History of the Ohio state university

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UNIVERSITY

STORY OF OHIO STATE

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Marshal Foch and General Pershing at Chaumont, France,
American General Headquarters

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1

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King Albert of Belgium, who decorated several of our men of
the 37th Division for bravery in action

President W. O. Thompson

Dean Edward Orton, Jr.

Lieut. Col. Ralph D. Mershon Major George L. Converse

These gentlemen shaped and promoted the National Defense Act

HISTORY OF t

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

Volume IV

THE UNIVERSITY
IN THE GREAT WAR

Part I
WARTIME ON THE CAMPUS

By

Wilbur H. Siebert

Research Professor in History

With a Chapter by
Professor Carl Wittke

Illustrated

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS

COLUMBUS

1934

Copyright, 1935
By The Ohio State University

Inscribed to
Those Men and Women

Whose Records in These Volumes
ARE A Source of Pride

TO THE University and the State

PREFACE

The notable part played by the University, its teachers
and administrators, and its sons and daughters, in the Great
War is recounted as far as possible in this work, which com-
prises three parts; namely, Part I, In War Time on the
Campus ; Part II, Ohio State Men and Women in Service ; and
Part III, Our Men in Military and Naval Service.

The materials for Part I, which have entered into the
preparation of the present volume, were gathered from the
records of the Board of Trustees, the University and College
Faculties, the printed Reports of President W. 0. Thompson,
the full and detailed communications generously furnished by
the heads and other members of practically all departments
of the institution, as also by the fraternities, sororities, and
those organizations, whether permanent or temporary, that
engaged in war work, and from the student and other Uni-
versity publications of the period under review. A section
dealing with these publications during the time of hostilities
has been kindly supplied by Professor Carl Wittke, and a
much longer section on "Our Men on the Battle Fronts,"
which appears in Part II, has with equal kindness been pre-
pared by Professor Edgar H. McNeal.

The University and the State of Ohio are indebted to
these gentlemen and to all others who by their aid have made
possible the preparation of this work.

The author of most of the chapters contained in Parts
I and II, who was also the final compiler of "Our Roll of
Honor," "The List of Decorations and Citations," and the
several lists of service records, acknowledges with grateful
thanks all help received, especially the personal interest shown
by President George W. Rightmire in the progress of the
undertaking and the provision by him of needed clerical
assistance.

Such mistakes as appear in these volumes, and it would
indeed be curious if mistakes have not crept in despite all
efforts to prevent it, must be attributed to the undersigned
alone.

May, 1929. Wilbur H. Siebert, '88.

CONTENTS

Chapter Page

I The University, the National Defense Act, and the Exodus

for Service 1

II United States Military Schools on the Campus 17

III War Drives at the University 41

IV Red Cross Activities 51

V War Work of the Religious Organizations 67

VI The Ohio Union in Wartime 77

VII Campus Publications During the War 83

VIII Athletics During the War 107

IX The Sororities and Fraternities During 1917 and 1918 113

X The College of Agriculture and the Food Problem 131

XI Various Services of the College of Arts, Philosophy, and

Science 147

XII The College of Commerce and Journalism in Wartime 171

XIII The College of Dentistry, the Dental Clinic, and Military

Service 183

XIV The Psychological and Other Services of the College of

Education 189

XV The College of Engineering and Technical War Service . . . 197

XVI The Problems of the Graduate School 243

XVII The Services of the College of Homeopathic Medicine 247

XVIII The Temporary Closing of the College of Law and Its

Later Service 251

XIX The Services of the College of Medicine 255

XX Men of the College of Pharmacy in Medical, Sanitary, and

Hospital Units 273

XXI Services of the College of Veterinary Medicine 275

XXII The Aftermath of the War in the University 285

vu

ILLUSTRATIONS

Frontispiece

Marshal Foch and General Pershing at Chaumont, France,
American General Headquarters

King Albert of Belgium, who decorated several of our men
of the 37th Division for bravery in action

President W. O. Thompson, Dean Edward Orton, Jr.,
Major George L. Converse, Col. Ralph D. Mershon

Facing page

The Academic Board, United States Army School of Military Aero-
nautics 16

Landing Field on the Campus, west of Neil Avenue Extension 16

A class in range-finding and shell spotting 17

A class in machine-gun practice 17

Taking off from the University Landing Field in wartime 40

Trustee Charles F. Kettering arriving after a flight from Dayton,
Ohio 40

Professor W. A. Knight and a class in airplanes, after examining
Trustee Kettering's flying machine 41

Barracks for the Army School of Military Aeronautics, built near
Woodruff Avenue in wartime 41

Mrs. W. 0. Thompson and ten other ladies finishing the service flag 58
The service flag displayed on the front of the Library 59

T. M. Magruder and his ambulance on the road at Maison Rouge,
near the Chemin des Dames, September, 1917 76

T. M. Magruder (in center) and his ambulance just south of Beau-
vais, France, April, 1918 76

Columbus, Ohio, Red Cross Hospital Unit No. 5 at the Naval Oper-
ating Base, Hampton Roads, Virginia, April 17, 1919 77

Interior of part of Hayes Hall, which was used as barracks 106

Cadets engaging in one form of recreation 106

The Military Hospital where two hundred influenza patients were

treated in the autumn of 1918 107

A class in surveying, Army School of Military Aeronautics 107

A class in trap-shooting. Army School of Military Aeronautics. . . . 170
Professor H. C. Lord conducting a class in aids to flight 170

Illustrations ix

Graduating exercises of a unit of the Army School of Military
Aeronautics 171

A University wartime parade passing the State House, Columbus,
Ohio 171

Officers of the Laboratory and Inspection Division, Edgewood Arse-
nal, Maryland, under Major W. L. Evans 214

The Chlorine Plant at Edgewood Arsenal 214

Airplane view of the toxic-gas buildings at Edgewood 215

Tear-gas Plant at Edgewood, designed and erected by Major O. R.
Sweeney 215

Mustard-gas Manufactory at Edgewood, designed and erected under
the direction of Major Dana J. Demorest 274

Chemical Laboratory at Edgewood for research and control work,
presided over by Major W. L, Evans 274

Apparatus for the manufacture of carbon monoxide gas at Edge-
wood, designed in part by Major Demorest 275

Tanks of phosgene gas ready for shipment 275

President Thompson and Ohio State men at Fort Benjamin Har-
rison, Indiana, on May 27, 1917 293

The 166th Infantry, 42d (Rainbow) Division, being received at the

Union Station on Saturday, May 10, 1919 294

The 166th Infantry marching down High Street 294

WARTIME ON THE CAMPUS

CHAPTER I

THE UNIVERSITY, THE NATIONAL DEFENSE ACT,
AND THE EXODUS FOR SERVICE

It is not generally known that President W. 0. Thompson
and certain graduates and members of the Ohio State Univer-
sity Faculty had an important share in the framing of the
National Defense Act of June 3, 1916. The credit for the col-
legiate features of that act belongs to Ohio State through the
active interest in military education and the wise manage-
ment of Professor Edward Orton, dean of the College of En-
gineering; Captain George L. Converse, who for some years
previous to the Great War had insisted that in an emergency
the Government would have to look to the colleges for mili-
tary officers ; President Thompson, who cooperated with these
men, and Mr. Ralph D. Mershon '90, who promoted their
ideas among the members of Congress.

In November, 1913, Dean Orton read a paper on "The
Status of the Military Department of the Land-Grant Col-
leges" before the Association of Agricultural Colleges and Ex-
periment Stations in Washington, at which the engineering
colleges of the land-grant institutions were also represented.
Dean Orton pointed out in his paper the need of some mechan-
ism by which students who had graduated from the military
departments of the 48 land-grant colleges could become eli-
gible for service in the United States Army through an offi-
cers' reserve corps. General Leonard Wood was present, with
several officers of his staff, and not only discussed the paper,
but also secured permission subsequently to print and circu-
late it among Army officers on school duty and among the presi-
dents of the colleges and academies giving military instruction.

2 History of The Ohio State University

Already the Ohio State University battalion numbered
about 1,500 men, and the time of its commandant was being
largely consumed in administrative routine. In order to af-
ford Captain Converse more leisure for developing military
instruction at the University, Messrs. Mershon and Orton gen-
erously provided the money for employing two student assist-
ants in the regiment. In September, 1914, the Board of Trus-
tees took up the matter and appropriated $1,000 for the pay-
ment of a second officer, and the War Department detailed
Lieutenant T. D. Thorpe (retired) to fill the new position.
This appointment made possible the differentiation between the
first- and second-year work in military instruction. The sec-
ond-year work was made more advanced, including small ma-
neuvers, tactical marches and demonstrations, and officers'
classes in mapping and military theory. Lieutenant Thorpe's
service lasted until June, 1916, when the detail of officers on
the active list of the Army became possible under the newly
passed National Defense Act.

Meanwhile, questionnaires had been sent to the land-
grant colleges, and they were found to be in general accord
with the fundamental ideas advanced in Dean Orton's paper
of 1913. Accordingly, President Thompson, with the aid of
his associates and in conference with representatives of the
Association of Military Schools (private schools and acade-
mies) and the War College Committee on Education, drew up
a bill on behalf of the land-grant institutions. This bill pro-
vided (a) for a much larger allotment of officers for instruc-
tional work than in the past; (b) for the creation of a Reserve
Officers' Training Corps of which the military departments of
the colleges were to be units, and (c) for the establishment of
an Officers' Reserve Corps, to which the graduates of the
training corps would be eligible, certain inducements being
offered to them to go into it. President Thompson secured the
introduction of this bill in the fall of 1915 simultaneously in
the Senate and House as the Pomerene Bill (S. B. 3946) and
the Card Bill (H. B. 10845).

As other bills for Army reorganization were also being in-

National Defense Act 3

troduced, it became necessary to bring to the attention of con-
gressmen the merits of the Pomerene-Gard measure. Mr. Mer-
shon was at the time president of the American Institute of
Electrical Engineers, and, with the aid of his associates at
the University, prepared the letters of information and ap-
peal which he printed and sent at his own expense to the mem-
bership of all the great engineering societies of the country.
These engineers, besides many influential manufacturers
among their acquaintances, took up the matter with the con-
gressmen from their districts, and thus aroused a considerable
sentiment for the Pomerene-Gard bill.

In May, 1916, the four Ohio State supporters of this bill
went to Washington and succeeded in getting its provisions
incorporated in the National Defense Act, which was passed
on June 3. In the following September the War Department
issued General Orders No. 49, containing the "regulations and
instructions governing the establishment, administration, and
maintenance of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps at educa-
tional institutions," under Section 40 of the Defense Act. This
section authorized the President of the United States to es-
tablish and maintain a senior division of the Reserve Officers'
Training Corps at State universities and other State educa-
tional institutions required to provide instruction in military
science and tactics under the law of Congress establishing the
land-grant colleges, with the object of preparing students "to
perform intelligently the duties of commissioned officers in the
military forces of the United States."

Needless to say, a unit of the R. 0. T. C. was established at
the University in the fall of 1916. However, the War Depart-
ment was then involved in the Mexican Punitive Expedition,
and provisions to carry into effect certain features of the law
were not made ; hence military instruction on the campus re-
mained on substantially the old basis, except that the comman-
dant was now assisted by a detail of two commissioned offi-
cers. Captain J. D. Tilford and Lieutenant R. G. Sherrard, and
five noncommissioned officers. The principal effect of this in-
crease of officers was to improve the quality of the military

4 History of The Ohio State University

instruction. The declaration of war against the German Gov-
ernment, April 6, 1917, again delayed the work of organizing
the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, as specified in the act of
June 3, 1916.

Ohio State University Mobilizes

On May 7, 1915, the Licsitania was torpedoed and sunk
off the Irish coast, after warnings from the German embassy
to Americans not to sail on the ship. It was said that she
carried neither cannon nor explosives, but that did not save
the lives of over 1,000 passengers, of whom more than 100
were Americans. In the course of the next year the German
Government gave a solemn pledge to the United States that
ships would not be sunk thereafter without warning. Never-
theless, on February 1, 1917, this pledge was countermanded
and the old practice was revived. The State Department had
already made public the Zimmerman Note, in which a German
official offered our southwestern States to Mexico if she would
join Germany and Japan in hostilities against us. German
agents and sympathizers in America had been busy in foment-
ing a revolution in Ireland, placing bombs upon ships, blowing
up buildings, and promoting strikes. On February 3, 1917,
President Wilson dismissed the German ambassador and sev-
ered diplomatic relations. On the 26th he recommended armed
neutrality, and a fortnight later he ordered American mer-
chant vessels to be armed. The Russian Revolution in March
so endangered the cause of democracy that the President urged
Congress, April 2, to declare war on the German Imperial
Government, whose recent course, he said, was "nothing less
than war against the Government and people of the United
States." Four days later Congress issued the declaration.

Already on March 31 the Ohio State University had taken
steps to mobilize her sons. Professor Orton and Captain Con-
verse had prepared a circular letter, or call, to be sent to all
commissioned officers of the University regiment since 1890,
urging them to offer their services to the Government through
the Officers' Reserve Corps. This letter was submitted to the

National Defense Act 5

Faculty, April 2, and approved by that body, as it was also ap-
proved by the Board of Trustees and the president of the
Alumni Association, Mr. George Smart. Between 400 and 500
copies of this letter were mailed out, bearing the signature of
Captain Converse, and were followed by a similar letter ad-
dressed to about 4,000 graduates and former students who had
received military instruction as privates in the University
regiment. The address list of all these men, together with in-
formation as to their education and military training, was sent
to the War Department, with the suggestion that application
blanks for commissions or for entrance to training camps be
forwarded to them. It is gratifying to record that a large pro-
portion of these men responded to the call of the University
and promptly entered the service in some capacity.

It was also on April 2 and 3 that the Faculty and Trustees
joined in authorizing President Thompson to send a message
to the White House, expressing their entire confidence in Mr.
Wilson's leadership of the nation and messages of the same
import to our representatives and senators in Congress. Dr.
Thompson's letter pledged the loyal support of both Trustees
and Faculty to the Chief Executive and placed at his command
the resources of the University in research laboratories and
in men.

Meantime, a communication was drafted and sent to the
president and commandant of every land-grant college and
State university, telling of the call issued to the sons of Ohio
State and suggesting similar action on their part, in order
that the Government might have the service of as many as
possible of the 300,000 graduates and former students of these
institutions who had received military training and were of
military age.

Not only did the University take steps to mobilize its
graduates and former students for military purposes; it also
mobilized numbers of the undergraduates in order to increase
food production in 1917. In the early part of April of this
year President Thompson, who was then chairman of the ex-
ecutive committee of the Association of Agricultural Colleges

6 History of The Ohio State University

and Experiment Stations, appealed to these institutions to do
their utmost to improve the food situation. His appeal stated
that in 1915 ten bushels of wheat per capita were produced in
the United States; in 1916, six bushels per capita, while we
consumed six and one-third bushels per capita and exported
two and one-half bushels per capita in this year. He added that
in 1917 world conditions were such as to bring the wheat sup-
ply in reserve to a low level, and that the crop prospects in im-
portant wheat-producing areas were not good. He declared
that the colleges should recognize that the supreme duty of the
hour was to produce food supplies enough to maintain our own
people and provide a surplus for other nations. He pointed out
that immediate action was necessary, on account of the rapid
advance of the planting season.

After considering this appeal, the Agricultural Faculty
of the Ohio State University recommended, April 14, that all
the colleges of the University excuse for the remainder of the
academic year all students who would pledge themselves to
engage in agricultural service from May 1 to August 31, 1917.
The recommendation of the College of Agriculture was laid
before the Administrative Council, and the University Faculty
was called together in special session, April 17. It was voted,
in view of the food emergency confronting the country and the
whole world, to excuse from class work those students who
were needed on their home farms, or would go into other agri-
cultural service approved by the dean of the College of Agri-
culture, on condition of signing a pledge to devote their en-
ergy and efforts to such service. On returning with a signed
statement from their employer testifying to their faithful
performance of their duty, they were to receive full credit
for their scheduled courses, in case their records had pre-
viously been satisfactory. Seniors fulfilling these conditions
were to be awarded their degrees at Commencement. Within
a month after the announcement of this action about 1,200
students withdrew from the University, most of them to en-
gage in farm work, while some departed to enter military or
naval service. The Faculty also approved the immediate re-

National Defense Act 7

lease of eight seniors of high standing from the College of
Medicine, these men having passed the Government naval ex-
amination for temporary assignment to the United States
Naval Medical College at Washington in preparation for regu-
lar service. These and many other seniors were graduated in
absentia at Commencement, June 5, 1917.

The mobilization of the undergraduates did not stop with
the Faculty action in mid-April. About a month later Gov-
ernor James M. Cox, deeply impressed by the foreboding re-
ports of the war he had received in Washington, called the
presidents of the state-supported universities and normal
schools in conference and then issued an executive order for
the purpose of sending as many as possible of the male stu-
dents remaining at these institutions into the productive in-
dustries. This order was, of course, adopted by the Faculty, and
the undergraduates concerned were dismissed, May 15, 1917,
excepting members of the graduating class, premedical, engi-
neering, pharmacy, dentistry, and veterinary students, who
were exempted in accordance with the policy of the Federal
Government. The dismissal carried with it the express under-
standing that those involved would receive credit for the rest
of the semester, according to their standing at the time. In
the case of those whose ratings were below the pass mark,
opportunity was to be afforded to take an examination on their
return.

Four hundred and forty-four men withdrew on May 15.
This brought the total number of withdrawals for Govern-
ment service since the entrance of the United States into the
war up to 1,560. During this period the College of Arts, Philos-
ophy, and Science lost 645 of its students, leaving about 770.
In the College of Agriculture 385 remained out of an enroll-
ment of 963. The College of Commerce and Journalism lost
51 of its 79 students, and the College of Education only 49
from its enrollment of 457. Approximately 2,900 students re-
mained in the University ; but it was estimated that 700 more
would take their departure before the present rush of with-

8 History of The Ohio State University

drawals was ended, leaving about 1,000 men and 1,200 women
still in the institution.

On May 10 the Faculty had empowered the President to
excuse seniors who were serving their country from attend-
ing the Commencement exercises, and the Board of Trustees
remitted the diploma fees of these absent ones, many of whom
were already undergoing training at Fort Benjamin Harrison
or other camps. Commencement Day fell on June 5, which
happened to be the date designated by President Wilson's
proclamation requiring registration for military service of all
men between the ages of 21 and 31 years. As the registration
hours extended from 7 o'clock in the morning until 9 at night,
the seniors in attendance were not prevented from taking part
in the campus exercises, especially as the proclamation con-
tained a clause making it possible for the University students
to register in Columbus instead of returning to their own
communities. Few others than seniors and juniors were under
the necessity of registering.

After Commencement in June, 1917, members of the
teaching staff began preparing to go into public service of one
kind or another. At their meeting of July 3 the Trustees gave
the President full power to arrange with instructors of all
grades for leaves of absence and to make any necessary adjust-
ment of salary. On July 24 the Board granted only one leave,
but on September 4 it granted 25, nearly three-fifths of these
being members of the Medical Faculty. Among the 25, how-
ever, were Professor Orton of the College of Engineering and
Dean William McPherson of the Graduate School. At this
time the Trustees adopted the policy of paying teachers enter-
ing public service the difference between the amount paid by
the Government and the salary received from the University.
On October 2 Dean Eugene F. McCampbell of the College of
Medicine and Dean David S. White of the College of Veter-
inary Medicine were granted indefinite leaves of absence,
others following until the total number reached 95. This num-
ber does not include those members of the Executive Staff and
of the Division of Operation and Maintenance who were ab-

National Defense Act 9

sent in service. There were 11 of these, including President
Thompson and Secretary Carl E. Steeb. Two members of the
Department of German were debarred from the campus as
aliens by federal action in the fall of 1917, and another was
given a year's leave of absence with the understanding that
he was not to return. These three men were the only persons
among the 412 members of the teaching staff whose sentiments
were under suspicion, and two of these were subjects of the
German Empire.

Not only was the University seriously affected in its work
by the withdrawal of numbers of students and teachers ; it was
also confronted by the coal shortage. Early in July, 1917, the
Trustees were informed that of the 3'9 operators and dealers
who had been asked to submit bids covering the coming year,
but one had responded; and his price would involve the Uni-
versity in an aggregate expense of at least $79,000 for the
year's supply, whereas the appropriation for coal was only
$35,000. On the advice of the State budget commissioner the
Board decided to buy fuel in the open market until such time
as the coal market adjusted itself. The situation had cer-
tainly not improved by the beginning of the Christmas recess,
and President Thompson found it necessary to announce, De-
cember 19, that during the holidays the temperature of all
buildings, except those devoted to administration, would be
reduced to 45 degrees, and to urge that all societies and organi-
zations hold their meetings during daylight hours, in order
that the buildings might be closed at 6 :30 o'clock, P. M. With
the opening of the new year the Monday closing order of the
federal fuel administrator was in operation, but, as a military
post, the University was exempt from this order. Professor
F. A. Ray, who was absent on leave during the second half of
this year, devoted his energies to increasing the coal output and
assisting the fuel administration. However, the institution
was obliged to close for a few days on account of its inability
to obtain fuel.

Another problem which the Board of Trustees and its
agents had to deal with was the School of Military Aero-

10 History of The Ohio State University

nautics, the history of which is given in the following chapter.
The only phase of the subject that need concern us here is the
provision that was made for housing and feeding the detach-
ments or squadrons of men who had been arriving each week
since May 21, 1917, for training in aviation. At first the
cadets were quartered in part of Hayes Hall and obtained their
meals in the dining-room of Ohio Union. They attended
classes and lectures partly in Hayes Hall and partly in Robin-
son Laboratory. By July their number had increased to 130
and gave promise of reaching very soon the maximum of 200,
the number specified in the contract which the Trustees had
signed with the War Department. Early in July, therefore,
the Trustees directed President Thompson and Secretary Carl
E. Steeb to have plans and estimates prepared at once for an
Aeronautical Laboratory, a Machine-gun Range, and Barracks
and a latrine of sufficient size to accommodate at least 200
aviators and their officers, and for additions to the dining-room
and the refrigeration and storage room of the Union. Late in
the same month the Trustees had a conference with Governor
James M. Cox, who readily approved their projects as war
measures. On September 10 the Emergency Board of the
State took the same view of the matter and appropriated $80,-
000 — the amount asked — for the proposed buildings. Without
formal advertising, the bids were received two weeks later.
That the University authorities were none too soon in their
action is proved by the fact that the War Department decided
at this time to call on the institution to undertake the training
of 500 cadets, if necessary. Fortunately during the remaining
months of the year 1917, that is, from August to December,
inclusive, the number of cadets on the ground at any one
time averaged a little less than 240. This situation was met
without special diflSculty by dismissing the regular classes in
physical education and transforming the Gymnasium and
Page Hall into dormitories for the military students, the upper
floors of Hayes Hall being still used for the same purpose.

The erection of Barracks of frame construction was be-
gun early in August, and the additions to Ohio Union were

National Defense Act 11

soon under way. Early in March, 1918, the Trustees ordered
the building of a small, well-planned, frame Hospital with a
capacity of 20 beds, in addition to the Aeronautical Labora-
tory and Machine-gun Range. Work on these structures was
begun at once. By this time there were four military schools
in operation on the campus, the aggregate number of whose
cadets had passed considerably beyond 800. All of these struc-
tures and annexes were completed in time for use by the
schools, and they are permanent additions of value to the Uni-
versity plant. But already in April the number of cadets
dropped by nearly 140; it dropped more than 100 in May;
nearly 100 more in June; approximately 70 more in July, and
about the same number again in August ; and at the end of this
month the last surviving military school on the campus, that of
aviation, was closed by order of the War Department.

The allowance of $80,000 granted by the State Emergency
Board did not, of course, cover the cost of the new buildings
and additions ordered by the Trustees. In his report to the
Governor of the State, President Thompson gives the addi-
tional items of wartime expenditure as follows : "The Trustees
appropriated from the Endowment Fund, $11,209.62; the bal-
ance of the money used for improvements and changes on the
campus came from the tuition receipts provided by the Govern-
ment. Additional land at a cost of $41,320 was purchased in
order to provide facilities for landing airplanes. The Ohio
Union was enlarged at a cost of $11,883.97. The construction
of the Barracks cost $50,310.06; the Aviation Laboratory cost
$41,325.61; the Gun Range cost $754.80; the hospital near the
Barracks cost $21,512. Other smaller items of expense were
incurred in changes made necessary in buildings in order that
they might be adapted for military purposes. Some of these
improvements, like the purchase of land, erection of the Avia-
tion Laboratory, the Barracks, and other facilities, will be of
use to the University for years to come." In view of the ex-
perience of some other universities in undertaking to build ex-
tensively and at high cost to meet the war emergency just as
the conflict was about to end, one can find nothing to criticize

12 History of The Ohio State University

in the conservative action taken by the President and Trustees
of the University and by the State authorities in the way
of wartime expenditures on the campus. Their wisdom lay
in considering in times of stress not only the exigency of the
moment, but also the future needs of a large and growing
institution.

In the autumn of 1916 the enrollment of students in the
University as a whole was 5,084, while for the second half-
year it was 4,675 — a loss of more than 400. Most of this loss
was in the larger colleges, as follows: the College of Agricul-
ture, 95; the College of Arts, 84; the College of Education, 60;
and the College of Engineering, 108. The smaller colleges, in-
cluding the Graduate School, sustained losses of from three to
20 students, except the College of Commerce and Journalism
alone, which gained five. These losses show clearly that our
students were responding to the unsettled conditions in the
country and were ready to enter service in case the demand
should be made by the Government.

In view of the hundreds of withdrawals during the second
half-year of 1916-17, especially in April and May, the enroll-
ment in the summer session of 1917 was better than could
have been expected. It amounted to 890, which was, in round
numbers, 330 less than that of the summer session of 1916.

The registration in the autumn of 1917 was also surpris-
ing. It was 4,187, although this was nearly 1,000 less than
twelve months before. Under normal conditions there would
have been an increase of about 15 per cent. In February,
1918, the beginning of the second half-year, the number of
students had fallen to 3,447, or 740 less than in the previous
autumn. As in the spring of 1917, so also in that of 1918 the
demand for labor on the farms and in war industries was so
urgent that numbers of students withdrew from all the col-
leges to take employment, besides the hundreds who went into
the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps, or to the officers' training
camps. On April 1, 1918, the College of Agriculture excused
those of its students who were in good standing, with a half-
year's credit on condition of their entering agricultural service.

National Defense Act 13

A number withdrew on these terms and others later in the year
to help at home or go into military or naval service. By June,
1918, 222 men from the Arts College had enlisted in the Army
and 47 in the Navy. Three of the latter and 48 of the former
who had nearly completed their course were graduated in June,
A few other Arts men left for service with the Y.M.C.A., or
Red Cross, or to take up other war work. During the first
half-year of 1917-18 the Graduate School lost 55 by with-
drawal, including 17 holders of scholarships and fellowships.
Hence the Graduate Council decided that during the war they
would not recommend for such appointments any more candi-
dates who were subject to call for military service.

During this year 149 students left the College of En-
gineering to enter some branch of service. Under the Selec-
tive Service Act 63 men were enrolled in the Engineer En-
listed Reserve Corps on the campus, thereby obtaining a re-
classification that permitted them to finish their course before
enlisting. Twelve of the fourth-year electrical students be-
came cadets in the Signal Enlisted Reserve Corps by passing
a wireless course prescribed by the War Department. A
similar arrangement in the Dental and Medical Colleges on the
campus kept most of their older students from leaving. They
were on the "recognized" list of such institutions as were
approved by Surgeon General Gorgas, according to a law
passed by Congress in October, 1917. Eighty-three of our
dental students, some of the men in our two medical schools,
and 45 of our veterinary students were able to take advantage
of this arrangement. Of these men, however, those whose
grades fell below a certain standard were ordered into active
service. Those who graduated were sent to officers' training
camps, where they became professional assistants, or in many
cases received commissions as officers. Some former students
returned to the Colleges of Dentistry and Medicine, enrolled in
the reserve corps, and graduated before entering active
service.

By June, 1918, the University and College Faculties and
the Administrative and Maintenance Divisions had been de-

14

History of The Ohio State University

prived of the services for a longer or shorter period of more
than a hundred men, including President Thompson, Mr. Carl
E. Steeb, secretary of the Board of Trustees, and several of
the deans. The President's Report gives the following lists :

Faculty Men in Uniform
Alan E. Flowers
Jonathan Forman
Jacob A. Foust
Elijah J. Gordon
Fred B. Grosvenor
Arthur M. Hauer
Wilmer C. Harris
Samuel Hindman
Carl C. Hugger
Ralph A. Knouff
Theodore F. Kotz
Fonsa A. Lambert
Edward C. Ludwig
Edmund S. Manson, Jr.
Eugene F. McCampbell
William McPherson
John W. Means
Russell L. Mundhenk
John H. Nichols

Edward Orton, Jr.
Walter T. Peirce
Thomas G. Phillips
Charles I. Reed
Harry F. Reichard
Louis Reif
Wilbert C. Ronan
Frank E. Sanborn
George B. Schaeffer
Paul B. Sears
John W. Sheetz
Frank C. Starr
Carl E. Steeb
Alexander M. Steinfeld
William N. Taylor
David S. White
Phillip Wilson
T. Rees Williams

F. Elwood Allen
Clarence E. Andrews
George F. Arps
Hugh G. Beatty
Halbert B. Blakey
Gilbert W. Brehm
Allando A. Case
Erwin 0. Christensen
George L. Converse
Homer C. Corry
Dwight M. DeLong
Dana J. Demorest
Verne A. Dodd
Brooks D. Drain
Samuel D. Edelman
Philip H. Elwood, Jr.
William Lloyd Evans
George B. Faulder
Fred Fletcher

Faculty

John J. Adams
Frederic C. Blake
Cecil E. Boord
James W. Bridges
Clyde Brooks
Roy A. Brown
J. Ernest Carman
Alfred D. Cole
Shirley J. Coon
Edwin A. Cottrell
Berthold A. Eisenlohr
Thomas E. French
George Gephart

Men in Service from the Division of Operation and Maintenance
Thomas Allen Emerson R. Davis John Long

Andrew Armstrong Charles M. Dunbar Lee E. Vigor

Frank Corra Ernest Long

Men and Women in Civilian Service

James E. Hagerty
Thomas H. Haines
Matthew B. Hammond
Thomas M. Hills
Charles F. Kelly
William A. Knight
William T. Magruder
Franklin W. Marquis
Roderick D. McKenzie
Florence Meyer
Cecil C. North
Carl E. Parry
Robert G. Paterson

Thomas D. Phillips
Rudolph Pintner
Charles W. Reeder
Clyde 0. Ruggles
Earle C. Smith
Henry R. Spencer
Joseph R. Taylor
William O. Thompson
George W. Trautman
Alonzo H. Tuttle
Henry F. Walradt
Edna N. White
James R. Withrow

National Defense Act 15

These lists have been greatly extended in the latter part
of this work, which gives the records of the military and
civilian service rendered by members of the Faculties, the
Division of Administration, and the Division of Operation and
Maintenance of this University.

The summer session of 1918 had an enrollment of 909
students, which was a gain of slightly less than a score over
that of the summer session of the previous year. Four ad-
dresses were given before the convocation of the summer stu-
dents in 1918, three of which were on war topics. The Rev.
E. F. Chauncey spoke on "War Savings Stamps," Dr. E. A.
Peterson on "Physical Education and the War," and Professor
B. L. Bowen on "French Influences in America."

The signing of the Armistice on November 11, 1918,
brought immense relief and unrestrained joy to the University,
as it did to the country at large. It was already too late for
the cessation of hostilities to produce an immediate increase
in student enrollment, but that was to come in the autumn of
1919, as is shown by the following figures :

September, 1918 February, 1919 September, 1919
4,349 3,467 6,609

The Academic Board, U. S. Army School of Military Aeronautics

Landing Field on the Campus, west of Neil Avenue Extension

A class in range-finding and shell-spotting

A class in machine-gun practice

CHAPTER II

UNITED STATES MILITARY SCHOOLS ON THE CAMPUS

In the spring of 1917 the War Department decided to es-
tablish Schools of Military Aeronautics at six universities,
namely, California, Cornell, Illinois, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Texas, and Ohio State. The need for these
schools was pressing, for there were already 2,500 applicants
for enlistment in the Aviation Corps, besides the 600 who had
been accepted. On May 2, 1917, the Department of Military
Science and Tactics at the University received official notice
of the decision to open these schools. Each of the chosen
institutions was directed to send three representatives for a
brief training course to the Royal Aviation School at Toronto,
Canada, and President Thompson appointed for this purpose
Professor William T. Magruder of the Department of Mechani-
cal Engineering, Professor Henry C. Lord of the Department
of Astronomy, and Professor William A. Knight of the De-
partment of Industrial Arts. These gentlemen — the first mem-
bers of the civilian academic staff of the new school — left for
Toronto, May 5, and were back again by the middle of the
same month with the necessary information in regard to the
technical instruction to be given in the aviation ground school.
On the day of their return President Thompson departed for
Washington to complete arrangements for the opening and
operation of the school.

Both the curriculum and organization of this school, as of
those at the other universities, were determined by the Signal
Corps at Washington, the chief signal officer sending the requi-
site instructions to the Academic Board, which was the admin-
istrative committee in charge of the school at Ohio State.
The Academic Board comprised the military staff and the

17

18 History of The Ohio State University

heads of departments of the civil academic staff. From the
beginning of the school until December 1, 1917, Dr. W. O.
Thompson was the president of the board. He then appointed
Professor F. C. Blake of the Department of Physics as his suc-
cessor. The principal military officers on the board were the
commandant, the adjutant, and the supply officer. Major
George L. Converse served as the commandant until the as-
signment of Captain George Stratemeyer, a graduate of West
Point and of the Army School of Aeronautics at San Diego,
Calif., at the close of May, 1917. Captain Stratemeyer was
succeeded, June 15, 1918, by Major George R. Harrison, also
a graduate of the United States Military Academy, who had
been on duty in the Philippine and Hawiian Islands and on the
Mexican Border. He had then served in the training camp
at Fort Niagara, N. Y., where he had become a major in the
Signal Corps, thence being sent to Selfridge Field, Mt. Clem-
ens, Mich., next to Washington, D. C, and finally to Ohio State.
The commandant and his staff gave the military instruction
to the aviation cadets or pilots, while the scientific and tech-
nical instruction was in the hands of the following depart-
ments: (1) Signalling and Radio, (2) Gunnery, (3) Aids to
Flight, (4) Airplanes, (5) Engines, and (6) Aerial Ob-
servation.

The total number of civilian instructors in the departments
just named during the continuation of the School of Aeronau-
tics and the other co-existant military schools was about one
hundred. This number represents the original appointees and
the later ones who replaced those who resigned from time to
time to go into active service. Not a few of these instructors
were more or less advanced students in the College of Engi-
neering. About one-fourth of the total number was made up
of University instructors, the distribution by departments
being as follows :

Mr. Roy A. Brown of the Electrical Engineering Depart-
ment, head of Signalling and Radio; Professor William A.
Knight of the Department of Industrial Arts, head of the
instruction in Gunnery and also in Airplanes; Dr. James H.

Military Schools 19

Snook of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, instructor
in Gunnery; Professor Henry C. Lord, Mr. Jerry H. Service,
Lieutenant Lloyd T. Stankard, and Samuel B. Folk, all of the
Department of Astronomy, instructors in Aids to Flight ; Pro-
fessor William T. Magruder, Karl W. Stinson, Assistant Pro-
fessor Aubrey T. Brown, Woodward A. Warrick, John W.
Prinkey, Roland H. Wasson, and Theodore T. Theiss, all of the
Department of Mechanical Engineering, instructors in En-
gines; Professor Thomas M. Hills and Kenneth C. Cottingham
of the Department of Geology and Wilbert C. Ronan of the De-
partment of Architecture, instructors in Aerial Observation;
Professors Alonzo H. Tuttle, George W. Rightmire, Clarence
D. Laylin, Homer C. Corry, and Joseph W. Madden of the Law
School, instructors in Military Law; Professor Emery R. Hay-
hurst of the Department of Public Health and Sanitation, in-
structor in Hygiene ; Professor Frank R. Castleman, Henry C.
Olsen, and Ossian C. Bird of the Department of Physical Edu-
cation, instructors in Supervised Recreation; and Mr. Charles
W. Reeder of the University Library, instructor in War-De-
partment Correspondence Files. Of the 25 men named above
more than half belonged to the instructional staff of the En-
gineering College. The College of Law furnished five ; the Col-
lege of Arts, Philosophy, and Science, two ; and the College of
Veterinary Medicine, the College of Medicine, and the Library,
one each.

The School of Aeronautics opened May 21, 1917, when the
first "squadron" or group of 16 cadets reported. They were
quartered in Hayes Hall and took their meals in the dining-
room of the Ohio Union. For the next three weeks they
underwent an intensive military training, their daily program
consisting of one-half hour of calisthenics before breakfast, an
hour of infantry drill soon after the morning meal, followed
by an hour of manual at arms and feet movements, then inter-
mission until dinner. At 2 o'clock they attended a class in
United States Army regulations and went to drill at 3. From
4 to 5:30 came another intermission and then supper. The
study period began at 7:30 and lasted three hours. This in-

20 History of The Ohio State University

tensive military instruction was supplemented by a daily lec-
ture on some military topic and by daily practice in the use of
the machine gun and in wireless telegraphy. At the end of
the first three weeks the squadron entered upon five weeks of
theoretical and technical instruction in military aeronautics,
that is, in signalling, gunnery, airplanes, engines, and aerial
observation, while continuing in military training, both prac-
tical and theoretical, although in diminished amount. Their
practical military training comprised infantry drill, guard
duty, physical training, and first aid; while their theoretical
work included lectures, demonstrations, and the study of texts.
The principal subjects they studied were: (1) military cour-
tesy, esprit de corps, and morale; (2) the organization and
administration of the United States and modern European
armies ; (3) army regulations, and (4) military law.

In addition to these military studies, the cadets were ex-
pected to learn signalling with such proficiency as to send and
receive at least eight words per minute, while becoming ac-
quainted with the principles of radio and the parts of a simple
wireless instrument. In gunnery the pilots had to become
familiar with the mechanism and parts of machine guns,
especially of the Lewis and Marlin aircraft guns, and were
drilled in the correct sequence and methods of removing and
replacing parts and in correcting faulty action. They were
practiced in short-range shooting, a machine-gun range being
at length constructed for this work. Aerial tactics involved
the consideration of plane maneuvers to avoid or to gain ad-
vantage over an enemy plane. In this connection attention
was given to the dive, loop the loop, zoom, Immelman turn,
and roll. Later in the course aerial tactics was eliminated
from the course and given only at the flying fields. Under the
head of bombs and bombing various types of bombs were
studied, including their mechanical features and the physical
and chemical properties of explosives. The discussion of
bomb dropping and the formation of a bombing raid was ac-
companied by practice in trap shooting, about 200,000 rounds
of ammunition and an equal number of clay targets being

Military Schools 21

used. The work of the Gunnery Department was carried on
very largely in the Shops Building until the Aeronautical Lab-
oratory was finished, when a part of it was transferred to that
structure.

The course in aids to flight comprised one lecture a week
on astronomy, three on meteorology, two on instruments and
compasses, two on theory of flight, and two on photography.
This outline of subjects was modified by the authorities in
Washington from time to time, astronomy and photography
being omitted altogether, while the other subjects were
changed in amount. Professor Lord's problem in presenting
these subjects was to select those features of each which would
be serviceable to the aviator and to render them as simple
and impressive as possible. As very little help was received
from Washington, he was compelled to rely chiefly on his own
ingenuity. A number of models were invented and built in
the Astronomical Observatory, without the aid of a preliminary
drawing. A table for locating the brighter stars was printed
and given to each cadet, and lantern slides of the constellations
were made by pricking holes in sheets of paper at points traced
from a star map to show only the identification stars. By plac-
ing such a sheet between two panes of glass a constellation
could be projected on the screen with better results than by
using a slide taken from an actual photograph of the sky. At
night the important stars visible were also pointed out to the
cadets.

To illustrate the somewhat diflficult subject, theory of
flight, the following pieces of apparatus were devised and built
by Professor Lord: one to illustrate wind resistance; two
pieces to show lift and how it varies with the angle of
attack ; a piece to demonstrate lift, drift and head resistance ;
and a piece to illustrate suction on the top of the plane. These
models awakened a great deal of interest and helped materially
to clear up the subject. They were illustrated by photographs
in a report prepared at the request of the commanding oflEicer
at McCook Field, Dayton, O., a copy of which was sent to the
War Department. These photographs, together with one illus-

22 History of The Ohio State University

trating eddies and another illustrating the adjusting of a ship's
compass for sub-permanent magnetism, were also inserted in
an earlier report. Copies of most of these photographs werp
sent out by the War Department to other Schools of Military
Aeronautics. As an additional aid in teaching the theory of
flight use was made of lantern slides reproduced from such
books as Loening's Military Aeroplanes and Duchene's Me-
chanics of the Aeroplane.

The subject of meteorology is one concerning which there
is a mass of accumulated data, thus rendering the problem of
selection a difficult one. What to teach about instruments
and compasses was equally difficult, on account of the lack of
official instructions. For the purpose of gaining light on these
matters Professor Lord made a journey to the East, visiting
the Blue Hill Observatory in Massachusetts, where he ob-
tained many valuable suggestions from Professor Alexander
G. McAdie, and making stops to gather information from the
Sperry Gyroscope Company at Brooklyn and the Curtiss Aero-
plane and Motor Corporation at Buffalo. This trip, which was
undertaken before the opening of the School of Aeronautics,
was made possible through the generosity of Mr. Emerson
McMillin of New York City. The chief instructor of the
aviation school at Toronto, Canada, paid Professor Lord the
compliment, in October, 1917, of asking for his lectures on
meteorology, which were gladly furnished him, together with
a number of lantern slides. Later on the instruction in
meteorology was assigned to Mr. J. H. Service, an instructor
in the Department of Astronomy at the time, whose work was
satisfactory in the highest degree.

An outline of the course on instruments and compasses
was prepared under Professor Lord's supervision by Lieutenant
Lloyd T. Stankard, assistant in the department, and afterwards
morale officer at Camp Taylor, Ky., a copy being supplied to
the commandant at the McCook Field, Dayton, 0., by his
request and another being sent to the Schools Division in
Washington. Some of the excellent material used in this
course was introduced into the Manual on Instruments issued

Military Schools 23

by the Air Information, Signal Corps, at Washington, and was
acknowledged by letter. In the preface of another manual,
which was published by the Airplane Engineering Department,
McCook Field, and is entitled Applied Aeronautics, The Air-
plane, Professor Lord is given credit for certain sections in
the first chapter on the theory of flight, as well as jointly
with Lieutenant Stankard for a large part of the chapters on
instruments, while Professor W. A. Knight is credited with
information furnished in regard to rigging and alignment of
planes.

In the course on airplanes the various types of planes were
studied, as also the proper adjustment of the rigging and the
care and repair of machines. Laboratory work was conducted
in Robinson Laboratory, where two full-rigged planes were at
hand, one a Curtiss training plane and the other a standard,
besides all the parts of a dissembled machine. Later, when
the Aeronautical Laboratory was built, most of the airplane
work was transferred to that building. There a full line of
tools and work benches for 40 men was available, besides a
large room for lecture and demonstration purposes. Under
Professor W. A. Knight's direction, Messrs. R. A. Tobin,
Daniel Maloney, and C. R. Upp were largely responsible for
developing the courses of study, putting the airplane labora-
tory in order, and rendering other valuable assistance to the
department, which required the services of four other instruc-
tors and two mechanics. The Department of Gunnery, of
which Professor Knight was also the head, included Messrs.
L. W. Birch, W. M. Holmes, and L. L. Matson as instructors.
They were all members of the class of '17 in Electrical Engi-
neering and received the commendation of their superior of-
ficer for their energy, resourcefulness, and their success in
constructing working models, demonstration charts, and sight-
ing devices, as well as for their own contributions in the de-
velopment of the work. To facilitate the instruction two di-
visions of gunnery were formed. One of these was designated
the Lewis general division and was placed under the charge
of Mr. Birch as head instructor, the other being known as the

24 History of The Ohio State University

Marlin general division, with Mr. Matson as the head instruc-
tor. The total number of instructors for the two divisions was
16. Each cadet received five hours of instruction a week, the
average number of cadets each week being about three hundred
and twenty.

