washed and
boiled it again until done. 3. Roasted the whole ear in hot ashes, then
removed the husk. 4. Pounded it small and then boiled it soft. 5. Ground
it fine in a mortar with a pestle, cleared it from the husks, and made a thick
pottage of it. 6. Kneaded the flour with cold water and made cakes about
the size of a hand and about one inch thick; these they enclosed in leaves

THE ABORIGINES 17

and baked in hot ashes. 7. Mixed tlriod berries with the flour to ^ive the
cakes a better relish. 8. Chopped roasted or dried deerflesh, or smoked eels
into small pieces and boiled them with corn. 9. They boiled the grits made
of it with fresh meat, and this was one of the most common meals with
which they ate the bread described above. 10. They roasted the corn in hot
ashes till it became thoroughly brown ; then they pounded it to flour, mixed
it with sugar, and pressed it down forcibly into a bag; this was a delicacy.
II. They took the corn before it was ripe and let it swell in boiling water,
then dried and laid it by for future use. The white people purchased it in
this form from the Indians and made soup of it, or soaked it again, then
used it w-ith oil and vinegar; this they found a very palatable salad. 12. They
roasted the whole ear when grown but still full of juice; this was a well
flavored dish, but wasted much corn in producing it. They also cultivated
the peanut; these they would eat after boiling them thoroughly. The com-
mon bean was also grown and cooked with bear meat. The common white
potato was one of their products ; it was among the Delawarcs that Sir
Walter Raleigh discovered the tuber and introduced it into Europe. They
had four kinds of jnimpkins and two kinds of melons. Parsnips, turnips,
cabbage and some other roots grew wild and needed but little attention in
their cultivation ; a bread was made from the parsnips.

They preserved their croi)s through the winter in round holes in the
ground, lined and covered with dry leaves and grass; they commonly kept
the situation of these magazines very secret, knowing that if they were
discovered it would be necessary to supply the wants of every needy neigh-
bor as long as there was a supply left. This might occasion a famine, for
some were so lazy that they would not plant at all, knowing that the more
industrious could not refuse to divide their store with them. The industri-
ous theiefore, not being able to enjoy more from their labor than the idle,
by degrees contracted their plantations. If the winter happened to be
severe and the snow prevented them from hunting, a general famine ensued,
by which many died ; they were then driven by hunger to dress and eat the
roots of grass or the inner bark of trees, especially of young oaks.

Wild fruits grew in abundance, and strawberries were large and very
abundant ; these they used baked in a mixture of flour and water. Goose-
berries, black currants, blackberries, raspberries and bilberries grew in plenty;
two kinds of cranberries were the varieties that grew on low bushes. The
chokeberry, mulberry on trees, along with the wild cherry, were given over
to the wild turkey. The grapes were left to the bears. The common black
cherry was a delicacy, and these they dried both with and without the stone.
There were plums, both red and green; peaches, crab-apples, all the nuts
common at the present time ; but the tree that was the most esteemed was
the maple, from which they extracted sugar. Sugar boiling was the employ-
ment of the women ; they would extract about eight pounds of sugar and
as many more of treacle from one tree. Tobacco was cultivated among
them, and for smoking they used it with dried leaves of the sumac or bark
of the red willow sprouts ; very often they mixed it with the leaves of the
drywood, or for variety all three would be used in connection with the
narcotic leaf. The Indian was an insistent smoker. The common drink of
NORTH.— 1—2.

i8 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

the Indians at their meals was nothing but the broth of the meat they had
boiled or spring water, but they prepared a liquor of dried bilberries, sugar
and water. The taste was very agreeable to them, and when rum was
introduced they found it very intoxicating and also very strong. They soon
overcame this objection by adding wild cherries and doubling with water,
so as to increase the quantity and also the delights of intoxication.

The common season for hunting generally began in September for deer
and buffalo; from January to May was the best season for bear. The beaver
was hunted all the year around on account of the value of its skin. Next
to hunting, the Indian loved to fish, and he was seldom without a fishhook.
Little bovs waded in shallow water and shot fish with bow and arrow, but
the great fishing season was March, when the shad was moving upward in
the stream. They formed parties, and each party would select a section
of the river where it was shallow and proceed to build a dam of stones
across the stream, not in a straight line but in two parts, verging toward
each other in an angle. An opening was left in the middle for the water to
run off. At this opening they placed a large box, the bottom of which was
full of holes; a rope of the twigs of the wild vine was made, reaching across
the stream, upon which boughs of about six feet in length were fastened
at the distance of about two fathoms from each other. A party would then
proceed about a mile above the dam with this rope and its appendages and
begin moving gently down the current, some guiding one. some the opposite
end, while others kept the branches from sinking with wooden forks. Thus
they proceeded, frightening the fishes into the opening left in the middle
of the dam, where a number of Indians were placed on each side, drove
the fish with poles and a hideous noise through the opening into the box.
Here they would lie. the water running off through the holes in the bottom,
Indians on each of the box would spear them and fill the canoes and convey
them to the shore ; it was only a few hours' work to catch a thousand fish.
The goods sold to the Indians by the European traders consisted of the
following articles : Cloth, linen, readymade shirts, blankets, cottons, calicoes,
thread, worsted and silk lace, powder and shot, guns, wampum, knives, wire,
brass kettles, silver and other buttons, buckles, bracelets, thimbles, needles,
rings, looking-glasses, combs, hatchets and all kinds of tools. For these
they exchanged deer, beaver, otter, racoon, fox, W'ildcat and other skins.
IVfost goods in trade had a fixed price, yet an Indian had often been tempted
to purchase an article at a very exorbitant price; but if in a short time he
should repent of his bargain he was likely to return it, and the fixed price
repaid. It was a difficult matter for an Indian to deceive a trader, but they
were greatly pleased if they could deprive a trader of his goods; they were
also fond of buying upon credit, promising to pay when returned from
hunting, and on their return, if they found other traders in the country, they
bartered with them, and troubled themselves no longer about their creditors;
if the latter reminded them of their debts they were easily offended, for the
paving of old debts seemed to them to be giving away their goods for
nothing. The most ruinous part of the Indian trade was the use of rum ;
in peace, and especially about the time of their annual sacrifices, the dealers
in rum infested the country, contrary to the established law, abusing the

THE ABORIGINES 19

simplicity of the Indians, all for gain. An Indian, when once having suc-
cumbed to drink, would sell all he possessed, for nothing is so useful or
precious which he would not part with for rum. The traders' method of
inducing the Indians to drink against his will is fully illustrated here: A
dealer in rum placed himself upon a spot of ground where many Indians
were assembled, with a small barrel, into which he had put a straw, invited
any one to come and taste some through the straw; an Indian man ap-
proached with pensive mien and slow steps, but suddenly turning about,
ran away, soon returned again and did the same thing, but the third time
he suffered the trader to imluce him to taste a little. He had hardly tasted
it before he began to barter all the wampum he had for a dram ; after this
he parted with everything he had, even his gun and the blanket he wore, to
purchase more.

They were generally moved to sorrow and regret after recovery from
their drunken stupors for the loss of their property, and would petition the
European authorities to prohibit traders from selling rum. but all legislation
on the traffic, the repeated resolution and order of their own chiefs and
captains prohibiting the use of it, failed to prevent the evil. The reason
advanced why the Indians were so fond of strong drink was their living
almost entirely on fresh meats and green vegetables, such as corn, pumpkins,
squashes, potatoes, cucumbers, which caused a longing in their stomachs
for some seasoning, as they seldom if ever used salt. They were eager for
any acid substance; vinegar they would drink in large quantities; they
thought nothing of going thirty or forty miles for cranberries, whether in
season or not, crab-apples, wild grapes, and the bitter bark of trees.

The Indians were very sensible of the state of degradation to which
they had been brought by the abuse of strong liquors, and whenever they
spoke of it they never failed to reproach the whites for having enticed them
into that vicious habit. The traders would endea\or to shift the blame from
themselves in order to fix it upon the poor, deluded Indians. The following
anecdote fully illustrates the situation: Some years after the MViravians had
made their settlement in the Forks, an Indian from a distance having come
to Bethlehem with his sons to dispose of his peltry, was accosted by a trader
from a neighboring settlement who addressed him thus: "Well, Thomas, I
really believe you have turned Moravian." "Moravian," answered the Indian,
"what makes you think so?" "Because," replied the other, "you used to
come to us to sell your skins and peltry, and now you trade them away to
the Moravians." "So," rejoined the Indian, "now- I understand you well,
and I know what you mean to say. Now hear me. See, my friend, when I
come to this place with my skins and peltry to trade, the people are kind,
the}- give me plenty of good victuals to eat and pay me in money or what-
ever I want, and no one saj-s a word to me about drinking rum, neither do
T ask for it. When I come to your place with my peltry all call to me,
'Come, Thomas, here's rum, drink heartily, drink! It will not hurt you!'
All this is done for the purpose of cheating me. When you have obtained
from me all you want, you call me a drunken dog and kick me out of the
room. See, this is the manner in which you cheat the Indians when they
come to trade with j'ou, so now you know when you see me coming to

20 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

your place again, you may say to one another: 'Ah, there is Thomas coming
again ! He is no longer a Moravian, for he is now coming to us to be made
drunk, to be cheated, to be kicked out of the house and be called a drunken
dog!'"

The Delawares never took bread of Indian corn for a long journey, for
in summer it would spoil in three days and be unfit to eat, but they took
the flour of the Indian corn ; this they mixed with sugar and water, or ate
the flour dry ; meat they could obtain on the way. Prior to the white man's
arrival, they would carr}' with them when traveling a lire lighter; this was
made of the pith of the elder or other pithy woods ; this was kept afire until
they returned. This method became obsolete after the introduction of the
flint and steel. They were never in a great hurry when traveling, as they
always felt at home in the forests ; always fond of sleeping late in the morn-
ing, then lingering around, eating a hearty meal, and examining their clothes,
which nearly always needed mending ; this had to be attended to before
proceeding on the day's journey, but when they once started they seldom
stopped until sunset, when they would look for some convenient place for
the night's lodging. If it was rainy they would build a shelter by peeling
bark from the trees and placing it overhead on posts stuck in the ground.
When they reached a river that had swollen so that a European would
think it impossible to cross even in a boat, these Indians would swim it
without any hesitancy.

When at home, they amused themselves with diversions of various kinds,
in which the women joined them as much as their time would permit. Danc-
ing was the most favorite amusement ; all solemn meetings were celebrated
with a dance, and seldom did a night pass without some kind of a dance.
The common dance was held either in the largest houses or on the outside
around a fire. In dancing they formed a circle, and always had a leader,
whom the whole company followed; the men went before, and the women
closed the circle. The latter danced with great decency, as if engaged in the
most serious business ; they never spoke a word to the men, much less joke
with them; this would injure their character. They would neither jump or
skip, moved one foot lightly forward and then backward, yet so as to ad-
vance until they reached a certain spot and then retired in the same manner.
They kept their bodies straight and their arms close to their sides; the
men would shout, leap and stamp with such violence that the ground trembled
under their feet. Their extreme agility and lightness of foot were never
displayed to greater advantage than in dancing. The whole music consisted
of a single drum ; this was made of an old barrel or kettle, or the stump of a
tree covered with a thin deer skin and beaten with a stick ; its sound was
very disagreeable and served only to keep time, which the Indians when
dancing even in the greatest numbers kept with due exactness. There were
various dances for various occasions; some for the men only, others for the
women only, but the one dance that the white people were best pleased to
behold was what they called their dance of peace or calumet or pipe dance.
This was in quite a contrast from the one just described, and is only by the
men, when the old were supposed to also take part to make it unanimous.
The dancers joined hands and leaped in a ring for some time ; suddenly the

THE ABORIGINES 21

leader would let the hand of one of his partners po, keeping hoh! of the other.
He would then spring forward and turn around several times, by which he
would draw the whole company around, so as to be enclosed by them. When
they stood clo.se together they then disengaged themselves as suddenly, yet
keeping their hold of each other's hands during all the different revolutions
and changes in the dance, which, as they explained, represented the chain of
friendship. A song made purposely for this solemnity was sung by the
warriors at all the war dances held before or after a campaign, and was
dreadful to behold ; the air of anger and fury employed on these occasions
made a si)ectator shudder.

When hunting, the Indian would not walk leisurely and come suddenly
upon the game, but run with such great swiftness and perseverance that he
even would weary the deer, and often follow it for ten or more miles from
home, and, after dispatching it, carry the burden without the least thought
of the consequences. An Indian would think nothing of dragging a deer
of one hundred or one hundred and fifty pounds weight home, through a
considerable tract of forest, at least he affected not to feel its weight. Even
when he showed exhaustion, he would go all day without eating, and then
gratify his hunger by gluttonously consuming great quantities of meat. The
consequences of these irregularities were visible among the aged.

The women generally carried heavy loads on their heads and back of
the neck, fastened in place by a band around the forehead ; in this manner
they would carry more than a hundred weight. This caused frequent pains
and stiffness of the neck and back; most all the old women were subject to
this affliction.

The most common diseases amwng the Indians were pleurisy, weakness
and pains in the stomach and breast, consumption, rheumatism, diarrhea,
ague and inflammatory fevers. Smallpox was introduced by the Europeans,
and was one of the principal causes of dislike toward them; this disease they
dreaded more than any others, as owing to their unsanitary mode of exist-
ence they were easy subjects to its ravages.

The Indians were, in general, bad nurses; as long as a man could eat,
they would not own to illness ; and would never pronounce his case danger-
ous until he had entirely lost his appetite. If a patient became sore from
long lying, they would put him upon a bed of straw or hay, near a fire. A
thin soup of pounded corn and water, without salt or grease of any kind,
was the common diet for the sick; those who did not approve of this diet
ate and drank what they pleased, though dangerously ill.

Their general remedy for all disorders, small or great, was a sweat ; for
this purpose they had in every town an oven, situated at some distance from
the dwellings, built either of stakes and boards, covered with sod, or dug in
the side of a hill, and heated with some red-hot stones. Into this the patient
crept, naked, and the heat soon threw him into such a profuse sweat that it
fell from him in large drops; as soon as he found himself too hot he would
creep out, and immediately plunge into the river, where he remained about
one minute, then retired again to the oven. Having performed this opera-
tion three times successively, he smoked his pipe with composure, and in
many cases the cure was complete.

22 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Their medicine men, on great pow-pows, used sorcery along with medi-
cine as a means of inspiring the patients. If the invalid failed to recover,
the cause was assigned to some other cause, or blame attached to some great
uncontrollable circumstance. One great fault of these physicians was that
they knew not how to proportion the strength of their medicine to that of
the patient's constitution. External injuries they treated successfully, and
were well skilled in healing bruises and wounds. They were perfect in the
treatment of fractures and dislocations ; if an Indian dislocated his foot or
knee when hunting alone, he would creep to a tree and tie his strap to it,
fasten the other to the dislocated leg, and, lying on his back, continue to pull
until it was reduced. In burning and chilblains they used a decoction of
beech leaves as a speedy cure. A warm poultice made of the flour of Indian
corn was laid upon all boils until they became ripe, when they were opened
with a lance. In letting blood, a small piece of flint or glass was fastened to
a wooden handle, and placed upon the vein ; this they would strike till the
blood gushed out. Teeth were extracted with a common pincers or a string.
Rheumatism was considered by them to be an external disorder, and there-
fore they prescribed nothing inwardly, but treated the affected parts. In
cupping, they would make small incisions on the skin with a knife, upon
which they would place a small calabash, and for a lamp used a piece of
lighted birch-bark ; some would occasionally take medicine inwardly and
effected a radical cure. Bathing and sweating were considered the most
[owerful remedies. When taking medicine inwardly, if a decoction of two
or three dift'erent roots failed to make a cure, they would resort to a com-
position of some twenty various sorts. The bark of the white walnut applied
to parts of the body when suffering from pain would effect a cure; applied
to the temples, cured headache ; a strong decoction of it used warm on a
fresh wound kept down the swelling, and often two days' application of a
healing lotion made from the root of sarsaparilla effected a cure.

The Indians were remarkably skilled in curing the bite of venomous
serpents, and had a medicine peculiarly adapted to the bite of each species.
For example : The leaf of the rattlesnake root was the most efficacious remedy
against the bite of the rattlesnake. It is remarkable that this herb should
grow in profusion just where this reptile abounds, and that it acquired its
greatest perfection at the time when the bite of the rattler is the most
dangerous. The Indians were so well convinced of the certainty of this
antidote, that many would suffer themselves to be bitten for a drink of rum.
The leaves they chewed, and immediately applied to the wound, and either
some of the juice or a little fat or butter swallowed at the same time. This
occasioned a parching thirst, but the patient refrained from drinking to more
readily effect a cure.

The bark of the ash was chewed for toothache ; the flower of the tulip
tree, when full grown, was used for ague ; also, the bark of the roots was
good for internal use in fever and ague. Dogwood was used by these Indians
the same as the European used Peruvian bark. The laurel was used for
special purposes medicinally, the leaves for one ailment, the roots for another,
and the wood itself was compounded into a cordial beneficial for aiding
digestion. A tea was made from the sassafras, and the elderberry when in

THF. ABORIGINES

blossom was used for reducing- inflammation by rubbing into the afflicted
parts. They drank saffron tea, also made a salve from the cream of the
marshmallow ; wintergrecn berries were used in winter for stomach dis-
orders, and liMTwort, for ci>nsuniptives, was very beneficial. Pokeberry
roots applied to the feet and hands were used as a stimulant in fevers; jalap
was used as a purgative, and the roots roasted and ai)iilied hot to the soles
of the feet in severe cases of rlu-uniatisni. I])ecac was used not only as an
emetic, but also as an antidote against the bite of ser])ents. Sarsaparilla
was their blood elixir; bloodroot was also an emetic; snakeroot an antidote
for snake bites ; ginseng was used the same as by all European and Oriental
nations; fusel oil (petroleum) was used for smallpo.x by bathing in pools of
water wherein the oil abounded, also as a liniment for external use; it was
extracted from the water by boiling when reduced to the consistency of
paste; it was sold to the white settlers and used in their fat lamias for light-
ing pur|)oses, the same as lard was used.

The Indians were adepts in concocting poisons, and the\- had one for
slow efl'ect \\hich caused death in about three months; another that would
cause a lingering illness for a year or more, but could not be removed by
any means whatever; a third species of poison that was effective in a few
hours, but could be prevented by a timely emetic.

Immediately after the death of an Indian, the corpse was dressed in a
new suit, with the face of the shirt painted red, and laid upon a mat or skin
in the middle of the hut or cottage; the arms and effects of the deceased
were then piled up near the body. In the evening, soon after sunset, and
in the morning before daybreak, the female relations and friends assembled
around the corpse and mourned over it. Their lamentations were loud in
proportion to the love and esteem they bore to the deceased, or to his rank,
or the pains he suffered in dying; and they were repeated daily till the
interment.

The burying places were some distance from the dwelling; the graves
were generally dug by old women, as the young people abhor this kind of
work. They used to line the inside of the grave with the bark of trees, and
when the corpse was let down they placed some pieces of wood across, which
were again covered with bark and then the earth thrown in, to fill up the
grave. It was customary to place a tobacco pouch, knife, tinder-box, tobacco
and pipe, bow and arrows, gun, powder and shot, skins and cloth for clothes,
paint, a quantity of corn, dried berries, kettle, hatchet, some articles of fur-
niture, into the grave, supposing that the departed spirits would have the
same wants and occupation in the land of souls.

After the ceremony was over, the mother, grandmother and other near
relatives retired after sunset, and in the inorning arrived early to weep over
the grave. This they repeated daily for some time, but graduallv less and
less, till the mourning was over. Sometimes they would place victuals upon
the grave, that the deceased might not suffer hunger. 'Hie first degree of
mourning in a widow consisted in her sitting down in the ashes, near the
fire, and weejiing most bitterly ; she would then rise and run to the grave
and make loud lamentations, returning again to her seat in the ashes. She
would neither eat, drink or sleep, and refused all consolatitm; after some

NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

time she would permit herself to be persuaded to rise, drink some rum, and
receive comfort. However, she would observe the second degree of mourn-
ing for one whole year, this was to dress without any ornaments, and was
herself but seldom. As soon as she appeared decent, combed, hair orna-
mented and washed clean, it was considered as a sign that she wished to
again marry. The men altered neither their dress or manner of living during
the mourning period.

'^^llC LimiARY

ASTOB, LB.NOX ANJ,

WILLIAM PEXX

BIRTHPLACE OK WILLLAM PEXX

CHAPTER II
THE PENNS

William Penn, the first proprietary of Pennsylvania, was a descendant of
an ancient and respectable Eneclish family. His father, William Penn, was a
son of Giles Penn, a merchant and seaman of Bristol, En<,'^!and. The son
served an apprcnticeshij:) at sea with his father, and was an ambitious, suc-
cessful and important personage, who at the ag^e of twenty-two years was a
captain in the English navy. He married at that time Margaret, a daughter
of John Jas])cr, a correspondent or resident partner of an important London
trading house. Though some historians, from the fact that she was living
at Rotterdam at the time of her marriage, have concluded she was partially
of Dutch descent, her parentage was strictly English, and her son was a full-
blooded thoroughbred Englishman. Samuel Pepys in his "Pepys' Diary,"
stated that he met her in 1664, and she was "a fat short old Dutchwoman"';
the neighborhood gossip credited her with not being a good housekeeper,
but Pepys claims that she had more wit and discretion than her husband,
and improved on acquaintance, being possessed of a cheerful disposition.
The year after his marriage. Captain Penn was made rear admiral of Ireland,
two years afterwards admiral of the Straits, and in four years more a "general
of the sea" in the Dutch war. This was during Cromwell's time, when
young men of energy and ability acquainted with the sea were in line of
promotion. The Penns at the time of William's birth lived on Tower Hill,
in the paristi of St. Catherine, fn a court adjoining London Wall. Here they
resided in two chambers, fared frugally, and there William was born October
14, 1644.

The battle of Marston Moor was fought in that year. All England was
taking sides in the contention between the Parliament and the King. The
navy was in sympathy with Parliament, but the personal inclination of
Admiral Penn was toward the King and his associates. Cromwell dispatched
an expedition to the Spanish West Indies to conquer Cuba, placing Penn in
charge of the fleet, and Venables as general of the army. The two com-
manders, without conferring with each other, sent secret word to Charles II
offering him their ships and soldiers. The King, though he declined the offer,
wished them to reserve their affection for His Majesty until a more oppor-
tune time. This was the beginning of the friendship between the House of
Stuart and the family of Penn, which resulted later in the erection of the
colony of Pennsylvania. Admiral Penn on his return from the ill-fated
expedition to the West Indies, was imprisoned with his military colleague.
He made humble submission to the parties in power, was released, and retired
to his estates in Ireland. He still continued his communications with the
Royalists, and had rather an obscure share in the Restoration. He secured
a seat in Parliament ; and was also the bearer of the welcome message which
finally brought Charles II from his exile in Holland to his throne in England.
For his part in this pleasant errand he was made a baronet, commissioner

26 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

of admiralty and governor of Kinsale. At the age of thirty years he was
promoted to the highest rank attainable to a sea-going officer, that of vice-
admiral of England, inferior only to the Lord High Admiral. In the second
Dutch war, at the battle of Lowestoft, he was captain-general of the fleet
tinder the Duke of York (afterwards King James II) ; when the duke with-
drew from the command, Penn's service ceased.

On the elder Penn's return to England, he was the foremost naval com-
mander of his country ; he continued, hov^ever, to be a commissioner of the
nav}'. Thus he had retrieved and improved his fortunes, his personal am-
bition was attained, and he associated with persons of rank who were favored
by royalty. Llis death occurred September i6, 1670, and he is buried in the
Church of St. Mary KedclifFe, Bristol, England. He was survived by two
sons, one of whom died three years after his father's death, and a daughter.

Sir William Penn was not a highminded man, and Pepys, in his Diary,
stigmatizes him as a "mean fellow." He was, however, a figure of consid-
erable importance in English naval history; as admiral and general for
Parliament he helped in 1653 to draw up the first code of tactics provided
for the navy. It was the base of the Duke of York's "Sailing and Fighting
Instructions" \\hich continued for many years to supply the orthodox tactical
creed of the navy.

While Sir William Penn had been sailing the high seas and fighting
battles with the enemies of England. William Penn, the younger, had been
living in quietness, surrounded by the green fields of the countrj^ in the
village of Wanstcad, in Essex county. Here he said his prayers in \\'anstead
Church, obtaining his education at Chigwell School, where he was brought
under strong Puritan influence. He was a child of sensitive temperament,
and he had times of spiritual excitement. At the age of twelve years he had
the strongest conviction of the being of a (iod, and that the soul of man
was capable of enjoying communication with Him. His father had not re-
flected that while he was pursuing his ambitious career, his son was living
amongst P^uritans and in a Puritan neighborhood. To remedy these youth-
ful impressions his father immediately sent his son to Oxford University,
where he was entered as a gentleman-commoner of Christ Church at the
Michaelmas term of 1660. The boy was intended by his paternal sire to
become a successful man of the world and a courtier like his father. On
his entrance into Oxford, young Penn found everything in confusion, the
Puritan faculty having been replaced by churchmen. This state of affairs
was displeasing to the new student, whose sympathies were with the dis-
possessed. The churchmen made public exhibitions of their cavalier habits
to shock their Puritan neighbors. They amused themselves freely on the
Lord's Day, patronized plays and games, tippled, puffed tobacco, swore, and
swaggered in all the newest fashions. William, like his father, appreciated
pleasant and abundant living, but was not of the disposition to enter into
wanton and audacious merrymaking, as he was a gentle, serious, country
lad, with a Puritan conscience. During his two years at the University his
sober tastes and devout resolutions were strengthened by certain appealing
sermons. Oxford was the nursery of enthusiasms and holy causes. Young
Penn did not profit by his academical course but by the influences of Thomas

THE PENNS 27

Loe, a Quaker preacher, from vvliom lie received the impulse which deter-
mined all of his after life.

The oripin of the word "Quaker" is uncertain; some claim it is derived
from the fact that the early preachers of the sect trembled as they spoke ;
others deduce it from the tremljling' which their s])ecches compelled in those
who heard them. The earnest spirit of tiicsc strange jieoiJle was annoying
and dis])!easin,q' to all their neighbors in the seventeenth century.

William I'enn knew what "the inward light" was, and, accordingly, not
only went to hear Loe, but was profoundly impressed by what he heard.
He was naturally a religious person, by inheritance perha]is from his mother;
he was also naturall}' of a political mind, b^ inheritance from his father.
The Quaker's dream was a colony across the sea, the Churchmen had a
colon}' in Virginia, the Puritans in Massachusetts. Somewhere in that •v\nde
continent of America there must be a jdace for religious refugees who in
England could expect no peace from either Puritans or Churchmen. Penn
was listening to Loe when he ]M-eached to the students, revealing that George
Fox, the first Quaker, was in correspondence with a Quaker brother in
America, asking him to confer with the Indians in reference to the purchase
of lands. This colonization scheme appealed to Penn ; he had an instinctive
appreciation of large ideas, imagination and confidence, which made him
eager to undertake their execution. It was the spirit of his father that
carried hun from a lieutenancy in the navy to the position of an honored and
influential member of the Court of the Merry Monarch. Young Penn in
his enthusiasm absented himself from college prayers and joined with other
students attainted with Quakerism, in holding prayer meetings in their own
rooms. Me assisted in a ritual rebellion, and fell upon the students who
appeared in surplices and helped to destroy them.

This incident ended William's collegiate career; he was dismissed from
Oxford and never returned. The Admiral was thoroughly incensed at his
son's conduct, and on his return to the parental roof he chastised and turned
the culprit out of doors. The boy came back, of course, as it was but a brief
quarrel, but the father was satisfied that something must be done to rid
his son of his queer notions. Accordingly, the young man was sent to France
to travel in company of certain persons of rank. He returned to England
on August 26, 1664, a gentleman in appearance, and with an inclination to
French in his manners and conversation. This continental journey influ-
enced the rest of his life; it restrained him from following the absurd singu-
larities of his associates. He did become a Quaker, but shunned the leather
apparel adopted by George Fox. He wore his hat in the Quaker way, and
said "thee" and "thou," but otherwise dressed and acted according to the
conventions of polite society. There were, however, Quakers who looked
askance at him because he was so different from them, able to speak French,
and acquainted with the manners of drawing rooms. During his travels, he
attended for some months the Protestant College at Saumer, devoting him-
self to the study of primitive Christianity, which Loe told him was to be
found the true ideal of the Christian church. Here he acquired an acquaint-
ance with the writings of the early Fathers, from which he liked to quote.

On his return to England, his father sent him to study law at Lincoln's

28 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Inn ; it seemed that at last his father had succeeded in his purpose. His
legal studies were interrupted by the Great Plague of 1665, and for safety he
returned to the green fields of the country, which gave him time to think
more seriously of religious matters. This change was marked by his father,
who sent him to Ireland, where he resided on his father's estate at Shannan-
gary Castle. He so distinguished himself in suppressing a mutiny at Car-
rickfergus that the Duke of Ormond, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, offered him
a commission in the army. William for a time seriously considered the
proposition, and was disposed to accept it. He had the well known portrait
of himself painted, the only one from life, clad in steel, with lace at the throat.
His dark hair was parted in the center, and hung in cavalier fashion over his
shoulders. He looked out of large, clear, questioning eyes, and his hand-
some face was strong and serious. Fate, however, intervened. The young
cavalier went to Cork on business, there heard that Thomas Loe was in town,
and went to hear him expound the Quaker belief. "There is faith," said the
preacher, "which is overcome by the world." This was the theme ; to Penn
it seemed as if every word was spoken out of heaven straight to his soul.
In his long contention, the material world had been gaining the ascendency;
the attractions of the material life had outshone the light which had flamed
about him in boyhood. Then Loe spoke, and there were no more perplexities ;
Penn's choice was definitely made. He was now thoroughly wedded to the
Quakers ; he attended their meetings, though he still dressed in the gay
fashions he had learned in France. He attended a Quaker meeting in Cork,
September 3, 1667, and assisted to expel a soldier who had disturbed the
meeting; for this offense he was brought before the magistrates and sent to
prison. He wrote to the Earl of Orrery, the Lord Lieutenant of Munster,
in which he first publicly made a claim for perfect freedom of conscience.
That he was immediately released from jail, was on account of his father,
and being a protege of the Duke of Ormond. His father recalled him home,
and was sorely disappointed that neither France nor Ireland had cured his
son from his religious eccentricities. The son used "thee and thou" ; would
not remove his hat, and declined to enter the pleasant society where his
father hojied to see him shine. Though his father offered a reasonable com-
promise, the young convert declined to make any change in his customs, or
part with the faith of his religious belief; and for the second time the Ad-
miral forbade his son the protection of the paternal roof.

Penn was now twenty-four years of age ; he was received by the Quakers
with open arms. He became a minister of that sect, and at once entered
upon controversy and authorship. His first book, "Truth Exalted," was
violent and aggressive in the extreme. The same ofl^ensive personality is
shown in "The Guide Mistaken." a tract written in answer to John Clapham's
"Guide to True Religion." His first public discussion was with Thomas
Vincent, a London Presbyterian minister, who had reflected on the damnable
doctrines of Quakers. Penn at once published "The Sandy Foundation
Shaken." In this able tract, orthodox views were so offensively attacked
that the Bishop of London had him arrested, and he spent the next seven
months in the Tower. The bishop sent him word that he must either recant
or die in prison. Penn's answer was that his prison should be his grave

THE PENNS 29

before he would budge a jot. The younj; author wrote an explanation of
his tract, entitled "Innoccncy With Her Open Face," and also addressed a
letter to Lord Arlington, principal Secretary of State. These writings
gained him his liberty, the Duke of York interceding for him with the King.
While in prison, Penn published the most important of his writings, '"No
Cross, No Crown." 1 his was an able defense of the Quakers' doctrines and
practices, a scathing attack on the loose and unchristian lives of the clergy.
The Quakers when he joined them, had no adequate literature expressive of
their thoughts. The most of them were intensely earnest, but uneducated ;
their preachers spoke great truths somewhat incoherently; Penn gave Quaker
theology a systematic and dignified statement.

On his release from the Tower, he returned to his father's home, and the
next year was spent in superintending his father's estates in Ireland. At the
request of his father, in 1670, he returned to London and found his Quaker
brethren in great trouble. There was a determined resolve on the part of
the government to enforce the Conventicle Act, which prohibited all religious
meetings except those of the Church of England. In the middle of the
summer, Penn was arrested while speaking to a congregation on the street.
He, with one William Mead, was brought before the mayor and committed
as rioters and sent to await trial to the sign of the Black Dog in Newgate
Market. At the trial, Penn entered the courtroom wearing his hat, and the
judges promptly fined him forty marks for not removing it. He tried in
vain to learn why he was arrested, and claimed he was innocent of any
illegal act. The jury after being kept out by the judges for two days without
food or drink, returned a verdict of "not guilty." The judges thereupon
fined every juryman forty marks for contempt of court. Penn and the
jurors on refusing to pay their fines were all imprisoned in Newgate. The
Court of Common Pleas reversed the judges' decision and released the jury.
Penn was also released against his own protest, by the payment of his fine
by his father. The Admiral was in his last sickness, being only forty-nine
years and four months old at the time of his death. His son William suc-
ceeded to all his estate by the law of promogeniture, without let or hind-
rance. The income of the estate was about i 1,500 a year. The King was a
creditor to the amount of £16,000, with accumulated interest. This relation
may be succinctly explained : Between the parsimony of the parliament and
the extravagance of King Charles II, the latter was always poor in purse
and a chronic borrower. He helped Admiral Penn to make prize money in
order that he might borrow the guilders the Admiral wrung from the defeated
Dutch. The King was, however, honest, and would pay his debts; when he
could not pay, he would borrow more. In the case of Admiral Penn, he
had borrowed more and paid nothing.

Penn had hardly been released from prison when he plunged into a
public controversy with a Baptist minister named Jeremiah Ives. He wrote
the vice-chancellor of Oxford a vehement and abusive defense of religious
freedom. It was in the beginning of 1671 that he was again arrested for
preaching, and was imprisoned for six months. During his imprisonment
he wrote several works, the most important being "The Great Case of Lib-
erty of Conscience." Upon his release from prison he traveled in Germany

30 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

and Holland. At Emden, Prussia, he founded a Quaker society. In his
travels he regained the strength of his body, which he had lost amidst the
rigors of his prison confinements.

Returning home, in the spring of 1672, he married, at Amesh;im. Eng-
land, in the month of May, Gulielma Maria Springett, daughter of Colonel
Sir William Springett, who died at the siege of Aurundel Castle at the age of
twenty-three years, and was the youngest officer of his grade in Cromwell's
army. His daughter was born three months after his death. Her mother
had contracted a second marriage with Isaac Pennington, a Quaker preacher.
The marriage ceremony was consecrated under the tenets of the Quaker
belief by simply making a statement before friends that they accepted each
other as husband and wife. The life of Mrs. Penn indicates rich endow-
ment of domestic virtue and strength of character. The atmosphere of the
Pennington home, where she was reared, was pure, wholesome and devout.
She was at the time f)f her marriage, past twenty-five years, and was greatly
helpful to her husband in the most trying period of his career. She inherited
from her father a productive estate and a neat country house at Worming-
hurst in the count)- of Sussex. The newly married couple took up their
residence at Rickmansworth, in Hertfordshire, the following autumn. Penn
again commenced his missionary journeys, preaching in twenty-one towns.

The Declaration of Indulgence was withdrawn ; the religious liberty it
gave was good, but the way that liberty was given was bad ; what was needed
was not indulgence, but common justice. The prisons were again fillecl
with peaceable citizens, whose offense was their religion. One of the first
sufferers was George Fox, and in his behalf Penn went to court. He appealed
to the Duke of York. This incident is significant, as it w-as the beginning
of another phase of Penn's life. He was practically a minister of the gospel,
a Quaker preacher; in opening the door of the Duke's palace he became a
courtier; he went into politics; he now began to enter that valuable but peril-
ous heritage left him by his father, the friendship of royalty. In an inter-
view with the duke, he delivered his request for the release of Fox. The
duke received him with polished courtesy, stated he was opposed to persecu-
tion for religion's sake, and promised to use his influence with the King.
Fox was not, however, set at liberty by Penn's interview, but the latter
learned that the royal duke remembered the Admiral's son. This was a
turning point in his affairs; returning to Ricksmansworth, for a time his life
went on as before. The persecution of the Quakers was renewed, and Penn
wrote a "Treatise on Oaths"; also published for the general public, "Eng-
land's Present Interest" and the "Peace of Europe." The first was an argu-
ment for uniformity of belief; the second was a treatise against war and in
favor of arbitration. In "The Continued Cry of the Oppressed," he peti-
tioned the King and Parliament. About this time he engaged in a controversy
with Richard Baxter, in which, of course, each party claimed victory. He
removed in 1677 to his wife's estate at Worminghurst, in the county of Sus-
sex, and, in company with Fox and other Quakers, made a religious vo\-age
into Holland and Germany, preaching the gospel. This journey was of great
importance afterwards in the settlement of Pennsylvania, as in the com-
munities visited they found in Penn a kindred spirit, and upon his establish-

THE PENNS 31

ing his colony many of them came to America and became the "Pennsyl-
vania Germans." During his travels he wrote "Jo the Churches of Jesus
Throughout the World."

Penu combined in an unusual way the cjualilies of a saint and statesman —
his i\iind was at the same time religious and political. As he became better
acciuaintcd with himself, he entered deliberately upon a course of life in
which these two elements of his character could have free play. He applied
himself to the task of making politics contribute to the advancement of
religion. Men before had been eminently successful in making politics
contribute to the advancement of the church, but Penn's purpose was deeper
and better.

In 1678 the popish terror came to a head, and to calm and guide Friends,
Pcnn wrote his "Ppistle to the Children of Light in This Generation." This
was followed in the next year by "An Address to Protestants of All Per-
suasions." a powerful exposition of the doctrine of pure tolerance, and a
protest against the enforcement of opinions as articles of faith. The same
year appeared his "England's Great Interest in the Choice of a New Parlia-
ment." and "One Project for the Good of England."

He entered on the fulfillment of his great plan in ibSo, which had been
in his mind since his student days at Oxford, to undertake the planting of a
colony across the sea. At this point Penn's connection with America begins.
Disputes having arisen between John Fenwick and Edward Byllinge, both
Quakers, in regard to the proprietorship of West Jersey. Penn was asked
to act as arbitrator, and Byllinge having fallen into bankruptcy, his interests
were transferred to Penn for the benefit of his creditors. East Jersey in
1679 came also into the market, and Penn, in connection with eleven others,
purchased the proprietary rights. Penn's interest in the Jerseys terminated
when the government was surrendered to the Crown in 1702. Being encour-
aged by his success in the Jerseys, he again turned his thoughts to America.
In 1680, finding the King his creditor to the amount of i 16,000, not con-
sidering this amount collectable, he offered to exchange the debt for a district
in America. Charles II immediately agreed to this bargain; it was very
doubtful if the King would have ever paid a penny. The territory bestowed
in exchange for the debt was almost as large as England ; no such extensive
domain had ever been given to a subject by an English sovereign ; but none
had ever been paid for by a sum of money so substantial. The charter
received the signature of the King, March 4, 1681 ; the deed was signed by
the Duke of York, releasing the tract of land called Pennsylvania to William
Penn and his heirs forever. The Penns being of Welsh descent, the new
proprietor desired to have the territory called New Wales, but this was
objected to by a Welsh official. Sylvania was proposed by Penn, and
although he strenuously objected to the addition to the name, even attempt-
ing to bribe the secretaries, he could not get the name altered. Penn was at
this time in straitened circumstances for funds; his books he did not sell, as
he considered them a part of his ministry; his Irish estates were far from
profitable, his main reliance being the Springett estates and the debt of
ii6,ooo due from Charles II.

By the charter for Pennsylvania, Penn was Proprietary of the province.

32 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

He was supreme governor, having the power of making laws with the
advice, assent and approbation of the freemen of appointing officers and
granting pardons. The laws were to conform to those of England, with an
appeal to the King and Privy Council. In questions of trade and commerce,
Parliament was supreme ; the right to levy taxes and customs was reserved
for the mother country. The importunities of the Bishop of London extorted
the right that if twenty persons desired it, Anglican ministers could be
appointed, thus securing the very thing that Penn was anxious to avoid.
On the neglect on the part of Penn of any provisions of the charter, the
government was to revert to the Crown, which eventually took place in 1692.

Penn drew up a constitution for the new colony ; it provided for a gov-
ernor to be appointed by the proprietor, a council of seventy-two members for
a term of three years, a third of the membership to be elected annually by
universal suffrage, an assembly consisting of two hundred members chosen
annually, and a body of provincial laws was added. . The council was to
prepare laws and see that they were executed; in general, was to provide
for the good conduct of affairs. The general assembly had no right to
originate legislation, but was to pass on all bills which had been enacted by
the council. Children were to be taught a useful trade at the age of twelve
years, and ofifenses punishable with death were reduced to crimes of murder
and treason. England at this time had two hundred capital crimes punish-
able by a death sentence. Whatever help Penn may have had in forming
his legislation, he wrote it not as a politician but as a Quaker. In it is
applied the Quaker principle of democracy and religious belief from begin-
ning to the end. It was the work of a man whose supreme interest was
religion. In the midst of these extreme activities, Penn was made a Fellow
of the Royal Society.

At the time of granting the charter there were already settled in the
province some two thousand people, mostly Swedes and English, besides
Indians. The English were Quakers ; the settlers lived along the banks of
the Delaware. In the autumn of 1681 the first of Penn's emigrants arrived,
and in December another shipload of passengers was added to the colony.
Leaving his family behind him, Penn sailed for America, September i, 1682.
"His Last Farewell to England" and his letters to his wife and children
contain ?. beautiful expression of his pious and manly nature. He landed at
New Castle, on the Delaware. After receiving formal possession he visited
New York, then ascended the Delaware to Upland, to which he gave tht
name of Chester. Penn was greatly pleased with his new possessions.
Philadelphia was now founded. He wrote an account of Pennsylvania from
his own observations for the Free Society of Traders, in which he showed
considerable power of artistic description. He recognized the Indians as
the actual owners of the land, and he bought of them as he needed it. He
made his famous treaty with the Indians in November, 1683, and the transfer
of property thus made was a natural occasion of mutual promises. The
kindly and courtly generosity which Penn showed in his bargains with the
Indians is illustrated in one of his purchases of land. The land sold was to
extend as far back as a man could walk in three days. Penn walked a day
and a half, taking several chiefs with him ; leisurely at times they would sit

THE PENNS 33

<lown, smoke and partake of refreshments, thus covering less than thirty miles.
After a residence of two years in the province, Pcnn returned to Eng-
land in August, 1684. When he left the colony he expected to return
speedily, but he was absent for fifteen years. The intervening years were
filled with contention, anxiety, misfortune and various distresses. James II
became King, and was the patron and good friend of William Penn ; he was,
however, a Roman Catholic, and was resolved to make that church supreme
in England. This was stoutly o])posed by Penn in his "Sensible Caveat
Against Popery," as well as in other writings, expressing his dislike with
characteristic frankness. Nevertheless, he stood by the King. This perplex-
ing inconsistency is the only serious blot on Pcnn's fair fame. He believed
in the honesty of James II, was a favorite at court, and in spite of the
disparity of their age, rank and creed, they were fast friends, united by a
bond of genuine affection. His position at the court of James II was un-
doubtedly a compromising one. It was one of Penn's characteristics to be
blind to the faults of his friends. Penn had taken up his residence at Ken-
sington in the Holland House, so as to be near the court; his expenses were
large, and his finances became impaired. His Quaker friends found him hard
to understand ; he was their great theologian and preacher ; nevertheless, he
was a skilful cavalier and a worldly person. The King's favorite had many
enemies, but Penn could not be prejudiced against the King. In 1687 King
lames published the Declaration of Indulgence. Penn put forth his pamphlet,
"Good Advice to the Church of England, Roman Catholic and Protestant
Dissenters," which showed the wisdom and duty of repealing the "Test Acts"
and "Penal Laws." In April, 1688, the King issued a decree that the
Declaration of Indulgence should be read in every church in the realm. Then
came the Revolution; James fled to France, and William of Orange was
invited to England. This was a hard change for William Penn ; there were
courtiers who passed with incredible swiftness from one allegiance to another,
but he remained constant to James. Others fled to France, but he stayed ;
he was brought before the Privy Council and was released. He was again
summoned in 1690. but was again discharged. For a space of three years he
was in retirement, was publicly proclaimed a traitor, and dispossessed of the
government of the colony. Finally the government was persuaded that he
was innocent, and the King honorably acquitted him of all charges of treason.
It was at this time that he wrote an "Essay Towards the Present and Future
Peace of Europe," in which he i)Ut forth the idea of a great court of arbitra-
tion, a principle which he had already carried out in Pennsylvania. The
thoughts with which Pcnn's mind was occupied during the years of his
hiding appear in his book, "Some b'ruits of Solitude."

Penn came out of his exile in 1693 burdened with misfortune. He had
been deprived of his government, was sadly in debt, and had lost many of
his friends. His colony of Pennsylvania declined to lend him funds. His
wife died February 23, 1694. leaving two sons, .Springett and William, and a
daughter, Lctitia, who afterwards married William Aubrey. Penn consoled
himself by writing his "Account of the Rise and Progress of the People
Called Quakers." The coldness and suspicion with which he had been
regarded by members of his own denomination ceased, and he was once more

NORTH.— 1—3.

34 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

regarded by the Quaker set as their leader. About the same time, August
20, 1694, he was restored to the governorship of Pennsylvania, and promised
to defend the frontiers. In 1695 he went on another missionary tour in the
western part of England. He contracted in March, 1696, a second marriage
with Hannah Callowhill, a strong, sensible and estimable Quaker lady of
some means, living in Bristol, England. His son Springett died a few weeks
after his marriage. He devoted himself for some time to the work of the
ministry. His work "On Primitive Christianity" was published, in which he
argued that the faith and pr-actice of the Friends were those of the early
church. He removed to Bristol in 1697, and during the greater part of the
following year was preaching with great success against oppression in Ireland,
whither he had gone to look after his property in Shannangary.

Penn's heart, however, was in his province. The affairs of Pennsylvania
had been going badly; Penn's appointees had quarreled amongst themselves:
the council and assembly were in hot contention, and there was still another
between the province and territory. At last, on September 9, 1699, it became
possible for the founder to make another visit to his province. He landed
near Chester, December ist of that year, accompanied by his wife and
daughter Letitia, and a young Quaker named James Logan, who was des-
tined in after j-ears to become the ablest and most useful Quaker ever
connected with the proprietary government. Penn resided in his own house
in Philadelphia until the early spring of 1700, when his family occupied the
mansion at Pennsbury Manor. In the great hall of this mansion Penn, in a
great oak chair, received his neighbors and Indians, the latter coming in
paint and feathers. In the midst of these rural joys news came that a move-
ment was on foot to put an end to proprietary governments, placing them
under the control of the Crown. During the two years of his second and
final residence in Pennsylvania he had accomplished but little in the improve-
ment of public affairs. The dififerences between the province and the terri-
tories again broke out. Penn succeeded, however, in calming them, appointed
a council of ten to manage the province in his absence, and gave a borough
charter to Philadelphia. Alterations were made in the charter; an assembly
was created with the right to propose laws, to amend and reject them, con-
sisting of four members from each county to be chosen annually, with all
the self-governing principles of the English House of Commons; two-thirds
of the membership to constitute a quorum was created. Nominations for
county officials were to be chosen by the governor from the names of citizens
furnished by the freemen. The council was no longer elected by the people,
but nominated by the governor, who thus was left practically in complete
executive power. In other respects the original charter remained, and the
inviolability of conscience was emphatically asserted.

Penn sailed from Philadelphia, November 4, 1701, the voyage being a
marvelousl}' quick one for those days, as he arrived at Portsmouth, England,
December 14, 1701. He again took up his abode at Kensington, and published
v>,^hile there his "More Fruits of Solitude." In 1703 he removed to Knights-
bridge, where he resided until 1706, when he removed to Brentford, his final
residence being taken up in 1710 at Field Ruscombe, near Tugford. He wrote
his "Life of Balstrode Whitelocke" in 1704.

THE PENNS 35

America now became the seat of his troubles: the territorialists openly
rejected his authority ; pecuniary troubles came heavily upon him ; his eldest
son William married, had a son and a daufrhter who became the rinj^leaders
of all the dissolute characters in Philadclfihia. The manacjer of his Irish
estates died; he had. by dexterous swindling, manat^ed at the time of his
death to hand down to his widow and son a claim of £14,000 against Penn.
It appears that he had borrowed money of Ford, and as security had pivcn
him a mortsja.cfe on his Pennsylvania estate. The widow sued Penn; he w^as
imprisoned for debt, and spent nine months at the Fleet. His friends at last
compromised the matter by payin<T £7,500. Difficulties with the government
of Pennsylvania continued to harass him. Fresh disputes took place wdth
Lord Baltimore, owner of Maryland. Penn felt deeply the ungrateful treat-
ment he met with at the hands of the ))rovincial assembly of Pennsylvania.

Being in failing health, Penn, in February, 1712, proposed to surrender
his interests and power to the Crown. The commission of plantations recom-
mended that he should receive £12,000 in four years from the time of the
surrender, and £1,000 were given him as the first payment. Before the matter,
however, could go any further, he was seized with apoplectic fits, which
shattered his understanding and memory. A second attack occurred in 1713.
He dicfl Tulv 30, 1718, leaving a widow, three sons by his second wife — John,
Thomas and Richard — besides his first wife's children. He was buried at
Jourdon's Meeting House, near Chalford, St. Giles, in Buckinghamshire.

Penn had drawn his will in 171 1 ; he gave to Gulielma Springett's chil-
dren the English and Irish estates, and the Pennsylvania Proprietary to
Hannah Callowhill's children. The law officers of the Crown decided that
the bill to confirm the sale of the province to the Crown must be withdrawn
as a professional diagnosis of Penn's condition. After his third paroxysm
in 1713, he w^as pronounced incapacitated from transacting business, and his
wife was made curatrix of his property and custodian of his person under the
common law. The validity of his will was upheld, and Hannah Penn became
the sole executrix under it, vested with all the powers of the Proprietary,
jiending the minority of the youngest of her boys — John, Thomas and
Richard — to whom he had devised jointly. The youngest son was Richard,
and he did not reach his majority until 1730, which gave Hannah Penn's
term of executrix twelve years to run. She refunded the money to the
government that it had advanced on the proposed sale of Pennsylvania to
the Crown, which left the matter just as it stood before Penn began his
negotiations for the sale and transfer. The new King, George I, was indif-
ferent to the concerns of the proprietary, and no overtures were made to
renew or revise the bargain. There was no danger so long as Penn lived,
but on his death his will became operative. That instrument named three
earls — Oxford, Powlett and Mortimer — trustees of the proprietary, with
power to convey it to the queen or any other person or persons. The trustees
were friendly to Mrs. Penn ; they were in her confidence and approved her
plan ; their powers under the will became operative, and they left the whole
afi'air in her hands as executrix. She managed the proprietary of Pennsyl-
vania from 1712 to 1727; she suffered in 1722 a stroke of paralysis, which
permanently affected her left side; it did not, however, injure her mental

36 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

faculties. She soon rallied, and continued to exercise the functions of pro-
prietary until September, 1727, when a second stroke proved fatal. Hannah
Perm's administration was far more practical and successful than that of
William Penn. He left his wife a vast estate so hopelessly entangled in
every kind of complication that ruin seemed inevitable. When Hannah Penn
died she left the same estate to her three sons — the most magnificent domain
on earth owned by private individuals.

William, the eldest son of the founder, was born about 1676. He came
to the colony of Pennsylvania in 1704. and was a member of the provincial
council. He returned to England, was an unsuccessful candidate for Parlia-
ment, contested his father's will, and died of consumption at Liege, now in
Belgium, in 1720, leaving three children. Springett, his eldest son, succeeded
to his father's claims, and was considered by some persons as the rightful
governor-in-chief of the province. The will of the founder was established
by a decree of the court of exchequer in 1727, and a compromise was in
process of adjustment between the two branches of the family in 1731 at the
time of Springett's death. His brother and heir, William, executed for £5,500
a release to John, Thomas and Richard Penn, dated September 23, 1731.
William had an only son, who died without issue. The interests in the
proprietary of Pennsylvania were divided as follows: John Penn, one-half;
Thomas and Richard, each a quarter.

Of the three sons of William Penn, John and Richard were spendthrifts,
and of not very estimable character. Thomas was haughty, reserved and,
for a person of his pretensions, not of very good morals, fond of evil com-
pany and frequently prosecuted for evildoing. On his last departure for
Europe some of the venturesome boys of Philadelphia erected a gallows
along the street where he was to pass. John Penn, the eldest, born in Phila-
delphia February 29, 1700, has been called "the American" because he alone
of all the Penn family, except possibly one child of his nephew Richard, was
born in the New World. He was recognized as the head of the governors-
in-chief of Pennsylvania, being older than his colleagues, Thomas and Rich-
ard, and having twice as much interest as either of them in the property.
Before the more active brother, Thomas Penn, made his visit to Pennsylvania,
an agreement was entered into by the three proprietors to preserve the
estate to their heirs male. They covenanted by articles dated May 8, 1732,
that none of the three would dispose of his share, except to create charges
upon it, otherwise than to his eldest son tail male, with remainder to his
other sons successively in order of birth in tail male, and if any of the three
should die without issue his estate, subject to charges, should go to the sur-
vivors, as he might appoint. .Xt this time only Richard was married, his
wife being Hannah, daughter of John Loudner, a physician; and only one
son had yet appeared to gratify the desire for establishing a family.

John Penn, the American, had not thought well of a suggestion to make
Thomas the lieutenant-governor, perhaps because of the latter's want of
popularizing manners, perhaps because he had already entered upon a life
offensive in morals. Plis lack of cordiality or effusiveness is fully illustrated
in the abrupt reception of a certain Welsh clergyman who, shortly after
Thomas' first arrival to this country, prepared a poem of welcome and called

'''HI-: M-.si iunV^-
Pt'BL/C LJBJ;ai;v

ASrOR, LENOX AND
™.-'B.- POUNDATiO.NS

i^ > "

: 1 —

THOMAS I'KXX
Proprietor of Pennsylvania anil i-Hunder of Easton

THE PENNS 37

upon him. Thomas I'cnn spoke these sentences: "How does do? Farewell,
The other door," and consequently did not receive the poem.

John Penn came to Pennsylvania in September, 1734, but returned to
Engiand the following year. He figures in the history of Pennsylvania as
counsellor, lieutenant-governor and proprietary. He appears to be the only
descendant of William Penn to remain a Quaker. He died without issue in
October, 1746, leaving his rights in the province to his brother Thomas.

Thomas Penn was born in England in 1702. He came to Pennsylvania
in 1732 with a power of attorney from his brothers John and Richard, and
took a seat in the council. He returned to England in 1741. Both he and his
brother were much disgusted with the colony, a feeling the colonists recipro-
cated with compound interest. He was enthusiastically loyal to the Crown.
Thomas Penn, at his brother's death, took the direction in the government
and business of property to which his share and seniority entitled him, and
for which ability and experience fitted him. He was master over his weak
nephew John (son of Richard), whom he sent away and kept away from the
girl, objectionable in herself or her surroundings perhaps only because they
were humble when, as a schoolboy, John had married. He himself remained
a bachelor until 1751, when he entered a family of the nobility by marrying
Lady Juliana, daughter of Thomas Fermor, first Earl of Pomfret. Thus the
middle-aged bridegroom, the profligate son of a noble sire, became one of
the rich gentry of England, ruler of an American principality larger than
Ireland. He ceased to be a Quaker, regularly attending church after his
marriage, and in 1760 purchased the historic seat of Stoke Park at Stoke
Pogis. where he established his family. He died in England, March 21, 1775,
leaving two sons, John and Granville. John succeeded to his father's interest,
but with his cousin lost the proprietaryship and governorship of Pennsylvania
by the American Revolution. Granville was one of the most learned laymen
of England. He left several sons, all of whom died without issue, so that
the pension paid by the British government descended to his sister, Sophia
Margaret, wife of William Stuart, Archbishop of Armagh.

Richard Penn, the youngest son of the founder, was born in England
about 1710, and never came to Pennsylvania. The chief thing to remark is
that at an early date he forsook the Society of Friends, and if he did not
sacramentally join, otherwise conformed to the Church of England, his chil-
dren receiving infant baptism. He died October 4, 1771. His children who
lived to grow up were John, Hannah and Richard, of whom Hannah married
James Clayton, and died without issue. John, his eldest son, was a counsellor,
lieutenant-governor and proprietary in Pennsylvania's history ; he died with-
out issue. Richard, the other son, was also lieutenant-governor; he had two
sons. William and Richard, who died childless.

The Penns were represented in the province by a deputy or lieutenant-
governor, and a council composed of appointees, and known as the governor's
council. These deputies were generally men of slender abilities, and mean
tools of the proprietors. They held their official position at the will of the
proprietors, and were placed under heavy bonds for their faithful performance
and loyalty, first due the King and British government, next to the pro-
prietaries, and thirdly and, it might be added, lastlj^ to the province or colony.

38 northa:\iptox county

Theirs was a diftkult task to assume, for there were three masters to serve
for what they owed to those abroad and what was due to the circumstances
by which they were surrounded. It may be surprising that with all the
power exercised over them, the province paid their salaries, which were fixed
and allowed by the assembly. The assembly was composed of representatives
from the different districts of the colony, and elected by the people. The
powers of the assembly extended little beyond making laws relating to the
collecting and appropriating revenues.

The council could only act with the advice of the governor, and with
him possessed the appointing power. The greatest power of the Penns to
carry through any unjust designs against the will of the people or of the
assembly, who it appears were generally disposed to justice, lay in the ap-
pointing power. Thus, the judges of the courts, the attorney-general, surveyor-
general and sheriffs down to all deputies, were appointed and commissioned
bv the governor and council through the instructions of the proprietors, and
should the governor disobey he would at once be set aside. The council,
though in one sense independent, was completely subordinate to the governor,
without whom they could not act; again, when duly obedient or passive,
themselves and their sons would likely at some time be rewarded by office
or promotion. This was the general character of those in the courts as well
as in other provincial offices of the people. The governor had still the right
to appoint and commission either one of the two receiving the highest vote
for office, and often the candidate receiving the highest vote was not appointed
to the office.

These Penns cherished those erroneous Tory notions of the right's of
sovereignties whicli Lord Bute infused into the contracted mind of George III,
and which cost that dull and obstinate monarch his colonies. Not satisfied
in the pride of possessing acres by the millions, they felt themselves to be
lords of the land they owned and of the people who dwelt upon it, and it
must be confessed they were long upheld in this belief by the Pennsylvanians
themselves. When one of the proprietors deigned to visit the province, he
received the address as a king might from his subjects, and replied to them
with a brevity more than royal. The tone and style of all their later com-
munications to the Pennsylvanians were that of offended lords to contuma-
cious vassals; and yet at home, as Franklin records, they were so insignificant
as hardly to be found in the herd of gentry — not in court, not in office, and
not in Parliament.

The Penns, by reason of being involved in lawsuits in England, had
acquired considerable experience in matters pertaining to law, and turned
their knowledge to account in the government of Pennsylvania. Hence they
kept a vigilant eye on those designed to be judges of the courts, as well as
sheriffs who had the selection of jurors. So much were those holding these
positions their creatures that in any case in which the interest of the Penns
would be involved there could be but a poor chance for justice. It is doubtful
whether in any of the other English colonies there could have been found so
servile a set of judges and so devoted to the proprietary interests as those
in Pennsylvania down to the Revolution. Thus, in the collection of their
quitrents and other revenues, the leasing and disposing of lands, and in the

THE I'ENNS 39

disputes an'siiii;- llu-rclVom, they wielded a power that now can scarcely be
credited. In those matters the royal government had no interest, and was
consequently indifferent; but it was otherwise with the peojile, who, as a
general thin;;-, were too libcrty-lovin.c: to be blind to such i^ross abuses of
power; and we need not wonder that there was such a spirit of opposition
to the proprietors and that they preferred a g-overnmcnt directly under the
Crown. "On the one side was the proprietary family with their feudal pre-
rop^atives, their manors of 10,000 acres, their quitrents, and baronial pomp —
alienated in their sympathies from the colony — preferring the luxuries of
aristocratic life in England to the unostentatious manners of the New World
— ruling the colonies by capricious deputies — and ever refusing to be taxed
for the common defence of the country. On the other side was a hardy and
enthusiastic band of colonists, free in this New World to develop the great
principles of civil liberty then just dawning upon the human mind — willing
to bear their share, provided the proi)rictaries would consent to be equally
taxed."

When the proprietary was finally abolished in 1779, the interest of the
Penn family in the soil was vested in the colony. The act of 1779, however,
appropriated £130,000 to be paid out of the colonial treasury to the heirs of
William Penn in full for all claims and damages, and secured to them all
private estates, lands and manors owned by them in fee simple at the date
of the act. The Penn heirs were all Tories, and they made a claim under an
act of Parliament for £945,000. After a reviewing of the claim, they were
allowed £500,000, which was paid in consols at par. It thus appears that the
heirs of William Penn realized from the governments of Pennsylvania and
Great Britain £630,000, besides securing their private estates in Pennsylvania.
In 1790 the proprietary rights of Penn's descendants were bought by the
British government for a pension of £4,000, payable annually to the eldest
male descendant of his second wife; this pension was commuted in 1884
for £67,000.

TUP,

ASTOB. LENOX AVn
L

IX 'IHK LKHIGH X'ALLEV

CHAPTER III

SCOTCH-IRISH SETTLEMENTS

Thf Scotch-Irish were Scotch and English people who were encouraged
in their immigration to Ireland Iiy James VI of Scotland, afterwards James II
of England, to occupy the estates of the Irish rebels whose estates had been
confiscated by Queen Elizabeth and James I. The immigration was numer-
ous, and began in the early part of the seventeenth century. Towards the
middle of the same century the conliscation of Irish lands by Cromwell
increased the emigration to still greater proportions, and many Englishmen
joined the movement. These people became known in England as Ulstermen,
diametrically different in character and religion to the native Irish. They
were not Celtic Scotch, but people of English stock, whose progenitors had
lived for many generations in Scotland. They were more thrifty and intelli-
gent than the native Irish, took long leases of the lands they occupied, and
began to make the country blossom like a garden. They were, however,
persecuted by Charles I in his attempt to force the Scotch people in both
Scotland and Ireland to conform to the Church of England. At the same
time the native Irish rose to expel the Scotch, and they succeeded in killing a
few thousands of these people. So between these two persecutions the set-
tlers, already sturdy from their race and religion, were not without the
additional discipline of suffering and martyrdom.

Charles II, on his restoration to the throne of England, attempted to
introduce episcopacy into Scotland ; this act was resisted by the people of
the Lowlands, who were disciples of John Knox. The immigration to Ire-
land was increased by these acts of Charles II, and the inhabitants of the
southern portion of Scotland crossed the North Channel to the counties of
Londonderry and Antrim in northern Ireland. The immigration was not
diminished by the accession of William of Orange to the throne of England,
though he had a decided preference for the doctrines and principles of the
Presbyterian church. In the revolution that followed the attempt of James II
to regain the throne of England, the Scotch Presbyterians of Ireland ren-
dered valiant aid at the Battle of the P.oyne and the Siege of Londonderry.
Eor one hundred and nineteen years these hardy Scotch-Irish dwelt on
the nev; land that James \T had given them. Some of them, however, in
1 718 and a few years later, had emigrated in small parties to New England,
and became identified with the early settlements of Massachusetts and New
Hampshire. Those remaining in Ireland were in 1727 overtaken by the
famine of that year: for three seasons their crops failed, mills were closed,
there was no work ; gaunt starvation ruled the land, and taxation devoured
their property. The Duke of Ulster foresaw an alarming disaster springing
np. Speculators in American lands flooded Great Britain with exaggerated
descri])tions, and the desire to emigrate became an epidemic disease, hurrying
immense multitudes to the land of promises and new desires. In Ireland
they were simply tenants, holding their lands by lease, having no prospects

42 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

of rising above the conditions of hired laborers, and in a new country they
could acquire lands and better their social and religious conditions. In the
summer of 1726 over three thousand left their Irish homes for the land of
freedom and progress, and the following summer ships carried thousands
of Scotch-Irish to New England and Pennsylvania.

Among these bands of home-seekers in a new land was one led by
Colonel Thomas Craig, which arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1728.
They proceeded northward in their endeavors to find a permanent location,
finally deciding to locate at the Forks of the Delaware. Here they estab-
lished three Scotch-Irish settlements — on the north branch, at Mount
Bethel ; another, the Craig Settlement, on the west branch, in what is now
Allen township. Northampton county.

The Craig or Irish settlement v^-as situated in original Allen township,
and extended from the Monocacy on the east to the Hockandauqua on the
west. It included the Manor of Charlton, a holding of fifteen hundred acres,
in what is now East Allen, patented in 1735 by Sir James Page of London;
also the Manor of Fermor, or Drj-lands, which at that time constituted the
unsurveyed lands not definitely described in Northampton county, granted
to the Proprietaries in 1736. This settlement antedated the settling of Easton
eleven years, of Bethlehem thirteen years, and of Nazareth fifteen years.

There is no list of the names of the original band of Scotch-Irish, but
from authentic authorities there were living in 1737 at the Irish Settlement
the following: Thomas Craig and his son William; James Craig, his sons
Robert and James, and in his family was Thomas Reed and wife; John Boyd;
Hugh Wilson and his sons Thomas, .Samuel and Charles; Thomas Armstrong;
Robert Gregg; James King; John McNair ; John Walker; Robert Walker;
James Ralston; John Hayes; Arthur Lattimore ; James Lattimore; James
Horner; James Kerr and Samuel Brown.

The Craig families were not related. Colonel Thomas Craig was well
advanced in life at the time of the settlement, and his only son William was
in the vigor of manhood, and married a daughter of Hugh W'ilson. Colonel
Craig's name first appears upon the roll of the Synod of Pennsylvania in 1731
as an elder, and it was about this time that a Presbyterian church was organ-
ized in the Settlement. It may be supposed he was the original elder. James
Craig was a connection by marriage of Chief Justice Allen, who presented him
with a gift of a farm in the Irish Settlement.

Hugh Wilson was born in Cootehill, near Coleraine, Ireland, in 1689.
He was one of the commissioners appointed to establish the site of North-
ampton county. He was granted 730 acres of land northwest of what is
now Hanover township. He operated in 1740 a grist mill on the Hockan-
dauqua, and was one of the first justices in Northampton coimty. He married,
in Ireland, Sarah Craig, and they had a family of five sons and three
daughters. Samuel, Thomas and Charles, as before stated, were residents
of the Irish settlement : William was in business in New York ; and Francis
was an Episcopal minister in South Carolina. One daughter married Rev.
Francis McHenry of Deep Run, Pennsylvania; another became the wife of
William Craig; and a third daughter married William McNair.

James Florncr was born in Ireland. 171 1 ; he took an active part in the

nitAFT OF TllK I'nINT lilT'dSlIK KAST(lN\ I'A

Co**- 2^0

mo ,

nUAFT (W THE THOrSAXn-ACRE TRACT

SCOTCH-IRlSir SET'I'LEMENTS 43

early aflairs of the county, and lived to be an octogenarian. His farm was
located near the Hockandauqua creek. His wife, Jane Horner, was born in
County Derry, Ireland, May i, 1713; she was killed by the Indians in 1763.
Their family consisted of Hugh, John, Thomas, Sarah, Mary, James and Jane.

Three brothers — Arthur, James and John Lattimore — were natives of Ire-
land. .Artluir was born in 1710, and settled near the mouth of the Hockan-
dauqua creek. He married Mary, a daughter of Hugh Wilson. She was a
native of Ireland, born in 1715. Arthur died in 1777; his widow survived
him till i7.'ni. They were the parents of two daughters, Elizabeth and Jane,
both deaf-and-dumb. James Lattimore also was a land-owner; he purchased
in 1766 of Andrev.' Allen, a son of Chief Justice Allen, a farm just east of
the Monocacy creek, on which the greater part of the borough of Bath is
now located. He died in 1781, intestate, and the homestead was acquired by
his eldest son Robert, an appointee of the Provincial Assembly in 1777 to
collect clothing for suffering patriots. John Lattimore was also a resident
of tl;c settlement, and the father of General William Lattimore.

lames Ralston was born in Ireland, 1698. He was a member of the first
grand jury of Northampton county, and died in 1775. His surviving children
were : lohn, who was a delegate to the first constitutional convention of
Pennsylvania, and a captain and paymaster in the militia. His son James
surveyed for the plan of the village of Bath. The other children were
Samuel and Jane.

Samuel Brown resided on a farm near Bath. He was born in Ireland,
1714, and died 1798. He married Jane, a daughter of John Boyd, and their
family consisted of Robert, born 1745, was an officer in Pennsylvania "flying
camp," a brigadier-general of state militia, was a member of Congress from
December 4, 1798, to March 3, 1815. Samuel Brown's other children were:
William, James, Esther, Sarah, and another daughter.

John Hayes was born in Ireland, 1704, and died November 16, 17B9. His
farm was located on the Catasauqua creek, near where Weaverville is now
located. James King, who married Mary Walker, died in 1745, aged thirty-
eight years ; he was survived by his wife and four daughters. John McNair
married a sister of Mrs. King, who was also a sister of John, Robert and
Captain Richard Walker.

John and Robert Walker were brothers of Captain Richard Walker, who
married a relative of Chief Justice Allen, and resided at Neshaminy. Robert
died unmarried. The other Scotch-Irish families that lived near Bath were
the Boyds, Clydes, McCords, McCooks, McConnels, McKeans, Rosbroughs,
Agnews, Kennedj's and Clendenens.

The Irish Settlement in the township of Lower Mount Bethel, a few
miles northward from Easton, Pennsylvania, was first settled by a band of
Ulster Scots about 1730, who gave it the name of Martin's Settlement, but
now known as Martin's Creek, The first Scotch-Irish settler was named
Smalley: he built a grist mill in 1728, and the stream became known as
Smalley's creek. The property was purchased by James Martin, who was a
leader amongst the Scotch-Irish, and the waterway became known as Mar-
tin's creek. On the ancient tombstones in the old church burial yard are
read the names of Galloway, Foresman, Lowrey, Lyle, McCallum, McCracken,

44 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

McCrea, McFarren, McKibben. McFall, Moody, Patton, Rea, Scott, and other
North Irishmen whose names also are recorded in the Colonial and Revolu-
tionary wars, where they were active in the struggle for American independ-
ence. Among the early settlers and wealthy land-owners besides the above-
mentioned were the Beards or Bairds, Brittains, Crawfords, Gastons, Hannas,
Hutchin.sons, McDowells. McIIhaneys, Mcllroys. McQuouns, Morris and
Nelsons.

Another Scotch-Irish settlement was located near the present site of
Portland, south of the Blue Mountains, bordering on the Delaware. It was
called Hunter's Settlement, and was supposed to have been named in honor
of Governor Hunter of the province of New York. In the "Documentary
History of New York," mention is made of this band of Scotch-Irish, who
had been refused a settlement in Massachusetts, and asylum was offered them
by Governor Hiuiter, but the settlement was subsequently lost sight of. The
country at this time was a wilderness, and the new settlers supposed they
had settled within the boundaries of the province of New York, but they
were, however, within the limits of Pennsylvania.

The Scotch-Irish in these settlements were ardent patriots ; their fighting
proclivities and their anti])athy towards the German settlers caused inharmo-
nious conditions with the peace-loving Moravians. During the later years of
the Revolutionary war some of the Scotch-Irish became disloyal and many
of them became Tories, which made them antagonistic to the government.
Colonel Robert Lever had superseded Samuel Rea, a Scotch-Irishman, as
lieutenant of the colony, and the demonstrations of the disaffected portion
of the Scotch-Irish practically ceased, though Lever was decided in his
actions in cases of disloyalty. He was magnanimous and friendly as a magis-
trate, and his efforts were concentrated in having the Scotch-Irish become
lo}-al to the country and establish themselves as home-loving and law-abiding
people. They were, however, persecuted by the German settlers, and they
decided it was better for them to emigrate, and upwards of eighty or one
hundred families, consisting of nearly all of the Scotch-Irish excepting those
who had intermarried with the Germans, decided to find a home beyond the
■pale of civilization in the unsettled country of the west, taking with them
all of their historical records if they had any. They finally located near what
is now Knoxville, Tennessee, calling their settlement Mount Bethel, and
established Mount Bethel Church. The burying-ground adjoining this is
revered in the hearts of the citizens of Knoxville, in which are graves of
many of their Irish settlers. In eastern Tennessee their descendants still
live, and the same family names here abound similar to those in Northampton
county.

At the time of the settlement of the Scotch-Irish colony, the nearest
place of worship was at Tinicum, in Bucks county. They were, however,
people not to wait long without the means of grace, and application was
made to New Brunswick Presbytery, then recently organized, for a minister
to supply the district, and Rev. James Campbell was sent to supply them.
For the next five years itinerate preachers were sent to supply the congrega-
tion, among whom were the Revs. William Robinson, Charles McKnight,
William Dean and Eleazer Wales. In May, 1744, they were visited by the

SCOTCH-IRISH SETTLEMENTS 45

eminent divine and missionary, David Braincrd, justly styled "the man of
God," who had taken up his abode at Mount Bethel. His untimely death in
1746 caused the cessation of his fruitful work amongst the Indians and
white settlers of Northampton county. There was erected in 1746 on the
south side of the road in Craig's meadow, near what is now Weaversville, a
rude log structure for a house of worship. This was succeeded by a second
log building on the north side of the road, and these two structures served
the people until 181 3. P'rom 1743 to 1752, Rev. Daniel Lawrence was pastor.
He was a pupil of the Rev. William Tennant, and was educated at the Log
College, and licensed ALiy 28, 1745, to supply the two Scotch-Irish settlements
in Northampton county. His health failing him in 1751, he was obliged to
relinquish his charge. For the next decade there was no settled minister, but
in 1762 the name of Rev. John Clark, the second pastor, appears on the
church records. He was a graduate of New Jersey College, 1759, and the
same year was taken under the care of New Brunswick Presbytery, being
installed over the two congregations in the Forks of the Delaware, October
13, 1762. Troubles in the congregations, however, arose, and a conflict took
place between the parishioners and their minister, which culminated in 1766
with the withdrawal of Rev. Mr. Clark, and the charge was without a per-
manent spiritual adviser until 1772, when Rev. John Rosbrough accepted the
call, and was installed October 28, 1772. He was a graduate of New Jersey
College in 1761, and after studying divinity with Rev. John Blair, was licensed
to preach by the New Brunswick Presbytery, March 22, 1762. He was a
devoted patriot, and in 1776 joined a company of infantry as chaplain, and
on Washington's march through New Jersey he was barbarously murdered
at Trenton by the Hessians.

The church, after the death of Rev. John Rosbrough, was supplied by
ministers from the First Philadelphia Presbytery, under whose charge, at
the request of the congregation, it had been placed. In 1783 the Rev. Francis
Peppard became its permanent minister. He was a native of Ireland, a
graduate of the New Jersey College, class of 1762, and joined the New
Brunswick Presbytery in 1773. The Forks had, in October, 1780, requested
leave of the First Philadelphia Presbytery to seek supplies from New Bruns-
wick Presbytery. This was granted, and Mr. Peppard was installed in
August, 1783. The erection of a building for an academy, afterwards known
as the Wolf Academy, soon after his installation was viewed by Mr. Pep-
pard as preparatory to setting up altar against altar, thereby dividing the
congregation. This became a matter of contention, and in August, 1794, he
asked to be dismissed from his charge, alleging as a cause the nonpayment
of his salary. Thus again the church was to be supplied by itinerant minis-
ters. The congregation was incorporated in 1797, and the following year
Rev. Robert Russell became pastor. Mr. Russell was a native of Fagg's
Manor, and had married the daughter of Thomas Armstrong, formerly an
elder in the Settlement. Early in the nineteenth century the congregation
was materially weakened by the removal of many of their prominent members
to other sections of Pennsylvania and Ohio.

The site for a church was purchased in 1813 on which a stone house was
built, and it was enclosed in weatherboards in 1870. Mr. Russell died Decern-

46 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

ber i6, 1827, a worthy minister of Jesus Christ. He was succeeded by the
Rev. Alexander Heberton, who remained five or six years ; to him is given
the credit of having opened a sessional record and preparing a history of the
congregation. His labors were not without fruit, nor were those of Rev.
Brogan Huff, who remained a short time. The Rev. William Mcjimpsey
was the stated supply for one or two years. In 1835 the Rev. Leslie Irwin
began to labor in the Settlement, and was ordained December 25, 1835. He
was for over thirty years in charge of the parish and resigned in 1868, being
succeeded by the Rev. David M. James. For the period of sixty-three years
the church had only two pastors. The Rev. David M. James was born in
Deerfield township, New Jerse}'. He graduated from Lafayette College in
1852, studied two years in the Theological Seminary at Princeton, New Jersey.
He was licensed by the Presbytery of Passaic at Morristown, New Jersey,
July 3, 1854, and on October 4th following was ordained and installed pastor
of the Mount Olivet Church, near Schooley's Mountain Springs, New Jersey,
where he remained until 1869, when he removed to the Irish Settlement,
where he was installed pastor of the Allen Township Church, November g,
1869. During his charge of the congregation the fourth church edifice was
erected in the borough of Bath. The degree of doctor of divinity was con-
ferred on him by Whitworth College in September, 1892. He resigned his
])astorate in the spring of 1898, and shortly afterwards removed to Easton,
Pennsylvania. He was succeeded by Rev. Thomas Clews Sterling, born in
Darvel, Ayrshire, Scotland, February 16, 1864. His rudimentary education
was acquired in the public schools of his birthplace. He then studied under
Professor John Kelligan, tutor for Ayr Academy; also prepared himself for
his entrance examination in medicine under Dr. Matthew G. Easton. After
studying medicine four years he received an M.D. diploma from the Physico-
Medical College. Having great desire for the gospel ministry, he studied
seven years more at Glasgow LTniversity, under the eminent scientists and
philoso])hers, Professors Lord Kelvin and Edwards Caird, and received
diplomas of Ph.D. and INLS. He graduated from Auburn Divinity Hall,
Auburn, New York, and was licensed to preach b}^ the Presbytery of Otsego,
June 6, 1895. He preached as missionary and evangelist for seven years at
Glasgow and Edinburgh, Scotland, and was student supply in the Presbyte-
rian church at Dresden, New York. He was installed October, 1898, this
being his second pastorate. Dr. Sterling was succeeded in 1905 by the Rev.
Seth P. Downie; his successor in 1910 was Rev. H. H. Henry, who was in
charge of the congregation until 191 /, when Rev. Raymond Hittenger, the
present incumbent, was installed.

^EXKiT^

ORK

^^'^IIC mRAllY

A DKLAWARE IXDIAX

CHAPTER IV
THE INDIAN WALK

William Pcnn, when lie met representatives of the Indians of the neigh-
boringf tribes under that famous wide-spreading elm, concluded a treaty with
them for the purchase of their lands. There is no written record of this
treaty extant; it seems to be an ineradicable tradition among both races. It
was, however, to be an everlasting covenant of peace between the whites
and the Indians. Penn says: "We meet on the broad pathway of good faith
and good will ; no advantage shall be taken on either side, but all shall be
openness and love. I will not call you children, for parents sometimes chide
their children too severely ; not brothers only, for brothers differ. The friend-
ship between me and you I will not compare to a chain, for the rains might
rust, or a falling tree break. We are the same as if one man's body was to
be divided into two parts ; we are all one flesh and blood." He then dis-
tributed to their chiefs presents, and received from their hands a belt of
wampum, an official pledge of their fidelity. The Indians, in replying to
Penn's speech, said: "We will live in love with William Penn and his
children as long as the sun and moon shall endure."

Unfortunately. William Penn could not live for all time; the last years
of his life were embittered by financial troubles and ill health, and in the
early part of the eighteenth century he transferred his proprietary rights to
the Crown, and other men lacking his humanitarian principles were to con-
trol the destinies of Pennsylvania. Other treaties were made with the
Indians in which graft, selfishness and avarice predominated. One of the most
questionable acts was called the "Walking Purchase." Penn, in his pur-
chases, not being familiar with the topography of the country, boundaries
were described by water courses and hill ranges ; the Indian deeds, however,
gave only vague descriptions of the lands conveyed; in some instances the
boundaries were accepted "running northwardly as far as a horse can travel
in two days." and other similar obscure terms. These discrepancies were the
cause in 1737 of a new deed made by Thomas Penn to strengthen the titles
of the lands previous to its execution. A preliminary trial was made by the
proprietaries of a day and a half travel for two men, who were accompanied
by two others on horseback with supplies. This test proving satisfactory to
the proprietaries, two years and four months after this, an experimental walk
was made, the leading object of which was to ascertain how far the walk
might extend into the country. A deed was executed by the Indians at
Philadelphia in August, 1737, in the presence of Thomas Pcnn. There were
present at this meeting a number of Indians, among whom were Lapawinzo,
Nutimus and Tiscohan. The proprietaries in the trial walk desired that it
should extend far enough so by drawing a line at right angle it would
embrace all the desirable lands above the Delaware river, even as far as the
mouth of the Lackawanna, as the Penns had sold as early as 1728 to William
Allen and others thousands of acres of land without any regard to honor,

48 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

justice or the rights of the Indians, and even without their knowledge and
consent. There were no records of affidavits to indicate the proper direction
of the walkers, nor were there any roads and paths ; the trees were blazed
seven or eight miles beyond the Lehigh (Jap, and without doubt to a distance
beyond.

By the terms of the treaty with the Indians the decisive walk was to
commence September 12, 1737, but the date was afterwards changed that it
should take place between the twelfth and nineteenth of that month. The
starting point was a large chestnut tree that stood in the corner of a field
where the road from Pennsville joined the Durham road at a short distance
from the Wrightstown meeting-house. The walkers engaged were Edward
Marshall, James Yeates and Solomon Jennings, who were accompanied by
several whites on horseback and three Delaware Indians. The walkers had
been selected for their athletic and healthy condition; they were noted woods-
men and hunters. The course was guided by the compass, the first direction
being north thirty-four degrees west, thence on a straight line, when it was
possible to do so, regardless of all minor obstructions. The party crossed the
Lehigh river a mile below the present site of Bethlehem, the Indians having
been led to believe that the walk would not extend beyond this point ; here
Solomon Jennings retired from the party. From the Lehigh they passed in
the same direction between the river and the mountain gap. Their Indian
companions had dropped out from fatigue, but at the gap now in Moore
township they were met by a party of Indians who were amazed at the
progress made by the whites in one day, as they expected that this point
would be the terminus of the day and a half walk. They expected the whites
would rest there, and also declare it to be the end of the walk and the
boundary of the purchase. This was, however, far from the minds of the
white men ; they passed through the gap and slept for the night at the north
base of the mountain. The Indians at the gap, with their yells and howls of
rage on account of their great dissatisfaction, made the night hideous. The
following morning at sunrise the walk was resumed. Yeates, after going a
little distance, fell in a creek in a state of complete prostration and quite
blind. Marshall continued the walk with apparent strength and vigor until
noon, when Timothy Smith, the authorized agent of the Penns, struck his
hatchet in a small sapling, one of a cluster of oak trees, which marked the
northwesterly bounds of the famous walking purchase. The distance from
the starting point is said to have been sixty and one-quarter miles, though the
Indians claimed it was fully eighty miles.

This established the northwestern boundary of the purchase ; there was
still, however, the running of the line to the Delaware river. The Indians
insisted that it should strike the river at the nearest point, which would
have been somewhere in the township of Mount Bethel, but the proprietaries'
agents claimed it should be run at a right angle, and this was done by Ben-
jamin Eastman, the Surveyor General. It passed through a barren and
iminviting country, but included the rich lands of the Minisinks. The Indians
were loud in their denunciations of the rascality of the whites, and were
encouraged and supported by the Quakers, who professed to think that the
natives had been shamefully swindled; they were not backward in expressing

THE INDIAN WALK 49

tluir sentiments, which inflamed the passions of the red men, and led them
to believe that the Quakers were the only white men who were not their
enemies. The Quakers were not, however, wholly free from the tincture
of selfishness; they were antagonistic to the proprietaries' interests, and
wished to establish the rcjuitation of disinterested champions of ripht and
justice to the savages, and their special guardians against fraud and wrong.

There is no doubt the Indians honestly believed they had been betrayed,
but the facts lead us to believe that there was no intention on the part of
the whites to demand only what their deed called for. The blaze path made
in 1735 was opened for insjiection for eitlur the Indians or the whites for
over two years before the deed was given confirming the walking purchase.
That the Indians did not avail themselves of the opportunity thus offered
is no reflection on the whites. The proprietaries' surveyor had his way in
running the line at right angle to the Delaware river instead of an acute
angle which the Indians desired, and in nourishing their dissatisfaction the
latter became convinced that a deadly outrage and wrong had been perpe-
trated on them. The proprietaries who had received the benefit of whatever
wrong was done did not take any means to pacify the ignorant warriors,
and whether their wrongs were real or fancied the Indians' discontent broke
out into the consuming fire of hatred and revenge which in some degree
became accessory to the atrocities which, in 1755 and later, spread woe and
terror throughout Northampton county.

The result of the famous Indian Walk is briefly summarized. It was
the fortune of William Penn, in the formation of his colony, to have dealings
with the gentlest natives and endowed with the noblest traits of all those
found inhabiting the eastern portion of the present United States. Without
peace, Penn well knew that his interests must suffer and seriously interefere
in the disposal of lands to actual settlers and the peopling of his colony.
He knew the power he possessed and he meant to keep it ; consequently he
purchased land in his own manner as best suited himself. This accounts
for the vagueness of the deeds and the trivial nature of the many articles
paid as purchase money. There is no evidence that during William Penn's
day there was any dissatisfaction on the part of the Indians in regard to
these purchases ; they were easy to deal with and entertained every confi-
dence. To substantiate other purchases, walks had been made, the Indians'
and Penn's representatives proceeding in a leisure manner, chatting, resting
for refreshments, and to smoke, generally covering from twenty to thirty
miles a day.

The Indians did not value the lands south of the Blue Mountains very
highly. Their favorite hunting grounds at that time were in the Manisink
country, or the valley north of that mountain, extending from the Wind
Gap into the province of New York near the Hudson river. In taking the
rectangular line to the Delaware river from the terminus of the walk, the
favorite himting grounds of the Indians were swooped into the Penn colony.
A straight line would have reached the river at the Water Gap in less than
a day's travel, while the rectangular line terminated at Lackawaxen, now in
Pike county, which took four days to reach. Previous to the walk the
settlers of Penn's colony had dwelt together in peace with the Indians. The

NORTH.— 1—1.

NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

kindness of William Pcnn created a corresponding spirit in them which lasted
through many years ; but after the father of the colony was gone, the white
man's treachery revealed itself, stirred up the savage nature of the red man,
and many an innocent mother and child paid the penalty with their lives.

CHAPTER V

THE GERMAN PIONEERS
r>y Rev. John Raf.k Stot-dt

It is not my purpose to take the part of a eulogist, an apologist or a
satirist, in the discussion of this subject. A plain unvarnished tale of their
character, conflicts and achievements is the best vindication of a people. Of
the Germans in Pennsylvania, Hildreth, the historian, has said : "The result
of their labors is eulog-y enough ; their best apologj' is to tell their story
exactly at it was."

To define the character of the German pioneers and their relation to the
State of Pennsylvania, and the county of Northampton as a part of the Com-
monwealth, we shall briefly answer three questions, viz: Why did they
come? What did they bring? What have they done?

We are told that colonies are planted by the uneasy. In a general way
poverty and financial reverses, political changes and religious troubles, a
thirst for novelty and a love for adventure, all these combined, are the causes
for the great migrations in history. The motives in individuals and groups
vary according to circumstances. Now the dominant cause may be religious
persecutions, again political tyranny, and then economic distress. The gen-
eral unrest and discontent in Germany were the cumulative product of
centuries. Since the Reformation, Europe was in a state of religious, political,
and social ferment. The Protestant was arrayed against the Catholic, the
Lutheran against the Calvinist, Protestant and Catholic against the Ana-
baptist, the Humanist against the Reformer, and the peasant against the
noble. The reason for it all was that the principles of Protestantism, which
had been discerned in a German monastery and practiced in a Swiss pas-
torate, had to be fought on fields of blood before they could become the
common possession of mankind.

In the name of religion, though for anything but for the good of religion,
Germany was the seat of devastating wars. For thirty years hostile armies,
some foreign and some native, ravaged the provinces, turned the Rhinelands
into a desert, and decimated the population. At the close of that inhuman
struggle two-thirds of the German nation had perished. The Palatinate was
reduced from 500,000 citizens to 50,000. University halls became army bar-
racks. Fields ripening for harvest, blossoming orchards, vineclad hills,
towering castles, happy hamlets and busy cities, fell before the ruthless in-
vaders. It is said that "the Elector Palatine beheld from his castle at Man-
heim six cities and twenty-five towns in flames where lust and rapine walked
hand in hand with fire and sword." The treaty of Westphalia, in 1648, was
only a temporary respite from the desolation of armies. Scarcely had the
industrious peasants and burghers of the Rhine healed some of the wounds
of a generation of war and recovered some of the former glory of their
country, when the armies of Louis XIV began their work of destruction.

52 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

He said to his marshal, Melac, "Ravage the Palatinate!" In obedience to
orders, i,2CO towns and villages went up in smoke and fell in ashes. The
former scenes of horror and crime were re-enacted, and with an occasional
intermission they continued through the war of the Spanish succession, end-
ing with the peace of Utrecht in 1713.

The effect of these disasters was not only to impoverish the resources of
the Rhine country, but also manhood. Peasants in their desperation became
robbers, murderers, cannibals. "Freemen became serfs; rich burghers be-
came narrow-minded shop-keepers ; noblemen, servile courtiers ; princes,
shameless oppressors." The provinces were full of misgovernment and of
sectarianism, filled with tiny principalities, old religious foundations, secu-
larized or still remaining, free cities of the moribund empire, and even free
villages; courts, princes and lords of all kinds, who caricatured Louis XIV,
sometimes by the dozen to the square mile, and kept the fruitful land in an
artificial condition of perpetual exhaustion."

The general conditions were at hand for the operation of specific causes
which brought about a German exodus into America. To understand the
immediate reasons for early German immigration, it is necessar}- to study
the history of the several groups which composed it. For our purpose the
popular division into sects and church people is most satisfactory. We
might add a third class and call it the nondescripts. In each of these groups
there was a dominant motive, not, however, to the exclusion of the other
motives mentioned above.

The sects who came to Pennsylvania were the Mennonites, the Tunkers,
the Schwenkfclders, and a number of lesser bodies, such as the solitaries at
Ephrata, and the Woman in the Wilderness on the banks of the Wissahickon,
and the Labadists.

Their relation to the Church and the State in Europe w-as one of dissent.
They were the oppressed people of Christ. By the provisions of the people
of Westphalia, 1648, Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and Reformed were given
legal recognition. They were known as the churches by law established.
But the Anabaptistic and Ouietistic were equally obnoxious to Catholics and
Protestants. Princes and bishops, priests and preachers, united in destroying
these supposed children of perdition. They w-ere accordingly driven from
one country to another, finding a temporary asylum here and there until they
had to fiee elsewhere from the wrath of a capricious prince. A company of
Mennonites had settled in peace in Crefeld, Germany, where they were em-
ployed as linen-weavers. They welcomed the offer of an asylum bcvond the
seas, where they might worship God without further molestation. On the
ship Concord, October 6, 1683, came thirteen Mennonite families who be-
came the founders not only of Germantown, but of German colonization in
Pennsylvania. Until 1710 the German immigrants came as individuals or in
small groups; "partly for conscience sake and partly for temporal interests."

The second period of German immigration began with the arrival of the
Lutherans and the Reformed, who were accompanied by a third class, the
nondescripts. Tlie chief reason for their discontent at home was the economic
distress resulting from continuous wars, from a desolating winter, and
financial reverses. The first company of Palatines came by way of London,

THE GERMAN TIONRERS 53

whither they went in large muititudes. They reached Pennsylvania after sore
hardships and cruel treatment by way of the Schoharie Valley in New York.
In an address to the English people in 1710, the Palatines pleaded their own
case. They say : "We, the poor, distressed Palatines, whose utter ruin was
occasioned by the merciless cruelty of a bloody enemy, whose prevailing
power, some years past, like a torrent, rushed into our country and over-
whelmed us at once; and being not content with money and food necessary
for their occasions, not only dispossessed us of all support, but inhumanly
burnt our houses to the ground, whereby being deprived of all shelter, we
were turned into open fields, there with our families to seek what shelter
we could find, were obliged to make the earth our repository for rest and
the clouds the canopy for covering." These were the conditions not only
of the Palatines who came to London, but doubtless of a large proportion of
those who went directly to Pennsylvania. The winter of 1708-09 was so
severe throughout P2urope that hundreds died of cold and starvation. Birds
froze in mid-air, beasts in their lairs, and men fell dead on their way. Of
their financial troubles, an eye-witness wrote: "Nobody could pay any more
because nobody was paid. The people of the country, in consequence of
exactions, had to become insolvent. Commerce dried up and brought no
returns. Good faith and confidence were abolished."

Thus gradually the ties of home, country and society were loosened, and
the newly established colony of Penn became a refuge for the distressed
Germans, Swiss, Alsatians, French Huguenots and Hollanders, and were all
called, regardless of their provincial origin. Palatines.

Historians differ widely respecting the number of Germans in Pennsyl-
vania at different stages of the eighteenth century. So far as figures are
concerned, we can do no better than to accept the careful estimates of
Diefenderfer. He concludes that in 1727 there were about 15,000 Germans
in the province; in 1750, 47,000; and in 1776, 90,000. If Dr. Franklin was
not exact in his figures he was probably correct in the proportions which
he assigned to the Germans. In 1776 he claimed that there were 160,000
colonists, of whom one-third were Germans, one-third Quakers, and the rest
of other nationalities.

In the study of peoples' influence, so far as numbers are concerned, the
relative proportion is of more value than exact figures. There is a remark-
able unanimity in the conclusion of the authorities that the proportion of
Germans was one-third of the whole number.

The habitations of the German pioneers were determined largely by their
occupations. They were in the main farmers and mechanics. Therefore we
may cite the statement of Dr. Rush concerning the Germans in Pennsylvania:
"The principal part of them were farmers, but there were many mechanics,
who brought with them a knowledge of those arts which are necessary and
useful in all countries. These mechanics were chiefly weavers, tailors, tan-
ners, shoemakers, combmakers, smiths of all kinds, butchers, papermakers,
watchmakers, sugarbakers." Probably no better material crossed the Atlantic
to break the virgin soil, to build hamlets, to begin commerce and to practice
religious and social virtues, than these German pioneers. Differing in lan-
guage from the Quakers, they built up communities of their kind in fertile

54 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

valleys along the banks of the Perkiomen, Delaware, Lehigh, Schuylkill,
Conestoga and Susquehanna. In course of time they became the virtual
possessors of the now prosperous counties of Bucks, Montgomery, Lancaster,
York, Lebanon, Berks, Lehigh and Northampton. If one were to draw three
semi-circles with Philadelphia as center, the Quakers resided in the space of
the shortest radius, the Germans in the belt beyond, and the Scotch-Irish
in the frontiers. In each of these districts, however, there were small groups
of the other classes.

We may group them also according to their religious predilections. The
^lennonites settled first in Germantown and spread over the contiguous terri-
tory, now Montgomery, Bucks, Berks and Lehigh counties, and a group
settled in Allen township, Northampton county. Later another group of this
faith became the pioneers in Lancaster county, when a little colony of eight
families built homes on the Pequea creek. The Tunkers, arriving in 1719,
scattered among the Germans along the Schuylkill, in Falkner's Swamp, Oley
and Lancaster. Some of them came under the influence of Conrad Beissel,
who was the leader of a cloister at Ephrata. The Schwenkfelders in 1735
settled along the Perkiomen in Montgomery county, where their descendants
still reside. The Lutherans and Reformed occupied the coimties named
above, and became the most aggressive of the German element. The Mora-
vians, coming by way of Georgia, located at Nazareth, Bethlehem, Emaus
and Lititz.

When we come to take an estimate of the contributions of the Germans
to the Commonwealth, we shall have to consider their means and their men ;
these together were the capital which they brought from abroad. A citizen
of a state becomes valuable to it by what he adds to the wealth of the com-
munity, for his obedience to the law, for his fidelity to family, for his educa-
tional zeal and religious practices. In the light of these contributions a
people's worth to a nation must be determined.

A general survey of a century's immigration shows a diversified condi-
tion among the immigrants both in regard to material resources and intellec-
tual and moral conditions. Considering the cause for their departure from the
liomeland. we may safely presume they came without wealth and with a
higher degree of social culture. As a rule, they were poor peasants or humble
burghers. Yet there were degrees of poverty among them. The colonists
who came from 1683 to 1717 were well-to-do. They had the means to pay
their passage down the Rhine and across the Atlantic. They had money left
to buy lands and to pay for them in part or all together. Locher says :
""Prior to 17-7 most of the Germans commigrated and were persons of
means.'' Many of the Palatines, however, were so i>oor that they consumed
their scant means in the journey across the ocean. Numbers of them, who
had converted their property into money, were robbed on shipboard by the
ship-owners, captains and Newlanders. The only resort of such unfortunates
upon their arrival at Philadelphia was to sell themselves and their children
into servitude to ]iay their passage money. Another class, who had not
enough money to leave their homes and to purchase a passage on the vessels,
sold themselves Ijefore they embarked, as redemptioners for a certain number
of years to the ship-owners, who conducted a traffic of souls between the

THE GERMAN PIONEERS 55

Old World and the New. The Redemptioners came in large numbers from
1728 to 1751. They naturally were poor, and for years were at the mercy
of their masters. "Yet," says Gordon, "from this class have sprung some of
the most reputable and wealthy inhabitants of the province."

We need not sing the praises of the German farmer and mechanic. 'I'heir
pre-eminence was recognized in colonial times and their fame is world-wide
now. In 1774 Governor Thomas wrote to England of the Germans: "They
have by their industry been the principal instruments of raising the State to
its flourishing condition, beyond any of his Majesty's colonies in North
America." The exports from the colony in 1751 exceeded one million dollars,
due largelv to the thrift of the Germans. Wherever they located in the rural
districts they rapidly su])p]anted the farmers of other nationalities, notably
the Scotch-Irish. This is especially illustrated in the case of the Irish Settle-
ment on Allen township. Proud thus contrasts these two races: "The
Germans seem more adapted to agriculture and improvement of a wilderness,
and the Irish for trade. The Germans soon get estates in the country, where
industry and economy are the chief requisites to procure them." If "agricul-
ture may be regarded as the breast from which the State derived its supports
and nourishments," the German farmer will always hold a high place in the
development and support of our commonwealth.

W'hen men cultivate the soil they cultivate all the domestic virtues.
These, of course, belong to all nations; yet the German from time immemorial
has attracted special attention of annalist and eulogist in regard to his home
life. These virtues were not only prominent in colonial pioneers but may
be traced in our generation. Pennsylvania-German hospitality has its crudi-
ties and informalities which may grate upon the urbane guest, but it is the
outflow of a deeply social nature. If I should seek for a single passage which
describes the subtle and indefinable contributions of the German to the
growth of our State and at the same time throws light on the life in his
home, it is the one in which Dr. Rush grows more eloquent : "The favorable
influence of agriculture as conducted by the Germans in extending human
happiness is manifested by the joy they express upon the birth of a child.
No dread of poverty nor distrust of Providence from an increasing family
depresses the spirits of these industrious and frugal people. . . . Happy
state of human society! What blessings can civilization confer that can
atone for the extinction of the ancient and patriarchal i)leasure of raising
up a numerous and healthy family of children, to labor for their parents, for
themselves and for their country, and finally to partake of the knowledge and
happiness which are annexed to existence ! The joy of parents upon the
birth of a child is the grateful echo of creating goodness. May the mountains
of Pennsylvania be forever vocal with songs of joy upon these occasions !
They will be the infallible signs of innocence, industry, wealth and happiness
in the State."

One of the most serious charges brought against the German pioneers
v^-as their ignorance and want of interest in education. A citation of views
expressed by our historians will show a wide difference of opinions. Mrs.
Lamb writes: "These earlier German settlers were mostly hewers of wood
and drawers of water, differing materially from the class of Germans who

56 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

have since come among us, and bearing about the same relation to the Eng-
lish, Dutch and French settlers of their time as the Chinese of today bear
to the American population on the Pacific coast." Parkman calls them "dull
and ignorant boors, which character their descendants for the most part
retain."

Historians equally as great have taken directly opposite positions.
Macaulay calls the same people "honest, laborious men, who have once been
thriving burghers of Mannheim and Heidelberg, or who had cultivated the
vine on the banks of the Neckar and the Rhine. Their ingenuity and their
diligence could not fail to enrich any land which should afford them asylum."
These diverse conclusions are due to several reasons. It w-as not prejudice
in the historians, but want of knowledge of the conditions which led them
to make such unwarranted statements. It is only latterly that men of Penn-
sylvania have written up their own history and that the various elements in
the Commonwealth have received their due.

It may be freely admitted that the culture and education of the German
colonists were not of a high order ; but of what colonists may this not be
said? The missionaries who came from Germany bore testimony to the
ignorance and boorishness of the people. Yet, on the other hand, there are
undeniable facts which show that there was a proportion of German citizens
of more than average culture, and at times of great learning.

The German educational spirit was mainly found in the Lutherans, Re-
formed and Moravians. Though among the members of these churches there
were many who had grown indifferent to culture in their separation from the
fatherland and in their struggle with the wilderness, they built a church and
a schoolhouse. They brought with them their Bibles, catechisms, hymnbooks
and devotional literature. Many of the immigrants were accompanied by
preachers and teachers, who began their ministry upon their arrival. Prob-
ably at no time since was the education of the ministers of the German
churches in Pennsylvania of a higher grade than during the colonial period.
Muhlenberg, Schlatter and Zinzendorf were university men and were ardent
supporters of higher education. In the Reformed Coetus from 1747 to 1793
there were sixty-four ministers ; of these, twenty-nine were educated in
Pennsylvania, and thirty-five in the universities of Germany and Switzerland.
Dr. Weiser says that between 1745 and 1770, in the space of twenty-five
years, no less than fifty graduates of German universities labored in the
Lutheran and Reformed churches. The students of Harvard University were
astonished at their fluency in foreign tongues. Some of them were called to
chairs of ancient languages. A Latin letter from the Reformed clergy to
Governor Morris in 1754 not only is proof of their ability to use the language
of scholarship, but of their culture and dignity in addressing an officer of
the State.

The founding of Franklin College in Lancaster, 1787, bears testimony
to the educational enthusiasm of Drs. Weyberg and Hendel of the Reformed
church, Drs. Helmuth and Muhlenberg of the Lutheran church. The provi-
sion that a certain number of trustees were to be chosen "from any other
society of Christians" besides that of the Lutheran and Reformed, is proof
that the institution was to serve the German element in general. The colleges

THE GERMAN PIONEERS 57

and seminaries which have since been built by the German churches in the
eastern and western parts of the State are an additional evidence of the rej^ard
in which the truly representative Germans held higher learning. The Mora-
vians became pioneers of education for young women in this country.
Nazareth Hall, the Moravian seminary for ladies, and Linden Hall, count
among their alumni nu-mljcrs of the most prominent families of New England
and the South.

In every department of knowledge German scholar-s in our colony became
noted. Dr. Rush wrote about the faculty of Franklin College in 1787: "A
cluster of more learned or better qualified masters I believe have not met
in any university."

In times of war the German was no less patriotic than in times of peace.
Bancroft pays them a high tribute when he says: "The Germans, who com-
posed a large part of the inhabitants of the province of Pennsylvania, were
all on the side of liberty." Many of them for conscience sake, were non-
combatants, but none the less loyal. Historian and poet have given due
credit to the simple petition against slavery, signed by the Op Den Graefts,
Hendricks and Pastorius of Germantown. Their protest was only a voice
in the wilderness, but its echo never died away. "A little rill there started
which further on became an immense torrent, and whenever hereafter men
traced the causes which led to Shiloh, Gettysburg and Appomattox, they
begin with the tender consciences of the linen weavers and the husbandmen
of Germantown."

The more aggressivi; Lutherans and Reformed won for themselves an
honorable place in the Revolution. The Moravian missionaries kept power-
ful Indian tribes neutral, notably the Delawares. The silken banner of Count
Pulaski's regiment was made by the Moravian Sisters of Nazareth and
Bethlehem. German names are found on all the committees and in the
conventions which preceded or organized for the conflict. They became
members of the militia, raised rifle corps, and subscribed money. Of the
nine Pennsylvania companies, four had German captains. Captain Hendricks
led the Cumberland county company in the siege of Quebec. He fell mor-
tally wounded in an assault, and his body lies buried by the side of General
Montgomery. The pulpit and press of the Germans joined in inculcating
the spirit of patriotism. Pastor Gobrecht was one of many who preached
farewell sermons to the soldiers leaving home for the field of battle. Helfen-
stein incurred the enmity of the Hessians when he announced his text in
their presence: "Ye have sold yourselves for naught; and ye shall be redeemed
without money." Weyberg was cast into prison, and Schlatter's house was
plundered. The sons of the patriarch Muhlenberg had to flee from their
congregations — Frederick from New York, Ernst from Philadelphia. Nor
should we fail to mention the dramatic incident in the life of their brother,
Peter Muhlenberg, then in Virginia. He ended his sermon by saying: "In
the language of holy writ there is a time for all things — a time to pray and a
time to preach — but those times have passed away ; there is a time to fight,
and the time to fight is here." He threw off his gown, buckled his sword,
ordered the drums to beat at the church-door, and marched at the head of
three hundred Germans, who became a part of his regiment in the army.

58 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

There were no traitors and Tories among the Germans. They gave a
Herkimer and a Kichlein, a Rittenhouse and a Ludwig, a Hillegass and
a Hambright, and a host of greater and lesser lights to the cause of American
independence. Nor does their record end with the Revolution. The Germans
of Pennsylvania were represented in the War of 1812. Two regiments fought
in the Mexican War; and at least eighty-five monuments stand on the field
of Gettysburg to commemorate their heroes, and in this recent war to defeat
German autocracy and firmly establish that freedom for which they came
to Penn.sylvania, they furnished us with the two great leaders, Generals
John J. Pershing and Hunter Liggett.

Their mission, according to the dispensation of history, was not that of
the Puritan or of the Cavalier. Pennsylvania could not become the mother
of Presidents nor the founder of an Athens in America. The excellency of
the men in Virginia and Massachusetts, the glory of their achievements and
their institutions, no one admires more than the intelligent German of Penn-
sylvania. Pie has a glory of his own. He, too, is a scion of a noble race.
He is the disseminator of the principles of a Luther and a Melanchthon,
of a Zwingli and a Calvin. Martyr blood flows in his veins. His greatness
in America is in the performance of the work which Providence, working
mysteriously in ages past, has assigned him. Though he came comparatively
late into the New World, his numbers small, and influence limited by a
strange language and a foreign government, he has reared for himself an
indestructible monument in the Keystone of the States which he has helped
to hew into shape.

In the history of the Germans in Peimsylvania we find three distinct
periods. The first was that of the German in Pennsylvania; the second, that
of the Pennsylvania-German ; the third, that of the American. In the last
period he attained the summit of his influence. In the colonial German there
was an originality and freshness which gave him color and character. He
spoke the language of his fatherland, read its literature, sang its songs, and
worship])cd in its spirit. He was rough and impetuous at times, but always
real. He brought with him a certain dignity and culture to the farm, the
pulpit, and the offices of the State, which bespoke an older race. The glory
of the Rhine beamed beneath his rugged brows.

The generations which followed brought forth men of another type.
After the Revolution the influ.x of fresh blood from Germany ceased. They
were cut off from the fellowship of the fatherland. They no longer had
preachers or teachers who spoke the mother tongue. They ceased to read
German books. Nor did they enter the larger life of America. They were
hemmed in by a strange language, social customs and racial prejudices.
By a gradual transformation the German in Pennsylvania became the Penn-
sylvania-German, and cut all the ties that bound him to the fatherland. In
the rural districts the latter was almost as much estranged from the former
as from the Irish or the English. They degenerated into a clan. That was
the dark age of the Pennsylvania-German. Pie opposed education, became
stagnant in religion, and kept aloof from social movements. We cannot
glory in his weakness, nor do we believe that his tribe should be perpetuated.

Rut the Pennsylvania-German recovered himself and proved himself

THE GERMAN PIONEERS 59

worthy of his noble ancestry when he ])assed into the American staj^e of his
Iiistory. He broke the bonds of provincialism. lie built schools, educated
his sons and daughters, enlarged the scope of his church life, and entered
American society. He became conversant with its literature and shared in
the industrial affairs of the country.

In the professions they have won distinction. In law, whether on the
bench or at the bar, the array of talent is so brilliant that it is hard to
specify individuals. Many of the famous judges of the Supreme Court of
the State and of the county courts have been sons of German parents.

In medicine the German is no less prominent. The names of Wistar
and Gross, Leidy and Pepi)er, will be forever associated with the history of
that soil nee in this country.

In education he has made for himself an enviable reputation. Massa-
chusetts sent us a Higbee, whose educational work has won for him a
permanent place in our history. I'ut I heard it said by a Boston lecturer
at an institute of teachers that they never had an educational revival in
Massachusetts like that which followed the lectures of the present Superin-
tendent of Public Instruction, in Pennsylvania.

A mere allusion to the distinguished educators of the Reformed,
Lutheran and Moravian institutions will suffice. Among the dead stand
out prominently a Krauth and a Schmucker, a Rauch and a Harbaugh, a
Schaff and an A])ple. Among the living there are men whose theological,
scientific and philosophical works have given them not only a national, but
even an international reputation.

The Pennsylvania-German is rapidly passing into the broader life of
America. His mission will be accomplished when he and his German kins-
men unite with the English stock. Then each will contribute his own unique
life — social, intellectual and religious — toward the making, not of a New
England nor of a New Germany, but of a New Nation, whose members find
their chief pride in being American citizens.

THE Ni:i. ; ,_^^ -

ASTOR. LFAOX AM)
L

CHAPTER Vr

THE MORAVIANS IN NORTHAMPTON COUNTY
By the Rev. W. N. Sciiwarzk, Ph.D.

Like most Protestant bodies, the Moravian church traces its origin to
a revival of exjjerimental relitjion. The revival occurred in an interesting
country, amid stirring events, and exerted determinative influence on the
character of the church that proceeded from it. Bohemia was the scene of
the noteworthy awakening. This land is one of the smallest of the vi'orld's
famous countries. Embracing an area of not more than twenty thousand
square miles, it is less than half as large as Pennsylvania. It lies diamond
shaped in the heart of Euro]ie. Its boundaries are defended by mountain
ramjiarts. Centrally situated like a natural fortress, Bohemia has been
styled the "key" to modern Europe. Field of many battles, it was the
storm-centre of the dark and lurid tragedy of the Thirty Years' War. His-
torically, too, the country is of importance. It has been convulsed by great
questions of its own raising, and it anticipated by a century of brave struggle
the general Reformation of the sixteenth century. To the southeast of
Bohemia lies the much smaller margraviate of Moravia. The two have sub-
stantially the same history, one by the ties of fortune and misfortune. Both
lands, now parts of the newly formed Czccho-SIovak State, are regarded
as the original seats of the "Unitas Fratrum," or the Moravian Church.

Into the territory embraced within the borders of these two lands there
came in the fifth century the Czechs, a vigorous and high-minded people,
the most gifted of the Slavonic tribes. Remnants of earlier inhabitants
they either dispossessed or subdued. The missionary interest of the church
reached out to them about the middle of the ninth century. It proceeded
from both the Latin and the Greek churches, a little earlier from the former,
but with much more vigorous expression from the latter. Cyrill and
Methodius, sent out by the Greek Church, became the apostles of the
Bohemians and the Moravians. They translated the Scriptures into their
language and established many churches. A marked feature of their work
was the use of the language of the people, not only in giving instruction
but, also, in public worship. Thus was laid the foundation for that national
feeling and the liberal principles that thenceforward distinguished the
Bohemians and Moravians. They were animated by a spirit akin to that
which later manifested itself as Protestantism. Roman pontiffs were not
inditTerent to these developments. On the ground of the prior claims of
the Latin Church, they sought to bring the Bohemian and Moravian Church
under their supremacy. Toward the end of the eleventh century the two
countries became subject to the Roman See. The Greek ritual fell into
disuse, the vernacular was no longer employed in public worship. But the
impression left in the minds of the people in favor of the use of the popular
language for religious purposes was never effaced. The hearts of the people
clung to the customs of the fathers. They were ready at any time to wel-

62 XORTHAMPTOX COUNTY

come a reformer, particularly, when the powerful Roman church became
corrupt.

In due time the reformer appeared. His name was John Hus. He
was the forerunner of the Moravian Qiurch. Under his guidance — as is
well known, because his life is a part of universal history as truly as is
the life of Luther, of Calvin, of Zwingli, of Wesley, or of Cranmer — the
intellectual and religious movement in Bohemia of the fourteenth century
was turned into the channel of a national reformation. As learned pro-
fessor at the University of Prague, as powerful preacher and vigorous writer,
he labored for truth and righteousness. It was the seed-time of evangelical
truth in Bohemia. As he lifted up his voice against abuses, he roused bitter
enmity. Eventually, he was condemned to death at the Council of Con-
stance and was burned alive as a heretic on July 6, 141 5. The consequences
of this act of violence were terrible. They precipitated the long and san-
guinary- Hussite wars. For years the brave Bohemians fought for national
independence and religious liberty but were, in the end, overwhelmed
because divided among themselves. What was left of the several parties
at the end of the conflicts was constituted the National Church of Bohemia,
enjoying certain concessions granted by the Romish hierarchy, such as the
Lord's Supper in both kinds and the use of the vernacular in public worship.

.Amid the confusion and Tiolence of the times, there were devout men
of God who did not take up arms, nor meddle in political commotion, nor
give way to fanaticism. They fostered apostolic teaching, discipline and
fellowship, true to the principles and practices of the Bohemian reformer.
They were the genuine follower? of Hus and furnished the seed of the
Unitas Fratrum or the Moravian church. Dissatisfied with the National
Church, they longed to work out their own salvation. They were encour-
a.ged by Peter Chelcic, a forcible writer of the times, who investigated the
great questions of the age with independent mind. He exercised forma-
tive influence on their aspirations. His counsel led them to retire from
Prague to the estate of Lititz, a hundred miles to the east, and begin an
immediate reformation. There in the midst of the dense forests, under
the shadow of the Giant Mountains, they founded their settlement in 1457.
Primarilv. the idea was simply to form a Christian Association. Hence the
name L'nitas Fratrum, Unity of the Brethren. .'Seclusion did not result in
cloistering of their interests. They v.ere continually joined by like-minded
persons. Their lofty aim, as well as the compulsive force of persecution,
prompted them to place their organization on a more solid basis. They
were staunch people and true. As their association gathered strength, they
reco.gnized that they had something worth the keeping and that they sus-
tained weighty obligations over against their day and .generation. Hence,
they considered the propriety of separating from the National Church and
instituting an independent ministry. The latter they secured by Episcopal
consecration, in 1467, through the good offices of the Waldenses.

Four principles were adopted by the members of the Unitas Fratrum as
basis of their union, (i) The Bible is the only source of Christian doctrine.
(2) Public worship is to be conducted in accordance with Scripture teach-
ing and on the model of the Apostolic Church. (3) The Lord's Supper is
to be received in faith, to be doctrinally defined in the language of Scripture,

THE A10RA\"IA\TS 63

and every authoritative human explanation of that language is to be avoided.
(4) Godly Christian life is essential as an evidence of saving faith.

Gradually, the Unitas Fratruni attained to conipletc organization. A
well ordered polity was worked out. The form of government tended toward
the confercntial form. Numerical increase of the membership was rajiid.
\\'hen Luther appeared, the Unitas Fratruni embraced about four hundred
])arishes and two hundred thousand members. Its activity was diversified.
The native genius of the church asserted itself continually in practical evan-
gelism. A thorough educational system was developed. Colleges and
theological seminaries were established. A confession of faith was elab-
orated. Tlymn-book, Bible and catechism were given to the people. The
Unitas I'Tatrum enjoys the distinction of having been the first church to
put a hymnal into the hands of the peo])le. The first edition bears the date
T501. It, also, has the honor of having been the first to translate the Bible
into the Bohemian vernacular from the original tongues. After fourteen
years of indefatigable labor, on the part of trained scholars, this translation
was completed in 1593. Called the Kralitz Bible, modern Bohemians declare
the style of this version to be unsurpassed. It has furnished, word for word,
the text of the Bohemian Bible published in modern times by the British and
Foreign Bible Society.

AN'hilc building up their own organization, the Brethren did not neglect
to cultivate a sincere spirit of fellowship with other evangelical Christians.
They entered into friendly relations with Luther, Calvin, Buccr and others,
relations that were of mutual benefit. In 1570, they formed with the
Lutherans and the Reformed of Poland what may be termed the first evan-
gelical alliance, based on the instrument of agreement known as the Con-
sensus of Sendomir.

"Man proposes, God disposes." From the pinnacle of prosperity the
Unitas Fratrum was plunged into the depths of adversity. The disastrous
counter-reformation, which set in with the reverses of the Thirty Years'
War, all but crushed the Unitas Fratrum. There was left only the Scrip-
tural "remnant." This from an expression used by John Amos Comenius,
famous educator and last bishop of the ancient Unitas Fratrum, came to be
called "The Hidden Seed." In secret the traditions of the church were
cherished. These and the means for reconstructing the organization of the
church were preserved, fresh and sound, for Comenius perpetuated the
F.]nscopacy by regular ordination and embodied the principles of the church
in his comprehensive work, entitled, "Ratio Disciplinae." The "Hidden
Seed" was ready to germinate, when the proper time should come, and grow
to a mighty tree, stretching its branches to the uttermost parts of the earth.

In due time the "Hidden Seed" was transplanted to Saxony. There
Herrnhut, founded in an unreclaimed wilderness on the estate of Count
Zinzcndorf by descendants of members of the ancient Unitas Fratrum,
became the rallying place for the brethren. Larger and smaller companies
of exiles followed. Most of these came from Moravia. The name "Mora-
vian Church" given the modern Unitas Fratrum is, therefore, historically
well accounted for. The ancient discipline, handed down by Comenius, was
introduced: the venerable Episcopate was received at the hands of the last
two survivors of a line of seventy bishops, extending from 1467 to 1735.

64 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

and the Church of the Bohemian and Moravian Brethren, concealed from
human eye for three generations, renewed its youth like the eagle's. Earnest
men and women were attracted to Herrnhut from other places and from other
denominational connections. Hence, as the founding of Herrnhut was the
beginning of a new epoch in the history of the Unitas Fratrum, it marked,
also, the inauguration of a development diflferent, in many respects, from
that of former times. The remnant of the church, transferred to a foreign
land, found itself in the midst of the territory and influence of the Lutheran
State Church. Within the latter body the pietism of Spener constituted,
at the time, a leaven of righteousness. Count Zinzendorf, who became the
leading bishop of the resuscitated Unitas Fratrum, was by birth a Lutheran
and by conviction devoted to the pietistic movement. Through him and
other noteworthy men who identified themselves with the Moravians, the
.work of renewal of the church on the old principles was invigorated by an
infusion of new life from the Evangelical church of Germanv.

Soon the vigorous life of the Herrnhut settlement came to expression
in varied and far-reaching activit}-. .\n extensive network of itineracy in
many parts of the continent was formed. An Inner Mission effort among
nominal members of the State Churches of Europe, it was called "The
Diaspora," for it sought the promotion of vital godliness without endeavor to
detach members from other Protestant bodies. Schools were established.
Ten years after the founding of Herrnhut, the first messengers to the heathen
went forth, the missionary field being destined, in the event, to absorb the
chief and best efforts of the church. It became apparent that resuscitation
of the church had been brought about for the preservation and propagation
of experimental religion in an age when the blight of rationalism was widely
spread and the pietistic movement had suffered an inner decay. The activ-
ities of the Moravians have enabled them to be a power for good at honie
and abroad and have kept them, though geographically widely distributed,
a Unity of Brethren in doctrine and practice.

Beginnings of Moravian activity in England and .America followed within
the second decade after the founding of Herrnhut. In both these countries
an aggressive evangelism was prosecuted, amid circumstances at once prom-
ising and forbidding. As early as 1727, the people of Herrnhut seem to have
thought of sending men to America. The Colony of Pennsylvania, with its
broad and liberal charter, particularly attracted attention. The savages
who roamed through its forests and the many persecuted religionists, who
had found a home within its borders but lacked, for the most part, the
proper care of preacher and teacher, offered large opportunities for missionary
and evangelistic activity. In the event, however, Pennsylvania was not the
first of the .American colonies to furnish a field for their operations.
Through the good offices of Count Zinzendorf, a tract of land had been
secured in the newlj^ erected Province of Georgia for a colony of Schwenk-
feldian exiles from Silesia. When these elected to go to Pennsylvania rather
than to the southern colony, it was proposed that the Moravians begin a
settlement in Georgia. To that end. Bishop Spangenberg, with a number
of Moravians, came over in the spring of 1735, and, subsequently, the little
colony was reinforced. True to their designs, they brought the Gospel to
Indians and negro slaves. A school for Indian children was opened on an

THE MORAVIANS 65

island in the Savannah river, a mile above the town of Savannah. Unfor-
tunately, the war which broke out a few years later between England and
Spain interfered with the work of the Moravians so much that their settle-
ment was brought to an untimely end. Before this occurred, an interesting
transaction took place, viz., what appears to have been the first regular
ordination to the ministry for service in America, performed by a bishop
of a Christian church in one of the English colonies of North America, for
on March 10, 1736, Bishop Nitschman, who had come to Georgia, in the
presence of the Moravian Congregation at Savannah, ordained one of their
number, Anton Seifert, to be their pastor.

But few Moravian colonists were left in (ieorgia at the beginning of
the year 1740. Spangenberg, a learned and able man, formerly professor at
Jena and Halle, had been commissioned in 1736 to investigate the spiritual
condition of the German jiopulation in Pennsylvania and to gather informa-
tion about the Indians. There he traversed many neighborhoods and visited
all kinds of religionists, acquiring information that was of inestimable value
to the Moravians later. In 1738, the colony of Moravians in Georgia had
been given another strong leader in the person of Peter Bochlcr, also a
former student and professor at Jena, who ranks in the early annals of
Moravian activity next to Spangenberg as theologian, preacher and adminis-
trator. War conditions put insurmountable obstacles in his way. He and
his companions thought of removing to the Pennsylvania colony. Oppor-
tunity to proceed thither came early in 1740. At that time the Rev. George
Whitefield, famous evangelist, arrived in Georgia on his sloop, the Savannah.
When he sailed again for Philadelphia, he took Boehler and the remaining
Moravian colonists with him as jiassengers. They expected to find both
Spangenberg and Bishop Nitschmann in Pennsylvania. But the former had
gone to report to the leaders of the church in Europe as to conditions in
Pennsylvania, and the latter, commissioned to lead a colony to Pennsylvania,
had not yet returned from Europe. Disappointed and at a loss whither to
turn. Boehler and his companions were, without suspecting it, led through
the instrumentality of Whitefield to the neighborhood in which was to be
founded a Moravian settlement destined to be the centre of widespread and
varied Moravian activity in this country.

According to the statement of his financial agent, Whitefield had deter-
mined to establish "a negro school in Pennsylvania where he proposed to
take up land in order to settle a town for the reception of such English
friends whose heart God should incline to come and settle there." Whitefield
himself had written, "To me Pennsylvania seems to be the best province
in America for such an undertaking. The negroes meet there with the best
usage, and I believe many of my acquaintances will either give me or let me
purchase their young slaves at a very easy rate. I intend taking up a tract
of land far back in the country." To this end he p.urchased from William
Allen five thousand acres of land in "the Forks of the Delaware," a term
at first confined to the locality just within the confluence of the Delaware
and Lehigh rivers but later extended to the whole range of country between
these streams from the place of the Forks to the Kittatiny or Blue Moun-
tains—practically identical with the present area of Northampton county.

NORTH.— 1—5.

66 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Shortly after the agreement of purchase was made, Whitefield proposed
to Boehler that he superintend the erection of the contemplated house and
employ his companions, several of whom were carpenters and masons, in the
work. After inspecting the locality and examining the timber, stone and
springs of water, a contract with Whitefield was definitely concluded. In
May of this year (1740) Boehler and seven others, with tools and the barest
necessaries for camping in the woods, started for this tract, which White-
field, with the proposed school and village in mind, had named Nazareth.
They reached their destination the next day (May 30). At its close, this
little band of homeless wanderers broke the silence of the dark, wild forest
with an evening hj'mn of praise and stretched their weary limbs to rest
under the spreading branches of a giant oak, long thereafter known as
Boehler's Oak.

Thus began Moravian history in the Forks of the Delaware — the region
now enclosed within the bounds of Northampton county. Out of that humble
beginning sprang institutions and activities that, for a century and three-
quarters, have been closely identified with this interesting territory, with the
tawny natives that sullenly retreated from this region and the various popula-
tion elements which thereafter poured in.

The pioneers experienced trying times during the following months.
They reared a cabin of unhewn logs for themselves, while it rained nearly
every day. Then with a force of lime-burners, quarrymen, masons, board-
cutters and teamsters, secured from nearby places, they proceeded with the
building of Whitefield's school. Work moved slowly. By early fall the
walls were laid up only to the door-sills. Then work on this structure ceased,
and Boehler and his companions set about the erection of a better house
of hewn timbers in which to pass the winter. In November, Boehler went to
Philadelphia to report to Whitefield. This proved unfortunate. Their con-
versation led into a doctrinal discussion, carried on in Latin, which these
two schoolmen understood better than either understood the language of the
other. Differences came to light. And Whitefield became so heated in the
argument that he ordered the Moravians to leave his land forthwith. That
was out of the question, for winter was at hand. The friendly offices of
Nathaniel Irish, well known land agent of Saucon, secured a temporary stay
of the sentence.

At this iuncture. Bishop Nitschmann opportunely arrived with another
company of Aloravians, commissioned to found a Moravian settlement in
Pennsvlvania. The choice of location at once engaged attention. Induce-
ments to settle in various places were considered. In the event, it was
decided to purchase five hundred acres, lying at the confluence of the Lehigh
river and the Manocacy creek. Before the purchase had been actuallj' con-
summated, the Moravians on the Whitefield tract, taking for granted that the
land on the Lehigh would be bought, began to fell its timber. The first tree
was cut down "about the time of the shortest day" (December 21, 1740), by
David Nitschmann, Sr., uncle of the Bishop, and others. In the early spring
a log cabin was com])leted on a wooded slope crowning a bluff that descended
to the Manocacy, where the most copious spring of the region gushed out
of the limestone-bed at the foot of the declivity. That was the first house of
Bethlehem. In it lived the founders of the community. Count Zinzendorf

THE Ni;w VOliK
PUBLIC LIDIvAKY

ASTOR. LENOX ANB
TILIIBN FOl'NPATIONS
8

MORAMAX CHURCH. BETHLEHEM

LOG HOUSE. NAZARETH
Erected 1740; was tlie Wliitetu-ld House. 17-18, and inrn down in 1871

THE MORAVIANS 67

visited the littk- settlement on tlic Lehii^h toward the end of the year and,
stimulated by the associations connected with ilw celebration of the Christmas
Eve Vigils, gave the place its significant name, I'ethlehem. At the time that
the band of jiioneers built the first house of Bethlehem — the site of which
is indicated by a stone marker to the rear of the Eagle Hotel — there were
only three other settlements of white men in the neighborhood. All were
located on the south bank of the Lehigh. One; was the Jennings farm, about
a mile above Bethlehem ; another was the Irish farm and mill, projierty of
Nathaniel Irish, at the mouth of the Saucon creek, now Shimcrsville ; the
third was the Ysselstein farm, now marked, in part, by the shops of the
Bethlehem Steel Company. To the north stretched unbroken primeval wilder-
ness, save where here and there corn waved in the summer around some
Indian hamlet.

The foundations of Bethlehem were laid in the name and to the glory
of God. It was to be the centre of evangelistic, missionary and educational
operations. The work of reclaiming the wilderness was consecrated by this
noble purpose held steadily in view. The second house erected, still stand-
ing, became the residence of the bishops and the clergy. It contained, also,
the first chapel. In the course of the following year (1742.) the population
of Bethlehem was increased by the arrival from Europe of a body of fifty-six
Moravians, known as "The First Sea Congregation." The German-speaking
portion of these immigrants came to Bethlehem. The English-speaking part
of the new settlers were sent to Nazareth, where they occupied the two log
houses that had been hastily thrown up by Boehler and his companions,
while they were engaged in the work of erecting Whitefield's school.

At the very time when these settlers proceeded to Nazareth, negotia-
tions were being concluded in England, whereby the five thousand acre tract
came into possession of the Moravian church. By the death of his loyal
business manager Whitefield had been left in such financial embarrassment
that he was unable to push the Nazareth plans or even to retain possession
of the property.

So much land was acquired b)- the Moravians in "The Forks of the
Delaware," because elaborate plans for the Pennsylvania colony had been
maturing. Spangenberg's three years of evangelization and investigation in
the colony had deeply impressed him with the needs of the situation. Upon
the report of his observations, the Moravians conceived it to be their mission
to minister to the needs of the many immigrant religionists who had sought
a new home in the colony but were, for the most part, as sheep without a
shepherd, and, still worse, distracted and demoralized by sectarian contro-
versy ; to take the gospel to the Indians who roamed through the forests ;
to provide instruction for the youth in whose interest but few schools had
been established.

So fine a purpose was exacting in its demands. The Moravians were
equal to the demands. On June 25, 1742, the inhabitants of Bethlehem were
formally organized as a Moravian congregation; a month later, July 24th, the
settlers at Nazareth were organized as a second congregation. At the time
of its organization, the congregation at Bethlehem consisted of about a hun-
dred members, that at Nazareth of a much smaller number. The member-
ship was divided into two parts. One was called the pilgrim or itinerant

68 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

congregation, the other the home or local congregation — Pilgergeineine and
Hausgemcine. The selection of persons for the one or the other division
was made, in some cases, in accordance with their expressed preferences, in
other cases by lot, at their request.* The first division were to devote them-
selves to evangelistic work among neglected whites, missionary work among
the Indians and educational activity among the children. The others were to
"tarry by the stuff.*' They were to develop material resources for the main-
tenance of the pilgrims and, at the same time, spiritually to keep the fire
burning on the home altar.

The system thus introduced was called "The Economy." It continued
for twenty years, 1742-1762. According to its arrangements, the inhabitants
of Bethlehem and the several settlements on the Nazareth tract — which is
now included within Upper Nazareth township — formed an exclusive asso-
ciation, a body politic, in which prevailed a communism not of goods but of
labor. Co-operative as it was, it differed materially from the communistic
movements of a later day, since aggrandizement in things temporal, either
for the individual or the corporation, was entirely foreign to its design and
spirit. Its sole aim was the maintenance of evangelistic, missionary and
educational activity. It was for this that the church had ventured her means
in the purchase of real estate and the transportation of colonists. It was
for this that the colonists now agreed to live and labor as one family. The
surrender of personal property into a common treasury was no requirement
for admission to this Economy. Such a communism was not binding upon
the settlers, but left to the free will of each to adopt or reject. Those who
had property of their own retained full control of it. The members of this
association gave merely their time and the labor of their hands for the com-
mon good, and in return were supplied with the necessaries of life and the
comforts of home. The mutual obligation ended there. Farms, mills and
work-shops that were cleared or erected at different points were made to
do service in the interests of the work which the church had taken in hand.
While it lasted, the Economy system defrayed the expenses of the various
further immigrations of Moravian colonists from abroad, gave the Moravian
colonists here comfortable support and maintained ministerial itinerancy
among white settlers, the mission among the Indians and schools for children.

Bethlehem was the centre of the Economy. So far as externals were
concerned, this settlement was to be the place of manufacturing and trade.

♦The use of the lot obtained for some time among the Moravians, according to
the precedent set by the apostles at the election of Matthias. The church was re-
garded as a kind of theocracy, and the will of God was to be ascertained in all impor-
tant affairs. It was employed in the appointment of ministers, the admission of
members, as, also, in the contraction of marriages. Its use in the case last named has
been frequently misunderstood and misrepresented. Rightly regarded, this consti-
tutes one of the most noble instances of devotedness to the service of Christ. In
the work of the gospel, especially in heathen lands, Moravians of this period were
minded not to be hindered through any of the relations of this life, and they were
determined, also, that God should direct them absolutely in forming what constitutes
the holiest union on earth. Moreover, marriages by lot were not contracted in an
offensive or oppressive way. In course of time, the use of the lot was more and
more restricted, then confined to the matter of appointment to high office or function
in the Church and, eventually, abolished.

THE MORAVIANS 69

Its inhabitants were, for the most part, men skilled in various handicrafts
and qualiticd to engage in business. In the settlements on the Nazareth
tract — Gnadenthal, Christianspring, Friedensthal, Old Nazareth — the settlers
were mainly people adapted to agricultural pursuits. Flvery branch of in-
dustry came under the supervision of committees responsible to a board of
direction, of which, during most of the twenty year period, Spangenberg was
chairman. For the diversified duties of this position he was admirably fitted.
He added the tireless industry and system of the able administrator and
shrewd man of affairs to the sound judgment of the thorough theologian
and the quenchless zeal of the pioneer missionary. By his fellows he was
familiarly known as "Brother Joseph," the protector and director of his
brethren in a strange land. Under the wise guidance of Spangenberg and his
coadjutors no less than thirty-two industries, apart from farms, were estab-
lished and successfully operated at Bethlehem. No town in the interior of
Pennsylvania could minister more readily to the varied wants of travel-
lers and neighboring settlers. As a result of these varied enterprises about
fifty ministers and missionaries were supported and fifteen schools were
maintained. Yet at no time during the period of the Economy did the joint
population of Bethlehem and Nazareth number more than six hundred.

With the opening of Indian troubles in 1755, the Moravians were thrown
into extraordinary perplexity and peril. Because of their well known zeal
for the Indians, many of these fled to the Moravian settlements for refuge.
Many white inhabitants, on the other hand, regarded them as being in league
with the savages. When, however, the appalling massacre of missionaries
and converts at the Moravian mission station, Gnadenhuetten on the Mahoni —
on the site of Lehighton. Pennsylvania — became known, the character of the
Moravians came out in its true light. Writing to Zinzendorf during these
times of hardship, Spangenberg wrote among other things, "The Indians are
now threatening to attack Bethlehem, but our hearts rest in childlike hope.
Our children are ignorant of the war and murder around them; they are
lively and sing and play before the Lord in their innocence. . . . The
brethren are day and night on the watch to guard against an attack. The
neighboring people seek refuge among us, and we refuse no one. In short,
we are comforted and resolute in the Lord. We abide unterrified at our
posts; for should we yield, the whole country between this and Philadelphia
would become a prey to the ravages of the Indians, there being no other
place that could resist them. As yet no one has deserted us; indeed, it has
not yet entered the mind of any to seek for safety outside of our people."
The letter admirably illustrates the faith and spirit of the Moravians amid
trying conditions.

Evangelistic activity, using the term in its broadest sense, supported by
such industry and steadfastness, made neglected people feel the thrill of a
strong religious life. Of this the German colonists in Pennsylvania, in partic-
ular, were sadly in need, in the second quarter of the eighteenth century.
Their condition was deplorable. It was akin to religious anarchy. Multitudes
had been abandoned by the ecclesiastical authorities in Europe to spiritual
starvation and moral decadence. There was almost complete destitution of
Christian ministrations worthy the name. There were, it is true, numerous

•JO NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

sects and parties that made up the motley religious composition of the
province. But they promoted, mainh', conOict of doctrines and confusion of
tongues. In consequence, irreligion and distaste for all forms of public
worship prevailed to an alarming extent. It had become a proverbial expres-
sion that a man who was utterly indifferent to revealed religion belonged
to "the Pennsylvania church."

To meet the needs of such a situation, plans elaborate and comprehensive
were matured and the connection of the Moravian settlements at Bethlehem
and Nazareth with many points was established. As early as July, 1742,
ten itinerant evangelists were sent out. It was enjoined upon them not to
interfere with the work of any other denomination, but to minister to the
unchurched colonists. From time to time they reported at headquarters
and were appointed to new fields of labor. They sought no compensation
from those among whom they labored. Their own brethren provided the
frugal support with which they were content. Their congregations gath-
ered in private houses, barns, schoolhouses, occasionally in an humble log
or stone church. In course of time, groups of persons here and there became
definitely identified with them. The efforts of the itinerant evangelists were
followed up by "visitors" who did the work of pastors. Advance of the
Moravian church as such was not the primary aim. The furtherance of
vital religion, not denominationalism, was the object of the evangelists and
their coadjutors. Throughout Pennsylvania and the neighboring colonies
these fervent heralds awakened a great hunger for the word of God. By
their agency the "Great Awakening" of 1740-42, started through the influence
of George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards and others, had its counterpart
among the German settlers. The more important places that were centres
of this itinerant work were Germantown, Philadelphia, Lancaster, York,
Donegal, Heidelberg, Lebanon, Lititz. Oley, Allemaengel, Maguntschi, .Salis-
bur}-, Falckner's Swamp, the Trappe, Mahanatawny, Neshaminy and Dans-
bury, in Pennsylvania; Manocacy, in Maryland: Maurice River, Penn's Neck,
Racoon, Oldman's Creek, Pawlin's Mill, Walpack and Brunswick, in New
Jersey; Staten Island and Long Island; Newport, in Rhode Island; Broad-
bay, in Maine ; and Canajoharie, in New York. In covering distances to
reach these scattered points the devoted itinerants were undaunted by con-
ditions of weather or road or season of the year when they started on their
toilsome foot-journeys, sometimes hundreds of miles in extent and months
in duration.

Quite in harmony with the spirit of this activity was an attempt, in
the earliest days, to unite the different German religious bodies of Penn-
sylvania in closer fellowship. Zinzendorf was the life of the movement, as
he was, to the end of his career, the dominant figure in all the widespread
Moravian interests. The effort to effect an evangelical alliance of German
Protestants in Pennsylvania proved, however, an impracticable ideal for the
condition of those days, and, to say the least, was far in advance of the
times. Its inevitable failure, coupled with the fact that other denominations,
particularly the Lutheran and the Reformed, were assuming organic form
in America, forced the Moravians to shape the course of their activity anew.
As they had gained a foothold in the not inconsiderable number of preaching

MOK.W IA.\ U-,,\ll-. I I^K^ , i;l-:TnT.EHEi\r

MORAVIAN CEMETERY, BETHLEHEM

THK HEW YORK
PUBLIC LIBRARY

ASTOB. LENOX 4NB

TlLllKN Fl>r> "I- '•-■<:
B

THE MORAVIANS 71

places established in seven of the oricjinal thirteen colonies, the logic of
events gradually led them to enter upon the natural denominational effort
of church extension.

The Indian mission made heavy demands on the time and care of the
Moravians. It was hampered by difficulties that have attended all mission-
ary enterprise amongf the aborigines of this countrj'. The nomadic char-
acter of the red men made it impossible to secure anything like the abid-
ing results aimed for in the jirosecution of missionary work among any
people. It was clear at the outset that no Christian Indian state could be
built up to crown the labors of faithful missionaries. Nevertheless, the
Moravians addressed themselves, without delay, to the task.

As early as 1740, Christian Henry Ranch, landing in New York, met
there certain Mohicans. He returned with them to their home village,
Shekomeko, in what is now Dutchess county, New York. Results of his
work gave omen of a fine future. Among his earliest converts was the
notorious Wasamapa, formerly fierce as a savage bear. While this missionary
was wintering in his lonely hut amid the pines of Shekomeko, trying to
reach the hearts of the wild Mohicans, his brethren in the Nazareth woods
made the first Moravian missionary effort among the Delawares. The
interest of the Indians in hearing "the great word" stimulated the desire
of the missionaries to acquire the language of these people. During the
early weeks of the organization of the settlement at Bethlehem, strolling
bands of Indians were among the most interesting visitors. In the summer
of 1742 some such were escorted to the Chapel, where the Moravians enter-
tained them with instrumental music and endeavored to speak to them
about the Saviour. In Sejitember of that j'car two Indians were baptized
at Bethlehem. At one of the early conferences, Gottlob Buettner and John
Christopher Pyrlaeus, besides Christian Henry Ranch, all of them ordained
men, were set apart for missionary service among the Indians. With a
view to opening the way for these and other missionaries, Zindendorf under-
took three tours into the Indian country. The first, July 24- August 7, 1742,
took him into the region beyond the Blue Mountains. Of particular import-
ance was his meeting with deputies of the Six Nations at Tulpehocken.
With them he ratified a covenant of friendship, securing permission for the
Moravians to pass to and from and sojourn in the domains of the great
Iroquois confederation as friends and not as strangers. His second journey,
August 3-30, 1742, was to Skekomeko, where he organized a congregation
consisting of ten Indian converts, fruit of the labors of the Missionary
Rauch. His final Indian tour, September 21-November 8, 1742, by far the
longest and most perilous, was that to the Upper Susquehanna and into
the Wyoming valley, then a trrra incognita to white men. On this journey
he encountered heathenism and savagery in their darkest colors. He endured
great hardships and his life was more than once imperilled, for the fierce tribes
of those regions were a different kind of men from the Indians of the low-
lands. The account of these tours given at Bethlehem awakened the greatest
enthusiasm for extensive plans of missionary work among the red men of
the forest. At a conference held in November, the Count unfolded his
scheme for carrying on this work. His vivid account of the experiences

72 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

made among the Shawnees. far from deterring men and women, had the
effect of increasing the number of volunteers for this service to fifteen.

From Skekomeko missionary interest reached out to the neighboring
villages. Rauch, and others sent to assist him, visited the natives in various
parts of New York State and extended operations into Connecticut. Within
a year, however, the opposition of unscrupulous whites, rum-sellers and the
like, caused the government of the New York colony to assume an unfriendly
attitude. In consequence, the Moravians determined to transfer their Indian
mission activity to Pennsylvania, beyond the settlements of the colonists,
the treaty with the Six Nations having been renewed.

In course of the following years a body of capable, devoted men devel-
oped an extensive Indian mission in Pennsylvania and the contiguous terri-
tory. Noteworthy among these were David Zeisberger and John Hccke-
welder. Both have left important philological and literary works relating to
their field of activity. Zeisberger, in the event, rounded out sixty-two years
of continuous, unwearied labor in behalf of the red men, a career perhaps
not equalled, certainly not surpassed, in point of length of service by any
missionary of any church among any people. These men and others among
their brethren began their labors by applying themselves to the study of the
Indian languages, especially the Delaware and Iroquois, not only by taking
instruction from competent teachers but, also, by taking up their residence
among the Indians for months at a time. Their work, directed by an
intense and wise devotion, extended over a wide field of operations. Necessi-
ties proceeding from the conditions of the time and the habits of the natives
determined that their missionary careers should be largely a succession of
missionary journeys. In many respects the constant enforced wanderings
were a hindrance to their work. Yet frequent removal of the mission
stations from place to place and the journeys incident thereto served to
spread the knowledge of the Gospel over a vast stretch of territory and
among many tribes. The missionaries travelled through Massachusetts,
Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and entered Michigan and
Canada. They brought the Gospel to the Mohicans and Wampanoags, to
the Nanticokes and Shawnees, to the Chippewas, Ottawas and Wyandottes,
to the Unamis, Unalachtgos and Monseys of the Delaware race ; to the
Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas of the Six Nations, and those who heard
often carried the message of the truth into regions where the missionary
never appeared. These journeys acquire additional significance when it is
remembered that they rejircsent the missionaries' resolute faithfulness to the
remnant of a people often cruelly and heartlessly driven from one locality
to another.

These missionaries were not attracted to the Indians by any romantic
notions about the character and traits of these men of the woods. They
learned to know them, if ever men did. In their diaries and accounts of the
Indians, their country, manners and customs, they denounce their cowardice,
treachery, licentiousness and indolence in all but unmeasured terms, even
as they do full justice to their few redeeming qualities. Yet they loved
them. They spent their lives in the effort to do them good.

Among the most illustrious features of their work were the Christian

THE MORAVIANS j^

Indian comiminitics they established. Ap^ainst all odds, they established a
number of such, which enjoyed a decree of itermanonce. These were the
wonder of all who saw them. They proved beyond shadow of a doubt how
much could be accomplislied by a practical application of Christianity to
savage life. They were not afjfgregations of hunting lodges; they were
agricultural colonics. The chase was not neglected, but played a subordinate
part. These settlements, moreo\er, were governed by a published set of
laws. They proved that under the matchless power of the Gospel even the
Indian could be constrained to exchange his wild habits and unsettled ways
for peaceable life and regular duty, to give up unrestrained and arbitrarily
used liberty in order to submit to municipal enactments that secured the
greatest good to the greatest number.

The missionaries were successful, too, in the character of the native
helpers whom they raised up. And thus their missionary work sustains one
of the severest tests ap])lied in estimating the real value and advance of
such cfitort. Only that great day, when "every man's work shall be made
manifest," will reveal how many precious souls were led out of darkness
into light through the ministry of these intrepid missionaries and that of
the faithful men trained by them to be spiritual leaders of their fellows.

Another department of activity instituted was school work for neglected
children. In 1739, Spangenberg had written to Count Zinzendorf in Europe
that the educational needs of the colony of Pennsylvania were very great.
It was the day of beginnings. The whole region was sparsely settled by
whites. In most parts of it they were battling with the wilderness. The
"Log College on the Neshaminy" to the south had reached only its teens.
In Spangenberg's language there was "almost no one who made the youth
his concern."

For several reasons this part of the pioneer's report met with a sympa-
thetic response. Moravians were the conservators of traditions that connected
them with the Ancient Unitas Fratrum, or Moravian church, and the labors
of Comenius, at this time dead about seventy years, who was a pioneer in
advocating the equal education of the sexes, the system of object teaching,
the necessity of physical training and the importance of aiming to develop
the whole human being. It is not possible to affirm that when George
Neisser took his stand behind the desk in 1742 in Bethlehem, and other
Moravians at about the same time began their instructions elsewhere, they
had a complete apprehension of the Comenian principles. But we cannot
peruse the manuscripts left by the first Bethlehem school teacher and avoid
the conviction that in him and in others vital traditions of what was best
in the church of the forefathers survived. Moreover, Moravians were force-
fully affected by the influence of what was best in European education.
Men from Halle, Wittenberg and Leipzig had identified themselves with
the Moravians. They knew the value of liberal culture. They stimulated
Moravian traditions, so that Moravians founded schools wherever they went,
in Germany, Switzerland, Holland, Denmark, Britain and Ireland.

Naturally, therefore, Moravians in America included educational effort
in their plans. Their special zeal and capacity for the training of the young
blossomed out in schools of various kinds, particularly in Pennsylvania,

74 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

where the provincial authorities during the first three-quarters of the eight-
eenth century did next to nothing for the cause of general education, and,
in consequence, various denominations established elementary schools. In
1742 the daughter of Zinzendorf inaugurated a school for girls in Gcrman-
tov.'n. After sundry migrations this school has been located in Bethlehem
since 1749. A school for boys was founded at Nazareth in 1743, but was,
two 3'ears later, transferred to Frederickstown, now Montgomery county,
Pennsylvania. During the next three years schools were established at
Oley, near Reading, at Maguntschi, now Emaus, at Germantown, at Lan-
caster, at Heidelberg, at Tulpehocken, at York, at Lebanon, at Muddy Creek,
near Reamstown, Lancaster county, at Milton Grove, Lancaster county, at
Muehlbach and most likely elsewhere ; for it was an essential feature of
the policy of Zinzendorf and Spangenberg to organize schools wherever
they established a congregation or posted a preaching station. These were
schools of various grades. LTnfortunately, circumstances hindered the perma-
nence of most of them.*

When Braddock's defeat opened the floodgates and a turbulent stream
of savagery poured into the back country beyond the Blue Mountams,
himdrcds of refugees from desolated homes were received in the incipient
towns. .Schools ceased in the open country. Thus Moravian educational
effort was driven back upon itself and, apart from the parochial and board-
ing schools in the settlements, Moravian schools here came to an end. As
the savage raids of this time were succeeded by other disturbances, notably
Pontiac's conspiracy, and the premonitory thunders of the life and death
struggle of the colonies rumbled in the distance, these schools were not
opened again.

In subjecting to scrutiny the curricula of these early schools, it should
be remembered that textbooks were rare. The accessories of the modern
schoolroom were mainly wanting. Nevertheless, in some of them special
attention was paid to English, French and German. Mathematics, astronomy
and history find their places beside the more elementary branches. At
Nazareth. Latin and Greek were read. Instrumental and vocal music and
drawing contributed pleasant accomplishments. The Bethlehem spinning,
needle-work and embroidery were famous, fitting young women for life. It
is of more than ordinary interest that the boys' school in the Brethren's
House, at Lititz, furnished opportunity for the learning of various trades,
and thus for the time and the place the question of industrial training was
solved. Unobtrusively in all these schools, and, in a way free from sectarian
bias, religion was imparted as a matter of course. In the light of modern
educational development, defects and crudities will be discovered, but here
were the essentials of a liberal education.

A word is in order concerning the mission schools among the Indians.

♦ It i.s interesting to note that in November, 1746, a school was opened in the
"Great Swamp" for boys who had learned bad habits and whom it was not desirable
to have with those in the other institutions." It was a kind of reform school. Its
maintenance in "the Great Swamp" being encumbered with difficulties, it was trans-
ferred, in 1747, to the Ysselstein farm-house, south of the Lehigh at Bethlehem. It
was tlie first school in what is now Bethlehem, South Side. It continued but a
short time.

THE MORAVIANS 75

Wlicrcvcr tin.' Moravians ublaincd a foothold a'nong- (he Indians, with a
pros])cct of doing good, they built a schoolhouse and opened a school. Dur-
ing the short time they were in Georgia, they had in operation a school for
the children of the Creek Indians. At Bethlehem and Nazareth schools for
Indian children were opened at an early time. Wherever it was possible in
the Indian country, within and beyond the bounds of the Pennsylvania
colony, church and school were established. Among the principal stations
thus established were Meniolagomeka, in Monroe county; Shamokin, now
Sunbury ; Wyoming, near Wilkes-Barre ; Schechschiquannink, Bradford
county: Cioschgoschucnk, \'cnango county; the several places successively
named Gnadenhuetten, in Pennsylvania and Ohio; Fricdenshuetten, on the
Susquehanna; Lawunnakhannok, in Venango county; and Friedensstadt, in
Lawrence county. Not until one hundred and thirty years after these and
other schools had been established by the Moravians, not till hundreds of
trilu's and hundreds of thousands of men, women and children had been
swept from the face of the earth, did the United States learn the lesson
taught by these and other missionaries in their efforts to civilize the Indians.
Wickersham, in his "History of Education in Pennsylvania," pays the Mora-
vian mission schools this tribute: "Even Carlisle and Hampton, with all
their merit, have less to recommend them as schools for Indians than had
the old Moravian towns of Gnadenhuetten, Friedcnshucttcn and Friedens-
stadt."

Educational conce]itions and methods exemplified by these early Mora-
vian schools were mainly that the personality of the teacher counted for
much in securing the results of training; that education was regarded not
as something to be sought for its own sake, but as a means to greater
perfection of character; that it was understood that education should render
the youth thoroughly at home in the world, to the end that recognizing
opportunities they should best serve their age; that a liberal education must
be a Christian education.

Little did the fathers of one hundred and seventy years ago, with all
their faith, comprehend the abundant harvests of all these years enfolded in
the seeds they cast into the soil of the wilderness. When in their log
cabins they introduced children to the fundamentals of knowledge or led
young men and women of rustic habits forward to the beauties of classical
literature and the practical demonstrations of science, a cloud covered from
their vision the development which, in five generations, should not only
contribute much to fill the region of their self-denial with the fruits of
culture, but from that very region, too, send forth the abundant oflferings
of learning, science and refinement, in hallowed union with religion, across
the continent and to the ends of the earth.

CHAPTER VII
INDIAN MASSACRES

Though the Indians had been treated fairly by WiUiam Penn, it cannot
he denied that in numerous instances, besides bcinp cheated by the traders,
they were in many cases abused by the settlers. The treaty of 1732 with
the Delawares had hardly been accomplished when the Governor of Penn-
sylvania realized that the Six Nations must be placated. Two weeks after
the signing of the deed with the Delawares, another deed was executed
with the Six Nations, covering all their claims to the land drained by the
Delaware river and south of the Blue Mountains. Previous to this date
the Six Nations had never laid any claim to lands on the lower Delaware.
This deed established the Iroquois' claim to all the lands owned by the
Delaware Indians. The latter tribe never acknowledged the justice of the
"Walking Purchase," it being contrary to their understanding of the original
treaty. The English, to gain their point, held a conference with the Six
Nations in 1742, to which the Delawares were extended an invitation. The
latter were disheartened by the Iroquois orator Canarsatego, who assured
the governor that the Delawares had misbehaved in continuing their claim
and refusing to remove from land on the Delaware river, notwithstanding
their ancestors had sold and deeded it for a valuable consideration to the
Proprietors upwards of fifty years ago. The speaker condemned the Dela-
wares as unruly people, that they should be chastised and in future quit the
lands already sold to the English. The Delawares were given no opportunity
to defend themselves, and sullenly withdrew to brood over the insult received
and the wrongs they contended that had been perpetrated on them.

The agent of the English, who consummated plans for the welfare of the
province of Pennsylvania, was Conrad Wciser, whose full name was John
Conrad Weiser. He was the son of John Conrad and Anna Magdalena
(Ultele) Weiser. The Weiser family for generations resided at Gross-Aspach,
County of Backnang, Duchy of Wiirttemberg, Germany, where father and
son had held the office of "Schiildheisz," or chief magistrate. The younger
W^eiser was born November 2, i6g6, and accompanied his father when the
latter in 1709 emigrated with his family to America, locating in the province
of New York. Four years later, when Conrad was only seventeen years of
age, he paid a visit to the Six Nations, with whom he remained eight months
and became familiar with their language and habits. As early as 1721 Conrad
Weiser had taken a conspicuous place in provincial affairs, and for some
ten years he stood between the Indians and English. He removed to Penn-
sylvania in 1729, locating at Tulpchockcn, one-half mile east of Womelsdorf.
His appointment as the official interpreter of Pennsylvania and head of its
Indian Bureau took place in 1732. In discharge of his duties of that office
he arranged and satisfied many important treaties with the Indians. In 1742
he was commissioned as a justice of peace for Lancaster county, and after

78 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

the erection of Bucks county in 1752, was the first judge of its courts, a posi-
tion he held until his dcatli, July 13, 1760.

At the breaking out of the French and Indian war the necessity of an
Indian alliance became apparent. The French had already secured the aid
of the Shawnees, while Sir William Johnson had gained the assistance of the
Mohawks. The other tribes of the Six Nations and the Delawares were still
wavering in their alliance. There was a deadly hatred and enmity between
the Delawares and the Cayugas, Onondagas and Oneidas, and no one knew
better than Conrad Weiser that the existing differences must be placated.
Both contending forces respected and trusted him ; he knew the weakness
of the Delawares, a conquered nation, and the strength of the Six Nations;
that the forthcoming strife between the English and French must take place
in the territory commanded by the Iroquois, and without their assistance the
result would be unfavorable to the English. Weiser was not blind to the fact
that an alliance with the Six Nations would breed hostility of the Dela-
wares that would lead to death and destruction to the white settlers of
Pennsjdvania. Therefore, with his vast knowledge and experience, he was
instrumental in obtaining the great treaty at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in
1744, by which the Six Nations won and the Delawares thrown over and lost.

The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, signed in 1749, nominally closed the war
between England and France, but failed to establish the boundaries between
the respective colonies in America. The efforts to enlarge these boundaries
were of constant irritation. In the spring of 1754 the French again began
warlike demonstrations, which was followed by the defeat of General Brad-
dock in the following }-"ar. When the storm actually burst upon the
province of Pennsylvania it was found to be totally unprepared. The Dela-
ware Indians, in obedience to the orders of their masters, the Six Nations,
had been forced to occupy the territory some distance north of the Blue
^Mountains, stretching from the Susquehanna to the Delaware river. Their
principal villages were at Shamokin, near the present site of Sunbury, Penn-
sylvania, and were strung along to the east at various points in the Wyoming
district. Naturall)-, hostilities started in the vicinity of Shamokin. The
inhabitants of Penn's creek, in the upper part of Cumberland county, on
October 16, 1755, were attacked by the Indians, and twenty-five men, women
and children were killed and scalped. The Indian depredations extended
eastward. Passing through Swatara Gap and at what is now Pine Grove,
they massacred George Everhart and his family.

The outbreak of the Indian hostilities fell heavily on Indian converts to
the Christian religion. The whites looked on them with an evil eye, espe-
cially the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians. The Moravians, in their efforts to
Christianize these Indians, were strenuously opposed by the Scotch-Irish
Presbyterians, who displayed considerable fanaticism. They professed to
believe that the Indians were the Canaanites of the Western World, and
that God's command to Joshua to destroy held good with regard to the
American Indians. Therefore these men were always ready to exterminate
the red man, regardless of age or sex. Toward the Christian Indians their
greatest animosity was shown, and these poor, inoffensive people were mur-
dered whenever an opportunity presented itself. The Moravian experienced

INDIAN' MASSACRES 79

less difficulty in taniiiif;; these savai-ijcs than tlie gtncrnmcnt did in subduing
the Scotch-Irish, who, discovcrin<^ the weakness of the government, formed
themselves into lawless, armed bands, murdering the Indians wherever they
were to be found. There ai^jieared, however, on the horizon a cloud at first
not large, which was destined to burst on the white settlers with desolation
and terror. Through the summer and early fall of 1735 there were whispers
of alarming disaffection among the Indians. The air became pregnant of
forebodings; and, like a thunderbolt, on the morning of November 25, 1755,
couriers traversed the lower settlements, announcing a savage massacre on
Mahoning creek. The hate and revenge of the Indians had at last culminated,
and their onslaught fell on the Moravian brethren at Gnadenhutton. The
mission-house was attacked on the evening of November 24th by the French
Indians, the house was burnt, and eleven of the inhabitants murdered. The
alarm was heralded by the uncommon barking of dogs, and when Brother
Senscman went out of the back door to learn the cause of the disturbance
be was confronted by the Indians with their guns ready, and they opened
fire, instantly killing Martin Nitchman. His wife and some others were
wounded, and fled to the garret for safety. The Indians, after making unsuc-
cessful efforts to burst open the door of the garret, fired the building. The
terrorized inmates jumped from the roof in their attempt to make their
escape, but most of them were burned alive. The Indian congregation at
Gnadenhutton hearing the report of the guns and seeing the flames and
learning the dreadful cause from those who escaped, immediately went to
the rescue and offered to attack the savage Indians. They were, however,
advised to the contrary by the Moravian brethren, and fled to the woods,
and Gnadenhutton was deserted.

Fearful of the vengeance of the whites, the Indians, after committing
these outrages, fled to the forests. The surviving brethren, with their women,
children and the settlers, sought refuge at Bethlehem and other parts of
the couniy.

There was a lull for a few days, when the Indians on the morning of
December 10, 1755, attacked the plantation of Daniel Brodhead. near the
mouth of Brotlhcad's creek, in the town of Smithfield, and not far from
the jjresent site of Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Brodhead and his sons
repelled the Indians' attack, but the latter, proceeding to the houses of other
settlers in the vicinity, attacked them, burning their buildings and murdering
many of the jieople. The authorities promptly dispatched military companies
to the scene of the disaster, and in less than a month over five hundred men
were armed and actively engaged in the defense of the settlers. A line of
stockades was built along the Northampton frontier, and Colonel (afterwards
Doctor) Benjamin Franklin was commissioned by the governor of Pennsyl-
vania to take charge of their erection, as well as the entire line of operations.
The Indians continued their marauding all along the northern settlements,
and in one of their attacks inflicted a heavy loss on Captain Hay's company
of rangers.

Colonel Franklin arrived at Bethlehem December 18, 1755. The white
settlers were terrified by the defeat of Captain Hay's company, and the roads
were filled with refugees fleeing to the more thickly populated settlements.

XORTHAMPTOX COUNTY

The advent of Colonel I'ranklin with his imposing military array and the
erection of his cordon of forts, or else the magnitude of the atrocities they
had committed, seemed to appease the desire of the savages for further
revenge or murder. The governor asked the Indians to meet his friends
and advisers at Easton the following July, and to this proposition the copper-
colored warriors assented.

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OLD MARKET HOUSE AT THE EXTRANXE OF XORTH THIRD
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CHAPTER VIIT
THE ERFXTION OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Northampton, the seventh county to be organized in the province, was
formed March ii, 1752, from a part of Bucks. Its name did not originate
with the Assembly, but from Thomas Penn, one of the Proprietaries, who
in a letter to Governor Hamilton, dated London, September 8, 1751, expressed
the desire that the new town (which had been ordered to be surveyed at the
Forks of the Delaware) be named Easton, and whenever a new county should
be erected it be called Northampton. There was a sentimental reason for
this suggestion of names. Penn had just married Juliana Fermor, the daugh-
ter of Lord Pomfret, whose county seat, Easton-Neston, was located in
Northamptonshire, England. At the time of its erection the county contained
5,321 square miles, which included the entire northeastern section of the
province, now made up wholly or in part of fourteen counties.

The first reduction of the area of the county occurred when Northaiwp-
ion county was organized, March 27, 1772, when 2,072 square miles were
taken to form that county. The erection of Wayne county, March 21, 1798.
further reduced the area 720 square miles. This was followed, March 11,
181 1, by the organization of Schuylkill county, when 175 square miles were
taken. The erection of Lehigh county took place March 6, 1812, and the
area of the county was again reduced 389 square miles. Columbia county
was formed March 22, 1813, when 25 square miles were taken. The erection
of Pike county, March 26, 1814, was the occasion of the loss of 580 square
miles, and when Monroe became a county, April i, 1836, there was placed
under her jurisdiction 600 square miles. By the erection of Carbon county,
April I, 1836, there were 390 square miles taken. These reductions aggre-
gated 4,951 square miles, leaving the present area of Northampton county
370 square miles. Of the 2,072 square miles taken to form Northumberland
county, there were 713 square miles in 1786 taken in the formation of
Luzerne county, and in 1810 a further reduction of 797 square miles was
included in the organization of Susquehanna county. On the erection of
Bradford county in 1810, Northumberland county again sacrificed 390 square
miles. Wyoming county was organized in 1842, when 172 square miles were
taken. Of the 713 square miles taken to form Luzerne county, there were
424 square miles used in the formation in 1878 of Lackawanna county. Thus
it can be readily seen that the end of the first century and a half of its
existence Northampton county was genealogically the parent of eight coun-
ties, the grandparent of four counties, and great-grandparent of one. The
population of the county at the time it was erected was estimated at about
4,000; her population in her restricted tcrriory in 1910 was 127,667.

The townships which had been formed and named prior to the erection
of Northampton county were Smithfield and Milford. in 1742; Saucon, Upper
and Lovv'er, and Macungie, in 1743; Bethlehem and Mount Bethel, in 1746;
Allen and Williams, in 1749. The only township north of the Blue Moun-

NORTH.— 1— 6.

82 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

tains was Smithficld, inhabited by Hollanders, and all beyond was an un-
broken wilderness known as "Towamensing," a county practically uninhab-
ited, and on a map printed in 1749 called "St. Anthony's Wilderness."

The erection of Northampton county was a political movement on the
part of John and Thomas Penn. One of the first acts of William Penn was
to divide the province into three counties — Philadelphia, Chester and Bucks.
The increasing German emigration into the province had become quite a
factor in the erection of Bucks county. In co-operation with the Quakers,
the Germans wielded a political power in the assembly in opposition to the
proprietary interests. In order to break this alliance and thereby reduce it,
the Penns fathered the project of the creation of a new county that would
embrace within its limits the rapidly growing German communities.

Easton was named as the shiretown, and the Penns donated a lot for
the erection of a court-house. There was a good deal of opposition to the
selection of Easton from those living remote from the proposed location.
The petitioners contended that Easton was in the extreme southeast corner
of the new county ; it was inaccessible, there being no roads, and it was
surrounded by high hills which were difficult to ascend. The courts for
over a decade of j-ears assembled at the taverns, and it was not until George
Taylor was appointed to attend to the building of a court-house in 1764 when
he came to Easton, that any active steps were taken. The court-house was
modeled after Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia, and was completed at the
cost of $4,589.67. It was an inspiring structure, built of limestone, and sur-
mounted by a cupola, in which a bell was placed that was cast at Bethlehem.
The court-house was situated on the central square, and south of it stood the
pillory and whipping-post, those ancient instruments of punishment which
ornamented the square for twenty-five years. At the time of the erection
of the court-house there were only sixty-three houses in Easton.

After the first court-house had stood about seventy-five years, the people
of the county became satisfied that the public interests demanded a new one.
Then arose the contention for its location; the citizens did not want the
central square to be any longer filled with public buildings ; the lawyers did
not want it removed from the center of business. The citizens finally won ;
David D. Wagner and James Thompson donated the site on the north side
of Walnut street. The excavation was made on June 15, i860, the building
finished in October, 1861, and on November i8th of that year the first term
of court was held in the new court-house. The venerable building on the
square was razed, the material removed, and the ground graded.

The first building erected by the county was the jail in 1752; it was
situated south of the court-house, fronting Third street. It was designed
not only for criminals, but for a place of safety for women and children in
the case of an Indian invasion. The cost of the jail, with wells dug, was
$1,066.67. This jail served its purjjose until the construction of a new one
in 1850-51 on the same site. The new jail contained twenty-three cells, nine
by twelve feet square. It was built of limestone, and was surrounded by a
wall fifteen feet in height. It was used until 1871. when a third jail was
built on the same plot of land that the court-house occupied. The size of
the new jail is one hundred and eighty by sixty feet; a wall enclosing it two

ERECTION OF NORTH AMI' TON COUNTY

hundred and twenty by one hundred and fifty feet. The building is a massive
stone structure; the contract for building was $139,000, but the total expense
did not fall short of $200,000.

The act jiroviding for the Northampton County Almshouse was ap-
proved March 1 1, 1H39, by Governor Joseph Ritncr. There were at that time
comparatively few such institutions in the State. Barnabas Davis, George
Barnet, Jacob Vogcl, Jacob Wagener, Jacob Ilower, Jacob Young, John D.
Rauman, David Kemmerer and Conrad Shimer were ai)pointcd as commis-
sioners to purchase the necessary real estate for the accommodation of the
county ])oor. The commissioners, after examining various localities, pur-
chased from the Moravians a tract of land near the present borough of
Nazareth in the township of Upper Nazareth, and erected the necessary
buildings. The original land jnirchase has at various times been added to
by acquiring subsequent additions. The insane hospital was erected in 1861,
and in 1H75 extensive additions to the building were made. The institution
has an adequate supply of pure spring water; a small reservoir was erected,
which is supplied by several springs rising in the hills about a half mile from
the almshouse buildings.

Tin- .YKW \0HK

PUBLIC UEliARY

ASTOR. LENOX AND
TJLIIEN POLINDATJUNS

SIR WILLIAM JOHXSON

CHAPTER IX
THE INDIAN TREATIES

At the closing: of the year 1755 some of the Delaware and Shawnee
Indians went on the warpath. They massacred settlers on both sides of
the Blue Mountains, from the Hudson to the Susquehanna rivers. There
had been built for the protection of the whites, forts and blockhouses; promi-
nent among these were those at Bethlehem, Christian's Springs, Gnadenthal,
Nazareth, Friedensthal and the Rose Inns, which had been erected by the
Moravian Economy. These fortifications in January, 1756, accommodated
five hundred and fifty-six refugees from the northern settlements. Besides
these there was the Deshler's Fort, near Egypt; Brown's Fort, in the Irish
Settlement; one at Slatington ; another near Point Phillips. To the eastward
of these was Dietz's blockhouse, near the Wind Gap ; Martin's Fort, the
old stone-mill at Martin's creek. The Jersey side of the Delaware river was
protected by a line of forts, the first being Fort Reading at Belvidere;
eighteen miles north was a fort at Colonel Van Campen's ; six miles above
this, at the Walpack bend of the river, was Fort Walpack. Above this six
miles was the largest fort, known as Headquarters, and eight miles from this
point was Fort Nominick; four miles beyond was Fort Shipcoon ; and eight
miles further north was Coles Fort. There was also inland from the Dela-i
ware river Fort Gardner.

North of the Blue Mountains on the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware
river, the first on its banks was Fort Hynshaw, which was situated near the
mouth of the Bushkill river. Then above the Water Gap at Shawnee was
Depieu's Fort; at Stroudsburg was Fort Hamilton; near Brodheadville was
Fort Norris ; and at Weissport, on the Lehigh river, was Fort Allen. From
the latter place, at certain distances apart, was a continuation of these forts
reaching the Susquehanna river.

There was no apparent cause assigned for the Indian outbreak, and early
in the spring of 1756 Governor Morris sent messengers to the northern
Indians requesting a conference and calling for a cessation of hostilities for
thirty days. Unfortunately, after the governor's proclamation announcing
the cessation of hostilities, war was proclaimed by the New Jersey authori-
ties against the same Indians, and a company of men were sent against
Wyoming, one of their towns. This news was brought to Bethlehem as the
governor's messengers were making their departure. They therefore waited
till they received word that the Jersey party had been to Wyoming, found a
deserted town which they destroyed by fire, and returned home. The gov-
ernor's messengers then proceeded on their way and met Teedyuscung at
Diahoge, in the province of New York.

This noted warrior was holding a conference with the deputies of the
Six Nations and a treaty was consummated in which the independence of
the Delawares was acknowledged and the authority of Teedyuscung over
Four Nations, the Lenapi and Wanami, two Delaware nations, the Munseys

86 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

and Mohicans, was recognized. He was, however, requested not to act
independently for his people, but to advise with the Six Nations that by
uniting their councils and strength they might better promote the general
interests of the Indians. They impressed him with the fact that the English
and French were fighting for their land and desired his aid and co-operation
to defend their rights.

Teedyuscung then received from the deputies of the Six Nations a large
belt with several figures wrought on it. "In the middle was a square, mean-
ing the lands of the Indians ; at one end was a figure of a man. indicating
the English ; at the other end another, meaning the French ; both these, they
said, covet their lands, but let us join together to defend our lands agamst
both, and you shall be the partaker w'ith us of our lands."

To Teedyuscung this proposal was too advantageous not to be accepted ;
he therefore agreed to it and concerted a plan with the Six Nations to bring
about peace with the English, and for securing their lands. Pie immediately
dispatched Nutimus, a former king of one of the Delaware tribes, to Otsaningo
to meet .Sir William Johnson, while he himself prepared to meet the governor
of Pennsylvania. The latter was the most hazardous enterprise, as he was
obliged to go into the inhabited part of the country and amongst settlers
who had been incensed against him for the ravages committed by his people;
besides, it required the greatest address, as with Pennsylvania government
affairs of the greatest importance were to be transacted. The Six Nations
empowered him to act as plenipotentiary from them, promising to ratify
all his acts.

The Delaware embassy to Sir William Johnson was joined by Pack-
sinosa, the old Shawnese king, and met the English official at Onondaga,
New York, and from thence went to Fort Johnson, New York, where, on
July lo, 1756, a conference was held. Sir William, at the opening of the
council, reproached the Indians for their past conduct, painting the murders
and devastations they had committed in strong colors, imputing their acts
to the artifices of the French. He told them "that by virtue of a power
received from his Majesty, if they were sincerely disposed to continue his
Majesty's dutiful children and to maintain their fidelity towards him and
unbroken peace and friendship towards all his subjects, that their brethren,
the English, would exert their unfeigned zeal and best endeavors to reclaim
those of their people who had been deluded by the French, and upon these
conditions he was ready to renew the covenant chain of peace and friendship."

To this Nutimus calmly replied that "he had carefully attended to what
was said, that it was pleasing to him, but he could not take upon himself to
give a determinate answer, that he would deliver Sir William Johnson's
speech to all his nations on his return home, and that their fixed resolutions
and positive answer should be returned as soon as possible."

On receipt of Nutimus' answer. Sir William summoned a council of those
members of the Six Nations that attended the conference, informed them of
his reply that he intended to make to the Delaware chief, and told them
that he expected their support. The Six Nations Indians said they would
speak to the Delawarcs, prepare them for wdiat he intended to say, and
press them at the same time to declare their real intentions.

THE INDIAN TREATIES 87

The foUowiiifj day Sir William again addressed Nittinnis, sayiiip "that
what he had answered yesterday was somewhat surprising, as his nation
had been the aggressors and the English the injured party ; that the present
state of affairs between the English and his peojile required a speedy and
determinate issue; tliat he had received accounts that hostilities were still
continued by some of the Delawares, and that therefore it was requisite that
he should, without delay, explain himself in behalf of his nation in such an
explicit and satisfactory manner that his Majesty's injured provinces might
know what part it was proper for them to act, and that he might depend
upon it they would not continue tamely to bear the bloody injuries which
they had for some time past suffered."

In reply the Delaware chief made answer "that his i)eople had already
ceased from hostilities, that they would follow the example of the Six
Nations, that they would take hold of the covenant chain that bound together
the English and the Six Nations, that they renounced the friendship of the
French, and as Sir William Johnson had used the Mohicans well, he prom-
ised to deliver up what English prisoners he held from among his people."
W^ith this decision, Sir William Johnson expressed his satisfaction, offered
them the hatchet against the French, which they accepted; the Indians sang
and danced the war-song and the Shawnese king informed Sir William
Johnson that they would inform Teedyuscung of what had been done.

It was at this meeting that the invidious name of Petticoat, or Woman,
was taken from the Delawares, which had been imposed on them by the
Six Nations from the time they conquered them in the name of the King
of England.

\\ hilc this conference was taking place, Teedyuscvmg, having taken pre-
caution to ]irotect himself from danger by leaving parties of his warriors
between the settlements of Pennsylvania and the Wyoming, on July 18, 1756,
arrived at Bethlehem, where he met the governor's messenger, Captain New-
castle, and informed him that he would be glad to meet the governor at
the Forks, and that he was empowered to speak not only in behalf of his
own people but also the Six Nations.

Captain Newcastle hurried to Philadelphia with the chief's messenger,
and, presenting himself l)efore the governor, addressed him as follows: "I
have been entrusted by you with matters of the highest concern ; I now
declare to you that I have used all the abilities I am master of, in the man-
agement of them, and that with the greatest cheerfulness I tell you in
general, matters look well. I shall not go into jiarticulars ; Teedyuscung
will do this at the public meeting, which he expects will be soon. The times
are dangerous, the sword is drawn and glittering, all around you numbers
of Indians on your liorder. I beseech you, therefore, not to give any delay
to this important affair. Say where the council-fire is to be kindled; come
to a conclusion immediately; let us not wait a moment lest what has been
done should prove ineffectual." To these urgent demands Governor Morris
fixed upon Easton as the place of meeting.

On the beautiful square in the heart of Easton from July 24-31, 1756.
was kindled the first council-fire in the Forks of the Delaware. At a conve-
nient place in the square was erected a booth ; here the emissaries of Thomas

88 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Penn unsuccessfully waged their master's political game, and an untutored
son of the forest compelled the white man's government to bend to his will.

There were four factors represented : The Indians seeking justice. The pro-
prietary government representatives were: Lieutenant-Governor Robert Hun-
ter Morris, accompanied by Richard Peters, the secretary of the province,
and four members of the governor's council ; the Friendly Association, under
the leadership of Israel Pemberton, of about thirty Quakers from Philadel-
phia, the wealthiest men of the province, whose presence, while not official,
was in the cause of right and justice, which Penn's representatives dared
not resist. The people at large were represented by four members of the
Assembly, their duty being in conjunction with the governor in all business
relating to the expenditure of public money. Colonel Conrad Weiser served
as interpreter for the Six Nations ; Benjamin-That-Speaks English, a youth
from New Jersey, who had deserted from a military company of that prov-
ince and cast his lot with the Indians, was interpreter for the Delawares.
The Indians were represented by Teedyuscung, chief of the Delawares ; the
Six Nations by Captain Newcastle — in all about twenty-four Indians. A
hearty welcome was extended by Governor Morris to Teedyuscung and his
people. The Indian chief informed him he was authorized to speak in behalf
of ten nations, as an ambassador from the Six Nations and as chief of four
other nations. His duties were to hear what propositions the governor had
to offer, and report to those he represented.

On the second day of the conference the governor informed the Indians
of the steps he had taken after the Delawares had commenced hostilities and
the preparations that had been made to carry the war into their country.
He had been diverted from further war maneuvers by the Six Nations, who
had informed him that the Delawares had laid down the hatchet. He in-
formed them of several messages he had transmitted to them by Captain
Newcastle, also other Indian messengers, and of the answers received assur-
ing them that they had acted by his authority. He asserted that both he
and his people were disposed to renew the ancient friendship that subsisted
between William Penn and the Indians. This he desired to be told to the
Six Nations and all Indians near and far, inviting them to meet him at a
council-fire, but insisted as an evidence of their sincerity to surrender all of
their prisoners, as this was the only terms on which a lasting peace would
be concluded.

At the close of the governor's speech, Teedyuscimg arose and presented
the belt he had received from the Six Nations, explaining to the governor
that it bound the Si.x Nations and four other Indian nations under the
direction of two chiefs who were really disposed for peace if their lands
could be guaranteed to them. If there was no compliance with these terms
the Indians were prepared to commence open hostilities. He further said:
"Whoever will make peace, let him lay hold of this belt, and the nations
around shall see and know it. I wish the same good spirit that possessed
William Penn may inspire the people of the province at this time." The
governor accepted the belt, declaring he was in hearty sympathy to effect
the meaning of it. He gave the Indian another belt, desiring him to show
it everywhere and to make known the disposition of the people of the

THE INDIAN TREATIES 89

province, also of the treatment he liad met witli, to his own people. He then
joined the two belts, declarin.q- Tcedyuscung and Captain Newcastle as apents
for the ]irovince among the Indians, givinfj them authority to transact nego-
tiations, and wished them success in their ])rojcct. The two accredited agents
exchanged vows of mutual good friendship and said to the best of their
ability tiicy would promote the weighty matters entrusted to them. The
governor, during the continuance of the conference, was notified of the declara-
tion of war between England and France. In consideration of the light
attendance at the council, further imjwrtant business was postponed.

After the conference, Tecdyuscung returned to his country and Cai)tain
Newcastle was dispatched by the governor to the Six Nations. On his
return trip to Philadelphia he contracted smallpox, which caused his death.
Teedyuscung sent messengers to the tribes of Indians under his jurisdiction
and to the Six Nations, informing them of the reception he had received at
the conference, inviting them to another meeting. While making prepara-
tions to attend the second conference, Teedyuscung received a message from
Fort Johnson advising him against going to Pennsylvania. To this he paid
no attention, receiving, while marching to the meeting, another message
stating that a plot was laid to ambuscade the Indians when a considerable
number of them had been gathered together. He placed no credence on this
message, determining, however, to take all necessary precautions to guard
against the worst. Sending bjRrk the greater part of his women and children,
he proceeded with his own and a few other families, leaving his ablest cap-
tains and bravest warriors at proper intervals on the frontiers to receive
information how he was received and to act in accordance.

Governor Morris had been succeeded by Governor William Denny, and
through the interposition of Lord Loudon, then commanding the British
forces in America, was placed in a peculiar situation. Lord Loudon had
written him, forbidding him or his government to confer or treat with the
Indians, further directing that all business in that direction that should arise
in the province should be referred to Sir William Johnson, whom his
Majesty had appointed sole agent for Indian affairs under his Lordship's
direction. On receiving news of Teedyuscung's arrival at Easton, the gov-
ernor did not know what steps to take, and appealed for advice to the
assembly which was then in session. The assembly decided as the negotia-
tions had been commenced before Sir William Johnson's powers were made
L-nown, they should not wholly be discontinued, fearing that the Indians
might become disgusted and the opportunity lost of a general peace with him
and the British colonies. Therefore they advised that the governor should
give the Indians an interview, making them customary presents to relieve
their necessities on behalf of the government, assure them of their friendship,
forgive them their offenses, and make a firm peace with them, subject to the
confirmation by Sir William Johnson as his Majesty's representative of
Indian affairs in North America. The assembly contended that an interview
with the Indians at this time would be of great importance to his Majesty's
service and not inconsistent with the intention of Lord Loudon's letter.

In the latter part of October, Teedyuscung, with a number of Delawares,
Shawnees and Mohicans and some deputies from the Six Nations, arrived at

go XORTHAMPTOX COUNTY

Easton. The second conference was held November 8-15, 1756. There were
present Lieutenant-Governor William Denny, William Logan and Richard
Peters ; Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Fox, William Masters and John Hughes,
commissioners ; Teedyuscung, four chiefs of the Six Nations, and sixteen
Delaware Indians ; John Pumpshire, a New Jersey Delaware interpreter ;
Colonel Conrad Weiser, interpreter; officers of the Royal Americans; and a
number of gentlemen and freeholders from Philadelphia and several counties.
Great pomp and ceremony were observed ; several days were spent in formali-
ties, and little business accomplished. The governor finally sent Colonel
W^eiser to Teedyuscung. desiring to know whether he intended to speak first,
and if so, when. The Indian chief replied that it was the dutj' of the governor
to open the oratorical program of the conference. That afternoon at three
o'clock the governor marched from his lodgings, guarded by the Roj^al
Americans and Colonel Weiser's Provincials, with colors flying, drums beat-
ing and music playing, to the meeting place of the conference. At the opening
of the session Governor Denny spoke, concluding his remarks as follows :
"Brother Teedyuscung, what I am now going to say should have been men-
tioned some time ago. I now desire your strict attention to it. You were
pleased to tell me the other day that the League of Friendship made by your
Forefathers was yet fresh in your memory ; you said that it was made strong,
so that a small thing could not easily break it. As we are now met together
at a Coimcil Fire kindled by both of us, and have promised on both sides to
be free and open to one another, I must ask you how that League of Friend-
ship came to be broken? Have we, the Governor of the People of Pennsyl-
vania, done you any kind of injury? If you think we have, you should be
honest and tell us your Hearts. You should have made complaints before yon
struck us. for so it was agreed in our ancient League. However, now the
Great Spirit has thus happily brought us once more together, speak your
^lind plainly on this head, and tell us, if you have any just cause of complaint,
what it is. That I may obtain a full answer to this point. I give you this
Belt of wampum."

In his answer, Teedyuscung assigned three causes : First, the imprudent
conduct of Charles Brodhead ; second, the instigations of the French ; and
lastly, the grievances he and his people suffered from Pennsylvania and
Jersey governments. The governor then called upon him to name these
grievances. He replied as follows: "I have not far to go for an Instance:
this ground that is under me (stamping with his foot) is mine, and has been
taken from me by fraud and forgery." The governor asked him what he
meant by fraud and forgery. To this he replied : "When one man had
formerly Liberty to purchase Lands, and he took a deed from Indians for
it, and then dies, if, after his death, his children forge a Deed like the true
one with the same Indians' names to it, and thereby take Lands from the
Indians which they never sold : This is Fraud. Also when one King has
Lands beyond the River, and another has lands on this Side, both bound bv
Rivers, Creeks and Springs, which cannot be removed, and the Proprietaries,
greedy to purchase Lands, buy of one King what belongs to the other: This
likewise is Fraud." "Have you," said the governor, "been served so?"
"Yes," replied Teedyuscung, "I have been served so on this Province. All

THE INDIAN TREATIES qi

the Land extending from Tohiccoii over the great Mountain as far as
Wyoming' is mine, of which some has been taken from me by fraud. For
when I agreed to sell the Land to the old Proprietary by the Course of the
River, the young Proprietaries came and got it run by a straight course by
the Compass, and by that means took in double the quantity intended to
be sold."

After a nine-day session a treaty of peace was concluded between the
Shawnees, Delawares and the English. The commisisoners offered imme-
diate satisfaction for their supposed injuries, whether their claim was just
or not. Teedyuscung then informed the governor that the main design of
his being present at this conference was to re-establish peace, and at a future
meeting he would lay open his grievances, that he was not at this time
empowered to receive any satisfaction, that several were absent who were
concerned in the lands, and that he would endeavor to have them present at
the next meeting, when the matter might be further considered and settled.
On the last day of the conference word was received of the death at Phila-
delphia, by smallpox, of several Indians of prominence; among them was
Captain Newcastle. Teedyuscung, in an address of condolence on Captain
Newcastle's death, said: "He was a good man, and had promoted the good
work of peace with great care ; his death would put him in mind of his duty,
as it shoidd all of us." Het-hen took a kind leave of the governor and all
present.

Messengers were sent by the governor to the various tribes of Indians,
requesting them to join the Delawares at the meeting to be held next year
at Easton. The governor and George Croghan, deputy Indian agent, requested
Sir William Johnson to send a number of the Six Nations to the proposed
meeting. Mr. Croghan met the Indians at Harrisburg, March 29, 1757, and
was informed that Teedyuscung had gone to the Senecas' country to request
the appearance of a number of that tribe. From Harrisburg the party
journeyed to Lancaster ; here the smallpox broke out among the Indians ;
messengers were sent to the governor requesting his presence, as Teedyus-
cung having failed to appear, they were desirous to return home. The gov-
ernor arrived at Lancaster May Q. 1757, and on the twelfth a meeting was
held. He advised them of what had passed between him and the Delawares
at the previous conference. He desired that they would advise him what
measures could be brought about to procure a lasting peace. The Six
Nations' speaker assigned four causes that had given rise to the present
quarrel between the English and the Delawares and Shawnees: First, the
death of the Delaware chief, Weekwely, who, accidentally killing a man, had
been hanged in the Jerseys; second, the imprisonment of some Shawnee
warriors in Carolina; third, the dispossessing of the Indians of their lands;
fourth, the instigations of the French. The representatives of the Six
Nations warmly pressed for the sending of the Senecas. The governor sent a
message to Teedyuscung, informing him of the advice of the Six Nations
and requesting him to bring as many of the Senecas as was agreeable to him,
promising that if it should appear that he had been defrauded of his lands
or received any other injuries from the province he would receive satisfaction.

Teedyuscung, on receipt of this message, hastened to Easton, arriving

92 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

about the middle of July, 1757. Governor Denny reached Easton July 20,
1757, and on the following day convened his council, consisting of James
Hamilton, Benjamin Chew, Richard Peters, William Logan, Lynford Lard-
ner and John Mifflin. There were also present Isaac Norris, speaker of the
assembly ; Daniel Roberdean, member of the assembly ; William Masters,
John Hughes, Joseph Fox and Joseph Galloway, commissioners ; Captain
Thomas McKee, interpreter for the Crown ; Colonel Conrad Weiser, inter-
preter for the province; John Pumpshire, interpreter for Teedyuscung; and a
number of gentlemen from Philadelphia, and other inhabitants of the prov-
ince. There were present at the beginning of the conference 58 men, 37
women and 64 children, in all 159 of Teedyuscung's party; and 45 men,
35 women and 39 children, in all 119 Senecas and others of the Six Nations.

Before the commencement of the public business, Teedyuscung applied
to the governor, to allow him the privilege of appointing a person to take
down the minutes of the treaty. He was prompted to this act by the ex-
hibition made by Secretary Peters at the previous meeting, when he had
thrown down his pen and declared he would not take minutes when com-
plaints were made against the proprietaries. He did not know but the same
thing might happen again, as the same complaints were to be repeated.
The business to be transacted was of the most important nature, and re-
quired to be exactly minuted, which he thought could be done by the method
he proposed. The governor informed him at the last conference at Lancaster
that it had been agreed between him and Mr. Croghan that no one was to
take minutes of the proceedings but the secretary appointed by the latter,
which was the constant practice of Sir William Johnson. As his precedent
had been established to be observed in future treaties, he did not care to
make any alteration in this respect. This refusal of a demand so just and
reasonable aroused Teedyuscung's suspicions that advantage was to be
taken of his ignorance. He therefore demanded as his right what he asked
as a favor. It had been agreed upon in his council at home, and he insisted
on its being granted, if the governor persisted he determined not, to treat
and he would return home.

The commissioners, who were mere spectators of the controvers}', seeing
that the chief men of the Six Nations were disgusted, wrote a message to
Governor Denny, requesting information on certain subjects. The governor,
a newly imported Englishman, in an imperious manner, forcibly expressed
the opinion that their official duties did not extend to the conference with
the Indians. This brought from the commissioners that famous document
of August I, 1757, which was probably the first outburst of liberty at the
Forks of the Delaware. The governor, beset on all sides, finally allowed the
Indian's chief a clerk, declaring it was against his judgment but as a fresh
proof of his friendship and regard. Four days had been spent in these de-
bates, and the next day Teedyuscung, having nominated Charles Thompson'
as his clerk, the business of the public treaty began.

'The Delawarcs adopted Charles Thompson, whose unofficial minutes were often
called for. and, in the opinion of the Indians, were true. In respect to this fact they
gave him the appropriate name of Wcgh-wu-law-no-end. As secretary of Congress
during the Revolutionary war his official reports were always looked over to settle
doubtful news and flying reports, the investigators always saying on such occasions,
"here comes the truth; here is Charles Thompson."

THE INDIAN TREATIES 93

The governor opened the conference by informing Teedyuscung he was
glad to meet him once more with his people and some of the Six Nations,
according to the agreement made at the last conference. He informed him
that George Croghan represented Sir William Johnson, and was present to
inquire inlo every grievance of the Indians which they had suffered, either
from their brethren in Pennsylvania, or the neighboring provinces. The
Indians were then addressed by Mr. Croghan, he stating that he would do
everything in his power to have all differences amicably adjusted. Teedyus-
cung for four or five days had been kept almost continually drunk, and his
remarks as they stand on the minutes ap])ear mystifying and confusing.
They also so appeared to the governor, which was supplemented by the fact
that his interpreter was saturated with liquor and during the delivery of the
Indian chief's speech calmly went to sleep. The Indian king, by the inter-
position of his council, was restrained from liquor; when sober he called
upon Air. Croghan at the request of the governor, repeated what he had said
at the session of the conference, and made the following speech :

The complaints I made last Fall I yet continue. I think some lands
have been bought by the Proprietary or his Agents from Indians who had
not a right to sell, and to whom the lands did not belong. I think also, when
some lands have been sold to the Proprietary by some Indians who had a
right to sell to a certain place, whether that purchase was to be measured
by miles or hours' walk, that the Proprietaries have, contrary to agreement
or bargain, taken more lands than they ought to have done, and lands that
belonged to others. I therefore now desire you will produce the Writings
and Deeds by w-hich you hold the land, and let them read in public and
examine these, that it may be fully known from what Indians you have
bought the Lands you hold, and how far your Purchases extend, that copies
of the whole may be laid before King George and published to all the
Provinces under his Government. What is fairly bought and paid for I
make no further demands about, but if any Lands have been bought of
Indians to whom these lands did not belong, and who had no right to sell
them, I expect a satisfaction for these lands. And if the Proprietaries have
taken in more than they bought of the true owners, I expect likewise to be
paid for that. P>ut as the persons to whom the Proprietaries may have sold
these Lands, which of right belonged to me, have made some Settlements, I
do not want to disturb them or to force them to leave them, but I expect a
full Satisfaction shall be made to the true owners for these Lands tho' the
Proprietaries, as I said before, might have bought them from persons that
had no right to sell them. As we intend to settle at Wyoming, we want to
have certain Boundaries fixed between you and us, and a certain Tract of
Land fixed, which it shall not be lawful for us or our Children ever to sell,
nor for you or any of your Children ever to buy. We shall have the boun-
daries fixed all around agreeable to the Draught we give you (here he drew
a Draught with chalk on the Table) that we may not be pressed on any
side, but have certain boundaries of a Country fixed for the use of our Chil-
dren forever. And as we intend to make a Settlement at Wyoming and to
build different houses from what we have done hitherto, such as may last
not only for a little time, but for our Children after us; we desire you will
assist us in making our settlements, and send us persons to instruct us in
building houses, and in making such necessaries as shall be needful ; and
that Persons be sent to instruct us in Christian Religion, which may be for
our future Welfare, and to instruct our Children in reading and writing; and
a fair trade be established between us, and such persons appointed to conduct
and manage these affairs as shall be agreeable to us.

94 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

The governor in answering Teedyuscung's speech referred the redress
of the Indians' grievances to Sir William Johnson. The lands between the
Shamokin and Wj'oming the ])roprietarics had never purchased from the
Indians, and he was pleased they had made choice of that place for their
residence. He said he would use all his power to have these lands settled
upon them and their posterity ; as to the other requests they were reason-
able ; he would recommend them to the assembly and they would most
cheerfully be complied with. Upon the delivery of the governor's speech
the Indian King and his council withdrew to deliberate upon it. They
decided they would not go to Sir William Johnson with their grievances;
that the reasons of their refusal might appear in full strength, that they
had agreed to follow the example of the governor, and have their speech
written, examined in council, then read to the governor at the public confer-
ence the next day. Teedyuscung then desired that which had been written
in the council be accepted, read and recorded as his speech ; to this the gov-
ernor and Mr. Croghan joined in opposing. A debate then ensued ; the
Indian King, not being granted the privilege that the governor had taken,
informed them from memorj' the substance of what had been agreed to at
the council, after making pertinent that the governor had told him that
George Croghan was Sir William Johnson's authorized deputy, with full
power to act, and he now notified him that he had no power at all. He gave
the governor to understand he would not go to Sir William Johnson, as he
did not know him, and by deferring matters it might again embroil them
in war. He further said that he wanted nothing for his lands that was not
just, but that the Indian deeds ought to be produced for examination, copies
of them taken and put with minutes of the treaty. This done, he offered to
confirm a peace treaty immediately. The land affairs he was willing to have
decided by the King of England, and would await his decision. In conclu-
sion he said : "Let copies of the deeds be sent to the king, and let him
judge. I want nothing of the lands till the king has sent letters back, and
then if any of the lands be found to belong to me, I expect to be paid for it
and not before."

Teedyuscung remaining firm for copies of the deeds, the governor in
appearance resolved to comply with his request. However, it was agreed
not to deliver up all of the deeds. Colonel Weiser and Mr. Croghan were
privately sent to the Indian King to obtain his consent to a delivery of only
those deeds relating to his complaint and late purchases. Two days were
spent in this wire-pulling, the Indians in the meantime being plied with
liquor. The governor again met the Indians, and told them as they so earn-
estly desired to see the deeds of the lands mentioned in the last treaty he
had brought them with him and would grant Teedyuscung copies of them
agreeable to his request. Thereupon some deeds w-ere laid upon the table.
When Teedyuscung was convinced the deeds were delivered, he, without
examination of them, in the name of ten nations he represented, solemnly
concluded peace negotiations.

The reading of the deeds was put oiT to the next day, and upon examina-
tion it was found that very few deeds were delivered, and that none of them
threw any light upon the matter in dispute. The deed of 1718 referred to

THE INDIAN TREATIES 95

in the treaty of 172S was missin<;f; a i)ai)er ]nir])ortinf^ to he a copy of the
last Indian purchase in 1686 was not even attested to as a true copy. Mr.
Thompson, as Tecdyuscung's secretary, notified the governor by letter that
the deed of 1718 was missing. No attention was paid to this communica-
tion; it was undoubtedly withheld by the proprietaries' agents because it
clearly defined the release of 17;^/ by virtue of which the Indian walk of
1737 was made, and which included the greater part of the dis|)ute(l lands
taken from the Indians. The non-deliverance of the deed oi 1718 led Mr.
Thompson to inform Mr. Croghan that if it came to the Indians' ears, that
they would consider the}- were abused, that they might become dissatisfied
and break uj) the conference. The ferment among the Indians, coupled with
the resolution to return to their homes in the evening, caused them to blame
the delays in the public business to the backwardness of the governor to
conclude peace, which was apparent grounds for their fear. The commis-
sioners of the assembly, though sensible that the necessary deeds had not been
delivered, hoped, however, that on more mature deliberation the governor
would furnish the missing links and forward them to the king and council,
for a just determination could not be given while papers and deeds of such
importance were withheld. The lives of many of His Majesty's subjects, as
well as the alliance of many Indian nations, depended on a just decision, and
they could not imagine that the governor would join in deceiving the king
and council in a matter of so great importance. The Indians' copies of the
deeds and jiapers were placed in the hands of the Speaker of the Assembly by
Teedyuscung, requesting that they might be sent to the King of England
with the minutes of the treaty, and he ho])ed the governor and Mr. Croghan
would have no objecion to this.

After the conference adjourned on August 4th, the governor entertained
Teedyuscung and some of his counselors at an entertainment, which took
place at Vernon's tavern. After the banciuet, peace was proclaimed in form,
a detachment of the Pennsylvania troops fired three volleys, and at night
there was a large bonfire and a variety of Indian dances. The conference was
in session eighteen days, its final adjournment being Sunday, August 7, 1757.

The fourth conference, held at Easton, October 8, 1758, was more largely
attended than any of those formerly held at the Forks of the Delaware. The
important business which was urged with utmost diligence was to lessen the
power of Teedyuscung. .'>ince the last conference Teedyuscung instead of
losing had increased his powers, and had established himself at the head of
the Five Tribes. The Indians occupying the lands surrounding the lakes
consisted of three leagues: The Senecas, Mohawks and Onondagoes, who
were called the Fathers, composed the first: the Oneidas, Tuscarawas, Nanyi-
cokes and Conoys (which had united in one tribe) and the Tuteloes, com-
posed the second league ; and these two leagues made up what was called the
Six Nations. The third league was formed from the Chihohocki (or Dela-
wares), the Wanami, the Munseys, Mawhiccons and Wapingers. From all
these nations, with the exception of two or three, the chief sachems were
present. The Indians, by the most reliable accounts, numbered five hundred.

The governor, attended by his council, six members of the assembly,
two commissioners of Indian affairs from the province of New Jersey, a

96 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

number of freeholders of I'ennsylvania and adjoining provinces, and citizens
of Philadelphia, chiefly Quakers, arrived at Easton on the evening of October
7, 1758. There were also present George Croghan, Colonel Weiser, as
provincial interpreter, Isaac Still, Stephen Calvin, and Moses Tatamy, all
Delaware interpreters for that nation ; Henry Montour, interpreter for the
Six Nations, and Andrew Montour, who acted as His Majesty's interpreter.
Later Governor Bernard of New Jersey and Sir William Johnson arrived and
took part in the proceedings.

On Saturday, October 8th, the governor had his first interview with
the Indians. The following Monday and Tuesday, Croghan, who declared
himself an Indian, was in close consultation with the Indians, treating them
to liquors, the main discussion being whether what Teedyuscung had done
should be allowed to stand, or if everything was to begin anew. The great
aim of the proprietaries' managers was for Teedyuscung to withdraw his
charge of fraud and forgery. In order to gain this point overtures were
made to the representatives of the Six Nations to undo what had been done,
to establish their own authority, and gain the credit of the peace. Teedyus-
cung and his people absolutely refused to retract anything that had been
said. The debates were warm and determined. It was at length agreed
that everything transacted between Teedyuscung and the English should
stand. The following morning some of the Quakers assembled the chiefs
and old men of the tribes in order to smoke a pipe with them. This meet-
ing was broken up by an invitation from a committee of the assembly and
commissioners to meet the governor in conference so that he could submit
his speech to the Indians to them for advice, it having been agreed that
nothing was to be said to the Indians without the previous knowledge of
the Quakers. At four o'clock of that same afternoon the governors met the
Indians, and on the arising of Teedyuscung to speak, the governor of New
Jersey requested that he might first, in the name of the province, welcome
the Indians. At the conclusion of his remarks Teedyuscung arose and
addressed the governors, saying that he had assembled his people at their
request, that he had already concluded a peace with the governor of Penn-
sylvania for himself and his people, and that he had nothing to do but to
sit and hear, as everything which could be done at present was concluded and
agreed upon.

The following day Teedyuscung arrived at the conference drunk, de-
manding of the governor a package containing a speech of the AlleghanianSj
which had been miscarried by the messengers. This package enclosed a
speech to the governor, which the Alleghanians had mislaid when they had
met at Philadelphia. On the governor informing them that he expected the
package at the conference, they agreed to go to Easton and await his com-
ing, as they had messages for Teedyuscung. They had been informed that
the governor had received their speech, and they requested it might be read,
as they were eager to return home, and a great deal depended on the answer
they were to bring. Teedyuscung was, however, too drunk to attend to
business, and the matter was postponed until the next day. Tagashta, the
Seneca, and other Indians then addressed the meeting.

At the session of the conference held on Friday, the Alleghanies' letter

THE INDIAN TREATIES 97

was read, ami Nichos, a Mohawk, made a speech, disclaiming Teedyuscung's
authority. This Mohawk chief was George Croghan's father-in-law. His
speech was delivered to raise a disturbance amongst the Indians, as Croghan
had been baffled in attemi)ting to i)rejudice Teedyuscung and set him against
the people of the province. There was a private conference on Sunday,
October 15th. but neither Teedyuscung nor any of his people were present.
The public conference was continued the ne.xt day. When it came to reading
the minutes of the day before, the secretary stopped, but at the request of
the Six Nation's chief, they were read. It concerned Teedyuscung; they
claimed that he had no authority o\er the Six Nations, but did not deny
his authority over his own nations, as the governor had expressly declared
the Six Nations were his superiors, and though he acted as the head of his
own four tribes, he acted as messenger for his uncles. The finesse in politics
was displayed by the Six Nations, when the governor demanded the cause
of the Indian war then pending, and called upon them to declare the causes
of it. The chiefs disclaimed concern in it, as it was not by the advice of the
public council of the Nations, though they owned that their young warriors
had been concerned in it. As counselors they could not undertake to assign
the causes of what induced them to strike the English lest it should appear
that they had countenanced the war and left the warriors to speak for them-
selves. The provincial authorities were anxious to have the Six Nations'
speaker say he spoke for the Delawares. Teedyuscung, however, maintained
his independence. Thomas King, the head of the Six Nations, arose and said
that he would speak in behalf of his own people, that there were several
causes of uneasiness in the land question, especially the purchase of 1754 at
Albany. The Munseys the next day demanded their belt of the Six Nations,
and placed their affairs under Teedyuscung's directions. The close of the
conference was nothing but confusion ; Nichos, the Mohawk, said the gov-
ernor left everything in the dark; he or neither of his chiefs knew what
lands he meant; if he spoke of lands beyond the mountains, they had already
confessed to selling them, why v^'ere not the deeds produced and shown to
their cousins, the Delawares? The deed of 1749 was then produced and
shown to Teedj'uscung, but he said he could not understand why it was now
brought up, as all matters pertaining to lands being, as he thought, referred
to the determination of the King of England.

The next day Teedyuscung inquired concerning the deed produced the
previous day. He said he was satisfied his uncles had sold the lands de-
scribed therein, that he made no dispute in regard to the deed, and was
ready to confirm it. His confirming the deed, however, he stated, did not
afifect the claim he had formerly made for the lands that he had principally
been wronged of, the land between the Tohican and the Kittatinny Hills.
Tokahayo, a Cayuga chief, arose, and in a warm speech commended the
conduct of Teedyuscung, and severely reprimanded the English. He closed
as follows: "If the English knew no better how to manage Indian afTairs,
they should not call them together; they had invited them down to brighten
the chains of peace, but instead of that had spent a fortnight wrangling and
disputing about lands."

The Indians, though several times pressed hard, deferred in giving answer

NORTH.— 1—7.

98 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

to the proposal made in behalf of the proprietaries to release back to the
Indians the lands of the purchase of 1754 west of the Alleghany Mountains,
providing the Indians would confirm to them the residue of the purchase.
Deeds had been drawn agreeable to this proposition, it only remained for
the Indians to sign. At a public entertainment given in the evening the
deeds were executed, and in the public council the next day the Indians de-
clared the}' would confirm no more of the lands than was settled in 1754,
for only these they had received consideration, but all the rest they reclaimed.
The deed drawn contained twenty times more land than was settled. The
English settlements, in 1754, extended but a little way up the Juniata and
Sherman's Creek, whereas the new grant reached to the Alleghany Moun-
tains. The fear was entertained that the Indians would disapprove when
they learned of the discrepancy. Yet, as luck would have it, no dire results
occurred.

On the morning of October :23d, one of the Seneca chiefs died; his
funeral the same morning was attended by many of the inhabitants. The
entire day, October 25, was spent by the Indians in distributing presents
among the several tribes. The conference was concluded October 26, with
great joy and mutual satisfaction. Teedyuscung, who was influential in
forming the conference, acted as speaker for many of the tribes. The Six
Nations' chiefs took great umbrage at the impertinence which he assumed,
and endeavored to destroy his influence. Notwithstanding he was well plied
with liquor, he bore himself with dignity and firmness, refusing to succumb
to the Six Nations, and was proof against the wiles of George Croghan and
the governor. The business of the conference was shamefully delayed ; the
time was spent in attempting Teedyuscung's downfall in silencing or con-
tradicting the complaints he had made. He was really, however, more of a
politician than any of his opponents ; if he could have been kept sober he
might have become, in time, emperor of all the neighboring Indian Nations.

The fifth conference opened in Easton, August 5, 1761 ; there were
present on the part of the proprietaries Governor James Hamilton and his
council, Samuel Weiser, James Sherlock, Isaac Still, and Reverend David
Zeisberger, who acted as interpreter. Teedyuscung was present with deputies
from nine tribes ; in all about four hundred attended. The governor alluded
to the death of Colonel Conrad Weiser since the last meeting. The business
of this and the meeting in the following year related chiefly to the settlement
of land matters in the Wyoming \'alley. Presents were distributed and the
treaty was concluded August 12, 1761. The conference the following year
was held at Easton, in June, 1762. The minutes of the provincial council
between June 12th and August i6th are blank. The Archives, however, print
a speech of Teedyuscung dated Easton. June 26, 1762, addressed to Governor
Hamilton and Sir William Johnson, retracting the charge of forgery and
fraud against the proprietaries. To this Governor Hamilton replied from
Easton. under the same date, addressing the same to "Brother Teedyuscung
and all our Indian Brethren now present." and concluded by saying "And
now Brethren, I hope that all heart burnings and animosities are at an end,
and be buried so deep in the earth, as never to rise again, and that we and
our children may live in jjcrfect peace and friendship together as brethren

THE INDIAN TREATIES" 99

as Ions as the sun shines and the rivers run. In confirmation whereof I give
you this belt — a belt of twelve rows."

On May 8, 1765, a treaty of peace was entered into between the Dela-
ware Indians and Sir William Johnson, the King of England's sole agent
and superintentlent of Indian affairs in North America, as follows:

ARTICLK I
Tliat in consideration of the Dclawarcs' several promises of future good behavior,
of their having dehvered up to Colonel Boquct a large number of English who were
their prisoners, and of their cheerfully according to subsequent articles and faithfully
observing them forever hereafter. His Majesty is graciously pleased to pardon what
hath passed, and they shall be once more received into the covenant chain of friend-
ship with the English.

ARTICLE 2

That the Delawares of Susquehanna, who fled from their habitations on the
approach of the parties of Indians and rangers sent against them last year by Sir
William Johnson, be comprised in this treaty and abide by every article contained
therein can in any wise relate to them, in consequence of the treaty entered into
before him at Niagara last summer with the Scnecas, provided they bring in all the
English prisoners, deserters. Frenchmen and Negroes within forty days, agreeable
to the engagements they have lately entered into for the performance of which they
have left two chiefs hostages, that then the Delawares that were taken prisoners last
winter and remain at New York shall be discharged, but the rest who were distributed
among the several nations must remain where they now are.

ARTICLE 3
That the Delawares do immediately open the road of peace throughout every
part of their country, giving free permission to all His Majesty's troops, or other his
subjects to pass through the same; that they likewise open the rivers, allowing a free
and open navigation for boats, canoes, or any other craft to all his Majesty's subject^
forever hereafter; that they engage never more to molest them, either by land or
by water, or cause the same to be done by any other nation or tribe of Indians, but
that they shall use all their endeavors to prevent any such designs and give the
earliest intelligence of them to the English, to whom they shall afford assistance if
required.

ARTICLE 4

That the Delawares do, to the utmost of their powers, immediately open the
road to the Illinois, and use every possible endeavor for obtaining the possession
thereof, and securing the same to the English, that in case Mr. Croghan, deputy agerft
for Indian Affairs be not yet sent out for Illinois from Fort Pitt, they shall send
proper persons to accompany and assist him, and those who go with him to take
possession of the forts and garrisons in that country, ceded by the French to the
Crown of England.

ARTICLE 5

That they do forthwith use all possible means for bringing the Shawnees to a
proper sense of their late conduct, to deliver up all prisoners remaining in their
hands without further delay, and send deputies to Sir William Johnson to treat about
peace.

ARTICLE 6

That they deliver further to the commanding ofTicer at Fort Pitt, those seven
English, yet' among them, as also all deserters. Frenchmen and negroes, and engaged
never to scream, protest, or encourage any such persons for the future, but should
any such persons take refuge amongst them, they are to bring them without delaj^
to the ofTicer commanding at the next garrison, or to the conTmissary, when such is
appointed, who will be empowered to reward them for their trouble.

4 cT-or-if^-q

ioo NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

ARTICLE 7
That they do promise and engage never to take revenge for any act committed
by individuals of the British Nation but to make due complaint thereof to tlie next
commanding officer or the commissary, when appointed, who will apply to gov-
ernment to whom the delinquent belongs, that he may be brought to trial when they
may expect to have strict justice done them. And should any of the Delawares at
any time hereafter, rob, murder, or otherwise misuse any of His Majesty's subjects,
as the Indians have no established laws for punishing the guilty, they are without
excuse or delay to bring such offenders to the nearest garrison, from whence he v.-ill
be sent to the next province in order to take his trial, at which tlie chiefs of the
Delawares may be present, that they may see the charges are fully proved against
him and be sensible of the equity of British laws.

ARTICLE 8
That should any dispute or difference arise relative to lands or otherwise, they
are by no means to insult the officers commanding posts, or any other of His Majesty's
subjects, who cannot be answerable for these matters, but they are to lay their com-
plaints before the deputy agent for that district, who will transmit the same to Sir
William Johnson, that they may obtain justice.

ARTICLE 9
That many of the traders who were plundered and severely treated by the Dela-
wares in 1763, having represented the great distresses to which they arc thereby
reduced and prayed relief. The Delawares are therefore to fall immediately on a
method for making them some restitution by a grant of lands provided His Majesty
shall approve thereof and the Six Nations first give their approbation thereto.

ARTICLE 10
That whenever His Majesty shall be pleased to direct that limits should be
settled between his subjects and the Indians, with their consent, the Delawares engage
to abide by whatever limits shall be agreed upon between the English and the Six
Nations, and shall never disturb His Majesty's subjects upon that accoimt.

, ARTICLE II

That a trade shall be opened as soon as it conveniently may be with the Dela-
wares, which trade will be at the principal posts, and continue during the good be-
haviour of that nation; that they do therefore in an especial manner protect the
persons and properties of the traders who may be going to or returning from the
posts, promising never to take away their horses, or otherwise impede their journeys
or molest them on any account, but in case of fraud they are to lay their complaint
before the commanding officer at the trading post, until the appointment of com-
missaries, who will then have the inspection thereof.

ARTICLE 12

That the Delawares shall communicate the particulars of the peace they have
made to all nations with whom they have any intercourse; that they shall enforce the
observance thereof in an especial manner over their people; and lastly, that they
shall enter into no engagements with any nation whatsoever, without the knowledge
of the Superintendent of Indian .•\ffairs or those duly authorized by the King of
Great Britain.

The treaty was signed on the part of the English by Daniel Clause, Guy John-
son, deputy agent for Indian Affairs, John Butler, and David Owens, Delaware inter-
preter. The Indian signers were Killbuck, alias Beminco, and David or Dochschcwe-
mint, as deputies for the Delaware Nation; Long Coat, alias Anindamooky, and Squas
Cutter, in Delaware Yaghkapoosa, in Six Nations Onossaraquela, chief warrior of
the Delawares and Munsies of Susquehanna. The Indian signatures are accompanied
with peculiar marks or signs indicative of some fancied trait of character, namely a
turtle, a crab, a boat, etc., etc.

Till'. INDIAN TREATIES loi

In the treaty conferences held at Easton, the iiersonality of Tecdyuscung
looms paramount among his red brethren of the wilderness, the English
bred ofiicials representing the proprietaries and the members of the council.
This untutored son of the forest, with a dignity and poise of character, while
attempting no flight of imagery or oratory, his words hurtled from his
tongue like arrows from the bent bow spring. In plain but decided language
he remonstrated against the wrong of the Indians, demanding a just repara-
tion, charging his adversaries not only with corruption, but fraud. Various
attempts were made to destroy his prestige and cast reflection on his honesty
and integrity among his associates and allies. All, however without avail,
and the constant trickery of his enemies in attempting to develop these
charges instead of lessening his power and influence over his subjects, only
strengthened the Indians in acknowledging him as their leader.

Teedyuscung desired peace ; his great efforts were extended in attempting
to secure a permanent abiding place for his red children of the woods, free
from the molestations of the advancing greedy grasp of the incoming white
settlers; this and the restitution for lands already illegally seized were his
only demands. While he was not of the military spirit and ardor of Pontiac,
his compatriot, or later of Tecumseh, he excelled them both in his talent of
diplomacy. That he displayed no great ambition as a military chieftain is
due to the fact of the times, also a determination on his part to accomplish
by peaceful overtures the rights of his people rather than by savage warfare.
That he had military ability and strategy there is no doubt; this is fully
illustrated, when, on receipt of news on his trip to the second conference
that he was menanccd with danger, he cleverly left his path of retreat fully
guarded and protected by his ablest captains and warriors.

Teedyuscung was a Lenni Lenape Indian. His father, Captain Harris,
migrated in 1725 from the home of his ancestors, near the Raritan in New
Jersey, with others of the Turtle tribe, to the province of Pennsylvania. On
arriving at the Forks of the Delaware, finding no white men, they proceeded
unmolested to the Pocopo's country north of the Blue Mountains, the land
of their kinsmen, the Munseys. Here Captain Harris built a wigwam; be-
coming aged and infirm, according to the Indian custom, he was left to
starve to death. He was twice married, and his eldest son was Teedyuscung,
who was born in the first decade of the eighteenth century. He was united,
in 1749. with the Moravian Indian mission at Gnadenhuettcn, and was bap-
tized by Bishop CammerhofT, March 12, 1750, receiving the name of Gideon.
Owing to injuries received by his countrymen, by the whites and the oppres-
sion of the Six Nations, in 1754, he deserted the Moravian mission. Hence-
forward his name is conspicuous in the provincial history of Pennsylvania.

Teedyuscung was also known as Honest John and War Trumpet ; his
worst enemy was the white man's "firewater." His death occurred April 16,
1763, while asleep in his own house under the influence of liquor. He was
burned to death, the incendiary being instigated by his enemies.

On the summit of the precipitous Indian Rock overlooking the pictur-
esOiUe Wassahickon near Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, a handsome bronze
statue has been erected to his memory. In designing the statue the full war
regalia of the Lenni Lenape tribe has been preserved. The rock, which is

ip2

NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

known as Council Rock, is where the last council of the Lenape tribe of
Indians was held in 1763, just before their departure for the reservation
granted them in the Wyoming Valley. There had been, since 1856, a wooden
figure of Teedyuscung on this rock. Here legendary historj- says that he
took his farewell view of the beautiful Wissahikon ravine.

THE NRW VoiiK
PUBLIC LIBRAIIY

Af?T()R. LENOX AND
TIUlBN FOUNDATIONS

CHAPTER X
TRAVEL— ROAD— WATER— RAIL

Before the organization of Nortliampton county the only road reaching
to the pioneer settlers was, as it was then called, the "King Road," which
started at I'hiladelphia, its terminus being Jones' Island, about a mile below
Bethlehem. It was really prior to this nothing more than an Indian trail,
known as "The Winisink Path," which the warriors of that tribe from time
immemorial had passed to and fro between the Blue Mountains and tide
water. This road was, however, imjiroved from time to time until it became
a good and solid highway. There was laid out, in 1735, a road from Goshen-
hopper, in Montgomery county, to Upper Macungie township, then in the
territory of Bucks county, but embraced in Northampton county at the
time of its erection. This highway began about a quarter of a mile north-
west of Breinersville, in Upper Macungie, crossed the Little Lehigh, and
thence through the present borough of Macungie and the villages of Shimers-
ville, Old Zionsvillc, New Zionsville, Ilosensack and Gerryville to North
Wales, where it joined the road from New Goshenhopper to Philadelphia. A
few years elapsed when a road was opened from Nazareth to the Depui settle-
ment at the Minisink, and in 1744 the inhabitants petitioned the general
assembly to extend the road to the mouth of the Saucon creek. The same
year a road was laid out from Walpack Ferry on the Upper Delaware river
above the mountains to a point on the Lehigh river. This road was nearly
thirty-eight miles in length.