The course on engines required a knowledge of the prin-
ciples of internal combustion, of aeronautical motors, and of
the care of engines. Laboratory work played an important
part in the study of the subject. As head of this department
Professor W. T. Magruder had under his supervision 14
instructors.

Included under the title of aerial observation were such
subjects as map reading, reconnaissance, artillery observation,
and shell spotting on a miniature artillery range. The work
in shell spotting gave opportunity for the application of knowl-
edge gained by the cadets not only in aerial observation but
also in other courses of the ground school, especially in radio.
The cadets were seated in balconies or crows' nests, in imita-
tion of airplanes, whence they looked down on a miniature,
scenic battlefield painted on a semi-transparent fabric, under
which the flashes of small electric lamps represented shell
bursts. Several of these ranges were constructed by Professor
T. M. Hills, with the aid of the instructors and assistants in
the Geology Department and of Professor Charles S. Chubb of
the Department of Architecture. The last of these miniature
ranges was so devised as to rotate slowly, thereby imparting to
the observers aloft the impression that they were flying in
circles over the battlefield. The cadets were required to report
by wireless where shells were exploding on the ground below.
The instruction by means of this realistic range was highly
commended in a bulletin sent out by the War Department to
all ground schools, with the result that inspectors from the
other schools came to examine the Ohio State University
range and in two instances to ask the Department of Aerial
Observation here to construct miniature artillery ranges for
them.

The first pilot squadron completed the eight weeks' curric-

Military Schools 25

ulum outlined above and graduated, July 16, 1917. Meantime,
each week brought a new squadron of cadets, the first six
or eight squadrons being all college men ; and each week after
July 16 saw a squadron graduate and leave for the Wilbur
Wright Flying Field at Dayton, O., for instruction in the art
of flying. Up to Christmas 32 squadrons of aviation cadets
were received at the University. At that time such of them
as had not graduated were sent to the ground schools at the
Universities of Illinois and California. During the next two
months the School of Military Aeronautics was in abeyance on
the campus. For about three weeks, that is, from December 23
to January 12, the University would have been entirely with-
out cadets had it not been for the opening of the School for
Aero-Squadron Engineer Officers late in the previous October ;
and there were but 29 men in this school during the period
named. But with the starting of a School for Aero-Squadron
Adjutants on January 12, the number of cadets soon rose to
nearly 350. Before the end of February airplane pilots were
again being sent to the University, and the School of Aero-
nautics was revived. It continued in existence during the next
six months, or until August 31, when it was closed perma-
nently. During this interval the school received its squadron
of cadets each week, the total number being 27 squadrons.

On March 1, 1918, the program of studies in military
aeronautics, which had been originally planned and, until
Christmas of the preceding year, carried out as an eight- weeks'
course, was lengthened to 12 weeks. Under this new plan
498 hours of work were required to complete the program,
190 hours being assigned to military subjects, including drill
military lectures, and inspection ; 43 hours to signalling ; 52 to
gunnery; 55 to airplanes; 59 to engines; 39 to aerial tactics,
and 60 to supervised recreation and sports. The total number
of men trained in the School of Military Aeronautics during
both periods of its operation was 1,291.

Although the time of the aviation cadets was largely oc-
cupied with their instruction and training, many of the men
testifying that they had never worked so hard in their lives,

26 History of The Ohio State University

a little more than one-sixth of their scheduled hours was re-
served for supervised recreation and sports, as already men-
tioned above. This arrangement was favorable to the playing
of military and baseball games and the holding of track meets,
which were at times interspersed with other forms of enter-
tainment. Toward the middle of July, 1918, for example,
games were played between the aviation school nine and teams
from Lancaster and Dayton, the latter made up of pilots in
training at Wilbur Wright Flying Field. On July 21 the cadets
participated in a "community sing" that was held on the ath-
letic field of the University under the auspices of the Columbus
War Camp Community Service. A part of the entertainment
was provided by 500 young women of the Patriotic League,
who at a signal fell into place to form a living flag. A few days
later the aviation squadrons held a track meet in which, be-
sides the usual events, there were some special ones, such as
trapshooting, grenade-throwing, and a human-burden race.
The winner in this meet was Squadron 49, Squadrons 52 and
51 taking second and third places, respectively. Not long after
the meet a musical program was given in the Chapel by several
vocal soloists, a novelty violinist, a dancer from one of the
squadrons, and a "jazz band" of cadets. The pilots were pres-
ent in large numbers and greatly enjoyed the vaudeville per-
formance.

On August 16 the School of Military Aeronautics held a
review in honor of the British and American aviators who
visited Columbus in their machines for the purpose of demon-
strating aerial maneuvers and promoting the sale of war-
savings stamps. Groups of aviation students added zest to
the life of their fellow-cadets on the campus by indulging in
journalism. They were permitted to prepare and publish two
souvenir magazines of the school, one of these being the
Esprit de Corps, published by Squadron 8 of the Adjutants'
School, which made its appearance on March 28, 1918, and
the other. The Pilot, which was more elaborate than its prede-
cessor and was circulated on August 18, 1918.

Military Schools 27

The School for Aero-Squadron Engineer Officers

On October 19, 1917, the second of the United States
military schools was opened at the University, when a squad-
ron of seven cadets arrived for training as aero-squadron engi-
neer officers. They entered upon an eight weeks' curriculum
prescribed by the War Department, and graduated December
15. The second squadron did not appear until November 23.
It numbered 19 members and finished the course on January
19, 1918. The third squadron, consisting of 10 men, began
its studies on December 1 and graduated a week later than
the second squadron. Thus, the School for Engineer Officers
lasted only a little more than three months and was attended
by but 36 cadets.

The School for Aero-Squadron Adjutants

The third of the United States military schools opened at
the University on January 12, 1918, with the arrival of the
first squadron of men for training as aero-squadron adjutants.
The explanation of the starting of this school is to be found
in the abandonment of the aviation officers' school at Kelley
Field, San Antonio, Tex., late in the previous month. The
function of the school at Kelley Field had been to train three
kinds of aero-squadron ofl[icers, namely, adjutants, engineer
officers, and supply officers. With the closing of the Texas
school, the instruction of the several classes of cadets it had
been training was assigned to different institutions, Georgia
School of Technology becoming a military school for supply
oflficers; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, one for engi-
neer officers, and Ohio State University, the school for aero-
squadron adjutants. The curriculum for the new school on
the campus, which was now the only one of the kind in the
United States, was furnished by the War Department and
covered a period of eight weeks. Each week of the course
formed a separate unit, the men being promoted at the end
of the week to the next higher squadron if their work was
satisfactory. As in the case of all these wartime military

28 History of The Ohio State University

schools at the University and elsewhere, a new squadron was
received each week, and one was graduated each week until
July 13, the total number of adjutants' squadrons being 19.
As the cadets who came in from Texas at the beginning had
already had six weeks of training at Kelley Field, they were
able to complete their training at the end of a fortnight and
were graduated then. It is deserving of mention also that
many of the cadets had received officers' commissions at some
training camp before being assigned to the school here. In
fact, not a few of them, including several captains and one
major, had seen regular army service for from five to twenty
years before entering the School for Aero-Squadron Adjutants.
The program of instruction in the Adjutants' School was
planned for a series of eight squadrons, each one more ad-
vanced than the preceding by one week's work. The program
was an intensive military one, which called for 314 hours of
work to complete it. More than one-third of this time was
spent in military drill. The study in army regulations and
army service occupied 48 hours; army paper work and war-
correspondence files, 42 hours ; interior guard duty, law, court
martial and hygiene, 37 hours ; and technical studies, including
theory of flight, airplans, gunnery, engine laboratory, and
motor transport to the extent of 38 hours, filled out the course.
The average number of hours of work per week was 39 and
a fraction. During the first five months the course was
changed five times by the War Department. The whole num-
ber of men who took this training at the University was 887.

The School for Balloon-Squadron Adjutants

The last of the four military schools at the University
began on March 13 and closed on August 3, 1918, being in ses-
sion a little more than four and one-half months, a month more
than the Engineer Officers' School. Like the School for Aero-
Squadron Adjutants, this School for Balloon Officers was the
only one of its kind in the United States. The men sent to
it had already received their balloon training at Fort Omaha,
Neb., or in Texas, which was now supplemented by a seven

Military Schools 29

weeks' course to prepare them for officers' work. The curricu-
lum was similar to that of the other adjutants' school, being
arranged on the basis of promotion at the end of each week's
work. By the seventh week the cadet who accomplished the
tasks set before him became a member of the most-advanced
squadron. Out of the 278V^ hours required to complete the
curriculum, 108V^ hours were devoted to military drill, 48 to
army regulations and field service, 42 to army paper and corre-
spondence files, 41 to the study of officers' duties, 37 to interior
guard duty, law, court martial, and hygiene, and 11 to tech-
nical studies. The number of men trained in the balloon
officers' school was 219 (11 squadrons). The following tabu-
lation shows (1) the time at which each of the four military
schools began and closed, (2) the periods during which they
were in operation, and (3) the average daily number of men
in the schools month by month :

Aviation Pilots — Began May 21, 1917, closed December 23,
1917. Resumed February 23, 1918, closed August 31, 1918.

Engineer Officers — Began October 19, 1917, closed June
26, 1918.

Aero-Squadron Adjutants — Began January 12, 1918,
closed July 13, 1918.

Balloon Adjutants — Began March 13, 1918, closed August
3, 1918.

Average daily number, 1917 — May, 16; June, 60; July,
130; August, 221; September, 236; October, 231; November,
265; December, 238; 1918— January, 347; February, 725;
March, 832 ; April, 695 ; May, 595 ; June, 490 ; July 419 ; Au-
gust, 346.

The total number of men trained in the four military
schools at the University was 2,397. While the four schools
were in operation many squadrons were receiving instruc-
tions at the same time. By order of President Thompson the
needs of these squadrons for classrooms and laboratories took
precedence over the needs of the regular University classes,
many of which were moved from their accustomed quarters to

30 History of The Ohio State University

make room for the military classes. During the winter of
1918 the registrar, Miss Edith D. Cockins, who has charge
of the assignment of classrooms, was confronted with the
difficult task of supplying rooms for military classes to the
extent of 300 hours per week.

The instructors in the School of Military Aeronautics were
assigned largely from the teaching staff of the University.
The instructors in the other schools were mostly army officers
detailed by the War Department; although certain subjects in
the School for Engineer Officers, and such studies as theory of
flight, airplanes, gunnery, and engine laboratory in the curricu-
lum of the School for Aero-Squadron Adjutants, and ma-
chine guns and map reading in that of the School for Balloon-
Squadron Adjutants were taught by University instructors.
It should be added that military law in the two adjutants'
schools was taught by members of the Law Faculty.

The four military schools as they were established one
after another were subject to the dual control of the military
staff and the civil academic staff, both of which were repre-
sented on the Academic Board. This dual control was in
general hard to manipulate not only at the University here,
but also at the other institutions where military schools ex-
isted. The give and take that was demanded between the
military officers and the civilian instructors, and especially
between the commandant and the president of the Academic
Board, was not easy of accomplishment; but it may be said,
nevertheless, that cordiality of relationship existed at all
times between the commanding officer and the University.
The military schools at the Ohio State University were par-
ticularly fortunate in their successive commandants, especially
in the person of Major J. E. Chaney, whose service lasted from
November, 1917, until the middle of June, 1918.

The Students' Army Training Corps

On May 8, 1918, the secretary of war issued the prelimi-
nary announcement of the Government's intention to organize
units of a Students' Army Training Corps in approved colleges

Military Schools 31

and universities of the country. Thousands of college men of
military age were already in the great game of war, many with
commissions, and were giving an excellent account of them-
selves. The National Defense Act of June 3, 1916, had pro-
vided for the establishment of units of the Reserve Officers'
Training Corps in selected institutions of learning, and the pro-
motion of the Students' Army Training Corps was an effort
to apply the same policy by using the facilities of the colleges
in the intensive training of cadets for admission to officers'
and non-commissioned officers' training camps and to technical
war work. The aim of the new plan was to hasten the mobiliza-
tion of American troops by getting men into training earlier
than if they awaited their call under the Selective Service Law.
The method devised to accomplish this object was that of
keeping the S. A. T. C. cadets under observation and test in
the colleges in order to determine their qualifications as officer
candidates and technical experts.

Under date of August 28, 1918, the War Department
issued a statement to the colleges and universities, which said
that the man-power bill then pending in Congress definitely
bound the country to the policy of consecrating its entire
energy to the winning of the war as quickly as possible ; that
the bill fixed the age limits from 18 to 45 years, inclusive ; that
the new military program, as outlined by the secretary of war,
called for the increase of the Army by more than 2,000,000
men by July 1, 1919, and that, since students were not to be
made a deferred or favored class, they would practically all
be assigned to active service in the field by June, 1919.

On August 30 and 31, 1918, Colonel Rees submitted the
plan for converting the colleges and universities into an inte-
gral part of the Army to an assembly of college presidents and
deans from the Mississippi Valley at Fort Sheridan, 111., for ac-
ceptance or rejection. It was recognized by all in attendance
that the scheme would impose a great responsibility upon the
colleges, which were asked to devote their chief energy and
educational power to the phases of training desired by the

32 History of The Ohio State University

Government; but, nevertheless, the plan was unanimously
approved.

The act of Congress of August 31, 1918, referred to above
as the man-power bill, extended the Selective Service Law to
include all young men between the ages of 18 and 20 who were
physically fit for service. The cooperation of the War Depart-
ment and the colleges was placed under the Committee of Edu-
cation and Special Training, and this committee drew up the
programs to be pursued by those who should join the Students'
Army Training Corps.

The Government advised those who intended to enter
college in the fall to do so, after registering with their local
boards. Those who entered institutions where a unit of the
S.A.T.C. was to be established could enlist in the college
unit and choose the course of training which they wished to
pursue. Under this arrangement the corps was raised by
voluntary induction under the Selective Service Law, the cadets
becoming regularly enlisted men, uniformed, housed, and sub-
sisted at the expense of the Government while undergoing
training and receiving the pay of private soldiers, that is,
$30 a month. Many of the cadets assumed that they would be
able to pursue their academic studies and were, consequently,
greatly disappointed when they found this to be impossible.
The plan called for a training of one term of three months for
men 20 years of age, two terms for those of 19 years, and
three terms for those of 18 years. This classification of cadets
by ages was unsound pedagogically and proved to be one of the
bad features of the Students' Army Training Corps. It should
be noted also that no decision had been made as to how the
retiring thirds would be recruited, or what would happen at
the end of the three terms.

Shortly after the Government announced its purpose to
organize the Students' Army Training Corps, the Trustees of
the Ohio State University applied to the War Department for
the discontinuance of the School of Mihtary Aeronautics in
August, 1918, in order to make room for the corps. On Sep-
tember 1 Acting President John J. Adams submitted to the

Military Schools 33

Trustees a contract, according to which the University was to
provide special academic instruction approved by the War
Department, proper housing and meals for 1,200 student-
soldiers, drill grounds, and offices for the military administra-
tion, and was to cooperate closely with the War Department.
On its part the Government agreed to provide military instruc-
tion for the cadets, besides uniforms and other personal equip-
ment, cots, blankets and mattresses, and to pay the institu-
tion in accordance with the terms set down in the contract.
The new school was to open on October 1, 1918, and last
through the following nine months. This agreement was
approved at once by the Board of Trustees.

When the University opened, September 17, 1918, the
corridors of University Hall were packed with young people
eager to enroll, and the path from the broad walk in front of
the Library up to the entrance of the "main building" was
filled with a double row of youths patiently awaiting their turn.
The statistics reported to the Faculty on November 11 showed
a total enrollment of 6,364, of whom 3,349 were regular stu-
dents, 2,113 of this number being men and 1,236 women. The
S. A. T. C. cadets numbered 1,965, and there was a Naval Unit
of 50. The distribution of the cadets by colleges was as fol-
lows: Agriculture, 208; Arts, Philosophy, and Science, 634;
Engineering, 810; Dentistry, 82; Medicine, 80; Veterinary
Medicine, 71; Education, 24; Pharmacy, 22; Commerce and
Journalism, 16; Homeopathic Medicine, also 16; Applied Op-
tics, 7; Graduate School, 3; and Arts-Education, 2. Later
inductions brought the total enrollment in the Students' Army
Training Corps up to 2,017 and that of the Naval Unit up to 91.

At the time of the opening of the University instructions
were received from the Committee on Education and Special
Training at Washington that cadets would be permitted to
carry regular academic subjects, besides their military drill
and a limited amount of instruction in military subjects. All
students were therefore assigned regular academic programs
in the various colleges. Late in September the courses of
study and training for the Students' Army Training Corps

34 History of The Ohio State University

prepared by the Committee of Education and Special Training
were received from Washington. These courses made it clear
at last that the corps was to be a military school under the
control of the War Department. Thus, in so far as the cadets
were concerned, the University was to be on a war basis, while
it was to remain on a peace basis for the other students. In
other words, the University was to attempt to fill the double
role of being at one and the same time a civilian institution and
a military academy under separate managements.

In keeping with the terms of the contract with the Federal
Government, the official induction of the S.A.T.C. was made
on October 1, 1918, and the student-soldiers were sworn in as
rapidly as possible. Major Norris S. Oliver was assigned as
commandant and Captain Jay S. Cunningham as adjutant.
There were 31 other officers assigned for actual military in-
struction, as well as a staff of medical officers and contract
surgeons for the work of medical examination during the
induction process and for the care of the health of the cadets,
the large Barracks erected east of Robinson Laboratory for the
School of Military Aeronautics were used partly for barracks
and partly for quartermaster-department offices. Hayes Hall
served for military headquarters and for barracks, and Page
Hall, the Gymnasium, and the Shops Building were also used
for barracks. Alterations were required in Page and Hayes
Halls at a cost of $5,900. At first the men were messed at the
Ohio Union in three shifts, but later the Aeronautical Labora-
tory was fitted up as a mess hall at a cost of $9,000 from the
receipts of the Union and furnished meals at the rate of 2,000
an hour. Medical students in the Students' Army Training
Corps were provided for in the Railway Y. M. C. A. Building
in the city and dental students in one of the medical buildings
on Park Street.

The S. A. T. C. was constituted a separate school of the
University, and its affairs were administered separately under
a special committee of the Faculty made up of Deans J. V.
Denney, Alfred Vivian, and Edwin F. Coddington. This com-
mittee acted as occasion required under instructions from the

Military Schools 35

regional director, President Raymond M. Hughes of Miami
University. All cadets were assigned to their own classes and
sections, which were limited to 30 members, except in the cases
where it was permitted to increase the size of the sections
to 40. The Faculty allowed regular students above freshman
rank to enter the S.A.T.C, and a few of those who were under
20 years of age were assigned to the regular classes. By action
of the Trustees, October 1, the incidental fee of $15 was re-
funded to all cadets. The administration of the corps as a
separate organization enabled its classes to be conducted and
any adjustments ordered by the Committee on Education and
Special Training to be made without serious interference with
the academic work of the regular students, except that the
latter were deprived of small advanced courses in certain de-
partments, which had an excessive number of cadet sections to
instruct. It also happened that the S.A.T.C. caused a sudden
demand for extra teachers in English, French, Spanish, mathe-
matics, chemistry, and war issues. This demand was met by
transferring instructors from departments where they were
not needed and by employing new instructors as fast as they
could be obtained.

The curricula prescribed by the Committee on Education
and Special Training were five in number for men 20 years of
age, these curricula being identified as programs A, B, C, D and
E, and being intended for Infantry and Artillery, Air Service,
Ordnance and Quartermaster Corps, Engineer, Signal, and
Chemical Warfare, and Transport and Tank Service, respec-
tively. Each of these programs required 12 weeks to complete
it, the hours of work per week totaling 53. Three subjects
formed the central feature of all five programs, namely, mili-
tary instruction (11 hours), war issues (nine hours), and mili-
tary law and practice (nine hours) , counting more than half of
the program. The differentiation of the programs was effected
by coupling other subjects with these three. Thus, in program
A for Infantry, Field Artillery and Heavy (Coast) Artillery,
sanitation and hygiene (nine hours) ; surveying and map-
making (12 hours), and an elective subject (three hours) were

36 History of The Ohio State University

added. In program B for the Air Service the added courses
were map-reading and navigation (12 hours) and elementary
physics (12 hours) . In program C for the Ordnance Corps and
Quartermaster Corps 24 hours were distributed among ac-
counting, business management, statistics, transportation,
commerce, and alhed subjects for the Quartermaster Corps,
while an equal number of hours was assigned for physics,
modern ordnance, business management, and an elective for
the Ordnance Corps. In program D an approved schedule in
any branch of engineering was required for the Engineer
Corps, an approved schedule in chemical engineering or chem-
ical technology for Chemical Warfare Service ; and in program
E for Transport or Tank Service 24 hours spent upon "sub-
jects chosen from the list of allied subjects."

The program for 19- and 18-year-old men included some
of the studies named above and left "about eight hours to
studies already assigned" to the 19-year-old men and 11 hours
to those assigned the 18-year-old men.

The men who were enroled in one of the enlisted reserve
corps, such as the Medical Reserve, the Engineers' Reserve, or
the Signal Reserve, were given an intensive training in the
essential subjects of their branch according to special pro-
grams provided in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine,
pharmacy, engineering, radio, etc. All of the above programs
included two hours per day of military drill and two hours of
supervised study, the latter requirement being generally
neglected.

A Naval Unit of 91 men was also maintained, although it
had a very uncertain status. Lieutenant Commander Evers
of the Great Lakes Naval Training Station was on duty at the
University at odd times, but the unit was looked upon as falling
within the jurisdiction of the regular commandant. Special
studies in seamanship, nautical astronomy, navigation, naval
regulations, gunnery, and ordnance were included in the cur-
riculum.

After a certain period of observation and testing of the
cadets in the Students' Army Training Corps they were to be

Military Schools 37

transferred to either an officers' training camp, a non-
commissioned officers' training school, a vocational section for
technical training, or a cantonment for duty as a private. The
cadets were thus to be sorted according to the requirements
of the service. The S. A. T. C. did not survive long enough,
however, for this sorting process to affect many of the men.
Only 109 men were transferred from the University to the
camps.

On October 13, while the medical staff of nine men was
conducting examinations of the cadets, the influenza epidemic,
which was widespread throughout this country and Europe,
made its appearance on the campus. The acting President,
after consulting with the director of the student-health serv-
ice, the City and State Boards of Health, and the medical
staff, dismissed all students, except those in military service,
and sent them home. As the others could not be dismissed
without orders from the War Department, their classes went
on as usual. The Military Hospital, with its 18 beds, proved to
be much too small for the care of the large number of cases
that developed, and it became necessary to utilize the east
and northeast wings of the Barracks as hospital annexes for
mild and convalescent cases. Sheets, blankets, and other sup-
plies for the sick were, on request, immediately supplied in
quantity by the Columbus Chapter of the Red Cross and City
Federation of Women's Clubs. The corps of cadets was placed
under limited quarantine, and a periodical inspection of hous-
ing quarters on the campus was carried on. Meals were sent
to the patients from the Ohio Union, until the Department of
Home Economics could send its kitchen equipment and its
available staff to the Barracks. Faculty women and other
willing volunteers also rendered valuable assistance to the
nurses on duty in the hospital annexes. At one time or another
the epidemic affected 440 men, and only eight deaths occurred
in the Military Hospital.

Owing to this distressing episode, the University was
closed to the regular students during a period of three weeks.
A few days after their return, and before the effects of the

38 History of The Ohio State University

epidemic had passed, the Armistice was signed, November 11,
1918. Then followed some days of uncertainty as to the con-
tinuance of the Students' Army Training Corps. According to
the War Department's contract, that organization was to have
lasted more than seven months longer; but the Federal Gov-
ernment changed its plan, and demobilization took place during
December 10 to 12, 1918. If the signing of the Armistice
brought general rejoicing, the disbandment of the S. A. T. C.
diffused a less demonstrative but no less real sense of relief
on the campus, although the unit had been in existence less
than three months. Of its 2,018 members 109 had been sent
to training camps, and 969 left the University at the time
of the demobilization. These departing men were in need
of money to meet their expenses in returning to their homes,
but many of them had nothing but their warrants for their
back pay, which the banks would not cash, and the financial
officers of the Government were conspicuous by their absence.
While the University had no authority to honor these war-
rants, it at least supplied the men with meals and beds until
they could make arrangements to leave Columbus. Many of
the cadets withdrew, especially those of 20 years of age who
had been assigned purely military programs and therefore
found it impossible to enter regular courses before the opening
of the second semester. Not a few of these men returned to the
University at that time. One thousand and thirty-one members
of the S. A. T. C. remained and were at once transferred to a
regular academic basis. Five hundred and thirty new students
entered the University after the demobilization of the S. A.-
T. C. The total number of instructors required to teach all
sections and classes of the corps was 280.

In order to accommodate the former members of the
Students' Army Training Corps who continued in the Uni-
versity, the announcement was made that for the remainder
of the semester fees would not be collected from those who
should complete the semester's work. The several colleges
were empowered to allow partial or excess credit in S. A. T. C.
courses for the current semester only; and it was promised

Military Schools 39

that existing or equivalent courses would be given until the
end of the half year, so that full credit might be gained by
those taking these courses. It was under this arrangement
that the courses in war issues, surveying, and map-making
were continued to the end of the first semester. The Faculty
voted that special classes should be formed to assist students
in meeting the requirements for degrees or in preparing for
second-semester courses, that courses usually announced for
the first semester should be repeated for the second, and these
should be followed in the summer session by such courses as
might seem to be in demand. Finally, in view of the loss of
time and the unavoidable distractions during the closing se-
mester, the Faculty authorized instructors to report provisional
or deferred credits at the mid-year, complete credit to be
awarded where deserved at the end of the second semester or of
the summer session. At the same time and for the same rea-
sons the Christmas recess was reduced to nine days, December
21 to 29, inclusive, with the express understanding that New
Year's Day should be devoted to classes. The Christmas holi-
days afforded the needed opportunity for the inspection and
restoration of the University buildings that had been allotted
to the uses of the Students' Army Training Corps.

At the time of the establishment of the S. A. T. C. it had
been announced by the War Department that the amount of
purely military instruction prescribed for the cadets would
not preclude effective academic work. It is true that the aca-
demic work was in charge of a committee of the Faculty, but
it is equally true that a staff of army officers controlled the
time of the cadets under the sanction of military discipline, and
that, the war being at its height, the chief interest of the
student-soldiers was in the military side of their program.
The younger officers of the military staff attached little or no
value to the academic studies of the cadets and failed to co-
operate with the members of the Faculty. A member of the
Faculty committee reported that, "although supervised study
at specific hours was early recommended by the War Depart-
ment, it was not in effective operation here until nearly the

40 History of The Ohio State University

end of the course when the assistance of the educational au-
thorities in conducting it was permitted. Numerous students
were kept from their classes for military duties and suffered
loss of credit for no fault of their own. The result was a very-
inferior grade of educational work as even the liberal final
marks given by the instructors show." It is revealing no
secret to say that friction existed between different parts of
the military establishment at the University in supporting the
Government's plan of combined academic and military training
for the cadets.

These conditions serve to explain the neglect of study and
the absence from the classrooms that was so discouraging a
feature of the S. A. T. C. Numbers of cadets were in the
University without adequate preparation and obviously would
not have been on the campus under ordinary circumstances.
Even after the large rooms for "supervised study" had been
provided in Orton and Page Halls, they remained deserted for
the most part, while the lounge in Ohio Union was filled at odd
hours by a genial throng of young fellows in khaki. At the
time of demobilization Professor Edwin A. Cottrell, the liaison
officer, reported to the Faculty that there had been 8,000 ab-
sences from classes, of which only 19 per cent had been ex-
cused, and that the majority of the absences had been "cuts."
Nevertheless there were many serious students enrolled in the
S. A. T. C. who made a creditable showing in their classwork,
and there were many more with good intentions who were the
victims of circumstances.

Taking off from the University Landing Field in wartime

Trustee Charles F. Kettering arriving after a flight from Dayton, Ohio

Professor W. A. Knight and a class in airplanes, after examining Trustee
C. F. Kettering's flying machine

1 1/

» \f j-

% nil /f/y

■m^

p . ,.,

\f ' '^''\ W^^^^"^'" ^

^g|

^^^iSJ^id"^ r ^^k ^v

1. '\i

^v^HiB

^^^k

w

'^■^ -.

S^fc'^ •:

™ ^'""^^S^ jL J

M

^s&t"''" ■ ■'

-■■■t^^imfm- ' -««te-ig!*i.i*-sv:.. -

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Barracks for the Army School of Military Aeronautics, built near
Woodruff Avenue in wartime

CHAPTER III

WAR DRIVES AT THE UNIVERSITY

The University took an active part in all of the drives con-
ducted in Columbus and Franklin County in connection with
the war, as also in all of the state-wide campaigns. The lat-
ter included a campaign to get new members for the Red Cross ;
the tremendous drive during the spring and summer of 1917
for increased war-food production; a state-wide census of
seed-corn in the early weeks of 1918; a conference followed by
a campaign to promote the use of tractors in farming, the con-
ference being held in February, 1918; a second drive for
greater food production ; campaigns to supply farm help dur-
ing both years of the war; three "food pledge campaigns,"
one in the fall of 1917, the second in the following spring, and
the third in December, 1918, besides bread-making and canning
demonstrations in most of the counties. Most of the drives
just mentioned were carried on under the joint auspices of the
United States Food Administration in Ohio and the Ohio
Branch of the Council of National Defense. The Executive
Committee of the latter organization was the central agency
through which the successive Liberty Loan drives were pro-
moted in the State, operated locally through county commit-
tees. However, the Franklin County Committee treated the
University as a separate unit, which in all drives for loans,
except the first, maintained its own organization for securing
subscriptions on the campus. The campaign for new members
for the Red Cross was undertaken by the University Y.M.C.A.
and Y.W.C.A. and by the Student Council and the Woman's
Council, the University being regarded as a distinct unit in
this drive. The same thing was true of later campaigns par-
ticipated in by these organizations. For example, the Y.M.

41

42 History of The Ohio State University

C.A, solicited sums for the relief of college men in the prison
camps of Europe early in April, 1917, and on the 18th
of the following month it conducted a one-day subscription
tour to help carry on the Army Y.M.C.A. work in the training
camps. Seven months later still it again cooperated with
the University Y.W.C.A. in a campaign to raise Ohio State's
new quota for war work. Meantime, opportunities had not
been withheld from the campus colony to buy thrift and war
savings stamps, a fresh drive for the sale of the stamps being
announced in convocation before the summer-session students
on June 28, 1918.

Inasmuch as the campaigns relating to the production and
conservation of food during the war and that to secure new
members for the Red Cross have been described elsewhere in
this volume, only the others will be dealt with here.

During the first week of April, 1917, a general appeal was
addressed by the Young Men's Christian Association to the
colleges, universities, and preparatory schools of the land for
contributions with which to supply various forms of relief to
the many college men who were already languishing in the
prison camps of Europe. The total sum donated was reported
on April 5, 1917, to be $120,000. Of this amount Ohio
State University gave $5,500, being second in the list of
contributors.

On April 24, 1917, or 18 days after the United States
entered the war. Congress by a practically unanimous vote
passed the Liberty Loan Bill, under the terms of which the
first Liberty Loan was announced by the Government on May
2. On May 14 the Treasury Department made public the de-
tails of the loan, and on the following day a nation-wide cam-
paign for the sale of bonds to the amount of $2,000,000,000
bearing three and one-half per cent interest was started. The
University had at the time no committee to collect subscrip-
tions from the officers. Faculty, and other persons on the pay-
roll of the institution. Subscriptions on the campus were
therefore taken by canvassers of the Franklin County Com-
mittee or through the Columbus banks. The campaign con-

War Drives 43

tinued until June 15, but no separate record of bond sales to
University subscribers was kept. For this reason neither the
amount subscribed nor the number of persons subscribing is
known.

Simultaneously with the launching of the first Liberty
Loan drive, Columbus was asked through the city Y.M.C.A.
to contribute $40,000 for the maintenance of "Y" huts in the
training camps in the United States, for the support of Y. M.
C. A. activities in the training camps across the water, and for
the relief work in the prisoner-of-war camps for the remainder
of the year. Under Faculty action in April and an executive
order of Governor James M. Cox in May some 1,600 students
had already withdrawn from the University to enter military,
agricultural, and other forms of war service ; and the Univer-
sity Y. M. C. A., like other student organizations, was badly
disorganized. Nevertheless, a committee of 10 members of
the "Y" undertook to raise money on the campus in a campaign
limited to one day. These circumstances serve to explain why
a comparatively small sum was secured.

The second Liberty Loan drive opened on October 1, 1917,
and closed on the 28th. In the first Liberty Loan drive
the University was not solicited as a separate unit and
had no campaign committee of its own. This was undoubtedly
due to the greatly disturbed condition of affairs on the campus
at that time, which has been referred to in the preceding para-
graphs. However, a campaign committee was organized to
handle the new sale of Government bonds, Professor John A.
Bownocker of the Department of Geology serving as chairman.
During the opening week of the drive interest was aroused in
the University and the city by the arrival of a fleet of nine
airplanes from the aviation field at Dayton, an event which
had been widely advertised. The planes began to arrive as
early as 7 o'clock in the morning and circled about over Colum-
bus in squadron formation until 10:30 o'clock, when they
alighted on the new landing site on the campus west of Town-
shend Hall. The maneuvers were viewed by thousands of
people from the city who came to the University to inspect the

44 History of The Ohio State University

aircraft and be present when the mayor, officials of the Cham-
ber of Commerce, and the Liberty Loan "boosting" committee
welcomed the aviators. Columbus people made a gala occasion
of the day. At the end of the campaign Professor Bownocker
was able to report that 249 persons had subscribed $39,650
through the University committee and that a number of other
Ohio State employees had subscribed more than $45,000
through their banks, bringing the total up to about $85,000.
The Athletic Association bought a $3,000 bond and the Ohio
State University Association, one of $1,000.

The showing made in the joint Y.M.C.A.— Y.W.C.A.
drive to raise funds for war work in November, 1917, was also
very gratifying. At that time the quota of the University was
fixed at $17,000, but the committees of the two organizations
had their campaign well planned, the spirit prevalent among
the students and Faculty was very different from what it had
been seven months before, and the giving was generous. The
fraternities and sororities promptly decided to get along with-
out formal parties for the year in order to devote the money
that would be thus spent to the work of war relief. All kinds
of sacrifices were reported, and individuals and groups showed
surprising resourcefulness in meeting the liberal pledges they
had made. The amount subscribed was $21,000, exceeding
the quota by $4,000.

At the end of January, 1918, a committee of ten leading
business and professional men of Columbus, of which Mr. S. P.
Bush was president, Mr. Frederick A. Miller (Ohio State, class
of 1901), vice-president, and Mr. A. T. Seymour (Ohio State,
class of 1895), a member, undertook the task of establishing
a Community War Chest to which every resident in the city
able to do so was expected to contribute. The campaign to fill
the chest was to occupy the first week of February, the ad-
vantages of the plan having been set forth in the city papers
for weeks previously. The University went into this cam-
paign better organized than for any of the earlier drives. An
executive committee, consisting of Mr. Carl E. Steeb, chair-
man, William C. McCracken, superintendent of buildings and

War Drives 45

grounds, and Professors John A. Bownocker, George W.
Knight, L. W. St. John, and Joseph S. Myers, appointed 11
teams each having a captain, a lieutenant, and eight other
members. The Ohio State Lantern issued a special sheet on
January 31 containing an urgent appeal to University em-
ployees to respond generously to the solicitors, whose names
were printed in team lists, as v\^eri as the names of those to be
solicited by each team. By this plan no person connected with
the University was overlooked, and no subscription was ac-
cepted except by the team to which the assignment had been
made. The object of the war chest was to provide an ample
fund from which the subsequent quotas of the local com-
munity for various approved activities and relief work due to
the war could be drawn on occasion, thus relieving the people
of Columbus from later demands for money to meet the legiti-
mate needs of the great organizations that were engaged in
war work. The enterprise commended itself to the public, and,
as subscriptions were payable in several installments, they
were generally larger than they would have been otherwise.
The number of University contributors, including officials,
Faculty members, and employees, was 843, and the sum raised
was $40,987.28. It was reported that this amount was nearly
double what was expected from Ohio State by the committee
of ten.

The captains and solicitors of the 11 University teams
were again chosen to act in the third Liberty Loan campaign,
which occupied the interval from April 5 to May 4, 1918. The
date of the beginning of this campaign was also the first anni-
versary of the entrance of the United States into the war, the
two events being celebrated jointly by the students in a big
"Win-the-War-Day" demonstration, which included a parade,
a regimental review, and a patriotic meeting in the University
Chapel. By April 16, or nearly three weeks before the end of
the drive, the executive committee of the University's campaign
organization learned from the reports of the team captains
that Ohio State had already exceeded its quota of the loan
and invited the members of all the teams to a complimentary

46 History of The Ohio State University

war supper, which was held in Ohio Union on the evening of
the 18th. The total reported at the supper was $82,110, this
amount being given in by Chairman Carl E. Steeb at a general
meeting of the city teams on the following evening at Memorial
Hall. When the drive closed, however, it was found that the
total reached on the campus was $92,100, this amount being
subscribed by 486 persons.

On Wednesday, June 26, 1918, the students and Faculty
members of the summer session held a patriotic rally in the
Chapel, the exercises consisting of singing, repeating the na-
tional pledge, prayer, and an address in the interest of the
week's campaign to increase the sale of war stamps. The
speaker stated that Franklin County had already raised
$1,000,000, but wanted to secure $3,000,000 more through the
sale of war stamps and pledges to buy them. He regarded this,
he said, not only as a financial investment, but also as a patri-
otic and religious investment in the cause of liberty. On the
second day of the campaign an airplane from the Fairfield
Aviation School visited the city and University, showering
them with small cards advertising the war-stamp sale. At noon
the plane descended on the Ohio State landing-field. A stamp
headquarters was opened in the city, and war stamps were
placed on sale at booths on the street corners and in various
stores. Persons connected with the University bought stamps
or subscribed for them at these places, no separate record being
kept for the institution.

Less than five months after the end of the third Liberty
Loan campaign the fourth one began, the period in this in-
stance being limited to three weeks, that is, from September
29 to October 19, 1918. The old campaigning organization
with its 11 teams of 10 members each was again utilized under
the chairmanship of Mr. R. M. Royer, the purchasing agent
of the University, who filled the vacancy caused by the absence
of Mr. Steeb, who had entered the service of the Govern-
ment and was on duty in Washington, D. C. The actual work
of soliciting subscriptions was not begun until the morning
of September 30, the canvassers being instructed to employ

War Drives 47

the campaign slogan, "Buy twice as many!" in their appeal
to purchasers of bonds, and the team captains were requested
to report results to the executive committee every day at
4 o'clock P. M. in the bursar's office. A Liberty Bond sing
was the novel feature of this drive, being held in the Chapel
on the evening of October 4, under the direction of Professor
Alfred R. Barrington, director of the various student musi-
cal organizations and chairman of music for the Franklin
County Liberty Loan Committee. At the same time the young
women of the University organized under class chairmen and
class committees for the purpose of promoting the drive among
the women on the campus. It was proposed that those who
could not afford to buy bonds individually might be willing to
join with others in purchasing one or more class bonds, which
should be given to a fund with which to buy furnishings for
the prospective Woman's Building. This movement had barely
been started when the active solicitation closed on October 7,
or 12 days before the date set for its termination, $93,650 be-
ing then reported. The teams making the largest sales were :
Team No. 10, Coach Frank R. Castleman, captain, $16,800;
Team No. 3, Professor Clarence D. Laylin, captain, $11,300,
and Team No. 1, Miss Katherine A. Vogel, executive clerk,
$10,350. Supplemental reports continued to come in for sev-
eral days until the total reached $110,000, the number of sub-
scribers being 600.

On Friday, September 27, 1918, Dr. John R. Mott, gen-
eral secretary of the International Y. M. C. A., addressed a
body of student delegates from 18 Ohio colleges, including 50
representatives of the Ohio State University, at the Virginia
Hotel, in regard to a drive to be conducted during the week be-
ginning November 11, in order to raise funds for seven na-
tional organizations engaged in war work, namely, the Y.M.
C.A., the Y.W.C.A., the Knights of Columbus, the Jewish
Welfare Board, the War Camp Community Service, and the
American Library Association. Dr. Mott explained that here-
tofore these organizations had carried on separate campaigns
for funds, but that at the request of President Wilson they had

48

History of The Ohio State University

agreed to combine their efforts this year in raising the amount
needed, $2,000,000. Ohio State was asked to subscribe $22,000,
or one-fourth of the $88,000, which the 18 colleges represented
at the meeting pledged themselves to raise. In view of the un-
denominational character of the drive, Jewish, Catholic, and
Protestant students participated in it and, notwithstanding
the fact that the Armistice was signed on the day it began,
succeeded in gathering pledges to the amount of $16,500.

The last in the whole series of war drives on the campus
was that to assist in floating the Victory Loan. The central
committee in charge of the sale of the Victory bonds through-
out the State met in Cleveland early in April and was attended
by Professor Victor A. Ketcham of the Department of English
as the representative of the Franklin County district. The
drive was begun on April 21, 1919, more than five months
after the signing of the Armistice, and lasted until May 10.
The University campaign organization was called into service
for the last time, Mr. Steeb being again at the head of the ex-
ecutive committee. The result fell short of that achieved in
either the third or the fourth Liberty Loan campaigns, as was
to have been expected. In this final drive 421 persons sub-
scribed $82,200.

The various drives on the campus are tabulated herewith :

Drive
Red Cross
Y. M. C. A.
First Liberty

Loan
Y. M. C. A.

Second Liberty

Loan
Y. M.-Y. W. C. A.
War Chest
Third Liberty

Loan

Object
New members
Relief work
Sale of bonds

For training
and prison
camps

Sale of bonds

War work
War work
Sale of bonds

Number of Amount
Dates Subscribers Subscribed
March 29, 1917 286
April, 1917 Not known $ 5,500.00
May 15 to June Not known Not known

15, 1917
May 15, 1917 Not known Not known

October 1 to

28, 1917
Nov., 1917
January, 1918
April 5 to May

4, 1918

249 $ 85,000.00

Not known $ 21,000.00

843
486

$ 40,987.28
$ 92,100.00

War Drives

49

War Stamps
Fourth Liberty

Loan
Menorah Society,

Y. M. C. A., etc.
Victory Loan

Sale of stamps June 28, 1918 Not known Not known
Sale of bonds Sept. 28 to Oct. 600 $110,000.00

7, 1918
War work Nov. 11, 1918, Not known $ 16,500.00

and after
Sale of bonds Apr. 21 to May 421 $ 82,200.00

10, 1919

CHAPTER IV

RED CROSS ACTIVITIES^

In the spring of 1916, a full year before the United States
became involved in the World War, the Columbus Chapter of
the American Red Cross was formed, and Mrs. Snively, the
wife of Major Harry H. Snively of the class of '95, and a
member of the chapter, organized and conducted classes in
first aid at that time. Late in March, 1917, the Columbus
chapter, having but 350 members, started a movement to
increase its membership to 10,000, in view of the crisis then
existing in the relations between Germany and the United
States. This movement included all of Franklin County and
resulted in the organization of 113 units, among these being
the North Side branch of the Columbus chapter, which met
part of the time in the large basement room of the State Arche-
ological and Historical Museum on the campus and included a
number of University women among its workers. Another
unit that was largely made up of University women was the
surgical dressings or University branch, which was organized
in the Home Economics Building and, during the first week
of March, 1918, was transferred to the old Homeopathic Hos-
pital on the corner of Tenth and Neil Avenues.

The enrollment of members for the Red Cross among stu-
dents of the University was begun at the end of March, 1917,
by four of the student organizations, namely, the Y.M.C.A.,
the Y.W.C.A., the Student Council, and the Women's Council.
A committee of five representing these organizations was ap-
pointed, with Major George L. Converse, commandant of the

^For a part of the material in this chapter I am indebted to Profes-
sor Osman C. Hooper.

51

52 History of The Ohio State University

University Battalion, as chairman. At the end of a fortnight
this committee was able to report the enrollment of 286
members.

Meantime, it was announced that all students were eli-
gible to membership, but that women desiring to enlist in Red
Cross service must have taken courses in elementary hygiene,
home care of the sick, home dietetics, and preparation of sur-
gical dressings. Men able to drive motor cars, or ready to serve
as aids in base hospitals, would also be acceptable for enlist-
ment. The University girls were told that they "ought to be
the first to volunteer to give their services" by Professor Edna
N. White of the Department of Home Economics, who was a
member of the executive committee of the Columbus chapter
and the chairman of its committee on dietetics.