Though the assembly granted a petition in 1745 for a road to run from
Bethlehem to a point where the Lehigh river enters the Delaware river,
which was to connect with a ferry for New Jersey, it was several years before
the road was built. The German settlements in Macungie township were,
in 1746, connected with the Lehigh river opposite Bethlehem with a high-
way running in a northeasterly direction. The assembly granted a petition
in 1746 to lay a road from the Saucon creek by way of Bethlehem to Mahon-
ing creek beyond the mountains, but it was several years before it was sur-
veyed. On the petition of divers inhabitants of Bucks and Northampton
counties, in 1752, the right of way for a road w-as granted from what is now
Zionsvillc to Slatington, and David Schultz surveyed for a road to connect
Easton with Reading. It will be seen that in projecting the main arteries of
travel that the common center point w^as the town of Bethlehem, which at
that time was more populated than other towns in the county. It would
be well to bear in mind that the mere granting and surveying for a road did
not accomplish its completion. The IMacungie Settlements' road to Bethle-
hem was a bridle path for fifteen years, and it was after 1760 before it be-
came in any sense a wagon road. The road from Martin's Ferry to the
mouth of the Lehigh river was not even surveyed for seven years after the
petition was granted, and it was not until years later that it was completed
for the passage of vehicles. Thus it will be seen that in 1763 there was

I04 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

not really a good public high\<-ay in the boundaries of Northampton county.
The best, however, was the "King Road" from Philadelphia to Bethlehem;
the Durham road, which struck the Lehigh river at Easton was, to all intents
and purposes, impassable. These highways were, however, the forerunners
for the internal communications that brought the settlers residing in the
outmost limits of the county in touch with a common center for intercourse
and commerce.

The rivers and streams before the coming of the white man had been
forded or the passage made in Indian canoes. The settlement of the whites
called for public crossings and even before 1739 Peter Raub conducted a
ferry at the mouth of the Po-Pohatcong creek, which connected with two
roads that met at this point, one leading from Brunswick, New Jersey, the
other from Trenton and South Jersey. It was in 1739 that David Martin
received rights for a ferry at the Forks of the Delaware. This country was
rapidly filling up with settlers, and the traffic for transportation across the
river increased largely. David Martin died in 1744, and the ferry was after-
wards conducted by his heirs. At the time of the surveying for the site of
Easton, in 1752, the river front on the Lehigh river was reserved for a new
ferry. This was a creation of William Parsons. The two ferries were con-
solidated by the purchase from the Martin heirs of the property on the
Jersey side of the river and the foreclosure of that portion on the Pennsyl-
vania side, which was held only by lease.

Parsons conducted the Lehigh ferry and the one crossing the Delaware
river he leased to Nathaniel Vernon. The latter had been ferryman for the
Martin heirs, through whom he had acquired some rights in the ferry prop-
erty, which Parsons ignored, and he brought suit for ejectment. A verdict
was rendered in favor of Vernon, the legal war between the two contestants
continuing until the death of Parsons. The executors of Parsons' estate
finally made a settlement with Vernon and the two ferries were again con-
solidated and leased to Louis Gordon for £50 per annum, the tenant to keep
boats in repair. Gordon sublet to Daniel Brodhead for four years, then
later conducted it himself with Jacob and Peter Ehler as ferrymen, who, in
1778, leased the property from Gordon. After the Revolutionary war the
Penns sold the ferry rights to Jeremiah Piersoll, who employed Abraham
Horn and Jacob Shouse as ferrymen. They, in 1790, acquired the rights.
Abraham Horn finally became the sole owner of the ferry on the Lehigh
river, which he conducted with profit for a number of years. In 1795 he
conceived the scheme of discontinuing the ferry and constructing a bridge.
At this time he was county commissioner and abutments on each side of
the river were constructed, and in 1797 Horn was given the contract to erect
the bridge. The plan of the bridge was original with Horn, who assumed
all responsibility for its success. The design was in the form of an arch
of one span 280 feet long. This was not intended to be its only support, as
there was included in the contract for the abutments an anchorage for chains.
A few days after the completion of the bridge it collapsed, just after a four
horse team had crossed over it, which barely reached the opposite side in
safety. Horn replaced the bridge, which remained for less than ten years,
when it was destroyed by a freshet. A new bridge was not constructed

Tin: ,H^^ u,,, '

FERRY HOUSE OF XATHAXIEL XEKXOX

FERRY HOUSE OF DA\"1D MARTIX, 1739

TRAVEL— ROAD— WATER— RAIL 105

until iHii ; this was known as the "Chain Bridg'c"; it was in three spans on
two stone piers, 423 feet in length, 25 feet wide. This bridge withstood several
freshets, but began to weaken in 1837, and was replaced with a wooden
structure. The latter finally succumbed in the freshet of 1841, and two
years later another bridge was constructed, which was carried away bodily
by the great freshet of 1862, and was rei>laccd by a bridge of iron tubing.
This was condemned as unsafe in 1889, and another iron bridge erected ; it
was made of heavy iron and it was discovered that it was of such a weight
that it was liable to colla])se. It was frequently condemned as unsafe and in
1912 it was replaced by the present modern bridge of reinforced concrete.

The bridge across the Delaware river connecting Easton with the New
Jersey shore was formally opened in 18(17. It had been commenced in 1797,
the delay being caused by the lack of funds. The structure when completed
was strong and substantial, and reflected great credit on its architect, Cyrus
Palmer of Newburyport, Massachusetts. It was the only bridge above
Trenton, New Jersey, that was left standing in the great flood of 1841. The
principle of its construction was arch and truss combined. Its length be-
tween the abutments was 600 feet, embraced on three spans, divided and
supported by two massive stone piers in the river. Its width was 34 feet,
the total cost being $61,854.57. The bridge was made free to pedestrians on
November i, 1856. In the course of time it gave place to the present bridge
which connects Phillipsburg, New Jersey, with Easton.

The pioneer of the stage lines in Northampton county was George
Klein of Bethlehem. He made his first trip in September, 1763, between
Bethlehem and Philadelphia. He ran regularly, making weekly rotmd trips,
leaving the Sun Tavern in Bethlehem on Monday and the return trip on
Thursday from an inn called the King of Prussia, located on Race street in
Philadelphia. The distance covered was nearly fifty-three miles.

Easton. by its geographical position and the commercial character of its
population, early established by stages intimate relations not only with
Philadelphia but with many of the surrounding towns in its near vicinity,
also at a great distance. The finst to establish a stage route from Easton
was Frederick Nicholas in 1796. The route was via Doylestown to Phila-
delphia. There was another route via Bristol, Pennsylvania, to Philadelphia.
At the commencement a weekly trip was made and the mail was carried ;
each passenger was allowed fourteen jjounds of baggage; the fare was three
dollars from Bethlehem to Philadelphia, and way passengers were charged
at the rate of six cents a mile. Stages were dispatched from Wind Gap and
Allentown, which connected at Bethlehem with the Philadelphia stage. The
stage routes did a lucrative business. In t8io Mr. Nicholas made another
step forward by advertising that his line would make a trip every two days.
This schedule continued until 1815, when the people of Easton were elated
by the announcement of a daily line to Philadelphia.

The famous opposition line was established in 1825 by William Shouse,
the proprietor of the Green Tree Tavern in Easton, in connection with
Colonel Reeside of Philadelphia, one of the most extensive stage and mail
contractors in the United States. No expense was spared to make the new
stage line attractive to the traveling public. Troy coaches, elegantly painted

io6 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

and equipped with perfectly matched swift team horses, were purchased.
The proprietors determined that to win success they would sacrifice every-
thing to the convenience and comfort of their patrons. This competition
led to one of the most fiercely contested stage wars ever known in Penn-
sylvania. Both lines had magnificent horses, fearless drivers, and the time
to Philadelphia was reduced to fifteen hours ; eight hours was nothing
remarkable, the distance being made a number of times in six hours. The
relay stations were Bucksville, Doylestown and Willow Grove. The oppo-
sition fight while it lasted was bitter, though neither company gained the
ascendancy. Finally Colonel Recside, through his influence with the adminis-
tration, obtained the mail contract with a specification that he should offer
to buy the stock of the old line at a fair valuation. His offer was accepted
by the old line proprietors, and the opposition war was ended.

From 1825 to 1830 there were in all ten stage routes leaving Easton in
various directions ; first in importance was the route from Easton to Philadel-
phia, which was fifty-six miles in length. The next of importance was the line
between Easton and Newark, New Jersey, established in 1830 by William
Shouse, associated with J. J- Roy of Newark, Colonel McCurry and N. B.
Lull of Alorristown, and James Anderson of Andersontown. This line passed
through Washington and Morristown, New Jersey, and was sixty-two miles
in length. The route to New Brunswick, Clinton and Somerville via Blooms-
bury, New Jersey, was forty-five miles in length ; passengers took the
steamboat at New Brunswick for New York City. The line was operated
b)' William and Samuel Shouse and Richard Stout of North Branch, New
Jersey. The Wilkes-Barre route via Nazareth, Wind Gap, Ross Common
and Pokono was sixty-five miles in length, and was operated by Andrew
Whitesell of Nazareth, James Ely of Ross Common, and Josiah Horton of
Wilkes-Barre. The line via Stockertown, Wind Gap and Tannersville was
eighty-one miles in length, and was along the "North and South Turnpike."
It was operated bj- William and Samuel Shouse of Easton, James Ely of
Ross Common, and Daniel Kramer of Allentown. The stage line to Berwick
via Bath, Cherryville, Lehigh Gap, Lehighton, ]\Iauch Chunk and Beaver
Meadow was sixty-five miles in length, and the sole proprietor was John
Jones of Berwick. In 1820 John Adam Copp opened a stage line from
Easton via Bethlehem, .'\llentown, Kutztown and Reading to Lancaster, one
hundred and six miles in length. This route carried the mail between Easton
and Lancaster: in 1826 the contract was awarded to the lowest bidder, and
the route was parcelled out to a number of parties and instead of remaining a
continuous route was broken up into short distances from station to station.

The route to Milford via Richmond, Water Gap and Stroudsburg was
sixty m.iles in length ; it was operated by Benjamin Depue of Centersville
and William Dean of Stroudsburg. By the river stage route to Philadelphia
via Dur'iam to Bristol the passengers took a steamboat at the latter place
for the remainder of the journey to Philadelphia. This was not a very
profitable line ; its operators were William Shouse of Easton, John Johnson
of Monroe, Dr. Jenks of Newton, New Jersey, and John Bissanett of French-
town, New Jersej-. The Bethlehem line to Philadelphia, also its extension
to Nazareth, was owned by Andrew Whitsell of Nazareth ; it was the most

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PUBLIC LIBllAUY

ASTOR. LENdX ANf)

TTLflgN rol.'NDATUlNa

re E "1 D

F^r

■y,-

Li Li iiW

"^feJS-^^,

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DRAn.HT ( ii- THK M( iR \\i \x Hi iTSK AT KASTi )\

A SECTION' OF THE OLD DELAWARE FERRY ROAD ABOUT 1860 L\ REAR OF

BREWERY, EASTON

TRAVEL— ROAD— WATER— RATI. 107

poi)iilar route to the capital city. The stage line from Easton to Newton,
New Jersey, was forty miles in length; it was operated by Simeon Mains of
Newton, New Jersey, and the princii)al intermediate points were Belvidere
and Hope, New Jersey. This line was not very enterprising and was the
only one not using Troy coaches and four horses. Thus ended the days of
stage coaching as a vital factor in the internal improvements of the county.
The iron horse was heralding its advance to lessen the time consumed
between the jiroductive centers of the county and the marts of merchandise.

In the early pioneer days the rivers were used for rafting logs. Accord-
ing to a newspajier account, the first that navigated a run of logs was one
Skinner. This was in 1746; he was assisted by one Parks, and on reaching
Philadelphia they were given the freedom of the city. Skinner was created
I.ord-Iligh-Admiral of the Delaware, which title he bore to his death. The
first raft of logs consisted of six pine trees, seventy feet long', to be used for
masts of ships then building in Philadelphia. There soon appeared on the
rivers, as rivals of the Indian canoes, a flat boat, and what was known as
the Durham boat. The flat boats were made square above the heads and
sterns, sloping a little fore and aft; they were generally forty or fifty feet
in length, six to seven feet wide, and about three feet deep. When loaded
they drew twenty to twenty-two inches of water and could carry from five
hundred to six hundred bushels of grain. Freight from Easton to Phila-
del])hia was twenty shillings per ton for iron; seven pence a bushel for grain;
two shillings six pence for a barrel of flour. The Durham boat was shaped
like an Indian canoe, hut was wide and long. It came into use fifty years be-
fore the Revolutionary War and probably got its name from freighting iron
from the Durham Furnace. The boat was about sixty feet long, seven and a
half feet wide, and thirty inches deep, with a fifteen-inch running-board on the
inner sides. The boats floated down the stream with the current, and were
propelled upstream by "setting" with long poles shod with iron.

The navigation of the Lehigh river was a subject of discussion as early
as March 9, 1771, when an act was passed by the assembly declaring it a
common highway and appointing commissioners to improve the navigation
of the stream. The Lehigh Navigation Company was authorized February
27, 1798. to secure subscriptions to its stock, also to raise by lottery ten
thousand dollars to be used for the improvement of the river. The Lehigh
Coal Mine Company had been organized February 13, 1792 ; it had secured
ten thousand acres of land, the greater part of which contained coal deposits.
The mines remained neglected until 1806, when the Ark, a rough lumber boat,
sixteen feet wide, twenty feet long, was built, which conveyed two hundred
to three hundred bushels of coal to Philadelphia. This ark was duplicated,
and when they reached Philadelphia they were taken apart and the lumber
sold. Large boats of this pattern were afterwards built and they were con-
tinued in use until 1831. "Bear trap" dams were built to form pools of water,
which overflowed and filled the river-bed below to its ordinary flow; the sluice
gates were then let down and a current was created that would move the
arks collected in the pool down the artificial flood. Twelve of these dams
and sluices were built in 1819.

The Lehigh Navigation Company was organized August 10, 1818. On

io8 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

October 2ist of that year the Lehigh Coal Company was formed, and on
April 21, 1820, the two companies were consolidated under the title of the
Lehigh Navigation and Coal Company, and later this corporation was em-
powered to commence a slack water navigation upon the Lehigh river.
Work on a canal commenced in 1827 with thirteen hands, at the mouth of
the Nesquehoning creek. The employes were soon increased to seventy,
subsequently further increased. This method of transportation was com-
menced while the country north of the Lehigh Gap was still a wilderness.
The canal was completed in 1838 from the headwaters of the Delaware river
to Easton, a distance of forty-six miles, there being fifty locks in that
<livision. The Lehigh canal from Mauch Chunk to Easton was opened for
navigation in June, 1829, when boats passed through the canal to Easton,
then went to New York City by the way of the Delaware river, entering the
Delaware and Raritan canal at Bordentown, New Jersey.

Three years later the Delaware Division canal was opened from Easton
to Bristol, Pennsylvania, a distance of sixty miles. The canal, however, was
badly constructed ; it was several years before the boats of large capacity
could navigate on its waters. There were eight miles of the canal in
Northampton county. It was forty feet wide, five feet deep, with twenty-
three locks, ninety feet long, eleven feet wide, and from six to ten feet high.
The cost of construction and rights of way was $1,374,744. There was built
in 1854 an outlet lock at New Hope, Pennsylvania, and boats crossed the
Delaware river to Lambertville, New Jersey ; from this point then the course
was down the feeder of the Delaware and Raritan canal to Trenton, New
Jersey, thence to New Brunswick, New Jersey, then via the Raritan river
to New York City.

The heavy and incessant rains which fell in torrents caused the streams
to rise rapidly, and on November 4. 1840, the Lehigh river, fed from its
tributaries among the mountains, was a roaring body of water. A new dam
that was being constructed at the mouth of the river was considerably dam-
aged ; a fireproof brick building of four stories, below the dam, was entirely
demolished. Two months later, on January 8, 1S41, the Delaware and Lehigh
rivers, on account of long continued rains and thawing of the snow in the
mountains, were at high water mark. The Delaware river rose to a maximum
height of thirty-five feet above low water mark, and the freshet carried away
houses, barns, fences, animals and grain. On the Lehigh, every bridge below
Lehigh Gap was swept away. The dwellings along the banks of the river
were inundated, filling the lower stories with water and causing extensive
damage to furniture and movables. Another disastrous flood caused by a
steady fall of rain occurred on the Lehigh on June 3d and 4th, 1862. The
rise of the water was equal to that of the flood of 1841, but it was more
disastrous, owing to the large amount of improvements that had been made
in the valley. Early on the morning of June 4th the river was discovered
to be literally covered with floating timber, boats, houses, stables, bridges,
furniture and articles of every kind used in civilized society. All the bridges
from Mauch Chunk to Easton were either wholly or in part gone. There
were over fifty persons drowned ; in some cases whole families perished.

The navigation of the Delaware river by steam propelled vessels became

STAGE COACH BETWEEN EASTOX AXD PHILADELPHIA

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B • L

TRAVEL— ROAD— WATER— RAIL 109

an important question on the opening, February 26, 1851, of tlic Bclviderc and
Delaware Railroad from Trenton to Lamljcrtville, New Jersey. In 1852 the
side-wheel steamboat Major C. Barnet made rcj^iilar trips between Lanibert\ille
and Easton, connecting with the trains. The change in the height of the water
and the rocky rapids in the river interposed such difficulties that the Barnet
was changed for the Reindeer, a small stern-wheel boat. The Barnet attempted
an excursion trip to Easton in the late fall, but, failing to pass Howells Falls,
the boat returned to Lambertville and went into winter quarters. The regular
trips to Easton were begun in the spring, and on April 19, 1852. the Barnet
brought from Easton one hundred and twenty persons to Kossuth's reception
at Trenton, New Jersey. There is no record of the discontinuance of the
Barnet's trips. The first trip of the Reindeer from Lambertville to Easton was
made April 28, 1852, but the enterprise was soon abandoned.

There was an agitati,(jn in the summer of 1859 to navigate the upper
waters of the Delaware. The Alfred Thomas, a small steamboat, was built in
Easton to ply between Belviderc, New Jersey, and Port Jervis, New York.
A company was incorporated under the name of the Kittatinny Improvement
Company, with eight stockholders. The distance was about sixty miles. The
steamboat was built by Thomas Bishop of Easton, and William R. Sharp
and Richard Holcomb, both of Belviderc, and Alfred Thomas of Easton were
deputized to oversee the construction of the boat. The dimensions of the
steamboat were between eighty and ninety feet in length, fourteen feet in
width, and it was about one hundred tons' burden. On the morning of March
6th, with an American flag flying from the upper deck and about one hundred
passengers aboard, the steamer left her dock at Easton and proceeded up the
river. At noon she had reached Keller's hotel, where all but thirty-three of
her passengers disembarked ; the remaining twenty were citizens of Easton.
During the journey up the river the engineer, to effect the passage of the
rapids, forced the pressure of steam to one hundred and twenty pounds a
square inch. This was too great a strain on the boiler, and it exploded with
a detonation that shook the towns and hills around as if by an earthquake.
The fore part of the vessel was blown into fragments, human bodies were
hurled forty feet in the air, others were torn to pieces, limbs were broken,
and many shockingly bruised. Judge William R. Sharp and Richard Hol-
comb of Belviderc, two of the original incorporators, George Schaeff, fireman,
Samuel Schaeff, engineer, George Smith and Joseph Weaver of Easton, were
killed ; Valentine Schooley, Samuel Yates, Henry Mebler and Arthur Kessler,
all of Easton, were mortally wounded. Peter Bercaw, William Diehl, Robert
Burrill, Edward Mclntire, Eugene Troxell and Richard Williams were either
wounded or bruised. The coroner's jury, which convened at Easton on March
7, i860, gave as their opinion that the disaster was caused by the overheating
of the boiler, owing to a deficient suppl}' of water, and that the boiler was
improperly constructed, that the gauge-cocks were placed too low, the lower
one being below the crown-sheet and the second lower than the first should
have been ; the boiler was constructed under the supervision of Samuel
Schaeff, the engineer of the boat, and in the jury's opinion he did not
exercise due care and skill.

One of the first charters granted in ;\merica for the building of a railroad

no NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

was in 1819 to Henry Drinker, by the Pennsylvania legislature, for a railroad
from the Delaware valley to the headwaters of the Lehigh river over the route
now occupied by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad from
the Water Gap to Scranton, Pennsylvania. This was before the days of
steam and the motive power was horses or mules. It was on July 2, 1852,
over the Central Railroad of New Jersey, that the first train of eight passen-
ger cars left Elizabeth, New Jersey, and arrived at Phillipsburg, New Jersey,
at two o'clock in the afternoon. The railroad bridge across the Delaware
had not been completed, but Easton was recognized as the terminus of the
road. This was a great day for Northampton county, as it heralded its rail-
road connection with the eastern markets. The day was duly celebrated with
music, a procession, feasting and speechmaking. Two years afterwards, on
February 3, 1854, came the opening of the Belvidere and Delaware Railroad,
now of the Pennsylvania system. Though this was entirely a New Jersey
railroad, not entering at all on the Pennsylvania side of the river, its opening
was regarded by the people of Easton as having particular significance for
them and their borough. In 1855 the formal opening of the Lehigh Valley
Railroad took place. This railroad was originally incorporated under the
name of the Delaware, Lehigh, Schuylkill and Susquehanna Railroad Com-
pany by an act passed by the legislature, April 21, 1846, at the request of
James M. Porter, Peter S. Michlcr, Abraham Miller and others of Northamp-
ton county, in connection with citizens of Lehigh county. Later James M.
Porter was elected the first president of the corporation. The first survey
for the road was made in 1850 by Roswell B. Mason along the Lehigh river
to Mahoning creek. It was on March 10, 1851, the construction was started
on the first sixteen miles, from the Delaware river to a point near Allcntown.
Asa Packer at this time became identified in the construction of the road,
also as a stockholder. The road was completed September 24, 1855. The
name of the corporation was changed on January 7, 1853, to the Lehigh
Valley Railroad Company. James M. Porter remained president of the rail-
road until 1856, when the general offices being removed in that year from
Easton to Philadelphia, he declined a re-election on account of his large legal
practice. The Lehigh \'alley Railroad became an avenue of great importance
to the people, establishing at Bethlehem connections with Philadelphia and
the southern portions of the country. These three main arteries of railroad
transportation, with their different branches in the county, afforded the people
intercourse whh the great metropolitan cities of the United States. Branches
of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad are also units in the
commercial transportation of the county. One is the Morris and Essex road
Cnow operated by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western), which runs to
Phillipsburg. New Jersey, another from the Water Gap to Bangor and Port-
land. The Lehigh and New England Railroad crosses the northern portion
of the county.

Easton is the centre of a great network of interurban trolleys. One set,
controlled by the Easton Transit Company, has a splendid suburban system
reaching all local points and interurban lines out to Alpha, New Jersey,
where large cement works are located, and to Bethlehem, South Bethlehem
and Nazareth. These lines make direct connections with all points in the

AT BRUTZMAN AND HESTER xMlLL— HUME UF THE MILLER OLD
FOOT BRIDGE— AROL'T 1800

LAWRENCE MERKLE'S HOUSE, 1740: FERRY HOUSE, 1752: LAl-AVETTE
COLLEGE, 1832 (Photo 1911)

THK NEW YORK

PUBLIC LIBRARY

ASTOB, LENOX \S])

TiLIibN ™iM)ATH)NS

TRAVEL— ROAD— WATER— RAIL iir

Lchi};h Valley and at Allcntown for Philadelphia. Another system, the
Philadelphia and Easton, extends from Easton to Philadelphia, via Doyles-
town ani,l Willow Grove, traversing^ the rif^ht bank of the Delaware river for
fifteen or eighteen miles and affording scenery unsurpassed by any trolley
road in the United States. Two other roads, the Northampton Traction
Company and the Northampton, Easton and Washingon Traction (familiarly
known as the Hay Lines), extend both in Pennsylvania and New Jersey
from Easton. The first-named extends from Easton to Nazareth, the centre
of the cement belt of the United States, and to Bangor, the centre of the
slate producing region of this country, thence to the Delaware Water Gap
and Stroudsburg, reaching the very heart of the Pocono Mountains, the
famous mountain resort of the Eastern States. The Jersey road, called the
Northampton-Easton and Washington, extends from Phillipsburg due east
through the Alusconetcong valley almost to Hackcttstown, through the
important points, New Village and Washington. It is intended in the near
future to connect this line with Lake Hopatcong.

THE NI-W VOHk
PUBLIC LIDIIAIIV

A.STOR. LENOX ^Nl)

TILDbN FOt'NriATinNS

K • L

trt-

,. .^,vOGOTT GAP, LEHIGH \ALLEY

CHAPTER XI
THE PENNAAHTE WAR

The scene of this conflict between the Pennsylvania and Connecticut
authorities, though not within the j^resent limits of Northampton county, was,
at the time of its occurrence, in the confines of the newly organized county.
The contestants were descended from Connecticut Puritanism. There had
been engrafted upon Puritanism in America a new idea and source of power
progressiveness. Connecticut was its first exemplar, and led the new advance.
There was a great westward pressure in creating new settlements in the
latter part of the seventeenth century, and as early as 1680 Connecticut had
sent ofTshots of population into New Jersey and lower Pennsylvania, as well
as into some continguous territory.

Connecticut's charter had been granted by Charles II in 1662, and like
all of the earlier charters of that day was ambiguous in regard to boundary
lines. It clearly conveyed to that colony, besides the present state boun-
daries, all of the land west of it to the extent of is breadth, from sea to sea,
or "to the South Sea." This would have brought Connecticut's western
extension nearly quite down to the 41st degree of north latitude, or almost
to the Delaware Water Gap.

The charter granted to Pennsylvania by the same sovereign nineteen
years afterwards extended through the 42d degree of north latitude, or to the
beginning of the 43d degree of north latitude, thus overlapping by one degree
the grant made to Connecticut. The attorney of the Crown, Sir William
Jones, in reporting to Charles II on the patent desired by William Penn,
stated that it seemed to be undisposed lands except the imaginary lines of
New England patents, which, on their westwardly boundaries to the main
ocean, gave them a real though impracticable right to all of those vast terri-
tories. Thus the seed of strife of the Pennamite war was sown far away in
the mother country. The peace-loving Quaker colony's territorial boun-
daries had been assaulted on all sides. Maryland and Virginia had endeavored
to despoil her on the south, and New York and even New Jersey had
sought to secure a fraction of her dominion ; however, their efforts were all
brief, bloodless and without results. Thus there was nothing new in Con-
necticut's purpose regarding the invasion of Pennsylvania. It was merely a
manifestation of an old-time tendency turned in a new direction, and was
more carefully planned and very much more pertinaciously prosecuted. In
her early dreams of territorial expansion, Connecticut was obliged by certain
conditions in her charter to pass over the lovely valley of the Pludson and
other New York territory which, no doubt, caused her acquisitive people a
sharp pang of regret; but, curiously enough, she did not let this interruption
of her claim bar her from seizure of the lands still farther west.

It was on February 8, 1754, that William Parsons notified Governor
Hamilton that he had been informed on undisputed authority that three
gentlemen-like men had visited the Wyoming valley and viewed the lands

NORTH.— 1—8.

114 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

on the Susquehanna river, and had given out that the lands were within the
boundaries of the charter of Connecticut, and they intended the following
spring to settle a considerable number of families on the tract, and invited
the present settlers to accept titles under the government of Connecticut for
part of these lands. Previous to this, however, as early as the summer of
1750, spies had been sent out by Connecticut parties to view the virginal
valley of Wyoming. Three years later the Susquehanna Company was
formed, consisting of 840 persons, afterwards augmented to 1,200, and it
proposed to occupy the coveted lands. The first step to this end was to
send agents to Albany in 1754 to purchase from the Six Nations the land
in the Wyoming valley. The Pennsylvanians immediately became alert to
the danger that was menacing the province ; their protests were unavailing,
and the Susquehanna Company, on the payment of two thousand dollars,
became possessed of the Indian title to the land, which they regarded as
completing the legal title received from their colony. Governor Hamilton
remonstrated to Governor Oliver Wolcott of Connecticut, writing him against
the proposed settlement. The diplomatic governor of Connecticut answered
him in a non-committal but persuasive way, and touched the keynote of the
"Pennamite War." He ignored any response to the request to restrain the
invaders, but urged that those who became settlers should be made free-
holders, arguing they would be of inestimable value in case of French
aggression, as they would have something to fight for — their own possessions.
This was, however, in direct contradiction to the heirs of William Penn, who
owned the lands of the province in fee simple, and their policy was to settle
the best of them under leases. This was a feature of feudalism, and the
vital question underlying the Wyoming controversy was whether those who
cultivated the acres they dwelt upon should become serfs or freeholders.
The Connecticut settlers received sympathy from a considerable element of
the Pennsj'lvania people, who were opposed to this element of feudalism.
The proprietors did not want them for settlers, as they were certain that
they would not prove submissive or tractable to ideas which governed the
landed aristocracy. This was the secret of the motive for the constant resort
to official and military demonstrations by which the Penns sought the forcible
expulsion of the settlers rather than the emi)loymcnt of diplomacy to obtain a
peaceful settlement.

Indian wars intervening, the Susquelianna Company effected no settle-
ment between its organization and 1762. The Delaware Company, another
Connecticut organization, had begun in June, 1757, in the valley of the upper
Delaware, a settlement which the}' called Cushutunk. Here, in a tiny niche
on the western bank of the river near the north line of Pennsylvania, a
cluster of rude log cabins was erected. It was only a minute dot that the
Connecticut Yankees placed in the present county of Wayne in Penn's
dominion ; it had but thirty families, but it involved most momentous issues.
It was the first pioneer settlement of the Connecticut people within the
boundaries of Penn's province, the first overt act of intercolonial intrusion.

Governor Hamilton on September 16, 1761, issued his second proclama-
tion as follows: "Whereas divers persons, the natural born Subjects oT his
Majesty belonging to some of our neighboring colonies, have lately come into

THE PENNAMITE WAR 115

this Province and witliont any license or (jrant from the Honourable pro-
prietaries, or Authority from the Government, have presumed in a Body to
possess themselves of and settle u])on a larpe Tract of land in this province
not yet jjurchased from the Indians near Cushictunck on the River Delaware
in the upper jiart of Northampton County and endeavorinj:: to persuade and
invcifjlc many of the Inhabitants of this land and neighboring Provinces to
confederate and join them in their illegal and dangerous designs; and to assist
in settling and holding the said Lands by strong hand. And IVhercas, The
Delaware Chief Teedyuscung hath made a very earnest and formal Complaint
and Remonstrance to me against the said practices, insisting that the settlers
should be immediately removed by the Government to which they belonged
or by me; and declared if this was not done, the Indians would come and
remove them by force, and do themselves Justice; with which he desired
they might be made acquainted beforehand, that they might not pretend
Ignorance ; which has been accordingly done by my Order. And Whereas
since the making of the above complaint by Teedyuscung, the chiefs of the
Six Nations, who were present at the Treaty held at Easton in the month of
August last, did in the most earnest manner renew the said Complaint &
remonstrance, and insist that this Government should afford them its aid in
obliging the said Intruders to remove ; affirming 'That the said Lands had
never yet been sold, or were intended to be sold by them, to any person or
persons, whatsoever, notwithstanding what the said Intruders have said, or
may continue to say to the contrary ; and if any Indian or Indians have taken
upon them to sell or dispose of the said Lands, they had done it unknown
to the Six Nations, and had stolen them, with a view to fill their pockets
with the Money.' Wherefore, as well to assert the just Rights of the Pro-
prietaries of this Province to the said Land, &: to preserve the peace and
Friendship which is so happily restored & subsisting between us and the
Indians, & to prevent the terrible Consequences that must ncessarily arise
by their carrying into Execution their Threats of removing by Force, the
Intruders on the said Lands, as also, to warn and prevent any of the Inhabi-
tants of this Province from being unwarily drawn into to join said Intruders,
in their intended design of making Settlements in the said Indian Country,
I have judged it proper, by and with ye advice of ye council, to issue this,
my second Proclamation, hereby strictl}' requiring &: enjoining in his Majes-
ty's Name, all and every person and persons already settled, or residing on
the said Lands, immediately to depart & move away from same ; And do
hereby forbid all his Majestie's Subjects of this & any other Province, or
Colony, on any pretense whatsoever, to intrude upon, settle, or possess any
of the said Lands, or any other, the Lands within the Limits of this Province,
not yet purchased of the Indians, as they will answer the contrary at their
peril, and on pain of being prosecuted with utmost Rigour of the Law. And
I do hereby, also, strictly charge, enjoin, and require all Sherififs, Magistrates,
Peace Officers, and all other, his Majesty's Liege People within this Prov-
ince, to exert themselves, and use their utmost endeavors to prosecute, and
bring to Justice and condign punishment, all offenders in the Premises."

The sheriff of Northampton county in a report to the governor of his
failure to remove the intruders, October 15, 1760, states that the settlers had

ii6 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

selected a committee to manage and transact all business, that they had laid
out and surveyed the lands and erected three townships, ten miles in length
and eight miles in breadth, and had built on the lowlands three loghouses,
thirty cabins, a sawmill and a gristmill. There were about twenty men in
the settlement besides women and children, and about twenty men had
returned to Connecticut for supplies, and they were expecting one hundred
families the following spring. The lanrl sold for eight to ten dollars for
two hundred acres, twelve acres of which were to be cleared and improved,
with a house built thereon in three j-ears, or the land was forfeited. Among

the committee and proprietors was Fitch, a son of the then governor

of Connecticut ; Isaac Tracey, who owned the sawmill ; Gebish Fitch ; John

Curtuis ; Elisha Tracey ; Benejah Park ; Peebody, a surveyor ; Moses

Thomas; Benejah Geers ; Hezekiah Huntingdon, a late governor of Connecti-
cut; Stephen Kenney, Robert Kinsman; John Burchard. Among the settlers

were Stanton ; Trim ; Daniel Skinner, Aaron Thomas ;

Simon Corking, who had been a justice and lieutenant in Connecticut, a busy

fellow and a ringleader; • Holly; John Smith; John Corkins; Jediah

Welles ; Jediah Welles, Jr. ; James Adams ; Benjamin Ashley ; Nathan Chap-
man ; Doctor Payne, Kellick.

Such was the situation in the spring of 1762. The Pennsylvanians based
their claim that in 1736 the .Six Nations granted to them the right of pre-
emption to all lands within the bounds of their charter ; therefore the sachems
were not authorized to sell to anyone else. This is controverted that the
Indians understood at that time that the claim of William Penn did not
extend beyond the Blue Mountains in the direction of Wyoming. They also
declined to treat with the Penn Proprietaries because the latter ignored tlieir
assertion that they had subdued the Delawares and made compact with their
subjects as an independent people. There were strenuous efforts made by
the proprietaries of Pennsylvania to prove the invalidity of the Indians' sale
to the Connecticut companies. Teedyuscung, at the Treaty of Easton in
'757. demanded the lands at Wyoming and adjacent parts for the Delawares
for their habitation, which vv'as consented to by the proprietaries through
their deputy, Mr. Croghan, and with the representatives of the Six Nations
present. Houses had been built for them on the tract and the Indians
resented their dispossession. There is no disjiute that both by the Charter
of Connecticut and their purchase from the Aborigines the priority in time
is to be awarded to the Connecticut companies.

As the spring of 1762 advanced, a party of immigrants came from Con-
necticut to the valley of the Wyoming, and settled under the auspices of the
Susquehanna Company. The settlement was about a mile above the present
site of Wilkes-Barre. Governor Hamilton, seeming to be at the end of his
resources, on February 20, 1762, issued a proclamation asserting the rights
of the Pennsylvania government against the claims of the Connecticut set-
tlers, and also wrote the governor of that province, making strong remon-
strances, as they were again occupying the disputed territory. He also wrote
Sir William Johnson, expressing a fear of a renewal of Indian warfare from
the revival of the Connecticut claims, stating that he feared this flagrant
piece of injustice might cause the estrangement of the Indians' fricndshii).

THE PENNAMITE WAR 117

aii<l that they mi^ht asjain become enemies, and assurin.c; him on his part to
vindicate them and the propriclarics' rights from this mischievous set of
Yankee intnnliTs.

The governor of Connecticut rejilied that the government had no concern
in the affair, and had no inclination to interest itself in the dispute about
the lands; that although the purchasers may live in Connecticut, they acted'
as ])rivate citizens, and were outside of the jurisdiction of Connecticut gov-
ernment. He also took further pains to correspond with General Jeffrey
Amherst, then commanding the English forces in North America, informing
him that the Connecticut government was in no way interested or concerned
with the settlers at Wyoming and Cushutunk.

The Delaware Indians meanwhile demanded of the governor of Penn-
sylvania the immediate expulsion of the Yankee settlers, but nothing was
done, and tranquility reigned for two seasons. The great Delaware chief,
Teedyuscung. was mysteriously burned to death in his cabin by his enemies
among the Six Nations, but suspicion was cast on the Yankee settlers at
Wyoming. The Delawares brooded for months over this murder ; their
repeated demands that the settlers should be driven from the country were
ignored, and at last on the night of October 15, 1763, they fell in fury, with-
out any warning, on the little village and murdered twenty of its people.
The rest fled — some to the lower Pennsylvania settlements, others to Con-
necticut — and the first massacre at Wyoming, though not an incident of the
Pennamite War, for a time stopped any progress of any further settlement.

There were still strenuous efforts made by the proprietaries of Pennsyl-
vania for a long period of time to win from the Six Nations their consent
that the former sale of the Wyoming tract was invalid. After thirteen years
their efforts were crowned with success ; in 1768 the sachems of the Six
Nations at Fort Stanwix, New York, agreed upon a treaty with the Penn-
sylvania authorities, by which the latter should have the same territory that
had been surrendered before to the men from Connecticut. The Penns, after
the Six Nations' repudiation of the sale to the Susquehanna Company,
founded a settlement in Wyoming. The Susquehanna Company in 1768
established five townships in the disputed territory. These townships were
five miles square, and allotments were made to each family of five hundred
acres on condition they would take up their residence there and defend their
rights against all intruders. The five townships were in the heart of the
Wyoming Valley, and were named Wilkes-Barre, Kingston, Plymouth, Han-
over and Pittston. Subsequently three other townships on the west bank
of the Susquehanna river were allotted to forty settlers in each township.
The Connecticut Yankees had deserted the wilderness for si.x years, but in
1769 they were again anxious to possess themselves of the valley. In the
following February a body of forty determined men was sent out by the
Susquehanna Company to occupy the country and defend it at all hazards
against the Pennsylvanians. They were to be reinforced by two hundred
more, and were given land and money liberally for their services.

The Penns had founded a settlement in the Wyoming Valley and placed
it under the command of Captain Amos Ogden, an Indian trader from New
Jersey. The commander of the Connecticut settlers was Colonel Zebulon

ii8 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Butler, a resolute soldier, and a veteran of the French and Indian Wars.
The latter and his men built "Forty-Fort," so called from their number, a
mere blockhouse, but destined to be famous. Ogden opened the war by the
arrest of the Yankee leaders, marching them through the woods to the Easton
jail ; but the arrested prisoners regained their liberty by escaping. Then
Ogden arrested the whole forty Yankee settlers, and the little jail at Easton
was glutted with prisoners ; again they were bailed out and returned to
Wyoming triumphant. The next summer the settlements contained over
three hundred men, and more were constantly coming. Another fort was
erected and named "Fort Durkee." Ogden again appeared on the scene with
two hundred men, captured Captain Durkee by strategy and sent him to
Philadelphia in irons. The rest of the settlers surrendered, awed by a little
four-pound cannon which Ogden had unlimbered before the fort. The poor
settlers were again put on the road for a return trip to Connecticut. The
victorious Ogden immediately returned to Philadelphia to receive congratula-
tions from the proprietaries, but news was soon received that the Yankees
had summarily ejected his little garrison and were again in possession. The
secret of this success was that the aggressors were Pennsylvanians of the
•class sympathizing with the Connecticut people. They were under the com-
mand of Captain Lazarus Stewart, who had been stimulated by the presenta-
tion of a township of land from the Susquehanna Company. This was the
secret of the long continuance of the Pennamite wars. The Pennsylvanians
had no particular love for the intruders, and none whatever for the Penns.
These conditions made it well-nigh impossible for the proprietaries to check
the rising tide of immigration. It was Thomas Penn who was opposing the
invasion, not the province of Pennsylvania. If it had been colony against
colony, Pennsylvania would doubtless have prevailed over the intruders in
•one grand decisive action and thus ended the strife.

The first blood flowed soon after Stewart's appearance, when the restored
settlers of Wyoming were attacked by Ogden's force and one of the Con-
necticut men was killed and several wounded. This led to future clashings
of the two parties, an increased ardor, and hence there were many sanguinary
conflicts in this miniature war. Ogden, after a lengthy besiegement, sur-
rendered ; a period of five months of peace then ensued ; Colonel Butler
returned ; recruits came in a rush, and there was new life and activity in the
valley. The Penns again sent Captain Ogden to break up the settlement; a
battle ensued in September, 1770, several of the Connecticut men were
killed, many prisoners taken, and all who were able made their way to their
old New England homes. The next spring Colonel Butler, with a new force,
appeared in the valley ; hostilities reopened ; Ogden was summarily defeated
with the loss of nine men, and an interval of peace ensued, which lasted
four years.

During this period of peace other changes were being made ; Northum-
berland county was organized March 21, 1772; the territory of the Wyoming
Valley came under its jurisdiction. In January, 1774, Connecticut, which as a
colony had taken no part in the Wyoming controversy, organized the terri-
tory embraced in the claims of its subjects — the Delawares and Susquehanna
companies — into a county, naming it Westmoreland ; elections were held and

THE PENNAMITR WAR

119

representatives were sent to the Connecticut legislature. The settlers at
Cushutunk, besides other settlements on the Delaware, were included within
the confines of the new county. There had been six thousand people from
Connecticut, all told, that had come into Yankee Pennsylvania. The history
of the bloody Indian massacre during; the Revolutionary war and the final
adjustment of the controversy between the States of Connecticut and Penn-
sylvania by a commission at Trenton, New Jersey, are matters of national
history and do not come in the compass of this work; the intention of this
narrative is only to deal with the historic facts during the period that the
Wyoming Valley was within the boundaries and imder the jurisdiction of
Northampton county.

CHAPTER XII
THE INDIAN MASSACRE OF 1763

For five years succeeding the treaty of 1758 the people of Northampton
county enjoyed a time of comparative peace and safety apainst Indian out-
rapes. There were from time to time during that period acts of violence
committed by the savages, the murder of isolated settlers, burning of build-
ings, and other acts of rapine. These depredations usually seemed to be
made by small and unorganized bands, and did not cause such general dismay
and abandonment of property by the inhabitants as followed the massacres
of 1755. However, in 1763 the people of Northampton county were again
devastated by a terrible outbreak when the powerful Chief Pontiac conceived
and came near executing his vast plan for the extermination of the whites.

On October 8, 1763, Allen and Whitehall townships were the scene of
a brutal Indian massacre. The following quotation (by Rev. Heckwelder,
for many years a missionary to the Indians) clearly shows that the savages
were provoked to this murderous deed by the inhuman treatment afforded
them by some of the settlers. But as it often happens, innocent parties had
to pay dearly for the folly of a few :

In the summer of the year 1763, some friendly Indians from a distant
place came to Bethlehem to dispose of their peltry for manufactured goods
and necessary implements of husbandry. Returning home well satisfied,
they ]nit up the first night at a tavern, eight miles distant from Bethlehem.
The landlord not being at home, his wife took the libery of encouraging the
people who frequented her house for the sake of drinking, to abuse those
Indians, adding, "that she would freely given a gallon of rum to any one of
them that would kill one of these black devils." Other white people from
the neighborhood came in during the night, who also drank freely, made a
great deal of noise, and increased the fears of those poor Indians, who, — for
the greatest part understood English, — could not but suspect something bad
was intended against their ]">ersons. They were, however, not otherwise
disturbed; but in the morning, when, after a restless night, they were pre-
paring to set off, they found themselves robbed of some of the most valuable
articles they had purchased, and on mentioning this to a man who appeared
to he the bar-keeper, they were ordered to leave the house. Not being willing
to lose so much property, they retired to some distance into the woods, when,
some of them remaining with what was left them, the others returned to
Bethlehem and lodged their complaint with a justice of the peace. The mag-
istrate gave them a letter to the landlord, pressing him without delay to
restore to the Indians the goods that had been taken from thcni. But. be-
hold ! when they delivered that letter to the people of the inn. they were told in
answer, that if they set anv value on their lives they must make off with
themselves immediately. They well understood that they had no other
alternative and prudently departed without having received back any of
their goods. Arriving at Nescopeck, on the Susquehanna, they fell in with
other Nescopeck Indians, who had been treated much in the same manner,
one of them having his rifle stolen from him. Here the two parties agreed
to take revenge in their own way for those insults and robberies for which
they could obtain no redress, and this they determined to do as soon as war
should be again declared by their nation against the English.

122 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

In another place, about fourteen miles distant from Stenton's, another
outrage was committed, of which the following account is given in Loskiel's
"History of the Missions of the Indians in America":

In August, 1763, Zachary and his wife, who had left the congregation
in Wechquctank (where they had belonged, but left some time previous),
came on a visit, and did all in their power to disquiet the minds of the
brethren respecting the intentions of the white people. A woman called
Zippora was persuaded to follow them. On their return they stayed at the
Buchkabuchka (Lehigh Gap) over night, where Captain Wetterholt lay with
a company of soldiers and went unconcerned to sleep in a hayloft. But
in the night they were surprised by the soldiers. Zippora was thrown down
upon the threshing-floor and killed ; Zachary escaped out of the house, but
was pursued, and with his wife and little child, put to the sword, although
the mother begged for their lives upon her knees.

These were friendly Indians, who were on their way from Shamokin to
Bethlehem. Jacob Warner, a soldier in Nicholaus Wetterholt's company,
made the following statement, September 9th : That he and Dodge were
searching for a lost gun, when, about two miles above Fort Allen (Weiss-
port), they saw three Indians painted black. Dodge fired upon them and
killed one; Warner also fired upon them, and thought he wounded another;
but two escaped ; and on the 24th, Dodge sent Warner with the scalp to a
person in Philadelphia, who gave him eight dollars for it. These were also
friendl}' Indians.

On the 7th of October Captain Jacob Wetterholt, with a few soldiers
from Bethlehem, were on their way to Fort Allen. They arrived in the
evening and lodged at the house of John Stenton, who kept a store and
tavern in the then Irish settlement about a mile north of Howertown in
Allen township, Northampton county, on the road leading from Weaversville
to Kreidersville. near where the High Tension Power Line crosses the road
on the farm known for many years as the Baer home, now owned by George
Laubach. This house the Indians burned with revenge on account of
injuries received there.

At daybreak on Saturday morning, October 8, 1763, as the Indians were
making their way stealthily towards Stenton's tavern, they met Mrs. James
Horner, who was on her way to a neighboring house "to borrow fire," and
tomahawked her. Her husband later found the bod)^ and carried it to the
settlement meeting-house (Presbyterian), where he sat alone with the corpse
of his wife the whole night. The following day her body was interred in
the adjoining cemetery. A tombstone containing the following epitaph marks
the resting-place of her ashes :

In memory of Jane, wife of James Horner, who suffered
death by the hands of the savage Indians, October Eighth,
Seventeen Hundred and Sixty-three, aged fifty years.

The Indians approached the house, which was unguarded, unperceived
and undiscovered during the night, and when the door was opened before
day on the morning of the memorable 8th of October by the servant of
Captain Wetterholt. he was shot at and instantly killed. Captain Wetterholt
and Sergeant McGuire were also shot at and dangerously wounded. John

INDIAN MASSACRE OF 1763 123

Stenton was shot dead. The wountied were taken to Bethlehem, where
Captain Wetterholt died the next day.

A detailed account of the different murders was sent by Timothy Hors-
field, by a messenger, to the governor of Philadelphia. It was published
in the Pennsylvania Gasettc of October 13, 1763. printed by Benjamin Franklin:

On Sunday nifrht last an express arrived from Northampton county,
with the following melancholy account, viz :— That on Saturday mor^inf,^ the
8th inst., the house of John Stenton, al)out eight miles from Hclhklu-iii. was
attacked' by Indians, as follows: Captain Wetterholt with a party belonging
to Fort Alien, bemg at that house, and intending to set out early for the
fort, ordered a servant to get his horse ready, who was immediately shot
■down by the enemy ; upon which the Captain, going to the door, was also
fired at, and mortally wounded ; that then a sergeant attempted to i)ull in
the Captain and to shut the door, but he was likewise dangerously wounded;
that the Lieutenant next advanced, when an Indian jumped upon the bodies
of the two others and presented a pistol to his breast, which he i)ut a little
aside, and it went off over his shoulder, whereby he got the Indian out of
the house and shut the door; that the Indians after this went round to a
window, and as Stenton was getting out of bed shot him, but not dead, and
he, breaking out of the house, ran about a mile, when he dropped and died ;
that his wife and two children ran down into the cellar, where they were
shot at three times, but escaped ; that Cai)tain Wetterholt, finding himself
growing very weak, crawled to a window, and shot an Indian dead, it was
thought, as he was in the act of setting fire to the house with a match, and
that upon this the other Indians carried him away with them and went off.
Captain Wetterholt died soon after.

After the deplorable disaster at Stenton's house, the Indians plundered
James Allen's house, a short distance, after which they attacked Andrew
Hazlet's house half a mile from Allen's, where they shot and scalped a man.
Hazlet attempted to fire on the Indians, but missed, and he was shot himself,
which his wife, some distance off, saw. She ran off with two children, but
was pursued and overtaken by the Indians, who caught and tomahawked
her and the children in a dreadful manner; yet she and one of the children
lived until four days after, and the other child recovered. Hazlet's house
was plundered. About a quarter of a mile from there the Indians burned
down Kratzer's house, probably after having plundered it. Among the papers
of Jacob Fatzinger of Weaversville, the following note was found: "Memo-
randum June 15th, 1880. Philip Kratzer's farm was purchased by Jacob
Lindaman, father of George Lindaman, of Allen township, now in his 79th
year, who says that Kratzer had stolen a deer from the Indians, who sought
revenge by burning his house and barn, and that they would undoubtedly
have murdered the family had they not been seen approaching the place
from the neighboring hill ; that Kratzer took the title deed and papers of
value and deposited them under a fallen tree some distance from the house
near a division line between his property and the land owned by Daniel
Swartz, and that he mounted a horse and escaped ; that Mrs. Hazlet, with
two children and a dog, hid herself under a brush-heap in the meadow on
the lands now owned by Charles Fogleman. Then a party of Indians pro-
ceeded to a place on the Lehigh, a short distance above Siegfried's bridge,
oiten referred to as 'Indian Falls' or 'Indian Rapids,' where twelve Indians
were seen wading across the river by Ulrich Showalter, who was at that

124 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

time working on the roof of a building. The site of which being considerably-
elevated above the River Lehigh, he had a good opportunity to count them.
It is not known that they were seen by any one but Showalter until they
reached the farm of John Jacob Mickley, where they encountered three of
his children, two boys and a girl, in a field under a chestnut tree, gathering
chestnuts. The children's ages were: Peter, eleven; Henry, nine; and Bar-
bary, seven ; who, on seeing the Indians, began to run away. The little
girl was overtaken not far from the tree by an Indian, who knocked her
down with a tomahawk. Henry had reached the fence, and, while in the
act of climbing it, an Indian threw a tomahawk at his back which, it is
supposed, instantly killed him. Both of these children were scalped. The
little girl, in an insensible state, lived until the following morning. Peter,
having reached the woods, hid himself between two large trees which were
standing near together, and, surrounded by brushwood, he remained quietly
concealed there until he was sure that the Indians had left. When he heard
the screams of the Schneider family he knew that the Indians were at that
place. He ran with all his might, by way of Adam Dcshler's, to his brother,
John Jacob Mickley, to whom he communicated the melancholy intelligence.
He often said that the Mickley family owned at that time a very large and
ferocious dog, which had a particular antipathy to Indians, and it was
believed by the family that it was owing to the dog the Indians did not make
an attack on their house. John Jacob Mickley and Ulrich Flickinger, then
on their way to Stenton's, being attracted by the screams of the Schneiders,
hastened to the place and found the horribly mangled bodies of the dead and
wounded, and the houses of Marks and Schneider in flames. The dead were
buried on Schneider's farm."

The Mickley and Schneider families suffered innocently. Heckwelder
says: "The Indians, after leaving this house (Stenton's), murdered by acci-
dent an innocent family, having mistaken the house they meant to attack,
after which they returned to their homes." It is said that they had intended
to massacre the Paul Ballict family.

Refugees from Allen, Lehigh and neighboring townships crowded the
Crown Inn at Bethlehem, which stood on the site of the railway station at
South Bethlehem. The inhabitants of the Saucon valley, when they heard
of the massacre, became panic-stricken and also crowded into the Crown Inn.
It was late in December before the last of the fugitives returned to their
homes.

The Indians finally withdrew from the interior of the white settlements
into the wilds of the Susquehanna country. The government, conscious they
could no longer protect any Indians, requested them to retire to the back
country. The Conestogas settled at Wyalusing, a hundred miles from the
frontier settlers. The other Indians of the same clans living at the Forks
of the Delaware migrated still further northward and westward. Here they
lived quietly, built good houses, planted fruit trees and cultivated the land.
While enjoying these favorable prospects of quietness and happiness they
were notified that the Six Nations had sold their entire country to the
English. Then they in 1768 determined again to migrate westward. The
Minisinks went to the Allegheny river; the Turtle and Turkey tribes, along

INDIAN MASSACRE OF 1763

12!

with the Christian Indians, to Muskingnm (now Tuscarawas) in thu ])rcsent
State of Ohio ; the whole country east of the Allegheny Mountains was then
free from Indians. The Revolutionary War depleted their ranks, and the
murder of the Christian Indians on the Muskingum in 1782 completed their
alienation from the whites ; those who remained were driven to despair and
finally dispersed. The Minisinks finally settled permanently in Canada,
affdiating with the struggling remnants of other tribes, and lost their individ-
uality as a tribe. The Turkey and Turtle tribes were again compelled to
migrate from Ohio to Indiana, and then again to the Mississippi river, then
on to Missouri, thence to Kansas, and in 1866 they were forced to Oklahoma.
The sun has set upon the red man ; the last sad relics of the aboriginal
tribes who once owned all this vast continent as their hunting grounds have
been practically swallowed up in the swift civilization of the paleface.

CHAPTER XIII
BATTLE AND MASSACRE OF WYOMING

The Wyoming A'allcy at the outbreak of the Revolution was blessed
with ])cace and prosperity. Its people realized the condition of those in the
fanciful "Ilajijiy Valley" of Rasselas. The intense patriotism of the settlers
had caused the expulsion of some forty of their number, mostly of German
and Scotch-Irish descent, from their midst on account of their Toryism. This
had aroused a fjrcat enmity amon}^ the Tories, and incurred the most active
and implacable animosity of the individuals cast out. Therefore tkere was a
great storm pathcring in the north that was to bring- devastation and ruin
on the peaceful valley that was baskinp in sunshine.

The defeat of Burgoyne at Saratoga released the Indian allies of the
British, and their war-roused jiassion was wreaked on the defenceless border
settlements. Sir William Johnson was dead; but the great captain of the
Six Nations was Josejih Brant, a brother of Molly Brant, a mistress of Sir
William. Therefore the old-time influence of the English representative of
Indian affairs was continued through his son and nephew and Molly Brant.

In the summer of 1778 the signs of danger increased at W'yoming; wives
besought their husbands to return from the army, and the people clamored
for protection to the Continental Congress and the Pennsylvania authorities,
but no effective measures were taken for their aid. Finally a number of the
officers resigned from the army and a score of privates deserted to hurry
home to protect their threatened families. By common consent Colonel
Zebulon Butler was made commander of these hastily gathered forces. There
was not only lack of men but ammunition, and the women were set to work
to undertake the manufacture of this needed commodity by utilizing the
saltpetre obtained from the soil, blending this with prepared charcoal to form
powder and casting in moulds, bullets and rifle balls.

The Indians and British forces were concentrated at Tioga towards the
close of June, 1778. The army totaled 1,200 fighting men. and was divided
into three elements. First there were 400 British provincials, consisting of
Colonel John Butler's Rangers and Sir John Johnson's Royal Greens, in
smart uniforms, those of Butler's Rangers being a rich green. There was
also a rabble of Tories from New "^'ork. New Jersey and Pennsylvania, who
were garbed in every form of backwoods rusticity, tattered and torn. There
were not less than 700 Indians, chiefly Senecas, with detachments from the
Mohawks and other tribes; they were half-naked, or in savage attire, with
their war-jiaint and barbarous adornment. With them was a band of squaws
— if possible, more bloodthirsty than their masters.

If the rank and fde and rabble were of a nondescript character, the per-
sonality of its commanders offered contrasts as strange and startling and
incongruous. The expedition was under the command of Colonel John But-
ler, known by the sobriquet of "Indian Butler." He was a descendant of
an ancient Anglo-Irish family that traced their genealogy to the dukes of

128 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Normandy before the Conquest, of which the great Duke of Ormond (1610-88)
was a member. Indian Butler was the ablest and certainly the most atrocious
Tory leader of the period ; fat and squat of figure, with a round and rough
visage, he did not present the appearance of an ideal leader nor a man of
prepossessing personality. He figured as the commander of a motley band
of marauding whites and Indians in 1776, and was at their head at the
battle of Oriskany. The Indian chief was Joseph Brant, the great Mohawk
chieftain, the virtual head of the Six Nations. This semi-civilized brother
of Sir William Johnson's mistress was at this time in his prime of manhood,
being thirty-six years of age. He did not descend the river, but was instru-
mental in assembling the Indians for the expedition at Tioga Point. In
strange contrast to the dignified and able savage Brant and the degenerate
scion of nobility Indian Butler, was a third person of sinister and subtle influ-
ence in this strangely mixed mass of harsh humanity. This was a woman,
the redoubtable eccentric enthusiast "Queen Esther." Her real name was
Catharine Montour, a half-breed, the reputed daughter of one of the French
governors of Canada. She had received a liberal education, possessed refine-
ment, and had been petted and feted as a romantic and engaging young
woman by the best society of colonial Philadelphia, Albany and New York.
Queen Esther was the widow of a chief and enjoyed the repute of being a
seeress. This gave her strange power over the people of her race, and the
recent loss of a son made her a veritable fury who swayed her followers into
the utmost extravagances of fanaticism.

This wild aggregation of soldiers, Indians, renegade whites, who had
been brutalized by three years of fierce frontier warfare, descended the Sus-
quehanna river to a point a score of miles above the Wyoming settlement.
Their approach was observed by a solitary Wyoming scout who, from his
lofty mountain station, watched every movement of the approaching enemy.
The frontiersmen at Wyoming were fully aware of the superior force of the
enemy, and had only vague hopes of the arrival of reinforcements, but the
idea of flight never occurred to them. Their forces numbered about 300
men, nearly all of whom were undisciplined. Of the 230 enrolled men, many
were minors, and the remaining seventy were either boys or old men. They
were divided into six companies, and were mustered at Forty Fort, on the
west side of the river, while the families of the settlers were in refuge on
the east side. The officers of the little force under Colonel Butler were
Colonels John Durkee, Nathan Dennison, Lieutenant-Colonel George Dor-
ranee, Major John Garrett, Captains Dethic Hewitt, Asaph Whittlesey,
Lazarus Stewart, James Bidlack, Jr., Rezin Geer and Aholiab Buck. There
were other officers engaged in the battle, namely: Captains Samuel Ransom,
Robert Durkee and William McKarrican.

Such was the situation of affairs on July 3, 1778, when the British and
Indians advanced deliberately down the valley. In their march they had
destroyed everything in their way ; Jenkins' Fort had capitulated, a score of
murders had been jierpetrated, and Wintcrmoot's, which had been built by
the Tories to aid the British and Indians, opened its gates to the invading
party. The little army of the settlers, though their foe outnumbered them
four to one, in the middle of the afternoon marched up the valley, the river

BATTLE AND MASSACRE OF WYOMING 129

being on their right, witli drums beating, colors flying and in true military
array. On the approach of the enemy the column deployed to the left and
formed in line of battle, with its right wing on the high bank of the river
and its left extending across the plain to a swamp. Colonel Butler, as the
enemy advanced, gave the order to fire, and a volley rang out along the entire
line with jirecision and some effect. 'I'he British flinched but only for a
moment, and pressed forward again. The brave Butler then attempted the
almost impossible feat of moving his thin line forward against the over-
whelming force that faced it. But this was all in vain, for as the line
advanced the Indians slipped singly and by dozens into the brush of the
swamp and flanked the left wing of the Americans. The little band of
Wyoming men became confused though they did not retreat, and the Indians,
seizing the opportunity, rushed forward with their frightful whoops and
tomahawked right and left those who had not been previously killed in the
battle. The little band melted like wax before a fire. The Indians pressed
the survivors towards the river, along the banks of which wives and mothers
of the brave fighters had crowded in agonized watchfulness. Some of the
settlers swam the river and escaped, others were tomahawked in the water
or shot from the shore. A few, promised quarter, returned, l)ut were
treacherously struck down as they climbed the bank.

Massacre began when the battle terminated ; one hundred and si.xty had
been killed, and the balance was soon captured. Every species of torture to
the captives was indulged in by the Indians. Captain Bidlack was thrown
alive on blazing logs, pinned down with pitchforks, and held in spite of his
powerful paroxysms until death relieved him. William Mason, a boy captain,
was similarly slain. A debauch of blood followed for the especial delectation
of Queen Esther; a score of prisoners were brought before her for torture
and assembled around a great boulder. They were bound and compelled to
kneel about the rock, and then this Hecate seized a tomahawk and, raising a
wild song, swept swiftly around the circle, dashing out the brains of sixteen
victims, while the warriors crowded close about the scene of butchery, leap-
ing and yelling, expressing their fierce joy. The four that escaped the
sacrifice were pursued by fleet-footed Indians and quickly despatched.

Night came on, but still the insatiate savages built fires, stripped the
remaining prisoners naked, drove them back and forth through the flames,
finally thrusting them on the embers with their spears until they fell from
exhaustion, and all were despatched.

In the battle and massacre three hundred men were killed, and that dav
in the valley made one hundred and fifty widows and nearly six hundred
orphans. While the massacre was in ]>rogress, the flight of the survivors
commenced ; the Indians, however, divided into small bands, passed up and
down the valley, burning every building and slaughtering all the inhabitants
they found, except some children, whom they took into captivitv. Finally
they rendezvoused and withdrew to the northward, a swarming, triuni])hant
body, the squaws bringing up the rear on stolen horses, their bridle-reins
hanging heavy with strings of sodden scalps. Desolation reigned supreme
throughout the valley. There were only the charred ruins of cabins and the
unburied dead lying stark naked under the serene sky and pitiless sun of the

NORTH.— 1—9.

I30 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

4th of July, 1778, where had so lately been happy homes and thronging,
varied and busy human life.

The wild flight of the survivors streamed through the wilderness to the
Delaware and Lehigh settlements, chiefly to the safety aft'orded by Fort
Penn, located where Stroudsburg now stands. This place of refuge was sixty
miles distant, over mountains and through almost impregnable swamps, in a
region absolutely uninhabited. Women, more than men, made up the throng,
and in one band of nearly one hundred women and children, there was but a
solitary man to advise or aid them. They were without food, many scarcely
clothed, but they pressed on, weak, trembling, and growing constantly worse
from their unaccustomed labor through the thickets, mire and ooze. One
by one the weakest gave out ; some wandered from the path and became
lost; some fell from exhaustion, some from wounds incurred in the battle,
but the majority maintained life in some miraculous way and pressed on.
Children were born and children died in the fearful, forced march. Finally
the refugees, half-famished, reached Fort Penn and the towns of the good
Moravians. They were given food, and those who needed it, tender care
until they could go to their old homes or find new ones.

The far-reaching results of the massacre soon became self-evtident.
Wyoming had won the heart of the world for the struggling colonies of
America, against whom the mother country had armed and arrayed savages
who could perform such atrocities. The massacre had struck confusion into
the camp of the Tories in England, who had to endure the odium of employ-
ing Indians in subduing rebellion, and finally when men had gone far enough
from the event to see clearly its meaning, they read that what had seemed
at first an unmitigated disaster was in reality a disguised victory, and that
Wyoming must take rank with Lexington, Concord and Bunker Hill in ciTect
upon the long fight for freedom. The victims who fell in the valley before
British muskets in Indian hands were really the marked martyrs of the
Revolution, and the blood of the Revolution and the blood of the martyrs
was the seed of independence and of the republic. The bodies of the mur-
dered men of Wyoming remained where they had fallen, a prey for wolves
nearly four months, when on October 22d a military guard repaired there,
collected and buried them in one huge grave. The blood of the martyrs
called aloud for retribution, and slowly but surely preparations were made
to shatter the whole system of the hostile Indian alliance in New York. To
avenge this great wrong. General John Sullivan, one of the best soldiers
and most picturesque personages of the Revolution, was selected to chastise
and humble the Six Nations, and most eflfectually he performed the duty.

fl'K NEW YORK
fUBLIC LIBIURY

ASTOR. U5N0X ANB

FLAG OF THE THIRTEEN COLONIES

'^^iSX^,^^

\ IKW" IT- IHK LEHK.H SHO\VL\(, CHAIN DAM AND ISLAND LARK

CHAPTER XIV
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD

The end of the Indian tri)ubles fonnd Northampton county in a prosper-
ous and flourishing condition. For a decade peace rci{j;ncd throughout the
land, settlements gradually increased her prosperity and i)opulation, and re-
moved as Northampton county was from the more populous communities
of the colonies, the rumors of the troubles then brewing with the mother
country did not disturb the even tenor of the ways and customs of her
people. The discontent which arose at the passage of the Stamp Act, the
forced importation of tea. and the growlings of the incipient rebellion occa-
sioned by the Boston Massacre, were at such a distance from her boundaries
that only the rumblings and threatening aspect of aiTairs caused the people
of Northampton county any uneasiness. When the cry of liberty and free-
dom fired the inhabitants of the province of Pennsylvania, Northampton
proved no excejition in expressing her loyalty and devotion to the American
cause. Easton, the shiretown of the county, was a village of about eighty
houses, mostly log buildings. There were no bridges over the Delaware
and Lehigh rivers, the roads few and poor, the streets not graded or paved,
and the population did not exceed five hundred.

At the opening of the Revolutionary war the people, in common with
the rest of the colonies, were divided into two parts — Whigs or Associates,
and Tories or Non-Associates. The former were for freedom from alleg-
iance to the mother country, the latter were in sympathy with the English
government. The Virginia House of Assembly in the interest of freedom
appointed a committee, which afterwards became known as the Committee
of Safety, and throughout the colonies similar societies were organized. The
Northampton County Committee of Safety was formed December 21, 1774.
It was called the Committee of Observation and Inspection. At a public
election held at Easton the following persons were elected members of the
committee: Lewis Gordon, Peter Kichlcin, Jacob Arndt. Michael Messinger,
Melchoir Hay, George Taylor, John Okely, Anthony Lerch, Jacob Morry,
lohn Wetzel, Andrew Engclman, John Greesemer, Henry Kooken, David
Deshler, Casper Doll, Joseph Gaston, Yost Driesbach, Daniel Knause,
Thomas Everett, Michael Ohl, John Hartman, Nicholas Kern, George Gil-
bert, Abraham Smith, Nicholas Dcpui, Manuel Gonsales and Andrew West-
brook, being nearly one from each township. The following were chosen as a
Standing Committee of Correspondence for the county: George Taylor,
Lewis Gordon, Peter Kichlein, Jacob Arndt, John Okely and Henry Kooken.
Lewis Gordon was chosen treasurer, and Robert Traill clerk. The general
committee of the colony met at Philadelphia, January 23, 1775, Northampton
county being represented by the members of the Standing Committee of
Correspondence. Then came the military resistance of the people at Concord
and Lexington, and at a meeting held in Easton, May 6, 1775. a letter from
the committee of Philadelphia was discussed, and a resolution was unani-

132 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

mously adopted to form military companies in every township in the county.
Every man was to supply himself with a good firelock, a pound of powder,
four pounds of lead, a quantity of flints, and they were to choose their own
officers. Those who refused to associate for the common cause were to be
considered enemies, and business with them suspended.

The following companies were organized in the townships :

Easton — Captain Peter Kichlcin, Lieutenant Abram Labar, Ensign

Matthias Miller 87 men

Forks — Captain Jacob Arndt, Lieutenant George Stocker 126

Williams — Captain ^^lelchoir Hay, Lieutenant Philip Mixsell 104 "

Bethlehem — Captain Christian Newman, Lieutenant Ulrich Slcppy 130 "

Allen — Captain Neigal Gray, Lieutenant John Lickpot 120 "

Upper Saucon — Captain Henry Allise, Lieutenant George Kern. . . . 105 "

Lower Saucon — Captain Huebner, Lieutenant Jesse Jones 142 "

Macungie — Captain Peter Traxler, Lieutenant Henry Felker 120 "

Upper Milford — Captain Christian Fisher, Lieutenant Philip

Walter 64 "

White Hall — Captain Peter Burkhalter, Lieutenant Philip Knap-

penberger 100 "

Salisbury — Captain Nicholas Fox, Lieutenant H. Hagcnbuch 100 "

Plainfield — Captain Casper Doll, Lieutenant H. Engel 88 "

Mount Bethel — Captain John Nielson, Lieutenant S. Rea 224 "

Moore — Captain Adam Bruckhauser. Lieutenant Timothy Reed.. 106 "

Lehigh — Captain Yost Driesbach, Lieutenant Enoch Beer 70 "

Weisenburg — Captain Michael Probst, Lieutenant Benninghoff. . . 32 "

Lynn — Captain Matthias Propst, Lieutenant John .Stane 70 "

Heidelberg — Captain Michael Ohl, Lieutenant Jacob Zeiger too "

Lowhill — Captain Michael, Lieutenant Jacob Horner 35 "

Towamensing — Captain Nicholas Kern, Lieutenant Jacob Wagner 50 "

Penn — Captain Richard Dodson, Lieutenant John Siegley 25 "

Chestnut Hill — Captain Abraham Smith, Lieutenant Dewalt Kuntz 82 "

Hamilton — Captain Abraham Miller, Lieutenant Michael Raup. ... 50 "
Lower Smithfield — Captain Jacob Stroud, Lieutenant Samuel

Drake 127 "

Delaware — Captain John Van Etten, Lieutenant David \'an Aken 47 "
Upper Smithfield — Captain John \"an Sickel, Lieutenant Nathaniel

Washburne 53 "

This list is given to show the relative strength of the townships as well
as patriotic leaders in those days of trial and trouble. This represented a
volunteer force of two thousand men equipped for military service. The
military forces of the county were divided into four battalions: George
Taylor, Henry Geiger, Yost Driesbach and Jacob Stroud were made colonels.

To the student of history the immortal names which established and
proclaimed the nationality of the L'nited States are always viewed with
reverence and awe. The memory of those brave men whose signatures are
attached to the Declaration of Independence will always be preserved in
grateful remembrance. The name of George Taylor, one of Northampton's
citizens, is attached to that important document.

George Taylor was a native of Ireland, a son of a clergyman. He was
bom in 1716, and though his father gave him a good education he left him
nothing but his industry and perseverance to fight the battle of life. Young
Taylor, deciding to leave his native country, sailed for America, arriving at

THE KKVOLUTIONAKY PERIOD 133

Philadelphia, and for a term of years was employed by Mr. Savage, an iron-
manufacturer at Durham, Pennsylvania. Here he was employed in menial
work as a coal heaver. His employer, noticing his youthful years and his
unfamiliarity with heavy work, installed him as clerk, and he soon made
himself an important member of the establishment. After the death of
Mr. Savage he married the widow. By industry, economy and prudence he
amassed a considerable fortune. Mr. Taylor, in 1764, became a member of
the Provincial Assembly, serving several terms, and was a member of many
important comniittees. He was, for a time, not a member of this body, being
busy with his private affairs. This caused his return to Durham, where he
again engaged in the manufacture of iron. He was again, in October, 1775,
elected delegate to the Provincial Assembly. At the time of the signing of
the Declaration of Independence in Congress there were five recalcitrant
delegates from Pennsylvania, who had a fear of precipitating the colonies
into a war with England. They still retained their sentiments in opposition
to the majority and the approbation of the colony. Under these circum-
stances a new choice of representatives became necessary, and Mr. Taylor
became one of the substituted members. He took his seat in the Continental
Congress July 20, 1776, and on the second of August following signed the
Declaration of Independence. Though this instrument was passed on the
fourth of July, the signatures on the engrossed parchment copy were not
affixed until the second of August following. Therefore it can readily be
seen that Mr. Taylor, though not a member of the original convention, his
signature appears on the parchment as a delegate from Pennsylvania.

He retired from Congress in March, 1777, and passed the remainder of
his life at Easton, he having lost the bulk of his property. At his death,
February 25, 1781, there was not enough property left to pay his debts. By
his marriage George Taylor had one son, James Taylor, who was admitted
to the bar in 1765, and died seven years later, leaving five children by his
marriage with Elizabeth, daughter of Lewis Gordon. The children were
tenderly cared for by their grandfather, all of whom remained with him until
his death except Ann, who married and went to Virginia to reside. After the
death of their grandfather, George and James joined their sister in Virginia ;
Thomas was drowned in the Lehigh river, and Mary died young.

James Taylor, the grandson of George Taylor, lived in Richmond, Vir-
ginia, and was for many years a man of wealth, but late in life he had reverses,
which he bore with noble serenity. He and his wife are buried in the ceme-
tery of St. John's Church, Richmond, Virginia. Of their four children who
died before reaching maturity, Sophia Gordon Taylor married twice, and
James Lewis Gordon Taylor died without issue. The latter was the last
male representative of that noble patriot, the friend of Washington, whose
honor never was tarnished, whose love and devotion to his adopted country
never wavered. The people of Easton, to express their gratitude and honor
to the virtues of George Taylor, erected in 1855 a beautiful and costly
monument in their cemetery.

General Washington having decided to invade Long Island, the Conti-
nental Congress on June 3, 1776, resolved to establish a flying camp in the
middle colonies to consist of ten thousand militia, of which Pennsylvania was

134 XORTHAMPTOX COUNTY

to furnish six thousand to reinforce the commander-in-chief. To arrange
the matter of quotas for the different counties a conference of the committees
of tlic colony was held at Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, from June iSth to
25th, 1776. The Northampton county delegates were: Robert Levers,
Colonel Niegel Gray, John Weitzel, Nicholas Depue, Daniel Deshler and
Benjamin Depue. It was voted at this convention to raise 4.500 men, which,
with the 1,500 then organized in the province, would be the required number
of men asked by Congress. Northampton's quota was fixed at 346. The
convention also resolved that the present government of the province was
inadequate and not competent for the exigencies of the times. It was resolved
that a provincial convention be held and delegates chosen for the purpose of
forming a new government, based on the authority of the people only. To
facilitate the election of these delegates, Northampton county was divided
into four districts. The first district consisted of Easton. Williams, Lower
Saucon, Bethlehem, Forks, Mount Bethel, Plainfield, the election to be held
at Easton. The second district — Northampton, Sallsberg. Upper Saucon,
Upper Milford, Macungie, W'iesenberg, Lynn, Whitehall, Heidelberg — elec-
tion to be held at Allen's town. The third district — Allen, Moore, Chestnut-
hill, Towamcnsing, Pcnn. Lehigh — election to be held at Peter Anthony's.
The fourth district — Hamilton, Lower Smithficld, Delaware. Upper Smithfield
— election to be held at Nicholas Depue's.

The recruiting for the flying camp proceeded with alacrity ; the citizens
had no hesitation in enlisting, as the patriotic spirit had been enhanced four-
fold since the proclamation of the Declaration of Independence. The pay of
the militia commenced from the day of their marching from home. They
were allowed one penny a mile, lawful money, in lieu of rations for traveling
expenses, and one day's pay for every twenty miles between home and the
general rendezvous going and returning.

At the battle of Long Island the Northampton contingent suffered a
heavy loss. Colonel Daniel Brodhead's regiment, of which Captain Kichlein's
company was a part, was engaged in this battle, and its losses amounted to
one hundred officers and men, chiefly prisoners. The regiment was engaged
in a severe battle, and was at one time nearly surroimded by the enemy, and
though requested for reinforcements. General Putnam could not cover their
retreat. After the ill-starred fight at Harlem Heights, Washington withdrew
across the North river, retreating through Jersey, and placed the Delaware
river between his army and the British. This retreat made it neccssarv for
the American army to remove its hospitals from Morristown, New Jersey,
and Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, was decided upon as the most advantageous
point. After crossing the Delaware river in the retreat from Fort W^ashing-
ton. a portion of the American arm\' under General John Sullivan, on
December 17, 1776, encamped for the night on the right bank of the Lehigh
river, opposite Bethlehem. The American ])eoplc, overawed and disconsolate,
were asked by General Washington to furnish reinforcements for his pro-
posed invasion of New Jersey. Northampton county made a hearty response
to this request for reinforcements, and some of her militia participated in the
battle of Trenton three days after the date of General Washington's letter
to Colonel John Siegfried, empowering him to call out the militia. Most of

THE REVOT.UTIONARY PERIOD 135

the Northampton troops took part in tlic battles of Trenton and Princeton.
Captain Hays' comi)any, which was from the Irish settlement, was accom-
panied by John Rosbrouph, a Presbyterian clcrpcyman, intensely patriotic
and l)rave as the bravest. He enlisted in Captain liays' company at the
outbreak of the Revolution as their chaplain. The morning after the capture
of the Hessians at Trenton, where the company was engaged, he was sur-
prised by the British while in a farmhouse near the village of Pennington,
and cruelly put to death. He lies liuried in the graveyard of old Trenton
First Church. Captain Hays' com])any did not enter winter quarters with
the army at'Morristown, New Jersey, but returned to their homes.

The usual route between New York and Philadelphia being barred by
the British army, many travelers were obliged to pass through Northampton
county. John Adams of Massachusetts, accompanied by his colleagues Lyman
Hall and James Lovell, on their journey to the capital, January 25, 1777,
passed through Bethlehem, and were greatly pleased at the unique features
of that old town.

There was a conference held with the Indians at Easton on January 27,
1777. It was convened at the request of the Six Nations; George Walton
and George Taylor were appointed by the Continental Congress as their
representatives. The Council of Safety of Pennsylvania authorized Colonel
Joseph Dean and Colonel John Bull to represent them and Thomas Payne
to act as secretary. At his arrival at Easton, Colonel Bull reported there
were as many Indians present as he had expected ; presents were ordered for
seventy Indians, exclusive of women and children. The conference was
opened January 29, 1777. The Indians professed their neutrality to the
Thirteen Colonics in their war with England, delivered speeches, belts and
strings. A treaty was entered into between George Walton and George
Taylor on the part of the colonies and certain Indians of the Six Nations.
The Committee on Indian Affairs of the Continental Congress reported
February 27, 1777, disapproving of the treaty, as there existed no powers in
either of the parties to engage in such a treaty.

Colonel Labar, by order of the War Department April 29, 1777, was
placed in command of the troops at Easton. Guards were ordered placed
on the Delaware river from the Water Gap southward. In the summer of
1777 the Continental Congress passed a "test act" requiring every male
citizen to swear allegiance to the government of the United States. Those
who signed the test were known as "Associates," those who refused were
named "Non-Associates." In Northampton county 4,821 subscribed to the
test oath ; only fifty-nine, as appear by the records of the proceedings of
the committee of safety, refused to take the oath, and were arraigned before
that tribunal. These persons, upon their submitting to the test oath, escaped
punishment, and in no cases were proceedings instituted except the holding
of some few by giving bail. There were sixty-nine Moravians and some
Mennonites who professed to having religious scruples about taking an oath
under any circumstances; their pleas were admitted by the government, but
they were penalized by requiring them to pay double tax.

The evacuation of New York City by the British forces again changed
the seat of war. Washington with his reinforced army awaited the enemy

136 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

at Brandywinc, where a general engagement took place September 11, 1777.
The American army was defeated, retiring to Germantown. The occupation
of Philadelphia by the British caused the removal of the provincial govern-
ment to Lancaster, Pennsylvania. By order of the Supreme Executive
Council, September 24, 1777, the public loan office was removed to Easton.
The papers and other valuable matters were enclosed in a case, barrel and
iron chest. The latter contained paper money to the amount of £13,183, i8s.
and 2d., besides valuable papers. The chest and contents were to be delivered
to Robert Levers ; the books in the library were also committed to his care
and were enclosed in the case and barrel. The council of safety in 1777
authorized the committee of Northampton county to take possession of the
ferry belonging to Lewis Gordon.

After the Americans' defeat at the battle of Brandywine, the government
military stores, sick and wounded soldiers, were moved to Bethlehem, North-
ampton and Easton. The troops of Northampton county were present at
the disastrous battle of Germantown, and Captain Van Etten's company
suffered severe losses. The officers of the Northampton county battalions
stood high in the estimation of the commander-in-chief. Colonel Timothy
Pickering, one of Washington's aides-de-camp, was for several years a citizen
of Northampton county. General Brodhead and Colonel Siegfried, both of
whom were at Brandj'wine and Germantown, shared his confidence and
esteem.

Then came the dismal period of the Revolutionarj- struggle, when
scarcely a ray of light gleamed through the gloom of Valley Forge. The
year 1778 opened with the prospects of the confederated provinces looking
most discouraging. Robert Levers, who had charge at Easton of obtaining
supplies for the army, reported in the fall of 1777 that he had completed forty
wagons, which had been sent to Springfield, Massachusetts, for transportation
of firearms for the army, and that he had one hundred more in process of
construction. He also reported that he was suspicious of one Major Daiken,
who had been an officer in the New Jersey militia, and had become a Tory; he
was living in Easton, and his presence in that city was dangerous to the
American cause, as there was a large quantity of supplies stored for the use
of the army at that point. In fact, Easton in that year was one of the bases
of supplies; flour mills were emjjloyed in supplying the army, large quanti-
ties of salt were stored there for the purpose of salting meat; $18,000 were
appropriated to purchase cattle and swine to supply the hospitals and army
at Easton, Bethlehem and Northampton. There were stationed at Easton
two hundred troops and one hundred at Bethlehem for the defense of the
magazines of military and other stores of provisions, also to keep communica-
tions secure from sudden incursions of the enemy. Enlistments for service
in the American army in 1778 were slow, and patriotic spirit was at a low
ebb. Captain Alexander Patterson reported to the council of war, under
date of April 22, 1778, that after traveling through the county, spending
money and time, he had succeeded in obtaining only eight recruits, and
wished to be relieved from duty, as he had no hopes of being of any service
to his country in that locality. Exemptions from military duty were given to
persons employed in the manufacture of military stores and other articles
for the use of the United States.

THE RKVOLUTIONARV IM'-KIOU 137

The council of war in 1778 began to take steps to punish those who
were guilty of high treason. Samuel Rca, Jacob Miller, Stephen Balliott,
and Robert Levers were appointed agents in Northampton county to discover,
secure and Imld all properties owned by those not conforming to the oath
of allegiance to the United States. Henry Funk and George Kocbel were
arrested as spies; the former's excuse for not taking the oath was, "It was
against his conscience because we should be at peace with everybody and
forgive all men." William Thomas, James Pugh, Samuel Kostcr, Joshua
Thomas and Joseph Sutton, husbandmen ; John Holder, miller; Henry Oswalt,
house carpenter; Jacob Holder, George Holder, laborers; and Owen Roberts,
sawmill man, all residents of Northampton, were indicted May 8, 1778, for
high treason. The following were adjudged as tainted with high treason:
John Shearing, shoemaker of Easton ; John Stackhouse, Moses Morgan, Moses
Wood, Abraham Long, Robert Stackhouse, Peter Snyder, John Raymel,
John Ink, David Young, John Yaughan, Lawrence Man and Peter Hardy
of Mount Bethel; James Lawson, Edward McMichael, husbandmen of Lower
Smithfield ; and James Allen of Northampton.

The Board of War on July 15, 1778, set the quota to be furnished by
Northampton county for reinforcing the American army at three hundred,
and they were ordered to report at Easton. Northampton county never
became the seat of war ; no battles were fought within its borders, yet Easton
and Bethlehem frequently became the location for hospitals. The German
Reformed Church, court-house and jail at Easton were often crowded with
sick and disabled soldiers. General Washington passed through Easton
during the year 1778; General Gates, on his way to Ticonderoga in the
same year, visited the shiretown. To Bethlehem the French officers Marquis
de Lafayette, Count Pulaski and Baron De Kalb made frequent visits to
their comrades wounded or sick in the hospitals. Generals Armstrong, Mif-
flin and Schuyler, John Hancock, Henry Laurens and Benjamin Franklin
paid occasional visits to Bethlehem.

Northampton county's immediate connection with the later events of
the Revolutionary conflict were not a repetition of the stirring times of
1777-78. In the last struggles for American independence the South became
the seat of war; there were no marching and counter-marching of troops, no
prisoners daily arriving, and no wounded and sick came from the disastrous
battlefields. The inhabitants of the county in 1779 were severely censured
by Joseph Reed, president of the council ; he claimed there was a lack of
activity, and dissatisfaction among the officers and military authorities. The
council of war the previous winter had offered a bounty of six hundred dollars
to recruits for the army. The scarcity of supplies became an alarming fea-
ture ; they had increased in value six hundred per cent. Continental money.
Though every county and province made strenuous exertions to keep the
value of the bills at par with coin, they depreciated so that their purchasing
power had reached a very low value. The American government was unable
to purchase supplies, as the British would pay as much in gold as they
would in depreciated currency ; to prevent this the general assembly passed a
law to punish the offenders who were tempted by the British gold, making
it a misdemeanor to sell supplies to the enemy. The demands for the

138 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

farmers' products for the necessities of the armies were such that they could
hardly retain enough meat for their own family, nor tallow for the making
of their candles. There was an extreme scarcity of salt, it being quoted as
worth as high as two hundred dollars a bushel.

The important militarj' event in Northampton county in 1779 was the
passage through its interior of General John Sullivan's expedition. The
troops commenced arriving at Easton on May 26, 1779; the Third New Jersey
Regiment crossed the Delaware river in boats and were welcomed by ]\Iajor
Powell's German battalion, who had been at Easton since April. A regimeni:
from York county, Pennsylvania, reported at headquarters in May. Then
came a regiment from New Hampshire and one commanded by Captain John
Paul Schotts, who had served in the army of Frederick the Great. It can
plainly be seen that Easton streets and byways were filled with soldiers ;
tents were pitched along the Delaware and Lehigh rivers and up the Bushkill
creek. There was here gathered an army of twenty-five hundred men and
two thousand packhorses. On the morning of June 18, 1779, to the sounds
of martial music of fife and drum, the army took up its march to the coun-
try of the Iroquois to revenge the Wyoming massacre. The army encamped
the first night at Wood Gap, near Heller's, and in the morning pursued their
march, reaching the Wyoming Valley on June 23. 1779. The work of devas-
tation occupied the army for one month. On its return march it came down
the north branch of the Susquehanna to Wilkes-Barre, and from thence
marched to Easton, where the soldiers were billeted upon the town. Sulli-
van's army remained at Easton several weeks quartered upon the inhabitants.
Three soldiers belonging to a Pennsylvania regiment commanded by Colonel
Hubley were hung on Callow's Hill, on the site of St. Bernard's Church, for
murdering a tavernkeeper beyond Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, on account of
his refusing them liquor.

Indian horrors again menaced the border townships. In Lower Smith-
field a party of fifteen Indians, on April 20, 1780, attacked the plantations
of Manuel Gansaleyes and James McCarte, situated two miles below Wells
Ferry, on the banks of the Delaware. The Indians were pursued by Captain
Van Etten, three of his sons and his son-in-law, and an engagement took
place which resulted in the retreat of the Indians. Two of the whites were
killed, Benjamin Ennis, the son-in-law of Captain Van Etten, and Richard
Rosekrans. Just above the Blue Mountains in Northampton county lived the
Gilbert family, near Lehighton. Benjamin Gilbert was an English Quaker,
who came from Byberry near Philadelphia in 1775 to a farm about ten miles
east from Weissport, now Gilbert, marked by a monument commemorating
the event. Here he was comfortably situated, with a good log dwelling-
house, barn, saw and gristmill. He had married for his second wife the
Widow Peart. The Indians, to the number of eleven, surrounded this nest
of contentment. April 25, 1780, and made captives of Benjamin Gilbert, Sr.,
aged sixty-nine years; Elizabeth, his wife, forty-five; Joseph, his son, forty-
nine; Jesse, another son, nineteen; Sarah, wife of Jesse, nineteen; Rebecca, a
daughter, sixteen ; Abner, a son, fourteen ; Elizabeth, a daughter, twelve ;
Thomas Peart, a son of Benjamin Gilbert's wife, twenty-three; Benjamin
Gilbert, a son of John Gilbert, of Philadelphia, eleven; Andrew Harrigar,

MAJ. GENERAL JUilN SULLIVAN

THE NEW TORK
PUBLIC L13KARY

ASrrOR. I.ENOX ^.ND

TILIIBN Ffll'NDATlONS

K ■ b

THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 139

twenty-six, a hireling of Benjamin dilhert; and Abigail Dobson, fourteen, a
daughter of Samuel Dobson, a neighbor. The Indians then proceeded about
half a mile to Benjamin Peart's dwelling, and there captured himself, aged
twenty-seven; Elizabeth, his wife, twenty; and their child, nine months old.
In Towaniensing township on A\n\\ 15, i/.So, Benedict Snyder and his son
■were captured by the Indians. The inhabitants of the towns of Towanien-
sing, Penn and Chestnuthill evacuated their homes, leaving the frontiers
practically abandoned. The supreme council of war, on being requested by
the inhabitants of the county for militia from the adjoining counties to
defend the frontiers, replied that they should depend on their own militia.
Samuel Rca, the lieutenant of the county, on July 4. 1780. reported tliat he had
enlisted about fifty men, and others were coming in daily; that he had issued
commissions to Captain Johannas Van Etten, Lieutenant John Fisk and
Ensign Thomas Syllaman. The plundering and burning of houses was still
continued by the Indians. They were pursued by the militia who, on
September 8, 1780, marched from Gnadenhutten, a small Moravian town
situated behind the Blue Mountains, on the west branch of the Delaware
river. They v^-ere attacked September 11, 1780, by a party of whites and
Indians and four Americans were killed and nineteen wounded. This attack
caused a more stringent action, and Lieutenant-Colonel Gerger with a suffi-
cient force of men was stationed along the verge of the frontiers. These
Indian troubles aroused the inhabitants of the county, and on December i,
1780, Lieutenant Samuel Rea reported that upwards of three hundred men
were equipped and ready for service.

The Gilbert and Peart captives numbering fifteen, after viewing the
burning of their homes, were led by the Indians across the Blue Mountains
into the wild and rugged region between the Lehigh and the Chemung
branch of the Susquehanna. During their captivity they had to endure the
fearful ordeal of the gauntlet. They were separated from each other, some
adopted by the Indians, others hired out for service in white families.
Finally, after a captivity of two years and five months, they were all released
and collected at Montreal, Canada. From thence they returned to Byberry,
where they had lived before settling on the Mahoning creek.

That the council of war was alarmed at the Indian invasions and atroci-
ties is evidenced in their authorizing Colonel Jacob Stroud to encourage the
young men of the county to hire out and in small parties to strike the enemy
near home, offering $1,500 for every Indian or Tory prisoner taken in arms,
and $1,000 for every Indian scalp.

The last years of the Revolutionary War were uneventful in Northamp-
ton county history. Business was prostrated, the closest economy required,
and a still further disheartening complication arose from the depreciation of
the public money. There were several resignations and appointments of
military officers. The execution of Ralph Morden, convicted of high treason,
took place at Easton November 25, 1780. The hostilities had been principally
transferred to the South, where unequivocal success had followed the advances
of the American army. Peace was formally declared in 1783, the soldiers
returned to their homes and families. Northampton's soil had never felt a
hostile tread other than that of the stealthy savage, nor shook under the

I40 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

tramp of an army except Sullivan's. Her people were as a whole ready and
cheerful in patriotic sacrifices, and many a brave son went forth to battlefields
from which he never returned.

Among the Swiss and Palatine population of Northampton county dur-
ing the Revolution there were a great many who were gunsmiths and armor-
ers, some of them being descendants of the ancient armorers of the feudal
period of Central Europe. These people brought with them to Pennsylvania
the rifle and improved upon the German model with such ingenuity that
they produced a new rifle, a firearm superior to any other in the world — the
American backwoods rifle. These artisans of the backwoods performed serv-
ices far more important than shouldering a musket in the rank and file of
the army. Soon every blacksmith was forging gun-barrels, every cabinet-
maker shaping gunstocks, every gunsmith rifling gun-barrels. Not only were
they employed, but their wives and children and the families of their neigh-
bors were lending a helping hand in cleaning, burnishing and putting the
finishing touches to this new weapon of warfare. The Pennsylvania rifle
had taken the place of the old musket in the eastern colonies long before
the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. There are but few of the names
of those tillers of the virgin soil of Penn's colony handed down to posterity
who possessed the ability to produce a better weapon of warfare than was
used by any of the armies of the world. The council of safety of Philadelphia
established a gun factory at Philadelphia, and John Golcher was engaged to
instruct the workmen in the art of boring and grinding the gun-barrels.
This factory was afterwards removed to AUentown, and Golcher returned
to Easton, where he began manufacturing a double-barreled revolving rifle
with one hammer. Henry Derringer, father of the inventor of the Derringer
pistol, settled in an early day in Easton. John Tyler was in charge of a gun
factory at AUentown, and Daniel Klest was located at Bethlehem. General
Daniel Jvlorgan often stopped at his gunshop to have his soldiers' rifles
examined and put in order. Abraham Berlin was a blacksmith by trade, but
during the Revolution he was a gunsmith. Stephen Horn was engaged for
several years at gun work and then took up powder making. The Young
brothers, John and Henry, were also engaged in the vocation of gun making;
Plenry difl a large business, and his brother, who was an armorer, decorated
the rifles, also the swords manufactured by Isaac Berlin. John Young became
well known by the American authorities and delivered to the colony of
\'irginia one thousand rifles. Johnston Smith was a partner in this trans-
action and his duty was to gather the rifles from the different makers. Young
also furnished one hundred and fifty rifles for military companies forming
in PIiTladelphia. A ])artner in this transaction was Adam Foulk, who seems
to have been of migratory turn of mind, as he was at various times in busi-
ness in Easton, AUentown and Philadelphia. There is little known of
Anthony Smith and Andrew Shorer, who manufactured guns in Bethlehem.
Peter Newhardt, another gunmaker, was from Whitehall township, and
Jacob Newhardt, John Moll and George Layendecker at different times
worked in the state factor}-, and they were in business for themselves in
Easton after its removal to Philadelphia after the British evacuated that
place. Mathias Miller was a descendant of the ancient German armorers.

THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 141

and before the war was engaged in locksmithing in Easton. His guns were
remarkable for their exquisite firelocks. Ebenezer Cowell, an employe of the
state gim factory, came to Allentown on its removal to that point, but
remained after its return to Philadelphia. George Taylor and Richard Back-
house, both residents of Easton, in connection with the Durham iron works,
made cannons, cannon-balls and did considerable experimental work on gun-
barrels. These artificers were exempted from military service by the com-
mittee of safety on account of their valuable services in the manufacture of
arms for those engaged on the battlefields.

'ihc Ihnrys were of English descent, and from the time of their arrival
in this country they were more or less identified with government service,
either as soldier, statesman or manufacturer of arms. The first of the Henrys
in Anu-rica was William Henry of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, who established
a factory in 1752 for the making of firearms. His muskets and rifles were in
great demand during the Revolutionary War, and as deputy quartermaster-
general he was superintendent of arms and military accoutrements. His
son, William Henry, came to Nazareth in 1780, built a small factory and
contracted with the colony of Pennsylvania and the Continental government
for the manufacture of muskets. The water-power was poor, the demand for
muskets greater than the supply, and to facilitate this work in 1812 he built a
gun factory at Bolton, three miles northeast of Nazareth. The location was
one of the most delightful spots along the Bushkill creek, formerly known
by the Indian name Lehicton. A few years later the works passed into the
hands of his sons, William Henry and John Joseph Henry, who conducted
the business until 1822, when the latter became the sole owner. The fame
of the Henry rifle spread along the whole frontier. On the organization of
the North American Fur Company by John Jacob Astor, he ordered all the
supply of his rifles from the Henry factory, which was the only one at that
time that could furnish them. The manufacture of rifles ceased when the
North American Fur Company went out of existence, but for many years
rifles and pistols were manufactured by the Henrys for the militia of the
South and West, and they figured very prominently in the Civil War.*

* The Henry rifle of the Civil War time was the most remarkable gun of its day.
It was a sixteen-shot magazine gun. The output was small, and the writer has never
heard that it was furnished to troops by the government. It played an important part
in the battle of Alatoona, Georgia, in October, 1864. The Confederate General Hood
had left Atlanta to attack General Sherman's rear, and the first point he struck was
Alatoona, the Union ammunition and food supply station, held by a very small garri-
son. It was attacked by a full Confederate division, which was firmly resisted until
reinforcements arrived. It could not have held out had not one of the regiments
'the .'^cventh Illinois) been armed with the Henry rifle, which was spoken of by the
Confederates as "the gun the Yanks had that fired off all day with one loading." The
regiment had purchased these guns itself, each man paying $80 apiece for them, and
they had only arrived from tlie North a few days before the battle. This was tlie
battle which gave birth to the famous song, "Hold the Fort, For I Am Coming,"
these words being a paraphrase of General Sherman's signal flag message from
Kennesaw Mountain at the opening of the battle. The writer of this speaks from
personal knowledge.^ — (Editor).

CHAPTER XV
FRIES' REBELLION

The close of tlie Revolutionary War found the people of the country in
a state of disquietude nnd unrest, with no orp:anized national tjovernmcnt.
The formation of a national tj;overnmcnt was the cause of allaying the minds
of the people, a majority of whom settled down to industrial habits and the
hlessin,!:^s of peace. There were, however, discontented citizens, many of
whom had been connected with the American army who, during their term
of service as soldiers, had imbued a military spirit that was antagonistic to
the laws of the land. This spirit of revolt was more evidenced in the
northern than in the southern colonies. In the latter section of the country,
which had suftered the most during the closing period of the war from the
scarcity of the necessities for the preserving of life and of the lack of funds
to purchase same, there was a disposition to return to their avocation of
tilling the soil, which was their principal industry. This was made largely
successful by slavery, which then existed amongst them.

The closing events of the eighteenth century witnessed three events in
America which at the time seriously alarmed the friends of the new republic.
The first of these was Shay's rebellion in Massachusetts; in 1794 the opposi-
tion of the people of southwestern Pennsylvania, which was known as the
Whiskey rebellion, and for the suppression of which Northampton county
furnished twenty cavalrymen and three hundred and seventy-four infantry-
men ; the third event, which was known as Fries' rebellion, occurred in 1799,
and was confined to the adjoining townshijis of Bucks and Northampton
counties.

The threatened war with France caused Congress to pass a special tax.
The amount to be raised was $2,000,000, of which $237,000 was assessed to
Pennsylvania. This tax was levied on real estate and slaves ; there being
but seventeen hundred slaves in Pennsylvania, the tax fell chiefly on build-
ings and lands. Discontent soon became manifest in the communities inhab-
ited by the Germans, and designing men threatened that the provinces would
again revert to the British throne. The law was a just one, and the burden
of taxes fell upon those who well could afford it; the pcoi)Ie, however,
opposed it and would not listen to any explanations. The administration
of President Adams was unpopular and politics had much to do with the
opposition. The authorities of Northampton and Buck counties positively
refused to furnish their quota under the law to increase the militia. In this
condition of affairs, with the people against the government, it is not strange
that a determination to resist the law should manifest itself.

The most active in stirring up these disturbances was John Fries, an
inhabitant of Milford township, Bucks county. He was by trade a cooper,
also an auctioneer. In his travels through the rural districts he took every
opi)ortunity to ferment the discontented jieople. He had been a soldier in
the Revolutionary War, also in the Whiskey insurrection, had an extensive

144 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

acquaintance, and no one was held in higher esteem; therefore his arguments
were always conclusive. The other active leaders were John Getman and
Frederick Heaney, the latter a resident of Plainfield township, Northampton
county. He was for many years a justice of peace and a highly respected
citizen.

Pennsylvania was divided into nine districts to enforce the tax law.
The fifth district comprised Northampton, Luzerne and Wayne counties ;
Jacob Eyerly of Nazareth was appointed commissioner. The dissatisfaction
and discontent were largely augmented by a German nev.-spaper, the Messenger
and Intelligencer, published by Jacob Weyganat at Easton. Communications
of libelous character against Ejerly and his appraisers were admitted to its
columns. The assessors feared bodily harm ; the women especially railed at
them, set dogs on them, and often threw scalding water on their heads. In
Hamilton township (now Monroe count}') the people became so enraged at
Nicholas Michael, the assessor, that a mob visited his house to do him harm,
but he escaped to Easton. This state of affairs suggested to Commissioner
Eyerly the propriety of calling a public meeting to explain to the people the
law. thereby to obtain their submission peaceably. This meeting was held
at Heller's tavern at Wood Gap, then known as Gaptown, and was presided
over by Captain Jacob Heller. Commissioner Eyerly was accompanied by
Judge William Henry, who proceeded to explain to the people assembled
the House Tax Law, but the latter were not disposed to listen; they refused
to accept a proposition that they appoint their own assessors, as such a course
would amount to a submission to the law. A similar effort to explain the
law was made in Upper Milford township, with like effect.

The resistance to the law had now reached a point where it became
necessary for the civil authorities to take notice of this flagrant opposition.
Subpoenas were issued by Judge Henry, and persons were examined to
obtain testimony against the oftenders of the lav*-. The witnesses, however,
were reluctant in giving information, fearful of bodily harm from the insur-
gents. Judge Henry arranged to meet a number of persons at Trexlertown ;
the crowd there assembled were noisy and impudent, and from the proceed-
ings there exhibited it became evident that the local authorities could not
quiet the disturbance, and that federal aid was inevitable. What had become
a local disaffection assumed a national importance ; warrants were issued for
the arrest of those who were opposed to the house tax, and they were
declared insurgents and traitors to their country.

The warrants were placed in the hands of United States Marshal Samuel
Nichols, who arrived at Nazareth, March 2, 1799, and proceeded to execute
them. The authorities arrested twelve in Lehigh township; five others volun-
tarily gave themselves into custody. These prisoners were sent to Bethlehem
and confined at the Sun tavern. The marshal next proceeded to Macungie
township, meeting with no resistance until they came to the house of George
Snyder, near Emaus, who, armed with a club, defied the officers and refused
to receive the warrant. The next attempt was at Millerstown, where the
marshal's deputies attempted to arrest Henry Shankweiler. A crowd present
declared if he were arrested they would fight. The marshal warned the mob
of the consequences of a riot, and as Shankweiler refused to accompany the

FRIES' REBELLION MS

officers, the latter left amidst a shout of the people of "Liberty!" The olTi-
cers succeeded in arresting: Adam Stephen, Herman Hartman and Daniel
Everly. They then returned to Bethlehem, whire the prisoners were confined.
The arrest and confinement of these prisoners at Bethlehem was soon
noised abroad, causing; unusual excitement and indi|,Miation throughout the
surrounding country. The lives of Commissioner Eyerly and Judge Henry
were threatened, and for several months their homes were nightly guarded.
Meetings were held in Northampton county for the purpose of organizing
and rescuing the prisoners. Fries having learned of these meetings, imme-
diately prepared to lend his assistance. At a meeting of the Northampton
county rescuers, Andrew Shiffert was elected captain of a body of men
which had collected, and began their march towards Bethlehem. Fries, at
the head of his insurgents to the number of one hundred and forty, variously
armed, some with guns, others with swords and pistols, overtook the North-
ampton county delegation near the south end of the Lehigh bridge. Marshal
Nichols received information of the intended rescue, and on consultation
with the authorities organized a posse of twenty men. Two armed men
about noon on March 7, 1799, arrived at the Sun tavern, and were promptly
arrested and confined. Later three other men, mounted and in uniform,
among them Henry Shankweiler, arrived in Bethlehem ; but, making no
demonstration, they were permitted to mingle with the crowd, which num-
bered about four hundred. News of the arrival of the insurgents at the
Lehigh bridge reached the oflficers at the Sun tavern ; it was determined to
send a delegation of four citizens to prevail upon them not to come into
Bethlehem. John Mulhallon, William Barnett, Christian Roth and Isaac
Hartzell were appointed, and, proceeding on their errand, they crossed the
bridge and met the Northampton insurgents. The latter, on being asked
who was their commanding oflRcer, replied they had none, that they were
all commanders. The committee then explained the result of their resistance
to the laws of the United States in rescuing their prisoners, but all argu-
ments had no effect?'. It was finally agreed that three of the insurgents should
accompany the committee to confer with the marshal. This conference was
held, the two men arrested in the morning were released and returned to
their companions just as Fries and his contingent from Bucks county reached
the bridge. The committee tried to prevail on Fries to abandon the march,
but their arguments were fruitless. F'ries, at the head of two companies of
riflemen, one company of mounted men armed with drawn swords, with
cockades in their hats, proceeded towards the Sun tavern. The insurgents
reached the inn about one o'clock P. M., drew up in line, resting on their
arms. The marshal had stationed armed guards at the bottom and top of
the stairs in charge of the prisoners. Fries, accompanied by two men, on
entering the hotel, asked permission to ascend the stairs, which was granted
by the marshal, whereupon he immediately demanded the release of the
prisoners. The marshal replied it was not within his power to release them,
and if he was determined to take them he must get them the best way he
could. Fries then descended the stairs, reported the result of his interview
to the insurgents, who expressed their determination to have the prisoners
at any risk, and at once prepared to take them by force. Instructing his

NOUTU.— 1— 10.

146 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

men not to fire until they had been fired upon, Fries and his command
rushed into the tavern, but the marshal's posse succeeded in clearing the
entry of the enemy. This repulse maddened the crowd; they returned to
the charge with a greater force, yelling, striking the floor with the butts of
their guns, and so great became the alarm that the posse feared for their
own safety. The marshal consulted Judge Henry what was best to be done,
and he advised the surrender of the prisoners, but this he refused to do. The
marshal suggested that he and his prisoners should proceed towards Phila-
delphia, and if the mob rescued the prisoners it would be their act, not his.
Fries continued his demands for the release of the prisoners, and threats of
violence were made against Henry, Eyerly and others in case they were not
given up. The affairs thus taking a serious turn, the marshal concluded to
deliver the prisoners to Fries, and they were accordingly released and turned
over to them. The crowd soon dispersed, and in a little while there was not
an armed man to be seen anywhere in the village of Bethlehem.

Immediately on the release of the prisoners, Fries returned home and,
deliberating on his insurgent act, he doubted with all sincerity its propriety.
Efforts were made to harmonize matters so that the assessments could be
made. Meetings were held, committees appointed, and the people peacefully
submitted to the law, none being more willing to have it carried out than
John Fries, who returned to his occupation of vendue crying, and his conduct
evidenced his repentance of his former acts. The government authorities
were kept informed of the progress of events in the disaffected districts.
When information reached the President of the disturbances at Bethlehem, he
assembled his cabinet, and after deliberation a proclamation was issued
declaring that the insurgents had been guilty of treason. On the appearance
of the proclamation great excitement prevailed ; the insurgents began to
realize the seriousness of their resistance to the laws of the land. The
newspapers reviewed the question from a legal as well as from a political
standpoint. Fries' name was so frequently mentioned that he became greatly
disturbed in his peace of mind; he frequently expressed himself that he would
give all he was worth if the matter was settled. The proclamation gave
the affair a national importance; the state legislature received it, but took
no action.

A change of policy now took place, the Fries rebellion being relegated
to the military forces for treatment. The Secretary of War on March 20, 1799,
made a requisition on the governor of Pennsylvania for militia to quell the
insurrection. The governor called out the militia, ignoring Northampton
county, as it was deemed that its militia would be unreliable owing to the
residence of a number of the insurgents within its boundaries. Brigadier-
General William Macpherson was placed in command of the government
forces. The War Department called all the available regulars, about five
hundred, and made a requisition on the governor of New Jersey for two
thousand militia. Headquarters were established at the Spring House on
the Bethlehem turnpike, where the state troops arrived early in April, and
they were soon followed by the regulars.

General Macpherson issued an address to the people, dated April 6, 1799,
advising them of the danger of combining in an unlawful proceeding, pointing

FRIES' RKBKLI.ION 147

out the duty and necessity of the people to submit to the laws; reviewed
fully the tax law, how it afTcctcd all classes, and promised full protection to
all that needed it. The army proceeded from the Spring House to Sellers-
ville, accompanied by Judge Richard Peters of the United States court, who
was on hand to bind over for appearance any ])erson who might be arrested,
for at this point the active operations of the campaign were to commence.
Fries naturally was the first prisoner that the military leaders sought to
secure. Four companies of cavalry were detailed on the morning of April 5th
to capture him. He was crying a vendue, mounted on a barrel, with a fire
shovel in his hand when the troops appeared. He immediately fled, as also
did his audience. Fries made for a near-by swam]i, but was captured by
the soldiers. The next day, after making a statement before Judge Peters,
he was taken to Philadelphia with another prisoner, John Eberhard, and they
were lodged in jail to await their trial for treason. The others accused in
the late disturbances were arrested, and the army retired to Reading,
Pennsylvania, where the militia was disbanded. The military expedition, as
far as arresting those who had disturbed the peace of Bucks and Northamp-
ton counties, was a success, the leaders were in the hands of the Federal
authorities, and the trial, conviction and execution alone remained to be
accomplished.

The United States court convened April 11, 1799, with James Iredell
associate justice on the bench to try Fries. He was defended by Alexander
J. Dallas, John Ewing and William Lewis. The government was represented
by Samuel Sitgreaves and William Rawle. The trial began May 1st and
many witnesses were called ; on May 9th the jury returned a verdict of guilty ;
on the fourteenth of that month Fries was called up for sentence. His coun-
sel made application for a new trial, basing his motion on the plea that
John Reynolds, one of the jurors, had declared a prejudice against the pris-
oner after he was summoned as a juror, producing testimony to that effect.
After a long argument a new trial was granted.

The second trial of Fries took place April 29, 1800, Judge Samuel Chase
presiding. A new indictment was drawn against Fries, to which he pleaded
not guilty. He was again defended by Alexander J. Dallas and William
Lewis, but they withdrew from the case because of the extraordinary course
of the judges in declaring their opinions as to the law before hearing counsel,
thus prejudicing the case to the jury. This left Fries without counsel ; he,
however, expressed no desire to have any, and the case proceeded on the
part of the government. The jury rendered a verdict of guilty on May 1st ;
the following day Fries was sentenced to be hung. The trial of the other
parties indicted followed Fries' second trial, and they were found guilty, and
the following sentences imposed upon them : John Getman and Frederick
Hcaney, to be hung; Henry Jarret a fine of $i,ooo and two years' imprison-
ment; George Schaeffer was for a first offence fined $400 and eight months'
imprisonment, and for a second offence four months' imprisonment and a
fine of $200; Daniel Schwartz, Sr., was fined $400 and given a prison sen-
tence of eight months; Christian Ruth, Henry Stapler and Henry Schiffert
were fined $200 and sentenced to prison for eight months ; Michael Schmeier
was given a prison sentence of one year and fined $50; Valentine Kuder, a.

148 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

fine of $200 and two years' imprisonment; Rev. Jacob EA^erman, a fine of $50
and one year's imprisonment; Henry Shankweiler, a fine of $150 and one
year's imprisonment; IMichacl Snyder, a fine of $400 and nine months' im-
prisonment; Henry Schmidt, a fine of $200 and eight months' imprisonment;
Philip Desch and Jacob Kline were fined $150 and received a prison sentence
of eight months ; Philip Ruth and Christian Sachs were fined $200 and sen-
tenced to six months' imprisonment; John Eberhard, John Klein, Jr., George
Getman, William Getman, were each fined $100 and given six months' prison
sentence ; .Herman Hartman, John Huber, Daniel Klein, Jacob Klein, Adam
Breich and George ]\Iemberger were fined $150 and sentenced to six months
in prison ; Abraham Schantz, Henry Memberger and Peter Hagar received a
sentence of imprisonment of four months and a fine of $100; Abraham Samsel
and P. Huntsberger were fined $50 and given a three months' prison sen-
tence ; Peter Gable, Daniel Gable and Jacob Gable were fined $40 and
sentenced to two months in prison.

The conviction of Fries increased the excitement of the people from the
adherents of both political parties, and all possible exertions were made to
save his life. A petition signed by a large number of citizens was presented
to President Adams for the paraoning of Fries. The President had watched
the proceedings of both trials, and on !May 20, 1800, he submitted to his
cabinet thirteen questions, which indicated his leaning on the side of clemency.
One of the cabinet was of the opinion that the three insurgents under death
sentence should be executed, while other members thought the hanging of
Fries alone would be sufficient to show the power of the law. The President
acted on his own judgment ; though he represented what was then the aristo-
cratic element of the country, also the political party that was fast disintegrat-
ing, he had that Yankee trait in his character of caution which made him
hesitate to inflict the severe court sentence passed on the offenders. He
decided that the excitement prevailing in the country could more readily be
allayed by mercy than the opposite course. Therefore, in opposition to the
opinions of his cabinet, he decided to deal with leniency towards these mis-
guided citizens and pardon them for their misdemeanors. President Adams
on May 21, 1800, issued a proclamation granting absolute pardon to all
those who stood convicted of treason in Northampton and Bucks counties.
This, however, did not include Fries, Getman and Heaney, who, having
received the death sentence, it required a special ])ardon from the President,
which was issued a few days later. This was the closing act of an event
that was a critical period in the histor}- of the United States.

THE .VE\'
PUBLIC LlMiARY

ACTOR. LENOX ANB
TILOKN KlIUNDATlONS
L

MOUNTAIN VIEW FROM THE NORTH
Easton at the EiUraiKe tu the Grand \'allcy, with I'hilliiisburg, N. J., to the left

CHAPTER XVI
THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

The ojUMiing of the nineteenth century found Northampton county fully
restored from the sufferings and disasters of tlie Revolutionary War. The
population of the county was at this time 30,062 ; the era of manufacturing
had not commenced within her boundaries, her citizens were busily engaged
in agricultural jiursuits. The era of strife was for a time closed, the Indians
who had been troublesome during the preceding century were now far re-
moved beyond the western boundaries of her limits. The first decade of
the century was passed in peaceful content and happiness, and with
nothing to mar the regular routine of home and business life except the strife
of political parties. The second decade of the century was not so harmoni-
ous, though none of the stirring events of the War of 1812-15 with Great
Britain occurred within the boundaries of Pennsylvania and no body of hos-
tile troops gained a foothold on her soil. What was true of the State in this
particular was also true of the county of Northampton. There was, however,
the old military ardor which was manifested in the Revolutionary period and
there was no lack of volunteers who were ready to administer another blow
to the British lion. When the enemy's movement up the Chesapeake bay
was thought to have for its objective point the city of Philadelphia, there
was no more than this needed to rouse the patriotism of every Pennsylvanian.

It was on July 14, 1814, that President Madison issued his call for
93,500 militia, of which the quota of Pennsylvania was 14,000, and before a
day had passed the intelligence had reached the furthest parts of the county,
and men came freely forward to enroll themselves in the companies which
were already forming and in some cases were already filled. Captain Abraham
Horn's company was raised to a strength of sixty men in Easton in a single
day. A great portion of the volunteer soldiers was encamped at Marcus
Hook, on the Delaware, below the metropolis. The designs of the British
were not on the city of Philadelphia, but the excitement was not allayed
when it was found that the National Capital was to feel the weight of the
enemy's wrath ; and when the torch was applied to Washington, the indigna-
tion and patriotic anger of the people was intense. The military records
at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, are incomplete, and a thorough search has
only resulted in a partial list of those who volunteered from Northampton
county :

First Company, First Rifle Regiment, at Camp Dupont, Nov. 13th, 1814:
Capt. — Abraham Horn, Jr.
1st Lieut. — J. Horn; 2nd, J. DingU-r.
Ensign — J. Biglow.
Sgts. — M. Horn, F. Mattes, C. Hay.
1st Cpls. — S. Moore, E. Fortner, J. Sl'.ip. J. Dill.
Musicians — W. Thompson, J. Horn.

Pvts. — J. Luckenbach, C. Bovvers, W. Mexscll, W. Evans, G. Lottig, J. Bossier,
P. Miller, N. Dealy, H. Miller, J. Doan, T. Shank, F. Warmkessel, F. Jackson, J.

ISO NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Hartly, J. Mesene, G. Shcwell, J. Bossier, D. Roth, J, Seiple, W. Berlin, H. Wilhelm,
J. Smith, A. Keyselback, C. Carey, J. P. Breidcnbach, P. Storker, J. Grub, A. H.
Barthold, I. Kcidcr, J. Kelso, A. Grub, J. Falkner, H. Pine, W. Shick, E. Mettler,
J. Barns, J. L. Jackson, J. Killpatrick, A. Flag, C. Genther, A. Ward, G. Dingier,
J. Shipe.

Complete muster-roll of the Fourth Company of 2nd Regiment Volunteer Light
Infantry, command of Col. Louis Buch, Aug. 27, 1814:

Capt. — Peter Nungesser.

1st Lieut. — C. Lombeart; 2nd, H. Sitgreaves.

Ensign — W. Barnett.

1st Sgt. — Andrew Pursol; 2nd, J. Mush; 3rd, C. Hickman, 4th, J. Naglc,

1st Cpl. — L. Geno; 2nd, B. H. Arndt; 3rd, J. Osterstock; 4th, G. Reichart.

Drum-Major — C. Horn.

Fifer — G. Stroap.

Pvts. — T. Arnold, W. Schooley, P. Bishop, S. Barnes, S. Bachman, J. Bachman,
L Gary, V. Ditly, John Dehart, P. Reichart, J. Reichart, J. Yohe, G. Hawk, J. Skilley,
R. Wallace, J. Otto, J. Morgan, W. Garron, J. Simmons, M. Trocell, C. Hutter, S.
White, W. Levers, J. Inman, J. larman, J. Stucker, S. Frantz, P. Everhart, J. I^udwich,
S. Swan, J. Newhart, L. Easterwood, J. Young, J. Bellows, W. ?":'ier, J. Faren,
E. Genning, P. Druniheller, S. Erwine.

Roll of Capt. John Dornblaser's Company, belonging to a detachment 01 North-
ampton, Lehigh and Pike Counties' militia, commanded by Lieut. C. ]. Hutter:

Capt. — John Dornblascr.

1st Lieut. — J. V. Bush; 2nd, J. Winters; 3rd, F. Fenner.

Ensign — D. Smith.

'ist Sgt. — J. W. Morrison; 2nd, John Hartzel; 3rd, Jacob Hartzel; 4th, F. F'enner.

1st Cpl.— N. Tell; 2nd, H. Barret; 3rd, S. Stocker; 4th, W. Brady.

Drummer — J. Saylor.

Fifer — J. Hickman.

Pvts.— J. Dietz, G. Rape, P. Snyder, J. Ward, J. Osterstack, J. Young, J. Shafer,
G. Nolf, S. Hoffert, J. Bunstein, C. Walter, A. Young, D. Stocker, G. Willower,
.•\. Miller, J. Wimmer, F. Price, L. Kehler, J. Hertmacher, D. Kehler, C. Windan,
J. Staufer, J. Stocker, J. Gangwehr, J. R. Hohiian, L. Nye, A. Nye, J. Steiner, D. Miller,
P. Hahn, G. Hahn, G. Meyer, P. Shick, J. Keyser, F. Yeres, J. Swartwood, J. Minner,
P. Fisher, J. Crawford, J. Baird, D. Shcperd, J. Lowman, D. Evans, J. Stine, J. Barr,
J. Cooper, W. Davis, J. Clark, W .Bureau, Jacob Arndt, S. Snell, C. Ihrie, J. Gower,
H. Meyer, G. Serfas, D. Fisher. J. Christman, J. Klinetrap, J. Mach, T. Postens, G.
Miller, J. Swenk, J. Brewer, C. Smith, J. Merwinc, J. Huston, G. Rinkle, S. Reese, A.
McGammon, P. Strunk, J. Foulk, G. Coolbaugh, P. Jayne, B. Bunnell, J. Place,
J. Adams, F. Herman, S. Winans, S. Kinkaill, P. Vandermark, A. Vanctten, J. Howe,
R. Simpson, W. Van Sickle, L Stell, C. Cartright, G. Watson— 1814.

Camp Dupont, Nov. 13-14. List of Capt. John Ott's Rifle Company of the com-
mand of Col. Thomas Humphreys:

Capt— John Ott.

ist Lieut. — Joseph Wild.

Ensign — Casper Living wood.

1st Sgt. — F. Whitman; 2nd, J. Knipply; 3rd, M. 0.\; 4th, P. Wind.

1st Cpl. — T. Gcnnes; 2nd, E. Hallan; 3rd, M. Hearline; 4th, W. Fogel, H. Weber.

Drummer — P. Jacoby.

Fifer — E. Weber.

Pvts. — P. Shafron, P. Hager, P. Jacoby, J. Brown, J. Gangwer, F. Stoll, J. HolT-
man, M. Detra. S. Paul, J. Trapp, P. Bachaker, D. Romig, H. Myer, J. Hcnn, J. Gain,
D. Gongwer, J. Laskcrg, L. Pigcnback, P. Buchacker, S. Shafer, H. Mastaller, H.
Bouten. G. Trapp, P. Herlinc. P. Wcbcr, P. Wild.

FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 151

Capt. Shafcr's Company— Regiment, 2n(l Brigade, 2n(l Division:

Capt.— Adam Sliafer.

l.ieiit — Jacob Krller.

Ensign — J. Katcnbncli.

1st Sgt. J. Driinihcller; jnd, C. Sellers; 3rd, A. Brunncr; 4th, J. Rumfield; 5th,

J. Dottcror.

Cpls.— J. Hess, J. Unangst, 1'. Lynn, G. Weaver.

Pvts.— J. Sigfried, P. Unangst, P. Hcager, A. Engelman, S. TIartman, J. Jaroby,
J. Zciglcr, G. Kleiner, P. Klik, J. Miller, J. Welsh, R. Laubacb, D. Reigh, H. Hoff-
man, J. Cooper, J. Christman, T. Weaver, J. Freeman, P. Roth, J. Beidlcman, M. Loyd,
J. Hess, H. Bett, C. Ruch, L. Blaylor, M. Ruth, J. Hausc, H. Reigle, A. Fchr, M. Lutz,
J. Lantz, P. Peyfer, J. Stein, S Hartzcl, S. Waldenslager, G. Laugbach, G. Jacoby,
J. Woodring, H. Grotz, J. Pcyfcr, J. Stein, F. Miller, J. Miller, H. Frankcnficld,
W. Raub, J. Raub, J. Brotzman, L. Walter, P. Mittig, P. Transii, D. Rauch, G. Sander,
.1. Rauch, G. Falich, S. Rauch, S. Mest, J. Rex, J. Hausman, J, Best, A. Hartzel,
F. Garis, F. Spangleberg, J. Raub, J. Spanglcberg, H. Stein, J. Peter, J. Lauchnor,
A. Ranckle, V. Silger, D. Dcibert, D. Genscnger, A. Klotz, L. Hann, J. Harlan,
J. Hann, G. Stervvald, D. Archer, D. Acker, C. Magus, A. Fry, S. Boyer, J. Milton,
C. Heller. J. Hadler, G. Dapbiedcr, G. Breiner, G. Hedler, A. Miller, J. Frantz,
M. West, J. Rex, P. Natslove, P. Sell, M. Farrow, J. Kramlich, J. Hcidard, G. Hop,
P. Hartnian.

Rifle Company, Regiment, Col. . 1st Brigade, Gen. Spring; and

Division, Gen. Shirtz, Oct. 14th, 1814:

Capt — Abraham Gangaware.

1st Lieut. — Da'l Moyer; 2nd, J. Ncwhart; 3rd, J. Stein.

Knsign — O. Weller.

1st Sgt. — J. Dull; 2nd, P. Minor; 3rd, D. Quier.

1st Cpl. — A. Keisser; 2nd, J. Long; 3rd, D. Bickle; 4th, J. Mogler.

Musicians — J. Weiper, D. Quear.

Pvts.— J. Pryor, D. O'Daniel, J. Rose, J. Swenk, J. Frain, D. Keik, N. Moyer,
J. Keidler, D. Rhoads, S. Boardgt, J. Ott, J. Rhoads, S. Yunt, G. Leitzenberger,
B. Shoemaker, P. Kuntz, D. Stileman, C. Slamy, Kinhinger, P. Sloffmorc, H. Brobcrt,
H. Hartman, G. Fisher, G. Hoats, H. Good, G. Kcntz, J. Song, M. Eline, H. Keniery,
P. Laudcnslager, J. Loudenslager, C. Fought, G. Henry, T. Gangwere, D. Valentine,
H. Ocher, G. Beck, J. Sherry, J. Deal, A. Schriven, J. Beck, G. Woodring, M. Good,
J. Flexer, J. Richenbach, J. Hamer, M. Dornhamiler, J. Miller, J. Ncrfor, J. Frack,
J. Nagle, J. Schantz, J. Miller, J. Guilher, C. Reinbole, G. Hill, W. Stover, M. Fryman,
F. Rider, R. Rovenholt, P. Kuntz, A. Highleager. H. Rich, F. Heller, P. Minic, G.
Sterner, H. Rice, P. Seip, G. Broab, P. Elinsider, J. Trexler, J. Koch, J. Clawell,
J. Eret, H. Fadsinger, E. Keafer, J. Enhard, J. Slower, H. Herwig, J. Mushtitz, M. Poe,
M. Sendle, G. Lehr, P. Nogle, C. Race, C. Wile, A. Loudenbach, J. Hillcgass, J. Shontz,
J. Heller, G. Whitzal, S. Good, J. Ott, J. Stower, J. Snider, H. Shontz.

Third Company, Regiment, 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division.

Capt. — William Fisher.

1st Lieut. — D. Roth; 2nd, T. Lamb; 3rd, A. Keller.

Ensign — J. Knecht.

1st Sgt. — J. Walp; 2nd, I. L. Johnston; 3rd, J. Heyncy; 4th, M. Morris.

Cpls. — T. Shich, H. Karney, S. Zieglcr.

Musicians — G. Hess, P. Sichfried, E. Kronkright.

Pvts.— W. Major, D. Ross, G. Emmor, G. .Mbert, H. Pyshcr, D. Lamberson,
C. Hess, A. Fleming, E. Carkhuff, P. Reimcr, G. Reimer, C. Wagner, T. Knacht, Jr.,
C. Junken, J. Biggie, J. Kister, M. Teal, M. Ittcrly, P. Flory, H. McCormcl, D.
Shoren, A. Hiliiard, J. Emrich, J. Keim, J. Walker, M. Ernst, J. Bloof, S. Weed, O.
Lester, G. Walter, W. Eysenbciger, J. Shelly, P. Kellian, D. Wanaher, J. Henry,
W. Westfall, R. Galloway, J. Houch, J. Jones, D. Grube, J. Miller. H. Hess. J. Miller.

152 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Jr., H. Strause, A. Wanner, J. Roth. F. Mapes, J. Miller, P. Steinmetz, C. Ziegler,
T. Flick, C. Kreidler, J. Krutzer, W. Edmond, J Kintz, C. Menzer, J. Flory, P. Wey-
gant. G. Gross. A. Houch, G. Gerhart, C. Muffley, I. Albert, L. Shannon, J. Pensyl,
S. Hopple. C. Fell, L. Bartholomew, J. Miller, J. Michen, J. Smith, D. Labur, W.
Freitchey, S. Yod, J. Johnston, J. Nichum, J. Eylenberger, S. Qaj-^vell, J. Russell,

A. Grotzman, J. Williams, J. Gouley, W. Williams, J. Long, J. Snyder, B. Fort, G.
Kratzer, J. Strouse, P. Keller.

Roll of Seventh Company, First Rifle Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, in the
command of Col. T. Humphreys.
Capt. — Jacob Shurtz.

Sgts. — T. Ettwein, J. King, J. Hume!, T. W'agner.
Cpls.— j. Wolf, H. Wolf, J. Buss, X. Kacmeres.
Musicians — A. Stehe, M. Lawall, P. Lawall.
Pvts. — J. Kocher, J. Beil, D. Fry, M. Fry, John Blum, J. Clayder, S. Gross,

C. Beker, J. Coleman, J. Colver, G. Engel, J. Flick, J. Handsher, L. Cutting, J. Dor-
wart. F. Dreher, J. Huber, J. Hinkel, P. Junken, I. Kinart, J. Kirkenthal, J. Moser,

D. Kreidler, C. Roth, Jacob Roth, John Roth, George Lawall, J. Santee, W. W.
Swain, M. Transee, J. Unangst, G. Wagner, G. Young, G. Hebcrling, C. Fry, D.
Oberly, J. Ziegnfuss; made at Camp Dupont. November 13th, 1814.

Fourteenth Company, ist Rifle Regiment, Camp Dupont, September 14th, 1814:

Capt.^George Hess, Jr.

1st Lieut. — L McHose; 2nd, J. Steaver.

Ensign — S. Meyer.

Musicians — J. Weaver, W. Hinkel.

Sgts. — P. Boehm, D. Beaver, C. Bashman, W. Lynn.

Cpls.— W. Lersh, L Eckert, G. Rush, J. Henn.

Pvts. — A. Braun, M. Moscr, J. Freeman, J. Sherer, S. Emery, C. Laubach, J. Bash-
man, J. Seiphert, J. Mann, H. Lee, M. Shleyer, J. Kneshel, F. Siegle, John P. Beyl,
J. Leidish, W. Long, D. Shleyer, A. Reish, Jr., P. Ohl, J. Leidish, G. Dany, H. Rasmy,
J. Mill. J. Henn, J. Beyl, P. Beaver, Y. Miller, .\. Emery, G. Weaver, J. Klau, M. Biesaker,
F. Fogel, J. Klau. J. Bast, L. Derr. W. Graham, J. Lynn, Jr.

Captain Hawk's Company, 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, command of Lieut.-Col.
Christian J. Hutter.

Capt. — .^dam Hawk.

1st Sgt. — J. C. Schock; 2nd Sgt., J. Trokel; 3rd, J. L. Knauss; 4th, Peter Belles;
5th, Wm. Fitzrandolph.

1st Cpl. — Samuel Walter; 2nd, F. Wilhelm; 3rd, J. Lowry; J. Roher, n. c.

Pvts — John Rolh, Thos. Pigg, H. Burlinger, N. Gruber, F. Price, J. Kriedler,
D. Sirick. J. Rausbury, B. Price, G. Brodhead, S. Beech, A. Neiterhour, J. Jones,
H. Rugs, P. Kegs, J. Walter, L Snell, H. Emech, A. Hickman, G. Kuline, J. Kern.
J. Kuhn. A. Wilhour, P. Walter, J. Hilliard, J. Kitter, F. Meksho, N. Duwalt, T. Plotts,
R. Arnold, M. Swartz, J. Roup, J. Stocker, A. Jumper, J. Winner, J. Daniels, G. Fry,
M. Kouhbine, W. Hulfish, J. jintry, H. Coffin, J. Bander, P. Odenwilder, W. Walter,
J. Caplin, J. Walter, C. Midsker, W. Koup, C. Stocher, M. Kaumore, J. Singlin, J.
Nagel. G. Shoop, J. Delher, J. Fushamer, J. Putz, A. Remel, S. Strong, J. Wismer,

B. Mantania, A. Gordon, J. W. Drake, W. Sayre, J. Lee. P. Hawk, J. Storme, H.
Wergs, G. Kittz, A. Andrew, A. Arnold, M. Smith, D. Burrow, J. Frong, .\. Depew,
J. Strole, G. Hanzsor, J. Price, J. Kemry, J. Bush, A. Tell, J. Prichard, A. Dennis,
J. Raush, J. Smith, J. Targen, D. Lee, S. Pugh, P. Klinelup, P. Putz, A. Kailor,
J. M. Carr.

The foregoing: is a list of the names of soldiers from Northampton
county; some of the companies were entirely from the county, while others
were only partially co. At the Easton library there is preserved a company

FIRST HALF OF THE NINKTEENTH CENTURY 153

color that was presented by the ladies of Easton by Miss Rosina Beidelman
to Captain Horn's company on the morninfj of their departure from Camp
Dupont. At the time the Declaration of Independence was promulgated at
Easton, July 5, 1776, a flag representing the Thirteen States was displayed at
the conclusion of the reading of that famous document, and the court-house
bell rang forth the glad tidings to the assembled people. Just who retained
possession of the flag is of course only traditional. Naturally, it may be
presumed it was either Colonel Robert Levers or Lieutenant Valentine
Beidelman, both of whom were trusted custodians of local affairs of the
new government. The ])robability is that the flag presented to the emergency
company was the original Revolutionary flag, on account of the presentation
being made by a descendant of the trusted lieutenant of the county. In
the year 1821 the remnant of this flag was placed in the Easton library,
where it can be seen to this day. After these volunteers entered the field
the war receded and no longer menaced their State. It was fought out on
other ground — in the lowlands of Louisiana, the Canadian plains, and on
ocean and lakes.

War always brings with it an increased price of necessary living com-
modities. The War of 1812 was no exception to this inflexible consequence.
Sugar reached thirty-five cents a pound, coffee was forty cents, and all
classes of cotton and woolen goods commanded prices as high in proportion.
This state of affairs was not, however, ruinous to the people, as the lesson
was taught to do without luxuries. There was scarcely an article produced,
excepting salt, that was necessary to their comfort and health but was pro-
duced within the limits of the county. Rye was a passable substitute for
coffee, while roots and herbs were gathered in the forests to take the place
of tea imported from China, which retailed at four dollars a pound. The
spinning-wheels and handlooms, by the industry of wives and daughters,
furnished broadcloths, silks and calicoes, which were as warm and durable
as those of foreign manufacture. Incomes did not suffer a corresponding
diminution, for the agricultural products advanced as rapidly as foreign
articles. Wheat reached three dollars a bushel, corn a dollar and a half, and
oats eighty cents ; so that while necessary expenses of a family were in-
creased, incomes were fully doubled. Thus, while the war brought disaster
and impoverishment to the country at large, particularly to the mercantile
interests of the larger cities, it wrought no such immediate result in North-
amjiton county.

The era of speculation, however, was abroad through the country, the
extremely high prices received by the farmers for their products added to
the great abundance of paper money issued by corporations, and individuals
all attended to promote "get rich" schemes, to which the people fell easy
victims. In Northampton county the land speculations of Nicholas Kraemer,
who resided at Nelighsville, in Allen township, gained a wide field of promi-
nence. He inflated the value of lands from thirty dollars an acre to one
hundred dollars an acre, and so successful were his operations that many of
the steady-going East Pennsylvanians paid for a lot of land three times the
price their own judgment would approve. Swamplands and mountain lands
were disposed of at fancy prices, and so gullible were the people that Kraemer

154 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

carried on successful operations from 1802-16. The boom at last reached
its height, then came the time when Kraemer failed to appear at his head-
quarters at the Sun tavern in Bethlehem, where he had dispensed his hos-
pitality with the mighty punch-bowl. The sheriff now became the presiding
genius. Kracmcr's fortune, if he ever had one, was swept away, his land
holdings were sold for one-sixth of the value so recentU' placed upon them,
and its promoter became an outcast from the business world.

The amazing hallucinations of the hitherto sensible people of Northamp-
ton and adjoining counties are hard to understand : the purchase of lands,
often wild and worthless ones, at five times their valuation was probably
due to the prosperity of the times and superabundance of paper money.
This enabled Kraemer to prosecute his schemes successfully, and the tighten-
ing of the money market, which reached its climax in the panic of 1817, was
the hurricane that capsized him.

There was another form of speculative madness which had its day in
eastern Pennsylvania between 1810-14; this was known as the "Merino
Sheep Fever," which spread over the northern and middle states. The
merino sheep had been introduced from Spain into the United States in 1802
and the fabulous reports of the value of their fleece and the corresponding
results to be obtained were spread throughout the country. Northampton
county felt much less of this excitement than the adjoining counties in
New Jersey and Pennsylvania ; still, she did not wholly escape. There were
many instances in which the fleecy fraud was perpetrated on its citizens.
The price of fullbloods ranged from two hundred to eight hundred dollars,
and there were instances when as high as two thousand dollars were paid
for a merino ram. The half-blooded sheep seldom brought more than fifty
dollars as an extreme price. When the season of folly was over, a merino
sheep that had cost an entire year's crop could be purchased for five dollars.
In some localities there were people who brought ruin upon themselves ; no
such extreme cases are known to have occurred in Northampton county, but
still there were parties who had parted with their wealth, for which the
returns were very meagre.

An important event in the history of Northampton count}' was in the
year 1820, which marked the passage of a fleet of boats down the Lehigh
river, laden with three hundred and sixty-five tons of anthracite coal. The
shipment was made by White and Hazard, and was bound for Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania. This was the first utilization of the river improvements which
had just been completed by the Lehigh Navigation Company, who had
adopted a system of wing-dams and sluice-gates, combining the prmciples of
the splash dams of the lumberman. The required depth of water between
Mauch Chunk and Easton had been obtained the previous autumn. There
had been, previous to this, small lots of coal floated down over the rocks and
through the eddies of the Lehigh, but they were, however, only experiments,
and this shipment was the inauguration of a regular traffic. Even before
the Revolution there were traditions of the existence of coal in the moun-
tains, but they were vague, shadowy and indefinite. That there was exhaust-
less wealth in the mountains was revealed in 1804 to Philip Ginter, a humble
hunter. In the pursuit of game he reached the summit of the Mauch Chunk

FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 15S

mountain, the site of the quarry of anthracite coal, and, stumbling over a rock
in the pathway he examined the obstacle, decided it was the "stone coal" of
■which he heard tradition. Taking the black stone next day to Colonel Jacob
Weiss, residing at what was then known as Fort Allen, the latter, who was
alive to the subject, took the specimen to Philadelphia to be inspected by John
Nicholson, Michael Hillegas and Charles Cist, to ascertain its nature and
qualities. They immediately authorized Colonel Weiss to satisfy Ginter for
his discovery upon his pointing out the precise spot where he found the
coal. They immediately formed themselves into what was called the
Lehigh Coal Mine Company, but without a charter of incorporation, and
located about eight thousand to ten thousand acres of unappropriated land,
including the Mauch Chunk mountain. There is, however, no evidence that
they ever worked the mine. Thus stone coal remained in a neglected state,
except an attempted use by blacksmiths and people in the immediate vicinity.

In 1806 William Turnbull constructed an ark and delivered two or three
hundred tons to the manager of the water-works at Philadelphia. The coal
proved unmanageable, for instead of feeding the fire it had the effect to
extinguish it. The first successful attempt to burn anthracite coal for manu-
facturing purposes in furnaces was in 1812 by White and Hazard, who
operated a wire mill on the Schuylkill. They had made several unsuccessful
attempts to raise a heat, when one of the disgusted workmen slammed the
furnace door shut, and left the mill. About half an hour later one of the
party returned for his jacket he had left behind, and was amazed to find
the furnace at a white heat. This amazing intelligence he communicated
to his companions, who returned to the mill, heated and rolled several lots
of iron before replenishing the fire with more of the black stones, for which
they now began to feel a greater degree of respect, finding it necessary to
leave it alone to produce a fire as hot as could be made from charcoal.

The experiment of floating coal to the market was again attempted in
the summer of 1814 by Charles Miner and William Hillhouse. The barges
used were about 65 by 14 feet in dimension which took a cargo of twenty-four
tons. The first barge, after encountering many mishaps, reached Philadel-
phia in a five days' passage. In other attempts three out of four barges were
wrecked, and, peace being proclaimed with England, Liverpool and Rich-
mond coal was imported in abundance and the price of hard-kindling anthra-
cite fell below the cost of shipment. It is needless to say the enterprise was
abandoned, and no further progress was made until 1820. In 1820 White
and Hazard, having bj' mere accident learned the great value of anthracite
coal, were desirous of obtaining a supply for their Schuylkill mills. Josiah
White and George F. H. Hauto visited the coal mines in Northampton
county, and, ascertaining that the representations made were true, they
immediately obtained a twenty-year lease of the mine from Colonel Weiss
and his associates at the annual rental of one ear of corn. At the time this
was considered not as a gift to White. Hauto and Hazard, but the}' were
objects of pity more than en\y, as it was deemed that the project would
be more ruinous than profitable. The concession having been obtained from
the Lehigh Coal Company, the legislature was petitioned for incorporation
of a company to improve the navigation of the Lehigh river. The wise

156 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

lawmakers considered the scheme as wholly visionary, but at last, on March
20, i8i8, granted the incorporation of the Lehi,c:h Navigation Company. The
corporators planned to build a channel by the means of wing dams and
channel walls in the center of the river, which had a fall of three hundred
and sixty-five feet between Mauch Chunk and Easton. This improvement
was based on the fact that droughts did not materially affect the depth of
the river. While working on the construction, the drought of 1818 occurred,
which reduced the depth of the river twelve inches below any previous low
water mark. The corporators, though disturbed by this evidence, which in
time of low water would make their channel valueless, instantly decided on a
new system. Neither the wing dams nor the channel walls would flood the
ripples in time of droughts, so artificial pools and sluice-gates were adopted.
This method required the construction of stone-filled cut dams across the
river at necessary points, building in each dam a sluice-gate of sufficient
size to pass the boats. When the dam became full and had overflowed for a
sufficient length of time to fill the river below to its natural stage, the sluice-
gates were thrown open, producing a flood in the river, on which the boats
floated smoothly over the rapids and then onward to the next dam, where
the same process was repeated. This was simply applying what in a rude
fashion had been used in the lumbering districts for floating logs, and even
dated back to the summer of 1779, when General Clinton, in an Indian cam-
paign, constructed a dam at the outlet of Otsego lake to float his boats,
which had grounded on account of the shoal waters of the north branch of
the Susquehanna river.

The first year's shipment of anthracite coal was three hundred and sixty-
five tons; every means was taken to introduce it to the public, who still
persisted in using the sooty Virginia or Liverpool coal. Handbills were
printed in both the English and German languages and freely distributed ; a
model of a coal stove was patented ; blacksmiths importuned to give it a trial,
but the first shipment was a drug on the market. Another drawback was
that the arks or boats used in transportation could not be returned for future
loads, but had to be demolished, and the timber, owing to the discoloration
of the coal, brought a very low figure. The first shipment was finally ex-
hausted, and in 1821 one thousand and seventy-three tons were shipped.
The increase in the Lehigh coal traffic increased to such extent that 690,456
tons were shipped in 1850. The establishment of slackwater navigation on
the Lehigh river and traffic improvements on the Delaware river were largely
the cause of the increased tonnage that was sent to market.

There was in 1838 another recurrence of an agricultural speculation in
Northampton county, though she suffered less from it than other localities.
It was called the fever of Morus Multicaulis. The Multicaulis was a silk
jiroducing tree so-called ; it was a mulberry tree, the leaves of which were
the proper food of the silkworm. It was by the cunning intrigues of the
speculators that the production of these trees could be made the cause of
excessive profit. In the fevered speculation of 1838-39, the honest principle
of production had'no place; the actual growing of silk, or even silkworms,
was never entertained. The buying and selling of trees was the only object;
newspapers were full of flaming advertisements, showing the profit that

FIRST HALF OF Till'. NINI':TFFNTII CENTURY 157

would accrue from ten to twenty acres planted with the Multicaulis trees.
The mania was not confined to any one locality ; it ranged from the Caro-
linas to Massachusetts Bay. More than three hundred thousand trees were
sold in a single week, the price varying from twenty cents to a dollar for a
tree. Farmers planted acres, and mechanics and small householders filled
their yards and gardens. Within three years from the time of the bubble's
bursting, the trees, which a short time before had been purchased at extrava-
gant prices and planted out with tender care, were dug up or cut away and
thrown among brush and rubbish and given to the flames.

This was not the first attempt at silk culture in America; as early as
1732 this enduring bubble was first launched. One of the earliest planters
was Governor Jonathan Law of Connecticut, who introduced the raising of
silkworms on his extensive farms at Cheshire in that province. He appeared
in public in 1747 in the first coat and stockings made of Connecticut silk.
Tlie following year Ezra Stiles, at the commencement of Yale College, was
appareled in a gown of the same. As early as 1750 there were a great num-
ber of mulberry trees in the neighborhood of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and
the Moravians were feeding the foliage of these to the silkworms. They
were removed in 1762 to Christian Spring, where the mulberry tree seemed
to have abounded. At the time of the Revolutionary War all efforts were
abandoned in silk culture, but in 1788 Dr. Nathaniel Aspinwall in Mansfield,
Connecticut, laid the foundation for one of the great industries of the
coimtry. Among the early pioneers was Colonel Elderkin, who owned an
extensive mulberry orchard in Windham, Connecticut, which produced about
ten thousand pounds of silk annually. This was manufactured into the
fashionable long stockings of the day, handkerchief and vest patterns were
also successfully fabricated, and several pieces of dress silk were produced
with which the daughters of the proprietor adorned themselves. After the
death of Colonel Elderkin the property passed into the hands of Rodney
Hanks and his nephew Horatio, of Mansfield, Connecticut, who in i8iO
invented and built a machine for spinning silk by water-power. It was
several years, however, before a silk factory was established, and the early
attempts were not profitable.

In. the fourth decade of the nineteenth century occurred the war against
Mexico, which was fought to a successful issue ; but with the struggle
Northampton county can hardly be said to have been identified. It is true
that individual volunteers among her people fought under Scott and Taylor,
but they did so either by enlistment in the regular army or in other organiza-
tions outside of Northampton county, as no regiment or company was raised
within her limits for service in Mexico. This being the case, no correct list
of their names or record of their services can be given.

In the great political duel between the North and the South preceding
the Civil War, the people of Northampton county took a conservative stand.
At the time of the holding of the convention at Baltimore in 1852, the founder
of the party, Henry Clay, lay on his death bed, and a few months later
occurred the death of his noble colleague, Daniel Webster. The Democratic
administration was hardly seated when the South commenced efforts to
repeal The Missouri Compromise, which had satisfied the people of the North

158 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

as a final settlement of the slavery question so that they had become quiescent
on the Fug^itive Slave Laws. Stephen A. Douglas, to further his presidential
ambitions with the South, was an avowed supporter of the repeal of the
Missouri Compromise and brought forth as a substitute the Kansas and
Nebraska Bill which made the Northern politicians stand aghast. The press
and ]iulpit denoimced it. Northern .State Legislatures recorded their disap-
proval, and Douglas was denounced on every hand as the betrayer of his
countr}-. It was plainly to be foreseen that if it was left to the people of the
territory to decide whether it should be slave or free, each aiming to gain
the mastery, there would be a clash of arms, and by the law Congress had
bound itself not to interfere. The rising storm of indignation in the North
threatened to become a hurricane ; thousands of the followers of JefTersonian
Democracy who frowned on Abolitionism, who made no quarrel with the
Fugutive Slave Laws, found the Kansas-Nebraska Law unendurable. These,
with the Northern Whigs and members of American or Know-Nothing
party, were ripe for the formation of a new party. This eventually gave
birth to the Republican party.

The struggle for Kansas now became a national cause. Scarcely had
the Kansas-Nebraska Bill become a law when the people of Missouri began
pouring in the territory with the avowed purpose of making it a Slave State.
This was resented by the people of New England and the Middle States, and
the appointment by President Pierce of Andrew Reeder of Easton, Pennsyl-
vania, as the first territorial governor of Kansas, only helped to inflame the
indignation of the people of the North. Reeder was a positive Democrat,
in full sympathy with the Kansas-Nebraska Law, and a strong friend of the
South. The interests of slavery were thought to be safe in his hands.

Andrew H. Reeder was born in Easton, Pennsylvania, July 12, 1807.
His great-grandfather, Charles Reeder, was a native of England, who came
to Pennsylvania in 1713, when he was twenty years of age. He settled in
Bucks county and his son, Joseph, crossed the Delaware river and became
a resident of Mercer county. New Jersey, afterwards removing to along the
head waters of the Delaware river. Here in 1760 was born Absalom Reeder,
the father of Andrew H. Reeder. Shortly after the termination of the Revo-
lutionary War, Absalom Reeder came to Easton, Pennsylvania, and married
in 1788, Christina Smith. Young Andrew received a liberal education at
Lawrenceville High School at Lawrenceville, New Jersey; after his gradua-
tion he was admitted to practice law in 1828. Soon after his admission to
the bar, by his industry and talent he assumed a high position among his
professional brethren. He devoted much of his spare time to politics; his
rare power as a public speaker and debater acquired him an influential
position in the counsels of the Democratic party in Northampton county
and throughout the State. His career in Kansas made his name a household
\vord in the county. He was honest, and when he reached Kansas and
witnessed the violence of the Missouri people and their determination to
make Kansas a Slave State by fair means or foul, he resolved to see fair play.
The election of the Territorial Legislature brought matters to a crisis. The
territory was invaded by five thousand Missourians armed with muskets,
bowie knives and pistols, and led by United States Senator David R. Atchi-

FIRST ilALl- UF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 159

son. The acts of the Legislature were vetoed by Governor Reeder and passed
over his veto. This was wholly displeasing to the pro-slavery party, who
demanded that the ] 'resident should recall him, and he being subservient to
the slave power dismissed Reeder. The latter did not return East but be-
came a resident of Kansas and joined the Free State party. He was unani-
mously elected by the people as their delegate to Congress, afterwards was
first United States Senator from Kansas. The new constitution of the State
failed of ratification, hence he did not take his seat. Upon his return from
Kansas he resumed the active practice of law, associating himself with
Henry Green, and resolved never again to accept political office. He was
delegate at large from Pennsylvania to the Chicago Convention that nomi-
nated Abraham Lincoln and always thereafter remained actively engaged
in the service of the Republican party. At the outbreak of the Civil War,
the first militarj^ appointments made by the President were Nathaniel Lyon
and Governor Reeder to be brigadier-generals in the regular army. Owing
to his age he declined the appointment. In 1863 he was appointed by the
President as chairman of the commission to investigate the accounts of
Surgeon-General Hammond, charged with irregularities and peculation. While
engaged in this task he brought upon himself the ailments which, on July 5,
1864, terminated in his death.

Events followed each other in rapid succession ; the Dred Scott decision
of the Supreme Court of the United States; the Lincoln and Douglas De-
bates; the John Brown Raid; and the political campaign of i860. Then
South Carolina's first step towards dismembering the Union; the alignment
of slave States against the free States; the inauguration of President Lincoln.
Then on April 12, 1861, before the break of day, the cannons booming in
Charleston Harbor heralded the attack on Fort Sumter and the oncoming
of war and strife, that was to deluge the land.

TilK NKW VOKK
PUBLIC LIDIIARY

ASTDK. l.EXiix v\f)
TILI)BI>i FOl-.Ml.vnilNS

iiOFTHEGCAND VALLE

MADE IN THE GRAND VALLEY AT BETHLEHEM. PA
FOR THE COURT HOU5E AT EASTOHPA

EASTON'S OFFICIAL FLAG

CHAPTER XVII.
THE Civil. WAIv' PERIOD

The people of Northampton county on the day after that memorable
attack on Fort Sumter called a war meeting which was held in the public
square at Easton. There were hundreds of men and women present, pale,
apprehensive, indipnant, and intensely excited. The National colors were
prominent, not only floating in the air, but adorning the dress of the people.
Influential citizens made eloquent and patriotic speeches appealing to the
love of country and calling for volunteers to enroll and organize for serious
work which is now self-evident. There was instantaneous response to these
appeals ; four companies were organized at EaBton and one at Bethlehem.
The population of the county at this time was 47,900 inhabitants, largely
engaged in agricultural pursuits. The President's proclamation, promulgated
on April 15, 1861, calling for seventy-five thousand men for a term of three
months, was promptly responded to by the offer of the five companies
already organized ; their services were promptly accepted by the governor
of Pennsylvania, and they were ordered to rendezvous at Harrisburg, Penn-
sylvania.

They left their families and homes on Thursday following the issuance
of the President's proclamation, and just one week from the surrender of
Fort Sumter they were mustered into service as part of the First Regiment,
Pennsylvania Volunteers, of which Samuel Yohe was made colonel. Four
davs later, on April 24, 1861, another company from Easton was mustered
in at Camp Curtin as Company G, in the Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania
Volunteers, of which Charles Glanz of Easton was chosen major.

The first of the Northampton county volunteers for three years' service
was a company commanded by Captain John I. Horn. This was mustered
as Company E, of the Forty-first Regiment (Twelfth Pennsylvania Reserves),
on May 30, 1861, at Camp Curtin. The next volunteers to go forward were
two companies raised in Easton, which entered the service September 16,
1861, and were designated as Companies A and E of the Forty-seventh Regi-
ment, Pennsylvania Volunteers. Following these in numerical order of
regiments, these entered the service from Northampton county :

Two companies of the Fifty-first Regiment.

One company of the Fifty-ninth Regiment (Second Cavalry).

One company of the Sixty-first Regiment (Fourth Cavalry).

One company of the Sixty-seventh Regiment.

One company of the One Fhmdred and Eighth Regiment (Eleventh
Cavalry).

One company of the One Hundred and Thirteenth Regiment (Twelfth
Cavalry) .

Four companies of the One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Regiment.

The One Hundred and Fifty-third Regiment, entire.

Two comjianies of the One Hundred and Seventy-fourth Regiment.

One company of the Two Hundred and Second Regiment.

One company of the Two Hundred and Fourteenth Regiment.

NORTH.— 1—11.

i62 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

One company of the Two Hundred and Fifteenth Regiment.
An artillery company raised at Easton became known as Seymour's
Battery, afterwards designated as Battery D, Fifth United States Artillery.

Besides these there were at different times militia and emergency com-
panics raised that were attached to the militia ; there were also squads of
men mustered with Spencer's Battery at Philadelphia, also with the Third
New Jersey Cavalry. The rolls and records of these organizations will be
given in their appropriate place. Through the long, tedious and careworn
hours of the Civil War, the people of Northampton county bravely stood
the adversities of the conflict, hoping and wishing that the mantle of peace
would soon again bring happiness to a united country. Then came the
evacuation of Richmond, Virginia, the surrender of the Confederate armies,
followed by the dastard assasination of President Lincoln. The war was
closed, the soldier returned to his peaceful pursuits, the lawyer to his client,
the doctor to his patient, the farmer to the tilling of the soil, each and every-
one to cast aside the implements of war for those of peace and prosperity.

Northampton county was a part of a congressional district which in-
cluded Carbon county (not including Mauch Chunk borough), Monroe
county. Pike county, and Wayne county. This district furnished by enlist-
ments from November, 1863, to the termination of the war, 5,897 men. This
does not include drafted men held to personal service, nor men furnished
prior to this date. The number of men drafted was 8,064 and the number
reported to date 4,996. Of this number 287 were held to personal service,
240 furnished substitutes after the draft, and 2,030 commuted. The amount
of local bounties paid in the district was $1,964,353; of this amount North-
ampton county paid $1,193,674. This amount does not include the necessary
expenses connected with the enlistment of men furnished, nor paid to local
county commissioners, or the various amounts secured by private contribu-
tions, or paid to substitutes by citizens. It is only the amount allowed
by law for regular local bounty paid to volunteers and substitutes by the
different townships. Add to this amount the lowest estimate of expenses
incurred in enlistment of volunteers, which would not be less than ten dollars
for each man, this would increase the amount paid by the district to $2,022,-
353, of which amount Northampton county paid a larger amount than the
remaining four counties. These figures do not include all the money paid
in the district during the war ; it is only an account of expenses after Novem-
ber, 1863 ; to it should be added the various sums paid by individuals and
the county bounties, together with the sums appropriated for the families
of absent volunteers, also the amounts paid the "three months' and militia
men; this would increase the amount considerably. There is one item, how-
ever, that should hz added, the commutation money that was received, which
was' paid as an equivalent for personal service and was applied for the pur-
pose of obtaining volunteers. The number of men who paid commutation
in the district was 2,030 and the amount paid was $609,000. Add this to
the amount paid for volunteers and it will increase the sum to $2,631,353.
In addition to the number of substitutes 261 more were furnished by enrolled
men before draft, averaging in price from $500 to $1,500, none of which is
included in the statement of money paid for men.

THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD 163

FIRST REGIMENT, PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS
There were five companies of Northampton county enlisted men in the
First Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, which was organized at Harris-
burg, April 20, 1861. They were designated as Companies A, which was
recruited at Bethlehem, and B, C, D and II, at Easton. On the night of
their organization, without uniforms they were sent to a point near Cockeys-
ville, Maryland, to protect bridges, on a railroad communicating with Wash-
ington, District of Columbia. The military occupation of Maryland was
objected to by certain citizens of the State and the regiment was removed
to Camp Scott, near York, Pennsylvania. Here it remained in camp until
May 14, 1861, when the objections to the military occu])ation being with-
drawn, the regiment was detailed as a guard on the Northern Central Rail-
road from Dniid Park, Baltimore, Maryland, to the Pennsylvania line. The
regiment was relieved of this duty on May 25, and transferred to Caton-
ville, Maryland, to guard the road from Frederick, Maryland, and Harper's
Ferry, Virginia. Four days later the regiment was ordered to advance to
Franklintown, Pennsylvania, and on June 3, was concentrated at Chambers-
burg, Pennsylvania, where it was brigaded in \Vynkooi)'s Brigade of Keim's
Division of the army of General Patterson. The brigade advanced to Funks-
town, Maryland, where they encamped, and on a threatened alarm of the
advance of the enemy was moved to Williamsport, Maryland, on the Poto-
mac river, which they reached after a fatiguing march to find everything all
quiet on the Potomac. On June 21, the brigade was ordered to join the
division of General Patterson at Martinsburg, Virginia, and remained to
garrison that post which was Patterson's base of supply. Two days later
it was relieved of this duty and ordered to rejoin the division. Though
Patterson's division was held in command ready to move forward in antici-
pation of taking part in the Battle of Bull Run, by some misunderstanding
it did not participate in that disastrous struggle and on July 21, 1861, the
regiment was ordered to Harper's Ferry ; from thence two days later it
was sent to Sandy Hook, where it was transported to Harrisburg, Pennsyl-
vania, and there mustered out of the service, its term of enlistment having
expired.

NINTH REGIMENT, PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS
In this regiment there was Company G, which was recruited at Easton.
The regiment was organized at Camp Curtin, April 22, 1861. It remained
in camp until May 4, when it was ordered to West Chester, Pennsylvania,
where a camp was established and named Camp Wayne, in honor of Gen.
Anthony Wayne of Revolutionary fame. The regiment was removed to
Wilmington, Delaware, May 26. on the rumor that dislovalists were estab-
lished there in camp, receiving military instructions with a view of joining
the rebel cause. The presence of the Ninth Regiment would check this
movement and strengthen the loyal sentiment in that city. The Nintli
Regiment established a camp at Hare's Corners on the New Castle road,
where it remained until June 6, when it was ordered to join General Pat-
terson's command at Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. It was assigned to the
Fourth Brigade, commanded by Col. Dixon H. Miles in the division of Gen-
eral Cadwalader.

i64 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

The Ninth Regiment, on June i6, holding the right of the brigade Hne,
forded the Potomac river and encamped on the Martinsburg road. The next
day Colonel Miles turned over the command of the brigade to Colonel Long-
necker of the Ninth Regiment, and the command was ordered back to Wil-
liamsport to report to the division commander. The Ninth was ordered to
guard the fort on the Potomac river, where it remained until July ist, when
it took part in a forward movement across the river, and on the night of
the second encamped on the battlefield of Falling Waters, which had just
been fought. The next day it went into camp at Martinsburg, where it
remained until the fifteenth, when it moved with the brigade to Bunker
Hill, as there was a contemplated movement planned to attack the enemy at
Winchester, Virginia. The plans were, however, changed, and the brigade
was ordered to Charlestown, where it remained in camp imtil July 21, 1861,
when it was removed to Harper's Ferry, and crossed to the Maryland side.
The next day orders were received for the Ninth to march to Hagerstown,
Marj'land, there to entrain for Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where the regiment
was demobilized July 24, 1861.

FORTY-FIRST REGIMENT OF VOLUNTEERS (TWELFTH

RESERVES)

The companies of which this regiment was formed were originally raised
for three months' service, but not accepted for that term. They rendezvoused
at Camp Curtin and Company E was recruited in Northampton county. The
organization of the regiment was effected July 25, 1861, but it was not mus-
tered into the United States service for a period of three years until August
10, t86i. On the same day it was ordered to join the command of General
IJanks at Harper's Ferry. On its arrival at Baltimore, Maryland, it was
incorporated in General McCall's division of Pennsylvania Reserves and
ordered to encamp at Tenallytown, four miles above Washington on the
Rockville river. Here it laid in camp until October 10, 1861, when it crossed
the Potomac and went into winter quarters at Langley, Virginia. Camp
was broken on March 10, 1862, the Twelfth marching to Hunter's Mills to
participate in the general forward movement of General McClellan on Manas-
sas. On arrival it was ascertained that the movement had been abandoned
and the Twelfth returned over the roads they had advanced. The reserve
division now became a part of General ^McDowell's command and was
assigned to guard the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. They were ordered
on May 6, 1862, to join the division at Falmouth, Virginia, and on its march
were attacked by guerrillas. Arriving at Belle Plain, Virginia, orders were
received to join McClellan's command on the Peninsula Landing at White
House on the Pamunkey. June 14, 1861, the brigade proceeded by way of
Dispatch Station to Ellerson's Mill on Beaver Dam creek and were in plain
sight of the rebel pickets. It was at this point that, on July 26, 1861, the
Twelfth received its first introduction to a fighting enemy. It was strongly
posted along the left bank of Beaver Dam creek and was to meet the forces
under the command of the redoubtable Stonewall Jackson. The regiment
was posted behind a low imperfect rifle-pit parapet and in their rear a section
of artillery threw shell and shrapnel directly over their heads into the faces

Till". L"I\'1[. WAK I'F.RIOD 165

of the oncoming foe. .Xboiit one o'clock the battle of Gaines' Mill com-
menced, the Twelfth was ordered to support Griffin's Battery, and in this
duty they were for four hours exposed to a terrific fire of artillery and mus-
ketry. A desperate attack was bravely met and repulsed.

The defeated Union army retreated, the Twelfth crossing before mid-
night the bridge known as Woodbury's. The next day the retreat was con-
tinued towards the James river, the new base of McClellan's operations.
The Twelfth regiment acted as guard for the Reserve Artillery. On the
retreat of the army, the Twelfth rallied on General Hooker's line and stood
gallantly to their work at the battle of Charles City crossroads, and although
not a defeat it was not a decided victory. In the fierce battle of Malvern
Hill, the next day the Twelfth were held in reserve. The regiment remained
for six weeks in the vicinity of Harrison's Landing, w'hen it joined the army
of General Pojic near Warrenton, Virginia, and on August 29 and 30, took
part in the action at Groveton, Virginia. Worn out and tattered, the Twelfth
was hurried from A'irginia to take part in the Maryland campaign. At the
battle of South Mountain the Twelfth Reserves was engaged in the center of
the attacking line and at the battle of Antietam in General Hooker's army
on the right flank. The regiment became famous in that fearful carnage at
Marye's Heights when, as a component part of Jackson's Third Brigade, they
carried a difficult position at the edge of the woods.

After a season of rest and recuperation the regiment was marched to
take part in the dreadful conflict at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, where they
arrived about ten o'clock on the second day of the battle, and ivere posted in
the rear of Cemetery Hill ; later in the day they were hurried into :he fight
on the right to support the line at the crest of Little Round Top, and during
the succeeding night were transferred to the apex of Round Top and re-
mained in that line during the succeeding stages of the battle, being con-
tinually under the galling fire of artillery and sharpshooters. During the
campaign following Gettysburg, the remainder of the year iSf'-j, the regi-
ment was engaged in action at Bristol Station and Rappahannock Station
and went into winter quarters at Catlett's station on the Orange and Alexan-
dria Railroad. The regiment was removed from winter quarters, May 4, 1864,
took part in the three days' battle of the Wilderness, also at Spottsylvania
Court House and did good work at Guinea Station, Jericho Ford, also at
Bethesda Church, where it received and repulsed the most desperate assaults
of the enemy. On the day of the last named battle the term of service of
the regiment expired, orders were received for its discharge, it was transported
to Llarrisburg, Pennsyhania. and was mustered out of the service June 11,
1864.

FORTY-SEVENTH PENNSYLVANLA VOLUNTEERS

This regiment of which Companies ,\ and F, from Northampton county,
formed a part, was organized at Camp Curtin, September i, 1861. March-
ing orders were received the same day, and the regiment, proceeding to
Wa.shington encamped September 21, 1861, at Kalorama Heights. Six days
afterward it moved across the chain bridge, encamping at Fort Ethan Allen
and was assigned to the Third Brigade of Gen. W. F. Smith's Division.
From Ethan Allen the regiment moved to Camp Grififin and took part in the

i66 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

grand review of 80,000 men at Bailey's Cross Roads, October 11, 1861.
Orders were received on January 2, 1862, for the command to join General
Brannan's forces and proceed to Key West, Florida. Embarkation was
made at Annapolis, Maryland, and the regiment arrived at Key West, Febru-
ary 4, 1862, where they were stationed at Fort Taylor and drilled in heavy
artillery tactics. The regiment received orders to report at Hilton Head,
South Carolina, where it arrived June 22, 1862, and encamped in the rear of
Fort Walker. It was removed to Beaufort, South Carolina, July 2, 1862,
where it remained until about September 25, 1862, when it departed for St.
John's river, Florida, in the command of General Brannan. The first object
point of attack was .St. John's Blufif, which was reached October 2, 1862, but
the works had been evacuated by the rebels. Companies E and K pursued
the reti eating enemy and captured the town of Jacksonville, Florida. The
campaign in Florida was prolonged three weeks, with sharp fights at Framp-
ton and Pocotaligo Bridge. The object of the expedition being accomplished,
the command returned to Hilton Head, and the Forty-seventh was ordered to
Key West, where it was assigned to garrison Forts Jeflfersons and Taylor.
They were stationed at these forts until February 25, 1864. Five hundred
men of the command re-enlisted and received veteran furloughs. The regi-
ment, on February 28, 1864, proceeded to Franklin, Louisiana, where it was
assigned to the First Brigade, Emory's Division of the Nineteenth Army
Corps, and became a part of General Banks' Red River expedition. At the
battle of Sabine Cross Roads and Pleasant Hill, the regiment rendered
important service, and at the latter made a counter-charge, which resulted
in driving back the rebels and the capture of several cannons. The regiment
was ordered June 24, 1864, to report to General Hunter in command of the
Army of the Shenandoah. The Forty-seventh was at Winchester, Vir-
ginia, when the army was commanded by General Sheridan and rendered
valiant service at the engagements of Opequan and Cedar Creek, at the latter
being complimented on the field of battle by Gen. Stephen Thomas. In
these engagements, which was the occasion of Sheridan's famous ride from
Winchester, the regimental loss was one hundred and seventy-six killed,
wounded and missing.

The winter quarters of the regiment were at Camp Fairview, near
Charlestown, Maryland; on April 4, 1865, it moved up the valley through
Winchester and Kernstown, Virginia, and a few days later the news reached
them that their fighting days were over. A month later the regiment was
transported to Charleston, South Carolina, and Company E garrisoned at
Fort Moultrie. At last the term of their enlistment expired, January 3, 1866,
the regiment faced towards home, and was demobilized at Camp Cadwallader.
The regiment had marched and fought in Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia,
Florida and Louisiana, and travelled far by land and sea.

FIFTY-NINTH REGIMENT PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS-
SECOND CAVALRY
The Second Cavalry, of which Company H was principally enlisted at
Easton, was organized in September, 1861, at Camp Patterson, near Phila-
delphia, Pennsylvania. The regiment was reviewed by General Dix and

THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD 167

proceeded to Washington April 25, 1S62. Here it was mounted and equipped,
passed into Virginia, and was assigned to the brigade of General Cooke in the
First Reserve Army Corps ; later it was assigned to the brigade of General
Buford. The Second was actively engaged in Pope's unfortunate campaign
of i86j, at Cedar Mountain, second lUdl Run, P)rcntville and Chantilly,
\'irginia. In the latter part of 1862 the regiment was constantly in the
saddle, and on December 28, 1862, fell into an ambuscade of the enemy under
General Wade Hampton, where it was overpowered with the loss of more
than a luindred killed, wounded and missing.

In the spring of 1863 the regiment was moved to Fairfax Court House,
Virginia, and became a part of the Second Brigade of Stahel's Division;
from here it crossed the Potomac to take part in the Gettysburg campaign.
The regiment faithfully jierformed the duties which fell to the share of the
cavalry at the bloody struggle of Gettysburg. Companies A. H and K were
detailed before the opening of the battle to form part of the line to check
stragglers. On the night of July 3, 1863, they escorted prisoners to West-
minster, Maryland.

After Gettysburg the regiment crossed the Potomac and participated in
the fights at Culpeper and at the fortifications on the Rappahannock. It was
employed on the usual cavalry duty during the movements of the Mine Run
campaign. It sufl:'ered the loss of thirty-five men at Parker's Store on Novem-
ber 9, 1862. Winter quarters were taken at Warrenton, Virginia, from which
many of its members went home on veteran furloughs.

At the opening of the spring campaign of 1864 the regiment performed
gallant service at the Wilderness fight; then with Sheridan's command it
participated in the raid against the enemy's communications, delivering a
fierce fight against General Stuart's forces at Yellow Tavern, near Richmond.
The regiment repulsed a rebel attack at Meadow bridge, and on May 14
reached Haxall's Landing on the James river. It took part in the routing
of General Lee's and General Hampton's forces at Hawes' Shop and was a
part of the successful raid on the left flank of General Lee's army to cut
the enemy's lines at Gordonsville and assisted in repulsing General Wade
Hampton's attack at St. Mary's Church.

Then followed its services in the campaign of Petersburg at the cxidod-
ing of the mine. After recrossing the river the regiment fought at Deep
Bottom, Malvern Hill and Charles City Cross Roads from the 14th to the
i6th of August, and later at Ream's Station. Since crossing the Rajiidan it
had fought in sixteen general engagements and its effective strength was
reduced to two hundred. It was afterwards engaged in the fights of Boydton
Plank Road, Wyatt Farm, McDowell's Hill and Five Forks, and assisted at
the closing scene at Appomattox Court House.

It formed part of the great pageant in review of the three armies at
Washington, May 23 and 24, 1865. The regiment was mustered out of
service July 13, 1865, at Cloud's Hill, Virginia.

FIFTY-FIRST REGIMENT PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS
Of the Fifty-first Regiment, Company B was recruited in Northampton
county, and Company H in Union and Northampton counties. The regiment

i68 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

was organized at Camp Curtin for three years' service and was commanded
by Colonel John F. Hartranft, afterwards governor of Pennsylvania. The
Fifty-first left Ilarrisburg, Pennsylvania, November i8, 1861, proceeded to
Annapolis, Maryland, where it embarked January 6, 1862, with the Burnsidc
expedition, which set sail for North Carolina, January 6, 1862. The regiment
was assigned to Reno's brigade, and on the landing of the troops on Roanoke
Island took part in that engagement, making the final charge which resulted
in victory. In the expedition against Elizabeth City, North Carolina, the
regiment played a prominent and gallant part, losing three killed and twenty-
one wounded.

The afTairs on the peninsula in \'irginia assuming a menacing aspect,
Geeral Burnside's command was moved to Fortress Monroe, where the Fifty-
first arrived July 8, 1862, and was assigned to the Second Brigade, com-
manded by General Edward Ferrero. The command was transported to
Fredericksburg, Virginia, August 12, 1862, to support General Pope, and the
arrny, after considerable countermarching, finally stood on the line of the old
Bull Run battlefield. Reno's troops held the left of the field, and the Fifty-
first was detailed on an eminence to support two or three batteries when
retreat was sounded ; this position became of the greatest importance to pro-
tect the army trains. The regiment joined the main body the next morning,
and during the march of that day held the post of honor on retreat — that of
rear guard.

From this theatre of operations the regiment entered with Reno's corps
into the campaign of South Mountain and Antietam, thence to Fredericks-
burg. At South Mountain, the Fifty-first, as part of Ferrero's brigade, gal-
lantly received a determined charge of the rebel infantry on the left of the
Sharpsburg Road. At Antietam a charge across the Arch stone bridge with
the Fift3'-first New York Volunteers was consummated which, while furiously
combatted, was an entire success. At Fredericksburg the regiment was
deployed at the lime-kiln and advanced to a line adjoining the left of the
Second Corps. Its behavior was most gallant during the whole of the dread-
ful engagement.

From the Rappahannock the Fifty-first went to Fortress Monroe and
thence as a contingent part of the Ninth Corps to Kentucky. In June, 1863,
it was ordered to Grant's command at Vicksburg, Mississippi. There it
performed laborious siege duty until the fall of that stronghold. It par-
ticipated in Sherman's expedition against Jackson, Mississippi, returned to
Vicksburg, and was sent back to Kentucky, where it covered the Loudon
Road near Campbell's .Station and aided materially in enabling General
Burnside to bring his army safely into Knoxville. The regiment partook in
the operation of fortifying this point and in the pursuit of the enemy, and
went into winter quarters at Blaine's Cross Roads. The members nearly
all re-enlisted January 5, 1864, for an additional three years, and the regiment
went north on a veteran furlough.

Still attached to the Ninth Corps, the Fifty-first followed Grant into the
hell of the Wilderness, of Spottsylvania Court House and Cold Harbor. It
advanced on June 17, 1864, to the front of Petersburg, Virginia, and was
identified with the incessant sorties and attacks, which were a daily occur-

THE Civil- WAR PERIOD 169

rcnce, before that old rebel town — the Mine — the Crater — the Weldon road,
Poi)Iar SiirinfT Church, Ream's Station, Hatcher's Run, and in the engag^e-
ments which finally dropped the curtain over the Confederate tragedy. The
regiment was officially demobilized July 27, 1865, at Alexandria, Virginia.

SIXTY-FOURTH REGIMENT PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS
FOURTPI CAVALRY

The Northampton company in this regiment was Company A. The regi-
ment was mustered into the National service in October, 1861, at a camp near
the Soldiers' Home, Washington, District of Columbia. The State colors
■were presented by Governor Curtin in person. The entire command being
mounted early in May, 1862, they were ordered to join General McDowell's
forces on the Rappahannock, and was assigned to the Pennsylvania Reserve
Division under General McCall. The division was ordered to the Peninsula,
proceeding by way of the Potomac and York rivers. One battalion, of
which Company A was a member, was ordered to garrison the post of
Yorktown. The entire regiment was present at the Antietam campaign,
though Company A was not actively engaged at the battle of South Moun-
tain, nor present in any of the series of fights in that campaign. After
Antietam, the regiment encamped near Hancock, Maryland, and in pursuit
of the rebels it was engaged in several severe skirmishes from Harper's
Ferry to Warrenton. During the fall of 1862 the regiment reached the field
of action at Chancellorsville on the first day of the battle and was assigned
to support the PLIevcnth Corps, a position it held through the engagement.
The regiment was under fire during the last two days of the battle of Gettys-
burg, under the command of General Pleasanton, and took part in the pursuit
of the enemy after the battle.

After Gettysburg, skirmishing and hard marching was the order of the
day, and the regiment was kept at this work without cessation. At a cavalry
fight beyond Warrenton, October 12, 1862, it fought bravely, but it was
overpov/ered and sustained a loss of almost two hundred in killed, wounded
and missing. The regiment was so exhausted and weak that the skirmishes
at Beverly Ford and Bristol completed its services in the campaign. In the
winter the fragment of the regiment guarded the line of the Orange and
Alexandria Railroad. The ranks had been so diluted that after the veteran
furlough had been granted there was little left of the original regiment.
Still it went through the Wilderness campaign ; was with Sheridan in his
raid for the surprise of Richmond, and fought well at the Yellow Tavern and
in the various minor engagements. Rejoining the army on the North Anna,
recruits and returning veterans swelled its ranks above those of any regiment
in the corps.

On the advance of the army, the regiment fought bravely May 28, 1864,
at Hawes' Shop, and four days later did gallant service at Cold Harbor.
At the battle of Trevalian Station, which occurred during Sheridan's raid
towards Lynchburg, Virginia, the regiment delivered a gallant charge which
routed the enemy, but met with a severe loss. In charge of the army trains
the regiment now started for the James river and met the enemy in strong
force at St. Mary's Church, in which action it was hotly engaged,

I70 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

resulting in the loss of eighty-seven killed, wounded and missing. The
remainder of the summer was passed by the regiment in constant scouting,
skirmishing and picketing. It was engaged in the actions at Second Swamp,
at Jerusalem Plank Road, at Boydton Plank Road, two engagements at
Hatcher's Run, at Gray's Church in the final campaign, at Dinwiddie Court
House and Farmville. and on the 9th of April. 1865. was actually engaged
with the enemy when the news of Lee's surrender was announced by a flag
of truce. The regiment for the next twelve weeks was engaged in peaceful
duty in North Carolina and at Petersburg and Lynchburg. Virginia, in charge
of the captured Confederate property, and was mustered out of service at
Lynchburg, July i, 1865.

SIXTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT PENNSYLVANIA \OLUNTEERS
Company H of the Sixty-seventh was recruited in Northampton and
Carbon counties. Its regimental organization took place at Camac's Woods,
near Philadelphia, the first company being mustered into the United States
service August 28, 1861. The command went into camp at Annapolis, Mary-
land, April 3. 1862, and for nearly a year it performed provost and railroad
g^iard duty, besides guarding a camp of paroled prisoners near Annapolis.
It was relieved in February, 1863, proceeded to Harper's Ferry, where it
performed garrison and guard dutj' for some weeks and w-as transferred to
Berryville, Virginia, where it was attached to the Third Brigade under
General Milroy. Here three months were passed watching the mountain
gaps of the Blue Ridge and keeping an open communication with Harper's
Ferr}-. On June 12. 1862. the regfiment was ordered to reinforce the army at
Winchester, \'irginia, where the Sixty-seventh was posted in the rifle-pits
in advance of and flanking the fort. The following day they relieved the
Eighty-seventh Pennsylvania, at the south of the town, where there was
sharp skirmishing with the enemy. The foe was held in check until evening,
when the regiment was withdrawn to its former position. It soon became
evident that the attack was made by Lee's army advancing towards Penn-
sylvania. The evacuation of the place was ordered and the Sixty-seventh,
deploying from the right, found themselves in the midst of the rebels and
was forced to surrender. The enlisted men were paroled after two months'
imprisonment at Libby Prison and Belle Isle, and transferred to Annapolis.
The officers remained in prison over a year. About seventy-five of the men
escaped capture and reported at Harper's Ferry, where they were reorganized
and incorporated with the Third Division. These remained, fortifying and
defending Maryland Heights, until June 30, 1863, when they were removed
to Washington as a gxiard for ammunition and ordnance trains. Leaving
Washington the regiment joined the army at Frederick. Mar\iand, and on
October 11, 1863, the prisoners having been declared exchanged, returned to
the ranks.

Winter quarters were established at Brandy Station. A'irginia. where the
veterans were furloughed and the remainder, about two hundred, were merged
with the One Hundred and Thirty -fifth Pennsylvania. The veterans having
returned to their duty, the Sixty-seventh was ordered to Fredericksburg,
Virginia, finally to the new base of the army at White House, \'irginia.

TUF. C1\"IL WAR PERIOD 171

Here it was ko])t under fire June 30, 1S64, guardinfj an army train which
vas saved, and the repimeiit was ordered to join its old brigade at Yellow
House in front of Petersburg, \'irginia. While laying there it repulsed the
enemy at the battle of Ream's Station, and the regiment was then embarked
on transjjorts to proceed to P.altimore, Maryland, to act against General
Early's forces who had invaded Maryland. The entire summer was spent
in countermarching through Maryland and niirthern \'irginia. In the battle
of Opequan, September iq, 18(^14, the regiment's losses were very severe. At
Fisher's Hill it was in ])ursuit of the enemy after they had been driven from
their fortifications, following the foe to Harrisonburg, finally retiring with
the artny to Cedar creek. It took part in the battle of that place October 19,
1864, sustaining a loss of forty-eight. The remainder of the year was spent
participating in the various movements in the valley, and in the winter of
1865 the regiment was ordered to rejoin the army of the Potomac at Peters-
burg, \'irginia. where it lay and saw the final operations of the w'ar and was
present at the closing scene at Appomattox Court House. After Lee's sur-
render it marched to Danville, Virginia ; after Johnston laid down his sword
the regiment returned to Washington and on July 14, 1865, was mustered
out of the service.

ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTH REGIMENT PENNSYLVANIA
VOLUNTEERS (ELEVENTH CAVALRY)

This regiment was recruited for three years' service and Company H
came from Bethlehem. The regiment was originally known as Harlan's
Light Cavalry, was organized October 5, 1861, and eleven days after went
into camp near Ball's Cross Roads, ^'irginia. The regiment was transported
Novembr-r 17, 1861, from Annapolis, Maryland, to Camp Hamilton, near
Fortress Monroe, Virginia, and went into winter quarters. A detachment of
five companies, which included Company H, was on May 15, 1863, ordered to
Portsmouth, \'irginia, and a few days later to SufTolk, Virginia, where they
w-ere soon joined by the balance of the regiment. The Eleventh remained
at .Suft'olk along the Blackwater river for nearly a year, its constant duty
being scouting, skirmishing and reconnaissance, covering the country from
the James to the waters of Albemarle Sound, North Carolina. A battalion
of the regiment made a brilliant charge at Beaver Dam creek December 2,
1862, routing the enemy. On Januarj^ 13, 1863, the regiment fought at
Deserted House, also on the 17th of March succeeding at Franklin.

The regiment was embarked at Portsmouth, June 21, 1863, and was
transported to White House, whence it marched to Hanover Court House
for the purpose of destroying the Virginia Central Railroad bridge over the
South Anna river. This was accomplished after a severe fight with the
enemy. An expedition of which the regiment was a part started on an
unsuccessful raid July i, 1863, to destroy bridges on the Fredericksburg
Railroad, in order to sever the communication of General Lee, who was in
Pennsylvania. The Eleventh on July 10. 1863, was marched to Hampton,
Virginia, thence transported to Portsmouth, Virginia, going into camp at
Bower's Hill on the Suffolk road. A raid into North Carolina to destroy
the railroad bridge at Weldon was imsuccessfully undertaken July 25, 1863.

172 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Similar raids and expeditions by water were made until May 5, 1864, when
the regiment became a part of a cavalry column which raided into the
enemy's country, destroj'ing bridges over the Nottaway river and fighting
at Janet's Station, traveling three hundred miles in six days. On June 9,
1864, the regiment participated in the fight at Jerusalem Plank Road and in
those of Stony Creek and Ream's Station, on the twenty-eighth and twenty-
ninth. The losses of the regiment in this raid and these actions were one
hundred and thirty killed, wounded and missing. Five hundred miles were
marched over in ten days, including the time engaged in the battles. The
Eleventh was attached to Sheridan's command July 11, 1864, and was present
at the severe engagement of the twenty-ninth. From the iSth to the 25th of
August it was engaged in all the obstinate fights along the Weldon Railroad.
During these engagements Company H had been absent on duty at the
headquarters of the Eighteenth Corps, but rejoined the regiment September
28, 1864. The following day the regiment made an unsuccessful raid, its
object being to enter Richmond. In the cavalry engagement October 7,

1864. the regiment loss was severe, and on November 11, 1864, the Eleventh
moved into winter quarters, two miles north of the James river.

In the opening campaign of 1865 the regiment left camp Alarch 28th,
crossed the James and Appomattox rivers, at Five Forks and White Oak
roads was actively engaged, also at Deep creek and Amelia Court House,
also at Appomattox it opened the attack, which was of short continuance ;
the enemy seeing that resistance was useless, surrendered after four years of
privations, labor and bloodshed in vain. The regiment took possession of
Lynchburg, Virginia, April 12, 1865; after twelve days guarding an immense
amount of ordnance and other property, it removed to Richmond, and on
May 6, 1865, was stationed at Staunton, Virginia; from that place it was
ordered to Charlottesville, Virginia, where it was stationed until August i,

1865, when the regiment was moved to Richmond, where it was mustered
out of service August 13, 1865.

ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTEENTH REGIAIENT PENNSYLVANIA
VOLUNTEERS (TWELFTH CAVALRY)
The Twelfth Cavalry was organized in the city of Philadelphia in
November, 1861, for three years' service. Company D was from Northamp-
ton county. The regiment proceeded to Washington, District of Columbia,
about May i, 1862, and on the 20th of June was placed on guard duty along
the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. The Twelfth, under the command of
Major Titus, on August 26, 1862, found itself surrounded by the enemy at
Bristol Station, and in attempting to cut their way out of the trap lost their
commanding officer and two hundred and sixty in killed, wounded and miss-
ing. The following day the regiment was ordered to picket the upper
Potomac and watch the north bank of the river from Chain Bridge to
Edward's Ferry until General Lee entered Maryland. The regiment was
not actively engaged at South Mountain, as it was held in reserve with
the corps of General Sumner, and at the battle of Antietam was deployed
on the rear of the centre and right of the army to prevent straggling and
disorder.

THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD 173

The rej::iment was assigned about June 12, 1862, to McRcynolcIs' brigade
and participated in tlie raids of Moorfield and Woodstock, in the latter of
which it fought tlic enemy's cavalry at Fisher's Hill and sustained consider-
able loss. After ChanccUorsville, the regiment remained in the valley of
the Shenandoah and was in the advance against Lee's army. On a recon-
naissance June 12, 1863, Cedarville was reached, where the enemy was
found in full force and the Union troops fell back to Winchester, which
was evacuated on the night of the fourteenth, and a heavy night battle was
fought in which the Twelfth was engaged and sustained considerable loss.

Two days after the battle of Gettysburg the regiment, in company with
New York troops, captured at Cunningham's Cross Roads six hundred and
fifty of the train guard, one hundred and twenty-five wagons, five hundred
and fifty animals, and three pieces of cannon. After this it moved to
-Sharpsburg, and remained there until August 3, 1863, when it crossed the
Potomac and camped in the vicinity of Martinsburg, West Virginia. Here
it remained until the opening of the campaign of 1864, engaged in the usual
operations of cavalry; its members had nearly all re-enlisted and received
veteran furloughs.

In the battles and skirmishes with the forces of General Early in his
attempted invasion of Maryland, the Twelfth took a prominent part at Solo-
mon's and Crampton's Gaps, and was especially commended for gallantry at
Pleasant Valley. The regiment was actively engaged in the cavalry charge
at Kernstown. General Sheridan now came to command the army of the
Shenandoah, and the Twelfth was assigned to Torbert's Division. The
Union army fell back to Berryville, Virginia, to avoid a flanking movement
of the enemy, and in the engagement that followed the Twelfth performed
its duty well and at considerable loss. It was now recruited to some extent
and remounted, and participated in the operations of the army during the
fall of 1864, afterwards returned to Charlestown, Maryland, for guard and
garrison duty and for covering and guarding the railroad from Harper's
Ferry to Winchester. About the middle of the month it w-as engaged in an
expedition against the guerillas across the Blue Ridge Mountains.

At the opening of the spring campaign of 1865 the regiment was incor-
porated witli the cavalry division of the Army of the Shenandoah, and took
part in the raid as far as Lynchburg, Virginia. Arriving at Edinboro, the
Twelfth participated in a fight with the enemy, and here was announced
the surrender of General Lee, which included the rebel troops in the valley
of the Shenandoah. After the cessation of hostilities, for a short time the
Twelfth encamped at Winchester, and on July 20, 1865, was mustered out
of service.

ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-NINTH REGIMENT
PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS
This regiment was recruited for nine months' service and was organized
August 15, 1862. A hurried departure to Washington was made the next
day and the regiment went into camp at Alexandria, Virginia. On April 30
it marched towards the front as guard to an ammunition train bound to
Centervillc, Maryland. Heavy cannonading was heard throughout the day;

174 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

the train, however, was delivered in safety, though it was exposed to a brisk
artillery fire. The regiment's camp was changed to the neighborhood of Fort
Richardson, and it was assigned to the brigade of General Tyler. It crossed
the Potomac September 14, 1862, marched rapidly through Maryland, arriv-
ing at Antietam on tlie morning after the battle. The regiment marched
with the army into Virginia on October 30, 1862, to headquarters established
at \Varrenton. At Marye's Heights the One Hundred and Twenty-ninth
advanced almost to face of the famous stone wall, losing one hundred and
forty-two in killed and wounded during the action. It was also present at
Chancellorsville and its gallant behavior was highly complimented in official
reports. The term of service having expired May 12, 1863, the regiment was
ordered to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where on May 18, 1863, it was demo-
bilized. Companies C. D. F and K were recruited in Northampton county.

ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-THIRD REGIMENT
PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS

This regiment was "Northampton's Own," and was recruited within the
limits of the county. The organization was effected at Camp Curtin, Octo-
ber 9, 1862, and it was mustered into National service for a term of nine
months. The regiment departed for Washington, District of Columbia, Octo-
ber 12, 1862, and was ordered for duty in the vicinity of Gainesville, Virginia,
and assigned to the First Brigade of the First Division of the Eleventh Army
Corps. The regiment on December 9, 1862, was hurried towards the Rappa-
hannock, but did not succeed in reaching the field at Fredericksburg to
participate in the battle.

The Eleventh Corps, commanded by General Howard, held the right of
the line at the battle of Chancellorsville; and the One Hundred and Fifty-
third, with the Fifty-fourth New York, held the right of their brigade, which
was the extreme right of the Army of the Potomac. On their first hostile
field Northampton's Own was to encounter the lions of the Confederate army.
Just before sunset on a balmy Saturday afternoon were heard the sharp and
sudden blast of the enemy's bugle, then came the Confederate charging yell,
a triple line of gray burst from the river on the right of the Union line. The
Northampton regiment was the first to receive the overwhelming blow, and
they met it with the steadiness of veterans, pouring their volleys right into
the face of the charging columns. Nothing could withstand this onslaught,
and the regiment was compelled to retire. Darkness interruoted the battle,
which was resumed in the morning, the One Hundred and Fifty-third having
retired as far as the open fields just west of Chancellorsville. Here they
rallied, buried their dead, brought off their wounded, and erected temporary
defences. Early the following morning the attack was renewed, the regiment
was under heavy cannonade for hours and was galled by the fire of sharp-
shooters. The loss of the regiment in the entire battle was three officers
and nineteen men killed, fifty-three wounded and thirty-three prisoners.

It was at Gettysburg that the One Hundred and Fifty-third received
their baptism of blood. At the opening of the battle General Meade ordered
General Howard, in command of the Eleventh Corps, to hurry forward his
corps, and Von Gilsa's brigade, which included the One Hundred and Fifty-

THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD 175

third, was halted at the Almshouse just outside of the town, which General
Lee had decided, should he the theatre of the decisive struggle. Here,
dropping their knapsacks, an advance was made at the double quick and in
superb style, but the rebels' murderous enfilading fire of artillery, which
poured in from the flanks, caused the Eleventh Corps to retire and take
position and fortify along the ridge of Cemetery Hill in the rear of the town,
which became the central jmint of the battle. Throughout the days of the
battle the One Hundred and iMfty-thinl nobly performed their duties and
did gallant service; they sufTered during the entire battle an aggregate loss
of three hundred and eight men. On the 14th of July the regiment took
leave of the army near Funkstown, Maryland. Upon the occasion of that
farewell. Colonel Von Gilsa, their brigade commander, said to them: "I am
an old soldier, but never did I know soldiers who with greater alacrity and
more good will endeavored to fulfill their duties. In the battle of Chan-
cellorsville, \ou, liki- veterans, stood your ground against fearful odds, and,
although surrounded on three sides, you did not retreat until by me com-
manded to do so. In the three days' battle of Gettysburg your behavior
]>ut many an old soldier to blush, and you are justly entitled to a great share
of the .glory which m)- brigade has won for itself, by repulsing the two
dreaded Tiger brigades of Jackson. In the name of your comrades of the
First P)rigade and myself I now bid you farewell." The regiment was mus-
tered out of service July 24, 1863, at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in a body
returned to Easton, and on their arrival a reception was given them at the
Fair Ground, and a sword presentation made to Colonel Glanz.

BATTERY D, FIFTH UNITED STATES ARTILLERY
This battery was principally raised in Easton, and was familiarly known
as "Seymour's P.attcry," in honor of Captain Truman Seymour, afterwards
promoted to brigadier-general. The battery took part in many of the heaviest
engagements of the war; among those being Mechanicsville — the first of the
Seven Davs' battle, in which the battery fired the opening gun in the Union
side — Gaines Mill, on the following day. Peach Orchard, Savage Station,
White Oak Swamp, Charles City Cross Roads. Malvern Hill, Second Bull
Rim. South Mountain, .'\ntictam, h'redericksburg — first and second, Chan-
cellorsville and Gettysburg, where it was complimented by Generals Meade
and Hartranft as having saved the battle. Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsyl-
vania Court House, North Anna, Cold Harbor, Hatcher's Run, Deep Bottom,
Gainesville, Sheldon Farm and through the siege of Petersburg, where it
was the first battery to enter the town. .'Kt the time of draft riots in New
York City, the battery used its iiersuasivc powers on the rioters. Its inces-
sant service under fire required its membership to be recruited fourteen
times from the ranks of volunteer regiments. The number of horses and
killed and worn out in service of the battery was over three hundred. There
was but a remnant of the Northampton boys belonging to the battery that
returned to Easton, March 20, 1867, and the following veterans were mus-
tered out of the LTnited States service March 22, 186": A. Reeder Muller.
James Simons, John J. Gangwere, James G. Fargo, John Green, Arthur
Grimes, William Balliet. David E. Troxell, John Dachradt, Calvin Ritter,
Milton Charles and lohn Stoincr.

1/6 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FOURTH REGIMENT
PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS

This regiment, which was a drafted militia for nine months' service,
included Companies H and I raised in Northampton county. It was organ-
ized November 19, 1862; it was soon ordered to Washington, whence it was
transported to Suffolk, Virginia, and assigned to the brigade of General
Ferry. The regiment arrived at Newtown, North Carolina, January 3, 1863,
and was ordered to South Carolina, to become a part of the army of General
Foster. It went into camp on Helena Island, remaining there until February
27, 1863, when it was removed to Beaufort, South Carolina. The whole
military experience of the regiment was the routine of garrison and camp
duty; it was not engaged in any battles. The regiment was mustered out of
service at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, August 7, 1863.

In Pennsylvania three regiments that were recruited for one year's
service in 1864-65 were companies of Northampton county volunteers. The
Two Hundred and Second, of which Company F was a part, was organized
at Camp Curtin, September 3, 1864. The regiment a week later proceeded
to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, where it encamped near that town, and
nineteen days later it was moved to Alexandria, Virginia, for guard duty on
the Manassas Gap Railroad. This was an arduous and dangerous assign-
ment, as that section was infested with guerillas who were determined to
destroy the route of supply to the army of General Sheridan. After Sheridan
cleared the valley of the rebel forces, the railroad was abandoned, and the
regiment was ordered to a similar duty on the Orange and Alexandria Rail-
road, with the headquarters at Fairfax, Virginia. After the surrender of
General Lee in May, 1865, the command returned to Philadelphia, Pennsyl-
vania, where it was ordered to the anthracite coal region, where it remained
imtil moved to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where it was mustered out of
service August 3, 1865.

In tlie Two Hundred and Fourteenth Regiment was Company H, re-
cruited at Easton. This regiment was organized in March, 1865, and was
first sent to the Shenandoah valley, where it was employed in guard and
provost duty and was afterward moved to Washington for garrison service.
A part of the regiment was moved in November to Annapolis, Maryland,
and on March 21, 1866. was mustered out of the National service at Wash-
ington.

In the Two Hundred and Fifteenth was Company G, recruited at Easton.
The regiment was organized at Camp Cadwalladcr, April 21, 1S65, did duty
in detachments at Dover, Delaware, and in various places on the eastern shore
of Maryland, also at Fort Delaware in garrisoning the fort and guarding
prisoners. The regiment was mustered out of service July 31, 1865.

CHAPTER XVIII

MILITARY ROLLS

FIRST REGIMENT— PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS
(Three Months' Service)

COMPANY A— RECRUITED AT BETHLEHEM !

Mustered in April 20th, 1861

Capt. — James L. SelfridRe.

1st. Lieut. — John V. Frcauff; 2d, Richard M. Goundio.

1st Sgt. — Thomas B. Gorman; 2d, Charles B. XfcCarty; 3d, Aaron Getter; 4th,
Benjamin Weaver.

1st Cpl. — \N'ilIiam H. Fritz; 2d, Augustus Bochm; 3d, William W. Yohe; 4th, John
C. Shropp.

Musicians — Charles Hower, Samuel Antrim.

Pvts. — John .Mbright, Thomas Benntr, Darius Boddcr, Levi Benner, John Burman,
Julius Bcaler, Abraham Benner (ist), Wm. Brooks, James Bell, Moses Barnet, Abra-
ham Benner (2d), John Corkery, Martin Dcrr, Robert Dcntry, Oliver Donever, Val-
entine Davenport, Thomas DouRherty, John C. Fetter, Wm. H. Fahs, Michael Fitz-
gibbons, Stephen Frey, Samuel Groman, Orvillc Greider, Jacob Groman, William H.
Hans, John HofTner, Samuel Hauser, William Kock, Albert Kampman, John Kneuchner,
Lewis Kiess, Aaron Lynn, Andrew Luckenbach, Augustus Luckenbach, Henry R.
Levers, Jacob Lamol, Tilghman Mill, Daniel McCarty, Clarence Michlcr, John Olp,
James N. Pfeifer, Daniel G. Rice, Henry Remig, Adolph Rickcll, James Romig, Owen
Siglcy, Wm. H. Stolzenbach, Wm. H. Shivcly, Dc Witt C. Scholl, Abraham S. Schropp,
Charles H. Sigley, James W. Sigfried, John Stahl, Ira C. Sherry, John Taylor, Joseph
S. Trumbauer, Levi Tice, Aaron Transue, Benjamin Wilhelm, Levi Weist, Frederick
Wolf, Geo. D. White, Tilghman Wambold, Tilghman Young.

COMPANY B— RECRUITED AT EASTON

Mustered in April 20th, 1861 •

Capt. — Jacob Dashradt.

1st Lieut. — Godfrey Mutchler; 2d, Charles Eichman.

1st Sgt. — James F. Meyers; 2d, Jacob F. Ratferty; 3d, Andrew Burt; 4th, Samuet
H. Barnes.

1st Cpl.— Edward Cook; 2d, Max Weeks; 3d, G. William Barrow; 4th, John H.
Burch.

Musicians — Samuel Burch, William H. Ginnerd.

Pvts. — John A. Bixler, Solomon Bigley. John Benner, John W. Bittcnbender,
Jacob Bassett, Gideon A. Barnes, Edwin D. Bloecklcy, Lawrence Bitzner, P. M.
Church, John A. Dachrodt, Paul Darmer, Jacob N. Dittler, Wm. D. Davis, John
Everetts, Wm. Eichman, Richard Frountfcltcr, Leonard Frankcnficld, Levi Froimt-
felter, James G. Fargo, Joseph A. Ginnerd, Abrahain Gardner, Andrew I. Hay, John
Q. Hay, Daniel E. Hineline, Hcnman Hill, John Hctzell, Frederick W. Hublc, George
H. Hahn, Wm. Hartzell, Charles Imick, W. H. Kronier, Lewis F. Kromcr, Edger
Kemmcrer, John S. Lerch, Joseph Levers, James P. Moser, Wm. H. Moritz, Peter
S. Michlcr, Joseph S. Meyers, John Purser, Andrew Rodgers, Franklin Rinker, Jacob
Rlncck, John W. Ricker, Charles P. Shetter, Maximilian Smith, Charles Shortz,
Frederick Schweb, Samuel Schaffer, Amandes Schook, Jos. W. Savitz, J. Lewis
Singer, Wm. Smith, Wm. Schmitzer, Edward O. Smith, Reuben Schlubach'. Valentine
Smith, Wm. F. Snyder, Wm. Steer, Wm. A. Templin. Wm. T. Troxell, Wm. L
Ziegenfuss, F. Lynn.

NORTH.— 1—12.

178 XORTHAMPTOX COUNTY

COMPANY C— RECRUITED AT EASTON
Mustered in April 20th, 1861

Capt. — \Vm. H. Armstrong.

1st Lieut. — Robert Ramsdcn; 2d, Charles H. '^'ard.

ist Sgt. — Lawrence Bonstein: 2d. W'm. H. Weaver; 3d, Samuel Stewart; 4th,
Webanus Weisbach.

1st Cpl. — \Vm. B. Metier; 2d, Emanual R. Shelling; 3d, Edward Wortley; 4th,
Daniel Laubach.

Musicians — W'm. A. Hickman, Joseph Young.

Pvts. — George \V. Arndt, Charles Arnold, Charles Barnet, John Broadbacli, Rich-
ard N. Bitters, Jonathan Bull, John P. Billings, George Colbath, Daniel T. Carey,
John Collahan, Wm. Colbath, George F. Cyphers, John Cook, George A. Diehl,
Samuel W. Drew, George H. Freyant, Stephen Gross, John S. Green, Owen Gans,
Edwin Gephart, David Heath, Alvin Hafford, Henry Huber, James Ihrie, Martin
Kichline, Martin B. Knauss, Thomas Kilkerry, \Vm. H. Kline, Charles H. Leshner,
John Lynd, Lawrence Moscr, Isaac M. Meyers. Henry Moyer, Philip L. Moser, Benja-
min F. Moyer, Francis Mowry, John Murray, Bernard Mcrwarth, Henry Miller,
Samuel Paxson, William Pharo, Jacob Rustay, Joseph Rongay, George W. Sigman,
John G. Snyder, Wm. H. Stultz, Peter Smith. Perry Simons, Chas. Schlegel, Richard
Shelling, Augustus Shelling, Isaac Stiles, Daniel Troxell, James P. Tilton, James Van
Campen, Joseph Vogel, Owen J. Weidel, John D. Weller, .Augustus Weiss, Wm.
Wyker, Josiah Weber, Geo. W. Wagner. William Woltrau, John Wolfrau.

COMPANY D— RECRUITED AT EASTON
Mustered in April 20th, 1861

Capt. — Chas. H. Hickman.

ist Lieut. — James F. Thompson; 2d, William H. .\ble.

1st Sgt. — Joseph Oliver; 2d, Henry Arndt; 3d, Wm. A. Bachman; 4th, Calvin
Pardee.

1st Cpl. — Edward S. Carrell; 2d, Flavins G. .\rrowsmith; 3d, A\!g. Stewart; 4th,
Benj. J. Hillman.

Musician — Erwin Hartsell.

Pvts. — Samuel Adams, Aniandus Attel, Jabez Alsover, John .Andrews, John W.
Bowman, Wm. Blane, Joseph Bowers, Thomas Boyd, James I. Brodie, Jeremiah
Cooper, Isaac C. Clymer, Geo. E. Diehl, Matthew Delaney, Samuel I. Emmons,
Edward Finster, Alfred Finster, James Ferguson, James G. Gallaghan, Edward B.
Gallaghan. John I. Gangwer, Samuel I. Heintzelman, Frank A. Hubbell, David W.
Huber. Alexander A. Hoyt, Jacob .A. Hawk, James E. Hulsizer, Christian Hammer,
Silas Hulsizer, Wilson I. Hagerman, Wm. C. Hixson, Luther Horn, Henry Innes,
Joseph Ihrie, David E. Kichline, Adam H. Lane, John I. Levers, Chas. P. Levers,
James B. Meldrum, Frederick C. Mattes, Chas. Meyer, Patrick McDonald, Lewis
Morrell, Geo. M. Oberly, Wm. H. Pace, Robert R. Phillips, Abraham .\. Raub, Rob-
ert Reese, Philip Richard, Thomas P. Ricketts, George Reese, AVm. A. Smith, John
P. B. Sloan, Wm. H. Seip, Edward A. Shousc, Geo. H. Shaffer, Henry N. Seip, .Albert
Stele, Thomas Snyder, James Simons, Theodore Troxell, David E. Troxell. Thomas
W'agner, Abraham K. Young.

COMPANY H— RECRUITED AT EASTON
Mustered in April 21st, 1861
Capt. — Ferdinand W. Bell.

1st Lieut. — Jacob G. Barnett; 2d. George L. Fried.

1st Sgt. — John V. Fried; 2d, John M'Gloin; 3d, Robert Burell; 4th, Augustus
Heller.

1st Cpl.— Robert Ballantine; 2d. Wm. Ostcrstock; 3d, Daniel Phillipc; 4th, Wm
Diehl.

Pvts. — Charles .Arnold, John H. Buck, Samuel Buckley, Benjamin Batey, Silas

^rILlTARV ROLLS I79

Beers, James Bainett, John S. Rarnctt, James P. Buck, Geo. Buller, Edward Bender,
Jas. Bryson, Geo. Burcl, John Bittncr, Edward Bulmcn, Jam«s Ballantine, John L.
Clifton. Henry A. Daley. Bcnj. Dew, John Dinfjler, Chas. Elliot, Jacob Freybcrgcr,
Samuel Fraunfelder, George Frey, Frank Gingingcr, Chas. A. Gosner, John B. Haines,
George Hutton, David Hiitton, Joseph Harmeny, James M. Hoit, Charles Kinsey,
Peter King, Chas. A. Levan, Samuel Moor, John Moor, John W. Meeker, Alex
Moser, Wm. S. Mellich, Joseph McLaughlin, John S. Miller, Ervin Miller, Samuel
Neigh, Geo. Nicholas, Daniel Nicholas, Henry Pittinger, Solomon Phillippc, John
Randolph, VVm. L. Snyder, Richard Scip, Frank Snyder, Samuel Saunt, George Sun-
derland, Edw. Seals, Samuel Tronzo, Wm. H. Unangst, Richard Williams, Wm.
Wilking, John C. West, Adam Ward, Thomas Weaver, Reuben Weiss, John B. Wilson,
Charles WykofT.

NINTH REGIMENT— PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS
(Three Months' Service)

COMPANY G— RECRUITED AT EASTON
Mustered in April 24th, 1861

Capt. — Richard A. Graeffe.

1st Lieut. — Charles Goepp; 2d, Frank A. Hetrick.

1st Sgt. — Francis Mittenberger; 2d, John Cooneyer; 3d, Martin Goth; 4th, Joseph
Hoefler.

1st Cpl. — Francis Pleffer; 2d, Francis Ries; 3d, George Wahler; 4th, Otto Hersh.

Musicians — Joseph Flad, William Weber.

Pvts. — John ,\dler, Jacob Beck, Geo. Biermann, Adolphus Dennig, Jacob Ecker,
George Elhard, Frederick Epple, Martin Eppler, Chas. Franklin, Daniel Friedewald,
Bernard Froehler, Henry E. Froelich, Anthony Gchr, Henry Genther, Otto Geauz,
John Haernmerlein, Christian G. Herrmann, Joseph Hertzler, Chas. Huber, John
Hunter, John Hutmacher, Chas. Kaiser, Godfrey Kaiser, Wm. Kaltenbach, Gustavus
Kemmerer, Ignace Kiefer, Henry Klette, John Kern, Andrew Klump, Maurice
Laetius, Joseph Long, .Anthony Liebermann, Henry Lingeman, Augustus LoefTcl-
mann, David Loeflfler, Godfrey Lutz, Frederick Meyer, John Meyer, Peter Mcssinger,
Chas. Miller, Dr. George Miller, Anthony Mock, Pius Moll, Geo. Palmer, Herrmann
Pfistercr, John Pflcger, .f^ugustus Ries, Conrad Ries, Joseph Ries, Frederick Rocslcr,
Aaron Rogers, Rudolph Rapp, Frederick Roth, Julius Schaler, Geo. Schrog, Jacob
Schwarz, John H. Stein, David F. Strauss, Henry Sturm, Andrew Snomann, George
Swaddcll, Clement Weber, Charles Weidknccht, Lewis Wendenburg, Jacob Wett-
laenfer, John White.

FORTY-FIRST REGIMENT— TWELFTH RESERVE
(Three Years' Service)

COMPANY E— RECRUITED IN NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

(Unless otherwise stated, the date of muster is May 30th, 1861)

Capts. — John I. Horn, resigned Feb. i", 1862. Francis Schclling, transferred to
Veteran Reserve Corps, Sept. i, 1863.

Lieuts. — Edward Kelley, discharged on surgeon's certificate, June 17. 1863. J. C.
Fackenthall, brevet captain when mustered out with company, June i, 1864. W"m.
Lind, discharged on surgeon's certificate. Dec. 23, 1863.

Sgts. — James Johnston, mustered out with company, June 11, 1864. Henry Hess,
mustered out June II, 1864. Wm. Ruch, wounded May 8, 1864; absent, sick at muster
out. Reuben L. Miller, mustered out June 11, 1864. Wm. F. Keller, transferred to
Veteran Reserve Corps, Sept. I, 1863. Theodore F. Hancc, discharged on surgeon's
certificate, .^pril 24, 1862. Wm. R. Kidd, discharged Dec. 15, 1862, for wounds
received at Bull Run, August 30, 1862.

Cpls. — David Campbell, mustered out with company June 11, 1864. Samuel
Tolan, mustered out June 11, 1864. James H. CoflFin, mustered out June 11, 1864.

i8o NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Daniel H. Lauback, discharged Dec. 15, 1862, for wounds received at Bull Run,
August 30, 1862. C. F. Oestricker, transferred to the I'. S. Signal Corps, Sept. 15,

1863. Aaron Boslcr, died at W'arrenton Junction, Va., Dec. 20, 1863. Geo. Darhani-
ner, killed at Antietam, Sept. 17. 1862. \Vm. J. Kuchner, died at Camp Pierpont,
Nov. I, 1861. Geo. Ketchledge, killed at Todd's tavern, Va , ^fay 11, 1864. J. H.
Missinger, died Oct. 16, 1862, of wounds received at Bull Run, August 30, 1862; buried
in Military Asylum Cemetery, D. C.

Musicians — John H. Wolf, died at Washington, D. C, Dec. 27, 1862. Thos.
Duflin, killed at Gaines" Mill, June 27, 1862.

Pvts.— .\aron E. Beisel, transferred to \'eteran Reserve Corps, Feb. 19, 1864.
Max Bertrand, mustered out with company June II, 1864. John H. Boran, mustered
out June II, 1864. Daniel Brounell, discharged on surgeon's certificate April 12, 1863.
Robert G. Barnes, transferred to 190th Regiment, Pa. Vols., May 31, 1864, vet. Lack-
bold Beck, transferred to 190th Regiment, Pa. Vols., May 31, 1864, vet. Win. H.
Bodley, transferred to 6th U. S. Cavalry, Dec. 7, 1862. James Crummiskey, mus-
tered out June II, 1864. Ramsey Case, absent in Fort Delaware at muster out.
Charles Custard, killed at Bull Run, August 30, 1862. James Divine, June 15, 1861,
wounded May 11, 1864,; absent, sick at muster out. Wm. Dice, killed at Bull Run,
August 30, 1862. Daniel Eli, transferred to 190th Regiment, Pa. Vols., May 31, 1864,
vet. Josiah Ettleinan, killed at Mechanicsville, June 26, 1862. Landers Everett, died
Sept. 7, 1862, of wounds received at Bull Run, August 30, 1862; buried in Military
Asylum Cemetery, D. C. Wm. Frederick, discharged on surgeon's certificate, March
3, 1863. Adam Fisher, transferred to P. M., Army of the Potomac; date unknown.
Jervis Gould, mustered out with company June II, 1864. David H. Graham, June 15,

1861, killed at Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862. Wm. F. Handwork, absent, sick at muster
out. John Haggerty, mustered out June 11, 1864. John H. Hummell, mustered out
June II, 1864. Matthew Haase, killed at Gaines' ^till, June 27, 1862. Wm. Handwork,
killed at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862. Warren H. Joline, February 22, 1864, trans-
ferred to 190th Regiment, Pa. Vols., May 31, 1864. Sidney Kuehner, discharged on
surgeon's certificate March 22, 1864. Josiah Kirkendall, transferred to gunboat serv-
ice Feb. 6, 1864. Jeremiah Klein, Feb. 15, 1864, transferred to 190th Regiment. Pa.
Vols., March 31, 1864. John W. Leffel, mustered out June 11, 1864. Jacob Leidy,
transferred to 190th Regiment, Pa. \'ols , ^fay 31, 1864, vet. Edward Leidy. died Oct.
2, 1862. Jacob Moyer, mustered out June II, 1864. Barney ^fa!oy, mustered out
June II, 1864. Jacob Muffley, discharged on surgeon's certificate Jan. I, 1862. Thomas
McCormick, discharged on surgeon's certificate Dec. 6. 1862. John May, discharged
Oct. 6, 1862, for wounds received at Bull Run, August 30, 1862. Amandus Miller,
discharged on surgeon's certificate Jan. 2, 1864. George A. Miller, killed at Freder-
icksburg, Dec. 13, 1862. Jno. Xunnemacher, mustered out June 11, 1864. Robert
Nolf, discharged on surgeon's certificate Jan. 21, 1862. Fort W. Nicholas, Jan. 22,

1864, transferred to 190th Regiment, Pa. Vols., May 31, 1864. Savilian Otto, Jan.
22, 1864, transferred to 190th Regiment. Pa. Vols., May 31, 1864. ^fichael O'Brien,
June 15, 1861, missing in action at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862. Isaac Peifer, dis-
charged on surgeon's certificate Aug. I, 1863. Jesse Roscberry, mustered out with
company June 11, 1864. Geo. Retzler, mustered out June 11, 1864. Lewis Roth,
discharged Dec. 13, 1862, for wounds received at Bull Run, August 30. 1862. Wm.
Raub, Jan. 25, 1864, transferred to 190th Regiment, Pa. Vols.. May 31, 1S64. Calvin
Reed, transferred to Battery B, 2d U. S. .'\rtillery, Oct. 24, 1862. Paul Roth, killed
at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862. Thos. Ruth, Jan. 22, 1864, killed at Todd's tavern,
Va., May 11, 1864. Charles F. Rothweiler, not on muster-out roll. Wm. H. Santee,
transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps, Sept. I, 1863. Lewis Stein, mustered out June
II, 1864. Stephen Sholes, mustered out June 11, 1864. Patrick Shine, discharged
Oct. 15, 1862, for wounds received at ^fechanicsville, June 26, 1862. Robert W.
Surrill, discharged March 26, 1863, for wotmds received at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13,

1862. Lewis H. Sassaman, transferred to 190th Regiment, Pa. Vols., May 31, 1864. vet.
Lewis Schenk, transferred to 190th Regiment, Pa. Vols., May 31, 1864, vet. Philip
Scagler, Feb. 8, 1864, transferred to 190th Regiment, Pa. Vols., May 31, 1864. Joseph

MILITARY ROLLS i8i

Snyder, Jan. i8, 1864, transferred to 190th Hegimcnt, I'a. Vols., May 31, 1864. Peter
S. Snyder, Feb. 22, 1864, transferred to iQotli Kepiinent, I'a. Vols., May 31, 1864.
Christian F. Smith, died June 14, 1862. John P. Troxcl, transferred to Veteran Re-
serve Corps, March S, 1864. Benj. Tallman, transferred to iQOtli Regiment, Pa. Vols.,
May 31, 1864, vet. Benj. Troxell, transferred to 190th Regiment, I'a. Vols., May 31,
1864, vet. Geo. Troxell, transferred to 190th Regiment, Pa. Vols., May 31, 1864, vet.
Wm. Traugh, transferred to 190th Regiment, Pa. Vols., May 31, 1864; died June 27,
1864; buried in National Cemetery, .\rlington. Samuel Traugh, Jan. 22, 1864, trans-
ferred to 190th Regiment, Pa. Vols., May 31, 1864. Janws Taylor, missing in action
at Gaines' Mill, June 27, 1862. John Williams, mustered out June II, 1S64. Robert
White, transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps, Sept. 15, 1863; mustered out with com-
pany June II, 1864. John Warman, transferred to gunboat service Feb. 6, 1S64. John
B. Wilson, May 18, 1864, transferred to 190th Regiment, Pa. Vols., May 31, 1864.
William H. Weaver, May 18, 1864, transferred to 190th Regiment, Pa. Vols., May 31,

1864. Robert Warner, Feb. 6, 1864, transferred to looth Regiment, Pa. Vols., May
31, 1864. John Wought. May 4, 1861, transferred to Battery B, 2d U. S. Artillery,
Oct. 24, 1864. George Walls, killed at Bull Run, August 30, 1862. John Younkins,
transferred to 190th Regiment, Pa. Vols., May 31, 1864.

FORTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT— PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS

(Three Years' Service)

COMPANY A— RECRUITED AT EASTON

(Unless otherwise stated, the date of muster is September i6th, 1861)

Capts. — Richard A. GraetTe, Sept. i, 1861, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration
of term. Adolphus Denning, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864.

Lieuts. — James F. Myers, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. John
H. Stein, mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865, vet. William W. Belles, died at
Charlestown, S. C, Sept. 9, 1865, vet.

Sgts. — Nicholas Reiser, mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865. Fran Mitten-
berger, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Peter Batt, mustered out Dec. 25, 1S65. .Amos
Jumper, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865, vet. William Hull, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865, vet.
Frederick Hubcl, discharged on surgeon's certificate Nov. 6, 1862. Bernhard Brahler.
mustered out Sept. 18. 1864, expiration of term. William Fcrcr, mustered out Nov.
3, 1864, expiration of term.

Cpls. — Charles Glasser, mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865, vet. Max
Slimmer, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865, vet. Samuel Yonkins, mustered out Dec. 25,

1865, vet. Levi Fraunfelder, mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865, vet. Reuben
Raider, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865, vet. Jacob Cohler, mustered out with company
Dec. 25, 1865, vet. James Haney, mustered out Dec. 25, 1S65, vet. F'rederick Kageley,
mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term, .'\mandus Sandt, discharged on sur-
geon's certificate July 3, 1865, vet. George Rice, discharged by the order of the
War Department, Sept. 25, 1865, vet. William Sweitzer, died at Morganzia, La., June
24, 1864, vet. John Savitz, died Dec. 6, 1864, of wounds received in action, vet. Adam
Lawrence, transferred to loth Regiment, Veteran Reserve Corps, March 7. 1S65.
Jacob Beck, Jan. 9, 1862, promoted to Quartermaster Sgt. March i, 1862.