On Friday, March 30, 1917, Mrs. Snively spent several
hours in Orton Hall enrolling such young women as wished to
enter classes in first aid. The schedule of classes in the other
required subjects was announced on April 2. The course in
dietetics was to comprise 15 lessons, that in surgical dressings
8 lessons, that in first aid 10 lessons, and that in elementary
hygiene and home care of the sick 15 lessons. There was a
registration fee of $2 for each of the first two courses and of
$2.50 for each of the others. As these fees included the Red
Cross membership fee of $1, anyone taking more than one
course was not expected to pay the membership fee more than
once. As instruction in the several courses was to begin im-
mediately after the Easter recess, the young women were en-
couraged to enroll as soon as possible, but they were still reg-
istering at the rate of from six to eight a day in the second
week of May. The instructors of these classes were Mrs.
Snively, Mrs. Martin J. Caples, and Mrs. Edgar B. Kinkead,
all of whom were downtown women. Beginning also in April,
an elementary course in surgical dressings was offered to fresh-
man girls in the Department of Home Economics, and a class
was taught by Mrs. Grace G. Walker.

As the nation's preparations for war progressed and the
need for the services of the Red Cross became more manifest,

Red Cross 53

a Red Cross division of the University Women's Club was or-
ganized during the presidency of Mrs. Bruce, the wife of Pro-
fessor Charles A, Bruce of the Department of Romance Lan-
guages. Members of this branch sewed each week day from 9
o'clock A.M. to 5 o'clock P.M. in the Home Economics Building,
with an average attendance of a dozen. With the renewal of
University activity in September, another group of members
of the University Women's Club, together with some students
and neighborhood women, was organized to make surgical
dressings under the instruction of Miss Florence E. Heyde.
The other group continued its sewing, Mrs. Grace G. Walker
acting as the chairman and Miss Maude C. Hathaway as the
secretary and treasurer of it. During the first week of March,
1918, the former group was transferred to the old Homeo-
pathic Hospital. Later this group was moved to Oxley Hall,
where its work was prosecuted to the end with Miss Heyde,
Mrs. Raymond C. Osburn, Miss Eugenia C. Pavey, Miss Ruby
Thomas, Mrs. Charlotte Dunn, and Miss Helen Dunn as in-
structors of the different classes, numbering in all six each
week. Usually about 40 members were present at each class,
although as many as 75 were present at one or two of the
meetings.

The total registration in these classes was 307 women, of
whom 31 were Faculty members and 150 University students
and employees, the others being women of the neighborhood.
The number of working hours was 7,970, the average number
of hours for the Faculty women 60, the average for the stu-
dents 22. The product in eight months was approximately
44,000 small gauze dressings and army pads. These, together
with the surgical dressings made by the other branches of the
Columbus chapter, were sent through the Red Cross headquar-
ters at Cleveland to the hospitals in France. Owing, however,
to an overproduction of the small dressings and a lack of the
heavier pads, which were also needed by the front lines, the
Government asked the Columbus chapter to stop making the
former during the last three weeks of July, 1918. On August
6 all the Columbus branches engaged in making surgical

54 History of The Ohio State University

dressings were compelled to cease their activities until Sep-
tember 1, on account of the great scarcity of gauze and ab-
sorbent cotton. The Red Cross workers of Franklin County, as
also those in other parts of the country, had to wait until a
new supply of these materials could be manufactured.

Connected with the Homeopathic Hospital there was a
sewing group, the Homeopathic Hospital Auxiliary, with Mrs.
A. E. Hinsdale as chairman, which operated from January to
May, 1918.

Meantime, the sewing division of the University Women's
Club continued for a time at the Home Economics Building
and then was transferred to Westminster Hall on Fifteenth
Avenue, where about 66 University and neighborhood
women were engaged until the following February, under
the chairmanship of Mrs. D. G. Sanor. Surgical-dressing
work was also conducted there under the chairmanship of
Mrs. T. A. Morton. In February, 1918, the groups of
workers under the supervision of these two ladies were trans-
ferred to the large basement room of the State Archeological
and Historical Society Museum on the University grounds at
the High Street entrance. They constituted what was known as
the North Side Auxiliary. During the greater part of the sum-
mer of 1918 the classes of this auxiliary met every Tuesday,
Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, Thursday afternoons being
reserved for the making of surgical dressings. Fifty-one Fac-
ulty women were engaged in the work here for different peri-
ods ranging from six to 184 hours. The average daily attend-
ance of this auxiliary during the summer season was not less
than 75 persons. In the closing days of July the women were
not only filling orders for surgical dressings, but were also do-
ing a great deal of sewing for the French and Belgian refu-
gees, including French orphans. Besides other garments, they
were turning out 100 shirts a day. A survey of their work-
room showed heaps of new garments of various kinds, large
piles of knitted goods for soldiers, made at home, and numer-
ous boxes of dressings and bandages. The auxiliary produced
a total of about 50,000 large absorbent dressings and numbers

Red Cross 55

of pneumonia jackets, in addition to the other articles. The
work here was greatly facilitated by the use of an electrical
machine for rolling bandages, which was devised by Professor
F. C. Caldwell and Mr. W. R. Alexander of the Electrical En-
gineering Department. By means of this invention an expert
operator could roll five yards in 40 seconds, a task which when
performed by hand could not be done in less than 25 or 30
minutes. With the introduction of this machine at the Mu-
seum workroom, it was possible for Mrs. Wilbur H. Siebert to
do practically all of the bandage-rolling not only for the North
Side branch, but also for the Columbus chapter. All the other
local branches were thereby released from the necessity of
making bandages by the tedious hand method. Plans had
been made for producing the machines for use throughout the
country when the war ended.

For this branch, too. Professor Eldon L. Usry of the
Manual Training Department provided portable screens, shelv-
ing, markers, and other equipment. Professor Frank E. San-
born of the Industrial Arts Department perfected and offered
to Red Cross headquarters a device for handling heavy bolts
of cloth that were to be cut into shape for garments. Both
in the University and outside of it there was a fine spirit of
helpfulness, whatever the need of the workers might be.

A knitting group was organized by the women employees
of the University as a division of the State employees' branch.
Money was contributed by the men employees for the purchase
of yarn, and many articles were made and distributed through
the secretary of the State branch.

The greatest interest and activity of the brief period of
America's participation in the war was displayed by the Red
Cross workers of the University during the spring of 1918.
This fact is explained in part by the signing and ratification
of the peace between the Bolsheviki and Germany in March,
and the announcement in the same month that American
troops were occupying trenches at four different points on
French soil. These items of news were quickly followed by
the reports of the German drives that were made between

56 History of The Ohio State University

March 21 and April 18. But the interest of the University
girls in war activities was also stimulated by the forming of a
new war organization during the period of these events.
Minnette Y. Fritts was the head chairman of this organization
and Joy N. Rogers, Harriet A. Day, Lucille Whan, Helen D.
Dustman, Harriett E. Daily, Vivian S. Townsend, Margaret E.
Fisher, and Florence L. Whitacre were in charge of its sec-
tions. The chairmen of the class committees were as follows :
senior, Jessie F. Masteller; junior, M. Dorothy Kramer; sopho-
more, Margaret Welch; freshman, Florence Wolf. Through
the efforts of these students and their committees hundreds
of University girls were registered for war work, only a por-
tion of which could be regarded as strictly Red Cross.

Some of the young women who attended the summer ses-
sions during the war period were readily persuaded to enter
the Red Cross classes. A class in first aid of over 34 members
was conducted during the summer of 1917, Dean E. F. Mc-
Campbell of the College of Medicine, then a captain in the
Medical Reserve Corps, being one of the lecturers before this
group. Captain McCampbell explained the fact that the ma-
jority of wounds were received by the soldiers as injuries to
the head and face, due to the modem method of trench
fighting, although the dropping of bombs into the trenches, he
added, often resulted in injuries to the arms and legs. This
explanation was preliminary to the discussion of the methods
of treatment for such wounds. On July 1, 1918, classes in
surgical dressings were organized at Oxley Hall.

When the University opened in the fall of 1918, first-aid
classes for sophomore girls were formed and began to meet in
the week of September 30. The large size of the Tuesday
morning class made necessary its division into two sections.
Other classes met on Tuesday afternoons and on Wednesday
mornings and afternoons.

During the latter part of November, 1918, after the Stu-
dents' Army Training Corps had been established at the Uni-
versity, the girls belonging to the Ohio State branch of the
Red Cross undertook to mend and sew for the cadets and for

Red Cross 57

the soldiers at Camp Sherman. The clothing from the camp
at Chillicothe that needed repair was sent to the campus by
the Columbus Chapter of the Red Cross. The workrooms in
the Home Economics Building were open every afternoon, and
a competent adviser was in attendance to care for the arti-
cles received and instruct the girls who went there to do this
form of reclamation work. Ten committees of from 15 to 19
members each, the total membership being 173, were assigned
to this patriotic service.

Soon after the declaration of war Mrs. George W. Knight
went to Chicago and later to Detroit to fit herself to be an in-
structor in surgical dressings and first aid. Returning, she
was appointed an instructor and supervisor by the Columbus
chapter. She immediately began giving two courses of instruc-
tion, one (eight lessons of three hours each) which produced
about 200 supervisors and assistant supervisors, and the other
(14 lessons of three hours each) which produced seven instruc-
tors, some of whom were drafted for work elsewhere. In June,
1917, she was able to surrender the supervision to those she
had taught and in July was designated as chairman in surgi-
cal dressing, a position which she occupied until the work
ceased with the signing of the Armistice in November, 1918.
She organized and directed the work, securing material and
designating supervisors, in 15 surgical-dressing branches in
Franklin County and had general supervision of the surgical-
dressing work in 12 counties in central Ohio. What with
teaching, speaking, visiting units, ordering supplies, and ap-
pointing supervisors, Mrs. Knight's service was a notable one.
In the various units and branches there were approximately
3,000 workers, and the quantity and quality of the output were
such as materially to assist in giving to the Columbus Chapter
of the Red Cross the high reputation it achieved. As a reward
for her volunteer service, Mrs. Knight was awarded the Red
Cross badge with the two stripes, representing 2,700 hours.

Faculty women who became supervisors, most of them
in the classes of Mrs. Knight, were: Mrs. Rajrmond C. Osburn,
Mrs. Wilbur H. Siebert, Mrs. George B. Kauffman, Mrs. Edgar

58 History of The Ohio State University

S. Ingraham, and Miss Mary Henderson. Mrs. Kauffman or-
ganized a large and active branch of workers in Clinton Town-
ship, supplied a workroom for it in her home on North High
Street, and directed it with such success that a Red Cross
banner was awarded to her group. In November, 1917, Mrs.
Alfred D. Cole, the wife of Professor Cole of the Department
of Physics, organized a sewing and knitting group at the
Tenth Avenue Baptist Church, in which from 20 to 40 women,
some of the University, worked faithfully to the last.

An unusual record of service is that of Mrs. Franklin A.
Ray, the wife of Professor Ray of the Department of Mine
Engineering. Mrs. Ray had the advantage of being a graduate
nurse of St. Luke's Training School of Chicago, 111. On June
8, 1917, she was registered as a Red Cross nurse for home
service. By reason of her special training she felt obligated
to devote as much of her time as necessary to giving instruc-
tion in elementary hygiene and home care of the sick and con-
ducted classes in Columbus, Newark, Granville, and Alexan-
dria. Living near Granville, 0., her qualifications were
promptly recognized there, and she was made a member of
the executive committee of the Licking County Chapter of
the Red Cross, chairman of its committee on nursing activi-
ties, and chairman of the Granville branch of the Red Cross.
Those who are acquainted with Mrs. Ray do not need to be
told that her services were gratuitous.

Faculty women engaged in the Red Cross canteen work in
Columbus were: Mrs. Raymond C. Osbum, Mrs. William T.
Magruder, Mrs. E. A. Cottrell, Mrs. Alfred Vivian, and Miss
Grace Chandler. From January to June, 1919, that is, during
the period of the return of the troops from overseas, these
ladies served at the clubroom on High Street, opposite to the
Union Station, meeting soldiers who called, providing for their
comfort in various ways, and giving them needed information
and counsel. Mrs. W. O. Thompson supervised the making of
the University's great service flag and did canteen work both
in Columbus and New York City.

The service flag contained 2,640 gold stars at the time of

The service flag displayed on the front of the Library.

Red Cross 59

its dedication on Saturday afternoon, May 25, 1918. At that
time the only service flag known in the country to have more
stars was that of the Bell Telephone Company in New York
City. At the dedicatory exercises, which were held in front
of the University Library in the presence of a throng of peo-
ple, the president of the Alumni Association, Burton D.
Stephenson presided, and Lowry F. Sater gave the address,
at the close of which he presented the flag, which hung sus-
pended against the front of the Library, to the University.
President Thompson accepted it in a stirring speech and was
followed by former Governor James E. Campbell. Messages
of regret at their inability to be present from President Wil-
son, Governor Cox, Secretary of War Baker, Secretary of the
Navy Daniels, and United States Senators Harding and Pom-
erene were read. The occasion was most impressive. Later
the several addresses were published.

Several of the younger men in the University Faculty took
part in the activities of the Red Cross overseas. Nearly two
years before the United States became involved in the war.
Assistant Professor Walter T. Peirce of the Department of
Romance Languages became a Red Cross worker in France,
spending the summers of 1915 and 1916 as an orderly in the
American Ambulance Hospital at Neuilly, near Paris.

Professor Peirce was the first of our University teachers
to go into war work. On his return in the autumn of 1916
he was soon in demand as a speaker on the relief work of the
American Red Cross, under whose auspices he had gained his
experience. During the next 10 months he gave more than
60 addresses before societies, clubs, and larger audiences. As
he had brought back a large number of photographs which
he had taken in France, he illustrated many of his talks with
pictures thrown on the screen. Besides speaking a number
of times in Columbus, he gave addresses in Chillicothe, Ports-
mouth, Circleville, Springfield, London, Urbana, Marysville,
Newark, and Delaware, finding opportunities to establish local
chapters of the Red Cross and to encourage sewing for the
hospitals overseas. Audiences, clubs, and individuals contrib-

60 History of The Ohio State University

uted money for the purchase of materials for bandage making,
and various women's organizations about the University, in-
cluding the Woman's Council, the French Club, and six sorori-
ties, prepared hospital supplies in sufficient quantity to fill
10 cases, which were shipped to France in May, 1917.

The supplies consisted of sheets, towels, wash cloths,
shirts, pajamas, knitted articles, tray cloths, napkins, surgical
dressings, and gauze. Furthermore, a relief unit was formed
by Mrs. Joseph V. Denney among the University women for
the purpose of providing the necessary money, materials, and
work to continue furnishing such supplies. The ladies who
were associated with Mrs. Denney in the relief unit were:
Mrs. John A. Bownocker, Mrs. Charles St. John Chubb, Mrs.
George L. Converse, Mrs. Clair A. Dye, Mrs. Wallace S. Elden,
Mrs. George W. Knight, Mrs. Henry C. Lord, Mrs. William T.
Magruder, Mrs. Wilbur H. Siebert, and Mrs. Alfred Vivian.

Late in June, 1917, Professor Peirce sailed for Bordeaux
in company with Dr. Albert R. Chandler of the Department
of Philosophy and Thomas M. Magruder, a son of Professor
W. T. Magruder. Early in July Drs. Chandler and Peirce
took up the work of orderlies in the hospital at Neuilly, while
young Magruder became driver of an ambulance at the front
for the same establishment. The hospital at Neuilly had been
opened by American residents in Paris in August, 1914, im-
mediately after the outbreak of hostilities, to help care for
the French wounded. Its supporters also maintained a con-
siderable number of motor ambulances at the front. After
continuing as orderlies until early in October, Messrs. Peirce
and Chandler enrolled as field delegates of the Bureau of
Refugees of the American Red Cross in Paris, Mr. Peirce
being sent to northern France to distribute supplies to the
war sufferers in that region. With the establishment of Gen-
eral Pershing's headquarters in France, in the winter of 1918,
Mr. Peirce was appointed an interpreter in the Intelligence
Division of the headquarters of the American Expeditionary
Forces. At this time he was commissioned a second lieu-
tenant. He was soon made responsible for the translating

Red Cross 61

and publishing through the proper channels of all military
correspondence carried on between the American and Entente
officers. In December, 1918, he was appointed translator for
the United States delegates to the Peace Conference, and about
the same time he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant.
The importance of Lieutenant Peirce's new position may be
estimated from the fact that he was the exclusive translator
of all that was said in French on the fioor of the conference,
of which the notes were taken by the French stenographers
who were under his charge.

As a field delegate Mr. Chandler was a guest of the Brit-
ish Quakers at Troyes for a few days in October, 1917, where
he became acquainted with the measures they were taking to
relieve the wretched condition of the refugees under their
care. After the Italian retreat to the Tagliamento, at the end
of October, 1917, and to the Piave, in the early days of No-
vember, before the advance of the combined German and
Austrian forces into Italy, Mr. Chandler was sent by the Red
Cross down to Rome, being among the first workers dispatched
into that territory. Thence he proceeded to Milan, where
thousands of refugee families were collecting. There he
helped the American consul and a committee of resident Amer-
icans to establish a home and kitchen for refugees, besides
engaging in other Red Cross activities. Large numbers of
fugitives were housed in extensive dormitories provided by
two local Italian organizations and hitherto used for the ac-
commodation of emigrants passing through the city. Thou-
sands of families had also to be sheltered in tents. Mr.
Chandler was a witness of the thrilling demonstration in the
Scala Theater in honor of the first contingents of French and
English troops that passed through Milan on their way to the
Italian front.

After spending two months in Milan, Dr. Chandler was
transferred in January, 1918, to Chioggia, a fishing town in
the lagoon, about 20 miles south of Venice, where he was
the only foreigner in a district of 70,000 inhabintants. Here
the Red Cross delegate kept a canteen in readiness in antici-

62 History of The Ohio State University

pation of another retrograde movement of new troops and a
new flight of refugees. The population of the district was
now chiefly women and children, most of the men being away
at war. As there was plenty of relief work to be done, Dr.
Chandler and his staff of a few soldiers and Venetian girls
opened a free soup kitchen which filled the pails of hungry
people with hot and nourishing food. This supplemented one
maintained by the Italian authorities. A workroom was also
found where some of the Chioggia women were kept busy
making clothing for ragged war orphans and the needy chil-
dren of soldiers at the front. Shoes, stockings, and other
articles of apparel were also distributed.

During January and February, 1918, Venice was harried
by air raids, which caused many refugees to leave during the
weeks immediately following, but they did not go to Chioggia.
It was therefore necessary for Mr. Chandler to divide his time
between his headquarters and Venice during March and April
so as to assist the Red Cross delegate there in distributing
food to the departing refugees from the little Red Cross room
in the railroad station. Closing the canteen at Chioggia late
in November, 1918, Mr. Chandler continued his work in
Venice until March 1, 1919. In February he had been given
the rank of captain, and in that and the following month he
made two trips to Fiume to distribute clothing to certain
Crotians, who were naturalized American citizens and eager
to return to the land of their adoption.

On April 1, 1919, Captain Chandler was transferred to the
Red Cross Commission for Europe, whose headquarters were
in Paris. From there he was sent with other workers to Ber-
lin in the third week of April to assist the Red Cross delegation
there in caring for Russian prisoners, only to learn that the
need for new workers had ceased. Thence he returned to
Paris, was soon released from further service, and arrived in
New York on June 22, 1919.

Another member of the University staff who entered the
service of the American Red Cross in Italy was Dr. Robert G.
Paterson, assistant professor of Public Health and Sanitation

Red Cross 63

in the College of Medicine. Dr. Paterson arrived in Rome on
October 6, 1918, with a tuberculosis unit, which became the
Tuberculosis Department of the American Red Cross Com-
mission for Italy. He helped to organize the medical and pub-
lic-health service in the peninsula and the adjacent islands, his
unit discontinuing its labors on May 14, 1919. Major Pater-
son was then transferred to the headquarters of the American
Red Cross Commission for Europe at Paris and remained
there until his discharge in June, 1919.

Besides the three members of the Faculty who were en-
gaged in Red Cross work abroad. Professor Osman C. Hooper
and Professor Joseph S. Myers of the Department of Journal-
ism, Professor Arthur M. Schlesinger of the Department of
American History, and Dean James E. Hagerty of the College
of Commerce and Journalism rendered various services in
connection with the Columbus Chapter of the Red Cross.

In the spring of 1917 Dean Hagerty was appointed chair-
man of the Civilian Relief Committee, and as such became
chairman of the Home Service subcommittee. He directed
the work of material and advisory aid of the families of
soldiers and sailors, giving to the men needed information be-
fore going to camp and after discharge and to their families
information and aid of various kinds until the readjustment to
industrial and community life was complete. He organized
a corps of investigators, which was aided by a consultation
committee that met at stated intervals to consider the more
difficult problems. Two members of the University Faculty
served on this committee, namely, Professor Hooper and Pro-
fessor Schlesinger. Mr. Stockton Raymond, an alumnus, was
also a member of the committee, while four alumnae served in
various capacities — Miss Florence Covert and Miss Elizabeth
Long as executive secretaries, and Miss Julia Griggs and Mrs.
Eleanor Ryan Hixenbaugh as visitors.

At the invitation of the American Red Cross, Dean
Hagerty organized at the University a Home Service Institute
for the training of investigators and office managers in civilian
relief work, and this institute was conducted under the joint

64 History of The Ohio State University

auspices of the American Red Cross, its chapter in Columbus,
and the University Department of Economics and Sociology.
Three classes were instructed, one in 1917 and two in 1918,
each doing six weeks of classroom and field work, the latter in
connection with local philanthropic organizations. Some of
the students became volunteer workers in the civilian relief
department of the Columbus Chapter of the Red Cross, while
others returned to the counties from which they came to render
similar service. A number of permanent social workers were
prepared by these classes.

In the summer of 1918, when there was pressing need for
nurses, a campaign was conducted in Columbus for the enroll-
ment of graduate nurses and of young women willing to take
the training necessary to become nurses. Professor Joseph S.
Myers was chairman of the committee that opened headquar-
ters at the Deshler Hotel and within a fortnight enrolled 203
nurses and 126 young women willing to take the training.

At the outbreak of the influenza epidemic among the
cadets of the Students' Army Training Corps on the campus,
in October, 1918, nothing like an adequate supply of bedding,
towels, and other articles required for the care of the scores
of the sick were at hand. Through the prompt action of Mrs.
Lowry F. Sater, Mrs. Frank A. Ray, and Professor and Mrs.
W. H. Siebert, the Columbus Chapter of the Red Cross, and the
City Federation of Women's Clubs generously and fully met
these needs without delay, the Red Cross purchasing what it
did not already have in stock and supplying in addition a num-
ber of trained nurses.

It is, of course, impossible to give an exhaustive account
of the Red Cross activities of the women graduates of the Uni-
versity. A few examples must suffice to illustrate the fact that
not a few of the alumnae rendered a devoted service at home or
abroad, as the case might be. Miss Ola Mae Arick of the class
of 1918 engaged in civilian relief work in Cleveland. Miss
Esther Eaton (M.A., 1912) went to France in April, 1918, to do
child-welfare work in the devastated districts that were then
being rebuilt. Miss Mary Agnes Kelly (class of 1906) of Los

Red Cross 65

Angeles was sent to Italy in October, 1918, as an interpreter
for the Red Cross. Miss Margaret Teachnor (class of 1917)
became connected in the latter part of October, 1918, with the
personnel division of the American Red Cross Commission in
Paris and was later stationed in the village of Brest, Brittany,
with the canteen, where on December 13 she had the honor,
with six other American Red Cross girls, of greeting President
and Mrs. Wilson, Miss Margaret Wilson, and General Pershing
at the landing pier. Miss Teachnor remained at Brest until
in April, 1919, when she accompanied the Army of Occupa-
tion as a Red Cross worker to Coblenz, Germany. Miss Flor-
ence E. Welling (class of 1910) sailed for France late in
November, 1918, to serve as an entertainer in the aviation
camps. Miss Charme M. Seeds (class of 1915) arrived in
France early in April, 1919, to become a casualty searcher in
the personnel department of the American Red Cross. Miss
Helen Hayward, '14, accompanied a party of sixty young
women overseas in January, 1919, for canteen work in France.
She first served in London for three weeks, then in Liverpool
for a brief time, after which she went to France.

CHAPTER V

WAR WORK OF THE RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS

There are four or five religious organizations in the Uni-
versity, besides the Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A. Among
these is a Catholic organization and a Jewish organization ; the
others are Protestant. In general, then, the war activities of
the Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A. were inclusive of the great
majority of the students, and it may be asserted without fear
of contradiction that sectarian lines were not drawn among the
students in the promotion of patriotic enterprises.

The Y.M.C.A. had never been in as excellent a condition
at Ohio State University as when the war started. This was
due to the determined effort the association put forth during
the academic year 1916-17 under the able leadership of its
secretary, Huntley Dupre, to gain the support of the student
body. The result was that the association enrolled the largest
membership of any student Y. M. C. A. in the world. The lead-
ing religious organization among the young women was the
Y. W. C. A., and the two other leading student organizations
of a general nature were the Student Council and the Woman's
Council. When, therefore, the Columbus Chapter of the
American Red Cross began its movement at the end of March,
1917, for a greatly increased membership, it wisely secured the
appointment of a committee representing these four organiza-
tions to enroll members among the students. However, it may
be said frankly that the outcome of the two weeks' campaign
for new members did not fulfill the expectations of its sponsors
in the city. Only 286 persons joined the Red Cross, whereas
it had been hoped that 10 times that many would join. Doubt-
less, the figure set was beyond reason in view of the harrowing
uncertainty existing in the minds of the students, especially

67

68 History of The Ohio State University

of the male students, during this period, and also in view of
other war activities that were being started simultaneously
on the campus and that were nearer to the hearts of the
students.

The general appeal addressed to the colleges and prepara-
tory schools of the country by the Young Men's Christian Asso-
ciation early in April, 1917, for a fund with which to carry
relief to college men in European prison camps stirred the
sympathies of the young people to whom it came, all the more
that it was emphasized by the declaration of war by the Gov-
ernment. Within a few days $5,500 was subscribed by the stu-
dents and Faculty, this being the most successful campaign to
raise money that had ever been conducted by any student
organization of the University up to that time.

In the last week of April, after hundreds of young men
had left the University to go into agricultural and military
service, the Y. M. C. A. was called on by the Young Men's
Christian Association of Columbus to raise part of the $40,000
required during the rest of the year to support wartime activi-
ties in the military training camps on both sides of the Atlan-
tic, as well as in the prison camps overseas. The student asso-
ciation had lost many of its most active members, and the
Faculty were aware that they would soon be given the
opportunity to subscribe to the first Liberty Loan. These cir-
cumstances interfered materially with the success of the Y. M.
C. A. solicitation, which secured a disappointing sum.

By virtue of the trying experiences of the spring semester
of 1917, the University Y. M. C. A. gave itself with a new
ardor to the work of disseminating the spirit of service among
the students when Ohio State opened in the fall. As soon as
the training camps were occupied by enlisted men, members of
recent cabinets of the University Y. M. C. A. were to be seen in
charge of the "Y" huts at various camps.

Those members who still remained at the University found
the time in which to organize 33 Bible-study classes in fra-
ternity houses and boarding clubs, and in November, 1917, the
Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A., acting jointly, surprised the com-

Religious Organizations 69

munity by raising nearly four times the amount for war work
that had been secured for the Y. M. C. A. alone in its boasted
campaign of the early days of April of the same year, that is,
the two associations raised the sum of $21,000, exceeding the
quota apportioned to the University by $4,000.

The fall and winter of 1917 was a busy season for the
two associations at the University in more ways than one.
They assisted freshmen in entering the institution, finding
rooms, boarding places, and church homes; they held recep-
tions for the new students as well as the old ; the Y. M. C. A.
arranged a series of weekly religious meetings which were
addressed by prominent men of the Faculty, city, and State;
it sent out six gospel teams, and maintained an employment
bureau for students who were earning their way through
college in whole or in part.

Already in August, 1917, J. Ruskin Dyer of the class of
'16, who had been a member of the Y. M. C. A. cabinet, had
gone to France to work with the American Army Y. M. C. A.
and had been stationed at the artillery Campe de Mailly. In
the following December he had been transferred to the French
Y. M. C. A. and sent to the front. It was at this time that
William E. Wright of the class of '12 joined the Sixth French
Army as a worker in the French Y. M. C. A. at Soissons and
vicinity. Mr. Wright was decorated with the Croix de Guerre
for bravery during the German advance on the Aisne in the
second battle of the Marne, July 18-August 4, 1918. Early in
December, 1917, Professor Henry R. Spencer arrived in Paris
on his way to Italy as a Y. M. C. A. volunteer. He became re-
gional director, being stationed at the headquarters of the
Third Italian Army, being ten miles north of Venice until
Trieste and Trent were occupied by the Italians, November 3,
1918, and after that at Trieste. By January, 1917, Huntley
Dupree of the class of '14 (Law School, 1916) and Don L.
Demorest of the class of '16 were in France. For the next
three months they were engaged there in the prison relief work
of the International Committee of the Y. M. C. A. During the
months of April, May, and the opening days of June, 1917,

70 History of The Ohio State University

Mr. Dupre was with the American Army Y. M. C. A. in Paris.
From June 5 until July 9 he was engaged in organizing the
Y. M. C. A. at St. Nazaire for the First Division of the Ameri-
can Expeditionary Force, the first American troops to disem-
bark in France, their landing being effected on June 26, 1917.
In July he organized the association work at Nevers, in August
at Alvord for the Lafayette Esquadrille aviators with the
French Army, in September he assisted in organizing the
Y. M. C. A. in the Neuf chateau and Bourmont areas for the
Twenty-Sixth and Third Divisions, A.E.F. Mr. Dupre was the
first American to be sent with the French Y. M. C. A. to the
front. This was in October, 1917, and the following months
into January, 1918, he spent with the Sixth French Army on
the Aisne, his headquarters being at Soissons. In January he
was transferred to the French Y. M. C. A. at Villers-la-Fosse
and Crecy-au-Mont, where he devoted his activities to the
Eleventh Army Corps of the Sixth Army. In February he
enlisted as a private in the 26th Regiment of Infantry,
First Division, A. E. F.

From this point on Mr. Dupre's record corresponds very
closely with that of his friend, Mr. Demorest, and the two
records, will, therefore, be given together, after the first
part of the latter's record has been recounted. After doing
prison-relief work in France, Mr. Demorest spent six months
or more in organization work. In April, 1917, he organized
the Y. M. C. A. headquarters in Paris and then in succes-
sion he formed the branch associations for the Artillery of
the Twenty-sixth Division, A. E. F., at Chateauroux; for
the Fifteenth Regiment of Engineers, A. E. F. (the first
American Engineers in France) at Vierzon ; for the American
Aviation Camp at Issoudun; and for the Heavy Artillery
Camp at Mailly. From October, 1917, to February, 1918,
he was with the French Army Y.M.C.A. at Ville en Tardenois
and in the vicinity of Rheims and at Fort de la Pompelle and,
like Mr. Dupre, he enlisted as a private in the 26th Regiment
of Infantry, First Division, A.E.F. From March 8 to April
1, 1918, the two friends saw service in the trenches; from

Religious Organizations 71

the last-named date until July 9 they were together in
the Army Candidates' School (Infantry) at Langres, being
then commissioned as second lieutenants; for the next fort-
night they were enrolled in the Student Army Gas School,
A. E. F., serving as instructors in this school from July 23 to
September 1; during the next 10 days they were on special
duty, Demorest with the Seventy-seventh Division and Dupre
with the Twenty-sixth, on the Vesle front at the time of the
German retreat in the second battle of the Marne; then both
took up their work as instructors in the Army Gas School at
Rolampont and continued in it until in early December, 1918,
both being promoted to first lieutenancies on November 13. In
February, 1919, both returned to the United States, but three
months later Demorest returned to France to take up work
with the French Y. M. C. A.

J. Ruskin Dyer, like Demorest and Dupre, enlisted as
a private in February, 1918, but in the Artillery and was
sent to the First Division, A. E. F. He was in the Artillery
Training School at Saumur from April to July, when he
was commissioned a second lieutenant. In the fall of 1918 he
saw service with a coast-artillery battery, and in the spring
of 1919 he was promoted to a first lieutenancy. After his
service in France Huntley Dupre returned to the University
and the secretaryship of the student Y. M. C. A., but in
January, 1920, resigned his position in order to become educa-
tional secretary of the University of Prague in Bohemia. His
work there consisted not only of Y. M. C.A. activities among
the 7,000 students of the institution, but also of educational
work among the people of the historic old city, in which he
took up his duties on March 1, 1920.

Aside from the five members of the University Y. M. C. A.
whose war records have been given above, a list of 57 was
printed in the Makio of 1919, out of an estimated total of 75
men who had served in the association cabinets during the
previous four years, who went into military service.

The Rev. Dr. Gaius Glenn Atkins of the class of '88 also
did Y.M.C.A. work in France. He was first regional secre-

72 History of The Ohio State University

tary of the Americaine Foyer de Soldat (Y.M.C.A.) with the
French Army in the summer of 1918 on the Montdidier Sector,
being in charge of the cantonments half-way between Beauvais
and Amiens, with his headquarters at Maisoncelle-Tuilleries.
In September he was transferred to the American Army and
given direction of the Y.M.C.A. Department of Religious Work
in the first region, with his headquarters at Brest. He served
in the Pontanazen Hospital during the influenza epidemic and
for a brief time later with the 26th Division in the Verdun
combat area.

Several of the University women participated in Y. M. C.
A. activities abroad. The first of these to leave for France
was Mrs. Guy W. Mallon of Cincinnati, 0., who was formerly
a student in the College of Arts, and whose husband was a
trustee of the University. Mrs. Mallon served as Y.M.C.A.
hostess at Saumur, France.

Miss Winifred A. Tunell, former secretary of the Y. W.
C. A. at Ohio State, was one of those in charge of the hostess
house and an aide in the hospital at Tours, where she entered
upon her duties early in July, 1918. Miss Nan Cannon of the
class of *01, secretary of the Ohio State University Alumni
Association in 1917-1918, spent two weeks in December of the
latter year attending a conference of Y. M. C. A. workers from
all over the country, at the end of which she sailed for France
to work at the "Y" headquarters in Paris, Miss Isabel McNeal,
formerly an assistant in the registrar's office, became the chief
statistician of the Bureau of Claims and Adjustments, Red
Cross, at Bordeaux and Paris.

Miss Ednah H. Pugh, former secretary in the office of
the Entrance Board of the University, who was active in
Y. W. C. A. work after the beginning of the war, went to Bar-
nard College, New York City, in the fall of 1917 to take a course
of intensive training. In February, 1919, she was sent to do
overseas work with the Y. M. C. A. At the same time Miss
Florence Gilliam of the class of '09 sailed for France to act as
interpreter for the association.

The enlistment of numbers of students in military service

Religious Organizations 73

during the months following the declaration of war by the
United States Government was first commemorated in bronze
on the University grounds by the local Y. M. C. A. At Christ-
mas time, 1917, the association had an enduring tablet set in
the large granite boulder near the main walk at the south-
east corner of University Hall. The inscription on the tablet,
which was written by Professor Joseph Russell Taylor of the
Department of English is as follows : "In honor of those sons
of the Ohio State University who have answered the call to the
colors in the year 1917." The dedicatoiy ceremony at the un-
veiling of the bronze plaque was conducted by President W. 0.
Thompson. The plaque is so placed that it is frequently seen
by the throngs of students who pass on their way to and from
University Hall, being thereby reminded of the self-sacrifice of
the men who offered themselves to uphold the cause of human-
ity.

In speaking of this memorial plaque, the Makio of 1918,
which was issued about fourteen months after the United
States entered the war, stated that according to estimate ap-
proximately 4,000 graduates and former students of the Uni-
versity had answered the call to the colors and that 300 Ohio
State men were then fighting under the Stars and Stripes in
France. The total number of enlistments in all branches of
the service during the war period was 6,593.

With the establishment of the School of Military Aero-
nautics on the campus in May, 1917, and the subsequent open-
ing in rapid succession of three other military schools under
the jurisdiction of the War Department, the hundreds of men
who were ordered here from all parts of the United States to
receive their ground training were confined within stated boun-
daries during the period of their stay. For them the Univer-
sity was a military post, with its rules of strict discipline. To
meet the needs of these cadets the University Y. M. C. A. ob-
tained from the War Work Council of the general association
games of various sorts, a victrola and set of records, writing
materials, and other supplies for the use of the successive
squadrons, whose members were confined to the campus for

74

History of The Ohio State University

three months, except when granted a very brief leave, which
happened but rarely.

The presence of the Students' Army Training Corps at the
University in the fall of 1918 caused a radical change in the
work of the local Y. M. C. A., which was at once transformed
into Army Y. M. C. A. work. All college associations were
taken over by the National War Work Council. The student
secretaries were made Army secretaries and became responsible
to the War Work Council. This was done in order to preserve
the identity of the student associations and to enable them to
resume their regular activities when peace should return. At
Ohio State the association tried to fill the needs of the S. A.
T. C. cadets in particular, needs that were emphasized by their
confinement to the campus, as in the case of the students in the
earlier military schools. It sought to further the religious life
of the men by holding weekly devotional meetings, by personal
efforts, and by distributing quantities of Scripture leaflets and
pamphlets. For the diversion of the cadets it held entertain-
ments in the Chapel every Saturday night. It welcomed the
cadets to the Y. M. C. A. offices, which were visited by an
average of 500 men daily. During the months of October and
November, 1918, nearly 25,000 letters were written on paper
furnished by the Y. M. C. A. The only branches of the regular
work that were maintained as in former years were the employ-
ment bureau and the foreign-student department.

The following members of the Y. M. C. A. cabinets of the
years 1915 to 1918, inclusive, were in war service :

Arden 0. Basinger
Leo Bayles
Earl F. Baum
Clifford C. Boyd
John W. Bricker
Kenyon S. Campbell
Bert Chambers
S. L. Cheny
Dana Coe
George Coe
Luke Cooperider
Fred Croxton

Alexander Glenn
Lloyd Hanson
Charles Harley
Frank Hartford
Bryan Heise
John Hendrix
Donald Hosklns
George Hoskins
William H. Houston
Ray Hoyt
Ralph Howard
Carl L. Kenne'dy

Carl Marquand
Robert Nevin
Ellis Noble
Virgil Overholt
W. R. Palmer
Joseph Park
Jack Pierce
Allen Rankin
Ralph Roehm
Melvin Ryder
George Schuster
Dudley Sears

Religious Organizations

75

Edmond Deibel
Don L. Demorest
Maynard Donaldson
William A. Dougherty
Charles B. Dunham
Huntley Dupre
J. Ruskin Dyer
Luther Evans
Roy Ferguson
Mark Fuller

At the end of a year of hostilities the
known as the Menorah Society, had 32
graduates of the University in service as

Herbert Kimmel
Chauncey Lang
Ralph W. Laughlin

(killed in action)
Gladden Lincoln
Samuel Linzell

(with Canadian Army)
John Luttrell
Martin Mansperger

Frank Shaw
Gordon Smith
Paul E. Sprague
Luther C, Swain
Dann 0. Taber
Gerald Tenney
Galen Weaver
William Willing
Harold Yost

Theodore Beekman
Bernard Benjamin
B. A. Bergman
J, E. Blum
Marvin Blum
Dervey Brumberg
Samuel Cohn
E. A. Deutsch
J. B. Duga
A. Eidelman
Maurice Epstein
H. H. Felsman

M. Friedman
Leon Friedman
H. Greenberger
Nedward Gross
Ralph Gross
William V. Gross
Irving Klein
Jesse Kleinmeyer
Stanley Koch
Leon B. Komisaruk
Walter Krohngold

Jewish organization,
members who were
follows :

Jack Kuertz
R. Levison
Louis Posovick
Phillip Sanders
A. S. Shapiro
Edwin A. Weil
Harvey Weiss
J. Wilkoff
Bert Wolman
Leo Yassenoff
Solomon Yassenoff

T. M. Magruder and his ambulance on the road at Maison Rouge, near
the Chemin des Dames, September, 1917.

T. M. Magruder (in center) and his ambulance just south of Beauvais,

France, April, 1918.

L>

CHAPTER VI

THE OHIO UNION IN WARTIME

It is safe to say that the men's club house, the Ohio Union,
was put to uses for more than a year and seven months during
the war which were never dreamed of by the enthusiastic body
of students who succeeded in obtaining from the General
Assembly of the State in 1907 the appropriation of $75,000,
which made possible the realization of their cherished plan
for a building adapted to the needs of the University boys.
Continuously from May 21, 1917, until December 20, 1918,
the Ohio Union served as an important adjunct to the five
military schools which the War Department at Washing-
ton maintained for longer or shorter periods at Ohio State
University.

On the first-mentioned date there arrived at the Univer-
sity 16 cadets to receive intensive training in the first of the
schools that was established on the campus, namely, the United
States School of Military Aeronautics. From that time until
the end of August, 1918, when the Aeronautical School was dis-
continued after the Engineer Officers', the Aero-Squadron Ad-
jutants', and the Balloon Adjutants' Schools had closed, the
dining-room of the Union was the mess hall for the cadets.
With the opening of the University in the fall of 1918, the
Union became at once the lounge and mess room of the much
larger number of cadets who were being rapidly inducted into
the Students' Army Training Corps, which was demobilized
a few days before Christmas of the same year.

The original number of 16 aeronautical cadets was steadily
added to, until in August there were more than 200. By the
middle of January, 1918, the average daily number had in-
creased to nearly 350. In February it leaped to 725, rose to

77

78 History of The Ohio State University

over 830 with the starting of the Balloon Adjutants' School in
March, and thereafter declined until there were less than 350
aviation pilots when the Aeronautical School was closed,
August 31, 1918.

During the summer of 1917 Mr. Edward S. Drake, the
manager of the Union, and his civilian employees were con-
fronted with the problem of taking care of both the cadets
of the Aeronautical School and the students of the summer
session. The former were seated on one side of the dining-
room and the latter on the other, but it was necessary to have
the cadets come in two relays. The Union still continued to
function as the social center for the students of the University.

Before the opening of the institution in the autumn word
was received that the Government would increase the number
of cadets to about 400. Accordingly, an addition, which in-
creased the seating capacity of the dining-room one-third, was
rushed to completion; a storeroom of two floors was erected
on the west side of the building, and a complete refrigerating
system was installed. The dining-room was closed to all but
cadets, and the Union literally went on a war basis. The only
privilege accorded the University students in the building was
that of using the meeting and committee rooms on the second
and third floors. Although the Engineer Officers' School was
added to the Aeronautical School on October 19, 1917, but few
officers were sent to the campus, and the combined average
daily number did not run above 265.

At the beginning of January, 1918, the Union officials were
instructed to prepare for a total of 900 men, as the Govern-
ment had decided to establish two additional military schools,
one for aero-squadron adjutants and the other for balloon ad-
jutants. In two weeks of the coldest weather known for years
a frame annex, 60x30 feet in dimensions, was added to the
kitchen, and equipment was installed. Before this addition
was completed, the former of the new schools was opened,
January 12, and the average daily number of cadets rose to
about 350. By the end of February it ran over 800, remaining
stationary during the month of March, in which the School

The Ohio Union 79

for Balloon Adjutants was started. During the next five
months the number of cadets gradually declined to less than
350, when the last of the military schools was discontinued.
A total of 3',232 men were stationed at the University during
the duration of these schools and were fed at the Ohio Union.

In addition to furnishing a mess hall, the Union was
practically the only place for recreation and social enjoyment
open to the cadets. From Sunday evening until Saturday
evening they were not allowed to have "liberty," that is, to
leave the campus. From Monday to Friday nights, inclusive,
their study hours began at 7 :30 o'clock P. M., and all were re-
quired to be in barracks at that time. Most of the men
spent the interval between the evening meal and the study
period in the Union, and the building was crowded to capacity.
They occupied it to the exclusion of all others and made free
use of the billiard, reading, and writing rooms, while there
was scarcely space for standing in the lounge.

Even on Saturday nights the cadets were not permitted
to leave the campus until after they had been in training three
weeks. Accordingly, on that evening the third floor was given
over to some form of entertainment for those who could not
or did not care to visit the city. Dramatic and musical or-
ganizations of Columbus kindly offered their services to the
manager of the Union, and these, with talent drawn from
among the cadets, furnished the entertainment. These affairs
were discontinued after warm weather came.