Musicians — Jacob Daub, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865, vet. William Williamson,
mustered out Dec. 25, 1865, vet.

Pvts. — Robert Adams, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. John Alder, nuistered out
Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. Michael .Andrews, died at New Orleans, La., July
14, 1864. Jacob M. Bower, mustered out Dec. 25, 1863, vet. James Barnett, Feb. 16,
1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Samuel Bauman, discharged on surgeon's certificate
Jan. 7, i8fe. Joseph B. Bower, Sept. 24, 1861, discharged March 12, 1864, by general
order. A. B. Bush, Nov. 18, 1S62, dischaiged on surgeon's certificate Sept. 18, 1864.
Daniel Battaghlia, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. W'illiam Borman,
mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. David R. Bills, transferred from
159th Regiment, Pa. Vols.; discharged June i, 1865. Martin Baker, mustered out

i82 NORTHAMPTOX COUNTY

July 15, 1865. Andrew Bellis, died at Key West, Fla., Feb. 23, 1862. George Bohn,
died at New Orleans. La., June 27, 1864. Thomas J. Bower, killed at Cedar Creek, Va.,
Oct. 19, 1864; buried in National Cemetery, Winchester, lot 9. Samuel E. Birdinger.
killed at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864. George Bolian, died at New Orleans, La.,
June 28, 1864. Jeremiah Beliheimer, died July 31, 1864; buried at National Cemetery,
Arlington. Tobias Bower, died at Philadelphia, Jan. 25, 1865, of wounds received in
action; vet. Amandus Bellis, died at Natchez, Miss., June 30, 1864. Lewis Bower,
captured Oct. 19, 1864, died while prisoner, March i, 1865. John Brinsinger, Feb. 22,

1864, not on muster-out roll. John Bush, Jan. 5. 1864, not on muster-out roll. Elias
Berlin, not on muster-out roll. John Cohler, Dec. 4, 1861, mustered out with com-
pany Dec. 25, 1865, vet. Jacob Cassler, May I, 1864, mustered out with company
Dec. 25, 1865. Charles Coleman, Feb. 20, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Daniel S.
Crawford, July i, 1864, discharged on surgeon's certificate May 29, 1865. William^
Daub, Feb. 28, 1865, mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865. Thomas DufFert, dis-
charged Nov. 29, 1862, to re-enlist in regular army. Michael Delaney, discharged
Feb. 18, 1863, by order of the War Department, to re-enlist in regular army. Samuel
Danner, mustered out Sept. 18, 1S64, expiration of term. Charles Detwciler, Oct. 13,
1862, died at Philadelphia, Feb. 12, 1865, of wounds received in action. John Deverin.
Feb. 2, 1865, not on muster-out roll. Emanuel Eichman, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865,
vet. John H. Everett, Sept. 18, 1864, absent on furlough at muster-out. Henry
Engle, discharged Nov. 29, 1862, per order of the War Department, to re-enlist in
regular army. Martin Eppler, discharged on surgeon's certificate April 12, 1864.
Jacob Eckert, January 17, 1862, mustered out Jan. 21, 1865, expiration of term. John
Eppler, died at Key West, Fla., June 30, 1862. William Eagan, April I, 1865, dis-
charged May 2i, 1863. R. Fraunfelder, Sept. 18, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865, vet.
John W. Furman, discharged Feb. 18, 1863, per order of War Department, to re-enlist
in regular army. Peter Fahey, July 29, 1863, discharged on surgeon's certificate
April 12, 1864. Isaac Fleishhower, Jan. 27, 1865, mustered out May 19, 1865. Abraham
Fleisher, Oct. 2, 1862, discharged on surgeon's certificate Sept. 23, 1864. Allen Faber,
Feb. 20, 1865, died at Washington, D. C, June 7, 1865. Daniel Friedewald, died at
Winchester, Va., Dec. 25, 1864, vet. Clements Goodyear, Sept. 18, 1864, absent at
muster-out. Christian Gresser, Feb. I, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Ed. T.
Greening, Nov. 23, 1862, transferred from 140th Regiment, Pa. Cavalry; mustered out
Dec. 25. 1865. Solomon Guildner, August 26, 1862, mustered out June i, 1865. Hugo
Goltz, Jan. 28, 1865, mustered out July 21, 1865. Lawrence Gatence, Oct. 12, 1863,
killed at Cedar Creek, Oct. 19, 1864; buried in National Cemetery, Winchester, Va.,
lot 9. Joseph Goodyear, August 15, 1864, died at Charlestown, S. C, August 11, 1S65.
George Hare, August 15, 1864, mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865. Lewis
Hohn, Sept. 18, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. George W. Hall, Sept. 18, 1864,
mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Jacob Herbert, Feb. 14, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25,

1865, vet. Reuben Hartzell, Feb. 13, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. George Hyde,
Feb. 13, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Joseph Harlc, Feb. 23, 1865, mustered
out Dec. 25, 1865. Christian Haldeman, Dec. 13, 1861, discharged on surgeon's certifi-
cate March 5, 1862. John Hawk, mustered out Sept. 18 1864, expiration of term.
Willoby Haffner, Oct. 13, 1862, mustered out Oct. 3, 1865, expiration of term. Rein--
hold Hohn, transferred to nth Regiment, Veteran Reserve Corps, .'\pril 14, 1865.
Sidney Hahn, died at Frederick, Md., .'\ug. 8, 1864; buried in National Cemetery,
Antietam, section 26, lot E, grave 536; vet. Nicholas Hoffman, Feb. 5, 1864, died at
Natchez, Miss., June 30, 1864. Henry Hartman, Dec. 4, 1861, died at Wilmington,
N'. C, March 20, 1865. John Q. Hay, Nov. 5, 1863, died at Charlestown, S. C, Sept 11,
1865. John J. Jones, discharged on surgeon's certificate .Aug. 12, 1862. Richard
Koenig, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865, vet. Stephen Knecht, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865,
vet. Matthias Krotz, July 29, 1863, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Missouri Kretzler,
Sept. 18, 1864, mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865. Peter Kern, Feb. 20, 1865,
mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865. John Krouenbetter, Feb. 23, 1865, mustered
out Dec. 25, 1865. Myer Kohn, discharged on surgeon's certificate .^ug. 12, 1862.
Henry Kline, died at Beaufort, S. C, Aug. 8, 1862. Joseph Kline, mustered out

MILITARY ROLLS 183

Sept. 18, 1R64, expiration of term. Tilghiiiaii Kciiii, Jan. 2, 1862, niustcrcd out Jan.

17, 1865, expiration of term. Frederick Kciser, Dec. 16, 1861, mustered out Dec. 23,
1864, expiration of term. James M. Keifer, Jan. 9, 1862, discharged on surgeon's
certificate April 15, 1865. Ambrose Kocli, killed at Cedar Creek, Oct. 19, 186.4, vet.
William S. Keen, Oct. 27, 1864, died at Cedar Creek, Nov. I, 1864. Owen C. Laub,
Dec. II, 1863, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. William Laughran, discharged by order
of the War Department, Feb. 18, 1863, to re-enlist in regular army. Peter Lewis,
mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. Moritz Lazius, mustered out Sept.

18, 1864, expiration of term. Mahlon Laub, mustered out Sept. 18, '1864, expiration
of term. Henry Lingaman, transferred to 90th Regiment, Pa. Vols. Charles Lear,
died at Natchez, Miss., July 22, 1864. Augustus LoelTelman, discharged May 5, 1865,
vet. Joseph Miller, June 26, 1863, mustered out July 28, 1865. John Muhl, Sept. 18,

1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Samuel Meyers, Feb. 6, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25,

1865. Daniel Moyer, June 30, 1865, mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865. George
MuUer, discharged on surgeon's certificate March 5, 1862. Joseph W. Myers, dis-
charged by order of War Department, Feb. 18, 1863, to re-enlist in regular army.
Joseph E. Messinger, discharged on surgeon's certificate June 10, 1863. Frederick E.
Meyer, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. Stephen Moyer, Jan. 15, 1862,
mustered out Jan 17, 1865, expiration of term. Edwin McGlinn, Nov. 24, 1863, mus-
tered out July S, 1865. Daniel M'Calla, killed at Cedar Creek, Oct. 19, 1864; buried
in National Cemetery, Winchester, lot 9. Abrahani Osterstock, Feb. 29, 1864, mus-
tered out June 8, 1865. John J. Paxson, Feb. 10, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865.
Thomas C. Patterson, March 25, 1864, transferred from 14th Regiment, Pa. Cavalry,
mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. William Pucker, Dec. 13, 1861, discharged on surgeon's
certificate March 5, 1862. John Price, Feb. ]8, 1864, discharged on surgeon's certifi-
cate Dec. 19, 1864. Jacob Paulus, Aug. i, 1864, mustered out June I, 1865. John
Paulus, Jan. i, 1864, died at Williard's Point, Nov. 4, 1864. Frederick Roesler, Dec.
22, 1861, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. John Rupp, Nov. 20, 1863, mustered out with
company Dec. 25, 1865, vet. Thomas Rewark, Nov. 24, 1863, mustered out Dec. 25,
1865. Samuel Remaly, Feb. 9, 1864, wounded at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct., 1864; absent,
sick at muster out. Powcl Rarick, Feb. 10, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Charles
Rufe, transferred to 20th Regiment, Veteran Reserve Corps, April 17, 1865. John
Ross, Dec. ID, 1861, died at Easton, Pa., April 28, 1865, vet. Ferdinand Reel, Feb. I,

1864, died at City Point, Va., Feb. 27, 1865. David Strauss, mustered out with com-
pany Dec. 25, 1865. Peter C. Sleath, mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865, vet.
Edwin Schweitzer, mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865. Edwin C. Sandt, Feb.
20, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. John Stem, Aug. 9, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25,

1865, vet. Jefferson Stem, Jan. I, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. John Schlamb,
Sept. 18, 1864, mustered out December 25, 1865. Sidney Sandt, Feb. 3, 1865, mus-
tered out Dec. 25, 1865. Lleyellyn Sandt, Feb. 16, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865.
Ira Schofield, Feb. 16, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Fred Sheniger, mustered out
Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. Nathan Siegfried, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864,
expiration of term. Stephen Schmidt, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term.
Peter Sandt, mustered out Sept. 21, 1864, expiration of term. William Schlecter,
Sept. 24, 1861, mustered out Oct. 29, 1864, expiration of term. Charles Schnable, Dec.
13, 1861, mustered out Dec. 12, 1864, expiration of term. Matthias Stortz, March 27,

1863, discharged on surgeon's certificate, Jan. 30, 1865. John Schweitzer, Jan. 2,
1862, mustered out April 11, 1865, expiration of term. Charles Stump, Feb. 25, 1864,
mustered out May 15, 1865. Lewis Schmohl, July 30, 1864, mustered out June I, 1865.
Lewis Sponhcimer, Oct. 29, 1862, mustered out Oct. 28, 1865, expiration of term.
Josiah Stocker, died at New Orleans, La., ^Liy 17, 1864. John Tagg, Jan. 26, 1865,
mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865. Andrew Thomas, mustered out Sept. 18,

1864, expiration of term. Jacob Trabold, Dec. 13, 1861, died at Morganzia, La., June
27, 1864. Charles L'nangst, Sept. 18, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. John Unangst,
Sept. 18, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Enos Unangst, discharged on surgeon's
certificate March 5, 1862. John White, mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865, vet.
David Warrick, absent in hospital at muster-out. E. Werkheiscr, Jan. 25, 1865, mus-

i84 NORTHAMPTON' COUNTY

tered out Dec. 25, 1865. F. Williamson, Sept. 2, 1864; absent, sick at muster-out.
J. J. Werkheiser, Feb. 10, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Charles Weidnecht,
mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. Stephen Walter, mustered out Sept.
iS, 1864, expiration of term. Lewis W'erkheiser, killed at Cedar Creek, Va.; buried
in National Cemetery, Winchester, lot lo, vet. J. Williamson, Feb. 25, 1864, died at
Baton Rouge, La., July 13, 1864. Henry E. Wagoner, not on muster-out roll.

COMPANY E— RECRUITED AT EASTON
(Unless otherwise stated, the date of muster is September i6th, 1861)

Capts. — Charles H. Yard, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. Wm.
A. Bactman, mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865, vet.

Lieuts. — Lawrence Bonstein, mustered out Sept., 1864, expiration of term. Geo.
A. Diehl, discharged on surgeon's certificate Aug. 21, 1865, vet. Wm. H. Wyker,
mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. Edward W. Menner, wounded at
Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864.

Sgts. — Geo. R. Nicholas, mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865, vet. George
Hahn, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865, vel. Adam Ward, Dec. 17, 1863, mustered out
with company Dec. 25, 1865. Wm. Rockafellow, Jan. 14, 1864, mustered out with
company Dec. 25, 1865. Benj. Derr, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Owen J. Weida,
mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. W'm. R. Cahill, mustered out Sept.

18, 1864, expiration of term. Jacob F. Bonstein, Sept. 19, 1861, discharged on sur-
geon's certificate Jan. 21, 1864. Samuel H. Barnes, Aug. 26, 1862, discharged June I,
1865. Francis A. Parks, killed at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864; buried at National
Cemetery, Winchester, Va., lot ID, vet.

Cpls. — George Steinmetz, Jan. 15, 1864, mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865.
Thomas Callahan, Jan. 28, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. John F. Walton, Feb. 6,
1863, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Owen Moser, wounded at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct.

19, 1864, mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865, vet. Moses Jacoby, mustered out
with company Dec. 25, 1865. Henry Hallman, Jan. 26, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25,
(865. John W^oolbach, Feb. 16, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Isaac Smith, mus-
tered out Dec. 25, 1865. George Twaddle, discharged on surgeon's certificate July 20,
1863. Reuben W'eiss, wounded in both legs at Pocotaligo, S. C, Oct. 22, 1S62; dis-
charged on surgeon's certificate .^pril 4, 1864. Thomas Lower}-, mustered out Sept.
i8, 1864, expiration of term. Wm. E. Eichman, Sept. 10, 1862, wounded and cap-
tured at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864; returned May 11, 1865; mustered out June
I, 1865. Thomas Callahan, Sept. 19, 1861, mustered out Sept. 18. 1864, expiration of
term. James HufT, Nov. i, 1861, wounded and prisoner April 9, 1864; exchanged
Aug. 29, 1864; captured at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864; died at Salisbury, N. C,
March 5, 1865. Peter Lyner, died at Hokendaugua, Pa., Oct. 16, 1864, vet. Frederick
J. Scott, captured at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864; died at Danville, N. C, Feb.
22, 1865, vet.

Musicians — Wm. Wilhelm, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term.
James Quinn, died at Charleston, Dec. 7, 1865, vet.

Pvts. — Wm. ."Kdams, wounded at Opequan, Va., Sept. 18, 1864; mustered out with
company Dec. 25, 1865. Peter F. Allen, Feb. 16, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865.
Henry L. Arnold, June iS. 1863, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Charles Arnold, wounded
by accident Nov. 23, 1864; discharged on surgeon's certificate June 25, 1865, vet.
Henry Bassett. Feb. 23, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. H. Bartholomew, March
31, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865, vet. Isaac Burk, Dec. 17, 1863, mustered out
Dec. 2S, 1865. John D. Black, Jan. 25, 1865, mustered out Aug. 21, 1865. Joseph
Brown, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. John Bruch, mustered out
Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. Andrew Bucher, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864,
expiration of term. Henry L. Beavers, mustered out by general order June 14, 1865.
Henry A. Bachman, killed at Pocotaligo, S. C, Oct. 22, 1862. M. Berksheimer, Sept.
4, 1862, killed at Cedar Creek, Oct. 19. 1864. George W^ Brooks, Feb. 10, 1864, died
at New Orleans, La., Aug. 12, 1864. Andrew Burk, wounded at Cedar Creek, Va..
Oct. 19, 1864, died at Frederick, Md., Dec. 3, 1864, vet. Samuel Batt, Feb, 2. 1864,

MILITARY ROLLS 185

not on nuistcr-out roll. Henry S. Coburn, Dec. 17, 1863, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865.
Edward Clark, Jan. 28, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. John Callahan, mustered
out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. John Cummiskey, discharged on surgeon's
certificate March I, 1862. Jeremiah Cooper, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration
of term. George Coult, wounded at I'ocotaligo, S. C, Oct. 22, 1862; transferred to
Veteran Reserve Corps, March 16, 1S64. John Connigan, Dec. 17, 1863, transferred
to N'eteran Reserve Corps, date unknown. Jacob Dean, March 2, 1864, mustered out
Dec. 25, 1865. Wm. Dcterline, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term.
Kathan Derr, wounded at Pocotaligo, S. C, Oct. 22, 1862; discharged on surgeon's
certificate Feb. 2, 1863. Charles Dewey, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of
term. John Dingier, wounded at Pleasant Hill, La., April 9, 1864; mustered out
Sept. 18, 1S64, expiration of term. Henry DulTin, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expira-
tion of term. Frank Edinger, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865, vet. Joseph Engle, trans-
ferred to 1st U. S. Artillery, Dec. I, 1862. E. A. Frcy, March 27, 1865, mustered
out Dec. 25, 1865. George Fritz, Feb. 29, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Gideon
Fritz, Feb. 23, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Peter Flynn, Jan. 21, 1865, mus-
tered out Dec. 25, 1865. Charles H. Frey, Sept. 16, 1862, mustered out by general
order June i, 1S65. George M. Fagler, Aug. 26, 1864, mustered out by general order
June I, 1865. Win. H. Fowler, Aug. 25, 1862, mustered out June I, 1865. Wm. A.
Force, wounded at Pocotaligo, S. C, Oct. 22, 1862; discharged on surgeon's certificate
April 10, 1863. L. Frankenfield, Sept. 19, 1861; died at Fort Jefferson, Fla., June 22,

1863, Reuben Golio, Jan. 14, 1864, wounded at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864;
absent, sick at muster-out. Oliver Graver, Feb. 9, 1864, transferred to Veteran Re-
serve Corps, 37tli Company, 2d Battalion, June 30, 1865. John Goodwin, March 16,

1864, not on muster-out roll. Wm. Helwick, Feb. 22, 1864 mustered out Dec. 25, 1865.
Luther Horn, Jan. 28, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Daniel W. Hull, Jan. 25,

1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. James Hughs, Jan. 21, 1865, mustered out with
company Dec. 25, 1865. Geo. Hahn, wounded at Pocotaligo, S. C, Oct. 22, 1862; dis-
charged on surgeon's certificate Feb. 25, 1863. Jeremiah Haney, Feb. 23, 1864; dis-
charged, date unknown. Daniel Houser, Aug. 26, 1862, mustered out by general order
June I, 1865. Henry H. Horn, Jan. 23, 1862, discharged on surgeon's certificate Jan.
9, 1863. .'Vdam P. Heckman, Sept. 19, 1861, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration
of term. S. T. Hudson, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration cf term. David W.
Huber, discharged on surgeon's certificate Nov. 20, 1862. Jacob Haggerty, mustered
out by general order June 29, 1865. Charles H. Hubbard, Dec. 22, 1863, transferred
to Veteran Reserve Corps, Jan. 17, 1865. Richard Hahn, killed at Pleasant Hill, La.,
April 9, 1864, vet. David W. Huber, Dec. 2, 1862, died at Easton, Pa., Oct. 18, 1864.
Wm. Ivey, Sept. 19, 1861, nmstered out Dec. 25, 1865, vet. Benj. F. Jones, Jan., 1865,
mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Wm. M. James, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration
of term. Abram Jacobus, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. Peter
Kirkendall, Feb. 2, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. John Kunker, Dec. 19, 1863,
wounded at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864; mustered out May 26, 1865. J. M.
Kirkendall, wounded at Fisher's Hill, Va., Sept. 22, 1864, and at Charkstown, Va.,
March, 1865; discharged on surgeon's certificate July 20, 1865, vet. Henry Kern, Oct.
29, 1862, mustered out Oct. 28, 1865, expiration of term. Henry A. Labar, Feb. 16,
1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865, vet. Andrew J. Lynn, Jan. 20, 1862; absent, sick
at muster-out. George Long, mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865, vet. Samuel
L. Lantz. discharged on surgeon's certificate July 29, 1863. George W. Lantz, mus-
tered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. George W. Levers, Aug. 26, 1862,
mustered out by general order June i, 1865. John Lind, Sept. 19, 1861, died at Hilton
Head, S. C, Oct. 24, 1862, of wounds received at Pocotaligo, S. C, Oct. 22, 1862.
Luther Labar, Feb. 18, 1864, not on muster-out roll. John Monday, mustered out
Dec. 25, 1865. Eli Moser, Jan. 4, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Henry Moyer,
absent, sick at muster-out; vet. A. McLaughlin, Dec. 21, 1863, mustered out by
general order June 17, 1865. Henry Miller, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of
term. Patrick Monday, Oct. 8, 1862, mustered out Oct. 7, 1865, expiration of term.
Grenville Moore, mustered out Sept. iS, 1864, expiration of term. Lawrence \roscr.

i86 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

mustered out May J, 1863, to accept promotion. Philip L. Moser, discharged on
surgeon's certificate Sept. 30, 1S63. John B. Mickley, died April 30, 1862. Samuel
Minnick, killed at Pocotaligo, S. C, Oct. 22, 1862. John McLaughlin, died at Easton,
March 31, 186.S, vet. Frank Moser, wounded and missing at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct.
19, 1864, vet. Jacob Ocho, Sept. 19, 1861, wounded at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864;
discharged on surgeon's certificate June 19, 1865, vet. John Peterson, wounded at
Cedar Creek, \'a., Oct. 9, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865, vet. Wm. Peterson, Jan.
19, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Wm. Paxson, died at Fort Jefferson, Fla., Oct.
18, 1863. Calvin Reed, Jan. 30, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. J. Rockafellow,
Jan. 14, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. G. Rockafellow, Jan. 15, 1864, mustered
out Dec. 25, 1865. Joseph A. Rogers, Dec. 17, 1863, mustered out with company Dec.
25, 1865. Jacob Rinnick, discharged on surgeon's certificate June, 1S64. Henry
Rinnick, Sept. 19, 1862, mustered out by general order June I, 1865. J. J. Richards,
Oct. 12, 1862, discharged on surgeon's certificate June 3, 1865. George B. Rose,
killed at Pocotaligo, S. C, Oct. 22, 1862. Frank Simons, Jan. 25, 1865, mustered out
Dec. 25, 1865. John Shoeman, Jan. 25, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Joseph
Slayer, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Martin S. Shock, March 5, 1864, mustered out
Dec. 25, 1865. Edward Smith, Jan. 4, 1864, wounded at Opcquan, Va., Sept. 19, 1864;
mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Valentine Smith, Feb. 28, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25,
1865. John Smith, Jan. 25, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Samuel Stem, mus-
tered out Dec. 25. 1865. Edward E. Snyder, Sept. 19, 1861, mustered out Dec. 25,
1865. Andrew Spangler, Jan. 25, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Charles Steinmetz,
Feb. 5, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25. 1865. Fred Seabold, Jan. 25, 1865, mustered out
by general order Dec. 25, 1865. Richard Shelling, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, ex-
piration of term. George Snyder, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term.
George Smith, transferred to "th Regiment, Pa. Vols., May 22, 1862. Edward L.
Snyder, transferred to 1st U. S. .\rtillery, Dec. i, 1862. Thomas Snyder, transferred
to Veteran Reserve Corps, March i, 1864. Aug. Templin, Feb. 17, 1865, mustered
out Dec. 25, 1865. John Tidaboch, Feb. 6, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. James
Todd, Dec. 17, 1863, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. John Taylor, discharged on sur-
geon's certificate March i, 186.?. Joseph .•\. Tice, Sept. 19, 1861, mustered out Sept.
18, 1864, expiration of term. Johr. Tidaboch, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration
of term. A. J. Tidaboch, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. Thco.
Troell, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864, expiration of term. Samuel Transue, Sept. 10,
1862, mustered out by general order June 1, 1865. George L. Tilton, transferred to
Veteran Reserve Corps, .April 13, 1864. George Vogal, mustered out Sept. 18, 1864,
expiration of term, .\lbert Wagner, mustered out with company Dec. 25, 1865. Jos.
E. Walters, Nov. 19, 1863, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865, vet. John Wilhelm, mustered
out Dec. 25, 1865, vet. Charles Wolf, Jan. 31, 1865, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Wm.
H. Wright, Dec. 21, 1863, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Wm. Ward, Sept. 30, 1862,
mustered out Dec. 25, 1865. Joseph Weaver, Oct. 8, 1862, mustered out Oct. 7, 1865,
expiration of term. Henry Warman, Dec. 17, 1863, transferred to Veteran Reserve
Corps, 1864. George Young, Feb. 13, 1865, not on muster-out roll. Bernard Zerfass,
Feb. 23, 1864, mustered out Dec. 25, 1865.

FIFTY-NINTH REGIMENT— PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS-
SECOND CAVALRY
(Three Years' Service)

COMPANY H— (PRINCIPALLY FROM EASTON)

Capts. — Nalbro Frazier, Jr., Nov. 23, 1861, discharged June 16, 1864. Albert N.
Seip, Oct. 4, 1861, discharged Oct. 4, 1864. Aaron K. Seip, Oct. 14, 1861, transferred
to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865, vet.

Lieut.- — Josiah L. Newbold, Dec. 7, 1861, discharged Oct. 31, 1864.

1st Sgts. — Sylvester Mohn, Oct. 4, 1861, transferred to Company I, date un-
known. Henry Faber, May 31, 1862, discharged by general order May 31, 1865.
Frederick Lavousier, June 3, 1862, not accounted for.

MIIJTARY ROLLS 187

Q'rm. Sgt. — Franklin Rinkcr, Nov. 14, 1861, discharged by general order June 28,
1865, vet.

Sgts. — Joseph F. Krani, March 30, 1864, transferred to Company II, 1st Provost
Cavalry, Juno 17, 1865, vet. Bcnj. F. Beitel, Feb. 13, 1864, transferred to Company H,
1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Koscberry Seip, Feb. 23, 1864, transferred to 1st
Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Henry Almond, Dec. 13, 1862; captured Jan. 22,
1864; not accounted for.

Cpls. — William H. Hullings, Dec. 20, 1863, transferred to Company II, 1st Pro-
vost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. George W. Heines, March 30, 1864, transferred to
Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. F'redcrick D. Fcight, Nov. 29, 1861,
transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. John J. Mohn, Feb.
10, 1864, transferred to Company H, ist Provost Cavalry, June 17, 18C5, vet. Jacob
Rinker, F"eb. 29, 1864, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865.
Leon Berkowicz, Jan. 2, 1862, not accounted for. Abandon S. Moyer, Jan. 9, 1862,
mustered out Jan. 19, 1865, expiration of term. William Bennett, June 5, 1862, not
accounted for. Aldrick Michaels, June 23, 1862, not accounted for. Andrew W. Day,
Oct. 24, 1861, captured Nov. 29, 1863; not accounted for.

Buglers — Francis Baumeister, Dec. 25, 1863, transferred to Company H, ist Pro-
vost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Thomas Moyer, Jan., 1862, not accounted for.

Blacksmiths — Thomas H. Burgess, Feb. 4, 1864, transferred to Company H, 1st
Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Parmer Santee, March 29, 1862, not accounted for.

Farrier — Joseph Carroll, Feb. 10, 1864, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost
Cavalry, June 17, 1865.

Saddlers — John Kessler, Jan. 26, 1864, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost
Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Joseph Keim, Jan. 4, 1862, not accounted for.

Pvts. — David S. AfFerbach, Oct. 26, 1861, not accounted for. Benj. F. Austin,
Sept. 23, 1861, transferred to Company M, Jan. i, 1862. Josiah Buskirk, Jan. 15, 1864,
transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Albert Bergess, June
5, 1862, discharged by general order June 15, 1865. Peter Bender, Feb. 15, 1864^
transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. William Bicrly, Feb.
13, 1864, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. John P.
Boalton, Feb. 9, 1864, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865.
-Mexander Burket, Jan. 10. 1864, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry,
June 17, 1865. William H. Blake, Feb. 7, 1865, transferred to Company H, 1st Pro-
vost Cavalry, June 1, 1865. A. Brinker, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cav-
alry, June 17, 1865. William Beer, Oct. 28, l86i, transferred to Company I, date
unknown; vet. Jacob Baner, Nov. 12, 1861, transferred to 112th Regiment, Pa. Vols.,
Jan. 8, 1S62. George Boas, Oct. 19, 1861, transferred to 112th Regiment, Pa. Vols.,
Jan. 8, 1862. Joseph Bolster, Jan. 25, 1864, died at Philadelphia, March 26, 1864.
James Clark, March 3, 1864, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17,
1865. Samuel Coleman, Feb. 25, 1864, transferred to Company H, ist Provost Cav-
alry, June 17, 1865. J. W. Cornelius, Feb. 25, 1865, transferred to Company H, 1st
Provost Cavalry, June 1, 1865. John Crytzer, Feb. 11, 1864, captured July lo, 1864;
died at Florence, S. C, Nov. 7, 1864. D. E. Cunningham, Oct. 14, 1861, transferred
to Company M, Jan. 1, 1862. James H. Day, Feb. 5, 1864, transferred to Company H,
1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Grier B. Davis, March 1, 1864, discharged by
general order, June 19, 1863. William Davis, March I, 1864, transferred to Company
H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. George Dennells, Oct. 15, 1861, not accounted
for. John Daub, Nov. 20, 1861, transferred to 112th Regiment, Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862.
Edwin Donahue, June 2, 1862, not accounted for. Joseph Donaldson, June 13, 1862,
not accounted for. William Ehler, Oct. 28, 1861. transferred to 112th Regiment, Pa.
Vols., Jan. 8, 1862. Lewis H. Fehr, Dec. 25, 1863, transferred to Company H, 1st
Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865, vet. Owen Fehr, Feb. 16, 1864, transferred to Com-
pany H, ist Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. T. E. Fehr, Feb. 16, 1864, transferred
to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Henry Fehr, Feb. 10, 1864, trans-
ferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Jacob Fritz, March 31,
1864, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Noah Fink,

i88 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Feb. 19, 1864, transferred to Company H, ist Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. John
Fetter, Oct. 25, 1861, transferred to 112th Regiment, Pa. \'oIs., Jan. 8, 1S62. Benj.
Ford, Feb. 6, 1865, not accounted for. Joseph Good, Dec. 25 1863, transferred to
1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Elias Gould, Feb. 22, 1864, transferred to 1st
Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Charles Garis, Oct. 30, 1861, not accounted for. F.
Gashlaur, Oct. 23, 1S61, transferred to 112th Regiment, Pa. Vols., Jan 8, 1862. Oliver
Graver, Nov. 21, 1861, transferred to 112th Regiment, Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862. Amos
Gosner, Nov. 16, 1861, transferred to 112th Regiment, Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862. Hall
Gosner, Xov. 16, 1861, transferred to 1 12th Regiment, Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862. J. Z.
Greinzweig, Oct. 31, 1861, transferred to 112th Regiment, Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862.
George K. Gerry, June 9, 1862, not accounted for. Jacob Gosho, June 19, 1862, not
accounted for. James Gordon, Feb. 8, 1865, not accounted for. Charles Hannaka.
Feb. 13, 1864, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. John
Hunter, Jan. 20, 1864, transferred to Company H, ist Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865.
John Herbert, Feb. 19, 1864. transferred to Company H, ist Provost Cavalry. June
17, 1865. Henry Houpt, Feb. 29, 1864, transferred to Company H, ist Provost Cav-
alry, June 17, 1865. Peter Hemmingcr, Jan. 22. 1864, transferred to Company H, ist
Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1S65. Aaron Holbon, Feb. 25, 1864, transferred to Com-
panj' H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Isaac Houser, Feb. 12, 1864, died June
22, 1865; buried in National Cemetery, .Arlington, Va. William Herd, Feb. 8, 1865,
transferred to Company H, ist Provost Cavalry, June 17. 1865. Henry \V. Haas,
Oct. 4, 1861, not accounted for. Andrew Heckman, Oct. 19, 1861, transferred to 112th
Regiment, Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862. Jere Hope, Sept. 30, 1861, transferred to Ii2tli
Regiment, Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862. Charles Hayts, June 4, 1862, captured July 10,
1863; died at .■\ndersonville, Ga., May 15, 1864, grave 1113. William Hooper, June
14, 1862, not accounted for. Henry Johnson, Feb. 6, 1864, transferred to Company H,
1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865, vet. Robert Jenkins, .April 12, 1864, transferred
to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. George W. Jones, Feb. 26, 1864,
captured July 18, 1864; transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17,
1865. Ale.xander Kinney, July 2, 1862, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cav-
alry, June 17, 1865. Jos. Keinier, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry,
June 17, 1865. Henry Keimer, captured July 18, 1864, transferred to Company H, ist
Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Charles Kochler, Oct. 9, 1861, transferred to 1 12th
Regiment, Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862. Erastus Kellogg, Oct. 19, 1S61, transferred to
Ii2th Regiment, Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862. Anthony Kane, Oct. I, 1861, transferred to
Company M, Jan. i, 1862. William Klingaman, March 17, 1862, not accounted for.
.Alpha Keiper, April 2, 1862, not accounted for. Davis Lichty, March 30. 1864, trans-
ferred to Company H, ist Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. William Lehr, Jan. 9,
1862, transferred to Company H, ist Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. W. C. Lutz,
captured July 18, 1864; transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17,
1865. Peter Lerch, Nov. 12, 1861, transferred to 112th Regiment, Pa. \'ols., Jan. 8,
1S62. Jacob Lerch, Nov. 12, 1861, transferred to Il2th Regiment, Pa. Vols., Jan.
8, 1862. Joseph Loper, May 26, 1862, not accounted for. William H. Lamb, June 17,
1862, not accounted for. Fred Miller, Feb. 9, 1864, transferred to Company H, ist
Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Chas. Mickens, Feb. 25, 1864, transferred to Com-
pany H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Joseph MutTley, Dec. 25, 1863, trans-
ferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Daniel McDonald, Feb.
8, 1S65, transferred to Company H, ist Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. John Montz,
captured .Aug. 16, 1864, transferred to Company H, isl Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865.
.A. Myers, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Joseph
Mann, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Charles Mohn,
Dec. 31, 1861, not accounted for. Philip Moyer, Oct. 4, 1861, not accounted for. Simon
Mabus, Nov. 4, 1861, transferred to 112th Regment, Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862. James P.
Michler, Oct. 28, 1861, transferred to 1 12th Regiment, Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862. George
Miller, killed at Spottsylvania Court House, May 12, 1864. Owen Mcssinger, June 21,
1862, not accounted for. William McDonough, Feb. 28, 1864, transferred to Company
H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Samuel McGregor, March 31, 1864, transferred

MILITARY ROLLS 189

to Company II, 1st Provost Cavalry, Juno 17, 1865. T. S. McMurray, March 17, 1862,
not accounted for. William Nolfc, Feb. 29, 1864, transferred to Company H, 1st Pro-
vost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. C. A. C. Newman, Jan. i, 1862, transferred to Company I,
date unknown. F. F. Overdorf, Feb. 29, 1864, transferred to Company H, 1st J-'rovost
Cavalry, June 17, 1865. John O'Brien, Feb. 8, 1865, transferred to Company II, 1st
Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. George O'Brien, March 17, 1862, not accounted for.
Patrick O'Brien, June 9, 1862, not accounted for. Samuel Paxson, Oct. 23, 1861,
transferred to 112th Regiment, Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862. Richard Piers, March 24, 1862,
not accoimted for. Reuben Rinker, Feb. 29, 1864, transferred to Company H, 1st
Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Hiram Rinicr, Feb. 23, 1864, transferred to Company
H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Joseph Rinier, March 7, 1864, transferred to
Company II, ist Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. John Richter, 1865, discharged by
general order Aug. 9, 1865. James Robbins, March 7, 1864, captured June 18, 1864;
died at .•\ndersonville, Ga., Aug. 15, 1864; grave 5800. Joseph Ruppert, captured May
12, 1864, transferred to Company H, ist Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. John Rice,
Dec. 26, 1861, died at Philadelphia, .April 15, 1862. Joseph Rodenbach, Oct. 10, 1861,
not accounted for. Ignatus Richmond, Oct. 4, 1861, transferred to I12th Regiinent,
Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862. Joseph Rounge, Oct. 4, 1861, transferred to 112th Regi-
ment, Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862. Francis A. Roniig, Nov. 11, 1861, transferred to 112th
Regiment, Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862. Daniel Reese, March 24, 1862, not accoimted for.
William Robinson, May 20, 1862, not accounted for. ,\lbert C. Reed, F'eb. 8, 186=;, not
accounted for. E. F. Steinmetz, Feb. 16, 1864, transferred to Company H, ist Provost
Cavalry, June 17, 1865. William Stiber, Feb. 7, 1865, transferred to Company H, 1st
Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. William Slaughter, Feb. 8, 1865, transferred to Com-
pany H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. W. B. Seckel, Feb. 7, 1865, transferred
to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Joseph W. Stokes, Feb. 25, 1864,
transferred to Company H, ist Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Richard Searles, Dec.
28, 1861, transferred to Company I, date unknown. Peter Seigel, Dec. 18, 1861, died
Sept. 28, 1864; buried in Cavalry Corps Cemetery, Va. Gust A. Seidel, Nov. 11, 1861,
died Oct. 26, 1862; buried in Military Asylum Cemetery, D. C. Peter Smith, Dec. 20,

1861, not accounted for; vet. Daniel F. Steiner, Nov. 14, 1861, not accounted for.
Samuel Schaeffcr, Oct. 2i, 1861, transferred to 112th Regiment, Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862.
Matthias Schnyder, Oct. 24, 1861, transferred to 112th Regiment, Pa. \'ols., Jan. 8,

1862. Christian Somerlot, Oct. 23, 1861, transferred to 112th Regiment, Pa. Vols.,
Jan. 8, 1862. Henry Steele, Nov. 10, 1861, transferred to H2th Regiinent, Pa. Vols., Jan.
8, 1862. John J. Smith, March 29, 1862, not accounted for. William Sloop, not
accounted for. George Schafer, March 11, 1862, not accounted for. Oliver Stevens,
May 20, 1862, not accounted for. Thomas Sinison, June 9, 1862, not accounted for.
VV'illiam J. Schrocder, Feb. 4, 1864, not accounted for. Thomas Tilbrook, Feb. 10,
1864, transferred to Company H, ist Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Charles Thomp-
son, Feb. 7, 1865, discharged by general order June 30, 1S65. .Andrew Wolf, Feb. 25,
1864, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. M. J. VVauger-
maii, Feb. 10, 1864, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865.
G. W. ^Vougerman, Feb. 10, 1864, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost Cavalry,
June 17, 1865. John M. Weaver, Feb. 24, 1864, transferred to Company H, 1st Provost
Cavalry, June 17, 1865. George T. Whipple, March 24, 1864, transferred to Company
H, 1st Provost Cavalry, June 17, 1865. Geo. H. Weiss, Jan. 2, 1S62, not accounted
for. Thomas Wagner, Nov. 10, 1S61, transferred to 112th Regiment, Pa. Vols., Jan. 8,
1862. William H. Walter, Oct. 19, 1861, transferred to 112th Regiment, Pa. Vols.,
Jan. 8, 1862. .Adam Walter, Nov. 19, 1861, transferred to 112th Regiment, Pa.
Vols., Jan. 8, 1862. .Augustus Weiss, Oct. tq, 1861, transferred to 112th Regiment,
Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862. Samuel R. Widner, Jan. 25, 1864, not accounted for. Joseph
T. Watson, Jan. ig, 1865, discharged by general order June s, 1865. Isaac Younkin,
Nov. 2, 1861, transferred to Il2th Regiment, Pa. Vols., Jan. 8, 1862. .Aug. Zimmerman,
Feb. 20, 1862, mustered out March 18, 1865, expiration of term.

igo NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

FIFTY-FIRST REGIMENT— PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS

(Three Years' Service)

COMPANY B— RECRUITED IN NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Capts. — Ferdinand W. Bell, Aug. 20, 1861, killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13,
1862. Daniel L. Nicholas, Aug. 20, 1861, mustered out with company July 27, 1865.

Lieuts. — John H. Genther, Aug. 20, 1861, mustered out Oct. 9, 1864; expiration of
term. Valentine Stocker, Jan., 1864, mustered out with company July 30, 1865, vet.
Robert M. Burrell, discharged on surgeon's certificate May 2, 1864. John \V. Meeker,
mustered out with company July 27, 1865, vet.

Sgts. — Samuel A. Apple, ist Sgt., mustered out with company July 27, 1865, vet.
John W. Beam, Jan. I, 1864, mustered out with company July 27, 1865, vet. .■Mson
Stocker, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865, vet. Conrad Swazer, Jan. i, 1864,
mustered out July 27, 1865, vet. Charles S. Knauss, Jan. I, 1864, mustered out July
27, 1865, vet. William J. Osterstock, Aug. 20, 1861, mustered out Oct. 9, 1864,
expiration of term. George \V. Arndt, Sept. 16, 1861, transferred to Veteran Reserve
Corps, Sept. 27, 1863.

Cpls. — John M. Wein, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865, vet. Philip .\.
Barnett, Jan. 1, 1864, mustered out with company July 27, 1865, vet. George Johnson,
Jan. I, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865, vet. Milton Ackerman, Feb. 22, 1864, mus-
tered out July 27, 1S65, vet. Enos Scock, Feb. 22, 1864, mustered out with company
July 27, 1865, vet. Samuel F. Knapp, Jan. I, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865, vet.
Henry Schooly, Feb. 24, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865, vet. Benjamin F. Ackerman,
Feb. 2, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Matthew Delaney, Jan. i, 1864, discharged
by general order May 29, 1865, vet. T. Ackerman, discharged, date unknown. Samuel
Moore, Sept. 16, 1861, transferred to nth Regiment, N. H. Vols., Jan. 16, 1864. Edward
Bullman, Jan. I, 1864, killed at Wilderness, May 6, 1864, vet. George W. Moser, Jan. i,
1864, died at Washington, D. C, June 13, 1864, vet.

Musicians — John D. Knauss, March 7, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. .\lmer
Neigh, Feb. 25, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865.

Pvts. — Josiah Ackerman, Jan. I, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865, vet. Edward
Apple, Feb. 26, 1864; absent, sick at muster-out. Joseph Arnold, Feb. 29, 1864, mus-
tered out July 27, 1865. William Albert, Sept. i, 1861; captured, died at Danville, Va.,
Jan. 12, 1864. John F. Ackerman, Feb. 22, 1864, killed at Petersburg, Va., July 31,
1864; buried in 9th Army Corps Cemetery, Meade Station, Va. H. Ackerman, Jan. i,
1864, killed at Spottsylvania, Va., May 31, 1864, vet. Adam Buzzard, Jan. i, 1864,
mustered out with company July 27, 1865, vet. John W. Brunner, Jan. i, 1864, mus-
tered out July 27, 1865, vet. William H. Bachman, Feb. 22, 1864, mustered out July
27, 1865, vet. William L. Bowman, Feb. 24, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. John
Burns, Feb. 29, 1864, mustered out with company July 27, 1865. George Boswell,
March 7, 1864, mustered ou4 July 27, 1865. Sebastian Bring, March 29, 1864, mustered
out July 27, 1865. James Birbing, March 21, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Wil-
liam H. Brittain, Feb. 23, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. John H. Buck, March 26,
1862. mustered out May II, 1865, expiration of term. John Bowes, Oct. 10, 1861,
mustered out Oct. 9, 1864, expiration of term. William H. Butz, Sept. 26, 1864, dis-
charged by general order, date unknown. Jackson Bullman, Sept. 16, 1861, mustered
out Oct. 9, 1864, expiration of term. Philip Bond, March 29, 1864, killed at Wilderness,
May 6, 1864. John Brook, Sept. 16, 1861, captured Aug. 21, 1864. Cliarles Brown,
Feb. 5, 1864, not on muster-out roll. James Bridges, Aug. 8, 1864, not on muster-out
roll. William Colbrath, Jan. i, 1S64, mustered out with company July 27, 1865. Jere.
Cheney, Jan. 20, 1865, mustered out with company July 27, 1865. Philip Curtz, Jan.
24, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865. Israel Crocket, Sept. 16, 1861, mustered out
Oct. 9, 1864, expiration of term. A. J. Clifton, Oct. 10, 1861, mustered out Oct. 9, 1864,
expiration of term. John Coff, Sept. 27, 1864, discharged by general order, date
unknown. George Crawford, Sept. 16, 1861, prisoner from Dec. 14, 1863, to March I,
1865; mustered out March 6, 1865, expiration of term. Charles H. Chambers, Feb. 26,
1864, not on muster-out roll. Reuben Duttcr, March 30, 1864, mustered out July 27,

MILITARY ROLLS 191

1865. William II. Diehl, Oct. 10, 1861, mu.stcrcd out Oct. 9, 1864, expiration of term.
John H. Diehl, Oct. 10, 1861, mustered out Oct. 9, 1864, expiration of term. GcorRe
Dulott, Oct. ID, 1861, niustcrcd out Oct. 9, 1864, expiration of term. Courtland Dutt,
Oct. 10, 1861, prisoners from Dec. 14, 1863 to Feb. 26, 1865; mustered out March 3,
1865, expiration of term. Uriah Dole. Oct. 26, 1864, discharged by general order, dale
unknown. George Dean, July 29, 1864, discharged by general order, date unknown.
William Drahcr, March 9, 1864, died June 21, 1864, of wounds received at Cold Har-
bor, Va. William D. Everett, March 29, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Henry
Furich, March 28, 1864, wounded at Petersburg, June 20, 1864; absent, in hospital at
muster-out. Peter Frautz, Oct. 18, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1R65. Gabriel Fay,
Jan. 19, 1S65, wounded; absent, in hospital at muster-out. Henry Gregory, March 29,
1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Jacob W. Gosncr, Sept. 16, 1861, mustered out Oct.
9, 1864, expiration of term. Daniel H. Gerhart, March 11, 1864, discharged on surgeon's
certificate Dec. 25, 1864. Jacob Gamber, Sept. 27, 1864, discharged by general order,
date unknown. Charles N. Gosner, Sept. 16, 1861, transferred to Signal Corps, Aug. i,

1863. John B. Godley, Sept. 16, 1861, transferred to Company D, April 30, 1864.
Lewis Group, Feb. 26, 1864, captured Aug. 20, 1864; died at Richmond, Va., Sept. 27,

1864. Jacob Haas, Feb. 22, 1864, niMstered out July 27, 1865. Wm. Haas, Feb. 23, 1864,
mustered out July 27, 1865. Ed Hill, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865, vet.
Edward Hardy, March 31, 1864, wounded at Spottsylvania Court House, May 12, 1864;
absent, in hospital at muster-out. Theo. F. Hixon, Sept. 16. 1861, mustered out Oct.
9, 1864, expiration of term. Michael Henning, Sept. 16, 1861, mustered out Oct. 9, 1864,
expiration of term. Charles Hiney, Sept. 26, 1864, discharged by general order, date
unknown. Jeremiah Haines, Sept. 27, 1864, discharged by general order, date unknown.
John A. Halstead, Sept. 16, 1861, transferred to nth Regiment, N. H. Vols., Jan. 16,
1864. Wm. Henning, Sept. 16, 1861, mustered out Oct. 9, 1864, expiration of term.
John Judge, Jan. 16, 1865, mustered out with company July 27, 1865. Reuben Kresge,
Sept. 16, 1864, discharged by general order, date unknown. John Kustctor, Sept. 27,
1864, discharged by general order, date imknown. Emanuel Kresge, March 29, 1864,
died at Philadelphia, Nov. 7, 1864. Christian Knauss, Sept. 27, 1864, discharged by
general order, date unknown. Lewis Kross, Feb. 26, 1864, not on muster-out roll.
John A. Lee, March 28, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. John Lee, Feb. i, 1865,
mustered out July 27, 1865. Thomas Lcary. Jan. 25, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865.
Aaron Lottig, Oct. 10, 1861, mustered out Oct. 9, 1864, expiration of term. Thomas
P. Miller, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865, vet. C. B. Meyers, Jan. i, 1864,
mustered out July 27, 1865. Peter Myers, Feb. 23, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865.
Phil M. Mettler, Feb. 22, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Henry Meixel, March 30,

1864, captured at Wilderness, May 6, 1864; absent at muster-out. Wm. Moore, Oct.
13, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Thomas Moser, Sept. 16, 1861, mustered out
Oct. 9, 1864. expiration of term. Thomas Miller, March 29, 1864, discharged on sur-
geon's certificate May 15, 1865. Patrick McDonald, Feb. 23, 1864, mustered out July
2T, 1865. Titus McFall, Feb. 25, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Wilson McKeighan,
Feb. 2, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865. T. F. Nicholas, Sept. 27, 1S64, discharged by
general order, date unknown. John Obenholzcr, Jan. I, 1864, mustered out July 27,

1865, vet. George Paul, March 28, 1864, wounded at Wilderness, May 6, 1864; absent
at muster-out. Henry PofT, Oct. 10, 1861, mustered out Oct. 9, 1864, expiration of
term. Wm. Ranch, March 30, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. John B. Reigle,
March 6, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865. Thomas P. Rickets, Oct. 10, 1861, mus-
tered out Oct. 9, 1864, expiration of term. Charles Ricker, Oct. 10, 1861, mustered out
Oct. 9, 1864, expiration of term. Joshua Raub, Oct. 10, 1861, mustered out Oct. 9,
1864, expiration of term. John Seibert, Jan. I, 1864, mustered out July 2y, 1865.
Charles Sharp, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1S65, vet. Peter Scott, Feb. 24,
1864, mustered out with company July 27, 1865. Henry Scott, Feb. 26, 1864, mus-
tered out July 27, 1865. Henry Samuels, Feb. 17, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865.
Andrew Snyder, Feb. 26, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Ed. P. Snyder, March 29,
1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Wm. Stocker, Feb. 25, 1864, mustered out July
27, 1865. Stephen Smith, Feb. 29, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Abraham Shook,

192 NORTHAMPT(3N COUNTY

March 26, 1864, nuistercd out July 27, 1865. John S. Saniscll, Feb. 18, 1864, mustered
out July 27, 1865. Simon Scarfas?, March 13, 1864, discharged by general order July
18, 1865. Wm. Searfass, March 20, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Henry SteinhofF,
March 10, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. John H. Schooley, Feb. 24, 1864, mustered
out July 27, 1865. James Snedckcr, March 28, 1864; absent, sick at muster-out.
Jacob H. Sweeney, Sept. 16, 1861, mustered cut Oct. g, 1864, expiration of term.
Charles Sheets, Sept. 16, 1861, mustered out Oct. 9, 1864, expiration of term. Thomas
Slater, March 26. 1862, mustered out March 27, 1865, expiration of term. Wm. A.
Smith, March 26, 1862, mustered out March 27, 1865, expiration of term. Wm. Shick,
.A.ng. 20, 1864, discharged by general order, date unknown. John H. Seiple, Feb. 22,
1864. discharged by general order May 15, 1865. Rudolph Steiner, March 30, 1864,
transfc3:red to Veteran Reserve Corps, Jan. 9, 1865. Wm. F. Strattford, .Vug. 5, 1862,
killed at Fredericksburg, \"a., Dec. 13, 1862. William Stewart, March 7, 1864, not on
muster-out roll. Wm. L. Snyder, July 25, 1864, not on muster-out roll. Joseph Titus,
Feb. 29, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Wm. Tomer, March 31, 1864, mustered out
July 27, 1865. Henry Thompson, Sept. 16, 1861, mustered out Oct. 9, 1864, expiration
of term. .Aaron Thatcher, Sept. 16, 1861, transferred to nth Regiment, N. H. Vols.,
Jan. l6, i86.|. Thomas Unangst, Jan. I, 1864, died at Easton, Pa., Feb. 20, 1864, vet.
Daniel W. Vannatta, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865, vet. Nich Woodring,
March 28. 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Thos. Vv'illiamson, Tan. 17, 1865, mus-
tered out July 27, 1865. Gabriel Z. Wacht, Jan. 25, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865.
Reuben \\ illower, April 14, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865. John Weidnecht, Oct.
10, 1861, mustered out Oct. 9, 1864, expiration of term. S. C. Weidnecht, Oct. 10,
1861, mustered out Oct. 9, 1864, expiration of term. Hiram Woodring, Oct. 10, 1861,
mustered out Oct. 9, 1864, expiration of term. Henry Warner, March 28, 1864, dis-
charged on surgeon's certificate March 16, 1865. Geo. Walters, Jan. i, 1864, discharged
by genera! order ^farch 31, 1865. Samuel Warner, Sept. 27, 1864, discharged by
general order, date unknown. Cyrus Werkeiser, Jan. I, 1864, killed at Cold Harbor,
Va., June 3, 1864, vet. Isaac Wilson, March 5, 1865, not on muster-out roll. Lewis
H. Young, Jan. I, 1S64, mustered out July 27, 1865, vet. Stelio Zamaria, Jan. 24, 1865,
mustered out July 27, 1865.

company k rfxruited in union and northampton

countip:s

Capts. — John E. Titus, Nov. 12, 1861, resigned Sept. 10, 1862. George P. Carman,
Nov. 12, 1861, mustered out Nov. 12, 1864, expiration of term. William S. Melick, Nov.
12, 1861, mustered out with company July 27, 1865, vet.

Lieuts. — Josiah Kelly, Nov. 12, 1S61, resigned July 25, 1862. John B. Linn, Sept.
29, 1862, resigned March 9, 1863. Jacob Freyberger, Nov. 12, 1861, discharged Oct. 3,
1864, for wounds received at Petersburg, June 18, 1864, vet. J. F. Beale, Nov. 12,
1861, resigned Dec. 28, 1861; recommended Sept. 29, 1862; resigned .\pril 7, 1864.
Jacob Hawk, Nov. 12, 1861, mustered out July 27, 1865, vet. Frank B. Sterner, Nov'.
12, 1861, killed at Spottsylvania Court House, May 12, 1864. Joh.n Vanlcw, Nov. 12,
1861, mustered out July 27, 1865, vcl.

Sgts.— Daniel W. Eichman, Nov. 12, i86l, mustered out July 27, 1865, vet. John
C. Dittler, Feb. i, 1864, mustered out [uly 27, 1865, vet. George H. Sherry, Feb. 26,
1864, mustered out July 27, 1S65. Theo. Moser, Nov. 12, 1861, mustered out July
27, 1865. Uriah F. Dean, Nov. 12, 1861, mustered out July 27, 1865, vet. F. S.
Mover, Nov. 12, 1861, died June 16, 1864, of wounds received at Spottsylvania Court
House, Ma)' 12, 1864; buried in National Cemetery, Arlington, Va.; vet. Thomas C.
Pierce, Nov. 12, 1861, killed at Petersburg, June 17, 1864; buried in 9;h .\rmy Corps
Cemetery, Meade Station, \'a.; vet. James Gibson, Nov. 12, 1861, killed at Petersburg,
July 30, 1864, vet. .Mbert Snyder, Nov. 12, 1861, died of wounds received at
Antictam, Sept. 17, 1862.

Cpls. — Theodore Odenwclder, Nov. 12, 1861, wounded at Wilderness, May 6, 1864;
absent at muster-out; vet. Francis Ludwig, Feb. 25, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865.
James Barnhart, Feb. 3, 1864, rnustired out July 27, 1865, vet. Christopher E. Cole,

MILITAl-iY ROLLS ■ 193

Feb. 26, 1864, mustered out July 27, 18O5, vet. I"r;iucis Troxcll, Nov. 12, 1861, mus-
tered out July 27, 1865, vet. Ricliard Bcrryman, l"cb. 27, 186.1, mustered out July 27,
1865. Nicholas Reineliart, Feb. 26, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Jacob F. Cole,
Feb. 22, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Jolin P. Huler, Nov. 12, 1861, discharged on
surgeon's certificate March 18, 1865, vet. John Sutton, Nov. 12, 1861, discharged by
general order May 11, 1865, vet. David Shingle, Nov. 12, 1861, killed at Cold Harbor,
June 3, 1864, vet. Jacob Troxcll, Nov. 12, 1861, killed at Petersburg, July 7, 1864, vet.
Thomas Foster, Nov. 12, 1861, killed at Weldon Railroad, Aug. 19, 1864, vet. Henry
G. Dcntlcr, Nov. 12, 1861, captured; died Andcrsouville, Ga., May 17, 1864, grave 1161.
Daniel Troxcll, Nov. u, 1861, transferred to V. S. Army, date unknown. Williant
Buoy, Nov. 12, 1861, died of wounds received at Cold Harbor, Va. Philip Richards,
Nov. 15, l86l, mustered out Nov. 12, 1864, expiration of term.

Musicians — Montgomery .S. Adams, Nov. 12, 1861, mustered out witli company
July 27, 1865, vet. William D. Rittcr, Nov. 12, 1861, mustered out July 27, 1865, vet.
Philip Bratton, Oct. 28, 1861, mustered out Nov. 16, 1864, expiration of term.

Pvts.— Lewis Aikey, Oct. 15, 1862, mustered out July 27, 1865. Zachariali Aikey,
Feb. 22, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Solomon K. .'\nderson, March 2, 1865, mus-
tered out July 27, 1865. Jacob Augcnstein, March 25, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865.
Benjamin P. Allen, March 29, 1864, discharged by general order May 15, 1865. Aman-
dus Atlce, March 28, 1862, discharged by general order June I, 1865. Thomas J.
Arbuckle, Nov. 12, 1861, captured; died, date unknown. William D. Bower, Feb. 8,
1864, mustered out with company July 27, 1865. John Betzer, Feb. 8, 1864, mustered
out July 27, 1865. Joseph Babcock, Feb. 27, 1864; absent, sick at muster-out. Franklin
Bentley, Feb. 3, 1864, discharged Feb. 25, 1865. Daniel Benfer, Oct. II, 1862, dis-
charged on surgeon's certificate Jan. 12, 1865. George Buss, Nov. 12, 1861, mustered
out Nov. 12, 1864, expiration of term. Absalom Baldwin, Feb. 8, 1865, captured; died
at Andersonvillc, Ga., Sept. 24, 1864. Abraham Burns, Nov. 12, 1861, transferred to
U. S. Army, i86z. George W. Bostain, Nov. 12, 1861, discharged on surgeon's certifi-
cate, date unknown. Martin Bower, Nov. 12, 1861, transferred to LI. S. Army, 1862.
Samuel Crosgrove, Nov. 12, 1861, mustered out July 27, 1865, vet. John T. Cox, Feb.
8, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Matthew B. Corey, Feb. 24, 1864, mustered out
July 27, 1865. Lemuel J. Crossgrove, Nov. 12, 1861, mustered out Nov. 12, 1864,
expiration of term. Jacob Cliner, Nov. 12, 1861, transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps,
date unknown. F. F. Duck, Oct. 15, 1862, captured at Weldon Railroad, Aug. 21, 1864;
absent at muster-out. Alexander Dicbler, March 23, 1864, captured at North Anna,
May 27, 1864; absent at muster-out. George N. Dull, Feb. I, 1864, died at Alexandria,
Sept. 19, 1864, grave 2683. Thomas T. Depo, Nov. 12, 1861, transferred to Veteran
Reserve Corps, 1863. Henry A. Daley, Nov. 12, 1861, transferred to U. S. Army, 1862.
John Eickner, March 23, 1865, drafted; mustered out with company July 27, 1865.
John Eckley, Sept. 27, 1864, discharged by general order June 11, 1865. John Fang-
ford, Feb. 22, 1864, wounded at Wilderness, May 6, 1864; absent at muster-out. Daniel
Fritz, Feb. 27, 1864, mustered out with company July 27, 1865. Frederick Futchey,
March 31, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. John Fritz, Feb. 27, 1864, discharged by
general order July 11, 1&V.5. George Fisher, March, 1865, not on muster-out roll.
Henry Gangwcr, Feb. 25, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Thomas T. Fisher, died
at Annapolis, Md., Jan. 12, 1862. Jacob Fortucr, discharged 1862, "for wounds received
at Antietam, Sept. 17. 1862. Franklin T. Grube, Feb. 19, 1864, discharged by general
order May 12, 1865. James Ganet, Feb. 26, 1864, captured; died at Andersonville, Ga.,
Aug. 19, 1864, grave 6140. James C. Gallagher, missing in action at Second Bull Run.
William Griner, discharged on surgeon's certificate, 1862. Daniel Herzog, Feb. 25,

1864, mustered out with company July 27, 1865. Isaiah Henry, Oct. 14, 1862, mustered
out July 27, 1865. Henry Houtz, March 7, 1864, mustered out with company July 27,

1865. Peter Hanselman, March 7, 1864 mustered out July 27, 1865. John F. Hem-
perly, Feb. 25, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1S65; John HofTman, March 29, 1864, mus-
tered out July 27, 1865. Jesse Huntzbcrger, March 2, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865.
Nathan M. Hahn, Oct. 14, 1S62, discharged by general order May 11, 1865. John
Harris, Feb. 22. 1864, died June 30, 1864, of wounds received at Petersburg, Va., June

NORTH.— 1—13.

194 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

17, 1864. Daniel Hoover, Feb. 22, 1864, died June 27, 1864, of wounds received at
Petersburg, Va., June 17, 1864. Charles Hoover, Feb. 22, 1864, died at New York
City, Nov. 12, 1864. George V. Holden, Nov. 12, 1861, discharged Aug. 12, 1863.
Edward Held, Nov. 12, 1861, transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps, date unknown.
John Hickernal, Nov. 12, 1861, transferred to U. S. Army, 1862. Christian Hunimell,
Nov. 12, 1861, died at Newburn, N. C, June. 1862. William K. Krites, Jan. 29, 1863,
mustered out July 27, 1865. Harrie KaufTman, Jifarch 25, 1865, mustered out July 27,
1865. Jacob Kramer, Feb. 3, 1865, mustered out July 27. 1865. Charles Kinney, Sept.
13, 1864, discharged by general order June 13, 1865. Wm. M. Kinnej-, Sept. 3, 1864,
died at City Point, Ya., Oct. 27, 1864. Alfred Kuntz, Feb. 27, 1864, captured; died at
Salisbury, N. C, Nov. 5, 1864. John Kemmell, Nov. 12, 1861, transferred to Veteran
Reserve Corps, date unknown. Charles Kaiser, Nov. 12, 1861, discharged on surgeon's
certificate, date unknown. James Ludwig, Jan. 30, 1864, captured at Spottsylvania
Court House, May 12, 1864; absent at muster-out roll. William R. Logan, Feb. 17,
1864, mustered out July 27, 1865, vet. Henry Lorah, March 23, 1865, discharged by
general order July 10, 1865. James Mann, Feb. 26, 1864; absent, sick at muster-out.
Howard Matley, Sept. 27, 1864; absent, sick at muster-out. James E. Morgan, March
7, 1865, mustered out July 2-], 1865. William S. Meylert, Feb. 8, 1864, discharged by
general order June 23, 1865. Philip J. Mann, March 29, 1864, discharged by general
order June 2, 1865. David Mills, Nov. 12, 1861, mustered out Nov. 12, 1864, e.xpiration
of term. Joseph C. Moore, Feb. 22, 1862, transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps, June
10, 1865. H. L. McMullin, Sept. 27, 1864, discharged by general order June I. 1865.
Paul McBride, discharged Dec, 1862, for wounds received at Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862.
Jacob Neifert, March 23, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865. Daniel G. Ocker, Oct. 21,
1862, mustered out July 27, 1865. Jos. O'Neil, Oct. 15, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865.
Alonzo Proof, Feb. 26, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Colby Page, Oct. 15, 1864,
mustered out July 27, 1865. Joseph M. Poeth, Feb. 17, 1864, discharged by general
order July II, 1865. William Poust, Feb. 17, 1864, died Sept. 10, 1864, of wounds
received at Weldon Railroad, Aug. 19, 1864. Ed. H. Patterson, wounded Dec. i, 1863.
David Rossman, Feb. 26, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. John L. Reese, Feb. 11,
1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Benjamin Rank, Feb. 22, 1864, wounded at Cold
Harbor, June 3, 1864; absent at muster-out. Benjamin Rider, Feb. 26, 1864, mustered
out July 27, 1865. Solomon Reish, Feb. 22, 1864, captured at Weldon Railroad, .Xug.
21, 1864; absent at muster-out. Henry Robb, Oct. 15, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865.
Ed Roscnberger, Jan. 31, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865. George C. Riter, March
25, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865. John Reifsnyder, March 23, 1865, mustered out
July 27, 1865. John Ritter, March 7, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865. Andrew
Robinson, March 27, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865. Samuel Rover, Nov. 12, 1861,
mustered out Nov. 18, 1864, expiration of term. Philip Richards, Nov. I, 1861, mus-
tered out Nov. 12, 1864, expiration of term. William Reifsnyder, Nov. i, 1861,
mustered out Nov. 12, 1864, expiration of term. Samuel Rank, Feb. 15, 1864, discharged
by general order May 3, 1865. David Reichle, Oct. 14, 1862 discharged by general
order May 17, 1865. Benj. F. Roush, Feb. 26, 1864, discharged on surgeon's certificate
Feb. ID, 1865. John Rank, Feb. 15, 1864, died May 14, 1864, of wounds received at
Spottsylvania Court House, May 12, 1864. Ed. H. Richards, Feb. 5, 1864, died Sept.
10, 1864, of wounds received at Weldon Railroad, .'\ug. 19, 1864. William T. Rundois,
discharged on surgeon's certificate Sept., 1862. Erwin Richards, discharged Jan., 1863,
for wounds received at Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862. Alfred Schilling, F'eb. 22, 1864,
wounded at Wilderness, May 6, 1864; absent at muster-out. David C. Stees, Feb. 26,

1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. William M. Stutzman, Feb. 22, 1864, wounded in
action July 16, 1864; mustered out July 27, 1865. Peter Schlegle, March 25, 1865,
mustered out July 27, 1865. Robert B. Shaw, Oct. 15, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865.
John Snyder, March 25, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865. E. Steinberger, March 25,

1865, mustered out July 27, 1865. Jacob B. Springer, March 3, 1865, mustered out
July 27, 1865. Paul F. Schneck, March 23, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865. Eph.
Souder, Nov. 12, 1861. mustered out Nov. 12, 1864, expiration of term. Michael Shires,
Nov. 12, 1861, mustered out Nov. 12, 1864, expiration of term. Samuel G. Stidinger,
Nov. I, 1861, mustered out Nov. 16, 1864, expiration of term. Joseph Sarba, Nov. 12,

MILITARY ROLLS 195

1861, mustered out Nov. 12, 1864, expiration of term. Thomas C. Shafer, Feb. 23,
1864, discharged by general order July 15, 1865. A. C. Southard, March 3, 1865, dis-
charged by general order June 26, 1865. Henry C. Showers, Feb. 12, 1864, discharged
by general order June 27, 1865. (ioorge S. Shafer, Feb. 26, 1864, died at llarrisburg.
Pa., Marcli 18, 1864. Frederick Srhvvip, Nov. 12, 1861, killed at Wilderness, May 6,

1864, vet. Daniel Scheeks, died July, 1864, of wounds received at Petersburg, Va.
Chris. Scheeks, killed at Weldon Railroad, Aug. 19, 1864. Lewis Singer, transferred
to Veteran Reserve Corps, date unknown. William M. Trutt, Feb. 8, 1864, mustered
out July 27, 1865. Joseph C. Taylor, Marcli 7, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865. John
T. Twigg, Sept. 27, 1864, discharged by general order June i, 1865. L. B. Turner, not
on muster-out roll. VVilliam H. Vogcl, Nov. 12, 1861, mustered out July 27, 1865.
Nath. V'ancuran, Feb. 25, 1864, wounded in action June 16, 1864; absent at muster-out;
vet. John Wincgardcn, Feb. 8, 1864, wounded in action June 6, 1864; absent at mus-
ter-out; vet. William Wilson, Oct. 15, 1864, mustered out July 27, 1865. Charles
Walker, March 25, 1865, mustered out July 27, 1865. Aug. Wagner, March 23, 1865,
mustered out July 27, 1865. Robert Werz, Oct. 22, 1862, discharged by general order
May 22, 1865. Chas. W'. Willet, Feb. 29, 1864, killed at Spottsylvania Court House,
May 12, 1864. John Widdell, Oct. 21, 1862, died Oct. 26, 1864, of wounds received at
Cold Harbor, June 3, 1864; buried in National Cemetery, .-Arlington, Va. John Watts,
not on muster-out roll. William Yates, July 9, 1862, wounded at Antietam, .Sept. 17,
1862; absent at muster-out. Seneca Yoder, March 25, 1865, mustered out July 27,

1865. Alfred Yohl, Feb. 25, 1864, captured; died at Salisbury, N. C, Oct. 26, 1864.
Tobias Yearick, discharged on surgeon's certificate Oct., 1863.

SIXTY-FOURTH REGIMENT— PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS-
FOURTH CAVALRY
(Three Years' Service)

COMPANY A— RECRUITED IN NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Capts. — Edward Tambler, Oct. 18, 1861, discharged Oct. I, 1863. Joseph Andrews,
Oct. 18, 1861, mustered out Sept. 29, 1864, expiration of term. Wm. Hyndman, May i,

1862, wounded at Upperville, Va., Jan. 21, 1863, wounded and captured at Sulphur
Springs, Va., Oct. 12, 1863; wounded March 27, 1865; mustered cut with company
July I, 1865, vet.

Lieuts. — Fitzgerald Noble, Dec. 18, 1861, missing since July, 1862. Robert J.
Atwell, Jan. I, 1864, mustered out with company July I, 1865, vet. George W. Moss,
Jan., 1864, wounded at Trevilian Station, Va., Jan. II, 1864, vet. Christian Frecby,
Sept. I, 1862, mustered out Nov. 19, 1864. George W. Mickle, Jan. i, 1864, mustered
out with company July I, 1865, vet.

Sgts. — John Balentinc, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out with company July I, 1865, vet.
Alfred Walton, Aug. 15, 1861, captured; died at Andersonville, Ga., Aug. 31, 1864;
grave 7386. Wm. McClure, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out with company July I, 1865, vet.
Philip Kcefaber, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out July 1, 1865, vet. James McLochlin, Aug,
15, 1861, captured; died at Andersonville, Ga., Aug. 20; grave 6294. Wm. Kain, Jr.,
Feb. I, 1864, wounded at Culpepcr, Sept. 13, 1863, and at Grant Hill Farm, Va., Aug.
16,1864; mustered out with company July i, 1865, vet. James .Smith, Jan. I, 1864;
absent, sick at muster-out. Robert B. Frazer, May 16, 1863, discharged by general
order June 22, 1865. A. G. H. Row, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out with company July
I, 1863. John Heenan, Jan. I, 1864, mustered out with company July i, 1865, vet.
James A. Gamncr, Aug. 15, 1861, mustered out .^ug. 15, 1864, expiration of term.
John B. Yost, Jan. i, 1865, discharged May 4, 1865. for wounds received in action;
vet. Benj. S. Younger, Jan. i, 1865, tr.Tnsferrcd to Veteran Reserve Corps, Dec. 15,
1865, vet.

Cpls. — George .Schlager, Jan. i, 1864. iiiustored out with company July i. 1865, vet.
George B. Kent, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out with company July I, 1865, vet. Stephen
Ziegcnfuss, Sept. 29, 1862, mustered out July i, 1865. Neil Cunning, Jan. l, 1864,
wounded at Dinwiddle Court House, \'a., March 31, 1865; mustered out Jul\- i, 1865.

196 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

John Bovver, Jan. I, 1864, mustered out July i, 1S65. George E. Smith, Jan. I, 1864;
absent, sick at muster-out; vet. John Rinker, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out July i, 1865.
John Steel, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out July I, 1865. Tilghman Ash, Aug. 15, 1861,
mustered out Aug. 15, 1864, expiration of term. Markes Mover, Aug. 15, 1861, mus-
tered out Aug. 15, 1864, expiration of term. Tilghman Blakely, I'eb. 8, 1864, trans-
ferred to Army N. W., Dec. 29, 1864. .Andrew Everhard, Jan. i, 1864, died Dec. 29,
1864; buried in Cypress Hill Cemetery, L. I.; vet.

Buglers — Wm. Oswald, Aug. 15, 1861, mustered out Aug. 15, 1864, expiration of
term. Frederick Wagner, Jan. I, 1864, mustered out July i, 1865. Alexander Campsie,
Jan. I, 1864, mustered out July I, 1865.

Blacksmith — John Guth, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out July i, 1865.

Farriers — Jacob M. Low, Feb. 19, 1864, mustered out July i, 1865, vet. Robert
Walter, Jan. i, 1864, transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps, Dec. 15, 1864, vet.

Saddler — Harman Tiller, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out July i, 1865.

Pvts.- — Reuben Arner, Feb. 29, 1864, mustered out July I, 1865. Hugh Atkinson,
Sept. 13, 1864, mustered out July i, 1865. Robert Atkinson, Aug. 11, 1864, mustered
out July I, 1865. John Atkinson, Aug. 13, 1864, mustered out July i, 1865. Tilghman
Ash, Feb. 21, 1865, mustered out July l, 1865. Martin Ambruster, Aug. 15, 1861, cap-
tured; died at Andersonville, Ga., March 30, 1864. Nathan Brelsford, Jan. i, 1864;
absent on detached service at muster-out; vet. Henry Benton, Aug. 19, 1864, never
joined the company. Charles Barkfelt, June i, 1863; absent, sick at muster-out.
Charles Bobst, Jan. 3, 1865, mustered out July I, 1865. G. W. Bartholomew, Feb. 16,
1864, wounded in action Aug. 16, 1864; mustered out July I, 1865. Charles Brown,
Feb. 20, 1865, mustered out July I, 1865. Jacob Banks, Feb. 20, 1865, mustered out
July I, 1865. Abraham Barr, Aug. 15, 1861, mustered out Aug. 15, 1864, expiration of
term. Wm. J. Boyd, Aug. 15, 1861, mustered out Aug. 15, 1864, expiration of term.
John Brannon, March 2, 1864, not on muster-out roll. Cornelius Ambrose, Aug. 19,
1864, never joined the company. J. C. H. Conner, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out July
I, 1865, vet. Wilfred Conner, Feb. 29, 1864, mustered out July I, 1865. Stephen
Coudan, Aug. 26, 1864, mustered out July l, 1865. Robert Crawford, April 26, 1864,
mustered out July I, 1865. Joseph Drumbore, Feb. 16, 1864, discharged by general
order June 26, 1865, vet. Jas. Davis, Feb. 16, 1864, mustered out July I, 1865. Hugh
Dugan, April 26, 1864, mustered out July i, 1865. Isaac N. Drake, Feb. 9, 1864, mus-
tered out July I, 1865. Josiah Deener, Aug. 15, 1861, mustered out Aug. 15, 1864,
expiration of term. Chauncey Devall, March 2, 1864, not on muster-out roll. Edward
Edwards, Aug. 16, 1864, mustered out with company July I, 1865. John Erwin, Jan. i,
1864, mustered out July I, 1865, vet. Thomas Edwards, .Aug. 15, 1861, mustered out
Aug. 15, 1864, expiration of term. Richard Edwards, Aug. 15, 1861, mustered out Aug.
15, 1864, expiration of term. David Edwards, March 2, 1864, not on muster-out roll.
John Fibler, Jan. i, 1864; absent on detached service at muster-out. Joseph Ford,
March 29, 1864, never joined the company. C. Furtwangler, Feb. 16, 1865, mustered
out July I, 1865. D. Fitzpatrick, Feb. 20, 1865, mustered out July i, 1865. Allen O.
Fahs, Aug. IS, 1861, mustered out Aug. 15, 1864, expiration of term. Nathan Fritz,
Aug. IS, 1861, mustered out Dec. 21, 1864. Jacob File, Jan. i, 1864, killed at St. Mary's
Church, Ya., June 24, 1864, vet. John Fisher, Nov. 2, 1864, not on muster-out roll.
Edward Gwlym, Aug. 16, 1861, mustered out July i, 1865. Nicholas Garvy, Aug. 15,
1861, wounded at Sulphur Springs, Va., Oct. 12, 1863; mustered out Aug. is, 1864,
expiration of term. Coudy Galacher, Aug. 15, 1861, captured at Sulphur Springs, Ya.,
Oct. 12, 1863; mustered out Oct. 22, 1864, expiration of term. George Harren, Sept. I,
1864, mustered out July I, 1864. Alfred Hoffman, Feb. 15, 1865; absent on detached
service at muster-out. Wm. T. Fless, Jan. I, 1864, killed in action Aug. 16, 1864, vet.
Joseph H?nd, Jan. r, 1864, died at Parryville Pa., April 3, 1864, vet. John Isley, Jan.
I, 1864; pbscnt on detached service at muster-out. John Jeffries, Sept. i, 1864, mus-
tered out July I, i86s. John Keller, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out July i, i86s, vet.
Abraham Kettra, Sept. 8, 1864, mustered out July i, i86s. Jacob Katzmoyer, Sept. 8,
1864, mustered out July i, iS6s. Wm. F. Klotz, Feb. 15, 1865, mustered out July
I, 1865. Daniel Knerr, Feb. 20, 1865, mustered out July i, 1865. John J. Lewis, June

Aiii.rrAin' rolls

197

8, 1863, cliscliarged by Rcncral order June 24, nSri.s. John Lewis, Sept. 16, 1864, mus-
tered out July I, 1865. John Leslie, I'cb. 17, 1865, mustered out July i, 1863. Alfred
Larrash, Feb. 20, 1865, mustered out July i, 1865. lames Moore, Aug. 28, 1864, never
joined company. James Moore, Aug. 8, 1864, nmstercd out July i, 1865. Patrick
Moore. .'\np:. 16, 1S64, wounded in action March 27, 1865; mustered out July I, 1865.
Henry J. Miller, March 31, 1863, wounded in action May 13, 1863; mustered out July
1, 1865. Gottlieb Mover, Aug. 15, 1861, captured Oct. 12, 1863; died at Andersonvillc,
Ga., July 30, 1864. Samuel Mickle, Jan. 18, 1864, died Jan. 22, 1865; buried in National
Cemetery, Arlington, Va.; vet. Charles Morris, March 24, 1864, not on muster-out
roll. A. AIcMichael, Jan. I, 1864, mustered out with company July i, 1865, vet. Alex-
ander McClainc, April 26, 1S64, mustered out July i, 1865. Jolin Mcllugh, Aug. 16,
1864, mustered out July i, 1865. Thomas McKeever, Sept. 8, 1864, mustered out July
I, 1865. Daniel AtcVcy, Feb. 17, 1865, mustered out July i, 1865. Jno. McCarren, Aug.
IS, 1861, captured Oct. 12, 1863; died at Andersonvillc, Ga., July 28, 1864. Josiah
McHose, Aug. 15, 1861, captured; died at Andersonvillc, Ga., June i, 1864. ALirtzell
Nafts, Jan. i, 1864, mustered out July I, 1865, vet. Condy O'Brien, Feb. 17, 1865,
mustered out July i, 1865. Samuel Powell, Feb. 16, 1864, mustered out July i, 1865.
Tlios. Richards, Feb. 16, 1864, wounded in action March 20, 1865; mustered out July
I, 1865. Jona. Richards, Aug. 16, 1864, mustered out July I, 1865. Charles Ranger,
March 24, 1864, mustered out July I, 1865. Charles Raub, Jan. 17, 1864, mustered
out July I, 1865, vet. Wm. Reim, Jr., April 9, 1862, not on muster-out roll. Aug.
Reeves, March 2, 1864, not on muster-out roll. Jolm Scully, Feb. 9, 1864; absent on
detached service at muster-out. L. H. Schomber, Jan. i, 1864; absent on detached
service at muster-out. George Schoenberger, Sept. 29, 1862, mustered out with com-
pany July I, 1865. S. Stahlman, April 14, 1864, mustered out July I, 1865. Lewis
Schingler, Jan. I, 1864, mustered out July i, 1865, vet. John Slaven, Jan. i, 1864, vet.
Francis Sacks, Aug. 20, 1864, discharged by general order Sept. 29, 1865. Wm.
Sterner, Aug. 15, 1861, mustered out Aug. 15, 1864, expiration of term. J. H. Stall-
man, April 14, 1864, discharged on surgeon's certificate May 19, 1865. J. Shivelhood,
Aug. 15, 1861, discharged on surgeon's certificate July 12, 1864. David Stabler, .Vug.
15, 1861, captured Oct. 12, 1863; died at Andersonvillc, Ga., .■\ug. 25, 1864. Jolm
Shultz, Aug. 15, 1861, captured Oct. 12, 1863; died at Andersonvillc, Ga., July 30, 1864.
George W. Stallman, April 14, 1864, died at City Point, Va., Jan. 5, 1865; buried in
Cavalry Corps Cemetery. Wm. Smith, Aug. 15, 1861, captured Oct. 12, 1863; died at
Andersonvillc, Ga., July 30, 1864. John G. Schmidt, Nov. 12, 1864, not on muster-out
roll. Wm. Stopleton, March 29, 1864, not on muster-out roll. Wm. W. Thomas, .'\ug.
20, 1864, wounded in action March 27, 1865; mustered out July I, 1865. David C.
Thomas, Sept. I, 1864, wounded in action, date unknown; discharged by general order
May 7, 1865. James Ward, March 29, 1864, never joined the company. J. G. Wil-
liamson, March 19, 1864, mustered out July I, 1865. Peter Wertz, Jan. 17, 1864; absent
on detached service at muster-out; vet. John W. Welsh, Jan. I, 1864, discharged Feb.
8, 1865, for wounds, with loss of leg, received in action; vet. John Weaver, Sept. 8,

1864, killed at Hatcher's Run, Va., Feb. 6, 1865. Benj. F. Ward, Aug. 15, 1861, cap-
tured; killed while prisoner at Charlotte, N. C, March 9, 1864. Wm. Williams, July
27, 1864, not on muster-out roll.

SIXTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT— PENNSYLVANL\ VOLUNTEERS

(Three Years' Service)

COMPANY H— RECRUITED IN NORTHAMPTON AND CARBON

COUNTIES

Capts. — Lynford Trock, Aug. 12, 1861, killed at Winchester, Va., June 15, 1863;
buried in National Cemetery. George W. GrifTin, Nov. 16, 1861, mastered out July 14,

1865, vet.

Licuts. — J. C. Hagenbuch, Aug. 28, 1861, mustered out March 24, 1865, expiration
of term. John Larimer, Jan. 30, 1862, mustered out July i, 1865, vet. Jos. Smith,
Feb. 20, 1862, mustered out March 12, 1865, expiration of term.

198 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Sgts. — Henry Fullmer, Feb. i, 1S62, mustered out with companj- July 14, 1865, vet.
George Kibler, June 22, 1862, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. William Zacharias, Feb.

15, 1862, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. Reuben E. Hall, Feb. 21, 1862, mustered out
July 14, 1865. Peter H. .'\ndrews, Jan. 22, 1862, captured June 20, 1864; absent, sick
at muster-out; vet. Joseph C. Woodworth, Feb. 17, 1862, discharged on surgeon's
certificate Jan. i, 1863. Elias J. Montz, Jan. 22, 1862, missing in action June 20,

1864, vet.

Cpls. — Thomas Hill, Jan. 16, 1862, mustered out with company July 14, 1865, vet.
Albert G. Schall, Jan. 16, 1862, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. Samuel Hoffman,
Feb. 16, 1862, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. Joseph Kelly, Jan. 29, 1862, mustered
out July 14, 1865. Peter Beer, Jan. 2, 1862, mustered out July T4, 1865. Thomas
Murphy, Jan. 29, 1862, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. Xath. Kunkel, Jan. 2, 1862,
mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. Ed. F. Keller, Jan. 2, 1862, discharged by general
order June 20, 1865, vet. George Farguson, Dec. 31, 1862, killed at Winchester, Va.,
June 15, 1863. Reuben Kunkel, Jan. 2, 1862, killed at Winchester, Va., June 15, 1863.
Edward Willa, Dec. 31, 1861, killed at Winchester, Va., June 15, 1863. John Beck, Jan.

16, 1862, killed in action Sept. 19, 1864, vet. John Hawk, Feb. 21, 1862, died Dec. 21,
of wounds received in action Sept. 19, 1864, vet.

Pvts. — Robert J. Anderson, Dec. 6, 1864, mustered out with company July 14,

1865. Charles .Anthony, Feb. II, 1862, discharged on surgeon's certificate Jan. i, 1862.
Robert F. Benton, Dec. 9, 1864, mustered out July 14, 1865. .Aaron Brown, Oct. 2,
1862, discharged by general order May 16, 1865. Charles Booth, Sept. 13, 1862, dis-
charged by general order June 20, 1865. Henry Benjamin, Kov. 11, 1864, discharged
by general order June 15, 1865. Nathaniel S. Braden, April 10, 1862, killed at White
House, Va., June 21, 1864; buried in National Cemetery, Yorktown, Va.; vet. .\Ibert
C. Burd, Jan. 16, 1862, died March 27 of wounds received in action March 25, 1865, vet.
John Beer, Dec. 25, 1861, captured; died at .Annapolis, Md., July 30, 1863. Jos.
Boshet, Dec. 31, 1861, captured; died at Annapolis, Md., Sept. 15, 1863. Edward Cress,
Feb. II, 1862, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. John Cooper, Jan. 16, 1862; absent on
furlough at muster-out; vet. Forgus A. Cannon, April 10. 1862, mustered out May
13, 1865, expiration of term. Jas. Cassidy, Sept. 29, 1864, discharged by general order
June 20, 1865. George B. Cole, -Aug. 20, 1862, discharged by general order June 20,
1865. John Dolan, Jan. i, 1862, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. Daniel Dotter, Feb.
II, 1862, discharged by general order June 21, 1865, vet. John Donahue, .Aug. 28,

1861, wounded at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864; absent, sick at muster-out, vet.
John Dull, Sept. 26, 1862, discharged on surgeon's certificate Nov. II, 1864. Joel
Dotter, Jan. 22, 1862, died at .Annapolis, Md., Sept. 19, 1862. Peter Driesbach, Feb.
IS, 1862, missing in action June 20, 1864, vet. Ignatius Eggs, Jan. 22, 1862, mustered
out July 14, 1865. James Easter, Sept. 10, 1862, killed near Petersburg, Va., March
25, 1865. Albert Franklin, Jan. 22, 1862, mustered out July 14, 1865. .Alexander Fritz,
Jan. 29, 1862, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. Robt. Frame, Sept. 24, 1861, mustered
out July 14, 1865, vet. Thomas Fagan, Aug. 29, 1861, mustered out July 14, 1865.
Jno. R. Fredericks, Sept. 14, 1861; absent, sick at muster-out; vet. Geo. A. Fink,
Nov. 15, 1861, mustered out Nov. 11, 1864, expiration of term. .Adam Foster, Jan. 2,

1862, mustered out Jan. 16, 1865, expiration of term. John Ferrier, .Aug. 28, 1862, dis-
charged by general order June 20, 1865. Byruflf Franklin, Oct. 26, 1861, died near
Brandy Station, Va., Dec. 16, 1863. John Fell. Nov. 12, 1861, died near Brandy
Station, Va., Dec. 14, 1863. Jacob Fink, Jan. 16, 1862, captured; died at .Ander-
sonville, Ga., date unknown. Francis Gramling, Dec. 31, 1861, mustered out July 14.
1865, vet. Joseph George, Feb. 11, 1862, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. Martin J.
Goodwin, Oct. 26, 1861, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. Jacob L. Glace, Nov. 6, 1861,
discharged by general order June 24, 1865, vet. Philip Haines, Oct. 9, 1862, mustered
out July 14, 1865, vet. Thomas Hughes, .Aug. 28, 1861, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet.
John Hall, Oct. 3, 1861, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. Horace P. Hill, March 7,
1864, discharged on surgeon's certificate Jan. 8, 1865. Jacob E. Harris, Sept. 10, 1862,
discharged by general order June 20, 1865. Richard Highberger, Aug. 21, 1864, dis-
charged by general order June 20, 1865. L. S. Hartman, Nov. 26, i86r, mustered out

MILITARY ROLLS

199

Nov. 24, 1864, expiration of term. E. B. Ilartnian, Dec. 17, 1861, died at .Xnnapolis,
Md., July 29, 1863. Daniel Hartnian, Jan. 2, 1862, died in Field Hospital, July 7, 1864.
Charles Holbrook, .-Xpril 6, 1864, not on muster-out roll. Peter Kunkcl, March 14,

1864, mustered out July 14, 1865. Paul Kunkcl, March 22, 1864, mustered out July 14,

1865. John Kelley, Dec. 31, 1861, mustered out Jan. 16, 1865, e.xpiration of term.
Lewis Kunkel, Jan. 2, 1862, discharged by general order June 15, 1865, vet. John
Lauberstine, Dec. 7, 1864, mustered out July 14, 1865. George G. Lodcr, Nov. 20,
1861, died at Annapolis, Md., Aug. 20, 1862. Paul Moycr, Jan. 22, 1864, mustered out
July 14, 1865. Samuel Miller, June 11, 1864, mustered out July 14, 1865. S. C.
Matthews, Dec. 10, 1864, mustered out July 14, 1865. John Morrow, Sept. 16, 1861;
absent, sick at muster-out; vet. Henry Michaels, Dec. 10, 1864, discharged by general
order July 28, 1865. William R. Miller, Aug. 28, 1862, discharged on surgeon's certifi-
cate May II, 1865. Harrison Mansfield, Sept. 10, 1862, discharged by general order
June 20, 1865. Thomas W. Martin, Sept. 10, 1862, died at Alexandria, Va., Nov. 16,

1864. Michael Mick, Jan. 31, 1862, missing at Wilderness Va., May 6, 1864. Jas.
Murphy, Feb. 20, 1864, not on muster-out roll; vet. Thomas McLaughlin, Dec. 8, 1864,
mustered out July 14, 1865. Martin McCormick, June 2, 1864, mustered out July 14,

1865. John McDaniels, Jan. 2, 1865, mustered out July 14, 1865. James McGuirc,
April 10, 1862, mustered out April 16, 1865, expiration of term. John P. Noel, Jan.
29, 1862, discharged on surgeon's certificate .April 20, 1865, vet. Geo. Owen, Dec. 31,

1864, mustered out July 14, 1865. Martin Pershing, Jan. 16, 1862, mustered out July
14, 1865. vet. H. A. Prentiss, Dec. 24, 1864, mustered out July 14, 1865. Daniel
Porter, Dec. 8, 1864, mustered out July 14, 1865. Philip Pond, Dec. 29, 1864, mustered
out July 14, 1865. Anson Piatt, Sept. 27, 1864, discharged by general order June 20.

1865. James Parker, Dec. 28, 1864, discharged, date unknown. Samuel Parks, April
6, 1864, not on muster-out roll. J. M. Rumbaugh, Oct. 9, 1862, mustered out July 14,
1865. Chas. Rock, Oct. 9, 1862, mustered out July 14, 1865. John Rice, Oct. 7, 1861,
mustered out July 14, 1865. Ash W. Richart, Dec. 8, 1864, mustered out July 14,
1865. James Rone, Dec. 27, 1864, mustered out July 14, 1865. Wm. Roup, Dec. 20,

1864, discharged by general order July 17, 1865. Harry Reynold, Dec. 29, 1864, dis-
charged by general order July 31, 1864. George W. Rose, Aug. 5, 1864, killed at
Sailor's Creek, Va., .April 6, 1865. David Y. Small, Aug. 27, 1861, mustered out July
14, 1865, vet. William H. Smith, Jan. 23, 1862, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. D. F.
Smith, Feb. 8, 1862, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. James Steele, Nov. I, 1861, mus-
tered out July 14, 1865, vet. Geo. W. Snow, Nov. 11, 1864, mustered out July 14, 1865,
vet. John Shchan, Nov. 19, 1864, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. Samuel Serfass,
Jan. 22, 1862, wounded at Sailor's Creek, Va., April 6, 1865; mustered out .Aug. 3, 1865,
vet. Jas. S. Strickler, Oct. 9, 1862, discharged on surgeon's certificate May 13, 1864.
John F. Staunton, Jr., April 21, 1862, discharged by order of the War Department,
Sept. 3, 1864. Peter Soudon, Sept. 10, 1861, mustered out Feb. 27, 1864, expiration of
term. George Shupe, Sept. 10, 1862, discharged on surgeon's certificate May 24, 1865.
Peter Shupe, Sept. 10, 1862, discharged by general order June 20, 1865. Israel Savitz,
Feb. II, 1862, died June i of wounds received on picket Ma;; 28, 1863. Oliver Speck,
Jan. 31, 1862, captured; died at Andersonville, Ga., Oct. 30, 1864, vet. Joscpii Shafer,
Feb. II, 1862, captured; died at Thomasvillc, Ga., date unknown; vet. \\*ni. F. Staf-
fard, Feb. 8, 1862, captured; died at Andersonville, Ga., Dec. 18, 1864. Thomas Shafer,
Jan. 30, 1862, mustered out Feb. 2, 1S65, expiration of term. .Andrew Serfass, Feb.
II, 1864, not on muster-out roll. Henry A. Thomas, Jan. 30, 1862, mustered out
July 14, 1865, vet. John Tittle, Feb. 11, 1862, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. James
Taugh, Aug. 22, 1861, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. George W. Tall, Sept. 10, 1862,
discharged by general order June 20, 1865. Charles Thornton, Sept. 10, 1862, died
near Brandy Station, Dec. 3, 1863. F^ Vanswartton, Oct. 9, 1862, mustered out July
14, 1865. Jona. Williams, Jan. 16, 1862, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. Thomas J.
Whitman, Dec. 10, 1864, mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. William Warton, Dec. 7, 1864,
mustered out July 14, 1865, vet. Robert Words, Dec. 7, 1864, mustered out July 14,

1865, vet. Wm. Wareum, Oct. 9, 1862, died at Annapolis, Md., Dec. 8, 1863. A. H.
Woodworth, Oct. 26, 1861; absent, sick at muster-out. William Wilson, Jan. 29, 1863,

200 NORTHAMrTOX COUNTY

discharged by general order June 20, 1865. Richard Wilson, April 6, 1864, not on
muster-out roll.

ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTH REGIMENT — PENNSYLVANIA
VOLUNTEERS — ELEVENTH CAVALRY

(Three Years' Service)
COMPANY H— RECRUITED AT BETHLEHEM

Capts. — Samuel Wetherill, Sept. 25, 1861, promoted to major Oct. 10, 1861. Wm.
H. Scip, Sept. 25, 1861, promoted to major, ist Regiment, U. S. Colored Cavalry, Jan.
18, 1864. James E. Fleming, Sept. Jl, 1861, discharged Feb. 13, 1865, expiration of
term. Anthony Beers, Sept. 24, 1861, mustered out with company Aug. 13, 1865, vet.

1st Lieuts. — Nathan H. Robins Oct. 5, 1861, promoted to adjutant Dec. 27, 1861.
Emery West, Sept. 24, 1861, discharged Oct. 18, 1864, expiration of term. Philip B.
Moore, Aug. 28, 1861, mustered out .\ug. 13, 1865, vet.

2d Lieuts. — John H. Rice, Sept. 25, 1861, resigned June 30, 1863. Simeon .Albce,
Sept. 24, 1861, mustered out with company Aug. 13, 1865, vet.

1st .Sgt. — Owen J. Hillman, .'\ug. 28, 1861, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865, vet.

Quartermaster Sgt. — Michael Martin, Aug. 28, 1861, mustered out with company
Aug. 13, 1865, vet.

Commissary Sgt. — J. C. F. Grobman, Sept. 9. 1861, mustered out with company
Aug. 13, 1865, vet.

Sgts. — Wm. H. Ecker, Feb. 22, 1864, captured Oct. 7, 1864; exchanged; absent at
muster-out. John Brighton, Sept. 24, 1861, wounded in action Dec. 10, 18&4; discharged
Aug. 13, 1865, vet. Stephen Frey, Sept. 17, 1861, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865, vet.
Levi. L. Brink, Nov. 28, 1863, mustered out .-Xug. 13, 1865, vet. James K. Rodgers,
Jan. 12, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13. 1863. Wm. Gcrhart, Aug. 28, l86l, discharged
Aug. 27, 1864, expiration of term. M. H. Strawn, Aug. 28, 1861, discharged Aug. 27,
1864, expiration of term. Pfistcr Herman, Sept. 9, 1861, discharged Sept. 9, 1864,
e.xpiration of term. Henry Storms, Sept. 7, 1861, discharged Sept. 9, 1864, expiration
of term.

Cpls. — Henry Myers, Feb. 23, 1864, mustered out with company -\ug. 13, 1865.
Charles W. Miller, Feb. 25, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. Lewis Wise, Feb. iQi
1864, wounded in action Dec. 10, 1864; mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. John J. Guthrie,
Feb. 24, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. John Meyers, Feb. 23, 1864, mustered
out Aug. 13, 1865. George Sigman, March 29, 1864, mustered out with company .\ug.
13, 1865. J. S. Livingood, March 22, 1864, mustered out -Aug. 13, 1865. Noah Marvin,
Feb. 2, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. Christian Kcnierer, Sept. 9, 1861, discharged
Sept. 9, 1864, expiration of term. Samuel Knoble, Oct, 3, 1861, discharged Oct. 3,

1864, expiration of term. H. Klusmeyer, Oct. 7, 1861, discharged Oct. 7, 1864, expira-
tion of term. Samuel Rice, Sept. 25, 1861, discharged Sept. 5, 1864, expiration of
term. W. W. Switzer, Sept. 9, i86t, discharged Sept. 9, 1864, expiration of term.
.*\rch. A. Menzies, Aug. 28, 1861, promoted to sergeant-major May i, 1862. Coursin
West, Aug. 28, 1861, died Sept. 18 of wounds received at Franklin, Va., .Aug. 31, 1862.
Anthony Hoffner, Aug. 10, 1861, died May 18 of wounds received at Carrsville, Va.,
May 17, 1S63.

Blacksmiths — Othinel Green, Sept. 3, 1864, discharged by general order ^L-ly 16,

1865. Andrew Klump, Sept. 9, l86i, discharged Sept. 9, 1864, expiration of term.
Farriers — Wm. Fisher, Jan. 5, 1864, mustered out .Aug. 13, 1865. John Silver,

Sept. 9, 1861, discharged Sept. 9, 1864, expiration of term.

Saddlers — Henry Worklin, Aug. 28, 1861, mustered out with company .Aug. 13,
1865. Frederick Laner, .Aug. 28, 1861. discharged Aug. 28, 1864, expiration of term.

Buglers — Edwin Rice, Aug. 28, 1861, mustered out .Aug. 13, 1865, vet. Reuben
Simpson, Aug. 28, 1861, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. George Sunderland, .Aug. 28,
1861, discharged Aug. 27, 1864, expiration of term. Simon P. Storms, July 4, 1862,
died at Portsmouth, Va., Feb. 5, 1864.

Pvts.— Oliver Asch, Sept. 19, 1S61, discharged Sept. 10, 1864. expiration of term.

MILITARY ROLLS 201

H. R. BibiKhouse, Sept. 9, 1861, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865, vet. Bernard Bouscr,
Sept. 9, 1861, inustcrcd out Aug. 13, 1865. J. H. Buchanan, Jan. 18, 1864, wounded near
Burkcsvillc, Va., April 3, 1865; absent, in liospital at nuistcr-out. Isaac H. Becker,
March 7, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. Louis Becker, Sept. 9, 1861, discharged
Sept. 9, 1864, expiration of term. Daniel Ikan, Sept. 24, 1861, discharged Sept. 23,
1864, expiration of term. Darius Baldwin, Sept. 29, 1861, discharged Sept. 30, 1864,
expiration of term. I-'rcderick Balk, Sept. 9, 1861, transferred to Veteran Reserve
Corps, March 29, 1S64. Thos. Buss, Jan. 19, 1864, died at Fortress Monroe, Va., May
8 of wounds received April 3, 1865. John Bean, Sept. 24, 1861, killed by guerrillas
near Smiihfield, Va., Feb. 15, 1865, vet. David W. Bush, Feb. 19, 1864, not on muster-
out roll. Andrew Crotzer, Feb. 16, 1864, mustered out with company Aug. 13, 1865.
William Christman, March 22, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. Henry Compton,
April 26, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. James B. Card, March 30, 1864, mustered
out Aug. 13, 1865. John W. Carling, Aug. 9, 1864, discharged by general order May
16, 1865. Wm. Commodore, Sept. 9, 1861, discharged Sept. 6, 1864, expiration of term.
Louis Garner, Sept. 19, 1861, discharged on surgeon's certificate March l, 1862. John
Drenning, Jan. S, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. Jerome Detrick, Aug. 9, 1864,
discharged by general order May 16, 1865. John Detrick, Aug. 17, 1864, discharged by
general order June 7, 1865. Charles Deitzie, Sept. 16, 1861, transferred to Veteran
Reserve Corps, March 29, 1864. Wm. Deitz, Feb. 24, 1864, killed at Jarrctt's Station,
Va., May 7, 1864. Silas W. Duchman, Sept. 2, 1864, not on muster-out roll. Gustave
Franklin, Sept. 9, 1861, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865, vet. A. D. Ferrill, Aug. 28, 1861,
mustered out Aug. 13, 1865, vet. W. H. Frankenfield, Sept. 24, 1861, mustered out
Aug. 13, 1865, vet. Charles Franklin, Jan. 23, 1864, mustered out .^ug. 13, 1865. Eph.
Fruble, March 22, 1864, mustered out with company Aug. 13, 1865. Jos. Geisinger,
Feb. 22, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. John Geisler, Sept. 9, 1861, discharged
Sept. 9, 1864, expiration of term. Lyman Gower, P"eb. 17, 1864, captured; died at
Salisbury, N. C, Nov. 29, 1864. John H. Getts, Sept. 26, 1861, discharged Oct. 10,

1864, expiration of term. Christopher Gleimon, Sept. 15, 1863, discharged by general
order June 28, 1865. Charles Hull, Aug. 28, 1861; absent, sick at expiration of term.
Christian Harman, Sept. 9, 1861, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865, vet. Anthony Hall,
Aug. 28, 1861, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865, vet. H. B. Harry, Feb. 9, 1864, mustered
out Aug. 13, 1865, vet. Levi Houser, I'eb. 7, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. Wil-
liam Higgison, April 10, 1865, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. John Henderson, April 10,

1865, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. H. G. Harrison, Dec. 9, 1861, discharged Sept.
5, 1864, expiration of term. Philip G. Henning, Sept. 24, 1861, discharged Sept. 21,
1864, expiration of term. Charles Heitsman, Oct. 3, 1861, discharged Oct. 3, 1864,
expiration of term. Martin Horner, Sept. 19, 1861, discharged Sept. 19, 1864, expira-
tion of term. John Hutmacher, Oct. 4, 1861, discharged on surgeon's certificate Sept.
28, 1862. Arnold Hulsley, Dec. 26, 1863, captured; died at Salisbury, N. C, Nov. 23,

1864. Wm. Hall, Oct. 3, 1861, captured near Suffolk, Va., Nov. 10, 1863; discharged
by general order June 29, 1865. Charles Henry, Feb. 17, 1864, not on miister-out roll.
Joseph Jones, Jan. 23, 1864, discharged on surgeon's certificate May 31, 1865. Henry
Kelly, April 10, 1865, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. Peter Kromer, March 10, 1864,
mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. .^sa M. Kinner, March 9, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13,

1865. Wm. Kelly, Jan. i8, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. Wm. Keifer, Sept.
9, 1861, discharged Sept. 9, 1864, expiration of term. Samuel Kester, Sept. 26, 1861,
discharged Sept. 26, 1864, expiration of term. Wm. Koons, Sept. 24, 1861, discharged
on surgeon's certificate Jan. 29, 1862. George Klink, Oct. 28, 1S61, transferred to
Veteran Reserve Corps, Sept. I, 1863. Wm. Koctenbach, Oct. 3, 1861, transferred
to Veteran Reserve Corps, March 29, 1864. Jacob Knoble, Oct. 3, 1861, killed at
Petersburg, Va., June 15, 1864; buried in National Cemetery, City Point; vet. James
Lewis, .Aipril 10, 1865, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. Thos. Llewelyn, April 10, 1865,
mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. W. H. Leivengood, March 22, 1864, died at Fortress
Monroe, Dec. 3 of wounds received at Darbytown Road, Oct. 7, 1864. Wm. Luch,
Sept. 9, 1861, captured; died at Andersonville, Ga., April i, 1864. Lewis W. Mills,
Feb. 19, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1864. Charles Meyer, March 22, 1864, mustered

202 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

out Aug. 13, 1865. Wni. Moore, Jan. 28, 1864, mustered out .•\ug. 13, 1865. Loami
Mendenhall, Feb. 26, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1864. Richard Muthard, March 7,

1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1S65. Anthony Mock, Sept. 16, 1861, mustered out .^ug.
13, 1865, vet. James Miller, Oct. 7, 1861, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. John Mertz,
Sept. 19, 1861, discharged on surgeon's certificate July 23, 1862. Haywood Martin,
Jan. 26, 1864, killed in action March 7, 1864. Peter McGinnis, Oct. 20, 1862, mustered
out Aug. 13, 1865. Matthew McElhaney, Feb. 16, 1864, died at Fortress Monroe, Jan.
13, 1865. John Oliver, Aug. 28, 1861, discharged on surgeon's certificate Oct. 29, 1862.
George Potter, Feb. 22, 1864, prisoner from June 29, 1864, to Feb. 24, 1865; mustered
out .\ug. 13, 1865. Robert Patterson, Sept. 24, 1861, discharged on surgeon's certifi-
cate June 17, 1862. Geo. Rose, March 8, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. John Roth,
Sept. 16, 1861, discharged Sept. 2, 1864, expiration of term. George Reimer, Sept. 9,
1861, discharged Sept. 9, 1864, expiration of term. Conrad Reese, Sept. 9, 1861, dis-
charged Sept. 9, 1864, expiration of term. Daniel Smith, Jan. 18, 1864, mustered out
Aug. 13, 1865. Peter Smith, Jan. 27, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. C. Sandherr,
Dec. 19, 1863, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. Ed. Staumbaugh, Jan. 21, 1864, mustered
out Aug. 13, 1865. Andrew J. Stine, Dec. 18, 1863, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865.
Isaac Stine. Sept. 19, 1861, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865, vet. Hiram Simpson,
Aug. 28, 1861, mustered out .Aug. 13, 1865, vet. Andrew J. Simons, Aug. 28,

1861, discharged Aug. 27, 1864, expiration of term. Matthias Smith, Sept. 19,
charged Sept. 17, 1864, expiration of term. Samuel Signet, Sept. 19, 1861, discharged
on surgeon's certificate July 9, 1862. James G. Seagreaves, Sept. 9, 1861, discharged on
surgeon's certificate July 23, 1862. Ernst Smith, Aug. 28, 1861, transferred to Veteran
Reserve Corps, March 29, 1864. John H. Scholl, Sept. 19, 1861, died at Portsmouth,
Va., July 26, 1863. Deidrich Smith, Sept. 9, 1861, captured; died at Andersonville, Ga..
June 14, 1864. Curtis X. Sisty, Aug. 28, 1861, died at Xesquehoning, Pa., Jan. 28,

1865, vet. David Strauss, Sept. 19, 1861, missing in action Nov. 10, 1863. Jackson
Stein, Feb. 25, 1864, not on muster-out roll. Dennis Titus, Dec. 15, 1863, mustered
out Aug. 13, 1865. Benj. F. Tennis, Aug. I, 1864, discharged by general order June 7,
1865. \Vm. Tennis, Aug. 5, 1864, discharged by general order June 7, 1865. Abraham
Transue, Sept. 16, 1861, discharged Sept. 16, 1864, expiration of term. Wm. Thatcher,
Jan. 19, 1864, captured; died at Salisbury, N. C, Feb. 11, 1865. Charles Utt, Feb. 13,
1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. Almeron Utt, Feb. 13, 1864, mustered out Aug.
13, 1865. Thomas White, Sept. 9, l86l. mustered out Aug. 13, 1865, vet. Jacob H.
Weddle, Jan. 18, 1864; absent, sick at muster-out. Joseph Wheeler, Feb. 19, 1864,
mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. Samuel Wilvert, Sept. 9, 1861, discharged Sept. r6, 1864,
expiration of term. Benj. Wilhelm, Sept. 9, 1861, discharged Nov. 8 to date July 20,

1862. George Yorgy, March 9, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865. Frank Zengler,
March 7, 1864, mustered out Aug. 13, 1865.

ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTEENTH REGIMENT — PENNSYL-
VANIA VOLUNTEERS— TWELFTH CAVALRY
(Three Years' Service)

COMPANY D

Capt. — David Schortz, Jan. 16, 1862, captured at Winchester, \'a., June 16, 1863;
discharged April 28, 1865, expiration of term.

Lieuts.— E. W. Kellogg, Nov. 7, 1861, discharged Jan. 16, 1865, expiration of term.
Augustus Weiss, not mustered; mustered out with company July 20, 1865, vet.
Samuel Stewart, resigned April 20, 1863. Jacob A. Stewart, discharged Sept. 22, 1863.

1st Sgt. — Joseph Rouge, Oct. 30, 1861, wounded at Strausburg, Va., June 2, 1863;
mustered out with company July 20, 1865, vet.

Quartermaster Sgt. — Frederick Gashlaur, Nov. 4, 1861, captured at Bull Run, .^ug
28, 1862; mustered out with company July 20, 1865, vet.

Commissary Sgts. — William Ealer, Feb. I, 1861, prisoner .^ug. 28, 1861. John
Fetter, Oct. 29, 1861, promoted from private Sept. i, 1863.

Sgts. — James P. Michler, Oct. 30, 1861, captured at Winchester, Va., June 14,

MILITARY ROLLS 203

1863; discharged June 16, 1865, expiration of tcrnf. Andrew C. Kechman, Nov. 4, 1861,
discharKcd Jan. 16, 1865, expiration of term. Henry DiilTin, .Xpril 14, 1863, mustered
out with company July 20, 1865. Samuel Paxson, Nov. 4. 1861, captured at Win-
chester, Va., June 15, 1863; mustered out with company July 20, 1865. John M.
Keipec, Nov. 29, 1862, mustered out with company July 20, 1865.

Cpls. — J. Crcinezncigh, Nov. 4, 1861, missing in action at Bunker Hill, Sept. 23,

1864, vet. Benj. Walter, Oct. 29, 1861, wounded at Winchester, Va., June 15, 1863;
mustered out with company July 20, 1865. Edward F. King, Nov. 27, 1861, wounded
at Bull Run, .Xug. 28, 1862; mustered out with company July 20, 1865. John Daub,
Nov. 25, 1861, mu.stcred out July 20, 1865, vet. Henry Ealcr, Feb. I, 1864. George
Bowes, Oct. 29, 1861, mustered out July 20, 1865, vet. Jacob Lerch, Nov. 19, 1861,
wounded at Winchester, Va., Aug: 28, 1862; mustered out July 20, 1865, vet.

Pvts. — Jacob Hummel, Nov. 29, 1861, discharged Jan. 16, 1865, expiration of term.
Christian Summcrlot, Oct. 30, 1861, captured at Winchester, Va., June 14, 1863; discharged
Jan. 16, 1865, vet. Matthias Snyder, Oct. 30, 1861, discharged Jan. 16, 1865, expiration
of term. Martin Meyer, Dec. 10, 1861; absent, sick at muster-out. Francis Romig,
Feb. I, 1864; absent, sick at muster-out. John Miller, Feb. 17, 1864, captured; mus-
tered out July 20, 1865. Charles Saylor, Feb. 22, 1864, captured; mustered out July
20, 1865. Jacob Bauch, Feb. i, 1861, captured Aug. 28, 1863. Philip Wclner, Feb. I,
1861, captured Aug. 28, 1862. Joseph Ehrie, Feb. I, 1864, mustered out July 20, 1865,
vet. Jere. Kutzler, Nov. 27, 1861, captured at Winchester, \'a., June 15. 1862; mus-
tered out July 20, 1865, vet. Charles Kohler, Oct. 29, 1861, captured at Bull Run, Aug.
28, 1862; mustered out July 20, 1865, vet. Peter Lerch, Nov. 19, 1861, mustered out
July 20, 1865, vet. Thomas S. Paxson, Jan. 30, 1862, mustered out July 20, 1865, vet.
William Rauch, Feb. i, 1864, wounded .'\ug. 10, 1864; absent, wounded at muster-out.
Edward Stoddel, Dec. 31, 1861, wounded July 4, 1864; mustered out July 20, 1865, vet.
Samuel Shafer, Oct. 30, 1861, captured at Bull Run, Aug. 28, 1862; mustered out July
20, 1865, vet. Thomas Wagner, Nov. 23, 1862, captured; discharged by general order
June 3, 1865, vet. William Walter, Feb. I, 1864. Adam Walter, Nov. 23, 1861, cap-
tured at Bull Run, Aug. 28, 1862; mustered out July 20, 1865, vet. William F. Akers,
Feb. 22, 1864, mustered out July 20, 1865. John P. Billings, Feb. 17, 1864, mustered
out July 20, 1865. Lewis Blose, Feb. 17, 1864, discharged by general order May 15,

1865. Til. Clymcr, Feb. I, 1864, mustered out July 20, 1865. Thco. Correll, Feb. 22,

1864, mustered out July 20, 1865. Henry DufTin, April 14, 1863, mustered out July
20, 1865. Samuel Dutt, Sept. 7, 1864, discharged by general order June 2, 1865. John
Fenner, March 29, 1864, mustered out July 20, 1865. Friend Franklin, Sept. 7, 1864,
discharged by general order June 2, 1865. William Gallway, Sept. 7. 1864, discharged
by general order June 2, 1865. John Jones, Feb. 23, 1864, mustered out July 20, 1865.
Charles Kohl, Feb. 23, 1864, mustered out July 20, 1865. Aug. Moser, Feb. I. 1864,
mustered out July 20, 1865. Bernard Mermarth, Feb. 23, 1864, mustered out July 20,

1865. Christian Ohler, Aug. 6, 1864, mustered out July 20, 1865. Levi Rausch, March
31, 1864, mustered out July 20, 1H65. Jacob Raisner, Feb. 22, 1864, discharged by
general order June 6, 1865. John Stiles, Feb. 17, 1864, discharged by general order
May 4, 1865. John P. Straub, Sept. 7, 1864, discharged by general order June 2, 1865.
Herman Wolfram, Feb. 17, 1864, mustered out July 20, 1865. William Wolfram, Feb.
17, 1864, mustered out July 20, 1865. William Yutz, Sept. 7, 1864, discharged by
general order June 2, 1865. George Hubbard, Feb. 16, 1864, mustered out July 20,
1865. Jacob M. Bower, Nov. 19, 1861, discharged Sept. 20, 1863. Jacob Meyer, Dec.
31, 1861, discharged May 12, 1863. Samuel Malris, Nov. 19, 1861, discharged Sept. 20,
1863. Henry Steele, Feb. i, i86l, transferred to Company L, 12th Pa. \'ols., Feb. I,
1863. Augustus Schrivogle, Dec. 10, 1861, transferred to Company C, 12th Pa. Vols.,
Jan. 10, 1862. John Boyen, Feb. i, 1864, died Sept. 15, 1864, of wounds received.
Jacob Russell, Feb. 22, 1864, died March 23, 1864, at Hagcrstown, Md. H. F. Smith,
Sept. 7, 1864, killed at Charleston, Va.. Nov. 29, 1864: buried in National Cemetery
at Winchester.

204 iNORTHAMPTON COUNTY

ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-NINTH REGIMENT— PENNSYL-
VANIA VOLUNTEERS
(Nine Months' Service)

COMPANY C— RECRUITED IN NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

(Unless otherwise stated, the date of muster is August I2th, 1862, and the muster-out

of company May l8th, 1863)

Capts. — Jonathan K. Taylor, Aug. 15, 1862, died at Georgetown, D. C, March 28,
1863, of wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. A. A. Luckenbach,
Aug. 15, 1862, mustered out with company.

Lieuts. — Orville A. Grider, Aug. 15, 1862, mustered out with company. Franklin
C. Stout, miistered out with company.

Sgts. — William B. McCarthy, wounded at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1S62; mus-
tered out with company. Henry Shelly, mustered out with company. .August Lucken-
bach, mustered out with company. William S. Sieger, mustered out with company.
Allen R. Scholl, wounded at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with
company.

Cpls. — Joseph S. Taylor, mustered out with company. W. D. Luckenbach, mus-
tered out with company. James M. Fahs, mustered out with company. Henry E.
Poster, absent on detached service at muster-out. Fred A. Weldon, missing in action
at Chanccllorsville, May 3, 1863. William A. Erwin, mustered out with company. .
Patrick Kccgan, mustered out with company. William H. Koch, died Dec. 14 of
wounds received at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862.

Musician — Sidney B. Beitel, mustered out with company.

Pvts. — Charles Abell, mustered out with company. Levin B. Baner, mustered out
with company. O. H. Bruch, mustered out witli company. Mahlon Brink, mustered
out with company. John Beahm, mustered out with company. Isaac Burk, mus-
tered out with company. Samuel Bean, killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
Henry Benner, killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. A. Bergstresser, died at
Washington, D. C, Dec. 14, 1862. Lawrence Clewell, mustered out with company.
Daniel Clewell, mustered out with company. Robert A. Clewell, mustered out with
company. W'illiam W. Cawley, mustered out with company. S. E. Cassler, mus-
tered out with company. James B. Carey, mustered out with company. Thos. Cun-
ningham, discharged on surgeon's certificate Sept., 1862. Oralando B. Desh, mustered
out with company. Ambrose H. Desh, mustered out with company. Geo. J. Dailey,
mustered out with company. John Dewalt, mustered out with company. Charles W.
Erwin, mustered out with company. Thos. D. Engle, died at Fairfax Seminary, Va.,
Sept. II, 1862. Martin Engler, died at Washington, D. C, Jan. 4, 1863. W. H.
Frankenfield, mustered out with company. Daniel Fatzinger, mustered out with com-
pany. Reuben Fluck, missing in action at Chanccllorsville, Va., May 3, 1863. Albert
C. Gierch, mustered out with company. Christopher Grimes, moistered out with com-
pany. H. A. Llildebrand, mustered out with company. William J. Heller, mustered
out with company. John Haines, mustered out with company. Belthazer Heft, dis-
charged on surgeon's certificate May 11, 1863. Frederick Hautschel, discharged by
special order April 4, 1863. Oliver Hillman, died near Falmouth, Va., Jan, 13, 1863.
Aug. C. Jacoby, mustered out with company. John R. Jones, killed at Chanccllors-
ville, Va., May 3, 1863. ."Xbraham King, mustered out with company. Samuel M.
Koch, mustered out with company. Charles Kuester, discharged by special order
March 27, 1863. Edward Lichtenthalcr, mustered out with company. Owen J. Levcre,
mustered out with company. Charles Luckenbach, wounded at Chancellorsville, Va.,
May 31, 1863; discharged to date May 18, 1863. E. L. Luckenbach, mustered out
with company. E. F. Luckenbach, mustered out with company. Joseph M. Leibert,
mustered out with company. Henry W. Landis, mustered out with company. Levi
Long, mustered out with company. Henry Long, mustered out with company. Isaac
S. Lawrence, discharged on surgeon's certificate Feb. II, 1863. William H. Lucas,
discharged on surgeon's certificate Feb. 11, 1863. P. .X. Luckenbach, discharged by

Arir.TTARV -RnTj.s 265

special order Marcli 2, 1S63. J. T!. Luckenbach, discharged by special order April 24,
1863. Jolin Afallhauer, captured near Warrenlon, Va., Nov., 1862; mustered out with
company. Thomas Malone, uiuslered out witli couipany. Edward Miksck, mustered
out with company. Kdward Manuel, mustered out with company. Daniel McCarty,
mustered out witli company. Sliinn Oliphant, discharged by special order Jan. 15,
1863. Oliver Pearson, mustered out with company. James Rader, mustered out with
company. H. I^eichmann, mustered out with company. Reuben Smith, mustered out
with company. Adam SchaefTer, mustered out with company. James Sieger, mus-
tered out with company. P. G. Schmickle, mustered out with company. Laf. Sensen-
bach, mustered out with company. C. O. Senscnbach, mustered out with company.
Wm. W. Shelling, killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. James F. Thomas,
mustered out with company. Israel Tool, mustered out with company. Joseph A.
Walz, mustered out with company. Joseph R. Weber, mustered out with company.
Levi. F. Wemer, discharged on surgeon's certificate Nov. 3, 1862. M. W. Whallon,
died at Washington, D. C, Jan. 5, 1863, of wounds received at I<"rcdcricksburg, Va.,
Dec. 13, 1862.

COMPANY D— RECRUITED IN NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

(Unless otherwise stated, the date of muster in is .August nth, 1862, and the muster

out of company May 18th, 1863)

Capts. — Thomas Herbert, Aug. 14, 1862, wounded at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13,
1862; resigned March 4, 1863. George L. Frieds, .Aug. 24, 1862, mustered out with
company.

Lieuts. — William H. Weaver, mustered out with company. Joseph Oliver, wounded
and captured at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; resigned Feb. 16, 1863. Charles
P. Arnold, mustered out with company.

Sgts. — Hiram L. Hankey, mustered out with company. Henry Hubcr, mustered
out with company. Henry Gangwcr, mustered out with company. Jeremiah Bach-
man, wounded at F'redericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company.
Solon C. Phillippc, wounded at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with
company.

Cpls. — Charles Able, mustered out with company. Reuben Lerch, wounded at
Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company. Chas. M. Ludwig,
mustered out with company. William N. Scott, mustered out with company. Adam
A. Lehn, mustered out with company. Frederick C. Mattes, wounded at Fredericks-
burg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company. Isaac Fine, Jr., wounded at
Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company. Howard R. Hetrick,
mustered out with company.

Musicians — Peter Campbell, mustered out with company. Jno. P. Spear, mustered
out with company.

Pvts. — Reuben Albert, wounded at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; nmstered
out with company. Edward Alsfelt, wounded at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862;
discharged on surgeon's certificate April 6, 1S63. Charles Barnett, captured at Fred-
ericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company. Chas. Broad, absent in
hospital at muster-out. Richard Bunker, mustered out with company. Burton Bur-
rell, wounded at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company.
Joel Bauer, discharged on surgeon's certificate Feb. 27, 1863. John H. Buckley, died
at Sharpsburg, Md., Oct, 18, 1862. George Bidwell, killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec.
13, 1862. Charles F. Chidsey, mustered out with company. Uriah Clayton, mustered
out with company. Charles Correli, mustered out with company. Samuel D. Craw-
ford, mustered out with company. William H. Cornell, discharged on surgeon's
certificate Dec. 30, 1862. .Arthur Davis, wounded at Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863;
mustered out with company. C. Dittler, absent in hospital at muster-out. John
Dittler, mustered out with company. Paul Donner, wounded at Fredericksburg, Va.,
Dec. 13, 1862; absent at muster-out. Albert Drinkhouse, discharged on surgeon's
certificate May 3, 1863. Lewis H. Eckert, mustered out with company. John Eve-
land, mur-tered out with company. Theodore Eveland, mustered out with company.

2o6 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

James Franfelter, mustered out with company. Jacob Haup, mustered out with com-
pany. W. H. Hagenbuch, mustered out with company. James W. Heller, mustered
out with company. Henry Herger, mustered out with company. Amos Hinkle, mus-
tered out with company. Luther Horn, mustered out with company. Martin L. Horn,
mustered out with company. Aaron D. Hope, Jr., mustered out with company.
Michael Herger, died at Frederick, Md., March 17, 1863; buried in Mt. Olivet Ceme-
tery. Erwin Hartzell, killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. ij, 1862. Robert Jamison,
mustered out with company. Frank Keller, mustered out with company. Peter J.
Keimc, mustered out with company. William H. Kinney, mustered out with company.
Henry Kline, mustered out with company. William H. Kline, mustered out with
company. Richard Knaup, mustered out with company. Aaron F. Knaup, mustered
out with company. John Levan, mustered out with company. George Lewis, mus-
tered out with company. Benjamin A. Loder, mustered out with company. George
H. Ludwig, mustered out with company. Thomas Malcom, mustered out with com-
pany. William Miller, mustered out with company. Joseph H. Mover, wounded at
Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company. John Murray, mus-
tered out with company. Matthew McAlee, captured at Fredericksburg. Va., Dec. 13,
1862; absent at Camp Parole, Annapolis, Md., at muster-out. George Oberly, wounded
at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; absent in hospital at muster-out. J. F. Oster-
stock, mustered out with company. Mahlon Raub, mustered out with company.
Francis B. Ruth, mustered out with company. John C. Richards, discharged on
surgeon's certificate Dec. 23, 1862. Joseph P. Rudy, died at Frederick, Md., Nov. 4,
1862; buried in National Cemetery, Antietam. John Schwab, mustered out with com-
pany. John Shaffer, captured at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; absent at Camp
Parole, at muster-out. Jacob Shewell, mustered out with company. Ernest Schnyder,
mustered out with company. John Shada, mustered out with company. Samuel Stern,
Jr., mustered out with company. George N. Spear, discharged on surgeon's certificate
March 22, 1863. B. R. Swift, discharged on surgeon's certificate April 10, 1863.
George W. Thatcher, mustered out with company. Albert T. Tilton, mustered out
with company. William Tomer, wounded at Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863; mustered
out with company. Frank Tomer, discharged Jan. 19, 1863, for wounds received at
Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. .Amos C. Uhler, captured at Kelly's Ford, Va.;
absent at Camp Parole, .Annapolis, Md., at muster-out. William H. Unangst, mus-
tered out with company. Samuel Weaver, mustered out with company. James
Weaver, captured at Kelly's Ford, Va.; absent at Camp Parole, Annapolis, Md., at
muster-out. Peter S. Williams, mustered out with company. Samuel S. Williams,
captured at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; absent at Camp Parole at muster-out.
George Wolf, mustered out with company. Anthony Wagner, discharged on surgeon's
certificate Nov. 23, 1862. Edward Wilson, killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.

COMPANY F— RECRUITED IN NORTHAMPTON COUNTY
(Unless otherwise stated, the date of muster in is August 13th, 1862, and the muster

out of company May i8th, 1863)

Capt. — David Eckar, Aug. 15, 1862, rrlustered out with company.

Lieuts. — Philip Reese, mustered out with company. Josephus Lynn, mustered
out with company.

Sgts. — David Bless, mustered out with company. William Hartzell, mustered out
with company. Peter M. Miller, mustered out with company. Lewis Keis, mustered
out with company. Elisha Dunbar, mustered out with company. O. H. Armstrong,
killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.

Cpls. — Peter S. Stem, absent, sick at muster-out. William Atten, wounded at
Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; absent, sick at muster-out. Otto Wohlgemuth,
Aug. 15, 1862, wounded at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with
company. Francis Wipler, mustered out with company. Jacob H. Kline, mustered
out with company. John Greenaugh, Aug. 15, 1862, mustered out with company.
Reimal Lorenzo, mustered out with company. Stephen Brotzman, mustered out with
company. Josiah Transue, killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.

Musician- — Alpheus Frey, mustered out with company.

MILITARY ROLLS 207

Pvfs. — Peter Atten, mustered out with company. Samuel Adams, mustered out
with company. John J. Allen, mustered out with company. Derrick Atten, mustered
out with company. Jeremiah Albert, killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
David H. Bruce, mustered out with company. H. Bartholomew, mustered out with
company. Samuel Bidleman, mustered out with company. James Bowman, mustered
out with company. John 11. Butts, died at Washington, D. C, Jan. 30, 1863, of
wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. Jacob Bidleman, died at
Windmill Point, Va., Jan. 25, 1863. Enos Dunbar, wounded at Fredericksburg, Va.,
Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company. Robert Ellet, wounded at Fredericks-
burg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company. William Eckar, mustered out
with company. William H. F'uhr, mustered out with company. William Frick, mus-
tered out with company. Charles Fox, discharged on surgeon's certificate, date
unknown. William Frey, killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. D. Frankcn-
ficld, wounded at F'redericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; accidentally killed near Alexan-
dria, March 24, 1863. E. Froronfcldcr, died at Washington, D. C, Jan. 5, 1863, of
wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. Joseph Gcisinger, wounded at
Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out witli company. William Gosnncr,
discharged on surgeon's certificate Jan. 15, 1863. Andrew HofTman, wounded at Fred-
ericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company. Robert B. Hall, absent
in hospital at muster-out. Edmund Hibler, Aug. 15, 1S62, mustered out with company.
H. Himsbcrger, Oct. 2, 1862, wounded at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered
out witli company. J. Hellick, discharged on surgeon's certificate, date unknown.
Richard Hahn, died near Falmouth, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. Simon Knoblc, mustered out
with company. John Krcssler, wounded at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mus-
tered out with company. Joseph Kocher, mustered out with company. Thomas
Kelly, killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. Jacob E. Long, mustered out with
company. T. Labur, wounded at Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1S63; mustered out
with company. Aaron J. Lambert, mustered out with company. William Lay, dis-
charged on surgeon's certificate, date unknown. Aaron Miller, mustered out with
company. John Moyer, mustered out with company. Levi H. Man, mustered out
with company. Alfred Myers, mustered out with company. John McGinis, wounded
at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company. John W. Mc-
Cracken, discharged on surgeon's certificate March 29, 1863. John Nolf, mustered out
with company. Peter Ott, mustered out with company. Thomas Powe, mustered
out with company. Thomas Rewurk, mustered out with company. Hiram Robert,
mustered out with company. Christian Rice, wounded at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13,
1862; absent in hospital at muster-out. Christian H. Rice, wounded at Fredericks-
burg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; absent in hospital at muster-out. Christian Rice, mustered
out with company. Edwin H. Rice, mustered out with company. James H. Stocker,
mustered out with company. John Sepp, mustered out with company. Thos. Sherer,
mustered out with company. William Snyder, mustered out with company. Harrison
Seiple, mustered out with company. Enos Shock, mustered out with company. George
Stocker, mustered out with company. Joseph W. Savitz, discharged on surgeon's
certificate Oct. 18, 1862. William O. Sullivan, discharged on surgeon's certificate
April 25, 1863. Jacob A. Stocker, discharged on surgeon's certificate Feb. 5, 1863.
Edward H. Transue, wounded at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out
with company. William Trumbaur, mustered out with company. Josiah Unangst,
mustered out with company. Joseph Wheeler, wounded at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec.
13, 1862; mustered out with company. William Williams, mustered out with company.
Robert Wagner, mustered out with company. Wm. Wideman, absent at muster-out.
John Woodback, mustered out with company. John M. Wallace, wounded at Freder-
icksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; discharged on surgeon's certificate Jan. 27, 1863. Samuel
Watson, died at Sharpsburg, Md., Oct. 22, 1862.

COMPANY K— RECRUITED IN NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

(Unless otherwise stated, the date of muster in is August nth, 1862, and the muster

out of company May i8th, 1863)
Capt. — John Stoneback, mustered out with company.

2o8 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Lieuts. — Augustus F. Heller, mustered out with company. Henry Mellick, mus-
tered out with company.

Sgts. — Alvin M. Meeker, ist Sgt., mustered out with company. George G. Hut-
man, moistered out with company. Horace W. Snyder, mustered out with company.
Tilghman Brong, mustered out with company. Herman Alsover, mustered out with
company. Henry L. Arndt, discharged by special order Nov. 25, 1862.

Cpls. — George Schoolej', mustered out with company. George W. Wagner, mus-
tered out with company. Herman A. Polil, mustered out with company. James P.
Tilton, mustered out with company. F. E. F. Randolph, mustered out with company.
Thomas Wagner, mustered out with company. August Heiney, mustered out with
company. Wm. Minnich, discharged by special order Nov. 28, 1862. George A.
Simons, Vv'ounded at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; discharged on surgeon's
certificate April 2, 1863.

Musicians — John J. Bell, Aug. 12, 1862, mustered out with company. Edward
Roseberry, Aug. 12, 1862, nuistered out with company.

Pvts. — James P. Buck, Aug. 12, 1862, mustered out with company. J. J. S. Boun-
stein, mustered out with convpany. A. Bachman, mustered out with company. James
R. Bryson, mustered out with company. James Bowman, mustered out with company.
Henry E. Burcaw, Aug. 12, 1862, mustered out with company. D. A. Beidelman, dis-
charged Feb. II, 1863. John Bloss, discharged by special order April 27, 1863. Samuel
D. Cortripht, mustered out with company. John Dehart, Aug. 12, 1862, mustered out
with company. John Durand, discharged by special order March 21, 1863. James
Derr, died at Washington, D. C., Jan. 6, 1863. Elias Fritchman, mustered out with
company. George Fenicle, absent; sick at muster-out. Wm. C. Ginginger, mustered
out with company. Charles Godley, discharged Nov. 17, 1862. John J. Horn, mus-
tered out with company. Wm. H. Harrison, mustered out with company. Wm. H.
Harfzell. mustered out with company. Wm. P. Horn, mustered out with company.
John P. Hay, Aug. 12, 1862, mustered out with company. Lewis Hartzell, discharged
by special order Jan. 27, 1863. George W. Heckman, discharged by special ordeij
Jan. 27, 1863. Wm. P. Jones, mustered out with company. Joseph Kichline, mus-
tered out with company. Atartin Kichline, mustered out with company. David Kutz,
Jr., mustered out with company. Wm. H. Kutz, mustered out with company. Andrew
J. Knauss, mustered out with company. Jacob Keinast, mustered out with company.
August Kciter, Aug. 12, 1862, captured at Warrenton, Va.; mustered out with com-
pany. J. W. H. Knerr, Aug. 12, 1862, mustered out with company. Edward Y.
Kitchen, .\ug. 12, 1862, mustered out with company. Maudes Lerch, mustered out
with company. Charles Lanning, discharged Dec. 31, 1862. Owen J. Lerch, Aug. 12,
1862, died at Sharpsburg, Md., Oct. 11, 1862. Samuel Moyer, mustered out with
company. Philip M. Mettler, discharged on surgeon's certificate Feb. 7, 1863. James
Mapp, died at Sharpsburg, Md., Oct. 23, 1862; buried in National Cemetery, Antietam,
Md. Justice McCarty, discharged Dec. 22, 1862. Wm. H. Omrod, mustered out with
company. Napoleon Patier, mustered out with company. Jacob Paulus, absent; sick
at muster-out. Martin Pohl, discharged on surgeon's certificate March 6, 1863. John
K. Quigley, Aug. 22, 1862, transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps; discharged by gen-
eral order June 28, 1865. Robert Roling, absent; sick at muster-out. J. W. Roden-
bough, mustered out with company. Wm. Roseberry, mustered out with company.
P. W. F. Randolph, mustered out with company. Charles H. Rhoads, mustered out
with company. George W. Rice, mustered out with company. R. J. Ramsden, mus-
tered out with company. Michael Rafiferty, mustered out with company. John G.
Reichard. mustered out with company. Jacob F. Raub, mustered out with company.
J. F. Reichard, mustered out with company. Wm. Reichard, mustered out with com-
pany. Wm. T. Roseberry, Aug. 12, 1862, mustered out with company. Edw. Richer,
.•\ug. 12, 1862, mustered out with company. Henry Stcinmetz, wounded at Fredericks-
burg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with contpany. George P. Stcinmetz, mustered
out with company. George E. Sciple, .'\ug. 12, 1862, mustered out with company.
Wm. H. Smith, mustered out with company. J. Stocker. absent; sick at muster-out.
F.d. Smith, mustered out with company. John P. B. Sloan, mustered out with com-

MILITARY ROLLS 209

pany. Samuel Stoncbacli, mustered out with company. George A. Stern, discharged
by special order March 3, 1863. Wm. Sletor, Aug. 12, 1862, died at Washington, D. C,
Dec. 27, of wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. Val. Vannorman,
Aug. 12, 1862, mustered out with company. Joseph Woodring, mustered out with
company. M. L. WorUhciscr, mustered out with company. Thomas Weaver, mus-
tered out with company. Jolin D. Willaner, mustered out with company. Lewis
Wilhclm, Aug. 12, 186-', mustered out with company. Charles Wolf, discharged on
surgeon's certificate Feb. 5, 1863. F. Willaner, died of wounds received at Fredericks-
burg, Va., Dec. 13, i862. John K. Young, Aug. 12, 1862, mustered out with company.
Martin Young, discharged Jan. 2, 1863.

ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-THIRD REGIMENT — PENNSYL-
VANIA VOLUNTEERS
(Nine Months' Service)

RECRUITED IN NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Col. — Charles Glanz, mustered in Oct. 11, 1862; captured at Chancellorsville, Va.,
May 3, 1S63; mustered out with regiment July 24, 1863.

Lieut. -Col. — Jacob Dachrodt, Oct. II, 1862, wounded at Chancellorsville, Va., May
3, 1863; mustered out with regiment July 24, 1863.

Major — lohn F. FrueaufT, Oct. 11, 1862, woimded at Chancellorsville, Va., May 3,
1863.

Adjutants — Howard J. Reeder, Oct. 11, 1862, promoted to captain Jan. 29, 1863.
Henry Evans, Oct. 10, 1862, mustered out with regiment July 24, 1863.

Quartermaster — Samuel H. Knowles, Oct. II, 1862, mustered out with regiment
July 24, 1863.

Surgeon — Henry K. Neff, Oct. 11, 1862, mustered out witli regiment July 24, 1863.

Asst. Surgeons — ,\braham Stout, Oct. II, 1862, mustered out with regiment July
24, 1863. John P. Kohler, Oct. IT, 1862, mustered out with regiment July 24, 1863.

Chaplain — Philip W. Melick, Oct. 17, 1862, mustered out with regiment July 24,
1863.

Sgt. -Majors — George G. Beam, Oct. 10, 1862, mustered out with regiment July
24, 1863. Paul Bachschmid, Oct. 12, 1862, promoted to 2d lieutenant Dec. 27, 1862.
Andrew Burt, Oct. 10, 1862, promoted to 2d lieutenant Jan. 23, 1863. Wm. Simmers,
Oct. II, 1862, promoted to 2d lieutenant Jan. 29, 1863. .'Ndam Reisinper, Oct. II, 1862,
promoted to 2d lieutenant Feb. 19, 1863.

Quartermaster-Sgts. — Philip D. Weierbach, Oct. 11, 1862, mustered out with regi-
ment July 24, 1863. J. Clyde Miller, Oct. 13, 1862, promoted to 2d lieutenant Jan.
29, 1863.

Commissary Sgt. — Jeremiah Rcimel, Oct. 10, 1862, mustered out with company
July 24, 1863.

Hospital Steward — Joseph J. Pierson, Oct. 7, 1862, mustered out with company
July 24, 1863.

COMPANY A

(Unless otherwise stated, the date of muster in is October 7th, 1862, and the muster

out of company July 23d, 1863)

Capt. — Owen Rice, Oct. 8, 1862, wounded at Chancellorsville, Va., May 2, 1863;
mustered out with company.

Lieuts. — Benj. Schaum, wounded at Gettysburg, Pa., July i, 1863; mustered out
with company. John L. Miller, resigned Jan. 29, 1863. J. Clyde Miller, mustered
out with company.

Sgts. — Albert P. Beitcl, mustered out with company. Wm. R. Kiefer, captured
at Gettysburg, Pa., July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Wm. M. Shultz, cap-
tured at Chancellors\-ille, Va., May 2, 1863; mustered out with company. Wm. F.
Rader, mustered out with company. Henry Weaver, mustered out with company.

Cpls. — Valentine Heller, missing in action at Gettysburg, Pa., July I, 1863. Fcrd.

NORTH.— 1—14.

2IO NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

C. Weaver, mustered out with company. John Wunderly, captured at Chancellors-
ville, Va., May 2, 1863; mustered out with company. J. H. Snyder, mustered out with
company. H. C. Gross, captured; mustered out with company. Chas. Nauman, mus-
tered out with company. Robert P. Haas, mustered out with company. Henry
Hagenbush, mustered out with company. Thos. E. Frey, died at Washington, D. C.
Jan. 8, 1863.

Musicians — Lewis H. .A.bcl, mustered out with company. Robert H. Wilson,
mustered out with company.

Pvts. — George Beer, wounded at Gettysburg, Pa., July i, 1863; absent in hospital
at muster-out. Levin J. Boerstler, mustered out with company. James C. Beitel,
mustered out with company. George Bruch, mustered out with company. Adam
Brinker, mustered out with company. Horace Buss, killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July i,
1863. S. A. Clewell, mustered out with company. W. H. Clewell, mustered out with
company. A. L. Clewell, mustered out with company. Charles Coleman, absent:
sick at muster-out. John Danner, mustered out with company. Francis Daniel, killed
at Chancellorsville, Va., May 2, 1863. Francis Etchman, captured at Chanccllorsville,
Va., May 2, 1863; mustered out with company. John Ehrig, mustered out with com-
pany. Wm. Fender, mustered out with company. Cyrus Frace, mustered out with
company. John Frankenfield, captured at Chancellorsville, Va., May 2, 1863; mustered
out with company. Lewis F. Gold, mustered out with company. Peter Gold, mus-
tered out with company. Wm. Gold, killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July i, 1863. W. H.
Heller, captured at Gettysburg, Pa., July i, 1863; mustered out with company. Peter
Harman, captured at Chancellorsville, Va., May 2, 1863; mustered out with company.
Wm. Heimer, mustered out with company. Charles Hoch, captured at Gettysburg,
Pa., July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Joseph Hower, mustered out with
company. John Johnson, died July 2, of wounds received at Gettysburg, Pa., July i,
1863. George Johnson, mustered out with company. Aaron Johnson, died June 4, q|
wounds received at Chancellorsville, Va., May 2, 1863. Wm. T. Kern, mustered out
with company. H. F. Kinkinger, mustered out with company. John H. Kreidler,
mustered out with company. Peter Kreidler, mustered out with company. Wm.
Kreitz, mustered out with company. Jacob E. Koken, mustered out with company.
John H. Koenig, wounded at Gettysburg, Pa., July l, 1863; absent in hospital at
muster-out. Charles W. Kist, captured at Gettysburg, Pa., July I, 1863; mustered out
with company. Jacob S. Kinkinger, died at Brooks' Station, Va., May 20, 1863. Henry
C. Leibfried, mustered out with company. Geo. Lehr, discharged on surgeon's certifi-
cate Feb. 5, 1863. Edwin J. Michael, mustered out with company. James F. Michael,
mustered out with company. Gideon Miller, mustered out with company. Herman
H. Martin, mustered out with company. Conrad H. Miller, wounded at Gettysburg,
Pa., July I, 1863; mustered out with company. James L. Myers, mustered out with
company. Stephen Moser, mustered out with company. Francis Michael, missing in
action at Gettysburg, Pa., July I, 1863. Wm. R. Moser, mustered out with company.
Henry C. Newmeyer, wounded at Gettysburg, Pa., July I, 1863; absent in hospital at
muster-out. L. E. Ricksecker, mustered out with company. Jacob Rocsch, mustered
out with company. Reuben Rhodcr, mustered out with company. Jacob Roller,
mustered out with company. Joseph Ritter, wounded at Gettysburg, Pa., July I,
1863; absent in hospital at muster-out. Eugene Ritter, wounded at Gettysburg, Pa.,
July I, 1863; absent in hospital at muster-out. W. H. Ruth, wounded at Gettysburg,
Pa., July I, 1863; absent in hospital at muster-out. .\mos Ruth, wounded and cap-
tured at Gettysburg, Pa., July 1, 1R63; absent in hospital at muster-out. Thos. Rcich-
ard, mustered out with company. J. R. Senseman, captured at Chancellorsville, Va.,
May 2, 1863; mustered out with company. Joseph Sciple, mustered out with company.
Anthony Straub, wounded at Gettysburg, Pa., July I, 1863; mustered out with com-
pany. S. Spcnglcr, mustered out with company. Samuel Saylor, mustered out with
company. John Saylor, mustered out with company. Joseph C. Smith, wounded and
captured at Chancellorsville, Va., May 2, 1863; mustered out with company. Jacob
R. Smith, wounded at Gettysburg, Pa., July i, 1863; mustered out with company. Elias
Schlusser, mustered out with company. Joseph Swab, wounded at Gettysburg, Pa.,

MlLnWRV ROLLS 211

July I, 1863; absent in hospital at innstcr-out. Daniol H. Smith, wounded at Chan-
cellorsville, Va., May 2, 1863; absent in hospital at muster-out. Samuel Shireman,
discharged, date unknown. Charles B. SchafTer, died at BrooUs' Station, Va., April 7,
1863. Freeman Stockcr, killed at Chancellorsville, Va., May 2, 1863. Samuel B.
Transuc, wounded at Gettysburg, Pa., July i, 1863; absent in hospital at muster-out.
Joseph Titus, mustered out with company. Wm. H. Werner, captured at Gettysburg,
Pa., July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Samuel Werkhciscr, captured at
Gettysburg, Pa., July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Samuel VVardman,
wounded at Chancellorsville, Va., May 2, 1863; mustered out with company. Francis
Ward, mustered out with company. David Wohlbach, prisoner July i to July 20, 1863;
mustered out with company. Charles Wunderling, mustered out with company.
Edw. Young, mustered out with company.

COMPANY B
(Unless otherwise stated, the date of muster in is October 7th, 1862, and the muster

out of company July 24th, 18(13)

Capt. — John A. Frey, Oct. 9, 1862, mustered out with company.

Lieuts. — Joseph T. Wilt, Oct. 8, 1862, mustered out with company. G. H. Fritch-
man, promoted to ist lieutenant, Co. K., Feb. 19, 1863. Adam Reisingcr, mustered
out with company.

Sgts. — Charles H. Doll, mustered out with company. David Moll, mustered out
with company. Daniel J. Rice, mustered out with company. M. Curry, mustered
out with company. Samuel Stone, wounded at Gettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1863; mus-
tered out with company. Jacob L. Klinker, discharged on surgeon's certificate Feb.
14. 1863.

Cpls. — Clayton F. Johnson, mustered out with company. R. Rocsscl, wounded at
Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Michael Bunstein, mustered
out with company. Robert H. Wier, mustered out with company. Felix D. Benner,
mustered out with company. H. P. Osborne, absent; sick at muster-out. H. F. Kil-
dare, mustered out with company. Aaron T. Snyder, missing in action at Gettysburg,
July I, 1863.

Musicians — John Schmidt, mustered out with company. George W. Haydcn,
mustered out with company.

Pvts. — William Arnold, wounded at Gettysburg, July, 1S63; mustered out with
company. Henry Barndt, mustered out with company. Asher Bush, mustered out
with company. Aaron Blum, mustered out with company. John Buss, mustered
out with company. Adam Buss, mustered out with company. Levi Brader, mus-
tered out with company. George Brader, mustered out with company. William
Brader, killed at Gettysburg, July 1, 1863. Alfred Christ, mustered out with
company. William H. Campbell, mustered out with company. Stephen P. Cole,
mustered out with company. Charles Colverson, mustered out with company.
John H. Derr, mustered out with company. Samuel H. Derr, killed at Gettys-
burg, July I, 1863. Samuel Ehrig, wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863;
mustered out with company. Edwin Frey, mustered out with company. Wm.
Fenner, mustered out with company. E. Frankenficld, mustered out with company.
Lewis H. Frick, mustered out with company. G. Frankenfield, mustered out with
company. David Fatzinger, absent; sick at muster-out. O. Frankenfield, died at
Stafford Court House, Va., Jan. 16, 1863. Abraham Grosh, mustered out with com-
pany. C. Hertikoffer, mustered out with company. Jno. H. Hartman, mustered out
with company. Jno. P. Hackman, mustered out with company. De Witt Hoffman,
wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company. Edwin J. Hartzel,
discharged on surgeon's certificate Feb. 25, 1863. Jacob Hinkle, discharged March 9,
1863. Wni. Jamison, mustered out with company. William Jacoby, mustered out
with company. Tobias J. Jones, killed at Gettysburg, July I, 1863. E. T. Kcmerer,
mustered out with company. Henry Keuster, discharged on surgeon's certificate Dec.
22, 1862. H. T. Lautenberger, mustered out with company. R. C. Larvell, mustered
out with company. George Landis, mustered out with company. Hiram Lee, mus-

212 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

tcrcd out with company. Aug. Long, mustered out with company. Elias B. Lynn,
discharged on surgeon's certificate March 24, 1863. Edw. Michael, mustered out with
company. J. Mussleman, mustered out with company. Christian Moycr, mustered out
with com.pany. Thomas Moll, mustered out with company. Jeremiah Moser, mus-
tered out with company. Theodore Miller, nmstered out with company. M. T.
Messinger, discharged Feb. 24, 1863. H. Mcdernach, died at Brooks' Station, Va,,
Feb. 17, 1863. Reuben Moths, killed at Gettysburg, July I, 1863. Matthias Queer,
mustered out with company. William L. Reed, mustered out with company. John
A. Roth, wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Jacob
Rinker, n.ustered out with company. William Roth, discharged on surgeon's certifi-
cate Jan. 9, 1863. Herinan K. Steckel, mustered out with company. Adam Smith,
mustered out with company. William Shoenaberger, died near Boonesboro, Md.,
date unknown. George W. Schnable, mustered out with company. Thomas Schnable.
mustered out with company. Andrew Snyder, mustered out with company, .\nton
Schmidt, discharged Feb. 24, 1863. J. Van Bilyard, mustered out with company. M.
Van Bilyard, mustered out with company. Henry Well, mustered out with company.
Samuel Wagoner, mustered out with company. William Wolebach, mustered out
witb company. Jacob Wiener, mustered out with company. Fred Walter, mustered
out with company. James D. Woodring, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mus-
tered out with company. Charles R. Wilson, died at Stafford Court House, Dec. 23,
1862. R. A. Vounkin, wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with com-
pany; died at Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. I, 1863. John Younkin, mustered out with
company. Gabriel Young, mustered out with company.

COMPANY C
(Unless otherwise stated, the date of muster in is October Stli, 1862, and the muster

out of company July 23d, 1863)

Capt. — Henry J. Oerter, wounded at Gettysburg, Pa., July i, 1863; mustered out
with company.

Licutf. — Horatio D. Yeager, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out
with company. Benjamin F. Boyer, discharged on surgeon's certificate Jan. 22, 1863.
Andrew Burt, Oct. 10, 1862, mustered out with conipany.

Sgts. — Joshua K. Hess, captured at Gettysburg, July I, 1863: mustered out with
company. J. R. Dimmig, mustered out with company. Levi E. Weaver, wounded at
Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company, .\lbcrt Kiess, mustered out
with company. John Bratch, mustered out with company. Isaac Frankcnficld, killed
at Chancellorsville, Va., May 2, 1863.

Cpls. — A. Van Billiard, mustered out with company. Daniel E. Weaver, missing
in action at Gettysburg, July I, 1863. E. R. Matthews, absent at muster-out. Stephen
L. Stone, captured at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. James
W. Krader, mustered out with company. Thomas D. King, mustered out with com-
panv. Robert Woobach, mustered out with company. William R. Kicgel, mustered
out with company.

Musicians — George Lee, mustered out with company. Robert Wallace, mustered
out with company.

Pvts. — George .Apple, mustered out with company. Michael Boas, captured at
Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Samuel Bleyler, mustered out
with company. T. Bergenstock, mustered out with company. Elias Cawley, mus-
tered out with company. Henry Decker, mustered out with company. Jacob J. Diehl,
mustered out with company. Henry Dotterer, mustered out with company. John N.
Dotterer, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company. M.
N. Dotterer, mustered out with company. Robert Derr, captured at Gettysburg, July
1, 1S63, mustered out with company. Francis Eggert, mustered out with company.
William Emery, killed at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863. Edwin Fulmer, mustered
out with company. William H. Faust, mustered out with company. William Fisher,
mustered out with company. Aaron Gross, captured at Gettysburg, July I, 1863. B.
F. Gerhard, mustered out with company. Tobias Gcbhard. mustered out with com-

MILITARY ROLLS 213

pany. F. Ilippensticl, mustered out with company. Joseph M. Heft, mustered out
with company. John Hcnn, absent; sick at muster-out. Thomas Huljcr, captured
at Gettysburg, July l, 1863. Theodore Keller, mustered out with company. B. Kciser-
man, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company. Samuel G.
Kerns, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company. Milton
Koch, mustered out with company. Jacob Koch, died at Brooks' Station, Va., April
j8, 1863. Aaron Leidig, mustered out with company. Addison Laury, mustered out
with company. Wilson Labald, mustered out with company. John Lambert, missing
at Gettysburg, July I, 1863. I'haon Laury, captured at Gettysburg, July i, 1863.
Frederick Litz, mustered out with company. John M. Lynn, died at Washington,
D. C., Dec. 17, 1862. James Lambert, died at Brooks' Station, Va., June I, 1863. John
Lesher, killed at Gettysburg, July i, 1863. Josiah Moths, mustered out with company.
William H. Morey, mustered out with company. Patrick Malonc, absent; sick at
muster-out. SofTron Mattes, mustered out with company. Christian Mauser, mus-
tered out with company. Charles Mohr, missing at Gettysburg, July i, 1863. Philip
Pfeifer, wounded at Gettysburg, July l, 1863; mustered out with company. George
W. Roth, mustered out with company. Joseph H. Rinkcr, killed at Chanccllorsville,
May 3, 1863. Joseph Rothrock, mustered out with company. Joh.n H. Rolhrock,
wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1S63; mustered out with company. Ludwig RulTly,
prisoner from June 12 to June 15, 1863; mustered out with company. Martin Rotlt,
mustered out with company. Paul Rinker, mustered out with company. Robert
Reiss, mustered out with company. Samuel Rutli, mustered out with company. F.
W. Reiss, mustered out with company. J. E. Rinker, nmstcred out with company.
John Reiss, mustered out with company. Jacob Renftlin, mustered out with companyi
Charles Sigman, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company.
Ezra Sterner, mustered out with company. Emanuel SchafTer, wounded at Gettys-
burg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Ephraim Stein, mustered out with
company. R. Schmeltyli, mustered out with company. John tl. Smith, mustered out
with company. H. N. Schirmayer, discharged on surgeon's certificate Jan. 14, 1863.
Asher Trone, mustered out with company. James Thompson, mustered out with
company. Edward Unangst, wounded at Gettysburg. July i, 1863; mustered out
with company. H. W. Unangst, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered
out with company. D. R. Weitknecht, mustered out with company. G. W. Wallace,
mustered out with company. John W. Weaver, mustered out with company. Peter
H. Weiss, wounded at Gettysburg, July 1, 1863; mustered out with company. Samuel
R. Weber, mustered out with company. S. IL Werst, mustered out with company.
S. Weirbach, mustered out with company. Wilson Werst, captured at Gettysburg,
July I, 1863. Theodore A. Weaver, wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered
out with company. W. E. Weitknecht, wounded at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863;
mustered out with company. Joseph Werst, killed at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863; buried
in National Cemetery. H. N. Widrig, discharged on surgeon's certificate Jan. 14,
1863. Amandus Yons, mustered out with company.

COMPANY D
(LTnless otherwise date, the date of muster in is October 7th, 1862, and the muster

out of company July 23d, 1863)

Capt.— Theodore H. Howell, mustered in Oct. 9, 1862, wounded at Gettysburg.
Pa., July I, 1863; mustered out with company.

Lieuts. — William R. Houser, mustered out with company. William H. Beaver,
killed at Gettysburg, July I, 1S63; buried in National Cemetery.

Sgts. — A. J. Laubach, captured; mustered out with company. Stephen T. Lau-
bach, discharged on surgeon's certificate April 6, 1863. Arthur M. Miller, mustered
out with company. G. A. Laubach, mustered out with company. Thomas Quinn,
wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1R63; mustered out with company. Charles Lscmoyer,
captured; mustered out with company.

Cpls.— James W. Moser, captured at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with
company. John Wliitesell, mustered out v.Mth company. John W. Hetrick, captured

214 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Tilghman Troxell, riiissing
at Gettysburg, July i, 1863. Samuel Stofflet, captured; mustered out with company.
H. W. Lilly, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company. M.
Miltcnberger, missing at Gettysburg, July I, 1863. James Person, wounded at Gettys-
burg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Isaiah S. Beaver, died at Washing-
ton, D. C., June II, 1863. John B. Bens, killed at Chancellorsville, Va., May 2, 1863.

Musicians — George A. Eckert, mustered out with company. C. V. Strickland,
wounded at Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863; mustered out with company.

Pvts. — Peter Abel, mustered out with company. Henry Agnew, captured; mus-
tered out with company. Peter Beisel, mustered out with company. J. Bartholomew,
wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Thomas Billiard,
missing at Gettysburg, July i, 1863. Geo. W. Beil, absent; sick at muster-out.
Charles Bartholomew, died at Dumfries, Va., Dec. 22, 1862. John Campbell, mustered
out with company. A. Coleman, captured at Gettysburg July i, 1863, mustered out
with company. William H. Crock, mustered out with company. Joseph Darham-
mer, captured at Gettysburg, July I, 1863, mustered out with company. James
Deibert, mustered out with company. Solomon Deibert, mustered out with com"-
pany. James Davis, discharged on surgeon's certificate March 24, 1S63. George
A. Engler, absent; sick at muster-out. William H. Finicle, mustered out with
company. S. Fritchman, mustered out with company. William Fryman, mustered
out with company. T. W. Fritchman, mustered out with company. F. J. Gruver,
mustered out with company. Richard George, mustered out with company. Charles
Getter, died July 17, of wounds received at Gettysburg July i, 1863. F. G.
Halle, mustered out with company. Samuel Hess, mustered out with company.
Monroe Haper, mustered out with company. R. Heberling, mustered out with com-
pany. JaiTics M. Huber, captured at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with com-
pany. William Heberling, killed at Gettysburg, July i, 1863. W. Isemoyer, captured at
Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company. Robert Jamison, Jr., mustered
out with company. Isaac C. Jacoby, mustered out with company. Augustus Jacoby,
mustered out with company. John Kreidler, captured in action, date unknown. David
Knauss, mustered out with company. Wm. Keicher, captured; mustered out with com-
pany. S. G. Kleppinger, missing at Gettysburg, July I, 1863. B. F. Knipe, mustered out
with com.pany. J. Kleppinger, died July S, of wounds received at Gettysburg July
I, 1863; buried in National Cemetery. Samuel Lindaman, missing at Gettysburg July
I, 1863. James Longenbach, wounded at Gettysburg July I, 1863: mustered out with
company. Eli Laubach, mustered out with company. Thomas F. Leh, wounded at
Gettysburg July I, 1863; mustered out with company. John M. Laub, wounded at
Gettysburg July i, 1863; mustered out with company. Andrew Markle, mustered out
with company. Charles Miller, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out
with company. Allen Martin, absent, sick at muster-out. Stephen Miller, captured at
Gettysburg July i, 1863; mustered out with company. Joseph Moser, wounded at
Gettysburg July I, 1863; mustered out with companj-. Samuel Michael, mustered out
with company. Robert il'Ready, wounded at Chancellorsville May 2, 1863; mustered
out with company. Henrj' Nolf, mustered out with company. Hiram Person, mus-
tered out with company. Abraham Person, mustered out with company. Walter
Rutman, wounded at Chancellorsville May 2, 1863; mustered out with company.
L. E. Rhoads, mustered out with company. Stephen Ramaley, mustered out with
company. Samuel Ramaley, wounded at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863; mustered out
with company. Tilghman Rhoads, wounded at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863, mustered
out with company. Lewis Sowerwine, mustered out with, company. William Shive,
mustered out with company. Francis Stofflet, wounded at Gettysburg, July I,
1863; mustered out with company. Joel Spangler, mustered out with company.
Samuel Schatfer, mustered out with company. David SchafTer, mustered out with
company. Lewis SchafFer, mustered out with company, B. L. Schlabach, wounded
at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Monroe Stuber, wounded
at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863; mustered out with company. L. Schoeneberger,
wounded at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863; mustered out with company. F. Siegfried,

MILITAin- Rf)I.I,S

215

captured at Gettysburg, July 2, 1865; nuistered out with company. George Siegfried,
mustered out with company. W. H. Sigcndall, wounded at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863;
mustered out witli company. James E. Soft, discharged on surgeon's certificate
Jan. 3, 1863. Philip Spcngler, died at Brooks' Station, Va. May 31, 1863. David
Troxell, discharged on surgeon's certificate, February i, 1863. R. S. Vogel, mustered
out with company. S. J. Walthart, mustered out with company. David Wolf, mus-
tered out with company. John R. Worman, mustered out with company. William
T. Weaver, discharged; date unknown.

COMPANY E
(Unless otherwise stated, the date of muster in is October loth, 1862, and the muster

out of company July 23d, 1865).

Capt. — John P. Ricker, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with
company.

Lieuts. — C. H. Rehfuss, mustered out with company. Jerc. Dietrich, resigned
December 24, 1862. P. Bachschmid, mustered out with company.

Sgts. — Theo. R. Combs, mustered out with company. Andrew Burt, promoted to
Sgt. -Major December 27, 1862. Adam Reisinger, promoted to Sgt. -Major January 29,
1863. Wm. F. Snyder, captured at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with com-
pany. Andrew J. Hay, mustered out with company. John Bittner, mustered out with
company. A. D. Snyder, wounded at Gettysburg July i, 1863; mustered out with
company.

Cpls. — Jacob Christian, wounded at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863; mustered out with
company. L. Franenfelder, wounded at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863; mustered out with
company. V. Walter, captured at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863; mustered out with com-
pany. Nath. Miller, wounded at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863; mustered out with
company. Abraham G. Snyder, mustered out with company. George W. Barnett,
mustered out with company. Noah Dietrich, captured at Gettysburg, July i, 1863;
mustered out with company. Edwin Brinkcr, mustered out with company.

Musicians — S. E. Lerch, mustered out with company. Darius Thomas, mustered
out with company.

Pvts. — Joseph .'\ndrew, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with
company. David .Able, wounded at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863; absent in hospital
at muster-out. Reuben Able, died at Brooks' Station, Va., Jan. i, 1863. Levi S.
Brady, wounded at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863; absent at muster-out. Edw. Boadwer,
missing in action at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863. Samuel Ball, mustered out witfi
company. Edw. Bonden, mustered out with company. T. T. C. Brady, mustered out
with company. Tobias Bauer, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with
company. S. R. Bridinger, killed at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863. Joseph Cole, mustered
out with company. Charles H. Derr, mustered out with company. Christian Dick,
captured at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Wm. Dachrodt,
mustered out with company. Wm. Dreahl, captured at Gettysburg; mustered out
with company. George Ellhardt, mustered out with company. Wm. Entlich, mus-
tered out with company. Simon Engel, mustered out with company. Edwin Ealer,
mustered out with company. Pearson Flight, mustered out with company. Reuben
Faucht, mustered out with company. Peter Glass, mustered out with company. Wm.
Gciger, mustered out with company. Peter Hart, mustered out with company. Joseph
Hctzler, wounded at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863; mustered out with company.
John Q. Hay, missing in action at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863. George Heffling, captured
at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863; mustered out with company. Edw. Haydcn, captured at
Gettysburg, July 2, 1863; mustered out with company. Charles Immich, mustered
out with company. Jacob Jacoby, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out
with company. Thomas Kichline, nuistered out with company. Moyer Kohn, mus-
tered out with company. J. Kisselbach, discharged on surgeon's certificate March 14,
1863. Edw. Lear, mustered out with company. Peter Lear, mustered out with com-
pany. Francis Leidy, mustered out with company. V. Messinger, captured at Gettys-
burg, Julv I, 1863; mustered out with company. A. Messinger, mustered out with

2i6 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

company. John Mertz, mustered out with company. Wm. Martin, wounded at
Gettysburg, July l, 1863; absent in hospital at muster-out. John H. Moser, mustered
out with company. H. Mutchler, mustered out with company. Wm. Miller, died
July 7, of wounds received at Gettysburg July i, 1S63; buried in National Cemetery.
William Moyer, accidentally killed at Brooks' Station, Va., Jan. 28, 1863. J. S. Nero-
brandt, captured at Gettysburg, July i, 1S63. Joseph Norton, wounded at Gettysburg,
July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Edw. Osterbuck, mustered out with com-
pany. John J. Paxson, mustered out with company. Emil Robst, mustered out with
company. Jacob Rasener, discharged on surgeon's certificate Feb. 28, 1863. John A.
Schug, mustered out with company. John Stecher, wounded at Gettysburg, July I,
1863; mustered out with company. Ale.sander Schug, missing in action at Gettys-
burg, July 1, 1863. Aug. Stumpel, mustered out with company. S. B. Smith, wounded
at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863; mustered out with company. Frank Smith, captured at
Gettysburg, July 2, 1863; mustered out with company. John Saylor, mustered out
with company. Wm. T. Sandt, mustered out with company. Theodore Snyder, mus-
tered out with company. Theo. Schug. mustered out with company. M. Transue,
wounded at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863; mustered out with company. George W.
Vanosten, mustered out with company. Richard J. Walter, captured at Gettysburg,
July 18, 1863; mustered out with companj-. C. C. Warner, captured at Chancellors-
ville, May 2, 1863; mustered out with company. A. K. Woodring, mustered out with
company. Levi F. Walter, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with
company. James E. Wilson, mustered out with company. Aug. Wagner, mustered
out with company. Eph'm Werkciser, mustered out with company. Isaac Written-
berg, discharged on surgeon's certificate March 28, 1S63. Peter Yeager, Jr., wounded
at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. C. A. Youch, mustered out
with company. John Young, absent in hospital at muster-out. John Zeller, mustered
out with company.

COMPANY F
(Unless otherwise stated, the date of muster in is October 7th, 1862, and the muster

out of company July 24th, 1863)

Capt. — Lucious Q. Stout, Oct. 10, 1862, mustered out with company.

Lieuts. — Henry R. Barnes, mustered out with company. Wm. Bcidelman, mus-
tered out with company.

Sgts. — John Seiplc, Jr., died July 8, of wounds received at Gettysburg July, 1863.
Samuel L. Lantz, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with compan\'.
S. B. Frick, mustered out with company. Jacob Koken, mustered out with company.
Edw. J. Kiefer, mustered out with company.

Cpls. — Michael Bougher, mustered out with company. H. F. Ziegenfuss, wounded
at Gettysburg, July l, 1863; mustered out with company. Jere. Transue, wounded at
Gettysburg, July l, 1863; mustered out with company. Peter Smith, mustered out with
company. Peter Unangst, mustered out with company. Jacob I'nangst, killed at
Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863, Andrew Zeigler, killed at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863.
Philip Halpin, killed at Gettysburg, July i, 1863.

Musicians — Wm. Keifer, mustered out with company. George Barbour, mustered
out with company.

Pvts. — Henry Blocklct, mustered out with company. Wm. Burcaw, mustered out
with company. John Bougher, wounded at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863; absent in
■liospital at muster-out. John Ballist, mustered out with company. Abraham Bcnner,
wounded at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863; absent in hospital at muster-out. Edwin
Badcr, mustered out with company. Levi Chamberlain, mustered cut with company.
George Deihl, discharged on surgeon's certificate March 27, 1863. Philip Ensly,
wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; absent at muster-out. George Ensly, mustered
out with company. Chas. Frey, mustered out with company. Thomas Frey, mus-
tered out with company. Charles Grube, wounded at Gettysburg, July 1, 1863;
mustered out with company. Wm. Gruman, mustered out with company. Jacob
Getter, wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; absent at muster-out. Conrad Grogg,
killed at Gettysburg, July I, 1863. George Hirst, mustered out with company. Josiah

MILITARY ROLLS 217

Hunter, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company. J. F.
Hinelinc, wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; absent at muster-out. I. Hillpot, mus-
tered out with company. Jacob Hummel, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863;
mustered out with company. William IlartzcU,, mustered out with company. John
Koken, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; absent at muster-out. S. H. Knecht,
wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company. Edwin Knecht,
wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; absent in hospital at muster-out. Peter Keller,
mustered out with company. Wm. Knoblc, mustered out with company. John Kess-
ler, mustered out with company. Levi Kcsslcr, mustered out with company. George
King, mustered out with company. S. \V. Luckenbach, mustered out with company.
William Lantz, wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; nmstcred out with company.
Lewis Lay, killed at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863. Longes Miller, mustered out with
company. Samuel S. Mann, mustered o\it with company. Geo. Moscr, mustered out
with company. Thomas F. Michael, mustered out with company. Wm. Marstcller,
wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. W. Moose, mus-
tered out with company. William 1". Miller, discharged on surgeon's certificate
March 27, 1863. Benjamin Mann, killed at Gettysburg, July i, 1863. David Nicholas,
mustered out with company. Evan Parry, mustered out with company. Joseph J.
Pierson, promoted to hospital steward Oct. 13, 1863. Amos J. Quier, mustered out
with company. Stephen Romig, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; absent at
muster-out. Robert R. Roberts, mustered out with company. Daniel S. Roth, mus-
tered out with company. Reuben S. Ruch, wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863;
mustered out with company. Jeremiah Rinker, mustered out with company. Wm.
Raub, mustered out with company. Amandus Roth, mustered out with company.
Wm. H. Riehl, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1S63; mustered out with company.
John Stadiger, mustered out with company. Ira Sherry, mustered out with com-
pany. Samuel Shrantz, mustered out with company. Jesse Soys, wounded at Gettj'S-
burg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company. George Steckel, mustered out with
company. Charles M. Shively, captured at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out
with company. Jackson Stein, mustered out with company. Edward Sloyer, wounded
at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Wm. H. Stonebach, mus-
tered out with company. Aaron C. Sandt, mustered out with company. John Shnyder,
mustered out with company. Charles Shuman, mustered out with company. Joseph
D. Stocker, mustered out with company. Herman Sherrer, killed at Gettysburg, July
I, 1863. Wm. Stuber, killed at Gettysburg, July l, 1863. Reuben Transue, mustered
out with company. Wm. H. Taylor, mustered out with company. John Trumbeam,
wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company. Charles Uncle,
mustered out with company. Thomas Williams, accidentally wounded July 15, 1863;
mustered out with company. Charles Wasser, mustered out with company. Nath.
Wigner, missing in action, date unknown. James Woodring, mustered out with com-
pany. Nelson Willielm, discharged on surgeon's certificate March 27, 1863. Samuel
Yantz, discharged on surgeon's certificate March 27, 1863. William K. Zcarfaus, mus-
tered out with company. H. T. Zcarfaus, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863;
mustered out with company. Levi Zeiner, wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mus-
tered out with company. George Zeiner, mustered out with company.

COMPANY G

(Unless otherwise stated, the date of muster in is October loth, 1862, and the muster

out of company July 24th, 1863)

Capts. — Joseph Reimer, discharged on surgeon's certificate Jan. 29, 1863. Howard
J. Reeder, Oct. 11, 1862, mustered out with company.

Licut.<;. — Jonathan Moore, mustered out with company. Henry Evans, promoted
to adjutant Jan. 29, 1863. William Simmers, mustered out with company.

Sgts. — James H. Young, missing at Gettysburg, July i, 1863. George G. Beam,
promoted to sergeant-major Feb. 20, 1863. Joseph J. Horn, mustered out with com-
pany. R. Eilenbergcr, mustered out with company. W. J. Jennings, mustered out
with company. William H. Allen, mustered out with company. Peter F. Kinsman,
killed at Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863.

2i8 XORTHAMPTOX COUNTY

Cpls. — William H. Dunbar, wounded at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1S63; mustered
out with company. C. S. Heller, mustered out with company. John F. Reagle, mus-
tered out with company. D. Eilenberger, wounded at Chancellorsville. May 2, 1863;
mustered out with company. John C. Labar, mustered out with company. Uriah
McCracken, died of wounds received at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; buried in National
Cemetery. Samuel Reagle, mustered out with companj". John Jacoby, mustered out
with company.

Musicians — Theodore Hester, mustered out with company. Winfried S. Snyder,
mustered out with company.

Pvts. — Samuel Albert, absent; sick at muster-out. Peter Aten, mustered out with
company. Samuel Ayres, mustered out with company. \\'illiam J. Adams, died July
14 of wounds received at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863; buried in Military Asylum
Cemetery. D. C. John Bruce, mustered out with company. Jacob Clifton, mustered
out with company. \Vm. Cobel, mustered out with company. William Dunbar, mus-
tered out with company. William J. Deitrich, wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863;
mustered out with company. Robert Deitrich, mustered out with company. Philip
Datzius, mustered out with company. John Datesnian, mustered out with company.
William J. Dunbar, wounded at Gettysburg, July, 1863; mustered out with company.
Jesse Deitrich, wounded at Gettysburg, July, 1S63; not on muster-out roll. R. J.
Eilenberger, mustered out with company. Jere. Eilenberger. mustered out with com-
pany. Reuben Evans, mustered out with company. William Furlong, wounded at
Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Morris Felker, mustered out
with company, .\aron Fruitchey, mustered out with company. James Fuls, mustered
out with company. Elias Fourl, mustered out with company. Jesse Groner, mus-
tered out with company. Jacob .A. Goble, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 18637
mustered out with company. Oscar Goble, died of wounds received at Gettysburg,
July I. 1863. Samuel Good, mustered out with company. G. R. Griffith, wounded at
Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863; absent in hospital at muster-out. Reuben J. Hartzel,
mustered out with company. John Hess, mustered out with company, .\braharn
Hess, wounded at Gettysburp, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. William
H. Hess, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company. John
Hohenshilt, captured at Gettysburg, July, 1863; mustered out with company. Samuel
Holden, mustered out with company. A. Harris, captured at Gettysburg, July, 1863;
mustered out with company. Reuben Hess, wounded with loss of leg at Gettysburg,
July I, 1863; absent in hospital at muster-out. G. Handelong, wounded at Chan-
cellorsville, May, 1863; absent in hospital at muster-out. John Houser, mustered out
with company. William Hawk, mustered out with company. Paul HetTelfinger, mus-
tered out with company. Samuel Jennings, mustered out with company. James
Jennings, discharged on surgeon's certificate Dec. 24, 1862. Syl. Klinefelter, mustered
out with company. James Krotzer, mustered out with company. .Henry Koch,
wounded at Chancellorsville, May, 1863; mustered out with company. Wm. Keppler,
mustered out with company. Josiah Labar, captured at Chancellorsville, Maj- 3, 1863;
mustered out with company. Henry A. Labar, captured at Gettysburg, July, 1863;
mustered out with company. Wm. Lynn, mustered out with company. Ephraim
Miller, mustered out with company. George Mendel, mustered out with company.
Jacob Morey, captured at Gettysburg, July, 1863; mustered out with company. L M.
Metzgar, discharged on surgeon's certificate Jan. 29, 1863. Milton Nace, mustered
out with company. Enos Nicholas, mustered out with company. Robert Owens,
mustered out with company. C. F. X. Perret, wounded at Chancellorsville, May 3,
1863; absent, in hospital at muster-out. Josiah Poff, mustered out with company. John
Perry, mustered out with company. Joseph Ross, mustered out with company.
John Rible, wounded with loss of arm at Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863; mustered out
with company. Alfred Roberts, mustered out with company. Amos Resh, wounded
at Chancellorsville, May, 1863; mustered out with company. Henry Roth, mustered
out with company. Serenus Raesly, wounded at Gettysburg, July, 1863; mustered out
with company. Reuben Smith, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; absent in hos-
pital at muster-out. Jacob J. Smith, mustered out with company. Simon Smith,

ATII.ITARY ROLLS 219

captured at Chancellorsvillc, May 3, 1863; mustered out with conipanj'. Bcnj. Sniitli,
mustered out with company. Jacob Scllinger, mustered out with company. William
Shafer, mustered out with company. James Seips, mustered out with company.
Joseph Svvarlwood, mustered out with company. George T. Smith, discharged Feb.
J I, 1863. George Tinkle, mustered out with company. William Vcnglc, discharged
on surgeon's certificate March 29, 1863. Jcrc. Wagoner, captured at Gettysburg,
July, 1863; mustered out with company. Stephen A. Wallace, mustered out with
company. D. R. Wideman, mustered out with company. Peter J. Waugh, mustered
out with company. C. A. Wester, mustered out with company.

COMPANY H

(Unless otherwise stated, the date of muster in is October loth, 1862, and the muster

out of company July 24th, 1863)

Capt. — George H. Young, wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out
with comjiany.

Licuts. — George W. Walton, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out
with company. Conrad E. Reycr, wounded at Chancellorsvillc, May 2, 1863; mustered
out with company.

Sgts. — George F. Hoch, mustered out with company. Elias J. Berlin, mustered
out with company. Sidney M. Miller, mustered out with company. James P. Steckel,
mustered out with company. William Woodring, wounded at Gettysburg, July, 1863;
mustered out with company. John Pearson, discharged on surgeon's certificate
March 28, 1863.

Cpls. — George Lilly, mustered out with company. Joseph H. Fritz, nuistered out
with company. Peter Kratzer, mustered out with company. Michael Troxell, mus-
tered out with company. James Frack, mustered out with company. Wm. Eckert,
mustered out with company. John Minster, wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863;
absent in hospital at muster-out. William H. Stout, mustered out with company.

Musicians — William J. Koken, mustered out with company. Stephen D. Hirst,
mustered out with company.

Pvts. — Thomas Ackerson, musterec], out with company. Frederick Braeman,
wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Ernst Bender,
mustered out with company. L. Bartholomew, mustered out with company. Peter
Berlip, nuistered out with company. Peter Bender, mustered out with company.
Michael Borger, mustered out with company. Gideon Borger, died July 6 of wounds
received at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; buried in National Cemetery. Abraham Cassler,
mustered out with company. Jacob Diehl. mustered out with company. John Eckert,
mustered out with company. Joseph Ebcrts, mustered out with company. Jacob
Edelman, mustered out with company. Levi Eberts, mustered out with company.
Levi Fehncl, mustered out with company. Henry Feirich, mustered out with com-
pany. H. Fehnel, missing in action at Gettysburg, July i, 1863. William Fravel,
killed at Gettysburg, July i, 1863. Charles Gross, wounded at Gettysburg, July I,
1863; mustered out with company. Oliver Graver, mustered out with company. Wm.
Hahn, mustered out with company. P. F. Hagenbuch, mustered out with company.
John Heckman, mustered out with company. Frederick Hummel, mustered out with
company. H. Heckman, mustered out with company. C. HufFsmith, mustered out
with company. Jacob Houser, mustered out with company. Stephen Herman, wounded
at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. James M. Henry, Oct. 16,
1862; mustered out with company. R. Hellenbrant, died at Windmill Point, Va.,
Jan. 30, 1863. James Johnson, mustered out with company. Stephen Kratzer, absent
in hospital at muster-out. Edwin Kochler. mustered out with company. Francis
Kindt, mustered out with company. William Krack, wounded at Chancellorsvillc,
May 2, 1863; mustered out with company, .\mandus Kester, mustered out with
company. Israel Kester, died in Philadelphia, Pa., June 26, 1863. Solomon Lilly,
wounded at Gettysburg, July, 1863; mustered out with company. Henry F. Millei,
mustered out with company. Stephen D. Miller, wounded at Gettysburg, July, 1863;
mustered out with company. John P. MufFly, mustered out with company. Christian

220 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Miller, mustered out with company. Sydney J. Miller, mustered out with company.
John Miller, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company.
Joseph Miller, mustered out with company. William Minnich, mustered out with
company. Franklin Mersh, mustered out with company. Peter Mersh, nmstered out
with company. William Meixell, mustered out with company. Peter Maderer, dis-
charged March 31, 1863. Reuben J. Miller, killed at Gettysburg, July i, 1863.
Charles Ochs, mustered out with company. Harrison Person, mustered out with
company. Stephen Rice, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with
company. Edward Remely, mustered out with company. George Rockel, Oct. 13,
1862, mustered out with company. M. Rcichner, mustered out with company. Conrad
Rice, mustered out witli company. George A. Rockel, Oct. 13, 1862, died at Wash-
ington, D. C, Dec. :6, 1S62. Harrison Roth, killed at Gettysburg, July I, 1S63. H. J.
Schlegel, mustered out with company. Absalom Schall, wounded at Gettysburg, July
I, 1863; mustered out with company. John Sensabach, Oct. 13, 1862, mustered out
with company. Jacob Smith, mustered out with company. William F. .Smith, wounded
at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863; mustered out with comp3ny. Theodore Steckel,
wounded at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863; mustered out with company. Joseph
Smahl, wounded at Gettysburg, July .1, 1863; mustered out with company. John
Simons, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1S63; mustered out with company. Reuben
Schott, captured at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863; mustered out with company. Jacob
Steckle, wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Constan-
tine Sherrer, mustered out viith company. Elias Silfies, mustered out with company.
Josiah Snyder, missing in action at Gettysburg, July i, 1863. Jacob E. Scholl, mus-
tered out with company. Edw. F. Treichlcr, mustered out with company. Stephen
Trach, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company. George
W. Unangst, mustered out with company. Aaron Washburne, nmstered out with
company. Reuben Wagner, wounded at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863; mustered out
with company. Samuel Wambold, mustered out with company. Benjamin Wagner,
discharged March 26, 1S63.

COMPANY I
lUnless otherwise stated, the date of muster in is October nth, 1862 and the nmster

out of company July 24th, 1863)

Capt. — Josepli S. Myers, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; nmstered out with
company.

I.ieuts. — William H. Crawford, mustered out with company. Reuben J. Stotz,
mustered out with company.

Sgts.- — Elon Kotz, captured at Chancellorsville, May, 1863; mustered out with
company. John Henning, mustered out with company. Levi Messer, mustered out
with company. Joseph Bear, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with
company. Theo. Harmon, died at Washington, D. C, June 29, 1863.

Cpls. — Lewis B. Clewell, captured at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863; mustered out
with company. George Rhoad, mustered out with company. Jeremiah Myers,
wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company. Jeremiah Weaver,
mustered out with company. Conrad Bauer, mustered out with company. Joshua
Shoemaker, mustered out with company. John B. Derone, mustered out with com-
pany. Aaron J. Myers, died July 6 of wounds received at Gettysburg, July i, 1863.

Musicians — Wilson H. Beaber, mustered out with company. Felix H. Reiter,
mustered out with company.

Pvts. — George F. Andre, captured at Gettysburg, July I, 1863. Levi /Vndrc, mus-
tered out with company. James Butz, mustered out with company. Samuel Bauer,
mustered out with company. Samuel Bruch, mustered out with company. Jos. D.
Breidinger, wounded at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863; mustered out with company.
W'illiam Bruch, wounded at Gettysburg July I, 1863; mustered out with company.
David Bruch, mustered out with company. John R. Cassler, absent in hospital at
muster-out. William F. Clewell, wounded at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863; mustered out
with company. Samuel Clewell, captured at Chancellorsville, May, 1863; mustered

MILITARY ROLLS 221

out with company. Aaron Christine, killed at Gettysburg, July i, 1863. Samuel
Drach, wounded at Chancellorsvillc, May 2, 1863; mustered out with company. Jas.
Englc, captured at Chancellorsville, May, 1863; mustered out with company. Geo.
Englc, mustered out with company. Charles Frantz, wounded at Gettysburg, July I,
1863; absent in hospital at muster-out. George Fritz, Oct. 14, 1862, captured at
Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863; nuistcred out with company. Jacob Fritz, mustered
out with company. Josiah Fortner, mustered out with company. Richard Fritz, mus-
tered out with company. John Fritz, wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered
out with company. Gideon Fritz, mustered out with company. William Haas, mus-
tered out with company. George B. Howell, wounded at Chancellorsville, May 2,
1863; mustered out with company. Jacob Itterly, mustered out with company. John
Jones, mustered out with company. Israel Kochcr, wounded and captured at Chan-
cellorsville, May 2, 1863; mustered out with company. William H. Knecht, mustered
out with company. John Kessler, mustered out with company. Chester Kress, mus-
tered out witli company. W. H. Kern, mustered out with company. W. Kimtz,
mustered out with company. Samuel Kress, killed at Gettysburg, July i, 1863. A. 1^.
Lochart, wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; absent in hospital at muster-out.
Simon Michael, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; absent in hospital at muster-out.
Adam Moyer, mustered out with company. William Moycr, wounded at Gettysburg,
July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Jacob Moyer, mustered out with company.
William ^fosser, mustered out with company. Peter Michon, mistered out with
company. B. F. Nicholas, mustered out with company. Daniel Pritchart, Oct. 14,
1862, mustered out with company. J. J. Pritchart, captured at Chancellorsville, May,
1863; mustered out with company. Jeremiah Rcsh, wounded at Gettysburg, July I.
1863; mustered out with company. George Rissmiller, wounded at Gettysburg, July
I, 1863; mustered out with company. John Reimer, captured at Chancellorsville,
May 2, 1863; mustered out with company. Thomas Resh, wounded at Gettysburg,
July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Aaron Stackhouse, woimded at Gettys-
burg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Anthony Snyder, mustered out with
company. John Schlamb, mustered out with company. Samuel Stanner, captured
at Chancellorsville, May, 1863; mustered out with company. Andrew Seitz, mustered
out with company. Samuel Stocker, mustered out with company. George Snyder,
mustered out with company. Thomas Sandt, captured at Chancellorsville, May, 1863;
mustered out with company. Levi. Staly, Oct. 14, 1863, mustered out with company.
Jas. Stein, mustered out with company. Jas. Shaeffer, mustered out with company.
"S. .'\. Stadler, killed at Gettysburg, July I, 1863. Josiah Sandt, absent at muster-out.
David Titus, mustered out with company. Moritz Tcengcs, died July 19, of wounds
received at Gettysburg, July i, 1863. Moses Warner, wounded at Chancellorsville,
May 2, 1863; mustered out with company. William Warner, captured at Chancellors-
ville, May, 1863; mustered out with company. Robert Williams, wounded at Gettys-
burg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Richard Warner, wounded at Gettys-
burg, July I, 1863; absent in hospital at muster-out. Frank Williamson, mustered out
with company. John H. Young, captured at Chancellorsville, May, 1863; mustered
out witli company.

COMPANY K

(Unless otherwise stated, the date of muster in is October nth. 1862, and the muster

out of company July 23d, 1863)

Capls— Isaac L. Johnson, resigned Feb. 11, 1863. Isaac Buzzard, Oct. 15, 1862,
mustered out with company.

Lieuts. — G. H. Fritchman, Oct. 8, 1862, mustered out with company. Lawrence
Dutott, mustered out with company.

Sgts. — William L. Bowman, mustered out with company. Eli Albert, mustered
out with company. Enos J. Miller, wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out
vv'ith company. Adam Brod, mustered out with company. Abraham Ackerman. mus-
tered out with company. Peter P. Sandt, killed at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863.

Cpls.— .Xnthony .Mbert, mustered out with company. Herman Godshall, absent
in hospital at muster-out. Henry Smith, absent in hospital at muster-out. Aaron

222 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

San<lt, wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1S63; mustered out with company. Jacob
Godshalk, discharged on surgeon's certificate March 12, 1863. John Reimel, died
July 9, of wounds received at Gettysburg July, 1863; buried in National Cemetery.

Musicians — Hcston N. Mack, mustered out with company. Almyer Neigh, mus-
tered out with company.

Pvts. — Milton Ackerman, mustered out with company. Philip J. Albert, wounded
at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. John F. Ackerman, mus-
tered out with company. John G. Ackerman, wounded at Gettysburg, July 1, 1863;
mustered out with company. Herman Andre, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863:
mustered out with company. David Ackerman, mustered out with company. Chester
Albert, discharged April 16, 1863. Andrew J. Albert, killed at Gettysburg, July I,
1863. William H. Brittian, mustered out with company. Amos Buzzard, mustered
out with company. Robert Brodd, mustered out with company. Freeman Brader,
mustered out with company. Enos Chamberlain, mustered out with company. J. R.
Connelly, mustered out with company. H. Clark, mustered out with company. Henry
W. Cyphers, Oct. 20, 1863, mustered out with company. Gallagher Con, transferred
Oct. 24, 1862, organization unknown. John Dencer, mustered out with company.
Daniel Davidson, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company.
John Engler, mustered out with company. Moses Fox, mustered out with com-
pany. Jeremiah Flory, missing in action at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863. R. Fraun-
felter, mustered out with company. David Fuls, wounded at Gettysburg, July I.
1863; mustered out with company. Henry Good, mustered out with company. Wil-
liam Godshalk, mustered out with company. Richard H. Gold, wounded at Gettys-
burg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Jacob Gils, captured at Gettysburg,
July I, 1863. Richard Griffith, mustered out with company. James Gardner, dis-
charged on surgeon's certificate March 24, 1863. William Holland, mustered out with
company. Joseph Heldeman, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with
company. Christian Hogland, mustered out with company. Gott. Heinzelman, Oct.
20, 1863, wounded at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863; mustered out with company.
Frederick Hock, mustered out with company. Peter Hopple, discharged on surgeon's
certificate March 14, 1863. Jas. W. Hays, transferred to 50th Co., 2d Battalion, Vet-
eran Reserve Corps, date unknown; discharged on surgeon's certificate June 8, 1865.
John Johnson, wounded with loss of arm at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out
with company. Benjamin Kurtz, mustered out with company. Alonzo Labar, mus-
tered out with company. Isaac Labar, wounded at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863;
mustered out with company. W'illiam Leshcr, mustered out with company. Reuben
Miller, wounded at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863; mustered out with company. William
H. Mann, mustered out with company. E. Messinger, mustered out with company.
Theodore H. Miller, mustered out with company. Samuel McCracken, wounded at
Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863; mustered out with company. Jacob H. Rutt, mustered
out with company. John F. Rader, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out
with company. Levi H. Rasley, wounded at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out
with company. T. Riley, missing in action at Gettysburg, July I, 1863. John Rush,
wounded at Gettysburg, July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Isaac Smith,
wounded at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863; mustered out with company. George Shook,
mustered out with company. Abraham Shook, mustered out with company. Lorenzo
Schock, mustered out with company. Henry Seipe, wounded at Gettysburg, July I,
1863; mustered out with company. Enos Snyder, mustered out with company.
Emanuel Stettler, mustered out with company. Samuel Smith, mustered out with
company. William Simmers, promoted to sergeant-major Jan. 23, 1863. William H.
Strause, died at Windmill Point, Va., Jan. 31, 1863. John Thomas, mustered out with
company. William G. Tomer, mustered out with company. John Vorhees, wounded
at Gettysburg, July i, 1863; mustered out with company. Henry Weaver, mustered
out with company. Lorenzo Weaver, wounded with loss of leg at Gettysburg, July
I, 1863; mustered out with company. Theodore Weaver, wounded at Gettysburg,
July I, 1863; mustered out with company. Philip D. W'eirbach, promoted to commis-
sary sergeant Oct. 12, 1862.

.MILITARY ROLLS 223

BATTERY D— FIFTH U. S. ARTILLERY
(Three Years' Service)

Capt. — Truman Seymour, afterwards promoted to brigadier-general.

Liculs. — H. S. Ganscvoort, Vcrflanck G. Weir, Homer E. Baldwin.

Enlisted Men — John Andrews*, Chas. Allen, Thos. Albright, John Albright, Henry
Angle, Robert Allison, Jas. Askey, Edward Burke, John Bixler, Wm. Balliet, Edward
Ballict, James I. Browdie, John F. Bergner, Philip E. Bradcr*, John J. Carey, Edward
Cook, John Condon, A. Caldwell, Owen Cooper, John Campbell, Jas. Duffy, George
Dichl, Jas. Dalrymple, W. H. Davenport, J. J. Dachradt, Samuel Douglass, Thos.
Duffy, David Enslcy, S. J. Emmons, Chas. Ellis, George Elliott, John Fortner, V.
Freyburgcr*, J. Freyburger, J. G. Fargo, J. J. Gangwere, F. S. Gingingcr*, E. B. Galli-
gan, G. B. Green, Arthur Grimes, John Green, Chas. Green, Herman Hirth, George
W. Houk*, Jas. Huddleson, Martin Johnson, Philip Johnson*, Geo. Jester, Charles
Kirsche, Edward Looker, Samuel S. Lesher, Thos. M. Lesher, Edward Lynes, William
Lewis, Chas. \V. Leary, A. Reeder Mullcr, C. Hutter Muller, Francis Mowery*, John
Morrisscy*, Robert Morrison*, Dennis Mclnnerly*, Andrew Macklin, Charles Mc-
Laughlin, Wm. N , Robert Nowric*, E. N. R. Ohl, John G. Oakiley, Patrick

O'Neil, George Rodgers*, Paul Roemcr, Simon Reed, Jas. Simons, Peter Stone, John
Steincr, Samuel Snyder, John Searfass*, John Schoen, George Shafer, John Sliirely,
George Seigcnthall, John Trever, David E. Troxell, James Trout, Calvin Utter,
Samuel Vogle, W. W. Wicke, D. A. Whitesell, James Worm.

WITH SPENCER'S BATTERY— PHILADELPHIA

In E. Spencer's Battery, recruited at Philadelphia, were the following men from
Easton:

Isaac Sharp, Jr., Howard Burke, John Nolf, John Cummings, Robert J. Hess,
Owen Laubach.

WITH THIRD NEW JERSEY CAVALRY

The following men from this county served in the 3d New Jersey Cavalry, a
three years' regiment:

George Willoner, Charles Barrett, John Barnctt, Ed. Ricker, Ed. Roscberry,
William Keichard, Christian Johnson, Lorenzo Bell, Jacob Bryson, S. C. Phillips.

ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FOURTH REGIMENT— PENNSYL-
VANIA VOLUNTEERS— DRAFTED MILITIA
(Nine Months' Service

COMPANY H

(Unless otherwise stated, the date of muster in is November 1st, 1862, and the muster
out of company August 7th, 1863)

Capt. — Zachariah D. Morris.

Lieuts. — Charles T. Hess, Moses Powe.

Sgts. — Benjamin F. Van Camp, Henry H. Mann, Jno. G. Van Camp, Andrew J,
Force, William Stahl, James H. Hutchinson, discharged, date unknown.

Cpls. — Balser Steel, Braittain Hoff, William E. Fabian, Job Maline, Theodore
Groner, John Hoff, David S. Weignant, Charles Sprawl, Samuel Jacoby, discharged
on surgeon's certificate, date unknown; Lorenzo Snyder, discharged on surgeon's
certificate, date unknown.

Musicians — Christian Baslar, Samuel Miller.

Pvts. — George .■\xes, A. B. Amey, John .Alt, Henry Bower, Max Blessing, John
Breidinger, John Cape, Casper Cooper, discharged on surgeon's certificate .April 7,
1863; Isaac Deahl, George Dumiller, Jesse Deitz, discharged on surgeon's certificate,
date unknown; Lewis Eaton, Charles Frankenfelt, Joseph Halay, J. Humbacher, dis-

*Killcd in battle.

224 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

charged on surgeon's certificate April 2, 1863; Amos Knoblc, George Kistler, Joseph
Lee, George Leightcap, discharged, date unknown; Charles Mack, T. H. Mann, Powell
Pishcr, died at Hilton Head, S. C, July 6, 1863; John N. Phillips, Levi Rice, Benjamin
Ruch, Samuel Reimcl, discharged, date unknown; John Stem, Jacob Silvcrt, Bendilla
Shorta, William Stine, Thomas S. Slack, Joseph Smith, Wenscl Welser, Joseph
\\'asliburn, Charles Weaver, Joh.n K. Weignant, William Wise, C. Z. Warnick.

COMPANY I

(Unless otherwise stated, tlic date of muster in is November 4th, 1862, and the tnuster

out of company August 7th, 1863)

Capt. — Stephen Williamson.

Lieuts. — Isaac M. CasscU, discharged March 26, 1S63. Herman B. Schwartz.

Sgts. — C. K. Houghwout, Benjamin B. Goodman, John Hcberling, Thomas Snydei,
F. L. Fotzingcr, absent, sick at muster out; John J. Krcidlcr, John Chandler.

Cpls. — Charles Wclty, Michael Siegler, absent, sick at muster out; John F. Miller,
Charles Dotro, G. W. Glcndanicl, .Abraham Knous, Walter O'Neil, Oliver Mover,
discharged Nov. 26, 1S62.

Musicians — John Rader, Joel Northrop, absent, sick at muster out.

Pvts. — John L. Albins, George Best, Frederick Borchart, William Buchman, Ed-
win Benningcr, discliarged Nov. 26, 1862; John Bloss, discharged Nov. 26, 1862; David
Brefoglc, discharged Nov. 26, 1862; George Christ, John Camper, William H. Dieter,
Franklin Dieter, absent, sick at muster out; William Englc, Francis Ernst, Alexander
Eichner, William A. Fehnel, .^aron Fehncl, Adam Gaily, John Hower, Jeremiah
Herron, Hiram Jones, A. Kostenbadcr, Edw. Kostenbader, Michael Kiss, Andrew L.
Keller, discharged by special order Feb. 28, 1863; Joseph Lentz, John Liskey, George
Motz, Peter Rissmiller. Charles Sheetz, Herman Sclimidt, John Staufer, Stephen
Spangler, transferred to Company I, iigth Regiment, Pa. Vols., date unknown; Mifflin
Slegcl, died at Hilton, Head, S. C, .April 13, 1863; William Wright, Charles Werner,
Henry Werner.

TWO HUNDRED AND SFXOND REGIMENT— PENNSYLVANIA

VOLUNTEERS
(One Year's Service)

COMPANY F— RECRUITED IN NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

(Unless otiierwise stated, the date of muster in is September 3d, 1864, and tlie muster

out August 3d, 1865)

Capt. — .•\. J. Laubach, Sept. 4, 1864.

Lieuts. — Daniel J. Rice, Aug. 24, 1864. Benj. F. Boyer, Aug. 27, 1864.

Sgts. — Robert A. Clewell, Sept. 2, 1864. Alfred Martinis, Aug. 26, 1864. Syl.
Hower, .-\ug. 26, 1864. George M. Harper, .Aug. 26, 1864. Wm. Kerchner, .Xug. 31,
1864.

Cpls. — Jas. P. King, .\ug. 24, 1S64. Wni. Isscmoyer, Aug. 26, 1864. T. H. Lau-
bach, Aug. 26, 1864. R. H. Fehr, Sept. 2, 1S64. W. H. Frankenfield, Sept. i, 1864.
W'ni. Bower, Aug. 24, 1864. Franklin Laubach. Owen F. Laubach, -Aug. 27, 1864,
died at Alexandria, V'a., Nov. 21, 1864.

Pvts. — John ."Mcxander, .Aug. 26, 1864. George Baer, Aug. 26, 1864. .\. Bartholo-
mew, .\ug. 26, 1864. Jonas Billman, Nich. Baker, .Andrew N. Bender, Jacob Bowers,
Jacob V. Beck, John Bryson. Oliver Breneiser, Sept. 2, 1864. H. T. Gingliam, Sept.
2, 1S64. A. D. Becker, promoted to hospital steward Sept. 7, 1864. Alfred Christ,
Aug. 24, 1864. Daniel C. Clewell, Aug. 26, 1864, captured Oct. 25, 1864. Samuel
Diliert, .Aug. 26, 1864. J. S. Davidson, .Aug. 31, 1864. Henry Dickey, Aug. 30, 1864.
Edw. J. Durbar, Sept. 2, 1864. Amandus Diehl, Feb. 7, 1865. Charles Derclmer, Jan.
6, 1865. Daniel Dotter, Jan. 9, 1865. Owen Dreisbach, Aug. 24, 1864, captured Oct. 25,
1864. John Englcr, .Aug. 26, 1864, captured Oct. 25, 1864. Wm. Engle. Wm. Everett,
Jan. 17, 1865. James Everland, Sept. 6, 1864, not on muster-out roll. Aug. Fritz, Aug.
27, 1S64. Daniel H. Fritz, .A,ig. 31, 1864. Wm. Fleming. Wm. H. Foltz, Aug. 31, 1864.

MILITARY ROLLS 225

Frederick Fisher. Stephen F. Gross, Sept. 2, 1864. W. II. Greinsweig, ,\iig. j6, 1864,
died Oct. 11, 1864, at Alexandria, Va. John Hillberp;, Aug. 26, 1S64. Paul Heiney,
Aug. 26, 1864. William Heiney, Aug. 26, 1864. Joshua Hower, Sept. 2, 1864. Win.
Henry. James M. Henry, Aug. 24, 1864, captured Oct. 25, 1864. 'oscph Hough, Jan.
24, 1865. Robert Hildebrand, Aug. 24, 1864, died at York, Pa., Oct. 7, 1864. Chas.
Henry, Aug. 25, 1864, discharged by general order June ", 1865. Augustus Jacoby,
Aug. 31, 1864. Win. Johnson, Sept. 5, 1864, not on muster-out roll. E. H. Kromcr,
Aug. 26, 1864. C-harles Knabc, Aug. 31, 1864. Joseph Kcifer, Aug. 27, 1864. John
Krcidler, Aug. 31, 1864. Win. H. Klotz, Aug. 27, 1K64. 1".. Luckenbach, Aug. 31,
1864. J. 11. Luckenbach, Aug. 31, 1864. J. J. I.yncrd. Samuel Mock, Aug. 31, 1864.
Daniel Mayer, Feb. 7, 1865. W. H. H. Moulthrop, Jan. 25, 1865. Franklin Mayers.
Franklin Myers, Jan. 24, 1865. James B. Martin, Aug. 31, 1864, died at Alexandria,
Va., Nov. 20, 1864. Thomas Neuhard, Sept. i, 1864. Henry Nagel, Aug. 24, died of
wounds received accidentally at Pottsville, June 2, 1865. George A. Rhoad, Aug. 29,
1864. James Rader, Sept. 7, 1864. Stephen Kitler, Sept. 2, 1864. W. Rickert, John
Resh. H. Rickroad, discharged by general order June 13, 1865. Wm. Steinmetz, Aug.
26, 1864. C. V. Strickland, Aug. 31, captured Oct. 25, 1864. B. F. Shireman, Aug.
26, 1864. Lewis S. Shaffer, Aug. 26, 1864. David T. Shaffer, Aug. 24, 1864. Charles
H. Short, Aug. 24, 1864. B. Steinbergcr, Aug. 31, 1864. John Snyder, Aug. 31, 1864.
Edwin V. Schwartz, Aug. 24, 1864. M. Seiple, Aug. 27, 1864. Cyrus Sandt, John E.
.Seyfried, Elias Smith. T. A. Smith, Aug. 26, 1864. P. Sneeringcr, Charles Schitz.
John Smith, Aug. 27, 1864. Frederick Schlie, Jan. 16, 1865. Samuel Sheffer, absent;
sick at muster-out. Lewis Trainer, Feb. 7, 1865. Wm. Tcnnay, Sept. 2, 1864. Peter
Wuchtcr, Aug. 26, 1864. Joseph A. Weaver, .\ug. 26, 1864. Henry Wiest, discharged
by general order June 28, 1865. Henry Young, Aug. 26, 1864, discharged by general
order May 30, 1865.

TWO HUNDRED AND FOURTEENTH REGIMENT— PENNSYL-
VANIA VOLUNTEERS
(One Year's Service)

COMPANY H— RECRUITED AT EASTON

(Unless otherwise stated, the date of muster in is March 21st, 1863, and the muster

out March 21st, 1866)

Capt. — Edward Kelly, March 31. 1865.

Lieuts.— Henry L. Arndt, March 31, 1865. Joseph S. (Jstcrstock, March 31, 1865.

Sgts. — Adolph Buckheister, commissioned adjutant Jan. 28, 1866; not mustered.
Charles Christian, March 20, 1865. Frederick Nauman, March 24, 1865. William Wise.
March 20, 1865. Frederick Voight, March 13, 1865, absent; sick at muster-out. John
H. Bruch, March 13, 1865, discharged by general order Aug. 10, 1865. Edwin A.
Levering, discharged by general order June 5, 1865.

Cpls. — Amandcs Kester. Thomas Roth, March 17, 1865. John L. Broom, Stephen
Lynn, Charles Walter, August Baltz. Henry Leh, March 17, 1865. Peter Kratzer.
March 15, 1865. Charles D. Long, March 17, 1865, discharged by general order .^ug.
8, 1865.

Musician — S. E. Stocker, March 11, 1S65.

Pvts. — Henry Arndt, March 27, 1865. Leonard Andre, discharged by general
order May 23, 1865. Jacob Buskirk, Samuel S. Brewer, Edwin Bussard, William H.
Brink. Stephen Brotzman, March II, 1865. Solomon Bryfogel, March 18, 1865. John
Conarty, March 17, 1865. Thomas Connor, March 23, 1865, not on muster-out roll.
Nicholas Depuy, March 20, 1865. William H. Doney, March 22, 186.3. .-Xmandes
Deibert, March i8, 1865. Charles David, March 20, 1865. Benjamin Dorfer, March
22, 1865, not on muster-out roll. Charles Frederick, March 22, 1865. Samuel Frederick,
March 20, 1865. Daniel Fogerty, March 27, 1865, not on muster-out roll. Christopher
Grimes, March 23, 1865. John Gaffy, March 23, 1865. Reuben Getz, March 20, 1865,
absent at muster-out. Samuel A. Gross, March 20, 1865. Matthew Gouldin, March
22, 1865, not on muster-out roll. Henry Herger, Iilarch 13, 1865, absent at muster-out.

NORTH.— 1—15.

226 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Henry Hagenbuch. Stephen D. Hurst, March 13, 1865. Charles Hull, March 22, 1865.
Isaac Hohenshicld, March 23, 1S65. John C. Houck, March 20, 1865. James Hen-
nesse, March 22, 1865. John Haldernan, March 13, 1865. Henry Imbt. John Judge,
March 22, 1865, not on muster-out roll. Levi H. Kelchner, March 11, 1865. Freeman
Kresge. Michael Landers, March 22, 1865, not on muster-out roll. .-Mfred Metzgar,
March 23, 1865. Wm. !Nfooney. Peter Mulhatton, March 16, 1865. Nicholas Mann,
!Nfarch 22, 1865, not on muster-out roll. Reuben Nauman, March 20, 1865. Daniel
Nicholas, March 20, 1865. Jacob W. Otinger, Peter R. Peifer, March 17, 1863. Elias
Ruch, March 20, 1865. Wm. H. Rice. Quintes E. Snyder, March 17, 1865. George
Snyder, Isaiah Snyder, Moses Swink. Edwin Seip, March 14, 1865. Daniel Serfass.
Henry F. Slutter. F. B. Tcel, March 20, 1865. Geo. \V. Unangst, March 23, 1865.
Isaac Vocht, March 17, 1865. James Warner, March 20, 1865. Peter E. Williams, F.
Werkheiser, Elias Werkheiser. Josiah Werkheiser, died at Washington, D. C, Sept.
18, 1865. Wm. H. Young, John W. Yenger.

TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTEENTH REGIMENT— PENNSYLVANIA

VOLUNTEERS
(One Year's Service)

COMPANY G RECRUITED AT EASTON

(L^nless otherwise stated, the date of muster out of service was July 31st, 1865)

Capt. — John O. Billheimer, .^pri! 18, 1865.

Lieuts. — John T. Krees, .April 18, 1865. .Augustus Stewart, April 18, 1865.

Sgts. — Lemon Kline, March 31, 1865. Lewis Smith, .April 8, 1865. George King,
April 10, 1865. Joseph D. Stocker, .April 12, 1865. John A. Seltzor.

Cpls. — George W. Stocker, March 11, 1865. William E. Tabian, .April 10, 1865.
Alexander Solt, March 13, 1865. Samuel Reinhart, .April 10, 1865. Joseph H. Stocker,
April 10, 1865. Isaac Fox, March 11, 1865 Clarkson Young, March 31, 1865. Thomas
Naultry, .April 12, 1865.

Musician — Henry Kehl, March 29, 1865.

Pvts. — Thomas Anderson, March 22, 1865. James Buck, March 24, 1865. James
Beer, March 24, 1865. Daniel Barr, March 30, 1865. Feli.x Bachman, .April 10, 1865,
died at Philadelphia, Pa., April 25, 1865. Amos K. Christ, March 31, 1865. George C.
Carn, .April 12, 1865. Nathan Day, March 28, 1865. James Dolan, April 10, 1865.
Francis Dorwort, March 13, 1865. John S. Dritz, March 13, 1865. Lewis Dreisbach,
March 13, 1865. Aaron Dague. March 21, 1865, died at Philadelphia, Pa., April 17,
1863. Wm. Ewing, .April 11, 1865. Frederick Eble, March 31, 1865. Josiah W. Fry,
March 31. 1865. William M. Frowort, April 12, 1863. Thomas Gilbert, April 12, 1863.
Jona. S. Groves, March 21, 1865. Edward George, March 24, 1863. David Gallagher,
April 10, 1863. Reuben G. Groot, March II, 1863. William Groman, March 17, 1863,
discharged by general order May 23, 1863. Joseph L. Hallet, April 10, 1865. Florian
Hillc, March 27, 1863. Paul Hefflefinger, March 24, 1865. Charles Hentler, .April 12,
1863. Adam R. Heister, March 16, 1863. James Hewett, March 29, 1865. C. H. W.
Keiser, March 13, 1863. J. K. Knauss, March 27, 1863. John Krabb, .April 10, 1865.
Allen W. Kirk, April 12, 1863. Joseph Krum, March 13, 1863, discharged by general
order May 23, 1863. Edward Kehlhoffer, April 12, 1863. .Adam Lenglc, March 30,
1863. E. A. Malone, .April 12, 1865. Morris P. Miller, March 23, 1863, discharged by
general order May 23, 1863. Joseph McCleary, April u, 1863. Loray Nothstine,
March 23, 1863, discharged by general order May 23, 1865. .Alfred H. Rowe, March 25,
1865. William Rummel, March 30, 1863. John B. Smiley, April 7, 1863. Ripley
StaufTer, march 31, 1863. Stephen Solt, March 13, 1863. George C. Strunk, March 13,
1863. Charles S. Scheckler, March 24, 1863. Lewis Smith, March 28, 1863. Jonathan
Stitzel, March 31, 1863. Otto Stutzbach, April 12, 1863. Isaac W. Shaffer, March 20,
discharged by general order May 23, 1863. Christopher Stover, April 5, 1863, dis-
charged by general order May 23, 1865. George W. W'hitehead, April 10, 1865. Wil-
liam Werkheiser, March 13, 1865. Monroe Zicgler. March 27, 1863. John Zahn,
March 21, 1863. Jacob Zimmerman, March 27, 1863. Joseph Zerby, March 31, 1863.

MILITARY ROLLS 227

THE EMERGENCY REGIMENTS
FIFTH REGIMENT— MHJTIA OF 1862
This was one of the regiments called out for the emergency of Lee's
first invasion of the North in 1862. It contained five companies of Northamp-
ton. It was not called upon to enter the fire of battle, though it was, on
the day of Antietam, within hearing of the artillery. Its term of service was
short — less than two weeks — as the emergency passed away, and it was not
needed. It was discharged September 24th and 27th, 1862.

COMPANY A— EASTON

(Organized September nth and I3tli, l86.'; discharged September 24th and 27th, 1862)

Capt. — William B. Semplc.

1st Lieut. — G. H. Bender; 2d, John O. Wagoner.

1st Sgt. — Theodore Oliver.

Sgts. — William Eichman, John S. Barnot, H. B. Semple, Jeremiah Murphy.

Cpls. — Valentine Weaver, E. H. Heckman, R. H. Bixler, Lewis C. Drake, Howard
Burke, Thomas Rinck, J. M. Rothrock, Charles J. Rader.

Musician — Philip Bruch.

Pvts. — Thomas Allen, Allen .Mbright, Thomas M. Andrews, William Ackerman,
James Barnct, Daniel Brown, William Brinkcr, Samuel Butz, William Butz, David
Butz, George Barron, Jacob Burt, Thomas Burt, Thomas Bowers, John D. Bowers,
H. W. Barnet, William Brong, F. S. Bixler, Henry Brodt, Daniel Conklin, H. M.
Clay, Robert Coons, William Davis, G. A. Drinkhouse, James Donovan, E. Ealer, D.
Frankenficld, L. Foreman, H. S. Frey, Edward H. Green, L Goldsmith, T. P. Gould,
Frank Green, Samuel Gurin, George Hess, James Hoffman, Reuben Hellick, Cal.
Horn, Edw. Harmany, William Hutchison, Charles Hummingway, Samuel Howell,
Reuben Hincs, Stephen Hines, William H. Jones, Amos Kunsman, Edw. Keller, D.
L. Kutz, Francis King, Reuben Kolb, Henry S. Keller, George T. Keller, A. S. Knecht,
Lewis Koch, Samuel C. Kichen, Owen Laubach, David Lerch, G. D. Lehn, Alexander
Moore, John Mock, Joseph Moser, B. Mansfield, J. C. Mock, William Moon, Thomas
McN'ess, J. R. Nolf, O. Nightingale, Jas. Pcttinger, J. W. Pullman, Robert Peacock,
Samuel Rader, H. A. Rothrock, M. E. Reagle, I. S. Sharps, J. G. Semple, William
Seitz, Aug. Stewart, W. H. Thomas, James B. Wilson, H. W. Walking, John Weiland,
Theodore Woodring, James E. Young, Richard Young, William Young.

COMPANY B— EASTON

Capt. — William Kellogg.

1st Lieut. — T. L. McKcan; 2d, George E. Cyphers.

1st Sgt. — George Hubbard; Sgts., E. Kline, William Wolfram, John Wolfram,
H. C. Ashmore.

Cpls.— J. H. Wilhelm, Charles Hubcr, John Billings, Peter Wilhelm, William H.
Wilhelm, James Vogle.

Musician — Emanuel Wilhelm.

Pvts. — Samuel Allen, William C. .*\ten, L. W. Aldridge, Hiram Buss, James
Briedy, Lewis Blose, Jacob Brinig, Francis Barr, Henry Brawley, M. Brotzman, James
Burns, George Brooks, Robert Boyd, William Cameron, Thomas Coyle, Samuel Cham-
berlin, John Carlin, John Chiston, A. .B. Charleen, Samuel Davis, Samuel Dull, Peter
Donnell)', P. J. Dougherty, A. Elliott, John Frey, Luke Fox, Henry Fryberger, James
Fagan, Jos. Fisher, H. Frompter, Peter Garris, Richard Griffiths, David GuUion,
William Galloway, John Guiley, August Goelitz, George Horning, John Hahn, Philip
Hyle, William Heath, T. D. Hanlon, G. Heitzelman, Philip Hildebrand, Josiah Kohl,
William Kolb, John F. Kline, John Miller, Patrick Mundy, John Marstcller, Joseph
Marstellcr, Stephen Moyer, Syl. Merwarth, John Maddox, Thomas McLaughlin (ist),
Thomas McLaughlin (2d), R. McGce, John McMakin, Robert McDonald, O. B. Rob-
erts, John Rice, J. C. Sheppard, John Stoker, William Shilling, O. L. Singer, Joseph

228 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Stiles, Aaron Transue, John Vogel, Peter W'altnian, F. Waltnian, S. Waltman, Jolm
Wilhelm, George Walter, John Weiss, Richard Wolfram, Josiah Weber, George P
Wright, William L. Zane.

COMPANY D— BETHLEHEM

Capt. — Joseph Peters.

1st Lieut. — Frank J. Haus; 2d, ."Abraham C. Schropp.

1st Sgt. — D. O. Luckenbach; Sgts., A. C. Borhek, George A. Yohe, C. H. Gering,
William Nickum.

Cpls. — R. O. Luckenbach, J. S. Luckenbach, B. E. Lehman, John Lerch, A. J.
Erwin, F. E. Huber, J. H. Traeger, Samuel Xickum.

Musician — James O. Bodder.

Pvts.— C. H. Belling, Charles Blank, Amos Bealer, George L. Bauni, )iL .\. Bor-
heck, W. H. Bigler, J. H. Blakely, A. J. Billing, O. V. Billiard, E. O. Bartlett, A. C.
Clauder, A. C. Cortright, C. F. Cole, H. A. Doster, Edward Erwin, William H. Frue-
aufF, George W. Gross, Rufus A. Greider, Aaron W. Horn, Lewis R. Hucbner, Oliver
K. Jones, Henry J. Krause, Francis W. Knauss, C. W'. Krause, Clarence Kampman,
Morton Kleckner, William Kleckner, Charles J. Keim, Thomas Kessler, J. A. Lucken-
bach, F. E. Luckenbach, Frederick A. List, Aaron W. Lynns, Thos. F. Levers, Wil-
liam H. Lee, Samuel Lichtenthaler, Benjamin Lentz, Henry Malth.aner, D. J. K.
Rauch, Emanuel Ricksecker, Edw. Ragennas, Thomas Rice, Robert Peysert, G. W'.
Reigle, Albert Rondthaler, Joseph J. Ricksecker, Robert Rau, Joseph A. Rice, James
Schweitzer, Daniel Sensenbach, Henry J. Seaman, Sidney S. Schneller, Jacob Speck,
Ernst Stolzenbach, George W. Whitesell.

COMPANY F— EASTON

Capt. — George Finley.

1st Lieut. — John Otto; 2d, Daniel W. Snyder.

ist Sgt. — Joseph P. Cotton; Sgts., Daniel Phillipi, John M. Seals, Richard N.
Bitters, N. P. Cornell.

Cpls. — William Slavin, John H. Hickman, Alexander Reichhardt, W. H. Hilde-
brand, John H. Yohe, John Datesman, J. Ballentine, G. W. Reichhardt.