When the University opened in September, 1918, 1,800
young men promptly signified their intention of being in-
ducted into the Students' Army Training Corps, the fifth and
last of the military schools which the Government maintained
at the University during the time of belligerency. The Union
was asked to feed these men. As fast as they were sworn into
the service they began coming to the Union for their meals,
and the building remained closed to all but cadets. Within a
short time 1,350 men had completed enlistment. These were
fed in three shifts of 450 each, the dining-room having been
equipped with regulation barracks tables so that the maximum

80 History of The Ohio State University

seating capacity could be obtained. There were still over 650
men to be enlisted, but no more could be taken care of at the
Union, and three shifts were already overtaxing the employees
and equipment, besides being very inconvenient to the mili-
tary staff. Therefore, the University authorities decided to
allow the Union to utilize as a mess hall the large building
that had been recently erected as an Aeronautical Laboratory.
This was arranged to seat 900 at one time. It was well past
the middle of November before equipment could be obtained
and the mess hall opened. The Union then reverted to the use of
the non-military students. Meantime, the Armistice had been
signed, a number of cadets had dropped out, some others had
been transferred to training camps, and the number fed at the
new mess hall averaged about 1,650. Preparations were soon
made to discontinue the Students' Army Training Corps, the
last cadet was discharged, and the mess hall was closed,
December 20, 1918.

One feature of the work that ought not to be overlooked
was the part the Ohio Union took in helping to maintain the
Military Hospital, which was erected near Woodruff Avenue
not far from the Barracks. This hospital had 18 beds. Among
so many men as there were in the Students' Army Training
Corps it was inevitable that there should constantly be some
in need of medical attention. The hospital was opened soon
after the S. A. T. C. was established, but kitchen equipment
was not installed until several weeks later. During this in-
terval all food for the patients was cooked at the Ohio Union
and sent over to the hospital. When the influenza epidemic
assumed large proportions, late in October, 1918, and it be-
came necessary to appropriate for hospital use two rooms
in the Barracks building for the accommodation of the sick,
then numbering more than 100, it was no longer possible to
cook in the Ohio Union kitchen, with its limited space and
equipment, regular meals and the special diet required by the
patients confined in the hospital. Although the hospital kitchen
was put in operation under the management of the Department
of Home Economics, all supplies were still drawn from the

The Ohio Union 81

storeroom of the Union. While the epidemic was at its
height it was impossible to obtain enough helpers to operate
the hospital properly, and Manager Drake and several em-
ployees of the Union gave their services to the extent of six
hours daily for about a fortnight as hospital assistants. All
this work was done by a force of employees that was made
up almost entirely of women. Every male employee, except
four or five who were not within the age limits for the service
or were physically unfit, had gone into the Army. One
officer from the inspector general's office remarked that he
had learned at the Ohio Union that in such times more men
could be released for the actual fighting forces by substituting
women to do the cooking in the home camps. The work of
the Ohio Union during the war was not spectacular, but it
was no sinecure ; and all who remained on duty throughout this
period felt that they had had a small part in the great task.

CHAPTER VII

CAMPUS PUBLICATIONS DURING THE WAR

By Professor Carl Wittke

Campus journalism is the mirror in which are reflected
most of the important events and interests of University life,
and student and alumni publications have always constituted
one of the most valuable source materials for the study of Uni-
versity activities. The record of the University's part in the
World War is written large on practically every page of the
campus publications issued during the critical years, 1917 to
1919, and other chapters of this University war history which
chronicle the achievements of University men and women in
the war, could not have been written without constant refer-
ence to the files of University publications. It is the purpose
of this chapter to discuss the effect of the war on campus jour-
nalism itself — the problems and difficulties of campus publi-
cations in wartime; the effect of the war upon the character,
appearance, and subject matter of these journals, and their
share and influence in the mobilization of student opinion for
the material and moral support of the Government's war
policies.

There was not a campus journal which did not feel the
effects of the war and which did not, at some time during the
war years, find it extremely difficult to maintain publication.
When one learns that the school year 1918-1919 opened with
but two members of the Student Council in college,^ and that of
the 75 men who had served as members of University Y. M.
C. A. Cabinets 60 were in the service^ it is not difficult to ap-
preciate the inroads the war made upon the staff and organi-

' The Ohio State Lantern, Sept. 25, 1918.
' The Makio, 1919, p. 217.

83

84 History of The Ohio State University

zation of campus publications. As a result, the way was
opened for woman's entry upon her rightful place in college
journalism. Within a month after the declaration of war the
University daily, The Ohio State Lantern, reported the loss of
over half of its men reporters and two issue editors. It be-
came necessary to abolish the Lantern's weekly woman's page
in order to release the women responsible for that feature for
regular reportorial work, and the woman's editor was made
issue editor.^ More and more frequently "Today's News Edi-
tor" was a woman, and in the summers of 1917 and 1918 the
editors-in-chief were women students. The September, 1917,
draft claimed the business manager of the Lantern and the
business manager-elect of The Makio.^ The photograph of the
Lantern staff reproduced in the 1919 Makio shows to what an
extent women students had come into control of the University
daily. On the staff were 20 women and but three men, and for
probably the first time in the history of the Lantern its busi-
ness manager was a woman, Miss Jean K. Fitzgerald.^ In
spite of the extraordinary difficulties which were encountered
on every hand, and the constant necessity of rearranging the
editorial and business staffs, it is to the credit of those in
charge during the Vv'ar years that there were only two inter-
ruptions in publication. On January 14, 1918, the Lantern
failed to appear because the shortage of coal made it impossi-
ble to heat the Shops Building where the Lantern was printed,
and from October 11 to November 12, 1918, the Lantern was
forced to suspend publication due to the closing of the Univer-
sity during the influenza epidemic.

The Sun Dial in 1918 had its first woman editor,*^ and the
first issue of that year was sold on the campus by a staff of 20
women students. The majority of the editorial and business

""The Ohio State Lantern, May 10, 1917.

*Ihid., Sept. 28, 1917.

° The fact that all but one of the news-desk positions, formerly held
by men, had been assigned to women prompted the editorial admission
that to women must be conceded "the right to equal consideration with the
men in the awarding of important positions on University publications
in the future." The Ohio State Lantern, Nov. 15, 1918.

' See The Ohio State Lantern, Nov. 22, 1918.

Campus Publications 85

staffs for 1918 were women/ The 1919 Makio, by tradition
the junior class annual publication, was prepared by a staff
selected from all classes.* The business manager of the 1918
staff left for military service in April ; the editor-in-chief for
1919 was also called into service, and Miss Helen D. Dustman
was appointed to succeed him, and thus received the distinc-
tion of being the first and only woman editor The Makio has
ever had.^ The staff for the 1919 yearbook was composed of
13 men and 18 women." Two former editors-in-chief, Law-
rence Yerges of the 1914 Makio and Ralph Laughlin of the
1916 Makio were killed in the service.

The Agricultural Student, a long-established, monthly,
student publication of the College of Agriculture, experienced
even greater difficulties. Its editorial staff suffered from nu-
merous changes, due to the war. In the fall of 1918 the editor
enlisted in the Students' Army Training Corps, the business
manager was summoned to Camp Hancock, Ga., and the cir-
culation manager also found it impossible to return to the
University. The staff became so disarranged that it became
necessaiy for the Faculty of the College of Agriculture to
take over the publication of the magazine in order to avoid
complete suspension. Consequently, the issues of The Agri-
cultural Student from November, 1918, to March, 1919, were
the work of a Faculty committee, headed by Professor Alfred
C. Hottes. The Veterinary Alumni Quarterly, in an editorial
of March, 1918, complained of similar difficulties as a result
of the war. The treasury was becoming exhausted, the com-
mittees in charge of the publication were disintegrating, and
articles for publication were becoming scarce, due primarily to
the diversion of the interests of veterinarians to actual war
problems. The Ohio State Engineer began its existence as a
campus publication in January, 1918. Its editorial staff soon
felt the effects of the war. The first volume of this quarterly
contained only two numbers, and the second only one. The

See photographs in the 1919 Makio, pp. 204, 205.
The Ohio State Lantern, Nov. 18, 1918.
Ibid., Nov. 15, 1918.
The Makio, 1919, p. 201.

86 History of The Ohio State University

Ohio State University Monthly, the organ of the Ohio State
University Association, in October, 1918, found it necessary
to make certain changes in publication which materially al-
tered the size and appearance of the magazine. Due in part
to the decrease in receipts on account of the absence of alumni
in war service, and in part to the increased cost of paper and
cuts, and the requests of the Government to economize, the
Monthly was issued in smaller type and on cheaper paper, and
was substantially reduced in size. The editor, at the close of
the war, left for France to engage in Y. M. C. A. canteen
work."

The Ohio State Lantern during the war assumed an ap-
pearance and character which sharply distinguished it from
the Lantern files of normal times. The old familiar news items
and editorials about new buildings. Faculty changes, student
activities and social life, the honor system, overconfidence in
athletics, plans for a new Stadium, Farmers' Week, the nur-
ture of college traditions, etc., gradually disappeared from the
front page during the war years, and were supplanted by fea-
ture articles, news items, and war headlines which rapidly
converted the appearance of the first page of the college daily
to something closely resembling the front page of a city paper.
Most of the war activities of the campus, from the mission of
President Thompson to serve as chairman of the Commission
of Agriculture for the reclamation work in devastated France,
to the daily routine of S. A. T. C. barrack life, or the sending
of candy by the University girls to Camp Sherman, were re-
ported at length in the columns of the daily Lantern. The re-
ports of what remained of the social activities of the Univer-
sity in wartime were relegated to the inside pages. A mere
glance at the headlines of any issue during the war strikingly
proves to what a great extent the life of the University cam-
pus from 1917 to 1919 was really a vital and inseparable part
of the life of the nation. The following headlines, selected at
random from front pages of Lantern issues, are typical of the

" The Ohio State University Monthly, Jan., 1919.

Campus Publications 87

war period. The issue of April 10, 1917, carried on its first
page these headlines :

University Will Train 2000 City Men on Campus.
Western Schools Take Active Part in War Movement.
Professor H. R. Spencer Gives Motives of United States in
World War.

Ohio State Will Not Discontinue Spring Athletics.

In the issue of July 4, 1917, we find :

Preparing Flying Field for Student Aviators.

Study Broken Jaws in Dental War Clinic.

Speaks on Necessity for Bullets of Bread — Dean Vivian.

The first page of the issue of July 11, 1917, contained little
else but war news, with these headlines :

History Teachers Unite to Spread Knowledge of War.

Strength and Health Needed in War Work.

Appeal to Engineers.

To Discuss Income Draft.

Members of Faculty Doing Share in Work.

First-aid Class Learns Kinds of War Injuries.

Extra Buildings Authorized for Aviation School.

Klingberg Lecture. (On the Mistakes and Menace of German
Foreign Policy.)

The Lantern, during the war period, also frequently re-
ported mass meetings and the war work of organizations off
the campus, in the city." Several new features and depart-
ments were added as a result of the war. As early as Febru-
ary, 1917, the Lantern began publishing letters from Huntley
Dupre and Don Demorest, two University "Y" men who wrote
interestingly and informingly of their observations and ex-
periences in Y. M. C. A. work in France. ^^ On October 2, 1917,
a new department, known as "Ohio State's War Diary," was
begun with a letter from Margaret A. Knight, M.A. '15, then
in war service in France with the Northwestern University
Base Hospital Unit.^* Throughout the war this department re-
printed letters home from University men and women in the
service, some of which constitute a valuable and interesting

See The Ohio State Lantern, April 2, April 3, 1917; Nov. 12, 1918.
The Ohio State Lantern, Feb. 13 and 20; March 7, 12, 26, 1917.
Ibid., Oct. 2, 1917.

88 History of The Ohio State University

part of the University's war records. October 22, 1917, an edi-
torial announced the weekly appearance of a short story in
French, no doubt prompted by the great increase in enroll-
ment in the Department of Romance Languages, due to the
war, and a week later the first "Article Francais," ^^ a short
story entitled "Autre pays, autre moeurs/' made its appear-
ance. A column of Current Events was added for the enlight-
enment of the student body in wartime; bits of war poetry
occasionally appeared on the editorial page, as did also re-
prints from the editorial columns of other college newspapers
dealing with various phases of university war activities. In
November, 1918, another new column was added, containing
news notes from the various companies of the S. A. T. C. quar-
tered on the campus. Each company had its own news re-
porter, and an effort was made by this means to have the
Lantern supply the want of a camp paper and to help develop
an esprit de corps in the student army.^^ The "Social Life"
section of the Lantern was greatly affected by the war, and
soon was full of accounts of military weddings in which Ohio
State men and women were the principals. Only "The Idler's
Chronicle and Comment" very rarely betrayed the influence of
war conditions, and with its gentle musings and leisurely style
remained a pleasing contrast to the other departments of the
paper, all of which were engulfed in the hustle and whirl of
campus war activities. As the war progressed, the Lantern
printed long reports of the winning of decorations and cita-
tions by University men; war photographs frequently ap-
peared on the front page, and with the coming in of the cas-
ualty lists the records of those fallen in battle were printed,
together with an occasional editorial tribute to the more prom-
inent of the University men who died in the service. For a
number of months after the close of the war, stories of the ex-
periences of soldiers returning to the campus after demobili-
zation, continued to be featured. The effect of the war upon
the American language can also be discovered in the files of
the Lantern. The reporters were quick to add to their journal-

" The Ohio State Lantern, Oct. 22, 29, 1917.
" Ibid., Nov. 13. 1918.

Campus Publications 89

istic vocabularies such phrases as "carry on," "over the top,"
"do your bit," "drive," "camouflage," and other expressions
coined during the war.

The general appearance of The Sun Dial was also quick to
respond and yield to war influences. Many of the jokes and
cartoons were concerned with war matters ; the term "camou-
flage" was pressed into service and perhaps overworked; sev-
eral numbers contained gruesome war stories, strikingly con-
trasting with the rest of the magazine, designed in a lighter,
humorous vein. The October, 1917, number, dedicated to Ohio
State men in the service, contained serious editorials, appeal-
ing to students not only to support the war in a general way,
but to engage actively in some special kind of war work. The
November, 1917, issue was enlivened by two drawings by the
art editor of the Cornell Wicloiv, the artist at that time being
quartered on the campus as a member of the Aviation School.
In February, 1918, the Sun Dial issued a special "Aviation
Number." In contrast with earlier practice, it contained seri-
ous editorial paragraphs dealing with the war, by such emi-
nent Americans as Roland G. Usher and Meredith Nicholson,
and a poem, "Democracy at War," by Hamlin Garland. The
issue of November, 1918, was the "S. A. T. C. Number," and
the last issue of the year the "Homecoming Number." ^^

The same evidences of the influence of the war are dis-
cernible in The Makio. The 1917 Makio was dedicated to
Huntley Dupre, former University Y. M. C. A. secretary, en-
gaged in war work abroad. But the number had been com-
piled before the United States actually entered the war as an
active participant, and therefore it showed much less of the
war influences than succeeding numbers. That the Univer-
sity community had not yet completely surrendered its earlier
prejudices against drill to the new spirit which tended to glor-
ify all things military, is evidenced by the "Satire Section" of
the 1917 Makio. Enclosed in heavy black lines of mourning,
the section is dedicated to the Military Department, "for whom
everyone has a sore spot on his shoulder, chilblains on his feet,

" Sun Dial, Dec, 1918.

90 History of The Ohio State University

and a brick in his hand." The 1918 Makio, especially its
alumni section, was full of war items. There were many in-
dividual and group photographs of University men in the
service; pictures of the Oflficers' Training Camp at Fort Ben-
jamin Harrison were included in the ''Military Section," as
were also photographs taken at the Texas flying fields and at
other camps. Many names in the lists of fraternity members
were starred, to indicate enlistment, and near the end of the
book appeared the first tribute to "Ohio's Honored Dead." ^^
But it was the 1919 Makio which was really the War Number.
It was dedicated to the Ohio State boys in the war, and de-
voted its space largely to the military features of the war, with
the purpose of telling "the story of the war as seen on the
campus." It contained the names of 4,662 University men in
the service, of whom 60 had lost their lives in the war.^^ There
was also included a signed statement from each of the deans
and the University librarian, showing the war work done by
each college, and the effects of the war upon the colleges as
such.20 There was a section devoted to "Co-ed War Activities"
and preceding the membership lists of each sorority was a
paragraph or two dealing with the war activities of the organ-
ization. The foreword to the section devoted to fraternity life
recorded the hardships that had resulted from the war for the
Greek-letter organizations. The Athletic Section was notice-
ably smaller than in other years, and perhaps as further evi-
dence of the war's effect upon campus interests and standards,
the famous "Rosebud" Section was supplanted by the photo-
graphs of the University's 18 "most representative women
students."

The alumni news in The Agricultural Student as early
as March, 1918, contained numerous reports of enlistments
and other activities connected with the development of the
war program. The September, 1918, issue was dedicated "To
Our Farmers' Sons in the War, who willingly and gladly laid
aside their labors in the field to perform a noble and glorious

1918 Makio, pp. 458-459.

1919 Makio, p. 60.
Ibid., pp. 52-53.

Campus Publications 91

duty for their country." Many of the editorials urged greater
production of food and the conservation of our resources. A
notable and valuable section was the one headed "Letters from
Over There." Professor Wendell Paddock was especially ac-
tive during the war in communicating with former students
in the camps and at the front, and most of the letters received
and printed were addressed to him or to Professor Scherer.
They sometimes constitute an interesting running comment
on the experiences and progress of the war.^^

The Veterinary Alumni Quarterly very early in the war
called upon veterinarians to enlist in the Veterinary Officers'
Reserve Corps, provided by the National Defense Act of June
3, 1917. Each member of the profession was urged to enter
the service "with the spirit of undying loyalty and red-blooded
patriotism," in spite of the fact that the profession had "not
yet received from our Government the recognition it deserves."
" . . . . To quibble about our 'rights'," the article continued, "in-
dulge in seditious criticism perhaps, and refuse to 'get into
the game' are not only poor ways to exhibit patriotism, but
miserable methods of promoting the best interests of our pro-
fession at this critical time in our country's history " ^^

When the June, 1917, issue published a translation of an arti-
cle by Professor R. Eberlein of Berlin, dealing with his ex-
periences with horses on the European battlefields, the editor
found it necessary to prefix this explanation : "While Profes-
sor Eberlein may be our enemy in a military sense, neverthe-
less we should remember that he is one of the most eminent
veterinarians in the world For the acts of brutality prac-
ticed by the German Army, to which Professor Eberlein was
temporarily attached, he cannot be individually responsible.
Science is international, world wide " "^ Such an expla-
nation seemed necessary in 1917 to ward off hostile criticism
of a magazine which ventured to reprint articles by enemy
subjects, even though those articles were of a purely scien-

" See The Agricultural Student, Nov., 1918, pp. 178, 179; Dec,
1918, pp. 244, 245; Jan. 1919, p. 300; Feb., 1919, pp. 367, 368.
"'June. 1917.
" The Veterinary Alumni Quarterly, June, 1917.

92 History op The Ohio State University

tific nature. The Quarterly printed many valuable articles on
the organization and work of the Veterinary Corps during
the war. Its alumni notes contained reports of the activities
of the graduates of the College of Veterinary Medicine during
the war, and in September, 1918, a new feature, "Letters from
Alumni" (in the service), was added. An editorial in the
January, 1918, issue vigorously opposed the movement then
under way to lower the standards for admission to veterinary
colleges due to the decrease in enrollment as a result of the
war.

The Ohio State Engineer, in each of the issues which ap-
peared so irregularly during the war, contained some material
which was the direct result of the new interests aroused by
the war. The first issue was dedicated to Charles Franklin
Kettering ; the second contained a long article on the construc-
tion of an army cantonment, and suggested that all the facili-
ties of the University should be placed at the disposal of the
engineering and military departments, even though this might
mean the suspension of many of the normal activities of the
University. Needless to add, the suggestion elicited vigorous
opposition from some members of the Faculty.-* The Sanscu-
lotte, a magazine which expired after the appearance of the
third number, in April, 1917, contained no reference to the
war except in a review of Bertrand Russell's "Why Men
Fight." The reviewer's attitude toward the war can be dis-
covered in a sentence which contained a caustic comment to
the effect that a nation sometimes goes to war "for a trade
route blubbering over human rights." ^^ The School of Mili-
tary Aeronautics, located on the University campus, was re-

'* The Ohio State Engineer, April, 1918, p. 55.

^^ April, 1917, p. 8. The review continues with a criticism of the
American professor class, who "have been the good and faithful servants
of a State which conserves the interest of a capitalistic class; they have
given themselves to the manufacture of an uninquiring, listless, Philis-
tine student body, 'moulded' to react to that series of stimuli termed 'good
citizenship.' "... The magazine was generally regarded as the work
of ultra radicals. See The Ohio State Lantern, Oct. 3, 1917. But for
another view, see Ludwig Lewisohn's comment — "The magazine was
crude enough. But it was alive. There was verse in it, unrythmed and
gawky, but hopeful, and prose with some close thinking in it and a social
outlook and a breath of the future." Up Stream, p. 164.

Campus Publications 93

sponsible for the publication of The Pilot and the Adjutant's
School for the Esprit de Corps. Both magazines appeared
but once. The Pilot (August, 1918,) a magazine of 32 pages,
was really designed to serve as a souvenir of the School of
Military Aeronautics. On its staff were former newspaper
men from the Chicago Daily News, the Tribune, and Herald-
Examiner, as well as young business men connected before the
war with some of the country's largest industrial and business
concerns. With the exception of the humorous section and a
short story, the magazine was given over almost entirely to
pictures of the campus, the Aviation School, and a roster and
directory of its officers and men. The Esprit de Corps ap-
peared March 26, 1918, as the publication of Squadron 8, Ad-
jutants. It was smaller than The Pilot, and of similar con-
tents. On its editorial staff were the former city editor of the
Hagerstown (Md.) Morning Herald, the proprietor of the
California Ely the Hey^ald, and college journalists from the
University of Wisconsin Sphinx, the University of Pittsburgh
Owl and Pitt Weekly, the Harvard Lampoon, and the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania Punch Bowl.

The Ohio State University Monthly, as the official publi-
cation of the alumni, very naturally devoted most of its space
in the period from 1917 to 1919 to a chronicle of the services
and sacrifices of Ohio State graduates and ex-students in the
war. Even before the United States formally entered the war
there were occasional articles dealing with war-relief work
done by Ohio State men in Europe.^^ The April, 1917, number,
published just after the official declaration of war, printed an
appeal from the president of the University Association call-
ing upon all graduates and ex-students to answer the sum-
mons of their country. In the next issue the section devoted
to "War News of the Campus" made its first appearance.^^
Although the June issue was devoted primarily to commence-
ment news, it contained a great mass of war items dealing with
the services of University men on and off the campus. By the

See The Ohio State University Monthly, Jan., 1917, pp. 20, 21.
The Ohio State University Monthly, May, 1917, p. 5.

94 History of The Ohio State University

fall of 1917 war news made up the greater part of the maga-
zine. There was a section devoted to "Letters from the Front,"
and beginning with December, 1917, a constantly growing list
of University men serving in the ranks or commissioned as
officers. The first 16 pages of the first issue in 1918 were de-
voted exclusively to war news. The Monthly also printed sev-
eral articles designed to inform its readers of some of the prob-
lems and results of the war. As examples may be mentioned
articles by Professor Denney on "War and Poetry," -® Mr.
Knipfing's "The Case Against the Peace Discussers," -^ Mr.
Reeder's "Library Service at Camp Sherman," ^^ an article on
the coal problem,^^ and one by Professor Siebert on "Inde-
pendence for Armenia."^- Every issue was profusely illustrated
with war photographs. The May, 1918, number was the
"Service Number." It appeared with a front cover-page of
stars in a blue field, and a back cover representing a service
flag, and was dedicated "To Our Wartime President." The
first 38 pages were devoted to photographs of Ohio State's
army and navy officers, and the following 100 pages to a ros-
ter of University men in the service. Supplemental lists and
the "Roll of Honor" were printed in many of the later issues.
"Letters from the War" continued to be published for months
after the close of the war. Much of the alumni news printed in
the Monthly of 1919 reflected the spirit of patriotism and the
new interests aroused by the war.

An article published in the Monthly before the United
States was actually at war, but after diplomatic relations with
Germany had been severed, threatened for a time to give rise
to an unfortunate controversy, which was, however, averted
by the editor's prompt decision to close the columns of the
Monthly to all further discussion of the incident. The article
involved was a summary by Charles F. O'Brien, '03, of his ob-
servations in Germany in the fall of 1916. It appeared under

"" April, 1918.
^"'Jan., 1919.
^ Feb., 1918.
" April, 1918.
*' Feb., 1918.

Campus Publications 95

the title, "Behind the Scenes in Warring Germany." ^^ The
writer contended that Germany was neither starving nor hun-
gry, commented on the marvelous achievements of the German
Government and German scientific men during the war period,
and represented the war as a clash between a highly socialized
state and states which represented the principles of laissez-
faire and individualism. The writer refused to predict which
would win, but suggested, perhaps, "a happy mean." The arti-
cle represented Germany as the victor in the field at that time
and commented on the disastrous results of the submarine
campaign in England. "England cannot afford to lose much

more. She is plainly worried Time will tell and

shortly " The article was written in a "breezy," not to

say flippant, style, but contained hardly anything which would
not now be admitted to have been a fair estimate of the state
of affairs which existed late in 1916 and early in 1917. The
article brought a vigorous resolution from the New York Ohio
State University Association, denouncing it for its "pro-Ger-
man undertone and its inaccuracies," and by implication mildly
criticizing the policy of the editor in publishing an article
whch might, at that critical time, seem to reflect the views of
the association. The resolution of protest was published in
the Monthly, together with a letter from Edward Orton, Jr.,
in which he admitted the possible value of the article, but con-
tended that no American had the right to think or express
such "frank sympathy with the German cause" two weeks after
the severance of diplomatic relations between the United
States and Germany.^*

In addition to mirroring and reporting the war activities
of the University and its student organizations, campus papers
were also influential factors in molding student opinion in sup-
port of the war measures of the Government and in maintain-
ing the morale of the student body during the disturbances and
interruptions of war times. In the performance of these im-

The Ohio State University Monthly, March, 1917, pp. 17-19.
' Ibid., June, 1917, p. 53.

96 History of The Ohio State University

portant tasks, the Lantern, as a daily paper which reached
most of the student body, was naturally most active.

The editorial columns of the Lantern during the war pe-
riod are full of good advice, intended to hold the student body
strictly to its war tasks. Cutting classes was denounced as un-
patriotic,^^ and students were urged to "carry on" and finish
their college work in spite of all the discouraging interrup-
tions that resulted from the war. The winter of 1918 was es-
pecially bad in this respect. Due to the war, the weather, the
coal shortage, the influenza epidemic, and other causes, the
work of the students was constantly interrupted by rumors of
the closing of school, and the worst of these disturbances oc-
curred just before the final examinations at the end of the
first semester. Probably not often before in the history of the
Lantern had an editorial reminded the student body that in
spite of all apparent excuses, "personal and school honor must
be reflected in the grades of the final examinations. The order
is 'carry on'." ^° There were frequent appeals to a patriotism
that would "go deeper than sentimental tears or talk of the
'red, white, and blue'." " The women were urged to attend all
the Chapel addresses on the preparation, production, and con-
servation of food;^^ mass meetings were advocated to get
every University woman into war work f^ and when vacation
time approached, several editorials demanded the use of the
vacation period for profitable war service, and denied the
right of anyone to consider it a time for rest and leisure. *°
There were articles on the virtue of optimism and the dangers
of exaggerated optimism, and the necessity of "banishing the
grumbler" from the campus. The editor rejoiced because
"horse play" had been eliminated from student life,*^ and wel-
comed the S. A. T. C. as an organization which would spread

' The Ohio State Lantern, May 7, 1917.
» Ibid., Jan. 9, 1918.
' Ibid., Aug. 15, 1917.

Ibid., Feb. 14, 1918.
' Ibid., Oct. 8, 1918.

Ibid., May 20, June 25, 1918.

Ibid., Nov. 22, 1917.

Campus Publications 97

"the esprit de corps of the army" on the campus.*^ All forms
of war work and patriotic interests received constant editorial
endorsement and praise. At the same time an effort was made
to combat the many unfounded and malicious rumors that were
afloat in wartime and often threatened to undermine the influ-
ence and support of such organizations as the Red Cross and
the Y. M. C. A.*3 One editorial deplored the new fad of exces-
sive smoking ;" another demanded respect and recognition for
the college professor, who had at last, by his war work, dem-
onstrated the fallacy of current opinion that all professors
were mere theorists.*^ The student body was urged to attend
debates and lectures on important war questions, and was es-
pecially advised to enroll for the "War Issues" course, devised
by the Faculty to set forth the historical background and the
aims of the war. When statistics were collected by the De-
partment of American History which showed that of all the
students enrolled in the fundamental course in the History of
the United States, only about one in 15 was actually reading
President Wilson's war messages, a Lantern editorial com-
mented on the deplorable lack of interest and urged the de-
velopment of a more intelligent patriotism.*^ As a new fea-
ture, there appeared occasional articles especially addressed
to students, by such men as P. P. Claxton, head of the United
States Department of Education, and Secretary of War New-
ton D. Baker, provided by the Patriotic News Service of the
National Committee of Patriotic Societies.*^ Another new
feature was a column headed "Some War Doings of the Past
Week at Other Colleges."*^

In spite of the splendid response of University men and
women to the call to war service, some of the campus publi-
cations frequently found it necessary to criticize the war work
being done on the campus, and to spur the student body to

' The Ohio State Lantern, Oct. 2, 1918.

Ibid., Feb. 11, 1918.

Ibid., March 25, 1918.
' Ibid., March 15, 1918.
' Ibid., Dec. 7, 10, 1917.

Ibid., Oct. 24, Nov. 8, 1917.

Ibid., April 24, 1917.

98 History of The Ohio State University

greater efforts. The Sun Dial was the first to sound this criti-
cal note. In an editorial which appeared during the first month
of America's participation in the war, the spirit of Eastern
institutions was contrasted with that of Ohio State. "The
student body lacks something. And sadly," the editorial be-
gan. "\Miether it's 'school spirit' or whether it's patriotism or

whether it's the desire to think, we don't know A large

percentage of them (students) have settled into the attitude of

smug indifference over the war question It's the superior

air of 'let the Yokel do the fighting' that we are aiming at;
it's the lethargic air which pervades the campus that we're

talking about " *^ Several weeks later the Lantern was

forced to report that the new volunteer system, designed to
interest the student body in Saturday drill, was a failure. But
one upperclassman had reported.'*' In an editorial on "Patri-
otic Knitting," written in the fall of 1917, the Lantern criti-
cized the work of the women students: ". . . . The Lantern
hopes that in the near future gray and olive-drab yarns will
take the place of the pink, green, and blue now so much in
evidence among cam.pus knitters." ^^ Some fraternities were
criticized for their neglect with reference to the regulations
of the Food Administration and their failure to observ^e a
meatless and wheatless day each week.^^ A public criticism
of Universitj^ women, in an address by Mrs. George Wells
Knight, in the Home Economics Auditorium, in which the
speaker asserted that the Universitj^ women "stand lowest
in patriotic work," resulted in a vigorous recruiting campaign
the week following to enroll each girl for at least one hour of
Red Cross work per week.^^ The Lantern a week later reported
that less than half of the women of the University had enrolled
to date for Red Cross work."* In April, 1918, the University
arranged a great "Win-the-War Day" celebration in the Uni-

*" Sun Dial, AprU, 1917.
" Th^ Ohio State Lantern, Mav 1, 1917.

^^Ibid., Sept. 28, 1917. See another editorial on "Pig Knitters," in
the issue of Oct. 12, 1917.

° Editorial— "Not a Subject for Jesting,"— Jan. 23, 1918.
" Th^ Ohio State Lantern, March 28, April 4, 1918.
" Ibid., April 12, 1918.

Campus Publications 99

versity Chapel, and succeeded in filling just half of the Chapel,
Faculty and student body were promptly and severely cen-
sured in the editorial columns of the Lantern,^^ and a sum-
mary of Ohio State's war activities for the first year brought
the admission that ". . . . the things of which we are most
proud have been done by those who have 'gone out' from the
University." ^^ There were some difficulties in collecting the
funds pledged for war purposes on the campus, and the Y. M.
C. A. was forced to make a special "drive" to collect overdue
subscriptions which amounted to approximately one-fourth
of the total pledged." The conclusion of the Armistice, on the
campus as elsewhere, brought a decline in interest in war
work, and in February, 1919, the Lantern once more felt it
necessary to criticize the women students for their failure to
report in the University sewing-rooms to finish their assigned
tasks.^® In all of these criticisms there may have been ele-
ments of exaggeration. In any case, there were probably no
more "slackers" in war work among the University commu-
nity than could be found in any other community of similar
size and composition. That the constant vigilance and criti-
cism of the University daily had much influence in holding war
activities to a standard of greater efficiency seems certain.

The urging of students to greater activity in support of
the war did not blind the University publications to the fact
that in accordance with the theory underlying the selective-
service act, it would be best for many of the student body to
remain at their books. The Lantern ventured the suggestion
that it was the moral duty of all youths under 21 to make the
most of their opportunities, for they had been "drafted for
education." ^^ An editorial pointed out the "inefficiency of
sending into the trenches men of high scientific attainments
.... which would be invaluable to the country if applied in
other ways " *'° In the second year of the war the stu-

^ The Ohio State Lantern, April 8, 1918.

' Ibid., April 9, 1918. '' Ibid., Oct. 10, 1917.

' Ibid., April 11, 1918. "^ Ibid., Feb. 13, 1917.

' Ibid., Feb. 13, 1919.

100 History of The Ohio State University

dents were advised to become teachers, as "a, war necessity"
and a patriotic duty, in order to help meet the crisis due to
the sudden shortage of teachers.®^ Medical and engineering
students were especially urged to finish their courses. ''^ The
Ohio State Engineer pointed out the great need for trained
engineers "to lead the world in reconstruction," and concluded
that "it was probably the wisest and most patriotic thing to
remain in college and obtain as much knowledge and technical

training as possible "^^ The Agricultural Student also

was concerned with the dangers that might come from the
promiscuous enlistment of agricultural students, and pro-
tested, furthermore, against the plan to mobilize the idle class
of the cities for farm labor. "The farmers need help, but they
do not want parasites." ^*

In the numerous "drives" conducted during the war for
the raising of funds for war purposes, the support given by
the University publications, and especially by the Lantern,
left nothing to be desired. "Buy Big Bonds and Beat the Beast
of Berlin" was the glaring streamer which appeared on the
first page of the Lantern on "Win-the-War Day," ^^ and every
Liberty Loan campaign received unstinted editorial support,
news space, and advertising space in the University daily.
Practically the entire issue of January 31, 1918, was devoted
to publicity for the Columbus War Chest. The Red Cross,
Y. M. C. A., thrift-stamp sales, and the special campaign to
raise Ohio State's quota for the maintenance of the American
University Union in Paris were all prominently featured and
supported. The Sun Dial ^^ and other campus publications
likewise devoted considerable space to these campaigns.^^ The

" The Ohio State Lantern, May 21, 1918.

"'Ibid., May 4, 1917; The Ohio State Engineer, Jan., 1918.

°' January, 1918, p. 23.

"June, 1917.

"' April 6, 1918.

•' Oct., 1917.

" An interesting collection of the posters, programs, and other no-
tices used to carry on these campaigns on the campus is preserved in the
Library Memorabilia Collection, Vols. 24, 25, 26, and in the collections of
the Historical Commission of Ohio, at the Ohio Archaeological and His-
torical Society Museum.

Campus Publications 101

Lantern and the Sun Dial were sent to many army camps in
this country and abroad, along with other reading matter col-
lected on the campus in a special campaign to provide "A Book
for Every Soldier." ^^

In the campaign for the conservation of the nation's re-
sources and for greater food production, The Agricultural Stu-
dent very naturally played a leading role. The Agricultural
Student maintained that upon the farmers "will rest the final
responsibility in winning the war." ^^ Its pages abound in ap-
peals for greater production of food products, recipes for mak-
ing "war bread" and other wartime substitutes, methods of
conserving fuel, appeals to increase poultry and egg produc-
tion because "the humble hen can play a prominent part in
preventing the progress of the Prussian peril . . . .," etc.''**
Special attention was given in the "Home Economics Depart-
ment" of the magazine to the question of conservation by col-
lege girls, not only in the matter of food, but in wearing ap-
parel as well." The Sun Dial emphasized the development of
"war gardens,"" and the Lantern appealed to college students
to become farm laborers." During the influenza epidemic,
the Lantern made a special effort to arouse the student body
to an appreciation of the necessity of maintaining a sound
mind and body in wartime.^* As a special form of conserva-
tion, peculiarly emphasized in college circles, the elimination
of many formal and other social functions is worthy of men-
tion. In May, 1917, when the first detachment of University
students left for the Reserve Officers' Training Camps, an edi-
torial in the Lantern urged the elimination of most social af-
fairs, formals, flowers, taxis, etc., as forms of unjustifiable
waste in time of war,^^ and this opposition to all kinds of "ex-

The Ohio State Lantern, March 21, 1918.

May, 1917.

The Agricultural Student, Jan., 1918.
' Ibid., Nov., 1917, Oct., 1918.

Feb., 1918.

The Ohio State Lantern, May 15, 1917.
' Ibid., March 18, Oct. 1, and 7, 1918.
'Ibid., May 11, 1917.

102 History of The Ohio State University

travagant and frivolous living" was continued to the end of
the war.

In addition to articles and editorials supporting and re-
porting University war activities, there was some little discus-
sion of war aims and the problems of reconstruction in cam-
pus publications, and an effort was made to develop an intelli-
gent patriotism among the student body by editorials designed
to throw light upon the fundamental issues at stake in the war
Frequently articles from other sources appeared on the Lan-
tern editorial page. Those selected from other college papers
were frequently very serious and courageous discussions of
war questions.

During the first year of America's participation in the
war, the Lantern editorials displayed a sanity of judgment on
some war questions which could not be found in a large por-
tion of the public press which had already yielded to a blind,
and sometimes cruelly vindictive, war hysteria. Again and
again the Lantern made its appeal to reason and to the spirit
of charity, ". . . . The war is not going to be won by any out-
burst of hysterics or by venting our wrath upon a few per-
sons who may or may not be guilty. . . ." ^^ And again : "Apa-
thy need no longer be feared, with the American people roused
to their present pitch, but just as great a danger lies in hys-
teria." " The student body was reminded that college men
were educated for leadership, in a time of national crisis, but
not for privilege. ^^ When Dr. Harry W. Laidler, secretary of
the Intercollegiate Socialist Society, who before the outbreak
of the war had taken a prominent part in the anti-war demon-
strations in Belgium and England, was permitted to speak in
Townshend Hall on "The Socialist Challenge to the College-
bred," the Lantern editor made it the occasion for an editorial,
"No Intolerance Here," in which he pointed with pride to the
liberal spirit prevailing at Ohio State." There were no indi-
cations in the Lantern editorial columns at the beginning of

" The Ohio State Lantern, April 19, 1917.
''Ibid., May 4, 1917.
"Ibid., April 2, 1917.
" March 8, 1917.

Campus Publications 103

the war of that form of war hysteria which found in German
art, books, music, and the study of the German language in
American schools something which must be exterminated in
the interests of a thoroughgoing Americanism. An editorial
written two months before the actual declaration of war by the
United States commented upon the cosmopolitan character of
the University community. "Our experience has shown us that
the line of nationality is a vague demarcation, as far as single

individuals are concerned What the Civil War meant to

communities in the Border States, war with a great foreign
power would mean, on a smaller scale, to a university commu-
nity in either country There are Germans who have

built up warm friendships in the University " ^^ Der

Deutsche Verein was able to present Sudermann's "Heimat"
in the University Chapel at a time when our relations with
Germany were most critical, and when a large part of the pub-
lic press was already bitterly attacking everything of German
origin. The Lantern advertised the play and gave a most fa-
vorable review of the production. ^^ The movement for the
abolition of the teaching of German and against the perform-
ance of the music of German masters was consistently de-
nounced as an absurd form of war hysteria and perverted
patriotism. "It is a ground for self-congratulation," an edi-
torial commented, "that the illogical wave has not struck Ohio
State. One evidence that we are still in possession of reason is
the coming production of the annual German play, without the

slightest unfavorable comment " ^^ When the discussion

over the inclusion of Bach and Beethoven on concert programs
and the playing of the national anthem at symphony concerts
became acute in the public press, the Lantern deplored such
"inane discussion" and hoped that it would not progress to
such a stage "as to deprive the people of good music — the
thing of beauty so much needed in these chaotic times — a con-

The Ohio State Lantern, Feb. 7, 1917.
Ibid., March 26, 1917.
Ibid., March 22, 1917.

104 History of The Ohio State University

dition which might easily come about if the public attempts to
entirely dictate the program to be played at concerts." ^^

To develop an intelligent patriotism and a thorough and
sane understanding of the issues of the war, the Lantern fre-
quently featured interviews with Faculty members dealing
with the problems and developments of the war.^* The series of
lectures arranged and given by the History Departments and
dealing with the background of the war, American ideals, tra-
ditions, aims, etc., were reported at great length in the Lan-
tern columns, and students were repeatedly advised to enroll
for the new "War Issues" course and to study the war by means
of the latest books acquired by the University Library.^'' In
September, 1917, two new features were added to the Lantern.
The first w^as a column of "Current Comment" by Professor
Henry R. Spencer, which continued to appear until the time
of Professor Spencer's departure for Italy to engage in Y. M.
C. A. work. In this column many angles of the war situation
were discussed for the information of the student readers.
Perhaps the best in this series was the first article, an admira-
ble exposition of the question of the proper bounds between
free speech and treasonable utterances. ^^ The other new fea-
ture was one which has been mentioned before — a column of
Current Events, designed to give a brief and convenient sum-
mary of important items which might otherwise be overlooked
in the excitement of campus war activities. As another method
for the enlightenment of the student body, frequent attendance
at Convocation and the reading of history was strongly recom-
mended.^^ As the war progressed into the spring and summer
of 1918 and long casualty lists began to appear, the Lantern

^' An editorial of March 2, 1917, in the Lantern, quoted at some
length from a leaflet issued by the Collegiate Anti-Militarism League,
entitled "Collegians, Protect Your Ideals." An editorial of April 16,
1917, denounced the work of the League — "Persons behind the move are
unwilling to bear their share of the work of American citizens, and are
clothing their tendency to shirk under a fabric of theories . . . ."

*^ Professors G. W. Knight, H. R. Spencer, and Joseph A. Leighton
seem to have been the most popular sources for these interviews.

'"■ The Ohio State Lantern, Feb. 13; Nov. 27, 1918.

"" Ibid., Oct. 1, 1917.

''Ibid., March 5, 1917; Nov. 25, 1918.

Campus Publications 105

editorials, like those of most of the public press, changed their
tone and were more often the result of passion and a bitter-
ness of heart than of sound and calm reasoning. Perhaps the
worst example of this style is an editorial which appeared
April 10, 1918, under the heading, "Hell and Who Made It."
The article reveals a flippancy of expression and an immatur-
ity hardly to be expected of a college man.^^

The months immediately following the cessation of hos-
tilities brought forth some discussion of the problems of re-
construction and some bits of advice to the demobilized college
man, but very naturally the campus press was soon more in-
terested in a return to the "normalcy" of college life than in
the technical and difficult problems of the peace conference and
the reconstruction of the world. The demobilized members of
the S. A. T. C. were advised to remain in school and to keep
their army insurance, and owners of Liberty Bonds were urged
to hold their investments. The Agricultural Student gave some
space to the question of settling the returning soldiers upon
farm lands,^^ and suggested the use of army motor trucks to
transport pupils to and from the centralized schools in rural
communities.®" The Lantern gave its editorial support to a
series of lectures arranged by the Y. M. C. A. on "World Prob-
lems," ®^ and heartily endorsed the work of the Historical Com-
mission of Ohio, which was housed on the campus and engaged
in the preservation of Ohio's war records.^^ In spite of the
fact that an earlier editorial had pronounced military training
"the great democratizer" and had concluded, quite seriously,
that "there are no snobs in the army," ^^ other new reasons for
opposing universal military training were soon discovered,
and by the close of 1918 the Lantern was opposed to the plan.®*

But the student body was, after all, most interested in the
return of the "good old times" of college life. In 1918 the Jun-

"' See also an editorial of March 27, 1918.

'* Dec. 1918, pp. 211-214.

•" May, 1919, p. 535.

" The Ohio State Lantern, Feb. 25, 1919.

"/6id., Feb. 5, 1919.