Pvts — C. B. Alsover. E. Arrowsmith, S. C. Brown, G. Bachman, J. Bryerson,
George Benson, George Barron, Frederick Bornman, Joshua Bcrcaw, William Buck,
E. B. Bleckly, G. L. Copp, R. W. Clewell, J. S. Conklin, H. H. Douglass, C. W. Dick-
son, Yalcntine Diley, Abram Fowler, B. C. Frost, William Fulmer, Max Gress, Lewis
Gordon, B. F. Hower, L. M. Hammond, T. F. Hammond, William E. Hammond,
Alfred Hart, Charles Hilburn, A. Harris, David Kutzler, Peter Kelchner, Jesse Lewis.
Frank Ludwig, Charles W. Meeker, John Moser, J. F. Nungesser, E. F. Probst, T. F.
Shipe, Jacob Sandt, R. Seip, Charles Sigman, Andrew Smith, Frank Sigman, Robert
Stopb. Frank Tillier, Jacob Yanorman, William H. Werkheiser, Jacob W. Weaver,
Henry S. Wagoner, James Ward, Henry Weidknecht, N. Wilson, .\lbert Yondt,
Charles E. Zulick.

COMPANY I— EASTON

Capt.— Thomas W. Lynn.

1st Lieut. — William A. Conahay; 2d, William L. Davis.

1st Sgt. — Reuben Schlabach; Sgts., William H. Ginnard, J. W. Richer, J. .A. Gin-
nard, J. H. Clark.

Cpls.- — Thomas J. Taylor, George Davenport, L L. Eilenberger, Jacob Keiter, Jr.,
Jona. L. Fackenthall, George P. Wagner, William C. Hi.xson, Howard Bowers.

Musician — Charles D. Horn.

Pvts. — Thomas Aikins, R. H. Abernathy, Samuel ."Kbernathy, Y. H. Burkhouse,
H. Beavers, Thomas Dawes, M. Eilenberger, E. Eilenberger, Alfred Godshalk, C.
Hyde, Wm. H. Hartzell, Samuel Innis, W. G. Johnston, Peter Klas, John Knauss,
Frank Leidy, James W. Lynn, H. M. Mutchler, William Moore, James A. McGowan,
Theodore McCloed, William G. McLean, Joseph McCabe, Frank Reeder, Howard
Reeder, Wilson Skinner, John Simons. Jacob Troxell, F. ^L Todd, George W'illaner,
Daniel Weinland, Jeremiah Yeisley.

MILITARY K( )I,LS , 229

FORTV-SIXTII REGIMENT— MI IJTIA OF 1863
COMPANY C— BETHLEHEM

(Organized July 1st, i86j; discharged August l8th, 1863)

Capt.— Henry R. HulT.

1st Lieut. — Joseph H. Bryant; 2d, George W. Russell.

1st Sgt. — Henry N. Anderson; Sgts., William 11. Heal, Josiah D. Hicks, John B.
Henshey, Andrew K. Harbison.

Cpls. — John M. Hileman, Henry H. Cook, \Vm. J. McCrca, John G. Kissel, Wm.
W. Smith. Thomas A. llawkworth, Russel H. GrifTin, Adia Robeson, George McLane,
Samuel B. Edmiston.

Musicians — George W. Rose, Michael B. Kifer.

Pvts. — James M. Allison, Samuel D. Buck, John M. Bartley, Lemuel M. Beal,
Frederick Baymer, John Bowers, Edmund E. Bratton, Henry C. Bossinger, Daniel
W. Bossinger, Frederick Beck, Charles Cavender, John Currie, John Colclesser, Peter
R. Crouse, David Connsman, Jeremiah Davis, George R. Dougherty, James O. Det-
wiler, Henry C. Eyre, James M. Erb, James Fellinbaum, Charles L. Fettinger, Samuel
Fraley, John E. Fowler, Andrew Greem, Silas Gray, Thco. A. GrifTin, George F. Huff,
Wni. Housley, John R. Harstock, John S. Houck, Francis A. Houck, Wm. H. Klingcr-
smith, John Kemmcrling, Cornelius Kitchcl, James Kaylor, Cloyd Kessler, Samuel
Kitt, Thomas Lingerfeltcr, James Lee, James M. Mcloy. John R. Morrow, Samuel
A. Miles, Wm. H. Moore, Henry A. Oster, Joshua O'Hara, Theo. B. Patton, David
Penwell, Samuel C. Postlethwait, Hugh Pitcairn (promoted to quartermaster-sergeanl
July 8, 1863), Isaac Rhodes, A. R. F. Runyen, Martin Robeson, Jacob F. Robeson,
Jacob K. Russell, James Shellcnburgcr, Mahlon Stouch, Daniel Weber, Martin D.
Williams, John W^ White, John T. Woods, Charles G. Welch, .\ndrew Walker,
Mosses Yingling, Lazarus Yingling.

TWENTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT— EMERGENCY TROOPS OF 1863

Called out on the emergency of Lee's second invasion of Pennsylvania.

One of its companies (D) was raised in Northampton. The regiment was

mustered in June 19th, 1863; mustered out July 30th and August 1st, 1863.

COMPANY D— EASTON

(Mustered in June igth; discharged .'Xugust ist, 1863)

Capt. — Joseph Oliver.

1st Lieut. — Alvin Meeker.

1st Sgt. — Joseph S. Osterstock; Sgts., Adam Ward, William Ginkingcr, Edw.
Alsfelt, Thomas Malcolm.

Cpls. — Sidley L. Uhler, Wm. H. Wolverton, Frederick Burman, Simon H. Frock.

Musician — George F. Willaner.

Pvts. — J. B. W. Adams, Wm. Andrews, James O. Barnet, Thomas Bullman,
Samuel V. Bostine, Benj. Brunner, John F. Buttncr, Wm. H. Correll, Henry Coburne,
Charles W. Cole, John J. Decker, Matthew Donahue, Jos. Hondrickson, Bathauser
Hefter, Edw. Harrison, Calvin Horn, Oliver Hogarth, Warren H. Joline, Wm. Lehn,
John M. Lewis, George Lox, Charles Lewis, John Miller, Wm. Moore, Wm. McFad-
den, William L. Nicholas, Port Nicholas, Henry C. Newman, Wm. Otto, Robert
Patterson, Wm. Roseberry, Charles Sigman, Peter S. Snyder, Samuel H. Slifer, Valen-
tine Smith, James Todd, Arthur Troxsell, Jacob N. Thacher, Geo. Wolf, W^alter L.
Wyckoff.

THIRTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT— MILITIA OF 1863
(All Easton Troops)
Col.— Melchoir H. Horn; Lieut.-Col., William H. Thompson; Major, Thomas L.
McKcan; .Adjutant, William Mutchler.

This was sometimes known as the "Iron Regiment." Seven of its com-

230 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

panics were raised in Northampton county. The regiment was mustered
into the service at Reading, on the 3d of July, 1863, by Major William M.
Heister. It was mustered out on August 7th, 1863.

COMPANY C

(Mustered in July 3d, 1863; mustered out August 7th, 1863)

Capt. — Joseph P. Cotton.

1st Lieut. — Charles F. Chidsey; 2d, Thos. M. Andrews.

1st Sgt. — Joshua R. Bercaw; Sgts., Wm. T. Rundio, John H. Heckman, George
G. Rambo, Jacob C. Mixsel, Silas Hulshizer (promoted to sergeant-major July 3, 1863).

Cpls. — John A. Innis, John H. Yohe, James W. Wood, William J. Biery, Nico-
demus Wilson, Jacob Sandt, James A. Petrie, Benj. A. Loder.

Musician — Joseph B. Campbell.

Pvts. — Jacob .August, Henry Bercaw, Wm. Biery, James B. Brunner, George
Bachman, Henry L. Bunstein, Franklin Bower, Tilghman Brish, Alfred B. Black,
John W. Campbell, Erwin Eckert, James J. Edmonds, Jonathan Fly. Jacob Gary,
John B. Grier, Charles D. Horn. Andrew Hoffman, Wm. Hoffman, Charles Hyde,
John W. Horn, Wm. Houser, Williams Hopkins, Wm. H. Horn, David Kelso, John
Kiffle, Jacob Kramer, Charles C. Keller, John W. Keller, Simon H. Kester, .-Mfred
Lynn, David K. Messinger, James Middaugh, Isaac S. Moser, George H. Minnick,
John Morghen, Isaac Pi.xley, Jacob Person, David M. Plumlcy, Charles R. Phillips,
Isaac Riley, John Riley, Wm. H. Stultz, James H. Stites, Thos. J. Shield, William F.
Small, Thos. F. Shipe, Frank Schlabach, Wm. H. Sigman, Francis Sigman, Samuel
C. Seiple, Jacob S. Wilson, William Walton, Jacob Welser, Erwin C. Wickhoff. Jacob
W. Weaver, Thomas Yelverton.

COMPANY D

Capts. — Wm. H. Thompson, promoted to Lieut. -Col. July 3, 1863; Jacob Hay.

1st Lieut. — Isaac Fine, Jr.; 2d, Howard R. Hetrick.

1st Sgt. — Wm. H. Weaver; Sgts., Samuel D. Crawford, .^dam A. Lahn, James S.
Sigman, Wm. H. Unangst.

Cpls. — Charles M. Ludwig, Ernst W. Snyder, Wm. Miller, Lafayette Sox, Daniel
Conklin, .-\ugustus S. Templin, Jacob Burt, T. S. McLeod.

Musicians — .-Xbraham Fowler, James McGowan.

Pvts. — J. F. R. .Appleby, Jeremiah .Anglemoycr, George H. Bender, John D.
Bowers, Wm. Q. Brotzman, Wm. D. Brown, Rush H. Bixler, Wm. H. Butz, Edw. D.
Bleckley, Wm. Brinker, Edw. Butz, John Bush, Robert Cottingham, Jr., Charles T.
Cole, Charles Deshler, James Deshler, Lewis C. Drake, George Drinkhouse, James
Donnelly, Yalentine Diley, Jas. Fownfelder, Owen Garis, John .A. Gerhart, Stephen
Hines, .Alvin Harris, Andrew J. Hay, James Hackett, Isaac P. Hand, Charles Hem-
mingway, William Houch, Joseph L. Hance, C. Edward Illig, Evan Knecht, Edw.
Keller, Thomas J. Kolb, .Amos Kunsman, Francis King, Stephen Laubach, Charles
W. Meeker, John Z. Moyer, Reuben Moyer, John Menual, Charles B. Xotson, John
F. Opdyke, .Alfred P. Reid, Samuel Rader, Edw. Snyder, Clement Stewart, Henry B.
Semplc, John M. Seals, Samuel Sigman, Henry N. Schultz, Emelius S. C. Schmidt,
John Shaffer, Aug. L. Steuben, Joseph Vanorman, Henry W. \\'ilking, Thos. J.
Weaver, Theo. F. Woodcring, Henry C. Wagner, George Wolf.

COMPANY E

Capt. — Edward Kelley.

1st Lieut." — George G. Hutman; 2d, James Tarrcnt, discharged date unknown;
Charles B. Zulick.

1st Sgt. — John Wilson; Sgts., Patrick Shine, Eph. Stiner, Robert .Arnold, Joseph
Snyder.

Cpls. — Jos. Saritz, Jacob .Arnold, Wm. Shick, Wm. Osmun, Daniel Black.

Musicians — Wm. Major, John Schooley.

Pvts. — John Bittenbender, .Anthony Brunner, Patrick Boyle, Wm. H. Cornell,

MILITARY ROLLS 231

John Ciimniiskej', Alexander Colbatte, Edw. Denisey, Timothy Dawes, Jacob Dean,
John Donnovan, Frederick Fry, Allen Ginginger, Stephen Gross, Jacob Ilartzcll,
Hiram llnckman, I.uthcr Morn, George W. Horn, John Herman, George Jolinson,
John King, Jacob Knoblock, Peter Kelchncr, Frank Ludwig, Edw. Lewis, John May,
Hugh E. Major, Daniel Medlcr, John Noe, John Pettinger, Richard Person, Wm. Ran-
dolph, George Smith, George Sweeney, Josiah Woolbach, William Wright, George
Walsh, James Whitescll, Wm. Wheeler, Charles H. Woehrlc.

COMPANY F

Capts. — Thomas L. McKean, promoted to major, July 3, iSfi^. Henry Huber.

1st Lieut. — William H. Kline; 2d, William N. Scott.

1st Sgt. — Samuel Laird; Sgts., John Murray, Daniel Laubach, Samuel Cortright,
Alexander E. Robinson.

Cpls. — William H. Omrod, Alvin J. HufTord, John Wolfram, Herman A. Pohl,
Henry W. Wilhelm, Samuel Arndt, William Elliott, Franklin I,. Terry.

Musicians — Emanuel Wilhelm, Thomas A. Martin.

Pvts. — William C. Aten, Labourn Aldridge, John Billings, Lewis Bloss, Reuben
Briesh, Thomas Boycc, Hiram Buss, Thomas Buss, Henry Bachman, Henry Basset,
Israel Briggs, Samuel Cosner, William Cheston, John Clark, John Cheston, Samuel
Chamberlain, Andrew Dietz, James Duncan, Joseph Dodd, James Dcreemer, Samuel
Dull, Andrew Elliott, Henry F'rcyberger, Henry Foster, Augustus Goclity, Joseph
Goodcar, Alexander Gillian, William Galloway, George Hubbard, Thomas Hanlin,
William Hampton, Job Henry, William Hyle, George Hartzell, Nicholas Hartwin, A.
G. Ibach, John Koch, Peter Kleckner, John Kemery, Josiah Kohl, George V. Kimball,
Wilson Lesher, John Miller, Charles Menninger, Frederick Mayer, John McKelvey,
Amos McNeil, Thomas McLaughlin, Andrew McLaughlin, John Price, Josiah Poe,
Martin Pohl, William Pendegrass, John B. Roberts, Joseph Rupell, Charles V. B.
Rinker, John Rice, Chas. Saylor, Joseph Siles, Adam Styers, Emanuel R. Shilling,
Oscar A. Singer, Harman F. Shuler, Thomas Shannon, Andrew Tsnir, Stephen Tag-
gart, George Vanscoter, John Vogle, John Wilhelm, William Wolfram, David W^eber,
William Waltman, John Weiss, John R. Young, John Young.

COMPANY G

Capt.— William Otto.
1st Lieut. — William Mutchler, promoted to Adjt., July 3, 1863, W^illiam F. Schatz;
2nd, William H. Ginnard.

1st Sgt. — Charles Eichman; Sgts., Levine F. Leibfried, Reuben Schlabach, Obadiah
Huebner, Joseph A. Ginnard.

Cpls. — John Hensler, George Arm, Rudolph Babp, Jeremiah Dietrich, George
Hensler, William Steckle, George W. Wagoner, William L. Ricker.

Musician — William Barnes.

Pvts. — Stewart Altamus, George Brinker, Jacob Bower, George H. Beam, Howard
Bowers, John Berkey, Daniel Butler, Joseph Brinker, Richard Beitel, Leonard
Brcidinger, William A. Conahay, Richard Clewell, George Davenport, Charles W.
Dickson, William Denning, Charles Dittler, John Dcvvalt, Christian Dittler, Joseph
Flad, Tilghman Fehr, William H. Fehr, .Alfred Frey, Franklin T. Grube, Albert H.
Good, Jeremiah Hellick, Jacob Hensler, Christian Hartman, Reuben Hines, Lewis H.
Hamman, Jacob Keiper, Jr., John L. Keiter, Henry Keiper, William F. Keller, Jonas F.
Kindt, Jacob Kratzer, Henry Leidy, John Leidich, Elias B. Lynn, Jas. Mutchler, Charles
Medler, Traill T. Murgesser, George B. Nace, Joseph L. Ochs, Edmund A. Oerter,
John Percival, Jacob Plattenbergcr, John Rupp, Jonas Reeser, Robert Rollan, Samuel
Reese, William Snyder, Edward Smitli, Neander D. Scigfricd, John H. Santce, Edw.
Siegfried, William H. Thomas, John Wolle, Clemens Weisenbach, Reuben Willour,
Edwin Werner, Wm. H. W'erner, Joseph Weiner, Jonathan Nander, John P. Young,
Thomas I. Zorn.

COMPANY H

Capt. — Christian Kroehl.

1st Lieut. — David Bless; 2d, James McGloin.

232 NORTHAMPTON' COUNTY

1st Sgt, — John P. Hay; Sgls., Saniiic! Bruch, Edw. Troxel, Levinus Transue, Jona.
J. Carry.

Cpls. — Lewis Eckert, Charles Knapp, Dan'l Hunt, Geo. W. Barrow, Frederick
Takhe, Patrick Kaegan, Henry Froelich, Nicholas Eingcmaii.

Musicians — Franklin Leidy, Jacob Bitzer.

Pvts. — Theodore Bauer, Charles A. Barrow, .\dam Bacher, .•\ndrcw J. Bunstine,
Felix Bachman, Daniel S. Crawford, Samuel Dutt, Benj. Deep, Cyrus Flony, Martin
Faulstich, Jacob Goether, Sith Crawford, John Garis, Daniel Hartzog, William Hel-
rick, John Hcnsler, George H. Hare, David W. Huber, Michael Herther, Jacob L. Hay,
Mcisinger Kiitler, Jos. Kobb, Edw. B. Leibensperger, William Leibensperger, Charles
Miller, Geo. Miller, John Miller, John Moutz, Adam Ruff, Thomas Rothrock, Joseph
Reese, John Straub, Edwin Sandt, .^dam Schickley, Frederick Steckley, Jacob Schickley,
Edw". Smith, Charles Stump, Patrick Swany, Frederick Troxel, Richard Templin, Jesse
Walter, Joseph Walter, Levi Wagner, John Woolbach, William E. Well, Solomon
Walter, Charles Youson, William Yutz.

COMPANY K

Capt. — Augustus F. Heller.

1st Lieut. — Daniel Phillips; 2d, Tilghman Brong.

1st Sgt. — Henry L. .Arndt; Sgts., Adam H. Lane, Samuel Stem, Burton Burrell,
Solon Phillips.

Cpls. — John H. Richards. Valentine \'anorman, George E. Seiple, Andrew J.
Knauss, Wm. Richards, Martin iKchline, Peter Campbell, Jacob Bryson.

ilusicians — Philip Bruch, Edv.ard Barnet.

Pvts. — Wm. Brady, N'elson Bishop, John L Bell, Peter H. Barnes, Thomas
Bishop, George H. Barron, John H. Bruch, Henry C. Barnet. Geo. H. Barnet, Francis
Buck, Charles Barnet, Wm. Bewcaw, John Barnet, Wm. H. Drake, Alpheus Frey,
Edward Frey, Joseph Green, Robert E. Godshalk, Wm. P. Gould. Peter German, John
Grotz, Henry Heller, Edw. Heckman, Wm. Heckman, .Mfred Hart, Charles Hillman,
Westley Howell, Wm. H. Hartzell, Edw. Jones, Wm. Kresler, Peter Mulhatan, .'\lex-
andcr Reichard, Oscar Rohn, Thomas J. Roberts, Leander Roberts, Edw. Rosebcrry,
Edw. Ricker, James Raub, Wm. Raub, Robert Roling, John H. Swab, Roseberry Seip,
John H. Seiple, John Slone, Wm. B. Titus, Wm. Trin, Samuel Unangst, George Wor-
man, Charles W. Weber, Robert YouUes, Joseph Young.

THIRTY-FOURTPI REGIMENT— MILITIA OF 1863

One company from Northampton county. Regiment mustered in June 3, 1863;
out, August 24, 1863.

COMPANY D— RAISED IN BETHLEHEM

(Mustered in June 3, 1863; discharged 24, 1863.)

Capt. — William C. Stout.

1st Lieut. — Wm. H. M'Carty; 2d, Henry Shelly.

1st Sgt. — David O. Luckenbach; Sgts., Wm. S. Sieger, Orlando B. Desh, Henry
Hildebrandt, Wm. A. Erwin.

Cpls. — Reuben O. Luckenbach, Lewis R. Huebner, Bernard E. Lehman, .Mbert
Kampman, Francis E. Huber, David Rau, Oliver Pearson, Herman Reihman.

Musicians — Orlando Harris, John C. Hagen.

Pvts. — George .^newalt, Isaiah Bossard, John W. Brown, Christian H. Belling,
Albert Belling, Milton Beahm, John Brennan, Wilson Buss, George L. Baum, Heinrich
Brinkman, Morris A. Borhek, Frank S. Bender, Clement Bealer, Wm. H. Bigler, A.
Commenus Clauder, James B. Carey, Peter W. Cortwright, Lewis P. Clewell, George
J. Desh, Henry E. Daster, Edmund Doster (promoted to Quartermaster July 3, 1862),
Edward Erwin, Charles W. Erwin, Francis E. Fenncr, .\ug. R. Fickardt, Wm. Frank-
enfield, Christopher Grimes, George W'. Gross, Robert M. Gormley, Elias Good, Mol-
ten Huth, Morris T. Hope, Wm. Heller, Ephraim Hillman, Theopilous Haman, Gran-
ville Henry, Edwin G. Klose, Wm. Kleckner, ^farcus Krause, Cornelius W. Krause,

MILITARY ROLLS

233

Albert M. Kern, Joseph Kcipcr, Jolin Lcrcli, Frederick List, John Lee, Jolin Matthews,
James O. Miksch, Jas. R. McCurdy, Robert Peysert, Joseph Peters, Robert H. Parker,
John Pullon, Win. H. Rice, Henry C. Raw, Frederick J. Rice, James K. Ranch, Solo-
mon B. Reinhart, Benjamin Swartz, Jas. SicRer, A. E. Stultzenbach, Osborn T. Smoy-
keffcr, Benjamin Steinberger, Matthew Schmidt, Manassas Seiple, Abraham S. Schropp
(promoted to Adjt. July 31, 1H63), Jos. II. Tracger, Thos. Taylor, (lerliart Tlionias,
Edward Weldon, Harrison Willmot, Nathan Weiss, John 1'. Wethcrill, Milton 1'.
Weaver, John F. Walp, Riifus Y. Ycrkcs, Hiram C. Yolie, Henry Young, Charles
Ziegenfuss.

As showing tlie amounts paid in bounty-money to solc'iers, and for
substitutes duriiip: the war, the following is extracted from a local newspaper
of that time:

"Tlie amount of local bounties, paid in the various sub-districts in Nortliampti>n
county for volunteers and substitutes, is as follows:

"Easton $120,732.00

"South Easton 39,700.00

"Allen (township) 20,605.00

"Bethlehem (Borough) 81,365.00

"Freemansburg 20,335.00

"Bethlehem (township) 66,603.00

"Hanover 9,540.00

"Bushkill 23,136.00

"East Allen 36,081.00

"Batli 15,200.00

"Forks 20,936.00

"Palmer 41,080.00

"Lehigh 84,985,00

Lower Nazareth 45,710.00

"Lower Mount Bethel 73,088.00

"Moore 54,525.00

"Plainfield 56,027.00

"Saucon 165,172.00

"tapper Mount Bethel 85,829.00

"Upper Nazareth 25,380.00

"Nazareth (Borough) 22,585.00

Williams 85,060.00

"Total amount paid in the county $1,193,674.00"

THE NEW V(l
PUBLIC LIBRARY

ASTOB, LENOX AM)
TILDEN FOIXDaTKINS
L

ALOX(, LKHICHTON DRIVE (LECH-AU-H1CH-T()X GLKN)
Near Thirteenth Street. Easton

CHAPTER XIX
THE LAST HALF CENTURY

The last fifty years of development of Northampton county has been the
greatest in her history ; the encourap:ement of infant industries have brought
forth a golden fruit that have enlarged her resources and peopled her terri-
tory with a busy hive of industrial workers and the results of their handiwork
are scattered broadcast throughout the world. The natural resources of the
county have been devoloped so that they surpass any other region of the State ;
sixty per cent, of the county's production of roofing slate comes from the
Bangor valley and is of the finest quality, and a recent demand for structural
slate for domestic and sanitary use has greatly increased the output of the
quarries.

Cement is now one of the larger industries of the United States ; statistics
show that Northampton county produces thirty-five per cent, of the amount
manufactured in the country. In the so-called Lehigh region, which is almost
entirely within the confines of Northampton county, in the year 1918
36,000,000 barrels of high-grade Portland cement, in accordance with govern-
ment official report, were manufactured. Brown hemalite ore, ochres, clays
and sand exist in large quantities and are important industries. The quar-
ries of marble and soapstone have been developed and successfully worked.
The diversified manufacturing industries producing a great variety of articles
from the steel armor of the battleship to the most delicate lingerie, all aid in
enhancing the wealth and prosperity of the county.

The last half century in Northampton county presents in historical value
only an increase in population and wealth. The county as a unit in the affairs
of the nation as well as in that of the commonwealth performed her part. At
the close of the Civil War the manufacturing industries of the county were in
a primitive condition ; then was inaugurated the era of greatest development
of the county's natural resources and the encouragement of those busy
hives of industry that peopled the manufacturing centers. These industrial
developments brought wealth and prosperity to Northampton county ; if she
had depended on her agricultural resources alone she would not at the present
day occupy the position she now holds among her sister counties. The rapid
growth of the manufacturing districts has built up the stability of the county,
has enhanced her taxable property so she has been enabled to construct schools
of education, to disseminate religion, to propagate appliances and inventions
for the satisfaction and welfare of the community. The townships devoted
to agricultural development at the time of the Civil War had reached the
zenith of their population and when not reinforced by other industries than
those of the soil have gradually in each decade decreased in population.

The advance in educational facilities in the county has been marked with
progress and rapid growth. The popularity of Lafayette College, seated at
Easton, to which institution the citizens of the county have always been lib-

236 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

eral subscribers, is evidenced by its enrollment of seven hundred students
and its equipment with departments in every branch of science and literature.
Within a radius of twelve miles at Bethlehem is situated Lehigh University,
a college for technical education, with an enrollment of seven hundred stu-
dents. These two notable institutions of learning, supplemented by the
^Moravian College and Seminary at Bethlehem, Nazareth Hall at Nazareth,
with a number of private, preparatory and parochial schools, makes North-
ampton county a center of learning, culture and education.

The first notable national event that the people of Northampton county
were called upon to take a part in was the Spanish-American War. It was on
February i6, 189S, when the naval dlsa^ter at Havana, Cuba, occured, resulting
in the sinking of the Battleship ^[aine. Throughout the length and breadth of
the land the cry went forth. "Remember the Maine." The country's ultimatum
was handed the Spanish government April 20, 1898. which was immediately
followed by the President's call for 125,000 volunteers. Pennsylvania's assign-
ment was ten regiments of infantry and four companies of heavy batteries.
An enrollment office was opened in Easton, April 22, 1898, and seventy-one
young men of the city enlisted, also thirty-three from South Easton.

Then came Dewey's victory at Manila Bay and an additional call by the
President for 75,000 volunteers. Northampton county readily filled her part
of Pennsylvania's quota, which was dispatched to the regimental camps of
the newly created army. Easton organized a military company known as
Easton City Guards, having on its muster roll sixty-three men, with a reserve
list of twenty-three. Dr. B. Rush Field was elected captain and on his pro-
motion to major, Fred R. Drake became his successor.

The destruction of the Spanish fleet and the surrender of the Spanish
army at Santiago virtually closed the war, and though the Pennsylvania regi-
ments did not take an active part on the fields of warfare, their number was
decimated by diseases contracted in the southern mobilization camps.

At the battle of Santiago fell a noble son of Northampton county. Charles
A. WikolT was born in Easton, March 8, 1837. .\t the breakmg out of the
Civil War he enlisted in Company H, First Pennsylvania Volunteers. Soon
after this enlistment he was commissioned as first lieutenant and later pro-
moted to captain. At the battle of Shiloh he suffered the loss of an eye.
Captain Wikoff, at the cessation of hostilities, joined the regular army ; he was
assigned to the Twenty-fourth Regiment, U. S. A., September 21, 1866, and
on April 25, 1869, was transferred to the Eleventh Regiment. He received his
promotion as major December 7, 1876, became a member of the Fourteenth
Regiment, and was made lieutenant-colonel of the Twenty-second Regiment
January 29, 1897. Colonel WikofT was assigned to the command of the Ninth,
Thirteenth and Twenty-fourth Regiments of the regular army June 20, 1898.
This command formed the Third Brigade, First Division, Fifth Army Corps
of the army of invasion of Cuba.

It was on the morning of July i, 1898, that Colonel Wikoff 's command
received marching orders to move forward in the direction of Santiago. The
brigade's advance was exposed to incessant fire from the Spanish forces.
Colonel Wikoff, in advance of his command, received a mortal wound, with
out doubt from a Spanish sharpshooter. The bullet entered his right side.

THE LAST HALF CENTURY 237

ranged downward, touched or passed just under the heart, coming out on the
other side. One-half hour after he received his death wound the United
States forces captured San Juan Hill.

Since the Civil War, Colonel WikofF was on constant armj' duty in the
West, and only a few days before his death his wife, who was Miss Susan
Meixell of Easton, arrived in her native city from Fort Crooke, Nebraska.

Colonel Wikofif lies buried in the cemetery of his native city, a suitable
monument marking the spot. Though but little is known of him personally
in Easton, on account of his enlistment as a young man in the Civil War and
his after-life in the regular army removed him from the recollections of his
former associates, they, however, all revered him for his loyalty to his country
and his bravery in battle.

More than a decade of years rolled away when Northampton county was
again called upon to mourn the loss of another veteran of the Civil War — one
who was prominently identified with the business life, the social life and the
political life of the county. The sad news went forth December 7, 1912, that
General Frank Recder had thrown off the cares of this world for an abiding-
place in the world beyond.

General Reeder was born in Easton, May 22, 1845, the youngest son of
Governor Andrew H. Reeder. He attended school at Lawrenceville, New
Jersey, and while in the senior class of Princeton University in 1862 enlisted
for the emergency in Pennsylvania in the Fifth Pennsylvania Regiment. He
was at this time only seventeen years of age, and in October, 1862, entered the
One Hundred and Seventy-fourth Pennsylvania Regiment, and on November
20, 1862, was appointed adjutant of his regiment. He served on the staff of
Generals Peck and Vogdes until August 7, 1863, participating with the Tenth
and Eighteenth Army Corps in operations in eastern Virginia, North Carolina
and in the movements against Charleston, South Carolina.

After being mustered out of the service he began recruiting for the Nine-
teenth Pennsylvania Cavalry and was commissioned captain October 19, 1863.
He served with his regiment and as judge advocate of General Grierson's Cav-
alry Corps, also as assistant adjutant-general of the Seventh Division. He
took part in several battles with the enemy, was slightly wounded at Cypress
Swamp, April 2, 1864, and at the battle of Nashville he led a successful charge,
had three horses shot under him, and was himself wounded in the side. For
bravery in action he was brevetted major and lieutenant-colonel.

After the completion of the Nashville campaign his regiment was ordered
to Mobile, Alabama, and being relieved from staff duty, being the senior offi-
cer of the regiment, he was placed in command. He received his commission
as lieutenant-colonel January 26, 1865, and after the surrender of the rebel
forces in Alabama his command was ordered to the Red river. Upon the sur-
render of the trans-Mississippi forces the regiment was stationed on the line
of the Rio Grande river. Colonel Reeder returned with his regiment to Phila-
delphia, where he was finally discharged from the United States service
June 13, 1866.

With this brilliant military record Colonel Reeder was, at its expiration,
only a month older than the legal age of manhood. Returning to civil life he
prosecuted his law studies at Albany, New York, and was admitted to practice

238 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

March 2, 186S. He at once located in New York City in the practice of his
profession, where he remained until the autumn of 1869. when he returned to
Easton, and, in connection with his brother Howard J- Reeder, formed the lawj
firm of Reeder & Reeder. His legal duties, however, did not lessen his interest
in military life. He was appointed brigadier-general in the National Guard of
Pennsylvania, commanding the Fifth Brigade, Second Division, July 24, 1874.
General Reeder also took an active interest in politics ; he was collector of
internal revenue for the eleventh district of Pennsylvania from 1873 to 1876.
secretary of state 1895 to 1898, and a member of Governor Hastings' cabinet.
Three sons survived him : Andrew H. Reeder, Frank Reeder and Douglass
W. Reeder.

The nation again made a peremptory call to arms in the spring of 1917.
The Continental War that had been raging for over two years had reached
such a condition of affairs that threatened the peace and happiness of the citi-
zens of the country, and it became evident that the United States must take
her place in the defense of the rights of humanity. Northampton county was
thus called upon again to give of her population and wealth for the upholding
of those principles which are the foundation and soul of every republic. To
every call made upon her citizens the responses were patriotically and bravely
met. Many of her sons made the supreme sacrifice, while others were maimed
for life, her citizens responding to the financial aid of the government. The
war between the Allies and the Central Powers is of so recent occurrence that
it does not become the part at present of local history. The statistics and facts
have to be thoroughly sifted to render a comprehensive and valuable record of
events. There was, however, one son of Northampton county who gained the
highest distinction and honor.

Peyton Conway March was born in Easton. December 27, 1864, the
second son of Francis Andrew and Mildred Stone (Conway) March. His
father, the well-known philologist, was of Massachusetts parentage, a gradu-
ate of Amherst College. He fitted himself for a legal life, studied law and
practiced that profession for a short time, but came to Lafa^^ette College in
1853. The following year he was appointed adjunct professor of English liter-
ature, and two years later professor of the English language and comparative
philology, which is claimed was the first time that the English classics in the
light of modern philology was co-ordinated with that of Greek and Latin.
Professor March was connected with the faculty of Lafayette College over
fifty years and was made emeritus professor in 1907. He was recognized not
only at home but abroad as one of the foremost philologists of the world and
the finest Anglo-Saxon scholar of his day. These paternal natural character-
istics were inherited by his sons. To-day they occupy prominent positions in
the educational world. Francis Andrew March followed in the footsteps of his
illustrious sire ; he has been a member of the faculty of Lafayette College for
nearly forty years and fills today the professorship of English language ; Thomas
Stone March, since December i, 191 1, has been state inspector of schools for
the State of Pennsylvania : Alden March is editor and president of The Press,
published at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; John Lewis March has been a mem-
ber of the faculty of Union College, Schenectady, New York, since 1904; and

THE LAST HALF CENTURY 239

Peyton Conway March, the present chief of staff of the United States Army,
graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New
York, in 1888. After his graduation the young cadet was attached to the
artillery branch of the United States service, and at the time of the commence-
ment of hostilities with Sjjain he was first lieutenant in the Fifth Artillery
Regiment. He commantlcd the Astor Battery presented to the government by
Colonel John Jacob Astor in the Phili])pines, and was in command of the
forces in action at Tilad Pass, Luzon, December 2, 1899. Previous to this he
had been assigned as major to the Thirty-third Volunteer Infantry, and was
in command of the expedition that received the surrender of General Venancio
Conception, chief of staff to Aguinaldo. General March had charge of the
military and civil government in the district of Lepanto-Bontoc and the south-
ern half of Hocus Sur from February to June, 1900, also the province of Abra
to February, 1901. He was discharged from the volunteer service June 30,
1901, and assigned as captain to the artillery corps of the United States Army.
He was a member of the general staff from 1903 to 1907, and was appointed
military attache to observe the Japanese army in the Russo-Japanese War.
He was made major January 25, 1907, and assigned to the Sixth Field Artil-
lery; he received the promotion to lieutenant-colonel February 8, 1912, and
was commissioned colonel of the Eighth Field Artillery, August 26, 1916.
General March, in June, 1917, was commissioned brigadier-general in the
United States Army and major-general September 3, 1917. At the time of the
first American Expeditionary Force in France he was the artillery commander
of the army, but was subsequently appointed chief of staff, United States
Army, which position he now holds.

^^^I^^S

CHAPTER XX
POLITICAL

The political history of Northami)ton county is a story of Democratic
success with only one break. On the formation of political parties, at the
commencement of the nineteenth century, the voters of the county, being
largely descended from those pioneers who had left their foreign homes on
account of the oppression of those identified with the aristocratic element,
would not afifiliate with the Federalists, and looked for true democracy under
the banners of Thomas Jefferson. The house tax law, passed during Adams'
administration, which was the occasion of the outbreak of the Fries rebellion,
was only another link in the chain that riveted the people more firmly to
democratic principles. The Whig party, which was the heir of the Federalist,
did not receive any warmer welcome or gather to its folds any increased
majority of the voters. The democratic voters of Northampton county
ascended the hill of triumph time after time in the first half of the last century,
and the following morning after each election they had the satisfaction of
reading in the newspapers that the State had been favorable to their demo-
cratic doctrines.

Pennsylvania was a true endorser of Jeffersonian democracy until 1840,
when the Whig candidate. General William H. Harrison, in the Log Cabin
and Hard Cider campaign, carried the State by a narrow plurality of only
about three hundred votes. The Democratic candidates in 1842 were success-
ful over the fusion ticket of Independents and Whigs. The following year
Richard Brodhead was elected to Congress on the Democratic ticket. The
newly elected congressman was born in Pike county, Pennsylvania, January
5, 181 1 ; he was graduated from Lafayette College, admitted to the bar, and
became a member of the State legislature. He was elected in 1841 as treas-
urer of Northampton county, was a member of the United States House of
Representatives from 1843 to 1849, and served in the United States Senate
in 1851-57. He died at Easton, September 6, 1863.

In the presidential campaign of 1844, when the idol of the Whig party,
Henry Clay, was their nominee, the State as well as the county gave a Demo-
cratic majority. For governor Northampton county gave Francis R. Shunk
3,466 votes, his opponent on the Whig ticket, James Markle, receiving 2,458
votes. The candidate of the Whig party in 1845, Henry D. Maxwell, was
defeated for Congress by a vote of 1,217 ^o'' Richard Brodhead, the former
receiving 1,173 votes. The Democratic county officials were elected by small
majorities, which were, however, increased two years later.

In the presidential election of 1848 the Free Soil party became an element
which caused a division in the Democratic ranks, and the Whigs succeeded in
carrying Pennsylvania for General Zachary Taylor. The county of North-
ampton, however, stood true to its Democratic faith, and gave Lewis Cass,
the party's candidate for president, 4,203 votes, while General Taylor received

NOUTH.— 1— 16.

242 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

3,191 votes. The following year the Democrats were again successful in the
election of their county officials at increased majorities.

In the gubernatorial election of 1851, William Bigler, the Democratic
nominee, received 4,150 votes, and 2,627 votes were cast for his Whig oppo-
nent, William F. Johnston. The usual Democratic majority was given to
Franklin Pierce in 1852 for president, and their candidates for county officers
w-ere elected with increased majority. William Bigler was defeated for gov-
ernor in 1854 by a combination of the Whig and Native American parties;
however, Northampton stood true to her democracy, giving an old-time
majority of 2,750, and at the election for county officers the following year
their candidates were elected with majorities ranging from 2,000 to 2,500 votes.

In the presidential election of 1856 a native son of Pennsylvania was at
the head of the Democratic ticket. The Republican party in this year made
its first appearance in the national election. The contest was close and excit-
ing, as James Buchanan carried the State by only a majority of 815 votes, his
plurality, however, being 27,152, as Millard Fillmore, on the American ticket,
received 26,387 votes. This was the last victory in the State for the Demo-
cratic ticket in presidential elections. In the counting of the votes cast, 5,260
in a total of 8,266 were given to the Democratic nominee. The following year,
in the election for governor, the county still remained true to her early prin-
ciples of democracy, and later the majorities for the candidates of that party
ranged from 1,300 to 1,500.

In the four-party fight in the national politics in i860, Northampton
county still was found in the Democratic ranks. The representative for the
Congressional district in 1862 was Philip Johnson. He was born in Warren
county, New Jersey, January 17, 1818, and moved to Mount Bethel, Pennsyl-
vania, in 1839. Graduating from Lafayette College in 1844, he spent two years
as plantation tutor in Mississippi. Returning to Easton, he attended Union
Law School, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Easton. He
was county clerk from 1S48 to 1853. a member of the State legislature, a mem-
ber of the Thirty-seventh, Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses, and
died at Washington, District of Columbia, January 20, 1867. The Republican
party in the county election of 1865 commenced to develop strength, and
though the Democrats elected their candidates it was by majorities below
their usual aggregate.

The national elections of 1864 and 1868 passed without any due excite-
ment, but in 1869 Asa Packard was the Democratic nominee for governor.
Though Northampton county gave this noted philanthropist a substantial
majority, the Republican candidate, John W. Geary, was elected, his majority
in the State, however, being less than five thousand. An old-time Democratic
majority of nearly three thousand in 1871 was given the county ticket. The
national campaigns, in which General Grant was the Republican nominee,
passed in the usual manner, and with the same results as have been previously
stated. The vote on the adoption of the new State constitution in 1873 resulted
in the county with 3,245 votes for it and 2,581 against it. The candidacy of
Samuel J. Tilden raised the hopes of the Democrats of Northampton county,
and right royally they gave him their support. In the presidential election in

POLITICAL 243

1880 the National Greenback party showed some strength, and of the 12,978
ballots polled in the county, the candidates on that ticket received 1,079 votes.
The Democrats of Pennsylvania vvfere jubilant over the election of Robert E.
Pattison as governor in i88j, and in this memorable victory for Democracy
Northampton county nobly did her part.

Then came the Democratic victory of 1884, when Grover Cleveland was
elected president, his opponent being the statesman, James G. Blaine. North-
ampton county came loyally to the support of the Democratic nominee, the
vote being 9,491 for Cleveland to 6,328 for Blaine. The success of the Repub-
lican jiarty in the gubernatorial election in 1886 caused discontent and dis-
comfort in the Democratic ranks. An independent Democratic convention
was held at Nazareth, October 8, 1887, and though the members declared their
allegiance to the Democratic principles, endorsed the presidential administra-
tion and county ofificials, they openly declared they were the only Democrats
in the county, and as the party was bound hand and foot to ringleaders, the
only chance for liberty was in revolution. These avowed declarations did not
seem to have any eflfect on the election of that year, as the Democratic county
officials were elected by majorities ranging from 1,700 to 3,000 and the
State ticket received 3,314 plurality. The national election the following year
was made memorable by the defeat of Grover Cleveland, who was seeking a
re-election. In Northampton county Cleveland received 10,018 votes and
Harrison 6,786; the prohibition candidate polled 244 votes, and the labor
candidate 5.

Robert E. Pattison was again in 1S90 the candidate of his party, and to
his successful election Northampton county contributed her part by giving
him a large majority. The national campaign in 1892 was made interesting,
the heads of each of the tickets being the same candidates as four years previ-
ous. President Harrison was seeking a re-election, and had for his opponent
Grover Cleveland. There was an enthusiastic campaign in Northampton
county, which resulted in Cleveland receiving 10,320 votes and Harrison 6,892.

The last quarter century of the political history of Northampton county,
with few exceptions, was a succession of Democratic victories. In the county
election of 1895 the Republicans elected their candidates for sherifif, clerk of
the orphans' court and commissioner's clerk. In the national silver campaign
of 1896 the theory of "sixteen to one" seems to have not been acceptable to
some adherents of Democracy, as Bryan had only a majority of nine votes, he
receiving, according to official count, 10,029, McKinley 9,763, and scattering
357 votes. The majority of the county officials w-ere elected by the Republi-
cans. In the State election in i8g8 the Democrats elected their candidates for
State senator and representatives to the General Assembly. William S. Kirk-
patrick, the Republican candidate for Congress, though his home city, Easton,
gave him a majority of 581 votes, was defeated in the district by Laird How-
ard Barber, of Mauch Chunk. The county election of 1899 resulted in com-
fortable majorities for the Democratic candidates. William J. Bryan was
again the party candidate in the presidential election of 1900; the delusion of
free silver was not so prominent a feature as the preceding campaign ; the
majority for the silver-tongued orator of Nebraska was materially increased.

244 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

he receiving 11,412 votes, 9.948 were cast for McKinley, and scattering 490.
In the congressional district election in 1902 Dr. James H. Shull of Strouds-
burg was elected. Easton supported Samuel W. Pennypacker, the Republican
nominee for governor, by a majority of 32, while the nominee for Congress on
the same ticket received a majority of 863.

Then came the landslide for the Republicans in the presidential election
of 1904, when the doughty hero of the Rough Riders carried the county by
storm. The Democratic majorities were swept to the winds, Roosevelt
receiving a majority of 201, the vote being Roosevelt 11,105, Parker 10,278,
scattering 624. The Republicans elected all of their candidates for State and
county offices. The following year the fortunes of politics turned, and a
plurality of nearly five thousand was obtained for the Democrat candidates
for State and county offices. In the gubernatorial election in 1906 the county
was carried for the Democratic nominee. Joseph Davis Brodhead, a native of
Easton, a lawyer by profession, and a Democrat is politics, was elected by a
majority of 3,000 in the congressional district to succeed Gaston Adolphus
Schneebeli, a knitting goods manufacturer of Nazareth, whom the Republi-
cans had elected to the Fifty-ninth Congress.

Northampton county was called upon in 1907 to vote for a judge of the
common pleas court. Judge Russell C. Stewart, a resident of Easton, was the
Republican nominee, and he carried the county by a majority of 787. In his
home city his majoritj' was 741. The Democrats, however, elected the bal-
ance of their county ticket, though the race was very close for sheriff. In the
presidential election in 1908 William J. Bryan again carried the county, receiv-
ing 11,365 votes, William H. Taft receiving 10,875, scattering 522. In the con-
gressional district A. Mitchell Palmer, the Democratic nominee, was elected.
Mr. Palmer was born May 4, 1872, attended the public schools, prepared for
college at Moravian Parochial School at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and gradu-
ated from Swarthmore College in 1891. He was appointed stenographer of
the fifty-third judicial district of Pennsylvania, studied law. was admitted to
the bar in 1893, and i)racticed at Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. He served several
terms in Congress, and is the present attorney-general of the United States in
the cabinet of President W'ilson. In the election of 190S the Democrat county
ofificials were elected, with the exception of clerk to the county commissioners.
A light vote was cast in the election for State and county officials in 1909, the
Democrats having a majority of 1,4] 1.

The injection of the Keystone party in the politics of the State in 1910
caused the election in Northampton county to be decidedly close, the Republi-
can candidate for governor polling 5,395 votes, the Democratic 5,682, and the
Keystone 4,810. In the county election the Democrats elected three county
officials in the contest for sheriff, J. P. Richards, the candidate of the Demo-
cratic party having 9,244, while his Republican opponent, Henry Myers, re-
ceived 9,149 votes. The county commissioners were elected by the Democrats
by a narrow margin.

The introduction of the Progressive party into national politics in 1912
caused a division in the Republican ranks. Roosevelt, however, retained his
magnetic influence over the voters of Northampton county. The result of the

POLITICAL 245

battle of l)alIots was that Woodrow Wilson received 10,318, Theodore Roose-
velt 6,588, and William H. Taft 3,890 votes. The Democratic candidate for
Congress, A. Palmer Mitchell, received 10,217 votes in the county, the Repub-
licans casting 9,030 votes for F. A. Marsh. In the election held in 191 3 for
superior court judge and county ofhcials, the Democrats had a majority of
over three thousand. In the election for governor in 1914 the Democratic
nominee, Vance C. McCormick, received 8,416 votes, and his Republican oppo-
nent, M. G. F)rumbaugh, received 7,850 votes. The introduction of a third
ticket for United States senator, the split being in the Democratic party,
caused the county to be carried by Boies Penrose, the Reiniblican candidate,
by a plurality of nearly nine hundred votes.

The leading attraction in the county election in 191 5 was the fight for
judgeship between William McKeen, the Democratic candidate, and Judge J.
Davis Brodhcad, an appointee of Governor John K. Tenner, to fdl a vacancy
caused by death. In spite of a hard-fought battle the Democratic nominee
won out, receiving 10,758 votes to his opponent's 8,421. In the exciting
national campaign in 1916, when Woodrow Wilson was seeking re-election,
Northampton county was still to be found in the front ranks of the Democratic
party of the State. When the ballots were officially counted it was found that
Mr. Wilson had received 11,000 votes, while there had been cast for his Repub-
lican opponent, Charles E. Hughes, 9,610, scattering 1,048.

Here we draw the curtain on the politics of the county. Solid as a pha-
lanx the Democratic party has stood for those Jeffersonian principles which
are the fundamental rules of the party, and right nobly have the disciples of
these doctrines maintained their organization, and though they have often
suffered from reverses, again they approached the battle of the ballots with an
enduring faith in the infallibility of the underlying principles of the party of
which they are members.

THE NI-:\V VOliK

PUBLIC LlCllAllY

ASTOR. LENOX \sn
TIUJBN POLNDATUINS

COLIKT HOUSK IX lf<40

I HI-: OLD CULR'I IIULLSI{

CHAPTER XXI.

BENCH AND BAR
By Tarkk it. Davis

Among Northampton county's historical treasures let no one overlook
the remote and recent personnel of its bench and bar. The roll of attorneys
of this county at all periods from the founding of the county down to the
present day has gleamed with names distinguished not only as great lawyers,
when measured by the most exacting standards, but celebrated by other activi-
ties comprising every phase of national service and success. The long array
of counsel reflects the names of famous statesmen, soldiers, captains of indus-
try, philosophers, educators and men of letters. The careers of many have
been so transcendental that their memory has become a national heritage.
Indeed, the achievement of the most notable deeds of some of these men in
other theatres of action after their career here as lawyers closed has eclipsed
local knowledge of the fact that these men once were members of the North-
ampton county bar. For instance, how few know that the memorable bard
who wrote "Hail Columbia," one of our country's famous patriotic anthems,
began his career as a young lawyer at this bar, residing for a time in a little
house on or near Easton's Centre Square? How many are there who are
familiar with the fact that it was a Northampton county lawyer who was
selected to serve as secretary to General Washington in 1775 and as his
aide-de-camp in 1776? Or that it was an Easton attorney who penned the
original constitution of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania?

The glorious history of the bench and bar of Northampton county may
be said to have commenced with the passage of the famous "Act to estab-
lish courts of judicature in this province," enacted May 22, 1722. "Whereas,"
runs the act, "the late King Charles the Second, by his royal grant and charter
to William Penn of that tract of land called Pennsylvania did grant him free
and absolute power to do all things for the complete establishment of justice.
be it therefore enacted that there shall be a court styled the General Quarter
Sessions of the Peace and Gaol Delivery, to be holden four times a year in each
county of this Province."

This statute thereupon provided that the governor of the province should
appoint "a competent number of Justices in every of the said counties who, o*-
any three of them, should hold court according to law." The court thus estab-
lished was one of criminal jurisdiction only, and the justices subsequently
appointed thereto throughout the province were citizens of intellectuality and
integrity, but unlearned in law. Their powers were limited to the issuance of
recognizances, writs of capias, subpoenas, and to other proceedings and pre-
cepts preliminary to trial.

This act further provided that the justices of the Supreme Court should
hold court in each county for the trial of causes, civil and criminal, "as fully
as the Justices of Nisis Prius in England may or can do." The civil court thus

248 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

established was designated as the Court of Common Pleas. This judicial ar-
rangement, subsidiarily modified from time to time, continued until 1791,
when, under the constitution of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, no
longer a Eritish province, but a State of the United States of America, North-
ampton county, was erected into a separate judicial district, designated as the
"Third," a number which it still bears, and given a separate judge.

The first session of court in the new county convened at Easton, June
16, 1752. The judges who presided at this first term of court of the county
were Thomas Craig, Timothy Horsefield, William Craig, James Martin and
Hugh Wilson. This court was held in a log tavern, but the pomp of a royal
court under King George the Second nevertheless was not lacking. A corps
of constables bearing ornately painted staves escorted the judges from their
lodgings to the court, and the judges themselves similarly were impressive
and imposing in three-cornered hats and other regalia of a British court.

The docket of this first court, as well as all of the other early dockets, are
to be found in the files of the present court-house by the side of all the succeed-
ing dockets. The primitiveness of the colonial records, however, is eloquent
in the very titles, which are spelled sometimes "Docquet" and sometimes
"Doggett." All of these dockets, however, reflect infinitely painstaking care
in their entries and all compare in form and nicety with the current dockets
of the present day.

In the original docket we find the first entry, as follows : "At a Court of
record of our Lord the King held at Easton for the County of Northampton
the sixteenth day of June in the twenty-sixth year of our Sovereign Lord
George H, by the grace of God, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland,
etc.. Anno Domini, 1752, before Thomas Craig. Timothy Horsefield, Hugh
Wilson, James Martin, and William Craig, Justices of the Lord the King, the
peace in said County to keep as also divers trespassers and felons and other
offense in said County committed to hear and determine, assigned by commis-
sions dated the seventh day of June instant."

With the call of the crier to those having business before the court, a
young man by the name of Lewis Gordon arose and stated to the court that
he was a member of the bar of Bucks county and that he desired to be admitted
to the bar of Northampton county. Quickly approving his credentials, this
young man was admitted, thereby achieving a distinction by that act alone
which was to increase perpetually with the years, and which was to bestow
upon him in his lifetime the honor of being the first lawyer in the county, and
after his demise to celebrate his memory as the father of the Northampton
county bar. But Lewis Gordon also achieved distinction in other ways. Let
us acquaint ourselves with his career.

Lewis Gordon came to America from Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1750. The
date of his birth as well as the early events of his life are lost in obscurity.
The first we know of him is that he was a clerk in the oflice of Richard Peters
at Philadelphia, Peters being the secretary for the Penns. While in this oflSce
he read law and was admitted to the bar of Bucks county. From the knowl-
edge which he gained as a clerk for the proprietaries he evidently foresaw
that Easton would be a fitting place in which to establish himself as a practic-

BENCH AND BAR 249

ing- attorney. At the time of his admission to Northampton's bar he moved his
family to Easton and took up a residence there which lasted twenty-six years.
His daughter Elizabeth became the wife of James Taylor, a son of George
Taylor, the signer of the Declaration of Independence. During his long resi-
dence in Easton, Lewis Gordon particijjated in all the public affairs of his
time. We find him a promoter of the original schoolhouse. In 1760, when
the trouble arose through the settlement of lands in the northeastern section
of the Slate by settlers from Connecticut, Lewis Gordon was commissioned by
the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania to select twenty-one discreet men, among
whom should be the sheriff of the county, to jiroceed to the settlements, make
investigation and arrest the men from Connecticut who had settled within the
State of Pennsylvania. It will he recalled that Connecticut at that time
claimed the northeastern .section of Penn.';ylvania as a part of their State.
Gordon accordingly proceeded to this territory, made his investigations, but
found the situation so huge that it could not be handled by civil processes.
Accordingly he reported his findings and recommendations to the Supreme
Court. In the meantime actual war broke out, the facts of which are gener-
ally familiar under the name of the Pennamite War. With the outbreak of
the Revolution, Gordon became the first member of the committee of safety
for this county, and upon the appointment of the sub-committee known as
the standing committee, he was made its chairman. Unfortunately for this
man he now became the victim of an erratic disposition. Accordingly, when
the darkly portentous events of 1/77 broke, Lewis Gordon lost heart in the
cause of the colonies, resigned from his various patriotic offices and in his acts
became a Tory. In consequence, he came under the notice of the executive
council at Philadelphia, which ordered his arrest and confinement to his home.
This sad condition, however, did not last long, for on May 20, 1778, Gordon
repented of his hasty act, took the oath of allegiance to the colony, and
immediately was liberated on parole.

At this original term of this county's court seven other men besides Lewis
Gordon were admitted as lawyers. Their names were James Reed, Benjamin
Price, James Biddle, John Moland, John Price, William Pidgeon and Samuel
Johnson. All of these men were members either of the Bucks or Philadelphia
county bars. Lewis Gordon immediately was appointed prothonotary and
clerk of the Court of Quarter Sessions of the new county. James Biddle was
made king's counsel, an office to-day known as district attorney; William
Craig became sherifif, and the clerk of the Orphans' Court was bestowed upon
Easton's honored pioneer, William Parsons.

For fourteen years this court, as well as the other courts, were held in the
village taverns. After this time, removal was made to the court-house.

In 1753, the second year in the separate history of this judicial district,
only one admission to the bar is recorded, but that name looms large in the
history of Pennsylvania and of the nation. It was Edward Shippen.

Edward Shippen was born at Philadelphia, February 16, 1729. In 1748 he
went to London to complete his law studies at the Middle Temple. Return-
ing to Philadelphia, he was immediately admitted to the bar. On November
22, 1752, he was appointed prothonotary of the Supreme Court, a position

250 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

which he retained until the Revolution. He became a member of the Provin-
cial Council in 1770, in which office he served for five years. On May 17, 1784,
he became president judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia, and
in the same year was raised to the position of judge of the High Court of
Errors and Appeals, an office which he held until that court was abolished in
1806. In 1791 he was appointed a justice of the Supreme Court, in which he
served until 1799, eventually being appointed chief justice. An impressive
memorial of him is in the reports of Addison and Dallas, the pioneer reports
of Pennsylvania, which largely were composed from notes of trial kept by him.

Although several lawyers were admitted in the few succeeding years,
Lewis Gordon remained the only resident attorney in the county until 1765,
when a notable newcomer appeared in the person of John Ross of Bucks
county.

John Ross, in the beginning, was a school teacher at Durham. Here his
talents of mind and character attracted the patronage of Richard Backhouse,
'then the great man of affairs of that section. Backhouse advised Ross to
locate in Easton and to take up the study of law. Backhouse further offered
to maintain him at his own expense until he should become admitted. Upon
his admission, Ross took up his residence at Easton, occupying a house upon
the site of the present residence of the late General Frank Reeder. He had a
wide and lucrative practice. In middle life he became a member of the Society
of Friends. Such was his distinction as a lawyer that in 1818 he was appointed
judge of the Seventh Judicial District, at that time comprising Bucks, Mont-
gomery, Chester and Delaware counties. He served in this capacity until
1830, when he was appointed a justice of the Supreme Court.

The year 1765 marks the admission of more lawyers to practice here than
has taken place in any other year before or since. Not less than twelve men
in the year 1765 became members of the Northampton county bar.

The succeeding decade again was featured by the admission of numerous
lawyers from other counties coming to Easton to try one or more cases. In
1777, however, a notable addition to the bar was made by the admission of
Robert Traill, who spent nearly all of his life in this community, and who was
actively engaged for many years in the larger litigation of our courts. He
was thirty-three years of age at the time. When war broke out and a com-
mittee of safety was formed for the county, Mr. Traill was elected clerk and
served as such for two years. March 11, 1777, he was appointed military
storekeeper at Easton, a position which he declined. In 1781 he was elected
sheriff and served the county for three years. In 1785-86 he was a member of
the General Assembly. At the close of his legislative career he was elected a
member of the Supreme Executive Council of the State. In 1790 he was com-
missioned by Governor Mifflin one of the associate judges of Northampton
county, and held that office for two years. He died at Easton, July 31, 1816.

The year of 1779 stands a golden milestone in Northampton's legal his-
tory. In this year three young men successfully sought admission to our bar.
Their names were John Swift, John Coxe and Samuel Sitgreaves. The first
attorney is difficult now to identify. John Coxe, however, instantly is recog-
nized as a brilliant lawyer of Bucks county.

BENCH AND BAR 251

Samuel Sitgreaves was born in Philadelphia, March 6, 1764. He was a son
of William Sitgreaves of Philatlclphia. Completing a thorough preliminary
education, he enrolled as a student at law in the office of James Wilson, one of
the greatest lawyers of his day and a signer of the Declaration of Independ-
ence. Samuel Sitgreaves was admitted to the bar at Philadelphia, September
3, 1783, being then twenty years of age. He was admitted to the bar of
Northampton county in 1779. Practicing before the local court for seven
years, he imbibed a fondness for the locality and came to Easton to live in
1786. In 1790 he became a member of the State Constitutional Convention,
and as a member of that body took a prominent part in establishing the lead-
ing features of our present constitutional government. His ability soon won
for him an election to Congress in 1795 and a re-election in 1797. Although
only thirty years of age he became a leader in debate and achieved national
distinction for his defense of President Washington, who had refused to send
the documents relating to the Jay treaty to the House of Representatives. A
controversy had arisen between Great Britain and the United States over the
unsettled boundaries, a dis]nitc so acute that war again seemed inevitable. This
controversy, as is well known, was settled by the celebrated Jay treaty. Under
this treaty a commission was necessary to adjust the debts claimed by English
subjects from citizens of the United .States. Samuel Sitgreaves was appointed
a member of this commission. The commission convened in London and
accomplished its object. Mr. Sitgreaves also achieved national fame in his
advocacy of the impeachment of William Blount, a senator from Tennessee.
His conduct as leading counsel for the government in the action against John
Fries, the instigator of the Fries Rebellion, is notable in the historical annals
of the country. He returned to Easton in 1802 and devoted the remainder of
his life to local labors of a public character. His was the hand that made the
original draft of the constitution of Pennsylvania. He drew the Act of Assem-
bly incorporating the Borough of Easton and was the first town clerk. His
hand also wrote the act of incorporation of the Delaware Bridge Company,
and he served as its original secretary and treasurer. As is well known, he
was one of the founders of the Easton Library, founder of the Protestant
Episcopal Church of the city, and was also one of the early presidents of the
Easton National Bank.

During the decade from 1781 to 1791 each year was signalized by the
admission of some lawyer of Pennsylvania whose memory stands to-day
gigantic in the history of Pennsylvania and of this county. Among these men
were Jared IngersoU and Joseph Reed. Joseph Reed was the Northampton
county attorney who served as aide-de-camp to George Washington. His
biography comprises such an important part of the history of our country that
it would be superfluous to sketch it here.

With the commencement of the year of 1791 occurred an event, simple
and commonplace in its time, but which should be and will be treasured among
the foremost traditions of the Northampton county bar. This was the coming
to Easton of a young man by the name of Joseph Hopkinson, famous in his-
tory as the author of the patriotic anthem, "Hail Columbia." Only fancy now
can restore the picture of this young attorney seeking a place somewhere

252 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

around Centre Square to open an office and to reside, and of the incidents
surrounding his admission to the bar. Curiously, no mention is made of this
young man in any local history excepting one, and this mention merely states
that he visited the city, yet in his biographies we may read that he lived and
labored in the city of Easton for a fair period of time, founding his career
here, and ever after regarding the place with affection and later occasionally
returning to plead important cases in the court in which he was cradled. How
such a jewel in Easton's historic diadem as Joseph Hopkinson could be over-
looked b}' the antiquaries is incomprehensible. Even a cursory search for
traces of him finds books in the Easton Library bearing his autographic
inscription and which must have been presented by him to the early librar}^ or
to some friend after his departure from the city. Joseph Hopkinson was born
in Philadelphia; he was the son of Francis Hopkinson, one of the signers of
the Declaration of Independence. He practiced as a resident attorney of
Easton for about three years, when he returned to Philadelphia and took an
active part in the legal and political life in that city. Rising through numer-
ous offices. State and Federal, he finally became judge of the United States
District Court for this district, where he sat for many years with singular
distinction.

Pennsylvania's first State constitution, penned by the Easton lawyer,
Samuel Sitgreaves, was adopted in 1790. It provided for the erection of the
county of Northampton into a separate judicial district to be presided over by
its own judge. 7"he name of this district was given as the Third, and that
name the district retains to the present day, symbolic of the county.

Up to this time the trial courts of record of the county had been held by-
justices of the Supreme Court "at nisi prius, at Easton." spring or fall
"Assizes," so the records run. In looking back to ascertain the names of the
justices who held these courts we find with pride that generally they were
James Biddle, Edward Shippen or Benjamin Chew, all of whom at one time
had been members of the local bar.

The character of the litigation in the first forty years of our courts is
interesting. Turning the pages of the civil dockets we marvel for a moment
at the frequent actions of ejectment and then we realize that these are reflec-
tive of a new country getting under way. Suits for the use or disturbance of
water rights, actions on bills and notes, replevins, account render, and actions
for debt, all were common to the practice of that old day.

Northampton, with its vast domain originally reaching to the New York
State line, of course provided a large mass of litigation. The litigants appar-
ently were satisfied with the results of their trials, for comparatively few
appeals are to be found in the early reports.

Criminal trials were few in number. One of these, nevertheless, was
widely celebrated on account of the law points involved. This was the action
of Respublica vs. Mullato Bob, a trial for murder, resulting in a conviction of
murder in the first degree. On this trial a slave was not permitted to testify
on the broad ground that all slaves were to be rejected as witnesses in court.
The case was appealed and Chief Justice McKean sustained the contention as
to the incompetency of a slave to testify.

BENCH AND BAR 253

Easton in those happj' early clays formed a link in a circuit comprising^
Newton, Chester, Lancaster, Chambersburg', Bedford, Uniontown, Ilarrisburg
and Sunbiiry. The judges and counsel travelled from town to town holding
court. The means of conveyance was upon horseback, and in the saddle-
bags upon each horse usually was to be found the rider's entire law library.
These consisted usually of a small volume of the Pennsylvania Statutes,
Blackstone's Commentaries, Hale's Pleas of the Crown, with perhaps one or
two English books presenting the leading cases of the common law. But
those circuit riders were great lawyers. They were legal builders, for they
are the men who reasoned out the fundamental equities of situations and rela-
tionships and established the princi])les of law upon which modern legal prac-
tice is founded. The lawyer of to-day who rises in court and reads from the
reports princijilc after principle of law, unconsciously is memorializing his
fellows of bygone days who possessed the genius to deduce and formulate
these elementary rules of right. And frequently indeed the old lawyers thus
entitled to credit are the giants of Northampton's early bar.

With the adoption of the constitution of 1790 our courts assumed an
organization very similar to that under which they are conducted to-day. The
judges, however, were appointed and not elected.

The first lawyer to sit as judge for this district was Jacob Rush, who had
been admitted to our bar in 1780. He was a native of Philadelphia county
and a member of the famous family of that name which achieved patriotic
distinction in many ways during the Revolutionary War. He was a graduate
of Princeton and a distinguished soldier of the war. Four years after his
admission to the Northampton county bar he was commissioned a justice
of the Suyircme Court of the State and later a member of the High Court
of Errors and Appeals. He presided over our courts for fifteen years, when
he resigned to accept the position of president judge of Philadelphia county.
It was during his term of office that the insurrection occurred near Beth-
lehem known historically as Fries' Rebellion. The indictments for high treason
growing out of this affair were found in the District Court of Philadelphia.
The appeals from two of the cases, one against John Fries himself, tried
alone, are to be found in the third volume of Dallas's Reports. The elaborate
o])inions of Judge Iredell reflect many fine and fundamental objections to the
procedure raised on the trial, all commonplace to-day, but novel then, and
which succeeded in obtaining a new trial for Fries.

judge Rush was succeeded by John Spayd, who was born in Dauphin
county, but who read law at Reading. His tenure of office here was only
three years. He was followed upon our bench by Robert Porter, who bril-
liantly conducted the courts for twenty-two years. Prior to his commission
as judge he had been one of the leaders at the bar of Philadelphia. During
the ensuing five years Garrick Mallery presided over our courts and main-
tained the same high standard of judicial conduct that had been set by his
predecessors. He resigned in 1836 to resume his practice, in which he rose
to exceptional prominence throughout the State.

John Banks, the fifth judge of Northampton county, at the time of his
appointment was the leader of the Mercer county bar. He served here

254 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

eleven years, resigning to assume the position of State treasurer of Pennsyl-
vania.

And now we come to a personality which is gigantic in the legal history
of the Commonwealth, John Pringle Jones. Graduating from Princeton,
he began the study of the law in Philadelphia, where he was admitted. Sub-
sequently, however, he formed a partnership in Reading with Robert M.
Barr, a lawyer, familiar to the legal fraternity through his compilations known
as "Barr's Reports." The two volumes of Pennsylvania reports known as
"Jones' Reports" were written by Judge Jones after the death of Mr. Barr
in order to complete the latter's work. Judge Jones was appointed judge
for Northampton in 1847 and served until 1852. Twelve years later he was
again appointed to complete the unexpired term of Judge Maynard. Judge
Jones' career as a jurist and publicist is too vast and varied to be chronicled
in a sketch of this limitation. It is to be found, however, in the voluminous
works of biography of distinguished Pennsylvanians.

Washington McCartney, the seventh judge of Northampton county, came
here from Westmoreland county to assume the chair of mathematics in
Lafayette College, in which he served one year, 1835-1836. Resigning from
Lafayette College he returned to JelTerson College, from which he had grad-
uated, only to return the succeeding year to Lafayette College, where he
held various professorships for several years. Having concurrently studied
law, he was admitted to the bar of Northampton county in January, 1838.
From 1846 to 1848 he served as deputy attorney general of the county. He
was the first judge to be elected by the people under the Amended Consti-
tution, taking his seat in 185 1. He died in July, 1856.

Henry D. Maxwell, the successor to Judge McCartney, was born at
Flcmington, New Jersey. He studied law at Somerville and later at Belvi-
dere. New Jersey, in which State he was admitted to the Bar, September 4,
1834. opening up his office originally in Phillipsburg. He was admitted to
the Northampton county bar November 25, 1834, and practiced with Hon.
J. Madison Porter. He served as deputy attorney general in 1848 and 1849.
He was chosen counsel of the I'nited States at Trieste by President Zachary
Taylor in 1850, a position which he held for a year. Judge McCartney hav-
ing died in office, Governor Pollock appointed Mr. Ma.xwell judge of the
county July 21, 1856. Judge Maxwell again was appointed by Governor
Curtin in 1862.

John King Findley occupied the bench of Xorthamiiton county from 1858
to 1862, thus following Judge Maxwell and in turn himself being succeeded
by the latter.

John King Findley was born at Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, May 12.
1803. He was a graduate of Wset Point and served for a time as a lieu-
tenant of artillery and later as professor of chemistry and various other sub-
jects at the Military Academy at West Point. He was admitted to the Penn-
sylvania bar in 1831. He served as recorder of Lancaster from 1841 to 1845,
judge of the Philadelphia District Court 1845 to 1851, and president judge
of this district 1857 to 1862.

During this long interval from the Revolution to the Civil War the fame

BENCH AND BAR

255

and abilit}- of Northampton's judges were paralleled by the distinction of the
county's lawyers. Since the talents of many of these men forced their later
elevation to the county's bench, their careers will be briefly sketched in a later
paragraph devoted to the great judges who graced our courts from the Civil
War down to the present day.

Reading over the roll of attorneys who practiced here following the
Revolution, the eye alights upon many names which space prevents from
amplifying into a biography. These men did not seek or accept great public
offices, but confined themselves strictly to the practice of the law.

Here and there among this galaxy, however, gleam illustrious names
that require more than passing mention. The first of these we find under a
court minute of admission, dated April 20, 181S. It is the name of James
M. Porter.

James M. Porter was born near Norristown, January 6, 1793. In his
early years he was assistant to his father. General Andrew Porter, who was
surveyor general of Pennsylvania. In 1818 the position of deputy attorney
general of Northampton county was offered to young Porter. He accepted
the position and removed to Easton, where in the course of time he rose to
the leadership of the local bar. In 1838 he sat as a member of the Consti-
tutional Convention of Pennsylvania. In 1843 he served as Secretary of War
of the United States. In 1853 he was elected president judge of the twenty-
second district, composed of the counties of Wayne, Pike, Monroe and
Carbon.

A figure always associated with that of Judge Porter in the recollections
of the older members of the bar is that of Alexander Brown. Poring over
the records and supreme court reports we find these two giants frequently
opposed to each other in the trial of a cause and occasionally associated
together. The cases, however, which were so fortunate as to have them as
opponents are lighthouses along the legal coast, for these cases invariably
are characterized by elaborate and brilliant briefs which necessarily drew
similar opinions from the court which decided between them.

Alexander Brown was a native of New York City. He came to Easton
and sought admission to our bar August 24, 1825. Thereafter, for forty-two
years he assiduously practiced his profession in this county, leaving an inde-
structible monument to his memory in the many and varied actions upon
our court dockets which today luminously carry his name.

A third towering personality that looms down upon us from a distance
of almost one hundred years is that of Andrew Horatio Reeder.

Andrew Horatio Reeder was born July 12, 1807, in the city of Easton.
He read law with Peter Ihrie, an old-time lawyer of large practice and wide
reputation. Following his admission to the bar in 183 1 he rapidly rose as
an attorney. His career was characterized by an active participation in
political affairs. Although holding no public office, his reputation became so
great that he was elected to serve as the first governor of Kansas. Follow-
ing a brilliant and spectacular administration of this office he returned to
Easton and devoted the remainder of his life to the practice of law.

The number and importance of the causes entrusted to him may be

256 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

estimated from the single statement that the appellate reports name twenty-
three important cases which he argued and presented. In these he established
some of the most important of the fundamental principles of the law of Penn-
sylvania.

From the rolls of our courts another name flashes upon us and prompts
us momentarily to pause. It is that of Richard Brodhead — this Titan of an
elder day.

Richard Brodhead came to Easton in 1830 and read law with James M.
Porter. His exceptional qualifications for public life, however, did not long
permit him to remain in the quiet routine of a practising lawyer. He soon
was chosen as a member of the House of Representatives of Pennsylvania.
From that House he passed to the House of Representatives of the United
States and finally became a senator of his country, the last Democratic United
States Senator from Pennsylvania. In the city of Washington the great
Court of Claims is his enduring monument, for it was his genius that con-
structed this court and his hand that penned the law which legislated it into
existence.

When a boy is named after a Lord Chief Justice of England, and when that
boy to manhood grown adopts the profession of the law, he faces an extraor-
dinaiy obligation. In many instances he fails to meet the exaction. Mat-
thew Hale Jones, of the Northampton county bar, did not. Through-
out his long life he practiced law indefatigably, exclusively and brilliantly,
and when he was done, an added lustre had been given locally to the name
of Matthew Hale. A feature of Mr. Jones' life, that he never sought or
accepted public office, causes to rise the memory of another great lawyer, a
successor of Matthew Hale Jones, and who, likewise, did not vary his pro-
fessional career by the administration of a public office, notwithstanding the
attractive opportunities which from time to time invited him. This man was
the elder Edward J. Fox. Mr. Fox was the son of Judge John J. Fox of
Bucks county and the descendant of a line of lawyers. An examination of
the cases which he conducted in the Supreme Court reveals the fact that
they involved and through him settled some of the most important principles
of law in the legal structure of the Commonwealth. From the pictured walls
of the court room the kindly faces of these two men, enframed in gold, today
look down upon the busy court, ever impressively reminding a new genera-
tion of attorneys of the great and happy distinction of the lawyer who ever
and exclusively plies his profession.

The task of guiding the litigation of the county in the difficult period
that bridged the days of the Civil War to times of peace, fell upon John W.
Mavnard, the tenth judge of this county, who sat upon the bench from 1863
to 1868. Originally admitted in Tioga county, he established a practice at
Williamsport in 1840 which he continued for nineteen years and left to
become a judge of Allegheny county. He was still acting as judge there
when appointed president judge of the Third District.

Judge Maynard having resigned in 1868, was succeeded by A. Brower
Longaker. Judge Longaker was a graduate of Union College and read law
with Washington McCartney at Easton. He was admitted to the Northamp-

BENCH AND BAR 257

ton bar August 19, 1853. He formed a partnership with his father, Judge
Henry Longaker, at Norristown. He served in the Legislature repeatedly
as the representative of Montgomery county, acting during one of his terms
as speaker of the House of Representatives. It was during his term that
Lehigh county became a separate judicial district. Upon this division Judge
Longaker selected Lehigh county as his district and removed to Allcntown.

The vacancy thereby caused brings us to a man who has made a huge
section of the history of the bench and bar of Northampton county. It is
Judge William S. Kirkpatrick. Judge Kirkpatrick was educated at Lafayette
college. He read law with Judge Henry D. Maxwell and was admitted to the
bar of this county October 2, 1865. He was appointed president judge of
the district in 1874 at the age of thirty years, thus being the youngest judge
to hold that position in this county and probably in any other county in this
state. He served until the election of Oliver H. Meyers in 1875. In addition
to his exceptional distinction at the bar and on the bench, Judge Kirkpatrick
has achieved eminence in many ways. He was the presiding officer of the
Republican National Convention in Chicago in 1884. He served as attorney
general of Pennsylvania from 1887 until 1891, and in 1896 and 1897 was a
member of the Fifty-fifth Congress.

Oliver H. Meyers, who followed Judge Kirkpatrick, was a graduate of
Lafayette College. In his early years as a lawyer he served as deputy sheriff,
borough solicitor of Easton, borough clerk and borough treasurer. In 1856
he was elected district attorney and in 1866 and 1867 was a member of the
State Legislature. He sat as judge of our courts from 1875 to 1885. During
this term, or to be exact. May 10. 1881, a law was enacted giving to North-
ampton county an additional judge. Governor Hoyt promptly appointed
Howard J. Reedcr of Easton. This brought Judge Meyers with Judge
Reeder together as opposing candidates in the election of 1884. A highly
spirited campaign ensued, from which Judge Reeder emerged the victor.

Judge Reeder was born at Easton, December 11. 1843. He was a student
at Princeton University at the outbreak of the Civil War, but withdrew and
rendered gallant service as a soldier and oflScer throughout that conflict.
Upon his discharge from the army he entered the law school of Harvard
LTniversity, from which he graduated in 1865. In 1895 he was appointed by
Governor Hastings a member of the newly created Superior Court bench.
During the first }'ear of Judge Reeder's incumbency. William W. Schuyler
was elevated from an extensive law practice to the bench of the county.
Judge Schuyler was a graduate both of Lafayette College and of Williams
College. He was admitted to the Northampton county bar in 1854. Five
years later he was elected district attorney and was re-elected in 1862, thus
being the only district attorney up to the present time who has held the
ofifice for two terms. Judge Schuyler served with rare distinction as judge
of the courts of this county for twenty years, being re-elected in 1891.

The conclusion of Ploward Reeder's term of office in 1895 brought on a
titanic struggle between his partisans and those of Henry W. Scott to elect
their nominee to the judicial office. In this marvelouslv close contest Mr.
Scott was elected. He was a native of Bucks coimty. While still in school
he joined the First Union League Regiment in Philadelphia at the time of

NORTH.— 1—17.

258 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania and saw active service with this regiment for
several weeks. He studied at Lafayette College in 1864 and 1865. His record
as a lawj'er in Northampton county dates from April 29, 1868, and is one of
the most brilliant achieved by the four hundred lawyers who have practiced
here from 1752 down to the present day. Judge Scott served as judge
two terms.

The record of the local bar in periodically furnishing a justice to the
appellate courts has not lapsed in modern times. In 1879 Henry Green, a lawyer
of extensive and distinguished practice, was elevated to the Supreme Court, of
which he became the Chief Justice in 1899. Edward J. Fox, a son of the
Edward J. Fox previously mentioned in this sketch, in 1918 also became a
member of the State Supreme tribunal.

Following the death of Judge Schuyler in 1906, Russell C. Stewart, who
for twenty-six years had been one of the leaders of the bar, was appointed
to fill the vacancy, and in the following year was elected for the full term.
Judge Stewart was a graduate of Lafayette College in the class of 1878. He
read law at the law school of Columbia University and also in the offices of
F. W. Edgar of Easton. In 1886 he was elected district attorney of North-
ampton county, being the first Republican ever to hold that office.

The vacancy caused by the death of Judge Scott was filled by the appoint-
ment of J. Davis Brodhead. Judge Brodhead, before his rise to the bench,
had served as district attorney of the county and as a member of the Sixtieth
Congress of the United States.

The nineteenth man to hold the office of judge of this county and for the
present to close the distinguished file, is William M. McKeen, a graduate of
Lafayette College and of the law school of Columbia L'niversity. Like many
of his predecessors, Judge McKeen served a novitiate as district attorney of
this countv.

CITAPTF.T^ XXTI
THE MEDICAL PROFESSION

'J'lie first resident physician in Northampton county was Dr. Jolin Adolph
Meyer, who located in 1742-17.14 at liethlchem. The records show that two
brothers, Doctors John Fred and John Matthew Otto, were also early physi-
cians at Bethlehem. Easton's earliest resident jihysician was Dr. Frederick
Ricker, who practiced medicine as early as 1752, and was followed by Dr.
Andrew Lcdlie. The latter took an active interest in the affairs of the then
strupfjlinp village; the Council of .Safety appointed him surgeon of the
Twelfth Pennsylvania Regiment at the time of the Revolution. As far as
ascertainable, Doctor Ledlie seems to be the only medical ])ractitioncr at
Easton during this period, until November, 1794, when Dr. John Cooper
became a resident of the village. The last-named gentleman was born at
Long Hill, Morris county. New Jersey. He completed his medical course with
Doctors Richard Ballay and Wright Post of New York City, and was licensed
to practice November 6, 1787. Seven years afterwards he came to Easton,
where he spent the remainder of his life in the pursuit of his calling. He
gained such a reputation for skill in his profession that a large proportion of
the most difficult cases were visited by him in consultation with others.
He was for more than half a century the family physician of the greater par';
of the people of Easton and its neighborhood.

There was no medical society in Northampton county previous to 1849,
and every physician was a law unto himself. There was no common principle
of action among the medical fraternity. At the instance of Dr. Traill Green,
in June, 1849, a call was published in the newspapers of Easton to the
physicians of the county to meet on July loth in Easton for the purpose of
forming a medical society for the county. Twenty-two physicians responded
to the call, of whrm twelve were from Easton. A medical society was
formed, constitution and by-laws adopted, and Dr. R. E. James of Upper
Mount Bethel was chosen president. Dr. S. E. Cook, vice-president, and Dr.
Traill Green, secretary. This society was one of the first auxiliaries of the
Pennsylvania State Medical Society.

The society kept growing in interest and membership ; regular meetings
were held, interesting and valuable papers read, and discussions were held
upon medical topics until 1854. From the latter year there appears to have
been but little activity in the society; irregular meetings were held, and its
membership was reduced by deaths, resignations and by military service dur-
ing the Civil War. The society was reorganized in 1863, and Dr. A. L.
Haebener was elected president: new members were added, and the society
soon gained its former standing.

Homeopathy gained a foothold in Northampton county as early as 1834,.
when a few disciples of the Hahnemannian doctrine held a meeting at Beth-
lehem and there conceived the idea of founding a school of homeopathic
medical instruction. They were Drs. William Wesselhoeft of Bath, and

26o NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Eberhard Freytag of Bethlehem, Henry Detwiller of Hellertown, and John
Roinig of Allentown. These parties frequently had met previous to this in
social and professional council. At one of these meetings Dr. Wesselhoeft
informed his associates that he had received from his father and Dr. Stapf
of Germany some books on homeopathy, and a box of medicines, and
requested Dr. Detwiller to examine with him the merits of the new system,
which he did by studying a case then on hand, and administered a prescrip-
tion July 28, 1828, which was the first homeopathic dose given in Penn-
sylvania.

This was the beginning that led to the foundation eight years later, on
April 10, 1835, the eightieth anniversary of the birth of Hahnemann, the
founder of the new .system, of the Allentown Academy, which was the first
school of homeopathic medical instruction in the world. The institution
was granted a charter June 17, 1836, by the legislature with the title of
the American Academy of Homeopathic Healing Art, and was the conception
of the Homeopathic Society of Northampton and adjoining counties, which
was organized August 23, 1834, with twelve members. The educational
standard of the Allentown Academy was of the highest order; the courses of
instruction were given in German. It was not a sectarian institution other
than homeopathic, although it was such in fact, and therefore students who
had no understanding of German were not attracted to it. In 1836 Dr. Det-
willer visited Europe in the interest of the academy, and, while he was
cordially received and hospitably entertained, little was forthcoming except
kindly advice and moral support. The academy needed financial help more
than encouragement, but the actual cause of its downfall within six years of
its foundation was the failure of an Allentown bank, in which its funds were
deposited. As the result, its assets were swept away and the school in 1843
was sold to satisfy a mortgage of nine thousand dollars. Two years after
the close of the academy the American Institute of Homeopathy was
organized.

The Lehigh Valley Homeopathic Medical Society was organized in 1881,
with Dr. F. E. Boericke of Philadelphia as president, and Dr. F. J. Slough
of Allentown secretary. On the death of Dr. Boericke, he was succeeded by
Dr. Slough as president, who filled this position until his death in 1914. The
annual convention of the Homeopathic Medical Society of the State of Penn-
sylvania was held at Easton, September 2022, 1904. To Dr. Henry Detwiller
is due the honor of having given the first homeopathic prescription in
Pennsylvania. He was born in Langenbruch. Canton Basil. Landschaft,
Switzerland, December 13, 1795. He prepared tor matriculation and was
admitted in the spring of 181. j to the medical department of the University
of Freiburg in the grand duchy of Baden, Germany. He studied for five
consecutive semesters, having barely reached his majority at the time of his
graduation. He was interested in natural sciences, and felt a strong desire
to investigate and explore the regions of America. So he left his natal home
in the spring of 1817, arriving in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the last of July
in that year, and, abandoning his original idea, he decided to establish him-
self as a physician in a locality where the German language was chiefly
spoken. Therefore, on September 2, 1817, he came to Allentown, Pennsyl-

THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 261

vania, and became an assistant in the office of Dr. Charles II. Martin. In
the fall and winter of 1817-1818 there appeared in Northampton and the
adjoining counties a disease, attacking whole families with more or less fatal
results. The physicians diagnosed the disease as bilious colic, and one of
its most prominent sym])toms was abdominal or intestinal pain, with very
obstinate costiveness and vomiting. Their treatment had been with opium
and calomel in very large doses, in connection with j)owerful laxatives. Dr.
Detwiller was able to discover that the real cause of the prevalent disease
was lead poisoning, produced from the glazing with litharge of earthen pots,
in which apple butter, often rather sour, had been kept. This discovery and
his successful antidotal treatment gained for the young doctor a great reputa-
tion, and he was urged to settle in many different localities, finally selecting
Hellerstown, where he removed in A])ril, 1818. Here he opened an office,
and in December married I'^lizabeth Appel, who died in 1835, leaving three
sons and four daughters. He removed to Easton in 1852, where he continued
to practice till his death, April 21, 1887, at the age of ninety-two years, having
been a practicing physician for seventy-two years.

Another practitioner of Northampton county who gained a world repu-
tation was Dr. Traill Green. He was a descendant from the Scotch, English
and German races, and bore certain strong traits of each nationality. He was
born in Easton, May 25, 1813, early in youth developed a studious disposition,
and was a lover of nature. After attending Easton Union Academy he studied
under the teachings of Rev. John Vanderveer ; finally becoming convinced
that the study of medicine would afford him special advantages to aid him
in his researches of natural sciences, he attended courses of lectures at the
University of Pennsylvania. He then became a student under Dr. J. K.
Mitchell, professor of medicine, in Chapman's Institute, from which he
graduated in 1835. Following his graduation he engaged in dispensary work
in Philadelphia, and in 1836 entered upon active practice at Easton. While
the demands for his professional services constantly increased, he found time
not only to continue his own studies but to give instruction to private classes
in chemistry, which he had adopted, as he designated "his darling study."
It was his enthusiasm on this subject that attracted the attention of the
board of trustees of Lafayette College, and occasioned his selection for the
position of professor of chemistry in that institution. He successively took
up the study of geology, zoology and botany, finding on each new page of
nature's textbook field for thought and interest. In 1841 he accepted a call
from Marshall College at Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, to tench natural science.
Here he remained until 1843, when he returned to Easton, and the following
j'ear was reappointed to the chair of chemistry in Lafayette College. He
continued to deliver the annual course of lectures in chemistry, and at the
same time engaged in the active practice of medicine. He died April 29, 1897.

There were in the nineteenth century two surgeons who gained a
national reputation, one of whom was a native of Northampton county, the
other practiced his profession for nearly half a century at Easton. Samuel
David Gross was born near Easton, Pennsylvania, July 8, 1805. He studied
medicine, was graduated at Jefferson Medical College in 1828, and began
practice in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, employing his leisure in translating

262 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

medical works from the French. He returned to Easton the following year
and was a member of the first faculty of Lafayette College. He was appointed
demonstrator of anatomy in the Medical College of Ohio at Cincinnati in
1853, and professor of pathological anatomy in the same institution two
j'ears later. Here he delivered the first systematic course of lectures on
morbid anatomy ever given in the United States. Five years later he became
professor of surgery in the University of Louisville, Kentucky, where he
remained until 1856, with the exception of one year at the University of
New York. He was one of the founders and early presidents of the Ken-
tucky State Medical Society. He became professor of surgery in the Jeffer-
son Medical College of Philadelphia in 1856. which post he occupied until
within two years of his death, when he resigned on account of advanced
years. He died at Philadelphia May 6, 1884.

Dr. Gross was made in 1862 a member of the Royal Medical Society of
Vienna, Austria, and in 1868 of the Royal Medico-Chirurgical Society of Lon-
don, England, and of the British Medical Association. The Llniversity of
Oxford, at its one thousandth commemoration, conferred on him the hono-
rary degree of D.C.L., and that of LL.D. was given him by the University
of Cambridge. He was a member of numerous medical and surgical associa-
tions at home and abroad. He was in 1867 president of the American
Medical Association, and in 1876 president of the International Medical
Congress, which met in Philadelphia in September, 1876.

Dr. Gross made many original contributions to surgery. He experi-
mented on rabbits in 1833 with a view to throw light on manual strangula-
tions. He was the first to suggest the suturing of divided nerves and
tendons, wiring the end of bones in certain dislocations, laporatomy in rup-
ture of the bladder, and many other operations, and was the inventor of
numerous instruments, including a tourniquet and instrument for extracting
foreign bodies from ear or nose, and an apparatus for the transfusion of the
blood. His original investigations were varied though often carried on with
insufficient means and amid adverse surroundings. Prominent among his
contributions to medical literature are his "History of American Medicine
Literature," and with others, "A Century of American Medicine."

Cridland Crocker Field was born February 18, 1817. of English parents
on board the American ship Ann, commanded by Captain Crocker of New
Bedford, Massachusetts, when she had just arrived from England within the
bounds of Queens county. New York. The captain's name was incorporated
with that of the newcomer, Cridland being derived from his mother's side.
The family settled at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, whence after a short sojourn
they removed to Plainfield, Northampton county, later returned to the Quaker
city, and there the lad was the recipient of an excellent education. His father,
as well as his grandfather, were both physicians and surgeons. The former
was graduated at the University of London and was a member of the Royal
College of Surgeons. Upon completing his studies the subject of this narra-
tive entered the office of Dr. William E. Horner, at one time professor of
botany in the University of Pennsylvania, and well known in medical circles
as the author of "Horner's Anatomy." After being under the tutelage of this
preceptor, young Field entered the University of Pennsylvania, where he

THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 263

graduated with honors in 1837. The next year he came to Northampton
county, and in tlial ^ear married in I'.ethlehem, Susannah Freeman, daughter
of Jacob and Susjumah Freeman. Shc^rtly after tliis he settled in Easton,
wliere he practiced his profession uninterruptedly for almost half a century.
Through his long connection \\ith the history of Easton he witnessed its
wonderful developiuent and rajiid growth, in which he was an active and
important factor.

By natural qualifications and training he was admirably adapted for his
chosen profession. A man of keen insight and shrewd discernment, he was
equally skilled in the diagnosis of different <liseases and their treatment.
Especially in the field of surgery did he gain an enviable reputation, and was
often called for consultation, therefore becoming widely known throughout
the State. -Xs he advanced in years he retained the energy and youthful
spirit that had characterized him in life's prime; business or social pleasures
did not take him from his studies, and he was a thoughtful and intelligent
reader of the foremost medical journals of his day, to which he often con-
tributed articles. He performed many notable and difficult operations, a
large number of which were performed in the neck, and several times removed
tumors that had entirely encompassed the carotid artery.

" "Dr. Field was a man of genial presence and courteous manner. His
death occurred December 3, 1886, and he was buried with Masonic honors.

chaptf:r xxiii

THE POETS OF THE FORKS OF THE DELAWARE

That those imbued by the muse of poetry should be inspired by a
residence or as transient visitors to the Forks of the Delaware, is not remark-
able. The lavish scenery which has been bestowed by nature with romantic
surroundings is enouf^h to inspire the poetical genius. Far to the north the
Blue Mountains mingle their peaks with the clouds. To the northeast these
mountains are cut in twain by the historic Delaware; towards the northwest
the Lehigh, formerly known as the west branch of the Delaware, bursts
through the mountains, meadering its way first to the south and then to
the east, uniting in the south and ]iassing beyond.

While there were many poems that appeared in the newspapers of the
day, with their authors incognito, the earliest of the poets to treat local
subjects in verse was William Moore Smith. He was the son of Rev. Wil-
liam Smith, the first provost of the University of Pennsylvania. He was
born in 1759, graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1775, and
after leaving college located at Easton, where he read law. He resided at
Easton for some time, when he went to England, he having received the
agncy for the settlement of British claims in America. Upon his return to
America he retired to a country residence near Germantown, Pennsylvania,
where he died in 1821.

Mr. Smith was a man of remarkable retentive memory ; his mind was a
rich treasury of learning. He published in London, in 1786, "Poems on Several
Occasions, Written in Pennsylvania."

The best known of Easton's poets was Margaret Junkin Preston, daugh-
ter of Rev. George Junkin, the first president of Lafayette College. She was
born at Milton, Pennsylvania, May 10, 1820. Her life during girlhood days
was relieved somewhat of burden and drudgery, brightened with opportuni-
ties of sightseeing, and sweetened by ties of kindred and family affections.
When Doctor Junkin removed to Easton, Margaret was twelve years old;
here the child grew to womanhood ; sixteen years passed ; her home studies
were widened by private lessons from the college professors and tutors. Her
application was intense ; though her domestic duties at times were a great
strain upon her, she nevertheless contributed to the press many poems of
real value and worth.

Her father's removal to Lexington, Virginia, changed the course of her
life. Here she met Major J. T. L. Preston, a widower and professor of Latin
in the Virginia Military School. He was a typical Virginian, a university
graduate of Washington College, University of Virginia and Yale College.
She became his wife. Her sister Eleanor married Thomas J. Jackson, better
known as the Confederate general, Stonewall Jackson.

In her southern home she wrote many poems, among which was her
"Old Dominion," the first stanza of which is as follows:

266 NORTHx\MPTON COUNTY

"Ho! gallant old Dominion! I hail thee as the state,
Of a thirteen our thirty commonwealths most proudly consecrate.
My pulse beats quicker as I feel my feet upon the sod,
Which nurtured men of giant mind, which true born heroes trod.
Where mid primeval forests rich in hue of varied green.
The noble Raleigh planted first, the standard of his queen."

Her husband, during the Civil War, cast his fortunes with the Confeder-
acy. He aicu at his home in Lexington, Virginia, in 1890, and in the last
weeks of 1892, Mrs. Preston journeyed to Baltimore, Maryland, and was
domesticated in the family of her eldest son. Dr. George J. Preston. She
died in that city March 28, 1897.

Jane Lewers Gray was the daughter of William Lewers of Castle Blarney,
Ireland, where she was born August 2, 1796. She was educated at the
Moravian seminary of Grace Hill, near Belfast, Ireland, and at an early age
married Rev. John Gray of County Monaghan, Ireland. She embarked with
her husband in 1820 for America; they located for eighteen months in the
province of New Brunswick, then removed to the city of New York. Her
husband in 1822 was called to the pastorate of the First Presbyterian Church
of Easton, Pennsylvania, which position he occupied for forty-five years, his
death occurring January 12, 1868. Four years later, on November 18, 1871,
Mrs. Gray passed away.

Mrs. Gray was known as a truthful and pleasing writer, and gained
honorable distinction among the female poets of this country. Her poetry
is not studied, nor labored, most of it is of a religious character and of
serious cast. The following is an excerpt from her poem entitled "Morn":

"Morn is the time to awake —

The eyelids to unclose —
Spring from the arms of sleep and break

The fetters af repose;
Walk at the dewy dawn abroad,
And hold sweet fellowship with God."

Elizabeth Shewell Lorraine Swift was born in Germantown, Pennsyl-
vania, in 1795, the daughter of John and Lydia (Shewell) Lorraine, the
former a prominent merchant of Philadelphia. She was married to Joseph
Kimmersley Swift, a well known physician of Easton. She died at Easton
in May, 1872, Dr. Swift having died the year previous.

Mrs. Swift for many years was a contributor to the local press, and her
poems were frequently found in the literary journals of the day. There was
dignity of thought in all her poems; her thoughts were noble, elevated; her
language pure, at times gay, but always dignified. The following is one of
her sonnets:

"It is the sunset hour — but stormy clouds

Blacker than midnight veil his parting beams,
Like the dark pall that some young face enshrouds

That erst was fairer than the Poet's dreams.
Ah glorious Sun! how oft at eventide

I've watched thy setting, when the glowing sky
Seems like the golden path where angels glide

From the heaven to earth to waft blest souls on high.
And o'er thy gorgeous coach rich colours rose.

THE POETS

267

Painting tlu- cloiuls witli more than limner's art,
Till the o'er dazzled eye would tearful close,

And fill the scene reflected on the heart;
The grateful heart, that felt the love, the Power,

Which made for man this calm, delicious hour."

Another poet whose contributions are found in the literary journals was
Samuel Dewees Patterson. Though never a resident of Easton, he married
Sarah Ann Mott, a daughter of Williani Beckett Mott of Boston. His writ-
ings included five volumes in manuscrijit, both prose and poetry. His politi-
cal satins, the "Salt River Voyage" and "Homeward Bound," with the
political sentiment pleasing and pungent, rival the caustic wits of the Revo-
luntionary period. The following is the first verse of the Salt River rhymes:

"For the head of Salt river! In strength and in pride
The good bark 'Democracy' floats on the tide —

Her anchors aweigh — her provisions arc stored —
And all that she needs is the pilot on board.

Her decks are all clean, and her rigging all taut.

And her crew, men who fear not, and will not be bought —

And aloft from the mast-head her flag is displayed.

With the motto, 'Defeated, but never dismayed!'"

TOE NEW v„,.^.
PUBLIC tmiAUY

ASTOR, LENOX A\p

TlLDBfl fOLSDATlQNS

* " L

CULOXIAL WAREHOUSE OX DELAWARE

RLl.XS' Ul- 1111^ '.'LD ijl.EMJi.iX 1RI»X WORKS

CHAPTER XXIV
IRON AND KINDRED INDUSTRIES

The rocks which everywhere iinderlic the soil or crop out to the surface
of Northampton county belong- to the oldest formations known in the
United States. In that portion of the county lying south of the Lehigh river
comprising the townships of Lower Saucon and Williams there is found
crystalline rocks, for the most jiart jjneiss and syenite, belonging to the
Laurentien formation. Here and there overlying these rocks are small basins
of limestone, directly over which are a series of crystalline slates often
decomposed to a white or yellow clay. This slate contains valuable deposits
of brown hematite or limonite ore which, in the early develoimient of the
iron industries of the county, was used in the furnaces of Glcndon, Redington,
South Easton, I'ethlehem, Bingen and Hellertown.

During the eighteenth century hematite iron ore was located in Williams
township. The ore beds were at the foot of the mountain stretching the full
length of the township near the Hellertown road, leading from the Delaware
river to Lower Saucon. The ore was found at a depth of sixty to two hundred
feet, required no pumping, and was principally worked by horse-power,
though afterwards engines were used. Hematite ore was also found in the
southeastern portion of the township, and the Rougher Hills Mines were
developed. The Unangst Mines were extensively worked and ore was struck
at the depth of forty-five feet; it was shafted to the depth of one hundred
and eighteen feet, which was the level of the Delaware river. The first
contractor at this mine. Major John Best, in 1858 furnished 5,600 tons of ore
to the Durham Iron Company, no pumping being necessary, and it was raised
solely by horse-power. At about this time the Saylor Hill Mines, on the
north side of Saylor's Mountains, of hematite ore, were opened by the Glendon
Iron Works. As early as 1812 magnetic iron ore was mined on the Old
Philadelphia road about three and a half miles from Easton.

In Lower Saucon township hematite iron ore mines were developed in
1857, the Gangewere Mines being the most extensive, which were finally
leased to the Bethlehem Iron Works. The Hartman Mine was near Kohl-
berg and was opened in 1857. Near Ironville the Coleraine Iron Mines
operated mines in the middle of the nineteenth century. Iron ore was
discovered in Forks township in 1873.

The manufacture of iron in Northampton county dates back to i8og,
when William Henry of Nazareth put in operation a forge that he had built
the preceding year, and on March 8 of that year produced the first bar of
refined iron made in the county. Matthew^ S. Henry in 1824-1825 erected a
blast furnace in Nazareth, and on May 25, 1825, the first ton of pig iron was
manufactured in Northampton county. Mr. Henry subsequently manufac-
tured tin plate wood-stoves and hollowware, such as pots, kettles and skillets
in considerable quantity. The furnace used was of ordinary size ; the stack
was thirty-two feet in height, the furnace above the boshes eight feet wide.

270 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

The fuel used was charcoal, the weekly production being about twenty tons
of pig iron and twelve to fourteen tons of castings. The ore used was the
columnar or pipe species of hematite, which was obtained from Lower Mount
Bethel township, also the brown hematite from Williams and Hanover town-
ships in Northampton county and Whitehall township in Lehigh county.

The discovery of the use of anthracite coal for smelting iron ore is
credited to a Mr. Crane of England in 1837, but a few months later, in 1838,
John Van Buren, who had interested several parties in establishing a furnace
at South Easton, made about twenty tons of pig iron, using anthracite coal
as a fuel ; this was followed by other attempts at different localities. The
first experiments were not, however, wholly satisfactory; the results obtained
were not a financial success on account of the inability of keeping the furnaces
in blast for only a short length of time. The Lehigh Coal and Navigation
Company in November, 1838, desiring to find a market for the anthracite
coal, sent one of their directors, Erskine Hazzard, to England, and he entered
into a five years' contract with David Thomas, general superintendent of
the Yniscedwyn Iron Works, in Swansea valley, Wales, to come to the
United States. The Lehigh Crane Iron Company was formed by the Lehigh
Coal and Navigation Company, of which Mr. Thomas became superintend-
ent, and July 9, 1839, the construction of a blast furnace was commenced at
what is now Catasauqua in Lehigh county. The first furnace built by the
Lehigh Crane Iron Company was put in operation in July, 1840, and Mr.
Thomas demonstrated the practicability of producing iron successfully as a
commercial commodity by the sole use of anthracite coal.

The early manufacture of pig iron in Northampton county centered
around South Easton and (jlendon. At the former place in 1S39 Barnet
Swift and Company erected a blast furnace, using charcoal as a fuel, the blast
being driven by the water-power of the canal. The ore smelted was princi-
pally of the brown hematite, with a small proportion of magnetic ore, and
produced about twenty-five tons per week. The furnace, with a large stone
foundry annexed, was purchased in 1844 by Frederick Goddell, who demol-
ished the furnace and erected a new one, in which anthracite coal was used
as fuel. The property again changed hands in 1852, when B. B. Thomas
became proprietor, who erected a new and larger furnace, with a capacity of
one hundred tons weekly. This blast was heated by gas taken from the
furnace six feet below the tunnel head. The following year Mr. Thomas
disposed of his interests to Charles J. Jackson, Jr., who was connected with
the Glendon Iron Works, and the production was increased to one hundred
and twenty tons weekly. This furnace was in operation in 1873, in which
year it produced 100,000 tons of ore, 85,000 tons of coal and 50,000 tons of
limestone. The capital stock of the company was $1,000,000 and the pay-
roll amounted to about $50,000 monthly. The dullness of the iron trade in
the late seventies of the last century and concentration of the iron industries
caused the discontinuance of the furnace. The plant at that time consisted
of five stacks, and employment was given to one thousand men at the quar-
ries, mines and works.

There was also at this period started at South Easton by John Stewart,
Charles Rodenburgh, Col. Thomas McKcen, Hopewell Hepburn and Jacob

IRON AND KINDRED INDUSTRIES 271

Abel an industry to manufacture nails in a small way, uniUr the firm name
of Stewart and Comjiany. The production in 1836 was changed to wire, and
it was the largest mill of this description at that time in the United States,
and manufactured all sizes of wire from a hair thread to a l)ridge cable.
The capital stock of the company was $250,000, and employment was given
to two hundred hands. This enterprise was in successful operation until
1876, when it suspended operations.

The Franklin Iron Works were in o]:)eration in South Easton in i860,
conducted by F. S. Wells. The plant was founded in 1835; besides regular
foundry work, steam engines, mining, well and cistern pumps, horse-power
mowing-machines, reapers, threshing machines, corn buskers and other agri-
cultural machinery was manufactured. The South Easton Iron and Brass
Foundry was erected in 1857 by James Kidd, and an extensive business was
done for several years in casting and finishing custom work.

The first blast furnace erected at Glendon was in 1843 ^Y William Fire-
stone. It was forty-five feet high, twelve feet at the boshes, and for several
years after it was built was the highest anthracite furnace in the United
States. The blast machinery consisted of two cylinders, each sixty-two
inches in diameter, eight feet stroke, and was propelled by two water-wheels,
the motive power being furnished by waters of the Lehigh canal. The pro-
duction was about eighty to ninety tons a week. In 1845 ^ second furnace
was built, with a capacity of one hundred and thirty-five tons per week.
The original furnace was dismantled in 1850 and a larger one built in its
place forty-five feet high, sixteen feet at the boshes. A 400-horse-power
blast engine was installed, the boilers being heated by using carbonic oxide
gas taken from the furnace through an a]ierturc about ten feet below the
tunnel head.

The Glendon Iron Works, owned by Charles Jackson, Jr., of Boston,
Massachusetts, commenced operations at Glendon in the early fifties of the
nineteenth century. The works comprised three blast furnaces, blown by
water and steam power, built of common brick, circular in form, having six
arches, five for the introduction of the iron and one for the purpose of draw-
ing off the iron and working the furnace. This industry in 1858 employed
at the furnaces one hundred and fifty hands, and 21,928 tons of pig iron
were produced. There was used in manufacturing 45,000 tons of coal, sixty
to seventy canal boats were used in freighting iron ore, coal and pig iron,
giving em]")loyment to two hundred men and one hundred and fifty mules
and horses. The quarries and mines operated gave work to two hundred
and fifty men. This industry, like many others throughout the land, after
the panic of 1873, was abandoned.

The oldest foundry and machine shop in the Lehigh Valley was con-
ducted by Charles F. Eeckcl. It was located as early as 1825 on Main street
in what is now Bethlehem. Mr. Beckcl was the first iron founder in this
section of the country, his castings consisting of light articles, such as
plough and stove castings, etc. He removed in 1829 to a site on the Lehigh
canal, in what is now South Bethlehem, for the purpose of obtaining water-
power from the canal, where the business was conducted by himself and his
descendants for over half a century.

272 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Among the early industries of Easton in the iron and kindred trades
were Young & Schlough's Foundry on Ferry street, which was established
prior to 1S39 by Butz and Hayden, and after many vicissitudes was pur-
chased in that year by the proprietors mentioned above, who greatly enlarged
the capacity of the works. The buildings were of substantial brick con-
struction, equipped with most approved labor-saving machinery for iron-
working. Employment was given to about thirty-five men. The Delaware
Foundry, located in Delaware street above the mouth of the Bnshkill creek,
was started in July, 1868, by the Wilson brothers. This was an outgrowth
of a business started by their father in 1836 at Williamsburg, Upper Mount
Bethel township. The business of the firm was general iron castings, and
the line of their work embraced rolling-mill castings of every description,
ploughs, sledshoes, cellar grates, stove grates, barn-door rollers and hangers.
A specialty was made of sashweights, which were manufactured in large
quantities. The works is still in evidence at the present day.

The Easton Sheet Iron Works was established in 1871 on the north bank
of the Lehigh river by Simon Oliver and Son, and on the death of the senior
member the firm became Oliver and Com]iany. The Easton Lock Works
was located near the Lehigh river in a building that was formerly a glue
factory, afterwards a sad-iron works ; still later, locks were manufactured,
but the business was soon suspended. The Easton Brass Works was estab-
lished in 1S71 by William Young. In the foundry department there was a
furnace with the capacity of melting one hundred and fifty pounds. The
finishing department was on the second floor of the building.

The Thomas Iron Works was founded in 1854, with a fixed capital of
$200,000. The prime mover in the organization of the company was David
Thomas, who interested parties residing in Catasauqua, Easton, Bethlehem
and Mauch Chunk in the enterprise. At a meeting held February 14, 1854,
wdio afterwards became shareholders, the following Northampton county
citizens were present: Charles A. Luckenbach, Michael Krause and John P.
Scholl of Bethlehem ; Dr. Henry Detweiler, Peter S. Michler, John Drake,
Derrick Hulick, Russel S. Chidsey, John T. Knight, Daniel Whitesell and
Carman F. Randolph of Easton. The site selected for the works was at
Hokendauqua in Whitehall township, Lehigh county, where a total area of
nearly two hundred and fifty acres was purchased at the cost of $120,502.
The erection of two furnaces was begun IMarch i, 1854; they were sixty feet
high, eighteen feet boshes, with two blowing engines of five hundred horse-
power each. Furnace No. i was put in blast June i, 1855, and No. 2 October
23, 1855. They were a complete success from the first blast, and the pig
metal was equal to the best in the country. Two additional furnaces were
erected in 1861 and 1862; ten years later two more furnaces were added.
The two furnaces erected at Alburtus in 1867 became the property of the
Thomas Iron Company. The Keystone Furnace, which had been built in
1873 in Williams township at a cost of over $250,000 was purchased in 1882
by the company, which made them nine furnaces and an annual capacity
of 120,000 tons. To carry on this wonderful development of business the
capital stock of the company was increased and in 1884 it was $2,000,000.

Large beds of iron ore were secured in Lehigh and Berks counties.