^ Ibid., March 6, 1918.

" Ibid., Dec. 6, 1918.

106 History op The Ohio State University

ior Prom had been sacrificed to the war,^^ and other social
functions had either been abandoned or seriously curtailed.
Soon after the Armistice, a Lantern editorial urged the restor-
ation of "the traditions" and called for the return of Panhel-
lenic banquets, the Junior Prom, the Co-ed Prom, the May
Fete, the Sphinx, and Bucket and Dipper ceremonies, and all
the other social functions of campus life.^^ At the close of 1918
the first Women's Council supper for two years was reported.®^
A headline of December 19, 1918, announced the "Gaiety of
Other Years Comes With Christmas — Sororities and Fraterni-
ties Make Merry With Dances and Parties, as in Pre-war
Days." The following February the Men's Glee Club was re-
organized,^^ and when it was decided to re-establish the Junior
Prom, the Lantern urged that it be made a formal event, as
before the war.^^ For several months reports of demobiliza-
tion and an occasional story which was the result of the war
appeared in the Lantern, and the University Monthly con-
tinued to publish the news of demobilized Ohio State men in a
section headed "Swords Into Plowshares." But these were
mere survivals of other days. More and more rapidly the cam-
pus publications assumed their pre-war appearance. It was
the Sun Dial of February, 1919, which officially heralded the
return to "normalcy" in its "Old Times Number." It was dedi-
cated to "the good old times and to the good old-timers," and
in it the editor summoned all loyal sons of Ohio State to put
away the uniform for the "dress suit." And then : "Let's all
dance our first dance for the sake of *Auld Lang Syne'."

'' The Ohio State Lantern, Feb. 20 and 21, 1918.

"^ Ibid., Nov. 29, 1918.

"' Ibid., Nov. 26, Dec. 13, 1918.

" Ibid., Feb. 5, 1919.

»» March 10, 1919.

Interior of part of Hayes Hall, which was used as barracks

Cadets engaging in one form of recreation

J -Mt-^^Bm^^

i

■Mpiupmi^OTi^^ ^ ^%' •"

' it^^^i

P^'fr-ftiiiiri /mSJS

^Kk

VHP

^^^^hi^^ '''

)^^M|rtfe'^P^lj**>

^^^p^t.^

i,: S->^^S

l^^**^-

■>'"■. _ --ac*' «»•» *IaLi*£''-»-

The IMilitaiy Hospital where two hundred influenza patients of the
S.A.T.C. were treated in the autumn of 1918

A class in surveying, Army School of Military Aeronautics

CHAPTER VIII

ATHLETICS DURING THE WAR

Recognizing the fact that athletic training is valuable in
fitting young men for military service, the University did not
neglect its sports during the war. As in other similar insti-
tutions, the frequent departure of athletes to go into service
was keenly felt and necessarily lowered the quality of the
teams. But with others stepping in to fill the vacancies, a con-
tinued interest was maintained, and the primary purpose of
training the men was fulfilled.

The entrance of America into the war, in April, 1917, was
quickly followed by the exodus of a large number of Univer-
sity men, who responded to the call to military service or farm
work. The effect of this on spring athletics, however, was not
so marked as might have been expected. The baseball team
played 15 games during the season, winning 14 and the West-
em Conference title. The track team engaged in four dual
meets and was victorious in the Big Six, although by a nar-
row margin only. Nevertheless, indications of what was to
follow were not lacking. The baseball season was little more
than half over when Ohio State's star catcher, Howell I. Jones,
went to Fort Benjamin Harrison. The track squad lost the
services of its captain, Robert B. Nevin, and five other point-
winners during the spring. The tennis team was able to play
through most of its schedule, although Northwestern, Wiscon-
sin, and Kenyon canceled their meets on account of the de-
parture of players from those institutions.

On June 6, 1917, representatives of the various universi-
ties in the Western Conference met at Chicago and decided to
continue intercollegiate athletics as usual during the following
year. The war drains on the colleges were not felt to any great

107

108 History of The Ohio State University

extent even in the fall of 1917. With one or two exceptions, the
members of the 1916 championship team who were eligible for
another season returned. The result was another title-winning
"aggregation," which was not scored upon during the season.
In addition to the regular football schedule, two games were
played for the benefit of soldiers in the training camps. One
of these was a contest with the Auburn Polytechnical School
eleven at Montgomery, Ala., November 24, 1917, before the sol-
diers of Camp Sheridan. Not yet recovered from the Illinois
game of a few days before, and lacking the services of their
quarterback, who had left for the navy, State's eleven gave a
rather listless exhibition, the game resulting in a scoreless tie.
On Thanksgiving Day the Camp Sherman team, comprising
five former all-American players and other lesser stars, was
defeated on Ohio Field by a score of 28 to 0. Immediately after
the close of the season nine members of the team entered some
form of military service.

Basketball began auspiciously with two veterans of the
1917 squad on hand. Early in the year, however, the Gym-
nasium w^as transformed into a dormitory for the School of
Military Aeronautics, leaving the Varsity team without a place
to practice until the Indianola floor could be secured a little
later. When, soon after, the two principal players were called
into service, Ohio State was represented on the floor by five
men with no previous Varsity experience. In basketball, as in
football, the Camp Sherman team from Chillicothe was de-
feated, the game running overtime and the score being 36 to
31. No showing was made in the Western Conference, al-
though a momentary flash of form made possible the defeat
of the Northwestern five, who had been expected before the
encounter to win the Conference title.

The inroads of the war were more obvious when the
spring sports opened in 1918. At this time the Varsity "0"
Association had but four men left of all those who had gained
their letters during the preceding year. This number was
greatly increased by the initiation of 40 new men in the
spring.

Athletics 109

In track athletics the losses of the preceding year had
been heavy. Sixteen men had been decorated with letters in
1917, and some freshmen had been considered promising; yet
when the candidates were called out, it was found that but one
sure high point-winner remained. Only two dual meets were
scheduled, one with Indiana and the other with Ohio Wes-
leyan. In both of these State's athletes captured the ma-
jority of points. The Big Six meet, which was advanced a
week on account of the early commencement, resulted also in
the customary victory.

Hammond and Nevin, who were members of this track
team, were later to give up their lives in the service, both suc-
cumbing to the ravages of the influenza epidemic of the ensu-
ing fall.

The baseball season of 1918 opened with two of the four
eligible letter men present. Both had been rejected for mili-
tary service. Coach L. W. St. John had been appointed direc-
tor of recreation in the School of Military Aeronautics and
was unable to give much time to the development of a team.
Since the other universities and colleges were suffering from
similar handicaps, the conditions of rivalry were fair. The Ohio
nine won eight of the 10 games, losing the championship hon-
ors to Michigan in a close contest. A game arranged with Camp
Sherman was never played, probably on account of overseas
departures from the camp, which were taking place at that
time in large numbers.

No men with previous Varsity experience in tennis re-
turned for the 1918 season. Many candidates of ability made
possible a good record against Ohio colleges, but little show-
ing was made against the racket-wielders of the Western
Conference.

Although the effect of the war was distinctly noticeable
in the record of the year 1917-1918, it was not until the fall
of the final year of the great conflict that the University's
sport program was completely upset. With Americans ac-
tively engaged in the closing battles of the war on the fields of
France, with the transformation of the universities all over

110 History of The Ohio State University

the country into military training camps, it could not be ex-
pected that the events of college life would take their regular
course.

Upon the organization of the Students' Army Training
Corps early in October, 1918, the direction of athletic activi-
ties was taken over by the military authorities. The ruling of
the United States War Department was to the effect that all
members of the training corps were to be permitted to com-
pete for teams, regardless of university eligibility require-
ments. This decree enabled freshmen to play. The time al-
lotted for practice was to be determined by those in command
at the various institutions. The Ohio State team was allowed
only one hour a day, which usually came after dark. Other
colleges with which games were played were more fortunate in
this respect.

Eleven men of the 1917 football squad, who normally
would have been back for another year, were at this time in
service. No letter men returned. Only four squad members
remained, two of these being transferred to training camps
after the first few games. The development of a team was fur-
ther interfered with by the fact that Coach J. W. Wilce, owing
to his duties as a member of the Medical Corps, had little time
to devote to his football work. The team was strengthened,
however, by the arrival of a member of the 1916 team and an-
other player from Ohio University at Athens. These men had
been sent to join the Naval Reserve Unit on the campus. The
remaining positions were filled largely by sophomores, who
had gained some experience on the freshman squad of the pre-
ceding year. Freshmen were also available, but only one
played regularly on the team. The influenza epidemic during
the latter half of October and after was another factor con-
tributing to the unsettled conditions in 1918. Two regular
players were absent from the lineup at the time of the Deni-
son game on account of it. The Northwestern game had to be
canceled because of the epidemic and the difficulties of travel.
Of the six games played, three were with Ohio colleges and re-
sulted in victories. The only trip of the year was to Urbana,

Athletics 111

where Illinois defeated the Varsity by a score of 13 to 0.
Games with Wisconsin and Michigan were also lost.

The signing of the Armistice on November 11, 1918, gave
bright prospects for the future. No captain was elected for
the eleven at the close of the season in anticipation of the re-
turn during the year of a large number of former players.

Two prominent football men were claimed by death dur-
ing the war. Fred Norton, a member of the 1916 championship
team and an all-around athlete, died of wounds received in
action while fighting German airplanes. Harold J. Courtney,
captain of the 1917 team, died of pneumonia while at sea.

Intramural athletics scarcely existed during wartime.
Shortly after the declaration of hostilities the usual spring
carnival was held, but this was the last of such events until
after the signing of the Armistice. A little activity among
class and fraternity teams was attempted the following year,
but was soon given up. The taking over of the Gymnasium by
the military authorities early in 1918 left no place for intra-
mural sports, while the chapter houses and classes were los-
ing numbers of their men by withdrawal from the University.

CHAPTER IX

THE SORORITIES AND FRATERNITIES DURING
1917 AND 1918

The Sororities

The greater part of the years 1917 and 1918 was a period
spent by most of the organizations of the University in war
work, of which the sororities and fraternities did their full
share. The sororities were not, of course, so seriously af-
fected by the war as were the fraternity chapters, for the up-
per class members of the latter, with but rare exceptions,
enlisted in the Army and Navy or, if prevented by physical
disability from so doing, left the campus to enter other forms
of patriotic service. This withdrawal of the older and more
experienced men reduced most of the fraternity chapters that
rented houses to such a financial condition that they were
forced to give these up until the cessation of hostilities enabled
them to recover. The few sororities, however, that were oc-
cupying rented houses were able to retain them. The others
were holding their chapter meetings in rented rooms near the
University.

The extent and variety of the war activities of the sorori-
ties appear in the following summary of their more important
efforts, chapter by chapter, which also shows how their social
life was colored by the time. A year or more before the United
States was dragged into the war, Mrs. Dorothy Canfield Fisher
of the class of 1899, who is a member of Kappa Kappa
Gamma, went to France and established a relief station at
Meudon-val-Fleury, a suburb of Paris on the electric railway
to Versailles. There in the "Kappa" rooms, just behind the
Mairie or town holl, she made weekly distributions of the gar-

113

114 History of The Ohio State University

ments sent to her by American friends, especially by the Uni-
versity and alumnae chapters of Kappa Kappa Gamma. Every
Sunday morning a medical dispensary was held in the rooms,
which were given, rent free, by the mayor of the village, the
dispensary being under the supervision of a Red Cross physi-
cian. It was while engaged in this benevolent work that Mrs.
Fisher wrote and published a book of notable short stories,
entitled Home Fires in France, which she dedicated to her
friend and former professor in the University of Kansas, Gen-
eral Pershing. Besides contributing generously to Mrs.
Fisher's relief enterprise, the Kappas participated in the Y.
M. C. A., Red Cross, and Patriotic League activities, and in
December, 1918, were one of the first organizations to volun-
teer to fill a number of Christmas boxes for the soldiers at
Camp Sherman. In the previous summer Miss Minnette Y.
Fritts of the active chapter enlisted as a student nurse in the
expectation of being sent to a military hospital in France.

The members of Kappa Alpha Theta participated exten-
sively in war relief activities. The chapter adopted a French
orphan to whom it sent several boxes of clothing. It pledged
and paid the sum of $300 towards the amount raised by the
Y.M.C.A. during the early part of April, 1917, besides the
contributions made by individual members. Each Theta tried
to do her share of Red Cross work in making surgical dress-
ings and in answering such other calls as came from Red
Cross headquarters and from the Military Hospital on the
campus. Later the active chapter and the alumnae united in
establishing a dispensary in France, which was under the
direction of the American Committee for Devastated France
and bore the name of the sorority.

In June, 1918, Mary Rowlen, ex-'20, began her training
as a Red Cross nurse. Soon after Mrs. McManigal (Elizabeth
Hoffman, ex-'19) enlisted as a naval yeowoman and was sta-
tioned at Baltimore, while Juliann E. Whitehill was awaiting
her call as a Red Cross nurse. Early in December, 1918,
Monabelle Lentz of the class of 1917 entered the Walter Reed
Hospital at Washington, D. C, to become an instructor in occu-

Sororities and Fraternities 115

pational therapy, after preparing for this position at the
Albright Art School in Buffalo during the previous summer.
Miss Lentz's patients were soldiers who had suffered from
shell shock.

Every member of the chapter of Pi Beta Phi joined the
Red Cross and the Patriotic League, while the chapter itself
took a life membership in the Red Cross. It also raised over
$1,000 as its contribution to the relief fund of the University
Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A., partly in the form of individual
pledges, but chiefly through the cooperative work of the whole
chapter. For example, it held several subscription dances,
gave a musicale, and sold special issues of the Ohio State
Lantern and the Sun Dial in raising the money it had sub-
scribed. On Christmas eve the chapter presented a play for
the benefit of the soldiers at Camp Sherman, One of the
former members of Pi Beta Phi, Miss Ednah H. Pugh, enlisted
for canteen work.

Alpha Phi assumed an unusual number of war obligations.
It undertook to maintain a foyer or home at Roanne in France,
where the munition toilers might come for rest and recreation
in their leisure time. This home was under the supervision
of the Y. M. C. A., but was in charge of a member of the soror-
ity and was known as the Alphi Phi Foyer. The chapter
helped to raise the sum of $750, which the members subscribed
in the University Y. M. C. A.-Y. W. C. A. drive of November
1917. It also filled 30 one-pound boxes with candy and nuts
and distributed them in December, 1918, among the needy
families it was caring for. Many of the members served on
committees for the Liberty Loan campaign, and many of them
sewed for the soldiers. Alpha Phi also ascertained the winter
needs of a little fatherless French girl and sent her a complete
outfit of comfortable clothing. The alumnae of Columbus held
fortnightly meetings, which were largely devoted to whatever
war activities seemed to be most urgent, such as Red Cross
sewing or mending. On one occasion 40 shirts were made.
Several graduates of the chapter rendered special service.
Evangeline Wolf el of the class of 1914 engaged in the civilian

116 History of The Ohio State University

relief work of the Columbus Red Cross ; Caroline Herman of
the class of 1917 was secretary of the free labor exchange
which was the sole employment bureau for all labor employed
in the construction of Camp Sherman ; and Vernette Boylan,
a former member of the class of 1917, sailed for France in
the spring of 1919 to engage in canteen work under the
auspices of the Y. M. C. A.

Every member of Delta Delta Delta was a member of, and
a worker in, the Red Cross and the Patriotic League. As a
chapter they contributed $350 to the Y. M. C. A.-Y. W. C. A.
relief fund. The pledges of the sorority bought a $50 Liberty
Bond, which they presented to the chapter. All of the girls
knitted articles for the soldiers and sailors and contributed
during two years to the support of a French orphan.

By personal pledges, selling Sun Dials, and giving a sub-
scription dance, the chapter of Delta Gamma exceeded its
pledge to the Y. M. C. A. and contributed to the Belgian relief
fund of the national order. It gave support and sent a Christ-
mas box to a French orphan. Its Patriotic League work con-
sisted of the making of garments for Belgian children. Sev-
eral of the former members of the chapter found special duties
to perform. Bertha Holtcamp served as a bacteriologist at
Camp Jackson, South Carolina; Margaret McNaghten was
yeomanette in naval service at Newport News; Margaret
Johnson and Enid King were occupied with Government work
in Washington, D. C.

All of the members of Phi Mu did sewing or bandage mak-
ing for the Red Cross and contributed to a fund which the
national order used to establish a nurses' hut in France. The
chapter also bought a Liberty Bond and gave a subscription
dance, the proceeds of which went to the Y. M. C. A. war relief
fund. Five members served on committees for University war
work. Rose Waring Russel of the class of 1918 entered Gov-
ernment service in Washington, D. C, and Mabel Ensign of
the class of 1914 accepted a call to go to France.

Alpha Gamma Theta devoted much time to Red Cross
work, making surgical dressings and convalescent robes, be-

Sororities and Fraternities 117

sides knitting numerous socks and sweaters. As a Patriotic
League unit it met regularly during the summer of 1918 to sew
for the Belgians. This work was continued with enthusiasm
during the remainder of the war. When the Patriotic Glee
Club was organized in June, 1918, under the magnetic leader-
ship of Miss Lillian Stocklin of the class of 1910, four members
of Alpha Gamma Theta were included in the organization. One
member of the chapter did volunteer motor driving for the
Red Cross, another served in the ol!ice of the United States
Food Administration in Ohio, and still another aided in food
demonstrations in Columbus. Two members of the sorority
were employed by the Government as laboratory technicians :
Helen Eisele was connected with General Hospital No. 19 at
Azalea, N. C, and Ruth Williams with General Hospital No.
17 at Markleton, Penn.

Besides the personal pledges of the members to the Y. M.
C. A. relief fund and for thrift stamps and Liberty Bonds, the
members of Delta Zeta as a chapter subscribed $250 to the
Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. relief fund in November, 1917.
The money usually spent for "spreads" was devoted to war
work, and at the few parties held the girls made bandages.
The active and alumnae chapters together adopted two French
war orphans. While the active chapter gave many hours to
Red Cross work, the alumnae chapter was organized into a
Patriotic League unit. Helen Murray of the class of 1913 was
in the Ordnance Department at Washington, D. C. Ruth Mur-
ray of the class of 1915 went into training as a war nurse.
Mildred Foureman became information clerk in the hostess
house at Wright Flying Field, Dayton, O.

Alpha Xi Delta supported a French orphan girl, sending
her clothing and money and exchanging numerous letters with
her. Every member of the chapter did her share in making
surgical dressings and in sewing for Belgian children and
American soldiers. All belonged to the Patriotic League.
Helen McKinley and Florence Watson were in the home-service
department of the Columbus Chapter of the Red Cross. By
means of individual pledges, the selling of flowers at the games

118 History of The Ohio State University

and sandwiches to the University girls, and the managing of
a moving picture theater the chapter was able to contribute
to the Y. M. C. A. relief fund. Among the alumnae Mrs. Kelly
Enzor gave her entire time to war work, dividing it between
the motor corps, canteen service, and surgical-dressing work.
Several of the graduates fitted themselves for reconstruction
and social-service work in France. Rhoda Shick of the class
of 1917 gave concerts and lectures, and Grace Cicle, a former
member of the class of 1918, lectured in various cities of the
State on food conservation.

Established in the fall of 1918, Chi Omega was the latest
addition to the University's roll of Greek-letter societies within
the period of the war. Nevertheless, the chapter promptly
assumed responsibility for two French children who had been
orphaned by the strife. Corinne Waters spent the summer of
1918 in lecturing throughout Ohio in behalf of food conserva-
tion, and later during the influenza epidemic among the cadets
of the Students' Army Training Corps she volunteered her
services as nurse's aid in the University Hospital. Catherine
Allison took employment on a farm near Mechanicsburg, 0.,
during the summer of 1918, and Esther G. Shreider found
occupation in an airplane factory at Dayton. Margaret E.
Fisher acted as publicity agent for the University unit of the
Patriotic League.

The Fraternities

The fraternity element among the students of Ohio State
University is distributed among 40 chapters of as many na-
tional orders, and at the outbreak of the war comprised a total
of about 1,000 members. The common interests of these two
score chapters are vested in a representative committee known
as the Men's Panhellenic Council, which deals with policies
affecting the inter-relations of the component groups under
the supervision of the Faculty committee on fraternities, which
makes its recommendations to the University Faculty. A
similar system exists in connection with the sororities; but
since the latter constitute only a little more than one-fifth of

Sororities and Fraternities 119

the entire number of the Greek-letter societies — men's and
women's together — in the University, and since the sororities
were far less affected by the war than the fraternities, the
Women's Panhellenic Council and the Faculty committee on
sororities were not confronted by the problems which the
state of belligerency brought before the corresponding com-
mittees in connection with the fraternities.

Indeed, no permanent organizations in the University were
so shaken by the war as the fraternity chapters. Within a
month after hostilities were declared by the United States,
they received a staggering blow through the withdrawal of
more than 1,000 students to go into farm work, military serv-
ice, or some other form of war work. Needless to say, many of
these departing students were fraternity men. As numbers of
other students, including many more of the Greeks, were
preparing to follow them, some of the fraternity houses closed
at once. Phi Kappa Psi rented its house to families and did
not occupy it again until early in 1919. Beta Theta Pi opened
its domicile during the first two weeks in the fall of 1917 with
a small number of members, initiated several new ones on
October 12, but these joined the Students' Army Training
Corps and went into barracks, while half of the old members
withdrew to training camps, leaving the Beta house all but
empty. It was opened again in the second semester of 1918-
1919.

The dental fraternity, Xi Psi Phi, gave up its clubhouse,
because all but four of its active members went into the S. A.
T. C. Thereafter it held its weekly meetings in a large room
rented for the purpose and did not re-open its house until in
September, 1919. Only seven members of Alpha Gamma Rho
returned to college in the fall of 1917, and these, with the ex-
ception of one man, went into barracks with the S. A. T. C.
The chapter rented its house to the military staff of the S. A.
T. C. for an officers' club, the active and alumni members of
the chapter being admitted to the house when they wished to
use it. Full possession of the property was regained after the
demobilization of the Students' Army Training Corps in

120 History of The Ohio State University

December, 1918. Three-fourths of the active members of Sig-
ma Pi were in the service during the year 1917, and in the
fall of 1918 the S. A. T. C. took the rest. The chapter, there-
fore, gave up its house and for the next 15 months held its
meetings in an apartment of five rooms, which it rented. Alpha
Chi Sigma, the chemical fraternity, had only six members in
college in the fall of 1918, and five of them were quartered in
barracks as S. A. T. C. cadets. For the next seven months
the chapter got along without a house, moving into its new
home late in the spring of 1919. At the beginning of the war
14 of the 17 members of the legal fraternity. Delta Theta Pi,
went into military training or engaged in agricultural pur-
suits. When only four members of the society returned to
the University in the fall of 1917, several of whom were
awaiting the call to service, the chapter gave up its house and
occupied an apartment during the next two years. It moved
into its present house in September, 1919.

About half of Lambda Phi Omega's men enlisted or with-
drew to officers' training camps by June, 1917. The others
went into the Signal Reserve Corps and the Engineers' Reserve
Corps. These organizations were incorporated with the Stu-
dents' Army Training Corps in the fall of 1918 and the chapter
gave up its house and sold its furniture at auction, in anticipa-
tion of another year or more of the war. A month after the
signing of the Armistice the members of the chapter were dis-
charged from the S. A. T. C, December 10, 1918, and became
scattered in residence but continued to hold their weekly meet-
ings. The fraternity, which had been an Electrical Engineer-
ing organization, was now changed so as to include men from
all the engineering departments. This gave the chapter a wider
range of membership, and in the fall of 1919 it furnished and
moved into another house.

Numerous other chapters passed through the trying ex-
perience of closing their houses for a longer or shorter period
in consequence of the war, and several that were ready to
build homes of their own in the spring of 1917 were forced
to postpone indefinitely the execution of their projects. This

Sororities and Fraternities 121

was true of Phi Delta Theta, Delta Tau Delta, and Kappa
Sigma. Zeta Beta Tau managed to complete the foundation
for its new house, when the beginning of hostilities prevented
further operations. Among the chapters that found it expedi-
ent to surrender their domiciles temporarily were several of
the oldest ones in the University.

According to definite reports received from chapter offi-
cers, seven fraternities were able to keep their houses open
during wartime, and there were doubtless others. Phi Delta
Theta was so fortunate as to have 21 members remaining in
its chapter at the end of the college year, 1917-1918, but dur-
ing the first semester of the following year its house contained
only six occupants, namely, one junior, one sophomore, and
four freshmen, until the demobilization of the Students' Army
Training Corps in December, 1918. Seven men maintained
the house of Sigma Alpha Epsilon during the fall and winter
of 1918, while 14 of its members were living in the S. A. T. C.
Barracks. Delta Chi had only six men occupying its new
house and two additional ones boarding there at one period
during the war. The clubhouse of Acacia was kept open
through the fortunate circumstance that the chapter had some
members in the Aviation School, several of these being re-
garded as "transfers" from other chapters, and it had others
who were instructors in the University. Sigma Phi Epsilon
started in the fall of 1917 with 18 men out of 32 active mem-
bers and pledges of the previous year. Those who had failed
to return were in active service or were awaiting the call. The
chapter soon added 24 by initiation or by pledge, a larger
number than usual being taken on account of the uncertainty
of the times. Of the total membership of 42 thus secured, 33
joined the S. A. T. C. in the fall of 1918, leaving nine men to
run the chapter and maintain the house until the Armistice
was signed. Three of these occupants of the house were
pledged men. Phi Sigma Epsilon kept its house open, notwith-
standing the fact that only three or four members of the
fraternity lived in it during a part of the period of belliger-

122 History of The Ohio State University

ency. Another chapter that retained its house throughout the
war was Alpha Tau Omega.

While some of the chapter houses closed promptly after
the withdrawal of hundreds of students in April and May,
1917, others weathered the storm until their younger class-
men were ordered into barracks as S. A. T. C. cadets in the
autumn of 1918. Already in November of 1917 the many
fraternity houses still remaining open were displaying service
flags bearing from one to 22 stars in honor of brothers called
to the colors. The first and second officers' training camps at
Fort Benjamin Harrison, Ind., contained dozens of Ohio
State fraternity men, and they were soon to be found in more
or less numerous groups in other camps throughout the
country.

During the summer and fall of 1918 the departure of
University men for military and naval service reduced fra-
ternity ranks to such an extent that when college opened in
mid-September conditions were worse, instead of better, for
the chapters. It was even feared that Greek-letter life might
become a thing of the past. Upper classmen were very scarce
around the fraternity houses. The prospect was that most of
these domicilies would be closed by October 1. Several of the
chapters were keeping their houses open only by renting a
part of them to other societies. For example. Acacia, the
Masonic fraternity, was sharing its house with Phi Alpha
Gamma.

Not only were the chapters so depleted that they were
either abandoning their domiciles or admitting other organiza-
tions as co-occupants, but the Men's Panhellenic Council was
also badly shattered. Nevertheless, a meeting of that body
was called for the night of Wednesday, September 25, 1918, in
Ohio Union to consider both the critical condition of the chap-
ters and the continuance of the Panhellenic Council itself as a
functioning organization during the college year. So many
members of the council were in service, including its president,
that it looked as though an entirely new committee would have
to be chosen. A great number of freshmen had poured into

Sororities and Fraternities 123

the University to join the Students' Army Training Coi-ps, and
many of them were experiencing serious difficulties in securing
rooms for the two weeks during which they would have to
maintain themselves prior to their induction as cadets, when
they would receive from the Government the pay of enlisted
men. Several chapters rented the vacant rooms in their houses
to some of these freshmen. This plan commended itself to
the Panhellenic Council, which was eager to find a way of im-
proving the chapter-house situation. There was, however, a
University rule against freshmen being initiated and living
in chapter houses, but it was suspended for a time. The few
remaining brothers, on whose shoulders rested the financial
support of their partly occupied chapter houses, now pro-
ceeded to initiate a sufficient number of new men to fill their
vacant rooms, and the fraternities were thus transformed
into groups composed chiefly of "yearling members."

Within a few days, however, the cadets of the Students'
Army Training Corps were ordered into barracks on the Uni-
versity grounds, and the fraternity houses were again left
partly vacant and financially unproductive. The chapters oc-
cupying rented houses now leased them and disbanded for the
present or moved into apartments. Liberty from barracks for
the initiated cadets came at uncertain intervals and rendered
regular assembly nights impossible for most chapters. Mili-
tary restrictions also interfered with the proper organization
of the Panhellenic Council, and very few meetings were held.

The ordinary social life and activities of the students were
suspended for the most part and, insofar as they survived,
were conducted on a much reduced scale. As already noted in
the earlier part of this chapter the sororities occasionally gave
subscription dances for the pui*pose of raising part of the sums
pledged by them towards the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. relief
fund. In the spring of 1918 Phi Kappa Psi secured most of
the $500 it had subscribed to this fund by means of a dance
and Captain Burr's lecture at the Hartman Theater. The
social life of Xi Psi Phi, the dental fraternity, was not mate-
rially hampered by war conditions. The society usually held

124 History of The Ohio State University

a dance once a month and a dinner dance at the end of the year,
besides an occasional smoker. Acacia did very little in the
way of social activities. Its efforts were chiefly devoted to
correspondence with those of its members who were in active
service, with a view to enabling them to meet with other
brothers who might be on duty in their neighborhood. Such
meetings not infrequently took place, to the great delight of all
concerned. Sigma Phi Epsilon enlivened the approach of
Army life by some kind of entertainment every week in the
form of smokers, parties, and an occasional house dance. Re-
freshments were never served at these affairs. Although the
house of Phi Sigma Epsilon remained open during the war,
the chapter held no social events of any kind. These few in-
stances suffice to show that several of the fraternities pursued
widely different policies in regard to social activities. In
general, however, the closing of so many of the chapter houses,
the substitution of war interests for the ordinary social inter-
ests, and the constant withdrawal of men to enlist in different
branches of the service deprived most of the students of either
the opportunity or the inclination to indulge in social affairs.

After the Armistice was signed, a communication bearing
the date of October 16, 1918, reached the University from the
War Department to the effect that fraternity activities and
military discipline were incompatible in the very nature of
things, and that it was to the best interests of the service that
the operations of fraternities in institutions where units of the
Students' Army Training Corps had been established be sus-
pended for the period of the present emergency. In particular,
the War Department objected to cadets living together in fra-
ternity houses and to their participating in functions or meet-
ings of a social or ceremonial nature, but not of a business
character; yet, as was made plain in the communication, the
Government was not seeking to prevent the resumption of
fraternity activities when the existing emergency should have
passed.

Professor A. H. Tuttle, chairman of the Faculty commit-
tee on fraternities, in publishing this order stated that, on in-

Sororities and Fraternities 125

quiry among such chapters as he could reach, he was convinced
that the fraternities at Ohio State were living up to the letter
and the spirit of the order, but he called attention to the fact
that the order was still in full force (November 18, 1918), and
that, until it should be modified or rescinded, he was sure the
chapters would continue to observe it in every detail.

Within the month following the receipt of the above order
the Students' Army Training Corps was demobilized, and with
the return of many of the older brethren from service, the
fraternities began to recover their normal status. However,
six of them had not sufficiently recovered by the time the
Makio of 1919 went to press, either on account of temporary
disbandment or the continued absence of their leading mem-
bers, to be represented with their service lists in the fraternity
section of that publication. When the University resumed its
activities in February, 1919, the chapters in general were
larger than ever before in their history. In the previous fall
the chapters had initiated more men than usual before the
termination of hostilities, because of the prospect of many
withdrawals and the Faculty's action permitting the initiation
of freshmen. Hence, the return of the older men from military
service swelled the numbers to the point where 35, 40, and
even more members were common. One effect of this rebound
was seen in the immediate organization of 26 fraternity bas-
ketball teams, which were grouped into four leagues and were
playing nearly every night in the week in the Armory.

The part taken in the war by the fraternity men reflects
nothing but credit upon the University. The service lists
of the chapters show that more than 2,700 Greeks of Ohio
State, including undergraduates and alumni, responded to the
call of the Government. This total takes into account about
450 cadets of the Students' Army Training Corps, 46 mem-
bers of the Naval Reserve, 34 of the Medical Reserve, 30 en-
listed men who were awaiting their call, eight members of
the Engineering Reserve, and four of the Signal Reserve, all of
whom were in the University when the Armistice was signed.
Many of the Ohio State Greeks who got into the war in the

126

History of The Ohio State University

opening days served as commissioned officers in all grades
from that of second lieutenant up to that of brigadier-general,
and some of them w^on decorations for meritorious service or
gallant conduct on the field of action. The two chapters that
appear to have supplied the largest contingents were Phi
Kappa Psi and Beta Theta Pi, each having a record of about
125 men. Sigma Alpha Epsilon had a list of 110 members in
the service, among whom were 26 officers. Eighteen other
chapters were represented by groups of from 52 to 97 men.
The younger chapters, having smaller numbers of alumni,
naturally did not furnish as many men as the older ones.
Their records range from 46 down to 25 members in the
service.

Of the 136 University men whose devotion to their pa-
triotic duty cost them their lives, 65 belonged to fraternities.
The list of these honored dead is as follows :

Fraternity Name Class
Phi Gamma

Delta Carl R. Crites 1919

Alva K. Overturf 1919

Phi Kappa

Psi Adelbert M. Agler 1912

Drew S. Webster

Edwin D. James

1915

1918

Carey R. Evans 1918

Thurman G. Flanagan 1913

Harold A. Husband 1919
Sigma Chi Errett Skinner 1920

Phi Delta

Theta William P. Bancroft 1918

Casualty

died of wounds, Oct. 10, 1918,
received in the Meuse-
Argonne.

died of disease at Camp Tay-
lor, Ky., Feb. 5, 1920.

killed in action in the Ar-
dennes, France, Nov. 5,
1918.

killed in an automobile acci-
dent in France, July 16,
1918.

killed in an airplane accident
at Ellington Field, Tex.,
Jan. 31, 1918.

killed in action at Passel,
France, Apr. 5, 1918.

died of wounds received in
action in the Meuse-Ar-
gonne, Oct. 5, 1918.

drowned at sea in line of
duty, Aug. 12, 1918.

died on May 22, 1918, follow-
ing an operation.

died at Cambridge, Mass.,
Oct. 22, 1919, of disease re-
sulting from war injuries.

Sororities and Fraternities

127

Fraternity Name Class

Charles A. Navin 1920

Beta Theta

Pi Ralph T. Saunders 1917

Edward Sigerfoos 1891

Wallace C. Sabine 1886

Sigma Nu Donald H. Charlton 1918

Almar H. Dechon 1917

Jay Norton Dyer 1920

Sigma Alpha

Epsilon John C. Dugan

1911

Joseph C. Monnier 1913

Kappa Sigma Melvin D. Gladman 1921

Burnham B. Matthews 1917

Alpha Tau

Omega Harry J. Myers 1918

Alpha Kappa

Kappa John C. Bowman 1914

Ira G. Allen

1918

Halstead R. Wright 1895
John K. Lawson 1916

Delta Tau
Delta

Delta
Upsilon

Alvin R. Roberts

1912

Lawrence C. Yerges 1915

Cyril F. Carder

1918

Casualty
died of disease at Camp Tay-
lor, Ky., Nov. 25, 1918.

died of disease at Camp Eus-

tis, Va., Oct. 12, 1918.
died of wounds received in

action on the western front,

Oct. 7, 1918.
developed disease during war

service in Europe; died

after surgical operation in

Boston, Jan. 10, 1919.
killed in airplane accident at

Taliaferro Field, Tex., July

22, 1918.
died of disease, Feb. 1, 1919.
killed in airplane accident at

Pensacola Bay, Fla., May

17, 1919.

died of disease at Camp Tay-
lor, Ky., Jan. 11, 1919.

died of disease, Oct. 1, 1918.

died of disease, Oct. 18, 1918.

died of disease in France,
Nov. 26, 1918.

killed in airplane accident at
Ft. Worth, Tex., May 10,
1918.

died of disease in Naval Hos-
pital, Philadelphia, Oct. 2,
1918.

died of disease in Roosevelt
Hospital, New York City,
Oct. 27, 1918.

died of disease, Oct. 17, 1918.

died of disease at Romage,
France, May 28, 1919.

died of disease in France,
Jan. 9, 1918.

died of wounds received in
action in France, Oct. 24,
1918.

died of wounds received in
action at Chauteau-Courcy,
France, July 22, 1918.

128

History of The Ohio State University

Fraternity Name

Class

Delta
Upsilon

Harold J. Courtney 1918

Sigma Delta
Chi Lawrence C. Yerges

Alpha Gam-
ma Rho Russell H. Arnold 1921

Raymond H. Baldwin 1920

Phi Beta
Kappa

Charles A. Bruce

1895

Latimer Johns

1912

Sigma Xi
Acacia

Edward Sigerfoos
Wallace C. Sabine
Wallace C. Sabine
Harry A. Heifner
Guthrie 0. Burrell

1916
1916

Oscar 0. Johnson
Laird K. Roberts

1911
1919

Carl R. Stebbins 1913

Alpha Sigma

Phi Murton L. Campbell 1918

Sigma Pi

Pi Kappa
Alpha

Phi Rho
Sigma

Ralph J. May 1921

Thomas W. Barrett 1919

Samuel J. Covert 1916

James E. Graham 1922

Harold L. Hissem 1920

Vaughn R.McCormick 1918
Guthrie 0. Burrell

Casualty
died of disease on board S. S.
Louisville on way to
France, Sept. 21, 1918.

(see Delta Upsilon, p. 127).

died of disease at Manitowac,

Wis., Oct. 24, 1918.
killed in action near Landres,

France, Nov. 2, 1918.

died of disease Apr. 3, 1918,
developed at Camp Sher-
man, O.

killed in action near Gesnes,
France, Sept. 30, 1918.

(see Beta Theta Pi, p. 127).

(see Beta Theta Pi, p. 127) .

(see Beta Theta Pi, p. 127) .

died of disease, Oct. 4, 1918.

died at Blerecourt, France, of
wounds received in action
in the Argonne Forest.

died of disease in Dec, 1918.

died of disease at Brest,
France, Jan. 15, 1919.

died of disease, Oct. 12, 1918.

killed in action on the Somme
front, near Baupum, Aug.
23, 1918.

died of disease, Nov, 24, 1918.

killed in an airplane accident
at Tours, France, June 28,
1917; was first Ohio State
University man to lose his
life in the war.

killed by a sniper's bullet at
the front, Sept. 28, 1918.

died of disease at Ft. Worth,
Tex., Oct. 24, 1918.

died of disease at Camp Sher-
man, O., June 8, 1919.

killed in action at St. Mihiel,
Defensive Sector, Sept. 12,
1918.

(see Acacia above).

Sororities and Fraternities

129

Fraternity Name Class

Hadley H. Teter 1916

Phi Sigma Ep-

silon (later

Theta Chi) William A. Wirth 1917

Delta Chi Ralph W. Laughlin 1917

Alpha Zeta Edgar M. Allen 1908

Delta Sigma

Rho

Fred S. Haynie

Phi Kappa
(formerly
the New-
man Club) Fred W. Norton

1910

1917

August H. Bornhorst 1911

Charles M. Elder 1915

Charles A. Navin 1920

Casualty
lost at sea, Sept. 26, 1918,
when U. S. cutter Tampa
was sunk in Bristol Harbor.

died of disease, Oct. 8, 1918.
killed in action at Catelet, St.

Quentin Sector, France.

Sept. 30, 1918.
died of disease at Los An

geles, Calif., in 1918.

died of disease, July 2, 1919,
resulting from Army serv-
ice.

died on July 23, 1918, of
wounds received in action.

died at Civilian Hospital,
Sedro Woolley, Wash.,
Dec. 7, 1918.

died of disease, Oct. 7, 1918,
at Camp Sherman, 0.

died of disease at Camp Tay-
lor, Ky., Nov. 25, 1918.

Carl K. Hammond 1919 died of disease, Oct. 31, 1918.

Phi Delta

Kappa
Alpha Pi

Upsilon Fred W. Norton

Psi Omega Alexander H. Jones 1911

Phi Kappa

Tau Stanley C. Miller 1915

Frederick F. Searle 1915

Alpha Mu Pi
Omega Ralph T. Saunders

Thomas P. Johnston 1910

Charles E. McClelland 1902
Carl C. Smith 1911

(see Phi Kappa above),
died of disease at Army Post

Office 714, France, Oct. 1,

1918.

killed in airplane accident at
Evanton, Wyo., Oct. 15,
1919.

died of disease in France,
Oct. 12, 1918.

(see Beta Theta Pi, p. 127).

died of disease at Base Hos-
pital 101, France, Oct. 8,
1918.

died of disease, March 27,
1926, contracted in the war.

died of disease in France,
Feb. 17, 1919.

130

History of The Ohio State University

Fraternity Name
Eta Kappa
Nu

Harland H. Cowle

Wayland W. Cowle 1915

Gamma Phi Karl S. McComb

Class Casualty

1915 died of disease in Base Hos-

pital, Tours, France,
died of disease at Denver,
Colo., Oct. 12, 1919.

1916 killed in action, American

Expeditionary Force, De-
fensive Sector, Aug. 12.
1918.

CHAPTER X

THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND THE
FOOD PROBLEM

The college first to engage as such in war activities was
the College of Agriculture. This was due to the urgent and
imperiling food situation in the United States and the asso-
ciated countries. The available food supply was being rapidly-
diminished by the prosecution of hostilities on a scale never
witnessed before, and the gigantic conflict had been waging
for more than two and a half years. The law of diminishing
returns was operating in a way that called loudly for the pro-
duction of greater supplies of food to counteract it. This was
generally realized, but especially by the agricultural colleges
of the country.

Governor James M. Cox did a very wise thing when, on
April 11, 1917, he conferred with President W. 0. Thompson,
chairman of the executive committee of the Association of
Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, Dean Alfred
Vivian, Director Clark S. Wheeler of our Agricultural Exten-
sion Service, Chairman T. J. Duffy of the Ohio Industrial
Commission, Secretary George Stauffer of the Ohio Board of
Agriculture, and Mr. Fred C. Croxton of the Ohio Institute
for Public Efficiency. This conference decided to promote
agricultural production throughout the State: (1) by means of
county food and crop commissioners and a vigorous campaign
among the farmers for increased acreage and more intensive
farming; (2) by supplying farm labor through about a dozen
new Employment Exchanges; (3) by enlisting the granges in
the campaign for food production; (4) by calling on the col-
leges and high schools to release their young men for farm
and garden work; and (5) by requesting the Home Economics

131

132 History of The Ohio State University

Department of the State University to conduct a state-wide
canning, or food conservation, campaign.

A Committee on Food Conservation and Supply was
promply organized, which, under the able leadership of Mr.
Croxton, vice-chairman and director of the Ohio Branch of
the Council for National Defense, launched a great drive
throughout the State for food production and conservation.
The principal agencies in this drive were our College of Agri-
culture and its Agricutural Extension Service, and the State
Department of Agriculture. In the spring of 1917 there was
a pressing need to teach our country and city people how best
to conserve, utilize, and increase the food supply. The slogan
of the agricultural drive in Ohio, as in other states, was
"Food will win the war." For the past twenty years our Col-
lege of Agriculture had been teaching scientific agriculture to
increasing numbers of students, and for twelve years its Ex-
tension Service had been doing the same thing in more popular
form in the counties of the State. The war gave a new impetus
and thrilling significance to this work. Most classes in the
college were greatly reduced in size during this period by the
withdrawal of students to go into agricultural and military
service, the great exodus taking place early in May, 1917.
However, already in April about four hundred students had
departed from the College of Agriculture and about a hundred
more from the other colleges. Some of the classes were en-
tirely suspended, or combined with others. But the whole
agricultural staff of the University suddenly became extension
workers. All its members, from Dean Vivian through the list,
traveled over the State, making numerous addresses on food
production and conservation. From the University at large,
including the College of Agriculture, more than a thousand
students withdrew from May 4 to 10 to work on farms. Our
Agricultural Extension Service during the years 1917-19 had
the advantage of some increase of funds, partly due to the
normal increase in the Smith-Lever fund, partly to a larger
State appropriation, but especially to war emergency sums
provided by the United States Department of Agriculture. In

College of Agriculture 133

the fiscal year 1917-18 the amount available from these sources
was 1197,300 and in 1918-19 it was $220,700.