IRON AND KINDRED INDUSTRIES 273

Pennsylvanin, also in New Jersey. To ]>rovi(lc for its transportation the
company united with the Crane Iron Coni]>any in building- the Catasauqua
and Fogclsvillc Railroad in 1856 and secured in 1882 the complete ownership
of the Ironton Railroad. The furnaces at Uellertown and Redinf^ton, North-
ampton county, were purchased. In 1904 the company celebrated its semi-
centennial anniversary. The company proitertics at Hokendauqua are six
furnaces: Alburtus, two furnaces; Island Park, one furnace; and Ilellcrstown,
two furnaces. They own about 6,000 acres of mininf^ properties in New-
Jersey, 1,600 in Pcnns}-lvania, and at their foundries about 600 acres. The
coni])any maintains an office in I^'aston.

The two furnaces located in Ik-llertown, mentioned above as having
been acquired by the Thomas Iron Company, formerly belonged to the Saucon
Iron Company, which was established in 1S66 mainly through the influence
of Jacob Riegel, a dry-goods merchant of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The
authorized capital of the comjiany was $300,000, with the privilege of increas-
ing it to $1,000,000. The capital stock was increased to $600,000. The first
stack was blown in March 23, 1868, the second May 28, 1870. The stacks
were each fifty feet high and sixteen feet in diameter at the boshes ; they
were iron shells lined with brick and supported by iron columns; the hot
blast ovens were built on the top of large stone arches, making them on a
level with the tops of the furnaces. The capacity of each stack was about
10,000 tons of foundry pig iron per annum.

In April, 1869, a meeting was held at Uellertown for the purpose of
organizing a company to operate a furnace near the village. The North-Penn
Iron Company was organized in 1870, and established at Bingen with a capi-
tal stock of $100,000. The works went into operation that year, the company
in 1872 suffering a loss of $20,000 by an explosion. The company finally
became a bankrupt and at a sheriff sale $28,000 of their second mortgage
bonds were sold for five dollars.

The Northampton Iron Furnace, located in the borough of Freemans-
burg, with offices at South Bethlehem, was organized in 1867 with a capital
stock of $200,000. A consolidation was effected with the Bethlehem Iron
Works, April 2, 1868. Building construction -was commenced along the line
of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, and in that year one hundred tons of railroad
rails were produced. In the summer of 1869 a new rolling mill was erected,
400 by 900 feet, which was at that time the largest in the United States.

The agitation for the establishing of an iron works in Bethlehem com-
menced in 1857, mainly through the exertions of Augustus Wolle, who ob-
tained an act of incorporation of the Saucona Iron Company. The financial
panic of that year prevented the building of the works or even the organiza-
tion of the company. No further steps were taken until 1861, when an
organization was completed, and the title was changed to the Bethlehem
Rolling Mills and Iron Company, and in May, 1861, to the Bethlehem Iron
Company. The first officials of the company were Alfred Hunt, president,
and Charles B. Daniel, secretary and treasurer; the superintendence of the
works devolved on John Fritz, who planned and erected the plant, and to
whose skill and energy is largely due the success of the company.

Land having been purchased consisting of eleven acres on the south side

NORTH.— 1—18.

274 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and six acres on the opposite side of that road,
ground was broken for the erection of buildings July i6, i860; but owing to
the disturbances of the Civil War little progress was made. The first blast
furnace was blown in January 4, 1863, and the first rails of puddled iron
were rolled September 26, 1863. Furnace No. i continued in blast for thirty-
four weeks and was then blown out for repairs, after which it was again put
on and remained in blast for three hundred and sixty-three weeks, about seven
years, producing in that time 63,007 tons of pig metal. The first iron was
drawn from Furnace No. 3 December 18, 1868. The erection of the steel
rail-mill was commenced in September, 1868.

It was in the early seventies that the recent invention of the Bessemer
process of making steel rails was taken up by the company, and by this
method the first steel rails were made October 4, 1873. being rolled October
i8th of that year. The capital stock of the company was increased $350,000
in 1873. In the fall of that year, owing to the money panic, the company
was obliged to pay their wage earners one-fourth of their pay in cash, giving
short-term notes for the balance, with interest. In this same year ore was
imported from Africa ; this was of a hematite and magnetic quality and was
shipped from a seaport in Algeria. The properties of the North-Penn Iron
Works at Bingen were purchased in 1879; the market value of the capital
stock of the Bethlehem Iron Company in that year was forty-five dollars
a share.

Extensive improvements were made in the plant in 1884, and in that
year the company had five blast furnaces in operation. The products of the
company were pig iron billets, rails and similar articles. An enlargement
of the plant was advocated for the manufacturing of heavy forgings and
castings from open hearth steel, also for guns of large calibre. This was
followed by the production of armor plate, and for the next score of years the
bessemer works and the rail mill were practically abandoned. The company's
attention was directed to the development of the armor plate plant, the
manufacture of guns and other high grade forgings and castings. These
improvements required the outlay of $3,000,000, but in 1887, when Secretary
William C. Whitney was laying the foundation for the United States Nav}',
the Bethlehem Iron Works received a contract for $4,600,000 for guns and
armor plate. The capital stock of the company was increased in 1889 from
$2,000,000 to $3,000,000.

The first steel castings were made in the forging department of the
Bethlehem Steel Company on May 18, 1888. The largest cannon ever turned
in America was forged in 1898. It was the first of the sixteen-inch group
ordered by the government for Sandy Hook. The cost of forging alone was
$70,000. High speed tool steel was exhibited at the Paris Exposition in 1900
by the Bethlehem Steel Company.

At the annual meeting held in 1887, Alfred Hunt, who had held the
oflfice of president of the company since its organization, was re-elected. Mr.
Hunt was born at Brownsville, Pennsylvania, April 5, 1817. His parents
belonged to the Society of Friends. The loss of his father in his early boy-
hood days threw him on his own resources. On arriving at the age of
manhood he went to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and engaged in commercial

IRON AND KINDRED INDUSTRIES 275

business. While on a tour to regain liis health in 1888, he died in the South.

The second president of the company, William H. Thurston, was born
April 25, 1852. After receiving a liberal education he graduated from the
University of Pennsylvania, he turned his attention to industrial affairs and
entered the employ of the company. Commencing at the lowest round of
the ladder, that of sweeper in the machine shop, he rose through the various
grades of promotion to the presidency. He died at London, England, on a
tour to regain his health. May 13, 1890. He was succeeded as president of
the company by Robert P. Linderman.

At the commencement of the present century the Bethlehem Steel Com-
pany was laboring under a large indebtedness and was not a successful
competitor of the United States Steel Trust that had recently been formed.
The president, Charles M. Schwab, of the latter corporation, tendered his
resignation in 1902, and the prophets of the day had no hesitancy in giving
to the world the information that the days of the Wizard of the steel indus-
tries of the United States was over. It was in 1905 Mr. Schwab became
identified with the Bethlehem Steel Company. He satisfied a mortgage of
$10,000,000 against its properties, extensive improvements were contemplated,
and he prophesied that he would make the works the largest in the United
States, if not in the world. In that year the company acquired large real
estate holdings which put them in possession of all lands between the
North-Penn and Lehigh Valley Railroad and the Saucon creek, with the
exception of Northampton heights and a small farm. The area of the pur-
chase included the Lehigh right of way and aggregate about three hundred
acres.

A return was made to the original business of the company in 1906 and
an entirely new plant was built and fully equipped for the manufacture of
complete armor, armament, ammunition and shafting for the largest battle-
ships. All the material manufactured at the plant is produced from the ore.
The general office buildings and valuable records were destroyed by fire
February 25, 1906, entailing a loss of several hundred thousands of dollars.

A strike of from six hundred to eight hundred machinists took place
February 4, 1910. President Schwab publicly announced there did not seem
to appear any definite grievance. The strike, however, continued, and on
February 26 the sheriff of the county and State officers were called upon to
suppress the rioters. President Schwab refused to treat with the strikers;
their wives, however, took a hand and escorted their husbands to their work,
and on March 8, 1910, there were then 4,200 employees on duty. During the
strike statements were sent to Congress, also to the powers of the Argentine
Republic and Turkey by the strikers, stating that the company employed
unskilled mechanics and paid starvation wages. President Schwab called a
meeting of the citizens of South Bethlehem to find out if they endorsed
those statements, and if they did he threatened to close the works. The
citizens expressed their sympathy with the company and of its ability to
execute all contracts in first-class workmanship. The strike was declared
off May 18, 1910.

During the last war in Europe the company received large contracts not
only from the government but from foreign powers. The French government

2-6 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

in 1914 gave a contract for $15,000,000 worth of munitions, and through the
influence of Mr. Schwab the company was made the representative of the
French government. The next year the English government ordered from
the company eight thousand field pieces. In 1916, E. C. Grace, then presi-
dent of the company, offered in case of war with Germany and Austria all
the facilities of the Bethlehem Steel Company to the United States government.

The Bethlehem Steel Company control the Philadelphia, Bethlehem and
New England Railroad ; this railroad operates within their works and several
independent industries along its line. They also control the Titusville Forge
Company at Titusville, Pennsylvania ; the Jaraqua Iron Company on the
south coast of Cuba that ships ore to their Bethlehem plant; the Bethlehem-
ChiFe Iron Mines Company in the province of Coquin, where ore of the
highest quality is mined ; the Fore River Shipbuilding Corporation at Ouincy,
Massachusetts, for the building of battleships ; the Union Iron Works, a
shipbuilding company at San Francisco, California, that repaired battleships
and merchant vessels and manufactured mining machinery ; the Harlan and
Hollingsworth Corporation of Wilmington, Delaware, that manufacture mer-
chant vessels and ferryboats ; the Samuel L. Moore and Sons Corporation at
Elizabethport, New Jersey, engaged in general foundry and machine busi-
ness; the Bethlehem Steel Products Company, organized to facilitate the
selling of products for export ; the Bethlehem Iron Mines Company, that
controls iron ore deposits on the north coast of Cuba, and in the .\dirondack
region of New York.

The Bethlehem Steel Corporation made its fourteenth annual report in
iqi8. The company's gross sales for that year were $448,410,808, from which
$394,993,090 were deducted for manufacturing cost and operating expenses,
leaving a net manufacturing profit of $53,417,718, to which is added $3,771,050
for interest, dividends and other miscellaneous income. The gross increase
of earnings over 1917 were $149,463,413. The company had on hand at the
close of 1918 orders aggregating the value of $328,946,065. The Bethlehem
Steel Corporation is a member of the Consolidated .Steel Corporation, organ-
ized to engage in more energetic development of the export steel business
than could be economically done by the various members individually. Dur-
ing the period of the war the company made for the United States govern-
ment and its allies 3,570 finished guns; 7,582 finished gun carriages, limbers
and caissons; 599 finished naval gun mounts: 11.000 gun forgings ; 18,477,876
rounds of complete field gun ammunition; 1,710.579 projectiles for amm.uni-
tion ; 69,409,533 pounds of armor plate, and 897,178 gross tons of shell steel.
In finished guns, gun forgings and complete ammunition the above figures
represent sixty percent., sixty-five percent., and forty percent, respectively
of the entire output of the country. The shipbuilding plants of the corpora-
tion during the progress of the war delivered to the Emergency Fleet Cor-
poration 625,000 deadweight tons of merchant .shipping, about twenty-two
percent, of the country's output. To the United States Navy sixteen subma-
rines and twenty-six torpedo boat destroyers were delivered, and early in 1919
thirtv-six additional destroyers were launched and fitted out. The company
at its main plant at Bethlehem gives employment to o\er 20,000 wage earners.

The Bethlehem Foundry and Machine Company is located at Bethlehem.

IRON AND KINDRED INDUSTRIES

277

The company repairs niacliinery, also manufactures iron, steel, brass and
bronze castings, and employs about two hundred and fifty men. The Naza-
reth Foundry and Machine Company of Nazareth was established in 1901
with a capital of $50,000, which was invested in the plant, which occupied
two acres of ground. The first i)resi<lent of the company was Conrad Miller,
and at his death he was succeeded by his son, John A. Miller. The plant
was sold to the Kelvin Engineering Company of New Jersey in July, 1917.
The annual product is about $300,000, employment being given to one hun-
dred men, with an average monthly i)ay-roll of $9,000.

CHAPTER XXV

THE SLATE INDUSTRY

Slate is an argilaceovis rock of various colors— blue, {^een, purple, gray
and black — and is of a peculiar structure, by which it readily splits into thin
plates or laminae. It is of sedimentary origin, being primarily deposited
on ocean floors as fine mud formed by waste and denudation of pre-existing
rocks, and afterwards compressed and hardened and altered into compact
rock. The slate beds frequently alternate with bands of grit and limestone,
or are interstratified with fclspath lava or ashes. They are frequently tilted
up from their original horizontal or nearly horizontal positions, and stretch
across wide districts in a series of undulations, which rise to the surface in
crests or dips into troughs underground and form angles of every inclination
with the horizon.

The slate rocks are quarried both above and below ground, and worked
by terraces or galleries formed along the beds. Sometimes it becomes neces-
sary to sink shafts, as in coal pits, but this leads to excessive costs, which is a
serious drawback. The slate rock is often traversed by thin seams of quartz,
but the prepared slate should be entirely free from foreign minerals, espe-
cially iron pyrites, when exposed are liable to decompose, thereby weakening
roofing slates. Slate rock splits along cleavage planes, which are distinct
from and independent of original stratification. They are, as a rule, vertical
or highly inclined, and intersect the lines of the slate beds at various angles,
but s'ometimes coincide with them.

In the process of manufacturing the slate rock is bored by jumper drills;
when the boring is done, an explosive — generally rock blasting powder — is
used for the blast. The good blocks are then taken, split and dressed into
slate of the thickness of a quarter of an inch, more or less, according to size
and strength required. The blocks should be compact and solid, the best
results being obtained when they are fresh from the quarries, as in drying
they are apt to lose their property of splitting freely, though freezing may
restore this necessary quality, and a succession of frosts and thaws has the
effect of thorough seasoning. The blocks, after being shaped and trimmed,
are split into any desired thickness. The faces are smooth and parallel,
without any curvatures or irregularities ; there should be no lines of cross
fracture that should prevent them from breaking in any one direction more
than another. When a slate is balanced on the finger and struck with a
hammer it should give forth a clear, ringing sound, and when dried in an
oven and immersed in water should absorb but little of that liquid.

The common roofing slate of commerce is generally fine grained, com-
bining great strength and durability with moderate weight. It is almost
universally used for roofing houses and buildings of every description, and
for such purposes it is unequalled, possessing all the qualities necessary for
protection against wind, rain and storm. The colors of the slates are char-
acterized bv the mineral that chiefly prevails in its composition. The most

28o NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

common colors are blue, green and purple, and depends mainly on the pres-
ence of iron and the form in which it exists. Slabs are also manufactured,
being cut, planed, dressed and enameled for chimney-places, billiard tables,
wall linings, cisterns, paving, tombstones, ridge rolls and various othei''
architectural and industrial purposes. School slates and blackboards are also
manufactured ; for the latter it is necessary to get the slate rock out in large
masses. This is done by means of cutting machines called channellers; the
large blocks are then hoisted to the surface, sawed, rubbed and shaved to a
fine, smooth surface. Slate pencils are made from argilaceous slate rock,
sometimes from telecose slate, also from various materials ground together
and compressed.

The history of slate dates back to the sixteenth century, when the quar-
ries of France and Wales acquired considerable importance. The industry,
however, belongs mainly to the nineteenth century, in which its progress
and development have been great and rapid. The slate belt of Northampton
county extends throughout all its northern range of townships, and is the
important industry of that district. The early operators in the slate industry
in Northampton county sank fortunes before the product could be fully
introduced for roofing purposes. The first operating company we have any
record of was the Pennsylvania Slate Company, who opened a quarry in
Upper Mount Bethel township in 1806. This company fixed a price of
fifteen dollars for one hundred square feet of roofing slate laid. It was not,
however, until the middle of the past century that any progress was made
in making Pennsylvania slate a marketable product. William Chapman, a
gentleman of Cornish extraction, a practical slater, came to America and
settled in Northampton county in 1842. He became interested in quarries
in Moore township, and was the master spirit in perfecting their manage-
ment and in raising the quantity, quality and general reputation of the slate
product, which commended them not only to American but European pur-
chasers. The quarries were opened in Moore township in 1850, but it was
not until March 29. 1864, that the Chapman Slate Company was incorporated.
The Company erected in 1875 a factory for sawing, planing and manufactur-
ing slate rock into billiard, bagatelle, table and counter tops, cisterns, mantels,
lintels, blackboards, window-sills, coping, stairways, floor tiles, ridge poles
and flagging. The present industries at Chapman Quarries are the Chapman
Slate Company, Chapman Standard Slate Company and the Keystone Slate
Company. Then followed the usual development of other slate industries in
different localities. At Danielsville, in Lehigh township, the Little Gap
Slate Quarry was opened by Owen Jones and Owen Williams. The opening
of this quarry was soon followed in the same township by the operating of
the Heimbach and Eagle quarries, and later by the organizing of others.
The Mount Bethel Slate Company was incorporated February 27, 1868, with a
capital stock of $100,000.

Pennsylvania slate as early as 1872 was recognized as being superior to
the Vermont slate for roofing purposes, and shipments were made to New
England. The demand thus created caused the establishment of new quar-
ries, and the population of the slate belt was materially increased. The
panic of 1873, however, caused a reaction, and a number of slate quarries

THE SLATE INDUSTRY 281

near P.ani^or were sold by the shcrilT. George and James Coffin, in 1870,
invented a noiseless school slate frame, and in that year Lcrch & Company
at Danielsville produced eighty thousand dozen of school slates, which was
one-third of the total production in the United States at that time.

The slate industry of the present day in Northampton county is repre-
sented by from forty to fifty companies, who give employment to about
three thousand wage earners, the majority of whom arc of foreign extrac-
tion. The companies employing over fifty hands are the American Slate
Coni])any, Bangor Vein Slate Company, Columbia Bangor Slate Company,
East Bangor Consolidated Slate Company, Hammann Slate Company,
Kcenan Structural Slate Company, J. S. Moyer Company, North Bangor
Slate Company, Old Bangor Slate Company, Northampton Hard Vein Slate
Company, M. L. Tinsman & Com])any, Alpha Slate Manufacturing Company,
Phoenix Slate Company, Albion Vein Slate Company, The Crown Slate Com-
pany, The Diamond Slate Company, Jackson Bangor Slate Company and
Parsons Brothers Slate Company.

We append, with ])leasurc, further statistics of the companies whose
officials had the courtesy to answer a questionnaire mailed to them for more
iletaik'd information.

The Arvon Slate Company was founded by a partnership between J. A.
Elsey and \V. J. Seiple in August, 1908, and incorporated under its present
title, with a capital stock of $100,000 in December, 1910. The present officers
are W. J. Seiple, president'; D. B. Heller, vice-president; John A. Elsey,
treasurer; W. D. Weikheiser, secretary. Structural slate, blackboards and
roofing slate are manufactured. The production in the last year, however,
was confined to the two first articles, of which about 140,000 feet of struc-
tural slate and 35,000 feet of blackboards were made. The quarries are
located at Wind Gap, and employment is given to about thirty hands. The
Phoenix Slate Company's quarry and mills are also located ai Wind Gap, two
miles west of Pen Argyl. This comj^any was established in 1907, though
its quarry was in operation many years prior to this. The highest efficiency
is obtained, as the quarry and mills are installed with modern and adequate
equipment to obtain the most finished products. The average monthly pro-
duction is over 60,000 square feet of slate, employing almost one hundred
men, and has been in continuous operation since its organization.

The Albion X'ein Slate Company of Pen Argyl was incorporated May
5, 1908, with a capital stock of $40,000. The present officers have served
since its organization, namely: David Stoddard, president; George Stoddard,
treasurer, and H. L. Young, secretary. Roofing slate, blackboards and struc-
tural slate are produced, which furnish employment for one hundred and
fifty men. The Columbia Bangor Slate Company was originally a partner-
ship, and was incorporated under its jiresent title, July 13, 1907, with a
capital stock of $15,000. The officers at the time of the organization of the
company were: George H. Mutton, president; Thomas Ditchell, secretary
and treasurer. The present officers are : William Blake, president, and
William Ditchell, secretary and treasurer. About twenty-five thousand
squares of roofing .slate are manufactured annually, giving employment to
about eightv wage earners. Another thriving industry of Pen Arg>d is the

282 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Diamond Slate Company, incorporated November 17, 1909, with a capital
stock of $10,000. There has been no change in the executive officers since
the organization of the company. The present officers are: Herman A.
Miller, president; Alfred Doney, treasurer, and William A. Doney, secretary.
About 550,000 square feet of blackboards and structural slate are produced
yearlj', which are sold in the United States and Canada, furnishing employ-
ment to fifty-five men.

The North Bangor Slate Company was the outgrowth of individual
operations that was founded in 1863, which continued for twenty years.
For the next score of years it was a corporation under New York State laws,
and was reorganized in 1913 with a capital of $45,000, with a Pennsylvania
cliarter. The president of the first corporation was Abram W. Thompson,
who was succeeded in 1887 by Elkanah Drake, who filled the position vmtil
1895, when the present president, D. H. Keller, was elected. A yearly produc-
tion of $150,000 of roofing slates, blackboards, structural slate and school
slates arc manufactured, furnishing employment to about one hundred and
twenty men. The Bangor Slate Mining Company of Bangor was an out-
growth of a partnership existing between James Masters and B. W. Ribble,
founded in 1901. The present company was incorporated March 28, 1911,
with a capital stock of $75,000. The yearly output aggregates about $150,000
of roofing slate, structural slate and blackboards. Exports are made to
England. Ireland and Australia. The company's employes number about
two hundred. From a partnership founded in 1895, the Albion Bangor Slate
Company of Bangor was incorporated, in 1902, with a capital stock of $150,-
000. The officers at the time of the organization of the company were
Charles Shuman, president ; A. O. Allen, treasurer. The present officers
are William Bray, president ; G. W. Raesly, treasurer, and William P. Bray,
secretary. All kinds of slate productions are produced, and the number of
employes averages about forty. The foundation of the Woodley Slate Com-
pany of Bangor dates back to 1880, when the business was conducted as a
partnership. The company was incorporated under its present title, Novem-
ber I, 1908, with a capital stock of $25,000. The executive officers at the
time of the organization were Thomas Bolger, president and treasurer,
James H. Wiswell, secretary. The latter resigned and was succeeded by
James H. Bolger, who is the present secretary and treasurer of the company.
The yearly production aggregates about 336,000 square feet of structural
slate, employment being furnished to about thirty-five hands. Another in-
dustry in which those connected with the Woodley Slate Company are
interested is the Lehigh Structural Slate Manufacturing Company, which
was incorporated June 4, 1907, with a capital stock of $15,000. There has
been no change in the officers since the organization of the corporation.
They are: Thomas Bolger, president; J. H. Mishon, treasurer; J. H. Bolger,
secretary. The company yearly produces 350,000 square feet of blackboards,
using the new method of polishing by machinery instead of shaving, which
was the former process.

CHAPTER XXVI

THE CEMENT INDUSTRY

The principal hydraulic cements are termed natural, Portland and pozzuo-
lan. The natural, sometimes called Roman cement, is the product obtained
by calcininj:: an art^iliaceous limestone without pulverization of other ma-
terials at a temperature only slightly above that used for burning lime and
by finallv prindinp the burned mass. The limestone is calcined in small
lumps with coal in statuary-kilns. Its manufacture dates back to 1790 in
France, Germany and England. The building of the Erie canal in 1818 was
the cause of the first discovery of cement rock in the United States, and the
product thus obtained was used in the building the walls and the locks of
the canal. Natural cement sets more rapidly, but it does not possess as
much initial strength as Portland cement. It is of a yellow or brown color
and has a lower specific gravity than Portland cement. The latter was
invented by Joseph Ashden of Leeds, England, and is named from its fancied
resemblance when set to the well known limestone of the Jurassic age,
quarried for building purposes on Portland Isle, Dorsetshire, England.

Portland cement is a chemical combination consisting principally of
silicates and aluminates of lime, mixed in certain percentage. To this
material are added limestone and clay, or shale marl and clay, or blast furnace
slag is sometimes used. The first process of manufacturing is to reduce this
combination to a powder, making the mixture homogenous, properly propor-
tioned. When this compound is readily disintegrable in water it is reduced
by one of the wet processes ; if, however, the compound is of hard materials,
it is slightly moistened before the grinding process. The fuel used in the
kiln is generally powdered coal, but crude petroleum and natural gas are
also used. The burning or calcination is continued until a clinker is obtained
of a grayish or greenish black in color ; to this is added a small portion of
gypsum to serve as a retarder. The mixture is then ground to an impalpable
powder, and after a period of curing is ready for use.

From the chemist's or scientific point of view, pure Portland cement,
according to the latest researches, is a dry, impalpable powder composed
of an almost molecular combination of tri-calcium silicate, di-calcium alumi-
nate and crystaline calcium oxide. From the manufacturer's point of view,
Portland cement is an impalpable powder produced by the fine grinding of a
natural or artificial combination of silicious, aluminous and calcarious ma-
terials in fairly well defined proportions, which materials have been uni-
formly mixed and heated to such a temperature that the alumina and silica
may become chemically combined with lime, this action best taking place
when the combination is heated to a point of incipient fusion. After this
burning, the so-called clinker thus produced is cooled and pulverized ; and
during the manufacture of this powder still other components are added
within advisable or stipulated limits for purposes of regulating the setting
time or affecting other characteristics of the cement when employed for
actual vi-ork.

284 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

The extreme fineness for grinding is a prime essential of good Portland
cement. Man}^ brands are ground so they will pass through a sieve having
ten thousand meshes per square inch. Portland cement acts slower than
natural cement, but attains its maximum strength more quickly. The color
of the finished cement is of various shades of gray, some of it being white.

The pozzuolan cement is a mixture of a siliceous and aluminous material,
such as power blast furnace slag, or volcanic ashes and powdered slated lime.
The mixture is not burned at any stage of the process of manufacturing, and
when made into mortar it has the property of hardening under water.

One of the chief industries of Northampton county is the manufacture
of Portland cement. Northampton county is the very heart of the largest
cement producing section of America and it is even claimed that the largest
cement mill of the world is located within its limits. Cement is made in
the L.ehigh Valley from cement rock, the deposit of which is one of the
largest and purest found anywhere in the world. This cement rock was
discovered in 1826 at Siegfried Bridge, now Northampton, by the Lehigh
Coal and Navigation Company while surveying and building the canal
through the valley. In 1850 cement was manufactured at Siegfried Bridge.
At the Allen Alill, later acquired by the Bonneville Cement Company, and
now a part of Lawrence Plant, cement was made from which an arch was
erected at the Centennial Celebration at Philadelphia in 1876. In 1866 Mr.
Saylor began the manufacture of cement at Coplay, and in 1875 produced the
"First true Portland cement." This gave rise to the cement industry of the
Lehigh district. The cement rock is found in a restricted area like the arc
of a circle extending from Evansville, in Bucks county on the west, through
Lehigh and Northampton counties, into Warren county. New Jersey, as far
east as New Village, New Jersey. The important plants in Northampton
county are located at Northampton, Bath, Nazareth, Stockerstown and Mar-
tin's Creek.

The manufacture of Portland cement is of recent origin in the United
States, as it dates back only to the early seventies, when it was first pro-
duced in the Lehigh district of Pennsylvania.

The original plant of the Lawrence Portland Cement Company was one
of the first mills erected in Northampton county. It began the manufacturing
of "Dragon Portland Cement," the name under which its product is known
and has acquired fame, in 18S9. The mill has a capacity of 4,500 barrels per
day, and employs about 275 men. Formerly it exported considerable cement,
but of late its entire output is consumed domestically. In the erection of the
United States Senate Office Building and the National War College, Wash-
ington, D. C, Dragon Portland Cement was used exclusively. The Law-
rence Company also furnished the greater portion of the cement used in
the construction of the Hudson River Tunnel and the New Subway in New
York City. During the year 1918 two-thirds of the cement produced went
to the United States Government. The main office of the company is at
Northampton, with sales offices in New York, Philadelphia, Boston and
Cumberland. The board of directors arc: President, E. R. Ackerman;
Vice-presidents: C. A. Porter, M. S. Ackerman, F. H. Smith, Townsend Russ-
more, James E. Clark, Frank F. Clark, H. D. Brewster and James S. Van
Middlesworth.

THE CEMENT INDUSTRY 2S5

The niaiuifacture t)f Atlas rortlaiid Cfincnt was comnicnced at the
Coplay (Pennsylvania) plant in 1890, and (hirins^ that year about 12,000
barrels of Atlas Portland Cement were manufactured. During the year
iSoi, this was increased to 35,000 barrels and the increase has been steadily
maintained so that the Atlas Portland Cement Company have a capacity of
about eighteen million barrels of Atlas Portland Cement per year. The
property at Coplay, T.ehiph county, Pennsylvania, known as the Saylor mill,
was acquired in tSSS. The following- year all right, title and interest in the
then o]>erating conijiany were secured, and another company organized
which, together with subsequent companies, were succeeded l)y the Atlas
Portland (.'ement Company, organized tmder the laws of the .State of Penn-
sylvania, in 1899. In the year 1B95 land was purchased in Allen township,
Northampton county, now Northampton, and the Atlas Company's plant
No. 2 was built. Subsequently plant No. 3 anrl iilant No. 4 were constructed,
and at about the same time plant No. 4 was completed, plants Nos. 5 and 6
at Ilaiuiibal, Missouri, were under construction and carried to completion;
subsequent thereto a large plant at Hudson, New York, was added to the
number.

The history of the manufacture of Portland cement in Northampton
county is one of progressive inventions and improvements. Perhaps the
greatest among these is the substitution of the rotary kiln for the old sta-
tionary dome kiln. The Atlas Portland Cement Company about twenty-five
years ago began experimenting with and rapidly developed the rotary kiln
process. This is today being used in every mill in the United States, and
has been adopted in foreign coimtries. From time to time the Atlas Portland
Cement Company has been called upon to furnish Atlas Portland Cement
for many industrial developments throughout the States, and the largest
contract of the kind ever undertaken is the Panama Canal ; for the purpose
of developing this waterway and further fortifying the same, the Atlas
Company has shipped to date approximately eight million barrels of cement.
During the period of the recent war the Atlas Company has supplied a large
portion of the cement required by the United States Government. Atlas
Portland Cement is also in strong demand by and is being shipped to South
American countries in large quantities. The company employs at the North-
ampton mills about 1,800 men. The executive offices of the company are
located at No. 30 Broad street. New York. The officers are : John R. Morron,
president: A. de Navarro, vice-president; H. W. Maxwell, vice-president;
W. E. Miner, secretary-treasurer; J. L. Medler, assistant treasurer; H. E.
Harding, assistant secretary. The local plant is under the management of
H. T. Raisbeck of Northampton. One hundred and thirty-seven of the
employes were in the service of the country during the war. The war gar-
dens on the Atlas farms covered more than sixty acres and formed one of
the largest clusters of war gardens in the State, if not the nation. In 1918
practically the entire output of the Northampton mills went to the govern-
ment.

The Alpha Portland Cement Company is located at Alpha, New Jersey.
It was in 1892 that Thomas D. VVhitaker commenced the manufacture of
Portland cement in two small kilns, which was afterwards increased to four;

286 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

the company was known as the Whitaker Cement Company. Fire devastated
the entire works in 1894, and a year later the Alpha Portland Cement Com-
pany was organized. The output of this new organization, in 1898, was 1,000
to 1,200 barrels of Portland cement daily, which was the product of ten kilns.
In 1900 the product was increased to 2.000 barrels ; a second mill of ten kilns
was built the following year, and in 1903 four more kilns were added. In
addition to this the company operated under a lease the Martin's Creek
Cement Company works, which consisted of ten kilns, which was increased,
in 1905, to thirty-four kilns, with a capacity of 7,500 barrels daily.

The Alpha Portland Cement Company was incorporated under the laws
of the State of New Jersey, April 9. 1895. The outstanding capital stock is
$10,000,000. The company maintains an office in Easton, and its officers, in
1919, are: G. S. Brown, president; F. G. McKelvy, first vice-president;
F. ]M. Coogan, second vice-president; John J. Matthes, secretary and treas-
urer. The annual capacity of the company is 7,500,000 barrels, which are
produced at Alpha, New Jersey, two plants at Martin's Creek, Pennsylvania,
and one plant at each of the following places: Cenienton and Jamesville,
New York, and Alanheim, West \'irginia. Besides the domestic consump-
tion of the product shipments are made to West Indies, the various republics
of South America, and to points in Africa. In addition to operating the
various cement plants the company owns and operates a bituminous coal
mine located at Reynoldsville, West \'irginia. When the plants are all in
operation employment is given to fifteen hundred employes.

The Nazareth Portland Cement Company was incorporated February
27, 1898, with a capital stock of $300,000. The property of the company is
located just outside of the southern borough line of Nazareth. The first
officials of the company were Dr. James P. Barnes, president; E. T. Belden,
secretary and treasurer. The office of vice-president and active manager
was filled by Dr. Irving A. Bachman, of Nazareth. Buildings were erected
at a cost of $210,000, and at the time of its organization it was the second
largest Portland cement plant in the United States, being only exceeded by
the Atlas Portland Cement Company. Since its organization the company's
business has been extended and employment is now given to 284 wage
earners.

The Dexter Portland Cement Company of Nazareth was incorporated
June 2. 1899, with capital stock of $300,000; its investments in 1919 repre-
sented $1,200,000. The company owns about 380 acres of land, of which the
plant covers about fifty acres. The annual product is about 1,000,000 barrels
of Portland cement, and employment is given to about two hundred men.

The Phoenix Portland Cement Company is located about three miles
west of the borough of Nazareth. The company was incorporated in 1901,
the original capitalization being $860,000. A tract of land was purchased
consisting of four hundred acres, of which only about ten per cent, has been
opened for cement rock. The capacity of the plant is about 4,500 barrels of
Portland cement daily, and employment is given to about 250 wage earners,
the monthly payroll aggregating $20,000.

The Penn-Allen Portland Cement Company was organized in November,
1902. The company lighted their first fire just one year later, their buildings

THE CEMENT INDUSTRY 287

beinjj erected in nine months. The capacit\- of the works was 1,000 barrels
daily, and the plant was equipped with all the modern improvements of
cement machinery. The works arc situated on the Lehigh and New England
Railroad ; tlie Bath trolley line passes through their property. The officers
of the company at the time of its organization were Avon Barnes, president;
\V. H. Ganewcr, vice-president, and William R. Ycager, treasurer. Employ-
ment is given to about one hundred and fifty hands. There is also located
near Bath the Pennsylvania Portland Cement Company that employs about
two hundred and fifty wage earners, and the Bath Portland Cement Com-
pany, which gives employment to about one hundred and fifty men.

The Quaker Portland Cement Company acquired property in Lower Mt.
Bethel township in 1903. A charter was granted by the State department,
March 5, 1906, to the Atlantic Portland Cement Company, with a capital
stock ot $100,000. The incorporators were H. D. Maxwell, president ; R. A.
liamilton. treasurer, and F. P. McCloskey, all of Easton. The purpose of
the company was to purchase the Alstcn Pennsylvania Portland Cement
Company properties located in Lower Nazareth, Palmer and Bushkill town-
ships, and it erected a cement plant on the same. The Alsten Company of
Hamburg, Germany, i)urchased the properties several years previous to
organization of the Atlantic Portland Cement Company, but had never
erected a plant.

An organization of the cement manufacturers was consummated at
Easton, January 21, igo8, imdcr the name of the "Association of the Li-
censed Cement Manufacturers." It included the North American Portland
Cement Company, the Atlas, Alpha, American, Lehigh, Lawrence and Vul-
canite companies, and other important concerns in the east and west. The
association was to control the patents owned by individual concerns, includ-
ing the Hurry and Seaman kilns for substituting pulverized coal for oil
as fuel, which was controlled by the Alpha Portland Cement Company, which
had been a subject of litigation for six years. The officers elected at the
time of the organization were A. F. Gerstell of Easton, president and man-
ager; Conrad Mller of Nazareth, vice-president, and A. De Navarro, secre-
tary and general manager. The growth of the Portland cement industry
in the Lehigh Valley district is one of phenomenal increase; in 1890 there
w^ere 204.000 barrels of Portland cement shipped ; in 1914 it reached 24,614,933
barrels.

CHAPTER XXVIT

THE PRESS

Joiinialism is recognized at the present day as one of the arts. It has been
added to the curriculum of a number of the universities of the country. The
early efforts of the colonial days, in which Franklin, Bradford and others of like
distinction were the pioneers, have been sui-passed by their followers in the
twentieth century. The news not only of domestic affairs but the daily occur-
rences in foreign lands is placed before the reading mind of the public in a
comprehensive and detailed form. The inventions in the art of printing have
been so advanced that millions of copies of a single publication are placed before
their readers. I'y the exertions of the editorial and reportorial staffs even the
minutest item of public importance is daily recorded. The pioneers of mining
and other earth producing products, even in the fields of carnage, are hardly
located before the enterprising editor by the whirling of his printing press is
issuing broadcast a local newspaper of the daily events, and placing the isolated
parts of the countr}' in touch with the world at large. All hail to the worthy
representatives of The Fourth Estate, to whose ambition and enterprise w-e are
so largely indebted.

The earlv adventures in journalism in Northampton county were confined to
Easton. There was in the nineteenth centuiy over fifty attempts to establish
newspapers in that locality ; many of them, however, were of transitory growth.
.*\t the time of the incorporation of Easton as a borough, which created a demand
for the news of the outside world, newspapers from outside localities reached the
town, mostly in the English language, though the Germantown Zeitung, which
had a wide circulation, undoubtedly had a few subscribers in Easton. The first
paper printed in Northampton county was the Eastoner Bothe and Northampton
Kuvdschajter (The Easton Messenger and Northampton Intelligencer). Its
natal day was September 18, 1793. the day made memorable for the laying of the
cornerstone of the Capitol at Washington. It was a folio sheet 17 x 11 inches,
three columns to the page, printed on heavy hand-made paper; its circulation
was about three hundred, issued weekly, at one dollar per annum. The first
page was devoted to foreign news a month old, the second page to political
extracts from other newspapers, the third and fourth pages to advertisements.
Domestic news was not printed, owing to the fact that it was fully digested at
the post oftlce and taverns in the way of gossip, therefore it was not necessary
to repeat it.

The Bothe was published until October, 1804, and was succeeded by Dcr
Eastoner Deutsche Patriot und Landmanns IVochenblatt (Easton German Patriot
and Coimtrv-Man's Weekly Paper). Its moto was "where liberty dwells there is
my country — Franklin." The first issue v.as March 22. 1805. and it continued
until January, 1813. Both of these papers espoused the cause of the Demo-
cratic and Jeffersonian party in opposition to the Federalists, and they exerted a
wide political influence in the community.

The founder, publisher and editor of l>oth these journals was Jacob Wey-

NORTH.— 1— 19.

290 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

gandt, born in Germantown, Pennsylvania, December 13, 1742, a son of Cornelius
and Maria Agneta (Bechtel) Weygant. He received a thorough education and a
strict religious training, and early showed a fondness for literature, which was
an inherited characteristic, as his mother was the daughter of Rev. John Bechtel,
a graduate of Heidelberg University, who came to America in 1726, and was one
of the Fathers of the Reformed Church of America, prominently known in the
ecclesiastical history of Pennsylvania. Jacob's parents removed, in 1755, to
Bethlehem, and in 1762 to w'hat is now Tatamy Station. In this locality he was
engaged at his father's trade of wood-turner. Espousing the cause of the patriots
in the Revolution, he joined the Northanipton County Associates, was captured
at Fort Washington, subsequently became a captain in the militia, and was in
active service a number of times. Soon after the close of the war he removed
to Easton, and was one of the first burgesses of the borough, member of the
State House of Representatives, also one of the first vestry of the German
Lutheran Church. He married, in 1767, Catharine, daughter of John and Ger-
trude Nowland, and at his death, July 11, 1828, was survived by his widow,
six daughters and a son. His eldest son, Cornelius Nowland Weygandt, was an
associate publisher and founder of the first newspaper. He was born in Forks
township, Northampton county, November i, 1770; was actively engaged in the
politics of the county, and assisted his father in journalism until his death, May
3, 1806. He married Susan Grunmyer, who survived him, also two sons and three
daughters, all of whom lived to an advanced age.

The first newspaper printed in Easton in the English language was the
American Eagle, its initial number being published by Samuel Longcope, May
10, 1799. The earliest numbers displayed its name in plain open block type, but
beginning with the issue of August 8, 1799, the title was emblazoned by an eagle
perched upon a shield, with the following motto: "Respect for the authority of
our government, compliance with its laws, and acquiescence in its measures and
duties, enjoined by the fundamental maxims of liberty. — Washington." It was
the same size as the Bothe and was issued weekly at two dollars a year. The
Eagle commenced its career at a period of great political excitement in Pennsyl-
vania, the gubernatorial contest, w'hich ended in the election of Thomas McKean.
It advocated the election of James Ross, consequently was Federalistic in its
principles. The American Eagle continued to be published under many adverse
circumstances until abovit the close of the year 1805; its lack of patronage was
due to the fact that the community was largely a German-speaking population
and Democratic in their, political affiliations.

The next candidate for journalism was the Northampton Farmer and Easton
Weekly Advertiser, which was born December 21, 1805, and was the fourth
paper to be published in Northampton county. In January, 1807, its name was
changed to the Northampton Farmer. It was a folio 10^ x 17 inches, four
columns to the page, and displayed the motto, "Equal and exact justice to all men
of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political. — Jefiferson." Its editor
was Thomas J. Rogers, a brilliant journalist, who afterwards became distin-
guished in military and national affairs. The dissolution of the American Eagle
in 1805 left the Farmer without a competitor until August, 1808, when the
Pennsylvania and Easton Intelligencer was established by Christian Jacob Hutter.
It advocated the candidacy of John Spayd for governor in opposition to Simon

THE PRESS 291

Snyder, the regular Democratic nominee, and James Ross, the Federahst candi-
date. The two Democratic tickets w ere headed as follows :

Rcpuhlican Ticket

Motto

Spayd and Free Trade

Liberty and the ("on^litntion

Aristocratic Ticket

Motto

Snyder and F.inhargo

Anarchy and a Convention

The introduction of a second Democratic candidate was viewed with sus-
picion by the honest Democracy of Northampton county. They saw the possi-
bility of a Federalist governor, and they recalled the days when the windows in
their houses were numbered and their dwellings were measured by a set of
Federalist officials, therefore they voted the straight Democratic ticket, and 2,817
votes were cast for Governor Snyder, that number being only twenty-three less
than was received for any candidate, therefore the loss was to the Federalist
and not the Aristocratic Democrats, as was anticipated by the Spayd adherents.

The Parmer was continued under the same management until June 2, 1815,
when its publication was discontinued. The editor and publisher of the Farmer,
Thomas Jones Rogers, was a son of Joseph Rogers, who came from Ireland to
America in 1786 and settled at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Thomas J. was
horn in Waterford, Ireland, in 1780. In his early youth he learned the art of
]irinting and was employed for many years on the National Intelliqencer, pub-
lished at \\'ashington. District of Columbia. At the time of the foundation of
the Farmer he removed to Easton. During his residence in that borough he
published a work entitled "A New American Biographical Dictionary on the
Remembrance of the Departed Heroes, Sages, and Statesmen of America."
During the war of 1812 he was a brigade major in the Pennsylvania troops,
and in 18 18 was elected to Congress and re-elected to the Sixteenth, Seventeenth
and Eighteenth Congresses. He resigned from the latter and was appointed
Register of Wills and Recorder of Deeds of Northampton county, which position
he held until 1830, when he removed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was an
officer in the Ignited States Revenue Customs. His death occurred December
7, 1S32.

The next paper to be founded in Easton was The Northampton Corre-
spondent, printed in Geiinan. There is no definite date when it was first issued
obtainable, but indications show it was February 7, 1806. Its motto was "Free,
Resolute and Dispassionate." The founder, Christian Jacob Hutter, had previ-
ously published The Lancaster Correspondent, the last number of which was
issued September 3, 1803, when Mr. Hutter removed to Easton. He resigned
the control of the paper to his two sons, Henry Augustus and Frederick William
Hutter, in 1821. They both died a few years later, and the paper was continued
by their father and his son-in-law, Frederick William Muller. This manage-
ment continued several years, when the elder Hutter again assumed control,
and in the spring of 1839 he disposed of his interests to Abraham H. Senseman,
who was its editor and publisher until November, i860, when the paper was
consolidated with the Independent Democrat, by which name it was known

292 NORTHAMPTON' COUNTY

until 1875, when the original name was resumed, and it became the property
of the publisher of the Easton Argus, and is now issued from that office.

The Pemisyk'ania Herald and Easton Intelligencer was first issued August
10, 1808, and bore the motto: "Historic Truth, the Herald shall proclaim the
law its guide — the public good its aim." The editor published his valedictory
in the issue of August i, 1810, when it was suspended. The following week the
editor of the Herald, Christian Jacob Hutter, issued the People's Instructor,
the advertisements and articles appeared in opposite columns in English and
German, and it pledged itself to take no part in political contentions. Its life,
however, was of short duration.

The Spirit of Pennsylvania was first issued June 16, 1815, by George Desh-
ler and Samuel I^Ioore, who had purchased the good will and equipment of the
Farmer. They were both youthful journalists, Deshler being twenty years of
age, and Moore still younger. They, however, experienced the same difficulty
as their predecessors and contemporaries — the chronic forgetfulness of sub-
scribers to pay for their papers. Mr. Moore withdrew from the paper after
several years, and Mr. Deshler on February 18, 1820, issued an initial number
of Volume i of a new series. He sold his interests May 27, 1823 to L. Byllesby;
however, on April 24. 1824, the paper was again transferred to its former owner
by Mr. Byllesby, on the plea that the considerations under which he became
the purchaser were contrary to his first expectations. The last number of the
Spirit of Pennsylvania was issued in the latter part of 1824. Mr. Deshler was
a practical printer and an able newspaper v.riter; he afterwards founded The
Warren Advocate, a weekly publication in Phillipsburg, New Jersey.

The Easton Centinal was first issued July i, 181 7, and was founded by
Christian Jacob Hutter. It advocated the principles of Jeffersonian Democracy,
and had for its motto: "Faithful, Active, \'igilant and Steady." Owing to
financial embarrassments, Mr. Hutter, on October 19, 1821, transferred the
publication to his sons. On their death his son-in-law, Frederick William Muller,
became publisher, and the orthography of the title was changed to the Sentinel.
In the spring of 1839 Abraham Henry Senseman became proprietor, and five
years later the ownership of the paper passed to E. L. Wolf, a son of Governor
^^'olf, who remained in control of the property until December 19, 1851, when
Daniel H. Neiman acquired his interests and issued the paper for thirty-one
years, when, on the last week of -April, 1883, J. Peter Correll became its owner.
In politics the paper has always been Democratic, and has always retained the
confidence of the public in its over a centurv- existence. This concludes the
history of journalism in Easton for the first quarter of a centurv' of its existence.

A newspaper called Tlie Mountaincr was bom January 7, 1820, and bore the
•motto: "All Power Ts Inherent in the People." It espoused the cause of
Democracy, though it frequently opposed the choice of the party's candidates.
Its death occurred August 17, 1821, and during its brief career James A. Pater-
son, Jacob Weygandt, Jr., and John David Weiss were publishers and pro-
prietors. The Exposita was a campaign paper that first appeared August 19,
1822. It was printed weekly on the press of The Spirit of Pennsylvania, and
about fifteen numbers were issued. Der Re public anishe Bauer and The Gridiron
were political ."^heets of short duration.

The Pennsylvania Argus was the creation of Jacob Weygandt, Jr., and was

THE PRESS 293

founded in Easton, February 15, 1827. About tlie same time Samuel Innes
announced his intentions of publishinj? The Easton Gazette, and the two news-
paper enterprisers conibined their patronage and jointly founded the Easton
/!rgus. In politics it announced it would be Democratic, and was an advocate
of General Jackson's election to the presidency, with coherence to the principles
that power should originate in the people. After a few years- Mr. Weygandt
retired, and Mr. Innes continued the paper, changing its name to The Democrat
and Argus. The death of Mr. Innes occurred in 1841, and the business was
taken charge or by the father and a brother of the brilliant as.sociate founder.
In 18.(4 William II. Hutter, a grandson of Col. Chri.stian J. Ilutter, became
proprietor, and changed the name of the paper to The Easton Argus. He was
at this time but a youth of nineteen years, and for a quarter of a century his
ability as a political writer made the Argus one of the leading advocates of
Democracy in Pennsylvania, l^pon the retirement of Mr. Ilutter in 1869, James
Findlay Shunk, son of a governor of Pennsylvania, in partnership with William
Eichman, conducted the paper. The following year, however, the latter retired
from the firm, his interests having been secured by Josiah Cole and Dr. E.
Morwitz, proprietors of The Correspondent and Democrat. Mr. Shunk retained
the editorial management of the two journals. In December, 1871, Mr. Shunk
disposed of his interests in the paper to his partners, and Mr. Eichman became
editor, continuing for several years, when J. Peter Correll and Oliver L. Fehr
became successive editors. The Argus changed from a weekly to a semi-weekly
on January i, 1892, the publication of the paper on the lines originally formed
continuing to the present day.

Upon the day which the Argus was first issued, Februan,- 15, 1827, a German
edition of the paper appeared, called the Republikanishe Presse, which was
published regularly until February 5, 1830. The Delaware and Easton Gazette,
which first made its appearance in the month of May, 1827, was established to
advocate the election of General Andrew Jackson to the presidency, and ceased
to exist in the fall of that year. The Northern Whig was first issued April 4,
1828, with John Mulloy as its first editor. Its owners were James M. Porter
and others. At the close of the first year of its existence a change was made in
the editorial department; Josiah P. Hetrick, a youth of eighteen years, was
made editor, and continued in that capacity for forty years. In July, 1840, Mr.
Hetrick formed a partnership with William Maxwell of Easton, which continued
until the later part of 1844, when Mr. Maxwell retired. In the early fifties the
name of the paper was changed to the Easton Whig, and in the early sixties it
was rechristened as the Northampton County Journal, which name it retained
. until the issue of its last number, September 16, 1868. The Freyheits Fahne
(Freedom's Banner), was published in 1828, but it had only a brief existence.

The Jeffcrsonian and Northampton, Bucks, Pike and Lehigh Telegraph
first saw the light of day July 28, 1831 ; it was a weekly newspaper, and its
founder, publisher and editor was Aaron F. Cox. It gave its support to Andrew
Jackson, and from its first issue was unpopular wnth the people, the editor
disliked, assaulted in the streets, and arrested for libel. The end of the year
saw the .Jeffcrsonian with its kite-tail appendages extinct and its editor sought
more congenial surroundings.

The first attempt to establish a daily newspaper in Easton was made by

294 NORTHAMPTOX COUNTY

Edward Lux Garren. The journal was named The Daily Xezvs, and its first
issue was August ii, 1834. It was a diminutive folio sheet 11 x 9 inches, three
columns to the page, price two cents a copy. It was. however, issued only a
short time. Josiah P. Hetrick published for a year The Nortliampton Democrat,
a German weekly. The first number was issued Augi.ist 30, 1834. It advocated
the election of Joseph Ritner for governor. Another campaign paper was The
Northampton Farmer, which came into existence in July, 1835, to support ]\Iartin
Van Buren for president and Henr\' A. IMuhlenburg for governor. These two
last publications' existence was but transitory : they died a natural death in
November, 1835. The IFoctendtichc Herald was issued for a short time in
1840 by Hetrick and Maxwell. The Northampton Messenger was started in
1840 by Thomas Forman in the interests of the Porter wing of the Democratic
party, there being at this time two other wings of the partv, the Reeder wing
and the Brodhead wing. It was edited by young law students in the office of
Judge Porter. It was not a financial success and after three or four issues it
was merged with the Sentinel. Another campaign paper of short life was Alt
Northampton, which was born in the office of the Whig and Journal in the
early part of February, 1841, and discontinued the following October.

The Independent Democrat and Northampton and Monroe Counties Adver-
tiser was a German paper in the inte'rests of the Democratic party. Its first issue
was dated September 14, 1843, ^"d 'ts motto: "Independent, Resolute and
Fearless." Its founder was Frederick William Muller, who published it until
1845, when he was succeeded by James A. Dunlap. The paper was afterwards
purchased by John I. .-Mien, v.ho transferred it to Samuel Siegfried, and on
November 2, 1849, it passed into the hands of Josiah Cole. In 1861 it was
consolidated with The Northampton Correspondent, under the title of the Corres-
pondent and Democrat. The Democrat-Standard and The Northampton Courier
were newspapers of short duration of life, published by Abraham H. Senseman,
and were supplements to the Correspondent.

The decade between 1850-60 shows at least a dozen newspapers ushered into
existence in Easton. The Eastonian, devoted to politics, literature and news,
cominenced its issue in the summer of 1850. and continued as late as 1857. The
first venture in amateur journalism in Northampton county was The Bull-Gine;
its editors were two youths of fourteen years, John P. Forsman and Henry C.
Miller. It was first issued in July, 1852, and only three or four numbers were
irregularly published. Another newspaper was The Northampton Fanner, which
title had been taken by two subsequent defunct newspapers. It was founded
August 4, 1852, by ^Manning F. Stillwell, an experienced journalist, who had
been connected with a paper issued at Belvidere, New Jersey. Mr. Stillwell
associated with him Benjamin F. Stem, a gentleman of superior intellectual
qualifications and journalistic ability who, the following year, became the sole
proprietor, and continued such until 1857, when William H. Brown became
associated with him as a partner. In August, 1857, the title of the paper was
changed to The American Free Press and Northampton Farmer, and later
another change was made to The American Free Press. Mr. Stem retired Au-
gust 12, 1859, and the following year Mr. Brown becoming financially embar-
rassed, the publication was suspended for several issues. It was, however,
resumed by Lewis Gordon as proprietor, with Mr. Stem as editor, under the

THE PRESS 295

title of the Huston Free Press. On May i, 1S66, James Kerr Dawes became
associated with Mr. Gordon. On September 25th of that year the Daily free
Press was started. The following year the good will and equipment were .'^old
to J. Whitfield Wood and Henry L. Bunstein ; the latter retired from the man-
agement of the paper in 1870, and the business was continued by Mr. Wood
for a year, when James K. Dawes became sole proprietor and issued the paper
until 1877. At this time Mr. Wood again becam.e the owner. In 1884 the weekly
was changed to a semi-weekly, and in 1885 C. N. Andrews and E. W. Clifton
became proprietors. The Free Press was the first Republican paper in North-
ampton county, and to the present time has exercised no little influence over
public affairs in the county.

The Baucrn Zeilting, published by Henry Guenther, had a short existence
in 1853. The Daily Eastonian was the second attempt to publish a daily paper
in Easton. Its sponsers were William L. Davis and Samuel L. Cooley, wdio,
on April 21, 1854, issued its first number at three cents a copy. The paper was
shortlived, as few numbers, if any other than the first, were published. The
third attempt for a daily paper in Easton was made in the fall of 1854, its title
was The Daily Fanner, and it was issued in connection with The Northampton
Former. It was continued under the editorship of Messrs. Stem and Stillwell,
afterwards by the former alone until the close of the presidential election of
1856. U'illiam H. Hutter, in the autumn of 1855, established the fourth daily
paper in Easton, The Mor7iing Star, but its duration of life was only one day.

The Easton Daily Express was started in the fall of 1855, was published
every afternoon except Sunday, and is now the oldest daily newspaper in exist-
ence in the county. It was started by William Eichman and William L. Davis,
and its first number appeared November 5, 1855. Its birth was very unpropiti-
ous, the editors being reporters, typesetters, printer's devil, and distributors of
the circulation, but in time the newspaper prospered. In April, 1856, Samuel
P. Higgins became associated with the paper, but retired inside of a year. Dur-
ing the Civil War both editors were engaged in the defense of their State, and
the paper was discontinued for a short time. Mr. Eichman retired from the
management of the paper, and Mr. Davis became sole editor and proprietor until
his death in 1870. when George M. Reeder became the proprietor and Washing-
ton H. Bixler editor. At the death of Mr. Reeder the property was purchased
by the Express Printing Company. The Express ignores politics entirely, de-
pends on no political party for patronage or support, is independent in its views
on all subjects, and by a bold and consistent course has won the respect and
patronage of all classes.

The Daily Eastonian was revived in .August, 1856, by Samuel L. Cooley,
who issued twenty-nine nunibers, the last on July 31, 1857, the suspension being
mostly due to the money panic of that year. On Mr. Higgins' retirement from
the publication of the Express, he became interested in several attempts to estab-
lish a daily newspaper in Easton. He issued, on May 19, 1838, The Morning
Times, at one cent a copy. The effect of the panic of 1857, the demoralization
of business interests, tended to make it a doubtful venture, and the paper finally
succumbed to the inevitable, its last issue appearing June 11, 1859. The Times
was founded at the instigation of ex-Governor Andrew H. Reeder, and was
issued to strengthen the Republican party in the State and assist in the presi-

296 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

dential campaign of i860. It was published semi-monthly at twenty-five cents
a year. The initial number appeared August 18, 1S59, and its success was so
encouraging that it was enlarged and the subscription price raised to fifty cents
a year. The circulation soon reached 5,000, and on April 25, 1861, it com-
menced to be issued weekly. The last issue of the Times was on June 6, 1861,
two of its editors, ArtTiur N. Seip and William H. Seip, having enlisted in the
service of their country. Der Eastoii Adler, a German weekly, was established
about this time by Major Thomas W. Lynn and his son Josephus. Dcr Beo-
hachter (The Observer) was first issued on March 22, i860, and was the first
German newspaper advocating the principles of the Republican party to be pub-
lished in Northampton county. It was a weekly publication, edited by Frederick
William Muller. The circulation rapidly increased until the breaking out of
the Civil War, when its publisher, feeling it was his duty to volunteer in the
service of his country, caused the paper to be suspended April 18, 1861.

The Tenth Legion Democrat and The Daily Nezvs were simply campaign
papers, published in 1868, were founded by William Eichman, and were of short
duration. The Easton Morning Dispatch initial number appeared May 16, 1874,
and was issued as a morning daily paper ; it was soon changed to an evening
edition and rechristened The Easton Daily Dispatch. It began its career as an
independent journal, but on the adoption of its new name it became an exponent
of the Democratic party principles, continuing in the support of that political
party until its last issue, August 28, 1875. The first issue of The Plain Dealer
was on August 24, 1878; it was the organ of the National Greenback Labor
Party, and advocated the basic doctrines of that political party touching financial
and labor questions. It was published Saturdays by William Eichman, was an
interesting paper, and ably edited. The paper was discontinued at the close of
the presidential campaign.

The Easton Daily Argus was first issued September 22, 1879, and was
founded to answer the demand for a Democratic daily, and while it was credited
as such, the publishers announced it would not be the organ of any clique or
faction. The founders were Oliver F. Fehr and J. Peter Correll. A corpora-
tion was afterwards formed and the present site on Fourth street was purchased,
March 25. 1905, and refitted as a first class printing plant.

The Northern Democrat was bom at Easton, April 28, 1882. As its name
announced, it was a political journal, issued every Friday morning at a subscrip-
tion price of one dollar a year. The founders, editors and publishers were James
J. Cope and Thomas F. Emmons. In politics it is radically Democratic, and for
many years Howard Mutchler was owner and proprietor.

The Sunday Call was the first Sunday newspaper published in Northampton
county. Its initial number was issued May 6, 1883, a folio sheet 25 x 18 inches,
seven columns to the page, at three cents a copy. Its founder was J. Peter
Correll.

The earliest publication issued at Bethlehem was a quarterly by the L'nited
Brethren and called The United Brethren Missionary Intelligencer and Religious
Miscellany. It was founded in 1822 and continued to be issued until 1849.
It was edited by the Moravian clergy, and was printed in Philadelphia, Penn-
sylvania. The Moravian Church Miscellany vias the successor of this quarterly,
and was published at Bethlehem. January, 1850, to December, 1855.

THE PRESS 297

The first local paper was a German bi-weekly called Die Bien (The Bee),
iinclertaken by Julian and William Held, with Dr. Abraham L. Ilaebner as
editor. The first number of this [niblication ajipeared January 3, 1846. It was
not a political paper, and hardly a local one, it dealt mostly with Moravian afiairs.
Dr. Haebner purchased the Held Firothers" interest in 1848, but at the end of the
year was obliged to susi^end i)ublication. The next newsjiaper to appear in
Bethlehem was the Lehigh Valley Times, a Republican weekly founded in 1852.
by CajJtnin Edward II. Ranch. The pajier continued to be published, and in
1857 Gangeware and Marslick were the jniblishers. The name of the paper was
changed, in 1860, to the Bethlehem Advocate, with Herman Ruede as editor and
publisher. In 1861 the paper was replaced by the Lehigh Valley Times, with
J. D. Laerar as publisher, and the following year it was transferred to the
Easton Free Press and suspended. In the autumn of 1856 the publishers of
The Lehigh Valley Times attempted to issue a German bi-weekly named Ackerhan
Zeitung, but it was of short life.

The Moravian, a weekly journal of the American Moravian Church, was
established Januan,- i, 1856; Rev. E. de Schwcintz, Z. F. Kampnxan and F. F.
Hagen were the first editors. It was published in Philadelphia in quarto form.
The paper was removed to Bethlehem in 1859, made a weekly, and Rev. E.
Tinseman became editor. There were various changes in its editorship, and in
1877 the Rev. E. T. Kluge took charge. A new publication, Der Bruder Bot-
sehafier, was established in 1866 as a bi-weekly by the Moravian church and
changed to a weekly in October, 1873. The Little Missionary, a monthly illus-
trated paper for Sunday schools, was also established in January, 1871. These
two papers were under the same editorial management as the Moravian. In
1889 the publication of Der Missions Freund was commenced, also under the
auspices of the church. The Moravian and Little Missionary still continue to be
published at Bethlehem, but since 1898 Der Bruder Botschafter and Der Missions
Freimd have been issued at Watertown, Wisconsin.

From the press of the Moravian. January 27, 1866, appeared the first number
of the Betldehem Chronicle, a new secular weekly, a successor to the Lehigh
Valley Times. The publishers w'ere D. J. Godshalk and William Eichman, for-
merly residents of Easton. An agreement was entered into with General W. E.
Doster and others, to publish a political paper of the Republican persuasion.
Later Mr. Eichman's interest was purchased by General Doster. The latter,
tiring of newspaper annoyances, shortly sold his interest to Mr. Godshalk, who
stofiped the publication of a weekly, and on February 4, 1867, established the
first issue of a daily paper in Bethlehem. The beginning of the daily was very
humble and unpretentious ; it was considered a risky business, by some fool-
hardy, as the community was considered peculiarly repellant of enterprises of
journalistic character. The size of the first issue of The Bethlehem Doily Times,
the name ad()[)ted by the publishers, was 13 x 20 inches, both sides being printed
at once on a ^^ ashington hand press. The people of Bethlehem, however, took
kindly to the little daily, and gave encouragement and support in the way of
advertising and printing. The editor and proprietor gathered all the locals, set
type, read proof, having as his assistants one devil and one journeyman printer.
The paper was enlarged and in 1868 a power press was installed. The IVeekly
Times was established in i86g and to the title was subsequently added and

298 NORTHAMPTOX COl'XTY

Educator. Tu the early part of 1S70 C. O. Ziegenfuss became connected with
the paper in a reportorial capacity, and afterwards became associate editor. In
1874 he purchased the Morning Progress of South Bethlehem, which had been
started in 1869 as a weekly by Daniel E. Schoelder, and on April 3, 1871, had
become a morning daily. For a short time the Daily Times and the Morning
Progress united their fortunes, but it was not for long ; they again assumed their
distinct character; shortly, however, the South Side paper ceased to exist. A
new partnership was formed to conduct the Bethlehem Times, under the style of
D. J- Godshalk & Company : George H. Meyers was a silent partner. In !May,
187.4, the latter's interests were purchased by Joseph A. Weaver, who became a
full partner in the establishment. New type, new presses, paper cutters and
machinery, were installed. The Bethlehem Times became a corporation in 1887,
with a capital stock of $40,000; Charles M. Dodson was president and William
A\'. Miller editor-in-chief. The original size of the pa]ier was four pages of
eight columns each; its present size is now twelve to twenty pages daily. It is
independent in politics. The president of the corporation is Dallett H. Wilson;
the treasurer, E. O. Rice.

Several newspapers were started before 1875 in South Bethlehem, but all
proved shortlived. Among these was the Xorthampfon Conservative, a weekly
established bv Milton F. Cushing, September 20. 1868, who purchased the print-
ing equipment of the Xorthampton County Journal published at Easton, and
removed the same to South Bethlehem. Mr. Cushing died in 1875 and the
paper was discontinued. The Daily Morning Progress has been previously men-
tioned. The Morning Star first appeared January 18. 1877, as a morning daily,
A. F. Yost being proprietor. It was changed to a weekly and rechanged to an
evening daily, with D. J. Godshalk as editor, who published it for several years.
The South Bethlehem Globe first made its appearance in 1S94. The original size
of the paper was four pages of seven columns. An evening edition is now issued
of eight columns, papers varying from sixteen to twenty-four pages. The paper
is independent in politics and the business is conducted by a corporation of
which Robert E. Wilbur is president. The present editor is Harold B. Faraquher.

The Bath A'ezcs, a weekly newspaper, was started at Bath in 1916 by Richard
W. Bamestead. The Cement Xezvs, an eight page, six column, weekly news-
paper, published at Xorthampton, was established in 1900 by H. S. Rice. On
September i, 1903, E. J. Rogers became a partner, and in 1905 it passed into
other hands, Mr. Rogers continuing as manager and editor.

The Nazareth Item was founded December 4. 1891, by Albert O. Sturgis,
as editor and proprietor. In December. 1917, the business was incorporated
under the laws of Pennsylvania as the Xazareth Item Publishing Company with
a capital stock of $25,000. The president of the corporation is John A. Miller;
Mark T. Swartz, vice-president ; Joseph H. Rickert. secretary and treasurer ;
Frank B. Ehrig, editor. The paper is issued weekly, seven columns, eight
pages, and is independent in politics.

The Pen Argyl Index was established in 1885 by George C. Hughes as a
weekly, a six column, eight page newspaper. It was purchased in 1889 by the
Index Publishing Company, which was a partnership consisting of C. M. Smith
and two partners. Mr. Smith acquired the sole ownership of the paper in 1894
and still nms an independent eight column, eight page weekly. There was an

TTTE PRESS

299

attempt made a few years ago to establish another paper in Pen Arg)-1 called
the Mountam Echo by James D. Caporaso, with Earl Pearson as editor, but its
life was short.

The Bangor Observor was started as a weekly at Bangor, by William R.
Grubb. in March, 1879, it was six columns, four pages, and continued under the
same management until 1894, when it was changed to a daily and renamed the
Bangor Daily News. The size of the paper is 17^ x 21 -)4 inches, four sheets
of seven columns. Mr. Grubb is still pro])rietor and editor.

The Portland Enterprise was established in Portland, April 24, 1874, by
L. G. Raymond, who subsequently sold his interests to J. J. Meads. The paper
went through several ownerships until 1900, when it was purchased by John R.
Wildrick, the present editor and proprietor. It is published weekly, independent
in politics and the size is four pages, eight columns.

CHAPTER XXVIII
THE SILK MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

The date when the use of silk for textile pur])oses was first discovered
cannot be determined. Chinese historians claim it was about 2700 B. C,
while others go as far back as 1703 B. C, in the reifjn of Hoang-ti, the third
of the Chinese emperors. The legendary story is that Si-ling-chi, the legiti-
mate wife of the emperor, to contribute to the hapjiiness of her people,
examined silkworms to test practicabiilty of raising the thread. She col-
lected insects, fed them in a specially ])repared i)lace, and commenced her
studies and examinations, soon discovering not only the means of raising the
silkworms, but also the manner of reeling the silk and its use for textile
purposes. The Chinese today offer homage to Si-ling-chi as goddess of
silkworms.

The silkworms are divided into two classes — the Bombyx Mori, or mul-
berry feeding worms, from the cocoons of which is reeled ordinary raw
silk ; and the wild silkworms, which feed upon certain kind of oak or ailan-
thus. The most important of the latter specimens is the Pussah worm, which
produces the Push-ah silk, which has been known in China and India for
centuries, and but for the outbreak of the silkworm diseases in Europe
would probably have remained unknown in this country.

Silk consists of a pale yellow, buff colored or white fibre, which the
silkworm spins around about itself when entering the pupa or chrysalis state.
The silkworm exists in four stages — eggs, larva, chrysalis and adult. The
eggs, usually known as seeds, are about the size and shape of turnip seeds,
and one ounce will balance about 38,000 to 40,000 of them. When first
deposited they are of a yellowish color, which is retained if they are not
impregnated, when they become, in accordance with the breed, either gray,
slate, lilac, violet, or dark green hue. If diseased, they assume a still darker
tint. Some specimens of the eggs are fastened by a gummy secretion of
the moth to the substance on which they are deposited ; while other speci-
mens, like the Adrianople whites and Norika yellows, do not have the
natural gum. The eggs, as they approach the hatching period, become
lighter in color ; this is due to the fluid becoming concentrated in the center,
forming the worm, leaving an intervening space between it and the .shell,
which is semi-transparent. After the worm has left its shell, the latter
becomes quite white. The color of the albuminous fluid of the egg is the
same as that of the cocoon, hence when the fluid is white the cocoon will be
white; when yellow, the cocoon will be yellow. The average production of
each female is about four hundred eggs.

The next stage is the larva, the silkworm remaining in this state for
six weeks, changing its skin about four times, abstaining from food (like
other caterpillars) for some time before each change. When full grown the
worm ceases to feed, shrinks somewhat in size, climbs up from the feeding
tray to the bush and commences to form itself into a loose envelopment

302 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

of silken fibres, gradually enwrapping itself in a much closer covering, form-
ing an oval ball or cocoon about the size of a pigeon egg. The worm
generall}- requires from four to five daj-s in constructing the cocoon, passing
three more days in the chrysalis state.

The cocoon consists of two parts — first, of an outer covering of loose
silk, which has been spun by the worm in first getting its bearing; and
second, the inner cocoon, which, being a strong and compact mass composed
of a firm and continuous thread which is not wound in concentric circles as
might be expected but in a short figure resembling loops, first in one place
and then in another, hence, in reeling several yards of silk, may be taken
ofif without the cocoon turning around. The Chinese cocoons are usually
white or yellow, varying from pure white to lemon yellow color ; those of
Japan are pale green ; and those of France, Italy and Spain are white and
yellow, occasionally tinged with a pale green; whereas those of Broussa
and Adrianople, being the best silk district of Turkey, are of pure white.
As soon as the change of the worm into the chrysalis state is completed,
which will be about eight days from the time the spinning commenced, the
cocoons are collected, and such as are intended for breeding are put in a
room heated to 60 or 70 degrees Fahrenheit. After lying thus about fifteen
days, the silk moth has been formed in the interior of the cocoon and emits
a peculiar kind of saliva with which it softens one end of the cocoon and
thus pushes its way out. The discharging of this saliva greatly injures the
silk. A few days after the females have laid their eggs they die, not being
provided with any organ of nutrition. The eggs are gradually dried and
stored in glass bottles in a dry, dark place till the next spring.

The next stage is called stifling, the destroying of the vitality of the
chrysalis by steam. The cocoons are submitted to a steam bath of a uniform
temperature of 212 degrees Fahrenheit. The steam rises practically uncon-
densed under an iron receiver which covers the cocoons. The chrysalis
are suffocated by the diffused heat, which penetrates thoroughly, while the
web of the cocoon retains its natural position. Then comes the sorting of
the cocoons in different grades, according to quality. In the best cocoons
the silk thread, as formed by the worm, will measure from 1,000 to 1,300
feet, which is practically a double thread ; this is then reeled together from
the cocoons into skeins and is called raw silk. The next process is winding,
which is taking it from the reels on to the spools. Then comes doubling,
when the silk thread is made into the size for which use it is required. The
last process is spinning, which is twisting two together as one thread, and
when this is done it is ready for the dye house, after which it is in condition
for manufacturing purposes.

The pioneer in the silk industry of Northampton county was Herman
Simon, who died at Easton, December 30, 1913. He was born at Frankfort-
on-the-Main, Germany, and came to America when he was eighteen years of
age. On his arrival in this country he secured a position with A. T. Stewart
& Company, then located at Broadway and Chambers street, New York City.
In 1874, in connection with his brother, Robert Simon, who, feeling their
ability to take the first steps towards establishing a silk industry, he rented a
three-story factor}' at Union Hill, New Jersey. The growth of the business
was remarkable; looking to extend their operations in 1883 and receiving

THE SILK MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 303

cncc)ura,a;cnicnt to locate at Easton, they established the Easton Silk Com-
l)aiiy. This industry was located at Lehicton brids^e on the lUishkill creek,
and ga\e employment to several hundred hands. Later additions were
made from time to time to the original ])lant, and on A]iril 15, 1914, articles
of incorporation were taken out under the name of K. & IT. Simon Comjiany,
with a cajiital stock of $[,935,000. The officers of the corporation are: E. M.
Simon, president ; Charles W. Miller, vice-president and treasurer ; and Grace
Bixler, secretary, ."^ilk j^oods of every description are manufactured, and
employment is piven to two thousand waL;e-earners.

The introduction of the silk' industry into Easton soon led to the estab-
lishnu-iil of other factories. The Stewart .Silk Comjjany erected a plant which
has been operated successfully for a quarter of a century. Employment is
f^iven to about five hundred hands. The Haytock-Croncmeyer Company was
incorporated in T903 \\ith a capital .stock of $500,000. The officers at the
time of the orjjanization were: George W. Stout, president; William R.
Haytock, treasurer; and John Haytock, secretary. The present officers are:
William R. Haytock, i)resident and treasurer ; John Haytock, vice-president ;
and C. Cronemeyer, secretary. Broad silks are manufactured, and the annual
production is $2,500,000. The ])roducts arc not only sold to the domestic
trade but are exported to Ensjland, Cuba and Canada. Employment is given
to six hundred hands. A kindred industry is the Haytock Silk Throwing
Companv, which is engaged in preparatory work necessary before the silk
is woven. This corporation was incorporated September 12, 1906, with a
capital stock of $150,000. The present officers were elected at the time of
organization: William R. Haytock, president; John Haytock, vice-president;
Charles Cronemeyer, treasurer; Joseph Haytock, Jr., secretary and general
manager. The annual production is 150,000 pounds of crepe twist and
40,000 pounds of organzine twist. Employment is given to one hundred
and fifty wage-earners.

The Northampton Silk Company was incorporated March 18, 1905, with
a capital stock of $100,000. The officers at the time of organization were:
James Smith, president; E. J. Richards, treasurer; and H. J. Haytock, secre-
tary and treasurer. This enterprise started with fifty looms, and now oper-
ates two hundred and sixty, having a yearly production of $700,000 in dress
silks. Employment is given to about one hundred and fifty people.

There are over four thousand operators at work in the silk mills of
Easton alone, making broad silks, velvets and ribbons. Besides those already
mentioned engaged in the industry are the Crown Silk Manufacturing com-
panv, the Robins Silk Manufacturing Company, the Roehlin-Pittenger Silk
Company, Alexander Smith & Son, Edirose Silk Company, the Gunning Silk
Company, and Easton Silk Dyers & Finishing Company.

In the city of Bethlehem are located the Bethlehem Silk Company, the
Wahls Ribbon Manufacturing Company, and the mills of the Galea Silk,
Valley Silk and D. G. Derry. In the borough of Northampton there are
four silk mills. The John H. Meyer Silk Mills Company operate mills No. i
and No. 2, and were incorporated in 191 5 with a capital stock of $350,000.
Broad silks are manufactured and the annual output is about $2,500,000,
while employment is given to six hundred wage-earners. The present ofificers
of the company are: John H. Meyer, president and treasurer; Henry G.

304 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Warland, vice-president and sales manager; Henry Prunaret, vice-president
and manager; and John T. Neff, secretary. There is also in the borough of
Northampton a silk mill operated by the D. G. Derry Silk Company that
gives employment to three hundred and fifty people. The Egypt Silk Mills
Corporation, who operated mills at Egj'pt, Coplay, Allentown, Walnutport
and Northampton, employed about three hundred hands in their Northampton
county mills.

The Bangor Silk Company was incorporated in 1905 and was succeeded
August 22, 1912, by the Pennsylvania Silk Company with a capital stock of
$36,000. In December, 1913, there was added to the equipment sixty-two
looms in addition to their former ninety-eight looms. On January i, 1919,
the affairs of the Pennsjdvania Silk Company were taken over by the Penn-
Allen Silk Company, a corporation organized under the State laws of New
York. Broad silks, taffetas, satins, crepe-de-chine and charmeuse are manu-
factured, and the yearly production, including a branch at Allentown, Penn-
sylvania, is $600,000, employment being given to one hundred and fiftj' males
and females. The present officers are: Harvey D. P. Dietrich, president;
Thomas M. Butler, secretary ; Joseph Zubow, treasurer. The Crown Silk
Manufacturing Company was the first silk glove mill to be established in
Bangor, was among the first in Pennsylvania, also made the first cotton milan-
ese cloth in America, and was among the first to manufacture duplex and
chamoisette cloth in this country. It was incorporated in June, 1905. with a
capital stock of $125,000. The officers at the time of organization were :
Jaocb Raub, president ; Elwood Hay, treasurer. Silk gloves are principally
manufactured, but hosiery, underwear and piece goods are also made. The
3'early production is $500,000, and the manufactured products are exported to
England, Australia, New Zealand and Spain. The number of employees is
two hundred and fifty. R. K. Boadwee is president and treasurer of the cor-
poration. The Sterling Silk Glove Company was incorporated in August, 1907,
with a capital stock of $200,000. The officers at the time of the organization
were: Jacob Thisen, president; W. F. Jordan, secretary and treasurer. Silk
gloves and jersey silk cloth are manufactured, the annual production being
one million dollars. Exports are made to Australia, and five hundred males
and females are given employment. The present officers of the corporation
are: W. R. Jordan, president and treasurer; and William H. Long, secretary.

The Pen Argyl Silk Company is located in the borough of Pen Argyl,
and employment is given to about one hundred wage-earners. McCollom &
Post Company, at Nazareth, in their silk mill emploj' about seventy-five
males and females.

It was through the efforts of Robert D. Hughes, of Baltimore, Maryland,
and Talmadge Pendleton, of New York City, that in 1897 the citizens of
Bath subscribed $16,000 for the erection and equipment of a silk mill. The
Bath Silk ^Manufacturing Company was organized and a substantial structure
was constructed two stories high, 130 by 45 feet in dimension. The mill
was first equipped with old French looms that were purchased from a Pater-
«;on silk mill. These were soon discarded and new Knowles looms were sub-
stituted, also warping and Jacquard machines and dobbies, so that everything
required in the line could be produced, including tie and dress silks. Em-
ployment is given at the present time to about one hundred wage-earners.

CHAPTER XXIX
DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRIES

The early manufacturers of Nortliampton county were larrrely dependent
on the products of the soil ; the forests furnished the raw material for the saw-
mills, the strain products for the gristmills, the minerals were used on the
articles manufactured in the iron line, lime was produced from the lime-
stone, and brick from the clay fields.

One of the most novel industries of the county had its foundation in
the discovery made by Jacob Ulberoth, of a strange mineral deposit in the
Saucon Valley. The character of this deposit was unknown and unsuspected ;
the original discoverer, thinking it might be iron ore, took a wagon-load
to the Mary y\nn Furnace in Berks county to be smelted. The attempt
was a failure, and for several years the matter was dropped, when by chance
it came to the attention of William Theodore Rocppcr, a noted geologist,
who pronounced it to be "calamine," the hydro-silicate of zinc. This dis-
covery led LO a development of an apparently inexhaustible mine. Under the
supervision of Samuel Wetherill, works for the production of zinc-oxide by a
process of his own invention were erected. The works were completed at
a cost of $85,000, October 13, 1853, and the first zinc-white ever made in
America was produced by the combined process of Wetherill and Richard
Jones. The process of manufacturing consists in pulverizing and mixing
the ore with coal, which is then heated in furnaces fulh' supplied with air ;
the metallic zinc is then extracted in the form of vapor, is instantly oxidized,
and the oxide of zinc thus formed is canned in the form of powder from
the furnaces, the debris and gases are eliminated, and the zinc oxide is col-
lected and packed in airtight packages. From this zinc oxide is produced a
zinc paint rivaling the best of foreign production.

At the commencement the works were operated by an unincorporated
association; however, on May 2, 1855, the Pennsylvania and Lehigh Zinc
Company, with a cajjital of $1,000,000, was incorporated by an act of the
legislature. The object of the organization was for the mining of zinc ore
in the counties of Lehigh and Northampton, the manufacturing of zinc
paint, metallic zinc, and other articles from said ore, and of vending the same.
The originators of the company were residents of New York, and Thomas
Andrews, of that city, was elected president. Mr. Wetherill continued in
superintendence of the works until September, 1857, when he was succeeded
by Joseph Wharton. During the administration of Mr. Wetherill, 4,725 tons
of zinc v,hite were produced, and experiments had been made for the manu-
facture of metallic zinc. The corporate title of the company was changed
February 16, i860, to the Lehigh Zinc Company. Buildings for the manu-
facture of metallic zinc were completed under the supervision of Louis De
Gee, of Ougree, Belgium, who came to this country for this express purpose.
The first metallic zinc was produced in July, 1859, and three expert workmen
-were imported from the spelter and oxide works in Belgium. A mill for

NORTH— 1—20.

3o6 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

rolling sheet zinc was completed, and the first sheet was rolled in April,
1865. This was the first introduction of that art in this country. The mines
of the company were situated at Friedensvillc, in the Saucon Valley, and
there was also in 1877 a plant of the company occupying ten acres in South
Bethlehem. The president that 3'ear was Benjamin C. Webster, w^ho had
conducted the aft'airs of the company since 1863. The early operations of
the Pennsylvania & Lehigh Zinc Company were more of a speculative char-
acter than on sound business principles, therefore it was not a financial
success.

The original assets of the company in 1881 were sold at a sheriff's sale
and bought in by the first mortgage bondholders, who resold to Osgood &
Company of Jersey City, who operated works of similar character at Jersey
City and Bergen Point, New Jersey. Operations for several years were
abandoned, and there was a current rumor in 1884 that if the water could
be pumped out of the mines that Osgood &: Company would erect furnaces
at Friedensville. A new corporation was formed and incorporated Septem-
ber I. 1886, under the title of the Lehigh Zinc & Iron Company, with a capi-
tal stock of $600,000. .\ consolidation was effected in 1897 with the New
Jersey Zinc & Iron Company of Newark, New Jersey, and the subsidiary com-
pany became known as the New Jerse}^ Zinc Company of Pennsylvania.
The present officials are: Richard Hecksher, president; Samuel P. Wetherill,
vice-president; August Hecksher, treasurer; J. Price Wetherill, general man-
ager ; August Hecksher, treasurer ; J. H. Troutman, secretary. Employment
is given to eighty-eight wage-earners, and the production is confined to
zinc oxide.

Another early industry of Northampton county was the Lehigh \"alley
Cotton ]Mills, which was a lineal descendant of the first cotton spinning
establishment started at South Easton in 1835 by Swift & Beck. From
their proprietorship the mills passed in 1844 into the hands of McKean &
Ouinn, who enlarged and extended the business. In 1872 the firm name
was changed to McKean & Rappael. The spinning mill at one time con-
tained 8,700 spindlers, with all the necessary machinery for preparing the
cotton for the spindlers, 2,200 pounds a day being manufactured. The
weaving room contained 266 power looms and produced about 8,000 yards
of cloth daily. Employment was given in 1877 to about three hundred
hands. The mills were finally suspended.

The principal manufacturing establishments of Easton in i860 were: Two
iron and brass foundries, one iron rail and stove manufactory, one steam
forge, two steam planing mills, one steam sash and blind factory, two soap
and candle establishments, one barrel factor};-, one iron axle, two rope walks,
an alcoholic distillery, a glue factory, a vinegar distillery, a factory for the
manufacture of camphene, two saw-mills, three carriage shops, two tanneries,
one millstone factory, one establishment for the manufacture of agricultural
implements, two brickyards, one spoke factory, two boat building establish-
ments, one oil mill, four breweries, two bottling establishments, seven flour
and gristmills and nine distilleries. The latter consumed 250,000 bushels
of grain yearly and made about 900,000 gallons of whiskej'. The first tan-
nery was established in Easton in 1760 by David Berringer. The first grist

DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRIES 307

and saw-mill was operated by Peter Kichlinc. The brewing interest of
Easton was established in 1821 by the Seltz's Brewery. The Keubler's Brew-
ery was organized in 1854 by Glanz & Keiibler. V'ehl's Brewery was erected
in 1855.

Twenty years later, in 1880, among the industries of Easton were A. D.
Cooke's furniture manufactory, the largest of that description in eastern
Penns3'lvania. It was not confined to any particular line of furniture ; its
products were shipped to New York, Philadelphia, Washington and other
large cities. One million feet of lumber were always on hand in the drying
kilns. The proprietors of the Easton Cordage Company, located on Bushkill
creek, were J. Rinek & Sons. The raw material used in manufacturing was
largely imported, the manila from the Philippine Islands and the sisal from
Mexico. To the factory w-as attached a rope walk fifteen hundred feet long.
Employment was given to forty hands, and the daily use of raw material
amounted from seven to ten thousand pounds. This industry was later sold
to the United States Cordage Company. The property was foreclosed under
a mortgage held by bondholders, October 13, 1896, and was purchased by
the Standard Cordage Company. The business is now supervised by de-
scendants of the original founders. The manufacture of belting, harness
and hose was commenced in Easton in 1830 by Bender & Company. They
were succeeded by the H. H. Sage Company. This was the only collar and
belt company in the Lehigh Valley ; the yearly production was $60,000 and
employment was given to thirty men. Among the existing manufactories
today is the outgrowth of the Pollock Brush Company, which was established
in 1830 at Easton. A variety of brushes is manufactured and the product is
sold to retailers throughout New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania. Among
the novel industries was the paper-bag works of S. H. Erhart, the folding
and pasting of the bags being done by a machine invented by the owner's
father, George Erhart, each machine having a capacity of fifteen hundred
bags an hour. An invention of a satchel button bag was also manufactured.
For want of enterprise by the citizens of Easton, the Iowa Barb Wire Works
in 1886 were removed from South Easton to Allentown, and became one of
the thriving establishments of that city.

A determined effort was made in 1888 to introduce manufactories of
various kinds into Easton. The formation of the Easton Industrial Associa-
tion stimulated matters, and a loan of $12,000 was negotiated for the Law-
rence Organ Works. The industry did not jirove a great success to those
that had invested in the stock, under the management of Professor Lawrence,
who had charge of the work. The directors discharged him as superintend-
ent, and he immediately sued the stockholders for his salary while idle. At
the same time he cut off the supply of water for the factory, which was
connected with his residence. The enterprise, with its many difficulties,
never was a success, and the business was finally suspended.

The Easton Boot & Shoe Company was an important industry founded
by the Easton Industrial Association. It was situated on Butler and Six-
teenth streets, in a brick building 127 by 38 feet, four stories high. There
were fifty-five employes, turning out three hundred pairs of shoes daily. The
company was incorporated April 12, 1889, under the laws of the State of

3o8 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

Pennsylvania, with a capital stock of $100,000; bonds were issued for $20,000,
and were a first mortgage lien on the j-jroperty. The bonds became due
April 20, 1902 ; payment being defaulted, a receiver was appointed, who
closed the affairs of the company. The National Switch & Signal Company
in 1887 removed from Bethlehem to South Easton. The capital stock at
that time was $400,000, but eventually they were consolidated with the Union
Switch & Signal Company, and the latter, deciding to manufacture the signal
and interlocking material at Swissvale, Pennsylvania, the works were closed
April 30, 1899. Among the industries in Easton in 1890 were the Easton
Clock Company, and the Matawan Felting manufacturing business, \\hicli
was situated at Odenweldertown.

The manufacturing industries at Bethlehem at the close of the Civil War
were in a primitive condition; they were confined to a piano-forte establish-
ment, a distillery, a lager beer brewery, three carriage shops, a tannery, a
buckwheat flour mill, a merchant grist mill and a brass foundry. On the oppo-
site side of the Monocacy creek, which was the dividing line between North-
ampton and Lehigh counties, was situated South Bethlehem, where were a
number of manufacturing establishments. Among these were the sash fac-
tory and planing mill of Transue Brothers, and the sawing and planing mill
of Eewis Doster. The latter was originally owned by the Moravian Society
in 1743, and was purchased in 1836 by Mr. Doster, who enlarged it and added
a planing mill. The Monocacy Woolen Mills was established in 1836 by
Mr. Doster, the buildings and machinery being entirely destroyed by the
great freshet of 1841, but were rebuilt the following year. The plant was
moved in 1850 to a location that gave excellent water-power furnished by
the Lehigh Canal Company. This was one of the most extensive woolen
mills in the Lehigh Valley.

In a triangle formed by the Lehigh \'alley and North Pennsylvania rail-
roads, which was a part of the borough of South Bethlehem, formerly known
as Augusta, was a hive of manufacturing industries. Uere was situated in
i860 the foundry and machine shops of Abbott iK: Cortwright, who manu-
factured coal, ore and gravel cars; the planing, sash and blind factory of
Stechel iv Company; and the zinc metal works of Gilbert, Wetherill, Baxter
Sc Company. There was in the early seventies of the last century at Soutli
Bethlehem a shovel works that manufactured an average of fifteen dozen
shovels. a day. Another important industry was the Bushkill Works at
Easton, where car seats in plush, rattan and leather were manufactured.
Another feature was spring beds for Pullman cars, also for hotel and private
houses. The plant was originally located at Poughkeepsie, New York, and
removed to Easton in 1894.

Among the present prominent industries of Easton are the Ingersoll-
Rand Company, formerly known as the Ingersoll Sergeant Company, the
world's largest manufacturers of compressed air machinery. They were for-
merly located in New York City, and mainly through the efforts of the
Board of Trade were induced in 1892 to locate at Easton. The business
steadily grew, and in 1902 one hundred and ninety acres of land were pur-
chased near Phillipsburg, New Jersey, where a plant was built equal, if not
larger, than the Easton Works. The company also has factories at Painted

DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRIES 309

Post, New York ; Athens, Pennsylvania ; and are connected with tlic Cana-
dian Rand Company at Sherbrooke, Province of Quebec, Canada. At the
Eastnn Works small air compressors, oil engines, vacuum pumps, calyxcore
drills, and large stone channeling machines are manufactured. The company
maintains offices and warehouses in all the large cities of the United States,
as well as numerous foreign branches. The Eastnn ])lant cmjiloys about
three hundred and fifty hands.

On the banks of the Bushkill creek over sixty years ago, C. II. Hecht
established the Lehicton Paint Mills. The power was furnished by the
creek, and the original building was 30 by 50 feet, three and one-half stories
high. The yearly capacity of the works was about 1,000 tons, and was
principally used to paint coal and freight cars, bridges, barns and dwelling
houses, every shade and variety of color being manufactured in oil, japan
and spirits of turpentine. There were soapstonc and talc quarries on the
property, which were finely ground and bolted and shipped in carloads to
the cities. There was also a bed of pure white stone resembling granite, and
another of ^reen serpentine stone on the property. Mr. Hecht in the early
eighties became financially embarrassed and the property came into the
hands of C. K. and J. T. Williams. The firm of C. K. Williams & Company
was then organized, and still carry on the manufacture of dry paint powders,
which are sold in all jiarts of the United States. The works in 1903 were
entirely destroyed by fire, and three years later the firm again suffered a
fire loss of $30,000. The enterprise is at the present day in a flourishing
condition, and employment is given to about five hundred wage-earners.

The Chipman Knitting Company has been identified with the history of
Easton for a quarter of a century. This industry was established at German-
town, Pennsylvania, in 1894, and in the spring of 1895 removed to Easton.
The mills were operated at that time by Frank Lewis and W. Evans Chip-
man, and fast-black cotton hosiery was i>roduccd. At this time employment
was given to two hundred and forty males and females, and the business
soon became a success. To the production was added knit goods and yarns,
and employment is now given to about seven hundred and fifty hands.

The Treadwell Engineering Company are pioneers in America of manu-
facturing commercial castings in electric steel furnaces. The corporation was
incorporated September 11, 1910, with a cajiital stock of $450,000. The
yearly production is between $3,000,000 and $4,000,000 of electric furnace
steel castings, specialties being made in cement mill, sugar mill and rolling
mill machinery, the castings giving from fifty to one hundred per cent, addi-
tional service with an oxide segration having a high elastic limit, tensile
strength and great resistance to wear and friction. Exports are made to
Cuba, South America, France and Mexico, and at the present time the com-
panj' is manufacturing the largest ball mill for shipment to France ever
sent to that country by American manufacturers. The officers of the com-
pany are: J. H. Killinger, president; A. A. Neave, vice-president; W. T.
Gassert, secretary and treasurer. The company employs at their Easton
plant six hundred wage-earners.

The Victor Balata Textile Belting Company was the first plant of its
kind to be established in the United States. The style of belting made by

3IO NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

this company was for many years manufactured in Germany and imported
into this country by the New York Leather Belting Company. It was,
however, decided to build a branch plant in this country, and Easton was
selected as its site. The American company was formed by representatives
in this country of the German manufacturers. The company was incor-
porated in 1910 with a capital stock of $100,000, with the following officers:
C. E. Aaron, president; J. R. Stine, vice-president and treasurer; and Edward
Vollrath, secretary; the only change since is that of Z. Evans, who suc-
ceeded to the office of secretary. Balata belting, convas stitched belting and
kindred products are produced and arc exported to the various world markets.
The original buildings were erected in 1910, and additions were made in
1912, 1916 and 1918, increasing the floor space to about four times the
original area.

The William Wharton, Jr., Company is an incorporated company that
manufactures switches, frogs, crossings and special track layouts for steam,
street and industrial railroads. The specialty of the company is the tisco
manganese steel castingiTmade by the Taylor-Wharton Iron & Steel Com-
pany of High Bridge, New Jersey. The corporation was formerly located
in Philadelphia, and purchased in 1912 fifty acres of land on the William
Penn highway near Twenty-fifth street, Easton. The buildings were erected
in 1914, the material used being only iron, steel, cement and tile, thereby
being absolutely fireproof. In the construction of the buildings every facility
was given to the handling of the manganese steel, which was propelled by
electric cranes. The outlay of the corporation for improvements, land and
railroad connections aggregated over $2,000,000. The Taylor-Wharton Com-
pany plant at Jenkintown, Pennsylvania, and part of the Philadelphia plant
were transferred to Easton. During the busy season employment is given
to eight hundred hands.

The Easton Car & Construction Company was founded January 19, 1913,
and incorporated January 9, 1914, with a capital stock of $100,000. The
officers at the time of its organization were: W. E. Farrell, president and
treasurer; Carl R. Gur, vice-president; and H. S. Seals, secretary. The
company design and build the Easton industrial cars and track equipment
for mines, iron and steel mills, automobile and other factories. The yearly
production is $800,000, and exports are made to Norway, France and South
America. The number of employes is two hundred. The present officers
are: W. E. Farrell, president; A. M. Farrier, vice-president; R. C. Haggerty,
secretary.

One of the present industries of Easton, that was founded sixty years
ago, is the Ashton Casket Company, which was founded in 1837 by William
Keller. The enterprise in 1888 was purchased by Frank Ashton, and October
28, 1908, it was incorporated as the Ashton Casket Company, with a capital
stock of $75,000. The officers at the time of the organization were: W. E.
Chipman, president ; E. Harris Ashton, vice-president ; E. V. Everhart, secre-
tary and treasurer. Caskets and undertakers' supplies are manufactured and
all kinds of funeral furnishings are sold to the retail trade. The present
officers are : W. K. Spangenbcrg, president ; P. Frank Haggerty, vice-presi-
dent; H. S. Vannatta, secretary and treasurer.

DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRIES 311

The Binney & Smith Company was founded in 1885 by a partnership
of Edwin Binney and C. Harold Smith. An incorporation was obtained
September 30, 1902, under its present title, with a capital stock of $250,000.
The officers elected on the foundation of the corporation were: C. Harold
Smith, president ; Edwin Binney, treasurer ; C. P. Wiley, secretary ; the lat-
ter has been succeeded by J. E. Roan. The yearly product of the company
.averaf?-es about $750,000, which consists of school and artists' crayons, chalks,
marking crayons, markinn: and stcncillins; inks, malts and dyes. An export
trade is carried on with Great P.ritain, Continental Europe, Egypt, South
Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand, South and Central America, Mexico,
West Indies and Canada.

The Fitzgerald Spcer Company was founded September i, 1890, as a
partnership, and was incorporated February i, 1905, under its present title,
with a capital stock of $225,000, divided into $150,000 common and $75,000
preferred. The officers chosen at the time of the organization of the corpora-
tion were: C. J. Fitzgerald, president; William Buzzard, vice-president;
E. A. Speer, treasurer and general manager; H. C. Wolfe, secretary. The
death of Mr. Fitzgerald occurred in June, 1906, and Milton Flory was elected
in his stead. The yearly production is $400,000 of lumber and general mill
work, and employment is given to from seventy to ninety male employes.
The corporation for a number of years operated a plant at Pen Argyl, which
was entirely destroyed by fire January 21, 1919.

Easton in the last twenty years has made possible the most rapid prog-
ress in manufacturing industries of any city of its size in the United States.
Besides those already mentioned are: The General Crushed Stone Company,
employing about four hundred hands, and among the largest in that line in
the United States; the General Chemical Company (Baker & Adamson
branch), who manufacture sulphuric nitre and mixed acid, and have on their
payroll about three hundred hands; the Kuebler Foundries, Incorporated,
makers of malleable castings of steel and iron bands, general iron products,
furnishing employment for two hundred male wage-earners.

The American Flag Manufacturing Company, established in the latter
part of the past century by W. J. Heller, manufactures a high grade of flags
only and shipments are made to points throughout the United States. This
is the first and largest flag factory in the United States. Mr. Heller was
in 1887 a solicitor for a New York decorating firm, and in pursuit of business
in 1886 visited York, Pennsylvania, which that year was celebrating a cen-
tennial anniversary. He was much taken with the enthusiasm of the people
in the unfurling of a national flag on the high school building. The thought
occurred to him : What would be the result if a flag was displayed on every
schoolhouse in the United States? At this time there was little if any
enthusiasm for the national emblem. With this aim in view, of creating a
demand for the national flag and placing it on every schoolhouse in the
land, he determined in 1887 to start a flag factory, as the only way to procure
a flag was through awning makers, there being no established factory in the
United States. When he mentioned the project to others they smiled in
derision, and when he informed them that he intended to equip a plant with
twenty-five machines to manufacture flags, they retorted: "Why, you would

312 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

make enough in one year to supply the market for fifteen years." On Mr.
Heller's return to Easton, he immediately set to work to put his idea in
force, and established what is now the American Flag Alanufacturing Com-
pany. The business from the first was a success, and a substantial increase
was made with each succeeding year. Silk and bunting parade, naval,
marine, service and regimental flags, church presentation flags, society, State
and municipal flags, silk banners for secret organizations, colonial and national
banners, door and window draperies, flag and butterfly draperies, fully cov-
ered by patents, are made in endless quantities. A particular line of the
business is the manufacture of United States yacht ensigns, yacht pennants,
boat flags and flags of all nations. Every style and size, in square or rectan-
gular shape, of burgees and pennants, are all made. During the period of
the late war the company supplied all the flags used by the Bethlehem Steel
Company and the United States Shipping Board. The business is conducted
as a partnership; besides Mr. Heller, L. Franklin Sterner and L. ^I. Miller,
being members of the firm. In the busy season employment is given to
sixty men and women.

The pianos manufactured by H. Lehr & Company are to be found in
every State of the Union. The crowning triumph of the Board of Trade was
the building of the South Side Industrial Branch of the Lehigh Valley Rail-
road, which opened up an area of between two or three thousand acres of
factory sites. On this area have been located the Easton Finishing Company,
bleachers and finishers of dry-goods ; the Easton Car & Construction Com-
pan}-, already mentioned ; the Hawley Down Draft Furnace Company, makers
of automatic furnaces ; and the Sterling Products Company, who manufac-
ture laundry products. Easton is known throughout the length and breadth
of the country as an enterprising, up-to-date manufacturing city, having in
the neighborhood of one hundred and twenty-five manufacturing concerns,
employing from a few employes up to the thousands.

The Bethlehem Fabricator Company was formerly the Guerber Engineer-
ing Company; the latter was incorporated February 20, 1901, and the present
title was adopted December 30, 1918. The company are designers, fabri-
cators and erectors of structural steel works, and is capitalized for $198,200.
The present officers are: R. P. Hutchinson, president and general manager;
F. C. Stout, vice-president; W. B. Myers, treasurer; and I. \V. Gangawer,
secretary. A specialty of the company is structural steel for the erection of
coal breakers, and their products are exported to France, Chile, Cuba and
Porto Rico. The number of wage-earners employed vary from two hundred
to four hundred.

The Bethlehem Construction Company was formerly the Vanderstucken-
Ewing Construction Company ; the latter was incorporated in February, 1910,
and the present title was adopted in the latter part of 1918. The former
officials were F. R. Vanderstucken, president; William Ewing, vice-president;
F. V. Vanderstucken, treasurer. The capital stock of the company is
$50,000, and structural steel is manufactured. The present ofiScers are :
Dallett H. Wilson, president; R. L. Kift and E. L. ^leyers, vice-presidents;
Edwin E. Wallace, secretary and treasurer.

The Silvex Company, manufacturers of the Bethlehem Spark Plugs, was

DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRIES .^M

incorporated August 12, 1912, with a capital stock of $50,000. The original
officials were: Charles M. Schwab, president; E. II. Schwab, vice-president;
E. B. Turn, secretary and treasurer. Employment is given to six hundred
hands, and the yearly prdduction is 5,000,000 spark plugs. The only changes
in the executive force of the company arc: E. H. Schw-ab succeeded Charles
M. Schwab as president; and the vacancy thus created in the office of the
vice-president was filled by the election of W. II. Lumpkin.

The Roller-Smith Company makes a specialty of intricate engineering
problems connected with the control or measurements of electricity. It is a
New York corporation which was established in New Hampshire in 1909,
and on its consolidation with the Switch Board Equipment Company of
Bethlehem and the Whitney Electrical Equipment Company of Penacook,
New II;niiiishire, the works were removed to Bethlehem. The company also
acquired the good will and the ])atents of the Columbia Meter Company of
Indianapolis, Indiana. The company manufactures electrical measuring in-
struments which include voltmeters, ammeters and watt meters, resistance
measuring apparatus, circuit breakers and special switchboard protective
apparatus of all kinds. They also manufacture the Columbia integrating watt
meters for both switchboard and commercial use, also steam specialties. From
three hundred to five hundred hands are employed. The chief executive
officer of the company is F. W. Roller, of East Orange, New Jersey.

Among the industries worthy of more than passing notice is that of Kurtz
Brothers, established April 10, 1894, by Charles F. and John Kurtz. A spe-
cialtj- is made of interior construction and cqui])ment for offices, banks and
stores; bar fixtures on an extensive scale are also produced. The output is
manufactured from rare foreign and domestic woods, and finds a ready sale
in this as well as foreign countries. During the late World War the plant
was engaged in United States Army work. The yearly production is about
$250,000.

There are several manufactories of hosiery, underwear and knit goods
located at Bethlehem. The Philadelphia Hosiery Company was incorporated
in Tune. 1904, with a capital stock of $10,000, which in 190S was increased
to $50,000. The building they occupy on Scott and West streets was origi-
nally built by A. M. Graham for the manufacture of chenille curtains, which
was not a success, and was purchased and enlarged in 1910 by the Phila-
delphia Hosiery Company. At the Bethlehem Mills, misses' and children's
hosiery are manufactured. At a branch in Allentown, established in 191 5,
ladies' w-oolen dress goods are produced. The yearly production at the
Bethlehem Mill is $100,000, at the Allentown Mill $200,000, and exportations
have been made to China, Russia, Italy, Greece and the various republics of
.South America. The present officers are: Charles F. Hendricks, president;
Samuel Graham, vice-president and trade manager; A. B. Harbison, treasurer
and manager.

The South Bethlehem Knitting Mills was formerly the Excelsior Knit-
ting Mills, owned by George D. Dobbins, and on his failure, seven of the
creditors organized a new company, which was chartered October 23, 191 1.
Misses' ribbed hosiery is manufactured, the mills having a yearly capacity
of 264.000 dozen pairs. The present officers are: William B. Meyers, presi-

314 NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

dent; Henry K. Thonifison, vice-president; Osman F. Reinhard, secretary
and treasurer. The Central Knitting Company manufactures a line of under-
wear, while the Halycon Knitting Company are engaged in producing hosiery.

The manufacture of cigars is represented in Bethlehem by Bondy &
Lederer, who also operate a plant in the borough of Northampton, and
employment is given to over one thousand hands in the two factories.
Bayuk Brothers, at their South Bethlehem branch, manufacture 20,000,000
cigars yearly, with an average of three hundred and seventy-five employes on
the payroll. The present company was incorporated July 22, 1912, with an
authorized capital stock of $2,000,000. The present executive officers are:
Samuel Bayuk, president; Meyer Baj'uk. treasurer; Harvey Hust. secretary.

The diversified industries of Northampton county are largely centered
in Easton and Bethlehem, but scattered in different locations are manufac-
turers who added materially to the growth, progress and wealth of the county.
In the latter half of the past century the building of railroad cars was an
important industry. The Bath Car Company was organized July 9, 1870,
by William Evans, Samuel Straub, John !Morey, Samuel C. Shinier and
Charles Brodhead. The Lehigh Car Manufacturing Company was incor-
porated in 1871 for the purpose of taking over the business that had been
founded by G. H. .^tem in Allen township, at a place which had become
known as Stemton. A reorganization of the company took place in 1887,
when the Lehigh Car Company was incorporated with a capital stock of
$125,000. The Empire Agricultural Company, located at Hellertown, was
in 1889 a growing industry, their output principally being exported to foreign
countries. The Messenger Manufacturing Company at Tatamy was founded
in 1857, and was incorporated under its present title in February, 1912,
with a capital stock of $100,000. The oiificers at the time of organization
were: G. Frank Messenger, president; J. A. Happel, vice-president; G. S.
Messenger, secretary and treasurer. The present officers are the same, except
that Karl L. Mehler succeeded J. \. Happel as vice-president, the latter
now being secretary. The yearly output of the company is from $180,000
to $200,000, and is principally exported to the various countries of Europe,
Asia, Africa and South America. The nimibcr of employes engaged in this
industry is from one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five.

Amongst those who have been largely instrumental in promoting the
milling industries of Northampton county is the Mauser Mill Company, situ-
ated at Treichlers. Founded in 1878, it was incorporated in 1902 with a capi-
tal stock of $200,000. The officers chosen at the time of organization were :
J. B. Mauser, president; J. M. Mauser, vice-president; G. B. Mauser, secre-
tary and treasurer. The present officers are : J. M. Mauser, president ; H. J.
Lerch, vice-president; George B. Mauser, secretary and treasurer. A yearly
product of $2,500,000 of wheat and rye flour is manufactured, giving employ-
ment to sixty men. A branch is maintained at Laury's Station, Lehigh
county, three miles from the borough of Northampton. The Flory Milling
Company of Bangor was established in 1853, and incorporated under the
laws of the State of Pennsylvania, May 11, 191 1, with a capital stock of
$85,000. The present officers were chosen at the time of organization :
^Milton Florv, president ; Thomas Snyder, vice-president ; Harry E. Flory.

DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRIES 3^5

secretary and treasurer. The company manufactures wheat, rye and corn
flour, also arc jobbers of all kinds of feed, having- an annual sale of $1,000,000,
furnishinLT employment to forty males. The company has a branch at Naza-
reth. At Walters, a small hamUt two and a half miles from Easton, a station
of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, is located the P.ushkill
Millin.^ Company, and Charles W. W^-ilter, a custom miller.

At Bangor there is the I'.angor Casket Manufacturing Company, incor-
porated February 17, 191 1, with a ca])ital stock of $50,000, increased in 1914
to $75,000. The officers elected at the time of organization were: Robert
H. Steinmetz, i)rcsi(li.'iit ; E. K. luscnhart, treasurer; J. Kichline, secretary.
Mr. Eisonhart has been succeeded by P.. F. Miller as treasurer, who is also
general manager. The output of the company in 1918 was five thousand
hardwood burial cases, and they carrit'd on their payroll thirty-five employes.
The S. Flory Manufacturing Oimpany of Bangor employs about two hundred
and fiftv skilled Laborers in the manufacture of engines.

At Pen Argvl is the factory of the William Krell Shoe Company, giving
employment to about sixty men