When the Federal Food Administration in Ohio was
created in September, 1917, our College of Agriculture was
not overlooked. It supplied four of the eight agricultural ad-
visers to that body, namely. Dean Vivian, Clark S. Wheeler,
Professor F. S. Jacoby, and Professor Thomas D. Phillips,
the last named being given charge of the Division of Grain
Threshing, while Professor Edna N. White became the home
economics director. Dean Vivian had already served for sev-
eral weeks as adviser to Mr, Herbert C. Hoover, the United
States food administrator, in Washington, D. C. In addition
to these officers, the University furnished nine other members
of its Faculty as members of divisions or directors, besides five
graduates, to the State Food Administration.

Fortunately, our College of Agriculture had completed a
more effective organization by the beginning of the great
war. Each of its eleven departments became responsible not
only for resident teaching and research, but also for extension
service in the counties. Departments were also created for
the supervision of county agents, boys' and girls' clubs, farm-
ers' institutes, and agricultural publications. This new organ-
ization enabled the college to do its war work surprisingly
well, although during hostilities nineteen members of seven
different departments entered military service. At the begin-
ning of the academic year 1917-18 there were twenty-six
county agents, at its close fifty, and during 1918-19 seventy.
A number of these agents were emergency appointees. The
formation of farm bureaus was also stimulated. They were
organizations of the farmers within the counties which co-
operated with the county agents. In 1914 there were only
four thousand farm-bureau members in Ohio as compared with
fifty thousand at the end of June, 1918.

In the fall of 1917 the college had ten home demonstra-
tion agents in counties and eight in cities. A year later the
number had increased to eighteen in the counties. They sup-
plied information and guidance in home economics, especially

134 History of The Ohio State University

about canning and drying fruits and vegetables ; they trained
volunteer workers ; assisted in Red Cross activities ; and, with
twelve county leaders in as many more counties, organized a
large number of boys' and girls' clubs for gardening, corn
raising, poultry tending, etc.

Professor Edna N. White had charge of the home dem-
onstration agents. She was chairman of the Conservation
Committee and director of home economics on the staff of the
Federal Food Administration in Ohio, and likewise chairman
of the Food Department of the Woman's Committee in the
Ohio Branch of the Council of National Defense. She took a
leading part in the conference of trained helpers at the Uni-
versity in May, 1918. These persons were promoters of food
conservation. Following the conference, two-day institutes
were conducted in a number of the counties for the training
of volunteer workers. Under Miss White's supervision the
trained and volunteer workers gave demonstrations in canning
and drying vegetables and fruits and making "victory bread"
before gatherings of housekeepers in 48 counties. During
June, 1918, 395 demonstrations and talks were given; during
July, 424 ; and during August, 67. This record does not include
the home demonstration agents. They also made a fine record.
During 1918 the urban agents gave more than 1,100 demon-
strations and about 770 talks, besides holding 217 public meet-
ings. The total attendance was more than 33'2,000 in the cities
of Akron, Canton, Chillicothe, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Colum-
bus, Dayton, Toledo, and Youngstown. The rural or county
agents gave more than 525 demonstrations and nearly 200
talks before organizations, and more than 50 demonstrations
and 25 talks before public meetings, with an attendance of
more than 41,000. Miss White also directed the work of the
home economics or girls' clubs, which had a membership of
over 6,000 and received systematic guidance through the Ex-
tension Service. These clubs were visited twice each summer
by home economics teachers.

Through the Food Department of the Ohio Branch of the
Council of National Defense, Miss White and her committee

College of Agriculture 135

of women carried out a comprehensive program for maintain-
ing food committees in every county and township, for pro-
moting war gardens, poultry raising, and milk production ; for
teaching uncomplaining compliance with the Government's
food regulations ; for the report of violations of these regula-
tions on the part of merchants, hotels, restaurants, and indi-
viduals. During the summer and autumn of 1918 a series of
food round tables was held under the auspices of the women's
committee at Akron, Cambridge, Cincinnati, Columbus, Ober-
lin, and Toledo, which were attended by representatives of the
adjacent counties. These meetings were for the purpose of
spreading information and enthusiasm among the army of
women workers. During this summer also a motor truck,
equipped for canning and egg-candling demonstrations, visited
more than 60 towns and villages off the main railroad lines in
14 counties. By this means the Food Administration, assisted
by Professor Jacoby, its adviser in poultry husbandry, suc-
ceeded in reaching 9,300 persons. Under Miss White's super-
vision 14 leaflets and two bulletins dealing with food conser-
vation were published and distributed throughout the State.
The Agricultural Extension Service circulated similar publica-
tions on meat substitutes, victory breads, and food conserva-
tion. It has been officially stated that the saving of food by
voluntary cooperation of households was "the greatest single
achievement of the Federal Food Administration in Ohio."
This achievement was due in no small part to the efforts of the
College of Agriculture and its Extension Service.

The staff of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry
and Soils instructed farmers on the best methods of increasing
crop yields. The department cooperated with the Ohio Experi-
ment Station in preparing and distributing circulars on soils
and fertilizers, in supplying articles for the farm press, and
in holding meetings at the experimental farms for the discus-
sion of fertilizers and soils. Such activities greatly stimulated
the use of fertilizing materials. The Department of Agricul-
tural Chemistry and Soils agreed with the county agents to

Bushels

Bushels

per Acre

23,822,000

15

41,140,000

22

43,225,000

19

136 History of The Ohio State University

recommend phosphates to the farmers and thereby greatly
increased their use.

All the agencies working together brought a larger acre-
age under cultivation and a larger crop yield; Ohio's wheat
record before and during the war will illustrate this :

Year Acres

1912-16 1,623,000

1917 1,870,000

1918 2,290,000

The acreage was, of course, very materially affected by the
larger price prevailing during the war, but a considerable part
of the increased yield can be safely credited to the efforts put
forth to bring this about. The aim had been to bring the wheat
crop up to 3,000,000 acres, with an average yield of 20 bushels
per acre.

The Ohio Board of Agriculture gives the following figures
for the other staple crops :

Indian Corn Oats

Year Acres Bushels Year Acres

1916 3,154,480 96,352,296 1916 801,639

1917 3,387,459 122,204,661 1917 1,538,843

Rye Barley

Year Acres Year Acres

1916 68,669 1916 27,683

1917 101,372 1917 50,447

Potatoes

Year Acres

1916 5,460,008

1917 11,802,020

In view of these results, largely attributable to the increased
production program of April, 1917, another campaign for
greater crops was launched early in 1918. In this drive, prose-
cuted under the joint auspices of the Federal Food Adminis-
tration in Ohio and the Ohio Branch of the Council of National
Defense, the general use of tractors was advocated, and a
tractor school was conducted by our College of Agriculture for
one week early in February at the University. The school
was attended by about two thousand farmers. It was fol-

College of Agriculture 137

lowed by smaller schools in the counties conducted by tractor
manufacturers. The outcome of these and other efforts was
the addition of at least two thousand machines to those already
owned by Ohio farmers. A survey made in the autumn of
1917 showed about the same number then in use.

In January, 1918, the College of Agriculture made inves-
tigations into the supply and quality of seed corn in the State
and found that it was very poor and wholly inadequate for
existing needs. The wet season in com harvest in 1917, fol-
lowed by an early and extremely cold winter, had ruined much
of the corn for planting. It was found that about 32 per cent
of the former year's crop was soft and unfit to plant. This
was the lowest germination test in the history of Ohio. To-
gether with other agencies, the college issued a call to all
superintendents of rural schools to attend a conference in
Columbus for the purpose of enlisting the children in a seed-
corn census of the State and locating the corn left over from
previous seasons. The teachers were asked to test samples
of seed corn in their schoolrooms. During February and
March twelve testing stations were established to serve the
people in all parts of Ohio. More than four hundred and six
thousand ears of corn were tested at these stations. The meth-
ods for conducting the census were devised by the college,
which soon discovered that neither the low germination seed
nor the old seed would suffice. Hence, contrary to its estab-
lished policy, the State University engaged in the purchase and
sale of seed corn in order to handle quickly a large importation
from outside the State. Plans for buying this seed in south-
eastern Pennsylvania were formed early in March, 1918, and
Mr. W. E. Hanger, the specialist in farm crops, was authorized
to obtain this "war emergency seed com." Before the corn
could be loaded into cars for shipment, it must be sampled
from the cribs and the type approved, tested, and inspected.

Through the efforts of Director Clark S. Wheeler of our
Agricultural Extension Service a contract was signed by the
Stokes Seed Farm Company, the Seed Stocks Committee of
the United States Department of Agriculture, and the Uni-

138 History of The Ohio State University

versity, whereby the Seed Stocks Committee agreed to finance
the purchase of fifty thousand bushels of corn from the Stokes
Company, to be selected by agents of the University. Late in
March it was learned that not more than fourteen thousand
bushels of seed corn could be procured from southeastern
Pennsylvania, and after more investigation it was decided to
get the rest from Delaware. All of this corn was shipped from
the purchasing points between March 20 and April 25, 1918,
and was distributed in forty-two counties in Ohio. In addi-
tion, thirteen thousand bushels were bought by the Seed Stocks
Committee under the same plan and shipped to Toledo as a
reserve for late orders. This supply was also sent out widely
through the State. The prompt execution of this whole enter-
prise was highly creditable to all who shared in it, including
our College of Agriculture, its county agents, and the farm
bureaus. The great result achieved was that many thousands
of acres were planted with good seed that would have been
planted with poor seed, or not at all.

In the program adopted by Governor Cox's conference in
April, 1917, the need of supplying farm labor was fully recog-
nized. Hence fourteen employment offices were opened in as
many cities by May 1 of that year, in addition to the seven
already in operation. Both the old and the new offices were
placed under the direction of Mr. Fred C. Croxton and his
staff. Professor Matthew B. Hammond of our Department of
Economics was one of the four men chosen to organize the new
offices. As several thousand college and high-school students
were released for farm work early in May, including more
than one thousand from our University, Professor H. C.
Ramsower of the College of Agriculture was appointed enroll-
ing officer and secured the information about the fitness of the
applicants for farm jobs. He was able to place several hun-
dred of these on farms, or in war industries, before they left
the University. This work was carried on through the Agri-
cultural Extension Service. Professor Ramsower had to
abandon his teaching in agricultural engineering during
eighteen months. Professors Thomas G. Phillips and L. 0.

College of Agriculture 139

Lantis were likewise released from their teaching of rural
economics in order to engage in the employment service and
food administration in Fayette, Greene, Logan, and Union
Counties. Both continued in this work from about May 1 until
September 1, 1917. Professor Phillips was then given charge
of the Division of Grain Threshing of the Federal Food Ad-
ministration in Ohio and the placing of farm labor.

Meantime, the employment offices were exercising great
care in the choice of men sent to farmers and were placing
many of the students who applied to them. The work of the
Grain Threshing Division was to prevent waste of wheat and
rye during the threshing season, since the estimated loss of
these grains during threshing in 1917 amounted to nine hun-
dred thousand bushels in Ohio alone. Accordingly, early in
the spring of 1918 meetings of farmers and threshers were
held in the important grain-producing counties, under the
direction of Professor Phillips. At these meetings county
threshing committees were formed to urge all possible care in
the handling of grain from the field to the market. Posters
were printed and distributed at the expense of the Ohio De-
partment of Agriculture; pledge cards were circulated and
signed by over two thousand owners of threshing-machines,
and reports from fifty-six of the eighty-eight counties of Ohio
indicated that not less than two hundred thousand bushels of
wheat alone were saved that otherwise would have been lost.

Early in 1918 the question of supplying farm-hands be-
came more serious than ever. At this time Professor Phillips
was assigned to the employment service as farm-help spe-
cialist. He conducted a series of drives through the employ-
ment offices, assisted by about eighteen hundred volunteers, to
secure orders from farmers for such labor as they might need.
The first drive was organized in February, with the necessary
publicity to persuade experienced men to take up farm work.
Despite the great shortage of labor and the more attractive
offers to workers in the cities, these drives were so successful
that no appreciable fraction of the harvest was lost from lack
of farm-hands. Under the leadership of Mr. L. J. Taber,

140 History of The Ohio State University

master of the State Grange, the granges cooperated in report-
ing the labor needs of the farmers.

During the period from May 1 to December 31, 1917,
nearly six thousand farm-hands were reported as placed, most
of them being employed by the month. The results of the
drives in the spring of 1918 were as follows : during March
906 farm-hands were reported placed ; in April, 738 ; in May,
529, and in June, nearly 1,100. During the following months
the record was equally good.

In February, 1918, a Federal Milk Commission for Ohio
was appointed by United States food administrator, Herbert
Hoover, to deal with questions of price and supply. This was
done at the request of Mr. Croxton, since there had been sud-
den advances in price in several cities, notably in Columbus,
in November and December, 1917. Although our College of
Agriculture was not officially represented on the Milk Com-
mission, two members of the Department of Rural Economics,
Professors J. I. Falconer and H. E. Erdman, rendered valuable
assistance, the latter giving much of his time during 1918 and
all of it during the summer of that year to the commission.

The extensive work carried on by our College of Agri-
culture during the war through its Extension Service is shown
by a few figures. In 1917-18 the number of workers in that
service reached a total of 119 and in the following year, 162,
as compared with 74 in 1916-17. Of the number in 1918-19
23 were specialists, giving their full time to their respective
departments. That same year the Agricultural Publications
Department sent out nearly three and a quarter millions of
circulars, bulletins, and posters, as compared with nearly two
million eight hundred and twenty thousand in 1916-17. The
county agents engaged in many activities that cannot be
expressed in figures, but a partial list of these included over
66,000 calls by farmers at agents' headquarters, over 19,300
visits to farms, more than 2,000 demonstrations, some 250
meetings to explain demonstration work, at which the attend-
ance was 29,600; about 2,200 meetings at which plans were
outlined and the attendance was nearly 67,700, and 2,340 mis-

College of Agriculture 141

cellaneous assemblages, with an aggregate attendance of
153,400. By the end of the war there were over 1,150 boys'
and girls' clubs, with a total enrollment of about 11,450 mem-
bers. The value of the commodities produced by these clubs
was a little more than $99,000. In 1918-19 the 26 home dem-
onstration agents conducted 1,800 demonstrations in food con-
servation, canning, home nursing, etc. About 97,000 persons
attended these demonstrations. In addition, more than 4,500
meetings were held, with an attendance of 101,300. Over 6,000
visits were made to homes. In a word, all of the eleven depart-
ments of the College of Agriculture rendered most unusual
and valuable services to the State and the Nation during the
war.

Effects of the War on the College of Agriculture

Let us now look at the effects of the war on these depart-
ments and the college as a whole. In 1917-18 there were 1,198
students registered in the college, v/hile in the following year
the number had dropped to 825 and in 1918-19 to 722. Four
of the younger instructors in agricultural chemistry and soils
soon went into the Army. The teachers of soils who were left
gave much time to preparing articles and circulars on soils and
fertilizers and to farmers' meetings for the purpose of explain-
ing the best means of increasing crops. Some lectured in vari-
ous parts of the State on food production and conservation.
The numbers in the classes in agricultural chemistry and
soils fell off until only the foreign students, or those physically
disqualified for service, remained. The courses for advanced
and graduate students were largely abandoned during the war
years, and those maintained were but poorly attended. The
depletion of the soils staff became more rapid than the decrease
in the number of students, because the farmers needed the
help of experts in improving the fertility of their land. It
was the Agricultural Chemistry and Soils Department that
arranged meetings at the experimental farms, where improved
methods of soil treatment and cultivation were presented and
explained to the farmers. The county agents were supplied

142 History of The Ohio State University

with the best suggestions the department could offer concern-
ing methods of increasing yields. Much time was spent in
keeping informed about the latest developments in the fer-
tilizer and limestone industries and in bringing pressure to
bear, when necessary, for the prompt delivery of materials for
soil improvement.

Two members of the Agricultural Engineering Extension
Service were called out in the first draft, making it necessary
for Professor H. C. Ramsower to assume their duties. Other
members of the department took over his classes. A special
course on motor transports was given for the benefit of a unit
of the Students' Army Training Corps and drew a large enroll-
ment. In all other courses the registration was very light
until the second half-year of 1918-19, when there was a
marked improvement.

In animal husbandry the enrollment in 1916-17 was 933.
In the following year it dropped to 618, and in 1918-19 to 352.
In the Department of Farm Crops there was a similar falling
off. From 389 students in 1916-17 the number fell to 264 in
1917-18 and then to 173 in the year following. A gain of only
16 was made in the autumn of 1919. The Botany Department
had a registration of 825 in 1916-17. This dropped to 555 in
the year following, but the number rose to 642 in 1918-19.
Six hundred and twenty-two students were enrolled in 1916-17,
285 in 1917-18, and only 148 in 1918-19. In Horticulture and
Forestry the student enrollment was 750 in 1916-17. In the
next year it declined to 382, the number of classes remaining
the same. In 1918-19 it descended to 190. The Department
of Landscape Architecture did not exist during the two war
years on account of the absence of Professor Philip H. Elwood,
who was in military service overseas. With the revival of the
department in September, 1919, the enrollment returned to
nearly normal. The opportunities of many of the men who
had been in military service to see something of landscape
gardening in Europe prepared them for the acceptance of for-
eign standards in landscape design and park making.

College of Agriculture 143

Early in the spring of 1917 the staff in Home Economics
was "mobilized" for general service. The department had sent
letters to a number of trained women asking them to register
as volunteers in food conservation work. During May all
colleges and universities in Ohio having home economics de-
partments were visited, and the interest of the teachers and
students was sought. About four hundred volunteer workers
were thus enlisted. Then the larger cities of the State were
visited, and the home economics teachers and other trained
women were given the plan for conducting the initial work
as well as demonstrations in the new canning methods. Four-
teen leaflets on foods, a bulletin on canning and preserving,
and a book of recipes were prepared for the Ohio Branch of
the Council of National Defense and distributed. A bulletin
on substitutes for meat and another on those for flour, with
recipes for quick bread, were compiled, published, and sent out
by the University's Agricultural Extension Service. The vol-
unteer workers were supplied with an outline and biblio-
graphy for food conservation talks. The Federal Food
Administration in Ohio was much aided by articles prepared
by members of the Home Economics Department and printed
in the press. Various activities were carried on through the
extension service of the department, including hundreds of
demonstrations before summer canning clubs, farm women's
clubs, girls' clubs, and farmers' institutes; food exhibits at
the State Fair and National Dairy Show in Columbus; about
three hundred and sixty conservation talks before mass meet-
ings, housewives' leagues, women's study clubs, normal-school
classes, and other groups. The summer volunteer work in
the cities was organized through the University and the
Women's Committee of the Ohio Branch of the Council for
National Defense. In most cases it was conducted through
boards of education and their corps of teachers. Summer
classes were held in some twenty cities of the State. Pledge-
card campaigns were conducted. Professor Anna R. Van
Meter made a number of investigations suggested by con-
servation needs. The Home Economics Extension Service and

144 History of The Ohio State University

the Council for National Defense, Professor Edna White and
other representatives of the College of Agriculture being mem-
bers of the latter, sent out 75,000 canning bulletins, 95,000
recipe bulletins, and 50,000 food leaflets, of which the subject
matter had been prepared by members of the department.
Professor White gave half of her time daily to the work of
the Federal Food Administration in Ohio, which was execu-
tive. She prepared a series of ten conservation lecture out-
lines for use in all Ohio colleges, so that the women of the
graduating classes might be ready to assist in food work.

The freshman classes in home economics were given lab-
oratory instruction in surgical dressings. The juniors were
organized into classes for Red Cross work and taught, and a
course in Red Cross dietetics was offered. This work was
supplemented by garment making under the supervision of
Professor Maude Hathaway throughout the year.

Red Cross activities outside of the University were also
promoted. Professor Grace Walker of the Domestic Arts De-
partment took charge of garment making and surgical dress-
ing for the Columbus Chapter of the Red Cross during the
summer months. In December, 1917, outlines of fifteen les-
sons on the conservation of food were prepared for the use
of the American Red Cross, as also ten lessons on canteen
cookery, giving instructions and recipes for preparing food
in quantity and a plan for serving soldiers in transit and in
camps. Some of these activities were prompted by Red Cross
needs. Professor White being chairman of the Dietitians' Com-
mittee of the national organization.

On October 18, 1918, the Home Economics Department
was notified that, on account of the outbreak of influenza, there
was a considerable number of students in the Military Hospital
on the campus. These young men belonged to the Students'
Army Training Corps. Investigation showed that the hospital
was intended for twenty patients, but had one hundred and
seven of them needing attention. Equipment was hastily
moved over, and, with the aid of trained volunteers from the
department, the food situation was cared for adequately.

College of Agriculture 145

The fluctuations in student attendance in home economics
during the war years are more surprising than in any of the
other departments of the Agricultural College, especially as
its students were women. Starting with eleven hundred and
twenty-five in 1916-17, the number dropped to less than
four hundred the next year, then rose to over seven hundred
in 1918-19.

The Rural Economics Department gave two of its staff
to civilian service in April, 1917; another enlisted in October;
the Federal Food Administration in Ohio took part of the
time of two others during 1918 ; and a sixth man enlisted in
March of the same year. Since only juniors and seniors took
courses in rural economics, the attendance was lower in this
department than in most of the others where the younger stu-
dents were to be found. In 1916-17 the registration was
slightly over five hundred and eighty, while in 1918-19 it was
only two hundred and forty-two. It declined only five in the
year following. Three classes were discontinued on account
of the small enrollment and the depletion of the teaching staff.

As in other departments so also in zoology and entomol-
ogy the number of students declined before hostilities were
declared. Of course, this decline continued during the war
years. The following table tells the story :

Year 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19

Number 1,510 1,140 1,082

The insistent call for men from farm and factory was early
felt. After this came the call to military service, which was
responded to by many of the older students. In the intro-
ductory course in entomology, a sophomore study, there were
over one hundred students in September, 1916. A year later
the number had dropped to less than half, and in another year
to only twenty-eight. Among the advanced graduate students
the reduction was very large. Many of the younger instruc-
tors were of draft age and were anxious to enter the service.
Their minds were more or less diverted from their college
duties. This condition also prevailed among the older stu-
dents, not only in this department but in all of the departments

146 History of The Ohio State University

on the campus. Eventually two instructors and all the older
students of the Zoology Department did enlist. A number of
them entered the Sanitary Corps, where their training in
biology and entomology afforded them opportunities for spe-
cial work.

At the Lake Laboratory the classes were almost extin-
guished during the war, being made up of advanced and grad-
uate students only. During several years before hostilities
the attendance had averaged twenty. In 1918 it fell to two
students, both of whom happened to be undergraduates. In
the autumn of 1919 the attendance in this and all other depart-
ments on the campus showed a marked increase.

The following is a list, by departments, of members of
the teaching and extension staffs of the College of Agriculture
who entered military service:

Agricultural Chemistry and Soils Dairying

John L. Hutchinson William D. Axtell, Jr.

Thomas G. Phillips Elmer Helbig

John J. Riggle

Charles Thrash Horticulture and Forestry

Agricultural Engineering

Norman S. Fish

Richard C. Miller

Virgil Overholt f^^^^^P ^ Elwood, Jr.

Walter Pettit ?f ^7 J- ^utz

. . , ^^ , , Lloyd W. Wise

Animal Husbandry

Cecil Bayes Rural Economics

Botany Golden N. Dagger

Paul B. Sears Donald G. Hughes

Francis E. Allen
Frank H. Beach
Brooks D. Drain

CHAPTER XI

THE COLLEGE OF ARTS, PHILOSOPHY, AND SCIENCE

Like the College of Agriculture, the College of Arts, Phi-
losophy, and Science contains a large proportion of women
among its students. The number of women increased in the
college during America's participation in the war, while, as
was to be expected, the number of men declined. Near the end
of the conflict, however, a notable change took place in this
respect, the men making a much larger gain in number than
the women. In the fall of 1916-1917 the total enrollment in
the college was 1,305, of which 902 were men and 403 were
women, not counting the 110 in the arts-education course of
whom 80 were women and 30 were men. In the following
spring the enrollment in Arts had declined to 1,221, the loss
being chiefly among the men; while the arts-education course
had 112 matriculates, about 16 per cent being men.

By the middle of May, 1917, 273 male students withdrew
from the Arts College to do farm work and 79 to enter military
service. Of the arts-education students nine went into agri-
cultural pursuits and only one into military service. Although
war preparations were under full headway in the fall of 1917,
the Arts College made a slight gain in attendance, the enroll-
ment rising to 1,243. This is explained by the increase in the
number of women to 452, albeit the number of men had de-
clined to 791. Eighty-six women and 18 men had registered
in arts-education. In the spring of 1918 the enrollment in the
Arts College rose to 1,324 students. Of this number 840 were
men and 484 were women.

The dean of the college reported at the end of June, 1918,
that the enlistments of arts men in the Army then totaled 222,
in the navy 47, and that 48 of the former and three of the

147

148 History of The Ohio State University

latter were granted ^"heir degrees at the recent Commencement,
since they were within less than half a semester of completing
the curriculum. He added that the figures given did not in-
clude withdrawals for service in the Y. M, C. A., the Red Cross,
or other forms of work incidental to the war. Of these there
was a considerable number.

The corresponding figures in arts-education were 108,
17 being men and 91 women. When the Students' Army-
Training Corps was established in the autumn of 1918, the
total enrollment in Arts leaped to 2,142, of which 638 were
cadets, paid and equipped by the Government, 1,003 were
other male students, and 505 were women. The increase in
the number of male students who were not in the S. A. T. C.
was due, no doubt, to the requirement of two years of Arts
College work for admission to the College of Law, which went
into effect at this time, and to the operation of a similar re-
quirement for entrance into the College of Commerce and
Journalism. The arts-education course, however, experienced
a decline of more than 40 per cent in the fall of 1918, its attend-
ance of both women and men dropping off materially. The
enrollment in the course at this time was only 60, two being
S. A. T. C. cadets ; four, male students in the regular course ;
and 54, women.

The signing of the Armistice in November, 1918, and the
withdrawal of 417 cadets in the following month on the dis-
bandment of the Students' Army Training Corps, caused the
Arts College the loss of more than one-fifth of its total enroll-
ment. Two hundred and twenty-one cadets continued in the
college after demobilization. At the opening of the spring
semester, 1919, it gained more than 100 students over its num-
ber immediately after the demobilization of the S. A. T. C.
It now had 1,849 students, of whom 1,278 were men and 571
were women. The arts-education course rose to 65 students,
7 being men and 58 women. It had had 60 students. It now
had 59. In the fall of 1919 the College of Arts leaped forward
at one bound, regaining many of its former students, as well
as many others whom the war had kept away from the Uni-

College of Arts

149

versity. Its increase was more than 1,100 students or over
94 per cent, carrying its total up to 2,318. Of this number
1,549 were men and 769 were women. The arts-education
course gained only four, three of whom were men and one, a
woman.

The summer sessions of 1917, 1918, and 1919 show an
increasing enrollment in the Arts College, but not in the arts-
education course :

Summer, 1917
Arts College Arts-Education
Men, 7 Men, 7

Women, 124 Women, 25

Summer, 1918
/ rts College Arts-Education
Men, 112 Men, 3

Women, 156 Women, 13

Total, 206

Total, 32

Total, 268

Suvfivier 1919
Arts College Arts-Education
Men, 244 Men, 5

Women, 180 Women, 14

Total, 16

Total, 424

Total, 19

The effect of the war on the enrollment of the various
departments in the Arts College is shown in the accompanying
table :

During After

Departments Before the War the War the War

1914-15 1915-16 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 1919

(1st Sem.)

American History 535 840 1121 965 734 847

English 4131 4097 4955 4295 4522 3828

European History 753 917 1042 1025 1604 771

Geology 830 874 823 652 419 569

German 2291 1583 1538 654 149 187

Greek 77 96 69 13 34 26

Latin 265 307 286 242 175 101

Philosophy 303 416 524 445 584 356

Political Science 208 295 359 329 293 250

Romance Languages .. . 1560 2396 2785 3237 4502 3086

In the above table the ifigures of the Department of
German have a peculiar significance, for they correspond with

150 History of The Ohio State University

certain historical events in the relation between the United
States and Germany. In France, Belgium, and England the
war stimulated the study of the German language, according
to the testimony of competent witnesses. The reverse was true
in the United States. In April, 1916, the American Govern-
ment warned the German Imperial Government that it would
sever diplomatic relations, unless the latter abandoned its ruth-
less methods of submarine warfare. In the previous May a
German submarine had sunk the Lusitania, causing the loss of
114 American lives. The German Department, which had
nearly 2,300 students in 1914-1915, dropped to less than 1,000
in the next year. It lost 45 more in 1916-1917. When the
University resumed its activities in the fall of 1917, that is,
six months after the United States had entered the war, the
German Department found its enrollment was only 654 or
nearly 900 less than in the previous year. It reached the bot-
tom in 1918-1919 with 149 students, the period in which our
Government declared hostilities against Austria-Hungary. The
loss since the college year 1917-1918 was over 500 students. In
the fall semester of 1919 the Department of German showed
a gain of 38 students, which brought its enrollment up to 187.
As a certain minimum amount of foreign-language study
is required of all students in most of the colleges of the State
University, those who manifested their hostility towards the
Central Powers by dropping German displayed their friendli-
ness to the Associated Powers by substituting one of the
Romance languages, French, Italian, or Spanish, the last-
named language having come into favor in recent years be-
cause it is supposed to be of commercial value. In 1914-1915
the Department of Romance Languages had 1,560 students.
Its gain in the next year was 836 and in 1916-1917, 389 more.
After the United States went into the struggle, the Romance
group acquired over 450 new adherents, and in our second year
of the war it gained 1,271 students, reaching a total of 4,508.
This record is the more remarkable in view of the fact that the
general attendance of the University had been steadily declin-
ing during the war period. With the great increase in num-

1

College of Arts 151

bers that came in the fall of 1919, the Department of Romance
Languages was almost swamped by the enrollment of 3,086
students for the first half-year alone.

The Department of European History sustained an in-
creased attendance during the war not on account of a new
hostility to any other study, but on account of a livelier inter-
est in the European belligerents. Starting with 753 students
in 1914-1915, this department made a gain of 164 in the next
year and of 125 more in 1916-1917. It lost only 13 in the year
after the United States entered the conflict and then gained
579 in the second year of the war, reaching a maximum of
over 1,600 students. In the fall of 1919 its enrollment fell off
about thirty. Besides the larger number of freshmen electing
the general course in the department, more advanced students
than usual were attracted by the courses dealing with Europe
since 1815, Europe and Turkey, the Far East, and especially
by the history of France. This last course was elected by
52 students in 1918-1919, or more than double the number
ever electing it before. The course was repeated the follow-
ing year, when it had 38 students. Inasmuch as a course
in War Issues was required by the Government of all cadets
in the Students' Army Training Corps who were without an
equivalent, the teachers of European history had to discon-
tinue three advanced classes in October, 1918, in order to
instruct 20 sections in the required subject. In 1919-1920 the
department gave a course on the World War, which was
elected by 75 students of sophomore or higher rank. This
course also drew 24 auditors. Developments in Russia and
the Balkan peninsula led to the offering of a course on Slavic
Europe in 1920-1921.

Before the United States entered the war, the Department
of American History grew more rapidly than that of European
History. In 1915-1916 it made a gain of more than 300 stu-
dents over the previous year, and in 1916-1917 it added about
280 more; but in 1917-1918, under war conditions, it lost
about 155 students and in the following year about 230 more.
Ten sections of the War Issues course were taught by members

152 History of The Ohio State University

of this department in the fall of 1918, besides four sections of
S. A. T. C. cadets who were taking the introductory course in
American History. Thus, a total of 48 sections of the S. A.
T. C. men were provided for by the two history departments,
leaving as many more to be taught by teachers drawn from
the Law School and other departments.

About 1,950 cadets were enrolled in these sections, the
syllabus of which was prepared by a committee of instructors
representing the two history departments under the chairman-
ship of Professor E. H. McNeal of the European History De-
partment. Professor G. W. Knight of the American History
Department was the director of the War Issues course. Three
advanced courses in American history were discarded to make
room as far as possible for the new sections. The organiz-
ing of the War Issues course for the S. A. T. C. cadets soon cre-
ated a demand among the unenlisted students, including the
young women, for a similar course. This new course was
started on November 19, 1918, the public being admitted. At
the outset the attendance ran as high as 300, seven sections
being required. Credit was allowed for the course to students
in the Colleges of Agriculture, Arts, and Education. Professor
H. C. Hockett of the Department of American History was in
charge of the course and secured the assistance of other mem-
bers of that department, as also of the Departments of Euro-
pean History, Political Science, Economics, Sociology, and
perhaps others.

The Departments of Philosophy and Political Science were
both promoted by the war. It is true that none of the courses
in political science was open to freshmen and that oil of them
were more freely elected by men than by women, and yet such
topics as the governments of Europe, problems in international
politics, and international law could not but make a special ap-
peal in wartime. Starting with 208 students in 1914-1915, the
Political Science Department gained 87 the next year and 64
more the next. It lost 30 when we entered the war, and in
1918-1919 it lost 36 more. Despite these losses, the depart-
ment came through at the end with about the same enrollment

College of Arts 153

it had in 1915-1916. In the fall of 1919 it had about 100 more
students than in any single semester during the war period.

For several years before the United States went to war
the Department of Philosophy had been winning adherents
at rates varying from 20 to 37 per cent per annu7n. The war
appears to have accelerated this tendency. In 1915-1916 the
department gained 113 students over the 303 it had in the
previous year, and it gained 108 more in 1916-1917. As soon
as we entered the war, withdrawals began from the advanced
courses taken by seniors and graduate students. In 1917-
1918 the attendance fell off to the extent of 79 students. How-
ever, this loss was more than recovered in the next year, the
figure reaching 534, and in the fall of 1919 a considerable
increase was made. The general conclusion to be drawn from
these figures is that the war stimulated interest in philosoph-
ical questions, and it may be added that this interest was shown
especially in ethics and social philosophy.

In the Departments of Geology, Greek, and Latin the at-
tendance, as the table on page 149 indicates, was cut unevenly
year by year from 1916-1917; but in the autumn of 1919
geology received a large influx of students, while the classical
departments received relatively smaller ones. Besides cutting
down the enrollment of the Department of Geology, the war
deprived the department of part of its staff of teachers. Pro-
fessor Thomas M. Hills had become interested in the relation
of geography to the campaigns of the war and had given
two lectures on this subject to his classes within a few days
before the United States had entered the conflict. When the
School of Military Aeronautics was established on the campus,
in May, 1917, Professor Hills was selected to teach the course
in aerial observation, for which maps and a miniature artillery
range, with its scenic battlefield for practice in shell spotting,
were devised by him. Professor Charles St. J. Chubb of the
Department of Architecture, and Mr. Kenneth Cottingham and
Mr. Arthur Bevan of the Geology Department assisted Pro-
fessor Hills in preparing these accessories and in giving the
course. At the close of the School of Military Aeronautics,

154 History of The Ohio State University

August 31, 1918, Mr. Cottingham entered military service at
Camp Dick, Texas, with the rank of lieutenant. Meantime,
Professor J. Ernest Carman of the Department of Geology had
secured leave of absence and gone to Lake Geneva, Wis., in
order to prepare himself for war work in the Y. M. C. A. In
July, 1918, Professor Carman was sent to France, and from
September 25 to December 10 he served as athletic secretary
at Base Hospital No. 8 on the Loire River, near St. Nazaire.
During the next six months he was connected with the educa-
tional branch of the Y. M. C. A., doing lecture-service work in
France and western Germany. After 13 months abroad Pro-
fessor Carman returned to the University.

The instruction ordinarily given by Professors Carman
and Hills was carried on by Professors M. M. Leighton and W.
M. Tucker, respectively, but when the Students' Army Training
Corps was started in the fall of 1918, these two men, together
with Professor Hills, were appointed to give the military work
of a geological nature to the cadets in the new organization.
The S. A. T. C. greatly increased the enrollment in the Geology
Department ; but the attendance of the cadets was very irregu-
lar, and their preparation was poor. They were much inter-
ested in the military phases of their training and not at all in
geology.

The marked reduction in the enrollment of the Department
of Latin during the war made possible the giving of a smaller
number of courses and the combining of sections of lower
classmen, thus enabling two of the instructors, Professors
Wallace S. Elden and Arthur W. Hodgman, to devote about
half of their time to teaching French. The failure of a
number of former students to return in the fall of 1919 re-
sulted in smaller advanced classes, but the lower classes showed
an increase in numbers over the previous year amounting to
more than 100 per cent, thus promising well for the future.

The Department of English derives its constituency from
all the undergraduate colleges, as well as from the Graduate
School. Its enrollment ranged from 4,100 to nearly 4,960 stu-
dents during the war period, a large proportion of these being

College of Arts 155

women. As compared with 1915-1916 the department recorded
a gain of about 860 students in 1916-1917. When the war
overtook us, English suffered a loss of 660 but recovered more
than a third of this number in the year 1918-1919. With the
great influx of new and war-belated students in the fall of
1919, the enrollment in the English Department was more
than 3,800.

The effect of the European conflict upon the attendance
of students and upon the courses of instruction offered by
departments was much the same in the summer sessions as
in the regular sessions. The enrollment of Arts College and
arts-education students in the summer sessions just before,
during, and after the war is given in the following tables :

Enrollment in the College of Arts, Philosophy, and Science

Men Women Total

Summer Session of 1916 157 113 270

Summer Session of 1917 82 124 206

Summer Session of 1918 112 156 268

Summer Session of 1919 244 180 424

Enrollment of the Arts-Educarion Course

Men Women Total

Summer Session of 1916 15 14 29

Summer Session of 1917 7 25 32

Summer Session of 1918 3 13 16

Summer Session of 1919 5 14 19

Several points in the former of these two tables are de-
serving of comment. While the men lost 75 in number from
the summer of 1916 to that of 1917 due to the war, the women
made an appreciable gain. The men regained part of their
loss in enrollment in the summer of 1918, the gain being 30.
This time the women increased notably, that is, to 156. But
in the summer of 1919, after America's share in the war
had become a matter of history, the large increase was on the
side of the men who gained 132, while the women only added
24 to their number of the previous summer. The increased

156 History of The Ohio State University

attendance of male students was due to the return of young
men from service to take the "make-up" courses that were
offered in the summer of 1919 for their benefit. It should be
added that pre-medical students utilized this summer session
in meeting new requirements imposed by the American Medical
Association.

The arts-education course is one of those intended for
prospective teachers. The tabulation for this course shows
that the number of men in it declined year by year, while the
women gained 11 the second year but lost the succeeding two
years. Obviously, war conditions were not favorable to young
people going into teaching. In order to meet the need for
enlightenment regarding world problems, Professor Frank J.
Klingberg, who was temporarily connected with the Depart-
ment of European History, gave a valuable course in the sum-
mer session of 1917 on the expansion of Europe since 1785,
which, among other things, dealt with the rivalries of Euro-
pean Powers; it was attended by 75 or more students and
auditors. During the latter part of July, 1917, the Department
of American History offered three public lectures, two on the
origin of American democracy and the third on the reasons
for defending democracy. Patriotic education was the motive
of these addresses, which were heard by 75 persons on the
average. In the summer session of 1918 the Department of
European History offered among its regular courses one on
modern history from 1500 A.D., in which especial attention
was given to the causes and events leading to the World War
and another on the history of modern France. Both vv^ere
unusually well attended for summer courses, the former at-
tracting 35 students and the latter 60. The Department of
American History gave a special course of 20 lectures, semi-
popular in character and open to the public, on "The United
States and the World War." One hundred and ten students
enrolled for this series, which was also attended by about fifty
visitors. The Bulletin of the summer session of 1919 con-
tained the announcement of two new courses suggested by the
war, one in American history and the other in European. The

1

College of Arts 157

former was entitled "Some Revisions of American History"
and dealt in particular with restatements concerning the rela-
tions of England and the United States at critical periods of
the latter's history. It was given by Professor A. M. Schles-
inger. The other course, called "Problems of World Peace and
Reconstruction," was conducted by Professor G. A. Washburne
of the Department of European History, with the assistance
of certain members of other departments. The social, eco-
nomic, and political conditions in the European countries at
the signing of the Armistice, the work of the Peace Conference,
the readjustment of international relations, etc., were among
the topics considered. The course was semi-popular in char-
acter and was attended by 85 students and auditors.

Concerning the condition of the College of Arts as a whole
during the war period something should be said. "As in all
other colleges," wrote Dean J. V. Denney, "the work of the
year 1917-1918 was prosecuted under serious difficulties. Chief
of these was the unsettled condition of mind among students
and faculty. Withdrawals of students were so numerous as
to be noticeable in many classes. Changes of teachers were so
frequent as to impair the quality of the work in several de-
partments. Added to this was the physical discomfort in some
buildings owing to inadequate heating and the uncertainty as
to the continuance of college. All of these conditions were
borne with good spirit, for the most part, as unavoidable in
time of war and public excitement." During the summer and
early autumn of 1918 the number of teachers and laboratory
assistants, as well as students, going into war service was much
increased, leaving certain departments short-handed. This
condition was made decidedly worse in October, 1918, by the
assignment of many instructors for most or all of their time
to the teaching of classes in the Students' Army Training
Corps, so that unavoidably many had to be transferred from
certain departments to others, and new instructors had to be
employed as fast as they could be obtained. Despite all these
efforts to meet the situation, the educational work of the fall
semester suffered seriously because of the disparity of mili-

158 History of The Ohio State University

tary and academic authority in the S. A. T. C, the neglect of
supervised study by the cadets, the interference of military
duties with class attendance, and the wholesale "cutting" of
classes by the cadets. The lack of sufficient fuel to heat some
of the buildings adequately and the visitation of the influenza
caused the irregularity, and at times the cessation, of the
classes of the regular students.

After the signing of the Armistice in November, 1918,
the demobilization of the S. A. T. C, and the return of a num-
ber of members of the Faculty from war service, the pressure
in certain departments was relieved during the second semes-
ter. "Great commendation," said Dean Denney, "is due to those
members who willingly undertook extra burdens of teaching
during the war, as well as to those engaged directly in the
service. The spirit of the faculty rose to all the requirements
of war sacrifice."

By the authority of the University Faculty the executive
committee of the Arts College granted credit to a maximum
of eight semester hours to students returning from war serv-
ice. This credit applied in substitution for elective work
mainly. In pre-medical courses, however, it applied in substitu-
tion for any work excepting the sciences and English. Other
universities also granted war credits, the amount of these
credits varying in different institutions. For special technical
work in military service a common practice of the universities,
including Ohio State, was to determine the amount in each case
by the departments concerned. In the College of Arts and the
other colleges of the University S. A. T. C. credits were also
reported by departments in the usual manner, the total actu-
ally obtained not exceeding in any case 14 hours and in the
majority of cases not exceeding nine hours.

Practically all of the members of Arts College staff were
engaged in patriotic service of one kind or another, many of
them while attending to their regular duties in the University.
The following statement is intended to be a complete enumer-
ation of those who were granted leave of absence for the pur-
pose of engaging in war work, or of entering the service.

College of Arts 159

The services of Assistant Professor Walter T. Peirce of
the Department of Romance Languages and Assistant Pro-
fessor Albert A. Chandler of the Department of Philosophy,
which were rendered in France and Italy, respectively, under
the auspices of the American Red Cross and, in the case of
Dr. Peirce, under those of the headquarters of the A. E. F.
and the Peace Conference, have already been sufficiently noted
in Chapter IV of this volume.

Mr. Theodore F. Kotz, instructor in German, who had
returned from military service on the Mexican Border at the
beginning of April, 1917, entered Camp Benjamin Harrison,
Indiana, and enlisted in the 146th Motor Ambulance Company,
37th Division, 5th Corps, First Army. He was stationed at
Camp Lee, Virginia. After November 1, 1918, he was with
the 37th Division in France and Belgium, seeing service on
the Lorraine and Argonne fronts and at the Army School at
Langres, France. He received his discharge at Camp Sher-
man, April 12, 1919.

On September 1, 1917, Dr. Clarence E. Andrews of the
Department of English was engaged as aeronautical engineer
in the office of the chief signal officer in Washington, D. C.
Five weeks later he was commissioned as a first lieutenant in
the Air Service and continued in Washington as officer in
charge of observation training and later of navigation. In
August, 1918, he sailed for France, where he was detailed as
information officer at the headquarters of the chief of the Air
Service and later at the headquarters of the Air Service of the
First Army at the front. In February, 1919, he was attached
to the Balkan Division of the American Commission to nego-
tiate peace, with which he remained connected until May, 1919.
From this time to September Lieutenant Andrews served as
an officer of the American Relief Administration in Serbian
Macedonia and had the opportunity of traveling through the
Balkan States. He spent the summer in organizing food relief
in Macedonia. He was discharged from the service, October
15, 1919.

Dr. William E. Bingham, formerly assistant professor of

160 History of The Ohio State University

philosophy, enlisted in the Navy at the outbreak of hostilities
as an ensign. In October, 1917, he was ordered to sea. While
crossing Tangier Harbor, Morocco, in a small boat with six
other men, December 2, 1918, the boat was swamped and
Ensign Bingham was drowned. His sister. Miss Winnie Bing-
ham, was one of the passengers on the Lusitania who lost their
lives. Mr. Bingham had four brothers in the British Army,
one of whom was killed in France.

Walter French of the Department of German, who received
his degree of Ph.D. in June, 1918, enlisted as a private in the
Infantry and was sent overseas in July. Later he became
a sergeant in the Provisional Supply Company, Commissary
Officers' Depot. At the end of April, 1919, he was at Gon-
drecourt, on the Meuse River in France, and was discharged
from the service on the 24th of the following July.

After serving with the Home Guards in Columbus from
the beginning of the war. Professor Berthold A. Eisenlohr,
also of the Department of German, was appointed an assistant
in the American Legation at the Hague, Holland, and left the
University for his post, August 14, 1918. He remained on duty
at the Hague until in April, 1919, when he was sent to Berlin,
Germany, as a member of the American Mission. He left
Berlin, July 18, 1919, and on his return to Holland was per-
mitted to sail for the United States on a visit. He is still
"visiting."

Professor Henry R. Spencer of the Department of Political
Science, who was acting dean of the Graduate School at the
time, sailed for France about December 1, 1917, in the service
of the Y. M. C. A. From December 13 to the middle of the
following February he was with the American Expeditionary
Force and the French Fourth Army. He was then transferred
to duty with the Italian Third Army, serving at Bologna and
Mogliano. On July 1, 1918, he was made regional director of
the Y. M. C. A., being stationed at the headquarters of the
Third Army, about ten miles north of Venice, until Trieste and
Trent were occupied by the Italian forces, November 3, 1918.
From that time until the termination of his service a month

College of Arts 161

later his headquarters were at Trieste. He returned to the
University early in January, 1919.

Professor Charles A. Bruce of the Department of Romance
Languages obtained a leave of absence from the University
at the beginning of February, 1918, and entered the Educa-
tional Department of the Y. M. C. A. to teach French to the
soldiers at Camp Sherman, Ohio. After less than two months
of teaching he fell sick with a severe cold, about March 24, and
returned to his home. Pneumonia developed, and he died on
April 3. From the time of his graduation from the Ohio State
University in 1895 Professor Bruce had been a teacher in
Romance languages, with the exeception of a year spent in
study in Paris and the brief period he was permitted to devote
to the cause of his country.

Mr. Homer C. Haddox, another member of the Department
of Romance Languages, after receiving training at Camp
Sherman, Ohio, and Camp Merritt, New Jersey, was sworn in
on May 8, 1918, as a private in the Medical Detachment of the
308th Regiment of Engineers, being attached to headquarters
of the Eighty-third Division. In the following month he went
overseas, and during the next 10 months he saw service in
France, Belgium, Luxemburg, and Germany. In France he
served with his regiment in the Aisne-Marne, Oise-Aisne, and
Meuse- Argonne offensives. During the first half of February,
1919, he was in an evacuation hospital and until March 21
in Base Hospital 81. He was discharged from the Army, May
14, 1919.

Mr. Alexander P. Moore, also of the Department of Ro-
mance Languages, joined the Thirty-fifth Regiment of Engi-
neers early in February, 1918, as civilian interpreter and
served at Mimes, France, from April 15, 1918, to January 10,
1919. He returned to the United States and was discharged
late in February of the latter year.

Several members of the instructional force of the College
of Arts who enlisted were disappointed in not getting into the
war. Assistant Professor Wilmer C. Harris of the Depart-
ment of European History and Mr. Louis M. Eich, instructor

162 History of The Ohio State University

in the Department of English, went into training at Camp
Gordon, Georgia. The latter was promptly sent home on ac-
count of physical disability. Later he was drafted and again
discharged for the same reason. The former spent several
weeks in the strenuous life of the camp, only to have his hopes
blasted by the signing of the Armistice. He resumed his du-
ties in the University in January, 1919. Mr. Erwin A. Esper
of the Department of English was sworn into the service in
May, 1918, received his training at Camp Lee, Virginia, be-
came a private in the Quartermaster's Department, Ship Re-
pair Shop Unit No. 301, was promoted to sergeant, served at
Hoboken, N. J., and was released, November 23, 1918. Mr.
Sidney E. Mix, assistant in geology, entered the service as a
private and was promoted to a second lieutenancy before his
discharge. Mr. Waldo Schumacher, graduate assistant in po-
litical science, had been at several camps when the war closed.

A considerable number of the members of the Arts Col-
lege Faculty rendered civilian service of various kinds during
specified periods. Professor M. Blakemore Evans of the Ger-
man Department was a special investigator in the United
States Food Administration in Ohio during the summer of
1918. Professor J. R. Taylor of the Department of English,
Professor E. H. McNeal of the Department of European His-
tory, and Professor H. C. Hockett of the Department of Amer-
ican History were assistants in the Sugar Division of the Food
Administration. The members of the Romance Languages and
German Departments, together with individual members of
the Philosophy, English, European History, Greek, and Latin
Departments, formed an organization under the chairman-
ship of Professor M. B. Evans at the request of the postoffice
to read foreign-language newspapers. Only one of these Gov-
ernment translators was given an opportunity to perform a
task of importance, namely, Professor George M. Boiling of
the Department of Greek, who spent about 100 hours in read-
ing a set of Lithuanian newspapers published in the United
States.

Other members of the Faculty of the College of Arts,

College of Arts 163

Philosophy, and Science who were engaged in military or
civilian service were Professors William McPherson, William
L. Evans, and James R. Withrow of the Department of Chem-
istry; James E. Hagerty and Matthew B. Hammond of the
Department of Economics and Sociology; Major George L.
Converse of the Department of Military Science and Tactics ;
Professor E. F. McCampbell of the Department of Preventive
Medicine ; Professor Frederick C. Blake of the Department of
Physics ; Professor George F. Arps of the Department of Psy-
chology; Professor Osman C. Hooper of the Department of
Journalism ; Professor Victor A. Ketcham of the Department
of English, and Professor John H. Nichols of the Department
of Physical Education. As these gentlemen were members of
one or another of the other college Faculties, their special
services are briefly chronicled in other chapters. No attempt
has been made here or elsewhere in this volume to set down
the long list of the names of those members of the Faculty who
participated in the Liberty Loan and similar campaigns, or in
some other forms of service incidental to the war. A com-
plete enumeration of such activities would be impossible.

Several members of the Arts College staff wrote and
spoke on various themes connected with the war. Mr. John R.
Knipfing, who became an instructor in European history in
the fall of 1917, was pursuing graduate study in Germany
when the United States entered the conflict. In various trips
about the German Empire he had collected considerable data
in regard to the conditions prevailing in that country. Hav-
ing secured permission to leave Germany, he proceeded to
Copenhagen and there entered the service of the American
consul-general as a translator of the editorials contained in
representative German newspapers concerning the action of
the United States Government. His translations were cabled
to the secretary of state at Washington. After Mr. Knipfing
associated himself with the Department of European History,
he was several times called on to address audiences at the
University, in Columbus, and elsewhere on war conditions in
Germany, and two or three of his communications on the same

164 History of The Ohio State University

topic were printed in the New York Times. In the summer of
1917 Professor Joseph A. Leighton of the Department of Phi-
losophy had an article in the Scientific Monthly, in which he
dwelt upon the opportunity of the United States to do more
than any other country toward founding a new international
order.

Professor J. V. Denney of the Department of English
wrote for the Ohio State University Monthly of April, 1918,
a paper on "War and Poetry," in which he characterized the
verse inspired by the World War as a poetry of ideals rather
than of the old "drum and trumpet" kind, a fact which he at-
tributed to the presence of many poets, artists and university
men in the armies of the Allies and also to the large number
of reading and thinking men in those armies. Professor Den-
ney maintained that the Germans, aside from their "Hymn of
Hate," produced a "literature of release," the object of which
was "to take the mind off the war" for "despotism has yet to
find a poet to sing its praises."

Professor Clarence E. Andrews, also of the Department
of English, while serving as a first lieutenant in the Aviation
Section of the Signal Reserve Corps, compiled a volume of
trench poetry which was published by D. Appleton & Co. in
the summer of 1918. It was entitled From the Front and con-
tained for the most part poems by authors who had never
written verse before. Some of these poems were written in
camp, billet or dugout, in the trenches, under fire or in the
convalescent hospital. Among the better-known poems in-
cluded in Professor Andrews' collection are : Rupert Brooke's
"The Soldier," Alan Seegar's "I Have a Rendezvous with
Death," Robert W. Service's "Rhymes of a Red Cross Man,"
Sergeant J. W. Street's "The Undying Splendor," and Lieuten-
ant Colonel John McRae's "In Flanders Fields." The royalties
from the sale of the book went to the British Red Cross fund.

During July and August, 1918, the weekly Convocations
of the students of the summer session were addressed on sub-
jects suggested by the war, as follows: "Gas Warfare," by
Professor C. W. Foulk ; "Woodrow Wilson," by Professor Wil-

College of Arts 165

bur H. Siebert ; "Education and the War," by Professor J. H.
Coursault, and "Educational Problems of a Nation at War,"
by President W. 0. Thompson.

Professor Wallace C. Sabine, B.A. '86, physicist at Har-
vard University, rendered a greater variety of important war
services than any other graduate of the University. His op-
portunity came through his being appointed by the Harvard
authorities as exchange professor to deliver the Sarbonne Lec-
tures at the University of Paris. His subject was Acoustics,
of which he was the recognized authority. He and his family
sailed in July, 1916, and had scarcely reached Paris when both
Professor and Mrs. Sabine were asked by the Rockefeller War
Relief Commission to engage in the work it had in hand, with
headquarters at Berne, Switzerland. Sabine's first war work
kept him in Berne two months, looking after the hospitaliza-
tion of hundreds of Belgian children and sending condensed
milk to Polish and Serbian babies. Then he was transferred
to France to investigate tuberculosis. Late in September he
sent off his report on this subject to the Rockefeller Founda-
tion in New York City. In this report he called attention to
the fact that at the beginning of the war there was more
tuberculosis in France than in any other country of western
Europe, and that it had greatly increased under war condi-
tions. Furthermore, France had but few hospitals for the
treatment of tubercular patients, and these few were of low
standards of practice. The situation must be handled diplo-
matically so as not to offend the French, and therefore Sabine
recommended the study of the situation by a small interna-
tional commission which might not only serve France but also
find the best method for any national endeavor against tuber-
culosis.

As a result of this report the Rockefeller Foundation sent
over a representative to establish in France, in cooperation
with the French Government and the medical profession, a
dispensary, publicity, and training demonstration for the pur-
pose of helping to control tuberculosis. Hitherto there had
been only twelve tuberculosis dispensaries. During the next

166 History of The Ohio State University

six years these were increased to one hundred and sixty-eight.
"Subventions were granted for the building of sanatoria,
training-schools were conducted for public health visitors,
offering a two-years' course, and a graduate course in tuber-
culosis was completed by 175 dispensary physicians. The
work of the Foundation was transferred to the French Gov-
ernment in 1922."

Sabine's Sarbonne Lectures began late in February, 1917,
and ran into May, At their cessation he was asked to help in
the Information Bureau of the United States Navy in Paris
in finding ways of detecting approaching submarines. At
about the same time he became adviser to the French Bureau
des Inventions on the submarine problem and on the scientific
instruments used in airplanes. He was also placed at once on
the staff of the Bureau of Research of the Air Service of the
American Expeditionary Force, becoming an assistant to Col-
onel E. S. Gorrell, assistant chief of staff, who was then in
charge of the Technical Section of the Air Service. Simul-
taneously Sabine received a request from the British Muni-
tions Inventions Bureau to come to England for consultation
on some problems in acoustics.

He first went down to Toulon, the Mediterranean base
of the French fleet, where he descended in a submarine and
discussed with the high authorities the problem of detecting
enemy submarines at a distance. He made another descent
in an Italian submarine at Spezia, where he continued his
experiments in sound detection. Having been authorized by
Colonel Gorrell to travel through Italy, France, and England
in order to learn all he could concerning the technical features
of and air service in wartime, and being invited by the
Italian authorities, Sabine made several flights in bombing-
planes over the Austrian lines in the Trentino. With a special
camera devised by him, he took numerous photographs of the
enemy's works. One of these disclosed thirty-two hitherto
unknown Austrian hangars. In the late summer of 1917 Sa-
bine was in the great Italian offensive on the Isonzo — the
Carso — with the shells flying overhead in both directions. He

1

College of Arts 167

was also in a great bombarding aeroplane over the Adriatic
and Trieste. On September 3 he went out over the Mediter-
ranean in a dirigible and shortly thereafter he flew out from
Genoa in a hydroaeroplane. Every facility was given him in
Italy to study the problems which had been submitted to him.

Sabine next went to England in answer to the invitation
of the Munitions Inventions Department. The first problem
given him was the failure of the English anti-aircraft shells
to explode in the air when fired at enemy planes crossing the
English Channel. The shells exploded along the coat, inflicting
terrific damage. Sabine found two things to be the matter:
(1) that the internal mechanism was set at too high a speed,
and (2) that the powder did not explode during the flight of
the shell because it was pressed between the seams. The shell
burst only when it struck the ground. He was at once attached
to the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps and served part of
the time on the Boiling Aircaft Commission.

While thus engaged, Sabine found that military etiquette
was preventing the mutual understanding of complicated
problems between the Air Services of England, France, and
Italy. Having won the confidence of those high in authority
in the three countries by his practical, scientific ability, he
was given the initiative as "an uncommissioned confidential
liaison agent" to arrange conferences between them. He thus
facilitated a direct exchange of technical information and the
discussion of their common military problems.

Colonel A. D. Butterfield has characterized Sabine as "the
eyes and ears of the Technical Section of the Air Service" of
the American Expeditionary Force. His service to the Allied
cause lasted during seventeen months. His last conference
before sailing for Boston, in Septemb, 1917, was with the
authorities at the "American Front."

He brought back a number of official papers entrusted to
him by the Allied Governments and carried them immediately
to Washington, where he also made a report of conditions as
he had found them. The great value of his information was
appreciated, and he was desired to give it to Colonel E. A.

168 History of The Ohio State University

Deeds, chief of the Equipment Division of the Aviation Sec-
tion of the Signal Corps. After hearing him, Colonel Deeds
immediately made Sabine a member of his staff and gave him
a desk in an adjoining office. However, Sabine refused a lieu-
tenant colonel's commission. He passed upon all cablegrams
regarding apparatus, kept the Allies informed of the progress
in the Air Service of the United States, and interpreted their
development to the high officers of ours. He was soon made
the final authority on the selection of instruments for produc-
tion from those received from abroad, and he sent to those
particularly interested the confidential, technical information
arriving from many sources after having sifted it.

During the winter of 1917-1918 Sabine made frequent
official trips from Washington to the Wright Flying Field at
Dayton, Ohio, in connection with experiments on airplanes
and aircraft equipment, despite the poor state of his health
during this period. Nevertheless, after the separation of the
Air Service from the Signal Corps in the spring of 1918, he
was appointed director of the newly created Department of
Technical Information in the Bureau of Aircrafe Production
and organized the department. In this capacity he was re-
sponsible for the securing, collating, and distributing of the
technical data received from the British Ministry of War and
Munitions ; the British, French, and Italian War and Aviation
Missions; the scientific attaches accredited to the American
Embassies in London, Paris, and Rome by the National Re-
Bureal of Aircraft Production. He also cooperated closely
search Council; and a special Mission sent abroad by the
with the Naval Aviation Information and with the National
Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Sabine's extensive ac-
quaintance among French, Italian, and English officers and
with the leaders in the American Air Service enabled him to
gather practically all information of value for distribution.

During the entire period of his service in Washington
Sabine was teaching his classes at Harvard during a part of
each week. He arrived in Cambridge from Washington at
eight o'clock on Tuesday morning and devoted himself to his

College of Arts 169

university work until he was ready to return on the midnight
train on Thursday. A School of Aviation was then in progress
at Harvard, and Sabine realized that its students needed to
know something about the laws of shell flight and the effect
of the density and piling up of the air in front of moving
projectiles. He therefore gave them a course on aviation bal-
listics, inducing Professor William F. Osgood to present the
mathematical aspects of the subject.

During the summer of 1918 Sabine experienced an alarm-
ing return of his kidney trouble, but would not give up and
submit to a surgical operation. "Not while the War is on and
other lives are in danger," he said. However, he could not
see his way clear to going back to France "to become the head
of a bureau of technical information, which should serve as a
clearing house for the aeronautical service of the United States
and of the Associated Governments.

Sabine continued to perform his duties in Washington
until the Armistice, November 11, 1918, relieved him of them.
His connection with the Bureau of Aircraft Production had
already terminated. By the end of November he completed
his work in Washington and sent in his resignation to Sec-
retary of War Baker as one of the representatives of the War
Department on the National Advisory Committee for Aero-
nautics. He was still the editor-in-chief of the Specification
Section of the Experimental Engineering Department, and as
such his duty was to record the development of engineering
work in the Bureau of Aircraft Production. After the Armis-
tice he served on the Committee of Science and Research and
Aeronautical Development, which was a subcommittee of the
Board for the Organization of the Air Service on a peace basis.
He wrote the report containing important recommendations
as to the steps and organization for the proper development
of aeronautics and its promotion for commercial purposes.

At length, in December, 1918, Sabine underwent a pre-
liminary operation in Boston, which afforded him temporary
relief. On January 5, 1919, he returned to the hospital and
had the major operation. His reserves of vitality had been so

170 History of The Ohio State University

impaired by his unstinted services since the summer of 1916
that he survived only a few days, his death occurring on
July 10.^

Mr. Halbert E. Payne, Arts '87, joined the group of Ohio
State workers in Washington, D. C, March 1, 1918, and was
later commissioned a captain in the Aviation Section, Signal
Corps. His work was especially concerned with the materials
for airplane production. In the spring of 1918 Henry L. Rietz,
'99, professor of mathematics at the University of Illinois,
was called to Washington for special war work in the Quar-
termaster Department under General G. W. Goethals. Arthur
F. Graves-Walker of Baltimore, a former member of the class
of 1905, was chosen by the United States fuel administrator.
Dr. Harry A. Garfield, as chief of the Division of Manufactur-
ing Fuels, with headquarters at the national capital. His task
was to supervise the use of all fuel in the country, except that
used in firing steam boilers. He had under his direction a
large force of engineers as plant inspectors to promote the
conservation of coal.

The Washington colony of Ohio State graduates was not
without its women members. Miss Thelma L. Lyons, Arts '17,
was employed in the Executive Division, Military Intelligence
Branch of the War Department, and Miss Katherine Krauss,
Arts '91, served as library assistant in the Division of Military
Aeronautics.

After having been engaged as a civilian during the sum-
mer of 1918 in the Quartermaster's Department, Mr. Carl E.
Steeb, '99, business manager of the University and secretary
to the Board of Trustees, was commissioned a major in the
same department late in September. He served as liaison
officer at headquarters in Washington, where for a period he
was in charge of quartermaster training. He also saw service
at Camp Johnson, Florida, and at Camp Meigs, in the District
of Columbia. He was discharged in December, 1918.

^ The above account of Sabine's war services has been taken from
the volume, Wallace Clement Sabine, A Study in Achievement. By Wil-
liam Dana Orcutt. Plimpton Press, Norwood, Mass. 1933.

A class in trap-shooting, Army School of Military Aei'onautics

Professor H. C. Lord conducting a class in aids to flight

Graduating Exercises of a Unit of the Army School of Military Aeronautics

A University wartime parade passing the State House, Columbus, Ohio

CHAPTER XII

THE COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND JOURNALISM
IN WARTIME

The academic year 1916-17 marked the entrance of the
Department of Journalism into the newly organized College
of Commerce and Journalism. Undoubtedly the war greatly
reduced the attendance in the new college, inasmuch as it was
a senior college in which only third- and fourth-year students
were enrolled. In the fall of 1916 the registration was 77 and
in the following February, 82. Almost a third of this number
withdrew in the early part of May, 1917, when 16 students
left the University to go into farm work and 9 others, into
military service, under permission from the Faculty. In Sep-
tember the college enrolled 97 students ; but five months later
the attendance fell to 64, a drop of 331/3 per cent. In the fall
of 1918 the number of regular students in the college was 62,
to which should be added 16 cadets of the Students' Army
Training Corps, making a total of 78. The spring semester,
following the signing of the Armistice in November, was
marked by the return of a number of men and the registration
of a few new students, bringing the enrollment up to 103, and
when the college opened in September, 1919, it jumped to 251.
Similar conditions are revealed in the number of students in
Commerce and Journalism attending the summer sessions of
1917, 1918, and 1919, namely, 7, 9, and 41, respectively.

From the time of its completed organization the College
of Commerce and Journalism comprised only two departments,
namely, (1) Economics and Sociology and (2) Journalism.
The former of these departments drew students from several
colleges, besides that of Commerce and Journalism. Its at-
tendance was, therefore, a reliable index of the general attend-

171

172 History of The Ohio State University

ance in the University. The enrollment of the first semester
of 1917-18 in economics was 1,097 and in sociology 411, mak-
ing a total enrollment of 1,508. But this was 200 less than
the enrollment in the year 1916-17, and reflected the reduced
enrollment in the University at large for the former year.

The Department of Journalism experienced a progressive
decline in attendance during the years of the war, a part of
this attendance coming from the College of Arts, Philosophy,
and Science. The total number of students in journalism for
the year 1916-17 was 319; for 1917-18, 23'9; for 1918-19, 173,
and for 1919-20 it rose to 210.

When the Faculty order dismissing students to enter pro-
ductive or military service went into effect. May 1, 1917, it
took about three-fourths of the young men of the department ;
but classroom and laboratory exercises were carried on with
those remaining. In the fall of 1917 the department suffered
a greatly reduced enrollment as to men, although a consid-
erable number registered while awaiting the call to service.
Most of these dropped out within a month or two. All courses
of instruction were maintained throughout the academic year
1917-18, despite the reduced attendance. In the fall of 1918
the enrollment in journalism reached its lowest point, the
record for the beginning course being indicative of the others.
In this course 17 men registered, and 20 women, whereas in
previous years the enrollment had been about 75 per cent men.
Of these 17 men 10 withdrew to enter the Students' Army
Training Corps, or other war service. The advance courses
were very small, and what few men remained were either
ineligible to service, or were awaiting a call to the Navy. The
Ohio State Lantern, the University daily paper, for the first
time in history was conducted largely by women students, who
held several responsible positions on its staff, including that
of business manager. Even the carriers were women. The
half-year following the signing of the Armistice saw the return
of a number of men to journalism, some of whom had started
in it the preceding September. The effect of the war on the
upper classes in journalism is shown in the number of gradu-

Commerce and Journalism 173

ates in the subject during this period. Instead of eight or ten
graduates in 1918, the first year the degree in journalism was
conferred, there were only two, one a woman, and the other a
man who went into service on Commencement Day. In 1919
three received degrees, one being a man who normally would
have graduated in 1918.

During the first half-year of 1918-19 many of the courses
in the College of Commerce and Journalism were omitted, on
account of the absence in war work or military service of a
large number of the teachers. Out of a staff of 23 instructors
17 were engaged in war service of one kind or another, some
giving continuous service almost from the beginning of our
entrance into the conflict, and others giving their full time
during only a part of the war period. With the return of
several of the absentees for the second half-year of 1918-19
and the employment of new teachers, all but a few of the
courses in the college were carried on during the second half-
year.

The attempt is made below to present the record of those
members of the college staff who engaged in war work ; but it
should be remembered that the others who remained at their
posts were rendering an important service, which was ex-
pected by the Government and the State, albeit a less con-
spicuous one. At the organization of the Columbus Chapter
of the Red Cross in the spring of 1917, Dean James E. Hagerty
was appointted chairman of the Civilian Relief Committee and
as such became chairman of the Home Service Subcommittee.
He directed the work of material and advisory aid of the fam-
ilies of soldiers and soilors, giving to the men needed informa-
tion before going to camp and after discharge, and to their
families information and aid of various kinds until the read-
justment to industrial and community life was complete. He
organized a corps of investigators which was aided by a Con-
sultation Committee that met at stated intervals to consider
the more difficult problems. Professor Osman C. Hooper of
the Department of Journalism served on this committee.

At the invitation of the National Red Cross Dr. Hagerty

174 History of The Ohio State University

organized at the University a Home Service Institute for the
training of investigators and office managers in civilian relief
work, and this institute was conducted under the joint auspices
of the National Red Cross, the Columbus Chapter of the Red
Cross, and the University Department of Economics and Soci-
ology. Three classes were instructed, one in 1917 and two in
1918, each doing six weeks of classroom and field work, the
latter in connection with local philanthropic organizations.
Some of the students became volunteer workers in the Civilian
Relief Department of the Columbus Red Cross Chapter, while
others returned to the counties from which they came to ren-
der similar service. A number of permanent social workers
came out of these classes.

Dean Hagerty served as an adviser to the Federal Food
administrator in Ohio, chiefly on problems of marketing, from
September, 1917, until February, 1918. He was then granted
leave of absence from the University and gave his whole time
to the food administration as head of the Division of Mar-
keting, which exercised general supervision over price fixing
and middlemen's margins. This involved the regulation and
control of margins on feeds, grocers' and jobbers' margins,
the fixing of prices of bread and ice, the maximum prices of
seed corn, and the prices of milk until the Ohio Milk Commis-
sion was formed. As deputy food administrator Dr. Hagerty
served on a committee that visited Camp Sherman in July,
1918, to see to what extent food conservation was practiced
there and secure the cooperation of the officers in charge of
the camp in preventing waste of foods of all kinds. As the
camp accommodated 40,000 soldiers, and its officers pledged
their support to the Food Administration in this matter. Dr.
Hagerty's committee was successful in its mission. Professor
Joseph S. Myers, head of the Department of Journalism, gave
much time to war work, while carrying a full schedule of
teaching in the University. He acted as publicity agent for
the first Red Cross drive and was a member of the campus
branch of the American Protective League and of the execu-
tive committee that conducted the campus campaign for the

Commerce and Journalism 175

Community War Chest and the Liberty Loan drives. He also
served as a member of the Red Cross committee that made
a survey of the supply of nurses in Franklin County. In the
summer of 1918, when there was a pressing need for nurses,
a campaign was organized in Columbus for the enrollment of
graduate nurses and of young women willing to take the train-
ing necessary to become nurses. Professor Myers was chair-
man of the committee that opened headquarters at the Deshler
Hotel and in two weeks succeeded in enrolling 203 nurses and
126 young women willing to take the training. His work on
the committee that visited training camps to obtain for the
University records the names of Ohio State men in the service
is referred to elsewhere.

Professor M. B. Hammond's first war work began on
April 23, 1917, when he was released from the University to
organize employment offices in Springfield, Hamilton, and
Washington C. H. as part of the plan of the Ohio Branch of
the Council of National Defense for fourteen new employment
offices, in addition to the seven already in existence. All of
these offices were to be utilized in mobilizing the labor forces
of the State. After a few weeks Dr. Hammond was asked to
extend his field of operations so as to include southeastern
Ohio, where offices had been opened by other organizers at
Chillicothe, Athens, Marietta, Steubenville, and Portsmouth.
These employment offices were usually established by the joint
action of the State and the municipality concerned, the latter
supplying suitable rooms, furniture, and the other accessories,
while the former paid the salaries of the superintendents and
clerks. It was the function of Dr. Hammond to pay weekly
visits to the offices within his territory, in order to give super-
vision and direction to their work. He continued to act as
supervisor until June, 1917, when his task was assumed by
the regular supervisors of the State Employment Service. At
this time the fuel situation in Ohio was threatening to become
acute. As a member of the Ohio Coal Mining Commission of
1913, Professor Hammond had gained some insight into the
economic and social conditions of the coal-mining industry.

176 History of The Ohio State University

He was therefore requested by the Council of Defense to inves-
tigate and report on the conditions in eastern Ohio that were
retarding coal production in that region. After this had been
done, Dr. Hammond served on as secretary of Governor Cox's
Special Coal Committee, with some of the leading coal opera-
tors of the State, in formulating plans for improving the coal
situation in Ohio. The labors of this committee ceased in July,
1917, when the United States Fuel Administration was estab-
lished.

At the end of the month just named Dean David Kinley
of the University of Illinois, director of the Research Depart-
ment of Economics and Politics for the Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace, invited Professor Hammond to pre-
pare a preliminary study of British labor conditions during
the war, the work to be carried on as far as possible in Wash-
ington. Accordingly, Dr. Hammond pursued investigations in
the Library of Congress during August and September and
again during the Christmas holidays, and completed his mono-
graph nearly a year later. This work, which numbers 350
pages, has since been published by the Carnegie Endowment
under the title British Labor Conditions During the War.

During the early part of 1918 Dr. Hammond was, among
others, called to Washington to attend a conference of the
Advisory Committee of the United States Department of
Labor, then formulating plans for the organization of the
United States Employment Service. In June of this year Dr.
Hammond was granted leave of absence from the University,
in response to a request from Mr. Herbert Hoover, director
of the United States Food Administration, that he be per-
mitted to serve on the National War Labor Policies Board.
This board was composed of one representative from each of
the following departments: War, Navy, Agriculture, the
United States Shipping Board, the Emergency Fleet Corpora-
tion, the Food, Fuel, and Railroad Administrations, and the
War Industries Board. Heads of various bureaus of the De-
partment of Labor also sat with the War Labor Policies Board
and served on its committees. The work of this board dealt

Commerce and Journalism 177

chiefly with securing coordination and introducing a uniform
labor policy among those departments of the Government that
were employing labor in productive operations on a large scale,
especially the Ordnance and Construction Divisions of the War
and Navy Departments and the Emergency Fleet Corporation.
Dr. Hammond served on committees on industrial furloughs,
standardization of wages, cost of living, employment service
policy, agricultural cooperation, and also on the committee
that devised the plan for requiring centralized recruiting of
unskilled labor by public and private employers through the
United States Employment Service and secured deferred
classification for industrial registrants under the Second
Selective Act whose services would be of more value in indus-
try than in the Army. The work of this last committee was
particularly important, and may probably be regarded as one
of the most significant contributions of the War Labor Policies
Board in solving war problems. Its recommendations were
adopted by the War Department and incorporated in the Sec-
ond Selective Service Act and in the rules adopted for the en-
forcement of that act.

On his arrival in Washington in June, 1918, Professor
Hammond became not only the representative of the Federal
Food Administration on the War Labor Policies Board, but
also the labor adviser to the Food Administration itself by
Mr. Hoover's appointment. The heads of all divisions of the
Food Administration were instructed to transmit their labor
problems through Professor Hammond as head of the Labor
Division. These problems came up from the employers of
labor in all the various food-producing industries. The solving
of these questions occupied more of Dr. Hammond's time and
attention than did the business that came before the War
Labor Policies Board. The most important work of the Labor
Division was in discovering and making available new sources
of labor and in suggesting more effective ways of using the
labor power already existing. With the help of technical ex-
perts of the Food Administration, the Labor Division prepared
A List of the Most Important Occupations and Employments

178 History of The Ohio State University

in the Food Producing Industries under the Supervision of
the United States Food Administration. This list made a
pamphlet of sixty pages, which was sent to all District Draft
Boards, the federal food administrators of the various States,
and the United States Employment Service examiners. The
object in preparing and distributing this pamphlet was to
assist the District Draft Boards and others in determining
what were the essential occupations in the food industries, so
that the highly skilled men engaged in these occupations might
be granted deferred classification for military service and thus
kept in the industries. As a further means of safeguarding
the essential industries the adjutant general's office was au-
thorized by the general staff of the Army to issue indefinite
furloughs to approved industrial applicants. No industrial
furloughs in the food-producing industries were granted, ex-
cept on recommendation of Dr. Hammond, who was appointed
certifying officer in the Food Administration and passed on
hundreds of applications for such furloughs. The Labor Divi-
sion also assisted in securing the temporary release from
Army camps of hundreds of men whose services were greatly
needed in the harvesting of crops.

During December, 1918, Dr. Hammond gave much of his
time to the planning of normal courses for the training of
examiners in the offices of the Federal Employment Service,
who, in turn, were to instruct the local examiners in the vari-
ous States. Although released from service at the end of
December, he remained in Washington during the following
month, still engaged in this work and also in serving as as-
sistant director of the course given to nearly a hundred exam-
iners from the northeastern group of States. Dr. Hammond
returned to his duties at Ohio State University, February
1, 1919.

Assistant Professor Carl E. Parry of the Department of
Economics and Sociology served as secretary of the Committee
on Patriotic Education, Ohio Branch, Council of National De-
fense, from November, 1917, until January 1, 1919. During
the months from February to June, inclusive, of 1918, he was

I

Commerce and Journalism 179

on leave of absence from the University for this purpose. For
one month, July 15 to August 15, 1918, Dr. Parry was secre-
tary of the Speaking Division of the Committee on Public
Information at Washington. During most of his period of
service Dr. Parry's principal duties were those connected with
the direction of the Speakers' Division of the Ohio Branch,
Council of National Defense, mainly in cooperation with the
Speaking Division of the Committee on Public Information.
The primary purpose of the Speakers' Bureau was to promote
the understanding of the war on the part of the general public.
The bureau made use of but few Ohio speakers, for it had the
opportunity of employing the services of French and Italian
officers who knew intimately conditions in Europe. Among
these were Lieutenant Paul Perigord of the French Army and
Lieutenant Bruno Rosselli of the Italian Army.

The Speakers' Bureau, under Dr. Parry's supervision, also
cooperated with the Federal Food Administration in Ohio to
the end of carrying its message into all parts of the State. Its
functions in this connection were: (a) the scheduling, routing,
and management of special food speakers supplied by the Food
Administration at Washington; (b) the enrollment and as-
signment of Ohio speakers for addresses in various localities;
and (c) the preparation of bulletins and information sheets
for the use of local speakers on food subjects throughout the
State. Perhaps the most comprehensive speaking program
carried out in Ohio during the war was that filled by six
outside speakers, who were sent into the State by the Federal
Food Administration in March, 1918, and spoke in some
eighty towns and cities. They traveled about 2,000 miles in
Ohio and addressed approximately 40,000 auditors. All of
the cities of the State with a population of 20,000 or over
and about half of the smaller cities that are county seats were
visited at least once by some speaker furnished by the Speak-
ers' Bureau. In the summer of 1918, through an arrangement
with the Chautauqua Bureau, two food experts were sent over
addresses and demonstrations to large assemblies. The gen-
circuits, by which they were enabled to give more than fifty

180 History of The Ohio State University

eral result of all this effort was, no doubt, to help impress on
the minds of the people of Ohio the need of economy in the
use of foods and especially to increase the popular understand-
ing of the European peoples and of some of the issues involved
in the w^ar.

On October 2, 1917, Dr. Cecil C. North, assistant pro-
fessor in economics and sociology, was granted leave of ab-
sence and was engaged in war work during the next thirteen
months. Dr. North organized the War Camp Community
Service at Louisville, Kentucky, and had charge of it for eight
months. He also directed similar work in El Paso, Texas, for
two months and in Detroit, Michigan, for three months.

After six months' service at the head of the Civilian Re-
lief work at Camp Sherman, Mr. Roderick D. McKenzie,
instructor in economics and sociology, became a special inves-
tigator in the Division of Prices of the Food Administration
in Ohio, May 1, 1918. Mr. Shirley J. Coon of the same depart-
ment at the University became associated with Mr. McKenzie
in a similar capacity on June 6, 1918, having served for two
months of the previous summer in the Ohio Branch of the
Council of National Defense. The aim of the investigations
of these two economists was to keep the Food Administration
informed in regard to the war prices of food commodities, with
a view of insuring "fair and reasonable" prices. The passage
of the Food Control Act in August, 1917, resulting in the
establishment of the Federal Food Administration and its
State branches, supplied adequate authority and the central-
ized agencies for this purpose. In order to exercise this func-
tion properly, the Federal Food Administration in Ohio
organized its Division of Prices, October 1, 1917. Mr. Mc-
Kenzie remained connected with the division until September
7, 1918, and Mr. Coon until September 21 of the same year,
"by which time much of the pioneer work had been completed."

Miss Mary Louise Mark, instructor in economics and
sociology, was the statistical adviser to the Food Administra-
tion in Ohio from December 27, 1917, to January 15, 1919.
Assistant Professor Henry F. Walradt of the same department

Commerce and Journalism 181

served as an assistant in the Sugar Division during the sum-
mer of 1918, as did his associate, Mr. Donald R. Taft. During
the first half-year of 1918-19 Dr. Walradt was absent from
the University on leave vi^hile in the employment of the United
States Shipping Board in Washington.

Another member of the Department of Economics and
Sociology who was connected with the Shipping Board was
Professor Clyde 0. Ruggles. In August, 1919, Dr. Ruggles
was called to Washington to direct an investigation into the
terminal charges at the ports of the United States. The inves-
tigation included all charges incident to the coordination of
rail and water carriers, and involved some examination of
port terminal services as affected by private ownership of
port terminal facilities and the absence of any Government
control; the industrial use of a port; exclusive contracts be-
tween ocean and rail carriers, and lack of coordination among
rail carriers themselves or between rail and water carriers.
The work was completed in January, 1919, the results being
embodied in a published report of 180 pages, entitled Terminal
Charges at United States Ports. Under Part I it deals with
such subjects as general characteristices of port terminal
charges, methods of investigation, comparison of charges at
various ports, advances in port charges during the war, and
consequences of present policies concerning port charges and
services. Under Part II is given a general description of
terminal facilities and port charges at ten principal ports, a
comparative view of important charges in these ports, and an
account of terminal facilities and port charges at other ports.
The report recommended the establishment of a bureau of the
United States Shipping Board to deal with port terminal
charges and service. The duties of such a bureau would be to
collect the latest information concerning port charges and
services and, in cooperation with the Interstate Commerce
Commission and local port authorities, to enforce equitable
charges and require such joint use of port facilities and such
coordination of rail and water carriers as would prevent con-

182 History of The Ohio State University

gestion in ports and resulting embargoes upon the railroads
leading thereto.

Professor Oliver C. Lockhart of the Department of Eco-
nomics and Sociology was on leave of absence in New York
City during the year 1918-19, and was engaged in war work
there. Mr, William F, Bloor, instructor in the same depart-
ment, spent the summer of 1918 in the ofRce of the Federal
Trade Commission in Washington. Other instructors who
were absent from this department were : Mr. George Gephart,
who gave a year's service in 1917-18 in the ofRce of the State
Draft Headquarters; Mr. Harry E. Shepperd, who was em-
ployed in the same office for several months; Mr. Herman C.
Miller, who left to enter the Navy at the beginning of Sep-
tember, 1917; Mr. George W. Eckelberry, who departed in the
winter of 1917-18 to enter the Air Service; Mr. Horace B.
Drury, who served from May, 1918, until after the end of the
war in the Marine and Dock Industrial Relations Division of
the United States Shipping Board in Washington; and Mr.
Warner E. Getty s, who resigned to go into the Medical Service
with a base hospital.

It is not known how many students and graduates of the
College of Commerce and Journalism enlisted in the Army
and Navy, but undoubtedly the college was represented in
the armed forces of the United States by its full proportion.
This is suggested by the fact that records in the possession
of the Department of Journalism show that nearly a hundred
of its students were in the service during the war. One of
these, Lawrence C. Yerges, died of wounds received in action;
another, Carl A. Geiger, died of disease contracted in a train-
ing camp ; and a third, William Paul Bancroft, died after the
war from causes directly traceable to service in the Army.

CHAPTER XIII

THE COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY, THE DENTAL CLINIC,
AND MILITARY SERVICE

The College of Dentistry, like the other colleges in the
University, felt the ill effect of the war before the United
States entered the conflict in April, 1917. This ill effect was
shown most clearly in the reduction of the enrollment during
the year 1916-1917. At the beginning of the first half-year
the number of students in the college was 162; at the begin-
ning of the second it was 157. When the University Faculty
excused young men from all the colleges to go into agricultural
or other Government service in the early part of May,, 1917,
seven dental students withdrew to engage in farm work and
two to enter military service. The participation of the United
States in the war lowered considerably the number of students
enrolling in the fall of 1917, this number being only 133.
The same number registered in February, 1918. This main-
tenance of numbers is explained by two things. In the first
place. Congress enacted a law, October 6, 1917, permitting
all dental students to become members in the Medical Enlisted
Reserve Corps, Dental Section. This enabled them to remain
in college to complete their studies. Those who were twenty-
one years of age or over and physically fit availed themselves
of this opportunity. The number entering the reserve corps
was 83. However, such students were sent into active service
whenever their marks fell below a certain grade. In the sec-
ond place, during the year 1917-18 former students who were
already in active service were sent back by the Government
and allowed to enter the reserve corps, so that they might fit
themselves for better service. The establishment of the Stu-
dents' Army Training Corps at the University, October 1,

183

184 History of The Ohio State University

1918, brought 82 cadets of that organization into the Dental
College, in addition to the regular students, and sent the en-
rollment to 196. In February, 1919, that is, after the signing
of the Armistice and the demobilization of the S.A.T.C., the
enrollment dropped to the low level of 85. Before the close
of this half-year two seniors and three sophomores returned
from active military service. Conditions became normal in
September, 1919, when 166 students were registered in the
college. The changing conditions of the war period were
reflected in miniature in the attendance of dental students
at the summer sessions of 1917, 1918, and 1919. In the first
of these sessions only 3' students enrolled; in the second, 13;
and in the third, 9.

During the first week in May, 1917, the Faculty of the
College of Dentistry passed resolutions in favor of the dental
colleges of the country offering their services to the Govern-
ment and proposing that all dental students joining the Dental
Section of the Officers' Reserve Corps should take a course in
military dentistry at one of these colleges. It was recom-
mended that some of the instructors in dentistry at Ohio State
enlist in the Officers' Reserve Corps in anticipation of giving
dental treatment to recruits at the college clinic. In truth,
while Camp Willis was at Upper Arlington in the summer of
1916, the dental clinic of the University had treated hundreds
of the men who were stationed in the camp until they should
be sent to the Mexican Border. This experience had not been
confined to the College of Dentistry in Columbus, and there
was, therefore, a general movement among dental colleges and
individual dentists to respond promptly to the needs of Amer-
ican soldiers and recruits in case the United States went into
the World War. This general movement resulted in the or-
ganizing of the Preparedness League of Dental Surgeons in
the spring of 1917. As a participant in this league the College
of Dentistry was in a position to open its clinic and give free
dental services to "the recruits, the selected men from the
draft, and the National Guardsmen" who were mustered into
the federal service. During the spring, summer, and fall of

College of Dentistry 185

1917 about five hundred young men were treated at the clinic
before being sent to their cantonments. This clinical work
was done by the members of the senior class of the college
under the supervision of their instructors. Most of the other
dental colleges of the country were giving similar services
to the Government.

After the establishment of the Dental Section of the Offi-
cers' Reserve Corps, June 1, 1917, by the Federal Government
acting through the surgeon general's office, some five thou-
sand dentists enlisted in this organization and received com-
missions as lieutenants, captains, and majors. About half of
these were sent into active service. In round numbers, one
hundred and twenty graduates of the College of Dentistry in
Columbus entered the Officers' Reserve Corps, Dental Section,
of whom three-fourths saw active service.

In accordance with the action taken by the Dental Section
of the Council for National Defense at Washington in the
middle of May, 1917, the Faculty of the College of Dentistry
decided to continue the work of the college all summer to
help in standardizing dental instruments of all types in order
to simplify instruction and enable the War Department to buy
instruments in great quantities, and to offer advanced courses
from two to eight weeks long in military dentistry. These
advanced courses were opened to graduates of the college,
practicing dentists, and advanced undergraduates. Sopho-
mores and juniors were encouraged to take advantage of the
summer opportunities thus afforded, not that they might grad-
uate the more quickly, but that they might become more pro-
ficient for military service through practice and clinical work.
A number of the graduates in dentistry availed themselves of
this instruction.

On October 1, 1917, the Faculty voted to grant students
the privilege of enrolling late on account of war conditions,
and to assist them as much as possible in their studies. On
November 12, the Faculty decided to give examinations to such
students as should be called into service before the close of
the semester, with a view to their receiving credit for the half-

186 History of The Ohio State University

year's work. The Faculty also voted that, as it was desirable
to have all students continually at work in order to perfect
themselves for Government service, the Thanksgiving, Christ-
mas, and Easter holidays would be considering shortened, and
that the laboratories and clinic should remain open during the
pause between semesters.

During the spring of 1918 the National Dental Educa-
tional Council classified the dental colleges of the United
States and placed the College of Dentistry in Class A, along
with fifteen others. Under the surgeon general's ruling this
entitled the graduates of the college to the ranking of officers
in the Army and Navy.

In July, 1918, the College of Dentistry, like the other
colleges of the University, was placed in the group of those
educational institutions whose professors and instructors were
entitled to be classified as "essential teachers," that is, en-
gaged in training men for war service. The Faculty members
of the College of Dentistry were not only engaged in preparing
men for such service, they were also acting as dental exam-
iners for the local draft board. This list of essential teachers
was drawn up late in September, 1918, and duly sent on to
Washington. With the establishment of the Students' Army
Training Corps at the opening of the following month, the
Dental Section of the Medical Enlisted Reserve Corps became
a part of the new organization.

Three members of the teaching staff were released to go
into active service. These were Dr. John W. Means, Dr. Frank
C. Starr, and Dr. Louis E. Reif. Dr. Means began his service
at the Columbus Barracks in April, 1917. Thence he was
ordered to Philadelphia to take a course of instruction in oral
and plastic work, but later returned to the Columbus Barracks
for a brief period of duty. Dr. Means was subsequently as-
signed to Base Hospital No. 22 in Milwaukee and went to
France with that organization. This hospital was stationed
at Beau Desert, Gironde, France. Dr. Means, who became a
major in the Medical Corps, did both maxillo-facial and gen-
eral surgery until his return to this country and was dis-

College of Dentistry 187

charged from the Army in April, 1919. Dr. Frank C. Starr
entered the service in August, 1917, as a first lieutenant in
the Medical Coi-ps. He left almost immediately for France
and was assigned to civilian relief work among the French
people. He also served at headquarters, 26th Division. Later
he was connected with the Red Cross Military Hospital in
Paris, where he remained until the hospital was closed in Feb-
ruary, 1919. He was then assigned to duty as a major with the
headquarters base, Section No. 1, at the port of embarkation
at Saint-Nazaire. He returned to the United States in June,
1919, when he received his discharge. Dr. Louis C. Reif en-
tered active service in the Medical Corps, Dental Section, in
September, 1917, and was assigned to duty as a captain in the
85th Division at Camp Custer, Michigan. In July, 1918, he
was sent overseas and spent much of his time in an advanced
area. On his return to the United States he served at General
Hospital No. 36 at Detroit, Michigan, where he remained until
his discharge.

The vacancies created by the absence of Captain Reif and
Majors Starr and Means were filled voluntarily by other
members of the Faculty, who carried on the work of the
absentees in addition to their own. Dean H. M. Semans was
appointed by the surgeon general as one of the examiners
of applicants for membership in the Officers' Reserve Corps,
Dental Section. This service was rendered from June 1, 1917,
until September of that year, after which he became one of
the Committee on Mobilization of Dental Education.

According to records in the possession of the College of
Dentistry, 99 of its graduates were in active service in the
war, not counting the members of the classes of 1917 and
1918, who graduated after the United States was drawn into
the vortex. All but five of these 99 were sent overseas, most
of them serving in France and at least one in Germany. Four
others were on duty in the Philippine Islands, three in the
Hawaiian Islands, and one in the Canal Zone. Of the 25 mem-
bers of the class of 1917 who were in service at least eight went
overseas, one of these being in Germany, one in Italy, and

188 History of The Ohio State University

one in Siberia. Of the 29 members of the class of 1918 in
active service four were overseas.

The war records of the college show that 29 undergrad-
uates joined the Medical Enlisted Reserve Corps, Dental Sec-
tion, at the University, and that 82 undergraduates, including
many of the M.E.R.C. men, enlisted in the Students' Army
Training Corps when it became a part of the University organ-
ization in October, 1918. All of these undergraduates belonged
to the classes of 1919 to 1922, inclusive.

Ninety-four of the 99 graduates of the Dental College
were given commissions, 45 being appointed first lieutenants ;
20, captains; 26, majors; and 3 lieutenant colonels. The class
of 1917 alone had not less than 19 first lieutenants.

Two of the dental graduates died in the service, namely,
First Lieutenant Alexander H. Jones in France, October 1,
1918, and Captain Hal Wright at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia,
October 17, 1918.

CHAPTER XIV

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND OTHER SERVICES OF
THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

The College of Education is largely a woman's college.
Nevertheless, it lost in number of students during the war
period, as did the men's colleges on the campus. Even before
the United States declared war, the enrollment began to fall
off. In November, 1916, it was 528, and in February, 1917,
it was 60 less. On the release of male students for agricul-
tural and other war service in May of this year, 21 young
men withdrew, two-thirds of these to do farm labor and the
other third to go into military service. In the fall the attend-
ance was down to 433, and in the next spring it was 48 less.
At the opening of the first semester of 1918 it recovered some-
what, rising to 438, partly through the registration of 24
cadets of the Students' Army Training Corps. The second
half-year saw its enrollment fall once more, this time to 378,
but with the restoration of normal conditions it ascended to
440, which was a score or more below the number of students
just before the declaration of hostilities, in April, 1917. For
the summer sessions of 1916, 1917, 1918, and 1919 the enroll-
ment figures were 402, 320, 266, and 260, respectively, show-
ing a rapid decrease.

The effect of the war upon the enrollment of departments
listed in the College of Education is given in the following
tabulation :

Departments 1915-16 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19

Art 602 909 703 669

History and Philosophy of Education 260 270 307 213

Industrial Education 60 85 58 57

Principles of Education 195 191 250 236

Psychology 1,751 2,030 1,734 1,586

School Administration 196 185 86 162

189

190 History of The Ohio State University

In the Departments of Art, History and Philosophy of
Education, and Psychology the figures are disproportionately
large for a college with the number of students of the College
of Education. It should be remembered, however, that the
departments named received students from other colleges and
courses of the University.

Undoubtedly the Department of Psychology was more
affected by the war than any other department in the College
of Education. Its enrollment was not only about four hundred
and forty less than at the beginning of the war, but it also
suffered more changes in personnel; it was called upon to
do research work in cooperation with various war agencies;
and, both during and after the war, it found the student body
and public taking a lively interest in the applied aspect of
psychology. Five members of the teaching staff of the depart-
ment left the University to enter Government service. Pro-
fessor George F. Arps was commissioned a captain in the
Sanitary Corps in February, 1918, and served at Camp Green-
leaf, Georgia, until the following April. He was then sent to
Camp Sherman, Chillicothe, Ohio, as chief psychological ex-
aminer, where he remained on duty until November, 1918.
While at this camp Captain Arps organized the morale office,
which supervised the Red Cross, Y.M.C.A., Knights of Co-
lumbus, and all other agencies having to do with the morale
and welfare of the soldiers of the camp. Promoted to the rank
of major. Dr. Arps was next ordered to Camp Custer, Mich-
igan, as special psychological examiner of the Reserve Officers'
Training Corps, and later was transferred to the United States
General Hospital No. 36 at Detroit, Michigan, as chief educa-
tional officer in charge of the work of re-education and re-
habilitation of disabled soldiers. This work was conducted
through four divisions, namely, (1) Psychology and Statistics,
(2) the Technical Division, (3) the Academic Division, and
(4) the Division of Occupational Therapy. When Major Arps
took hold of this work, there was no equipment for it in the
hospital. At the time the hospital was demobilized the Educa-
tional Department possessed property valued at $80,000. Be-

College of Education 191

sides serving as chief educational officer, Major Arps held
other appointments in the hospital. As chief morale officer
he exercised supervision over the entertainment of the sol-
diers. He was chairman of the hospital welfare board,
which attended to the distribution of the numerous deli-
accies and tokens of appreciation sent to the hospital. He
was the supervisor of the Detroit Az-u-wer, and as such de-
veloped the organization that issued the hospital newspaper.
Major Arps was also chairman of the board of recommenda-
tions, which passed on all applications for discharge and
classified the men for recommendation in and out of the hos-
pital. As hospital publicity officer Major Arps dealt with
reporters of the daily press, special correspondents, and fea-
ture-story writers, and on occasion lectured before various
clubs and organizations in the interest of the Academic Di-
vision. After serving for eighteen months. Major Arps was
discharged at the Columbus Barracks, August 14, 1919.

Professor Rudolph Pintner served as civilian psycholog-
ical examiner at Camp Lee, Petersburg, Virginia, from Sep-
tember to December, 1917. He was among the first of those
sent into the field to establish the validity of psychological
group tests in the Army. After this had been accomplished,
the whole organization was put on a military footing. During
the spring of 1918 Dr. Pintner conducted psychological tests
of the aviators in the ground school at the Ohio State Univer-
sity. This work was done for Professor E. L. Thomdike of
Columbia University. From May until September, 1918, Dr.
Pintner was a member of the Trade Test Division at Pitts-
burgh, this division being a part of the Committee on Classi-
fication of Personnel in the Army. The work at Pittsburgh
consisted in standardizing trade tests on civilian tradesmen.
Later on these tests were used to measure the trade ability of
the men in the Army,

Dr. James W. Bridges was appointed civilian psycholog-
ical examiner in the Medical Department, in September, 1917,
and sent to Camp Zachary Taylor, Kentucky, to assist in the
try-out of psychological tests, which was being conducted in

192 History of The Ohio State University

four cantonments. In the following December he was ordered
to the surgeon general's office at Washington to assist in re-
vising the test methods in the light of the results from the
four camps. His especial problem was to arrange a program
for the individual examination of recruits who failed in the
group tests. The solution of that problem resulted in short-
ening the standard Binet-Simon tests and in choosing and
standardizing a group of performance tests for illiterate sub-
jects. During his connection with the surgeon general's
office Dr. Bridges was sent on psychological duty to Camp
Lee, Virginia; the port of embarkation at Newport News,
Virginia; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and other places. In No-
vember, 1918, Dr. Bridges was appointed supervisor of per-
sonnel methods, Students' Army Training Corps, under the
Committee on Education and Special Training, his duties in-
cluding intelligence rating of S.A.T.C. cadets in District No.
10. Dr. Bridges was released from service at the end of
December, 1918.

Dr. Harold E. Burtt was chairman of the original Psy-
chology Subcommittee on Aviation of the National Research
Council. This subcommittee gave a wide range of tests to
cadets in the School of Aeronautics at Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, with a view of predicting a man's flying ability
before he was sent into the air. After these men had been at
the flying fields for a few weeks and the data as to their ability
in the air had been collected, the subcommittee compared these
data with their test results in order to obtain a set of crucial
tests. This set of tests was given a trial at one of the flying
fields, and a combination of tests was thus determined which
was adopted by the Air Service. On October 22, 1918, Dr.
Burtt was commissioned a captain and assigned to the Per-
sonnel Unit, School of Military Aeronautics at Princeton, New
Jersey. He was discharged on December 24, 1918.

One other member of the Department of Psychology went
into war work, namely, Miss A. C. Bowler, who resigned her
position as instructor and entered the service of the Red
Cross.

College of Education 193

Some research was conducted by members of this depart-
ment in connection with the Psychological Division of the
surgeon general's office and the Trade Test Division of the
adjutant general's office and in cooperation with Professor
E. L. Thorndike of Columbia University, as already noted
above. While the individual research of members of the de-
partment was necessarily interrupted by the war, the depart-
ment was able to carry on satisfactory work with its graduate
students, who were not much diminished in number.

The war greatly stimulated the interest both of the public
and the student body in the applied aspect of psychology. In
the first half-year of 1919-20 the enrollment of students in
the department was 1,479, as compared with 1,058 in the cor-
responding period of 1917-18. This notable increase in num-
ber of students reflects not only the general increase in the
University as a whole, but also the added interest in psychol-
ogy in particular. Besides the students, the faculties and
administrative officers of universities have developed a new
interest in the subject. Impressed by the psychologist's meth-
ods of intelligence testing in the Army, they have applied these
methods to the student body in order that they might compare
the results thus secured with those obtained in the usual ex-
aminations. Industries and commercial organizations have
also sought assistance, asking the help of the psychologist in
solving questions of personnel, labor, vocational guidance, and
educational surveys. In general, the tendency has been pro-
nounced in the direction of practical applications as contrasted
with theory. In this respect psychology is following the devel-
opment of the older sciences.

Two members of the Department of Art entered war
service. Professor Charles F. Kelley had charge of the
County Organization Division of the Federal Food Adminis-
tration in Ohio from November, 1919, to Februarj% 1919.
Aside from the staff of the Food Administration in the office
at Columbus, the Food Administration in Ohio consisted of
county committees in the eighty-eight counties of the State
and eighteen city committees. The rules and regulations of

194 History of The Ohio State University

the Food Administration were carried out by these local com-
mittees, upon whose organization and efficiency depended the
success of the Food Administration. Professor Kelley exer-
cised supervision over all the county committees. He and his
assistants visited these committees at least once, and in some
cases several times, a year, helping them perfect their local
organization, construing rules and regulations for their ben-
efit, assisting in hearings of violators, and suggesting proper
penalties. Professor Kelley also rendered valuable service by
lecturing in many places on food conservation, especially in
1918, during the first nine months of which he gave on the
average three addresses each week.

Dr. Erwin O. Christensen of the Department of Art was
sent to the Ground School of Aerial Photography of Cornell
University for a course in aerial photography, observation,
and map-making, enlisted in the National Army on June 3,
1918, and served at the School of Aerial Photography at Roch-
ester, New York, until September 4; then at Cornell Uni-
versity, Ithaca, New York, until November 11; and finally in
Aerial Photography Sector 84 at Camp McClellan, Alabama,
until January 16, 1919, when he was discharged.

Mr. Anthonio Marino, assistant in the history of educa-
tion, was called into military service.

Dean George W. Knight of the College of Education
became the director of the course on War Issues, which was
required of all cadets in the Students' Army Training Corps,
from the inception of that organization on the campus, October
1, 1918, until its demobilization in the following December.
This course was handled in more than forty sections, the ad-
ministration and supervision of which centered in the dean's
ofl!ice, being carried on through a committee of those teachers
in the University who were directly in charge of the sections.

Finally, it should be said that the College of Education,
in response to the appeal of President Wilson for the efficient
maintenance of public education, encouraged and assisted its
students to find positions in the schools, which were suffering
from a shortage of teachers. Of the graduating class in 1918

College of Education 195

a larger proportion than of any former class rendered a needed
service to the country by going into teaching, despite the low
salaries prevailing at the time.

CHAPTER XV

THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNICAL WAR SERVICE

The College of Engineering comprised the following
fifteen departments : Architecture, Astronomy, Ceramic Engi-
neering, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering,
Engineering Drawing, Industrial Arts, Mathematics, Mechan-
ical Engineering, Mechanics, Metallurgy, Mineralogy, and
Physics. It will be seen at a glance that not a few of these
departments teach technical subjects that bear directly upon
important phases of modern warfare, being conversant with
engines, minerals, chemicals, railroad construction, gas pro-
duction, etc. Furthermore, these departments are manned by
engineers and scientists at whose disposal are well-equipped
laboratories in which definite problems are subjected to care-
ful methods of solution by means of experiment. The ad-
vanced development of technical education in Germany enabled
that country to display a material resourcefulness in fighting
such as the world had never witnessed before, and such as
could only be counteracted by calling in experts capable of im-
proving on the devices and methods of the enemy. Wherever
technical and scientific men of standing could be found in the
United States ready to turn their attainments to public use,
their services were at once accepted by the Government for
the purpose of winning the war at the earliest possible mo-
ment. It was this need of the Government for technical
experts and for the technical training of numbers of young
men who were preparing to enter special branches of the serv-
ice which gave the College of Engineering, along with many
other technical schools, its opportunity to do valuable war
work.

197

198 History of The Ohio State University

In their counteroflfensive against Ypres in the spring of
1915 the Germans struck consternation into the Alhed troops
by releasing a cloud of greenish vapor, April 22, which a gentle
breeze wafted toward the Allies' trenches. This vapor proved
to be chlorine gas, which chokes and asphyxiates those who
inhale much of it and produces violent coughing in the case
of those who get but little of it. This novel and diabolical
form of attack, for which the Allies were wholly unprepared,
caused the French troops holding the line north of Ypres to
break and flee, the town being saved only by the dogged re-
sistance of Canadian troops. From this time on throughout
the war the Germans made use of poisonous gas of one kind
or another, thus introducing a change in the methods of war-
fare greater than any since guns and cannon were developed
into fairly effective weapons back in the fourteenth century.

After some weeks "without protection against the drift
gas, the Allies improvised cloth hoods impregnated with chem-
icals to absorb the chlorine, from which they later evolved the
respirator, consisting of a mask with a connecting tube and
canister filled with a quantity of neutralizing chemicals. As
chlorine gas is two and one-half times as heavy as air, some
of it was apt to settle in the trenches after a vigorous gas
attack. Hence, the Allies resorted to spraying the lurking
places of their trenches with liquids that would absorb the
chlorine, or to mechanical devices that would drive it out. The
heaviness of the drift gas caused a considerable quantity of
it to land in the immediate front of those using it. This fact
led the Gennans to employ gas shells which, on impact, threw
a spray of very volatile liquid over the enemy. Chlorine gas
is said to have been responsible for 35 per cent of the casual-
ties suffered by those under attack.

Among the many war gases used by the Germans were
phosgene, chlorpicrin or "tear" gas, and mustard or blistering
gas. Like chlorine, phosgene is a poisonous gas. It is reported
to have a severe, delayed action upon the heart, which often
proves fatal after the immediate effects have apparently dis-
appeared. It is estimated to be five times as deadly as chlorine.

College of Engineering 199

It penetrated the ordinary gas mask and could be kept out
only by a filter of paper or some other impervious material.
Such a filter was invented in April, 1918, in the form of a
complete outer covering for the canister. This was followed
by the "Connell mask," an American device, the canister of
which inclosed a filter that completely strained out the phos-
gene. In July, 1917, began the use of the most painful of the
gases, namely, mustard gas, which blistered the skin through
the clothing as readily as it burned lungs and eyes, and it
destroyed the shoes and clothing of the soldiers. A man who
had been severely affected by this gas found himself incapaci-
tated for three months. The casualties due to mustard are
reported to have been fourteen times as many as those pro-
duced by all the other kinds of gas, and a certain percentage
of the injured died, the inhalation of this gas producing in-
flammation of the lungs. Chlorpicrin or tear gas was not
only a strong lachrymotor, but also a deadly gas. Of the
275,000 casualties suffered by the American troops on the field
of battle, 75,000 are attributed to war gases.

The Germans had been using these gases for two years
when the United States entered the war, and the chemists
of the country fully realized that their aid was needed to an-
swer the challenge of the German chemists. It was not enough
to be satisfied with defensive measures against the enemy's
gas attacks, it was also necessary, as the Allies had already
discovered, to develop a gas offense in order to maintain the
morale of the troops who had to face the lethal vapors emitted
for their destruction.

Already in the early part of February, 1917, the Ameri-
can Chemical Society offered its services to President Wilson,
reaffirming its offer by resolution of April 11. On March 6
the Faculty of the College of Engineering adopted a resolution
to communicate with the Council of National Defense, the
Advisory Commission of that body, and the National Academy
of Science and offer their ser\ices, in so far as their duties
and responsibilities permitted, in industrial research for the
United States Government and to send a copy of this resolu-

200 History of The Ohio State University

tion to the President of the United States. This action was
approved by the Board of Trustees of the University on April
3, 1917, three days before the United States declared war on
the German Imperial Government. Early in May President
Thompson received a letter from Mr. Van H. Manning, di-
rector of the Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior,
at Washington, explaining that work had already been started
in the bureau on the investigation of problems pertaining to
gases in warfare, this work being conducted under the aus-
pices of the National Research Council in cooperation with
the Army and Navy. Mr. Manning went on to say that it
was recognized that independent chemists, as well as those
in universities and research institutions, were desirous of
assisting in the efficient waging of the war, and that some of
them could spare the time and facilities for work on specific
problems in need of solution in connection with the use of
gases; that in order to prepare for defense against the new
gases continually encountered at the front, it was essential
that every substance conceivably available should be studied
and its offensive possibilities accurately determined; that a
large force of chemists was at work in the Gas Service organ-
izations of England and France ; and that the Bureau of Mines
would like to know whether the Ohio State University had
men and facilities available for the kind of tasks indicated.
If so, specific problems would be assigned in proportion to the
facilities and time that could be devoted to them. Mr. Man-
ning added that Mr. George A. Burrell had been placed in
general charge of this research work, and that in carrying
on investigations at the University or elsewhere every effort
would have to be made to insure secrecy.

Mr. Burrell, whose appointment as chief of the Research
Section of the Chemical Warfare Service of the United States
Army was thus first communicated to the University, had been
a student at Ohio State during the years 1902-4 and had spent
the next two years as chemist in the United States Geological
Survey office at the St. Louis World's Fair under Professors
N. W. Lord and E. E. Somermeier of the old Department of

College of Engineering 201

Mining and Metallurgy in the University. During the years
1906-8 Mr. Burrell remained connected with the Geological
Survey, after which he spent eight years in charge of gas
investigations at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, under the United
States Bureau of Mines. In 1917 he was employed in direct-
ing research on war gases in the Bureau of Mines for the
Army.

On May 10, 1917, the letter from Director Manning of
the Bureau of Mines was placed in the hands of Professor
William McPherson, who at once called a meeting of the chem-
ists of the various departments of the University, at which
it was decided to cooperate with the bureau in every way.
On the next day Dr. McPherson sent President Thompson a
letter for transmittal to Mr. Manning, expressing the desire
of the committee thus formed to assist the Government on
any of its problems that might fall within the domain of
chemistry. A few days later a telegram was received from
Mr. Burrell, stating that Dr. W. K. Lewis would be in Co-
lumbus on the following day to assign problems in connection
with gas warfare. In addition to the members of the Depart-
ment of Chemistry, representatives of the Departments of
Physics, Metallurgy, and Mineralogy were summoned to meet
Dr. Lewis, who addressed the group informally upon the prob-
lems to be dealt with in gas warfare and left certain problems
to be distributed among the members. At a meeting held on
May 18 a formal organization of the Ohio State University
War Chemical Association was effected, with Professor Mc-
Pherson as chairman and Professor Charles W. Foulk as
secretary, and the problems were assigned. On June 7 Sec-
retary Foulk forwarded a report of progress to Mr. Burrell,
in which he said that nearly all of the chemists in the Univer-
sity would give considerable time during the summer to their
problems and named the personnel of the group as follows:
Professors William McPherson and W. L. Evans and Assistant
Professor C. E. Boord in organic chemistry; Professor W. E.
Henderson in physical and inorganic chemistry; Professor J.
R. Withrow and Dr. 0. R. Sweeney in industrial chemistry;

202 History of The Ohio State University

Professor C. W. Foulk, Assistant Professor H. L. Olin, and
Mr. Marion Hollingsworth in analytical chemistry; Professor
Dana J. Demorest in metallurgical chemistry; Professor W.
J. McCaughey in mineralogy and assaying; and Professor J.
R. Lyman in agricultural chemistry. Secretary Foulk added
that other men were also available and had signified their
intention to help. He enclosed reports on problems from Pro-
fessor Evans, Assistant Professor Boord, and Dr. 0. R.
Sweeney.

During the summer of 1917 representatives of the Chem-
ical Warfare Service made frequent visits to the University
for conference. The Department of Chemistry withdrew its
graduate thesis men from problems previously under investi-
gation and set them at others relating to gas warfare. Indeed,
Faculty members, assistants, graduate students, and even ad-
vanced undergraduates gave much of their time to answering
the questions propounded by Colonel G. A. Burrell and his
staff at the American University Experiment Station at Wash-
ington. For example. Professor Withrow devoted his labora-
tory, assistants, and advanced and graduate students to the
solution of problems connected with canisters, gas masks,
charcoal, soda-lime permanganate, and a long series of other
things involved in gas warfare. Until the summer of 1918
his laboratory was operated as a field station of the Chemical
Warfare Service, and the expense for the chemicals and other
supplies was borne by the University, or by Professor Withrow
himself. The total number of reports issued by Dr. Withrow
and his immediate associates from May 15, 1917, to October
10, 1918, amounted to nearly three hundred and represented
the work of sixty-three men, some of whom were outside
chemists who were not graduates of Ohio State University
but of other institutions. All of these persons served as vol-
unteers and gave weeks and months to the work. In a few
cases the work was privately done for Dr. Withrow.

Already in the latter part of July, 1917, Professor Mc-
Pherson had gone to Washington to serve as chemical adviser
to Captain E. J. W. Ragsdale, head of the Trench Warfare

College of Engineering 203

Section of the Army. Professor McPherson was commis-
sioned a captain in the United States Reserve Corps on July
30, was called into active service on August 22, and assigned
to office work as a member of Captain Ragsdale's staff. At
this time the work was not organized, but little was known of
the details of gas warfare, and not much progress was being
made. In truth, little could be accomplished until the research
undertaken by the Bureau of Mines under the management
of Mr. Burrell had obtained certain results. At first Mr. Bur-
rell and his assistants had offices in the new building of the
Department of the Interior in Washington, the investigations
being conducted at different universities throughout the coun-
try. More concentration of the work of research at the na-
tional capital seemed necessary, and arrangements were
therefore made with the American University in that city
whereby the Government agreed to take over its buildings,
besides erecting new ones adapted to the work. Inasmuch
as the research was of primary importance. Captain Ragsdale,
at Mr. Burrell's request, assigned Captain McPherson tem-
porarily to the work at the American University, and he was
soon placed in charge of the production of toxic gases on a
semi-commercial scale. Accordingly, he proceeded to bring
together a staff of assistants, which included several of his
colleagues from the Ohio State University. In August, 1917,
Dr. 0. R. Sweeney joined Captain McPherson's staff. At the
end of the following September Professor Withrow became
consulting chemist to the Trench Warfare Section and spent
a part of each week in Washington until June, 1918, after
which time he was there almost continuously until his dis-
charge early in January, 1919. Professor W. L. Evans, who
had been conducting investigations in gas warfare at the Uni-
versity with a group of his graduate students, was called to
Washington near the end of October and carried on research
during several weeks under the direction of Captain Mc-
Pherson.

As yet the American University was not supplied with
the necessary apparatus for the production of gases on a semi-

204 History of The Ohio State University

commercial scale. Hence, it became necessary to secure the
cooperation of a number of chemical manufacturing plants.
This task fell to Captain McPherson. It required a great deal
of traveling and proved to be difficult, since all the reputable
firms were already overwhelmed with orders and did not care
to undertake work of such dangerous character as the manu-
facture of poisonous gases. Indeed, it soon became evident
that the Government would not be able in this way to obtain
all the toxic gas desired. The only method left was for the
Government to build gas-producing plants of its own, espe-
cially in view of the fact that by November 1, 1917, the
methods of producing phosgene and chlorpicrin in large quan-
tities had been developed by research.

It was therefore decided to construct such plants in con-
nection with the United States Shell-Filling Station, which
was being rapidly built on Gunpowder Reservation, Edgewood,
Maryland, about seventeen miles east of Baltimore. The whole
project centering here was afterward known as Edgewood
Arsenal and included a works laboratory for which plans were
being formed by the Trench Warfare Section in the middle
of November. On the twenty first of this month Professor
Evans, who had received a captain's commission in the Ord-
nance Officers' Reserve Corps upon his entrance into the
service, was assigned the duty of building, equipping, and
directing the laboratory at Edgewood and of organizing its
personnel. With so many chemists already in the service, or
engaged in necessary war industries, it was no easy matter
to bring together a strong scientific organization.

On December 1 the decision was reached to include the
manufacture of toxic gases at Edgewood. This immediately
widened the scope of the proposed laboratory. As many
chemical problems were pressing for solution at this time, it
became necessary for Captain Evans to organize several pro-
visional laboratories for this work, in addition to the existing
field stations. One of these was set up in the east basement
of Lord Hall on our campus, where three different war gases
were under study. In one room a complete experimental plant

College of Engineering 205

for the manufacture of phosgene was installed. In another
room the properties of chlorpicrin were determined. Work
with mustard gas occupied two more rooms. Captain John
A. Wilkinson of the class of 1903 and later a member of the
Department of Chemistry, who had joined Captain Evans'
staff, was in charge of the experimentation from February
15 to May 15, 1918. Among the score of officers and men who
were under the direction of Captain Wilkinson, seven or eight
universities and research institutions were represented. The
Ohio State men connected with this gas laboratory were T. G.
Phillips and J. L. Hutchinson, instructors in the Department
of Agricultural Chemistry; Joseph T. Parsons, '17; and
Charles E. Mack and D. Roy Virtue, both former members
of the class of '18. Of the three gases mustard gas was the
most dangerous to handle. All of the men who worked with it
were burned so badly that they were incapacitated for a period
of from several days to three months. A member of the
laboratory group asserts that about one-quarter of the detach-
ment was always in the University Hospital while the work
on mustard gas was being prosecuted. Some of the most im-
portant investigations dealing with the manufacture of war
gases were conducted by the detachment of chemists in Lord
Hall.

Of three other provisional laboratories organized by Cap-
tain Evans early in 1918 one was located for a few weeks at
the Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory in Washington under
the direction of Captain Ralph E. Hall, who had received his
M.A. from Ohio State in 1911 and had been an assistant in
the Chemistry Department of the University. Many difficult
problems were placed in the hands of Captain Hall at this
time and later for solution. This officer contributed not a
little by his sound advice to the success of the work under-
taken.

Until April 9 Captain Evans was busily engaged with all
the details preliminary to the construction of the laboratory,
besides directing a large volume of chemical work of both a
research and a routine kind. His headquarters were then

206 History of The Ohio State University

transferred to Baltimore. Construction of the laboratory be-
gan April 7, and actual chemical work was started in it on
June 18. From that time on the chemical laboratory at Edge-
wood Arsenal was kept running day and night until the signing
of the Armistice in November, 1918. Captain Evans was pro-
moted to the rank of major in the Chemical Warfare Service
on July 13.

The laboratory personnel was divided into two major
groups, the one devoted to research and development, the other
to routine and control. The routine work consisted of the
chemical inspection of all raw materials received at the ar-
senal, while the control work involved the chemical analysis
of the gases at the various stages of manufacture. With the
encouragement of Major (afterward Lieutenant Colonel)
Chance, Major Evans planned his works laboratory so that
it could handle not only the routine and control tests, but also
the problems that would arise in connection with plant opera-
tion. This proved to be an important part of the laboratory's
functions, for the officers in charge of the chemical plants
early began to propound to Major Evans questions involving
chemical research. At first such problems had been worked
out at the provisional laboratories established at Ohio State
University and several other institutions. Later a great deal
of investigation was accomplished at the Edgewood labora-
tory. The personnel of this laboratory numbered 238 chemists
at the time of the signing of the Armistice.

The laboratory organization comprised eleven subdivi-
sions, as follows: Analytical, Physical-Chemical, Chemical
Engineering, Organic, Gas Analytical, Mustard Gas, Gas Shell,
Special Problems, Power House Control, Inspection, and Chem-
ical Supply. The last three subdivisions belonged to the rou-
tine and control group. Of the Ohio State men in charge of
one or another of the eleven subdivisions, Corporal D. Roy
Virtue was placed in complete charge of the Chemical Supply
Division ; Lieutenant Edgar W. Fasig was connected with the
Inspection Division; Captain H. L. Olin, formerly assistant
professor of chemistry in the University, with the Special

College of Engineering 207

Problems Division; First Lieutenant Lowell H. Milligan, '16,
in charge of the Chemical Engineering Division; Captain R.
E. Hall, M.A., '11, in charge of the Physical-Chemical Divi-
sion ; and Captain J. A. Wilkinson in charge of the Analytical
Division. The following list gives the names of the enlisted
men from the Ohio State University who were members of
the works laboratory organization. All of them, like the offi-
cers named above, deserve mention:

Maynard Brown, '17 Alton Mitchell

Raymond Brown, '09 Angus H. Orr

William I. Burt, '17 Joe T. Parsons, '17

H. J. Darby, '12 William M. Reese, Jr.

Howard A. Durham Henry J. Schleich

L. C. Flickinger Martin 0. Shafer

Paul H. Groff Frank L. Sinks, '17

G. H. Hufford R. H. Smith, '14

P. H. Hugus C. L. Thrash, '17

Leon B. Komisaruk, '18 D. Roy Virtue, '19

Charles E. Mack, '19 Spencer G. Weber, M.A., '18
J. D. Wright

During September, 1918, the duties of the laboratory were
increased by the addition of a newly formed Inspection Divi-
sion, This division became responsible for seeing that all
material used in filling gas shells was in accordance with speci-
fications, that shells were filled to the proper weight, and that
they were properly painted, marked, and tested. One of the
capable men in this division was Lieutenant Fasig, who helped
to make it one of the most efficient groups in the laboratory
organization.

After the signing of the Armistice, November 11, 1918,
the laboratory continued its regular work until Thanksgiving
Day. Then Major Evans and his staff began the task of in-
voicing and checking up. This was done so rapidly that by
Christmas nearly all of the enlisted men of the laboratory
had been discharged from the service. Under the able man-
agement of Major Evans, whose title was director and officer
in charge of the Laboratory and Inspection Division, Edge-
wood Arsenal, Offense Division, results of great value were

208 History of The Ohio State University

obtained. He was discharged on January 4, 1919, after a little
more than fourteen months in the service. Eight months later
he was offered the commission of lieutenant colonel in the
Reserve Corps but was unable to accept it, much to his regret.

In mid- January, 1918, Captain McPherson was promoted
to the rank of major in the National Army, and in the follow-
ing spring, when Colonel W. H. Walker was made commanding
officer of Edgewood Arsenal, Major McPherson was placed
in charge of all outside plants. As head of the Chemical Sup-
ply Section, he was concerned with the purchase of all chem-
icals used in the manufacture of toxic gases. Since many of
these chemicals were not made commercially, methods for
their production had to be developed and firms interested in
undertaking their manufacture.

On June 28, 1918, the Chemical Warfare Service was
created as a distinct branch of the Army, in addition to the
Infantry, Artillery, and Aviation branches. This change was
effected by General Orders No. 62 of the War Department,
which stated the functions of the new branch or arm of the
service to be "operating and maintaining or supervising the
operation of all plants engaged in the investigation, manu-
facture, or production of toxic gases, gas-defense appliances,
the filling of gas shells, and proving grounds utilized in con-
nection therewith, and the necessary research connected with
gas warfare." This action brought the gas research work
of the Bureau of Mines, which was under Colonel G. A. Burrell
whether at the American University or the field stations; the
Edgewood Arsenal with its laboratory and plants for the de-
velopment of gas production for defense and offense, which had
been under the control of Colonel W. H. Walker of the Ord-
nance Department of the Army; the outside plants engaged
in the manufacture of toxic materials under the supervision
of Major McPherson ; and the development work of the Bureau
of Mines at Cleveland under Colonel Frank A. Dorsey, all into
one military organization under the command of Major Gen-
eral William L. Sibert.

Under the new arrangement Colonel Burrell remained at

College of Engineering 209

the head of the Research Division, which comprised seven
hundred chemists at work on all the problems connected with
gas warfare, such as new processes of gas production, pro-
tection against toxic gases, design of gas masks, smoke fun-
nels, screens, and grenades, gas projectors and flame throwers,
colored rockets, gases for balloons, etc. This body of chemists
had over one thousand helpers in the way of clerical force, en-
gineers, electricians, photographers, mechanics, and laborers.
It has been said that Colonel Burrell, as chief of the Research
Section of the Chemical Warfare Service, made the American
University in Washington "the greatest research organization
ever dreamed of," and that its work covered the exhaustive
investigation of more than four hundred materials. Colonel
Burrell is credited with having located the supply of helium
gas in Texas, on which the Government spent $10,000,000.
Its importance lies in the fact that it was developed as a non-
inflammable substitute for hydrogen for filling balloons, thus
reducing the dangers and increasing the usefulness of this
accessory to warfare. At the close of hostilities Colonel Bur-
rell was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. In June,
1918, he received the degree of Chemical Engineer from the
Ohio State University in recognition of his achievements in
the scientific world.

On July 13, 1918, Major McPherson was promoted to the
rank of lieutenant colonel in the Chemical Warfare Service,
with headquarters at Baltimore, and remained in charge of
the outside manufacturing plants until October 2, when he was
ordered overseas as representative of the Chemical Warfare
Service to the Inter-Allied Conference on Gas Investigations,
held in Paris beginning October 25. He was also instructed
to visit the various commercial plants for the production of
toxic gases in France and England. Embarking, October 9,
he reached Paris on the 24th and after the conference, which
lasted a week, was ordered to the French headquarters for
further conference and then to England to visit various man-
ufacturing plants. In this way it was intended to maintain
cooperation among the different governments in all matters

210 History of The Ohio State University

pertaining to the manufacture of toxic gases. While Lieuten-
ant Colonel McPherson was in England the Armistice was
signed, and all plants used in manufacturing gases were closed.
He therefore returned to the French headquarters and thence
home, under orders, to assist in closing up the work at Edge-
wood Arsenal. Arriving in New York, December 11, he re-
mained at Edgewood until March 24, 1919, when he secured
his discharge.

Professor Dana J. Demorest of the Department of Metal-
lurgy at Ohio State had been called to Washington by Pro-
fessor McPherson in December, 1917, to attend to toxic gas
production. He was commissioned a first lieutenant in the
Trench Warfare Section, Ordnance Department, and was in-
structed to design a method for manufacturing pure carbon
monoxide on a large scale and, in collaboration with Mr. (later
Major) F. C. Frary, to design a phosgene plant, since phos-
gene was at this time the most destructive gas employed in
warfare. With the rapid growth of the United States Army's
gas program, it became necessary to provide a commercial-
sized plant at Edgewood for the production of oxygen, besides
other plants for the manufacture of chlorpicrin, the liquefying
of mustard, sulphur chloride, and chlorine. As the officers
who were charged with planning these chemical activities were
given no definite gas program, they had to anticipate the huge
demands that finally developed, and they succeeded in doing
so through the visualizing faculty of Major E. M. Chance and
the information supplied by the reports of officers with the
French and other Associated armies.

The organization formed by Professor Demorest, who
was soon promoted to be major, and by Major Frary to de-
sign, equip, and operate the chemical plant under their care,
included the following Ohio State men: Dr. 0. R. Sweeney,
who had been commissioned a first lieutenant and attached
to Professor McPherson's staff in August, 1917. He was now
placed in charge of the design, erection, and operation of the
chlorpicrin plant. Lieutenant William A. Mueller also helped
in designing the chemical plant. Captain F. M. Demorest was

College of Engineering 211

made responsible for the inspection, storing, and recording of
all materal shipped to the plant. In other words, he became
the officer in charge of the property section. Captain Dale M.
Boothman was the drafting and maintenance officer. Lieu-
tenants P. D. Helser and F. R. Henniger were employed in
the manufacture of carbon dioxide (CO2) and Captain William
A. Mueller in that of mustard gas. Lieutenant G. G. Rosino
was placed in general charge of the production of oxygen
(O2). Gaylord T. Stowe entered the service on February 13,
1918, and was with the Engineer Bureau, Ordnance Corps,
at Washington, until June 24. He was then assigned to Com-
pany K, 3d Battalion, at Edgewood Arsenal. On August 1 he
was promoted to master engineer, junior grade, and was com-
missioned a second lieutenant in the Chemical Warfare Service
on September 4, He remained at Edgewood Arsenal until
his discharge on December 18, 1918. All told, there were
more than fifty officers and several hundred enlisted men in
the chemical organization. Major F. C. Frary being in charge
of chemical technology. For most of the time after their
erection, Major Demorest was commanding officer of the toxic
gas plants at Edgewood.

While part of the equipment was being designed by Major
Demorest's fellow-officers, he arranged in January, 1918, for
the shipment of two gas generators, with all the structural
steel, blowers, scrubbers, etc., that went with them. Owing
to freight congestion the shipment did not arrive until early
in February. A similar delay occurred in securing the carbon
dioxide equipment. Despite these annoying postponements,
a new and urgent need arose for a large plant to produce
oxygen, and Major Demorest entered into a contract with a
company to install a plant with a capacity of 95,000 cubic
feet per day. He also began negotiations for additional plants.

The erection of buildings to house the chemical processes
at Edgewood was started in January, 1918, and was carried
on with surprising speed in view of the fact that the labor
market was almost exhausted, and that Edgewood was de-
scribed as a dangerous place to work in. As it was impossible

212 History of The Ohio State University

to secure enough labor to satisfy all demands at the arsenal,
soldiers were put on the installation of inside apparatus as
fast as they could be procured, but after July the number of
enlisted men was inadequate for both the installation work
and the operation of the plant at full capacity.

The chlorpicrin plant under Major 0. R. Sweeney started
production, June 9, 1918, and thereafter continued in successful
operation, except when prevented by shortage of picric acid
and bleach. Indeed, few plants adopting a new process have
run more smoothly than this chlorpicrin plant. The first unit
of the phosgene plant did not reach production until July 5,
and regular twenty-four hour production was not attained
until ten days later. The other units, three in number, were
started as fast as finished, the last on October 12. The mus-
tard plant in Building No. 605 began producing on August
1, 1918. After continuing in an irregular way for three weeks,
some necessary changes were made and production was re-
sumed. From September 11 until the outbreak of the influenza
epidemic, early in October, the output was ten tons of mustard
gas a day. By October 3 a new unit was started, which had
a capacity of twelve tons per day. A third unit was put in
operation on November 6. Three days later the entire mus-
tard plant was shut down because every available mustard
container was full. The signing of the Armistice closed all
the chemical plants at Edgewood. At that time they were in
condition to produce per day thirty-five tons of phosgene,
twenty-five of chlorpicrin, and thirty of mustard, or a total
of ninety tons of toxic gases per day.

In following the fortunes of the chemists of Ohio State
University who went to Washington to do research for the
Bureau of Mines, or to become officers in the Trench Warfare
Section of the Ordnance Division until all of them were incor-
porated in the Chemical Warfare Service of the Army, we
have lost track of those men who were dealing with gas war-
fare problems as members of the field station at the University.
Despite the departure of Professors McPherson, Evans, and
Withrow, and Dr. 0. R. Sweeney in the summer and fall of

College of Engineering 213

1917, gas problems were taken up with renewed energy fol-
lowing the opening of the University in September, 1918. A
number of graduate students elected special problems in or-
ganic chemistry and were given investigations relating to gas
warfare under the direction of Assistant Professor C. E.
Boord.

During October and November close contact with the ex-
periment station at the American University in Washington
was lost. The rapid growth of the Gas Warfare Section of
the Bureau of Mines and the lack of clerical help in Wash-
ington rendered it difficult to maintain connection with out-
lying laboratories. In December, however, this connection
was re-established when a representative of the bureau vis-
ited the University for conference. As a result of this
conference the Ohio State University Field Station, Offense
Division, Organic Chemical Research, of the Bureau of Mines
was instituted with Dr. Boord as chemist in charge. Hitherto
all expenses for materials and equipment used in the gas war-
fare investigations at Ohio State, with a few exceptions, had
been borne by the University, but henceforth they were met
by the Government. In fact, the new field station was an
integral part of the Gas Warfare Experiment Station at the
American University. This official relationship made it pos-
sible for military and civilian chemists to be detailed to our
University station by the Government. The problems were
assigned by the chief of the Organic Section, Offense Division,
at the American University, and reports of progress and an
exchange of views concerning the problems were frequent
until the close of the local field station. In all, some twenty
complete detailed reports were forwarded to the American
University station. One of these was an efficiency study re-
lating to the production of ethylene by the contact catalysis
process in the manufacture of mustard gas. This study was
eventually incorporated in a monograph issued by the Chem-
ical Warfare Service concerning the production and properties
of mustard gas. During the early months of 1918 a series
of experiments was carried on which gave a product called

214 History of The Ohio State University

selenium mustard. Samples were sent to the American Uni-
versity for toxicological study. The measurements of the tox-
icity of this new gas proved to be so interesting that the
investigations were pushed to completion, a method being
developed for preparing the product in a very satisfactory
yield. Under date of July 30, 1918, Colonel Burrell specially
commended the work of our University Field Station to Major
General William L. Sibert, director of the Chemical Warfare
Service, and stated that "a new gas has been investigated by
Mr. Boord which promises to be of great importance." He
also referred to the research conducted by Dr. Boord and his
staff in Volume H of the Journal of Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry, where he says concerning the selenium deriva-
tives of mustard gas, they "threatened to displace mustard
for a time, so it will be appreciated how important this lab-
oratory was and how interested we were in their work." The
work upon selenium mustard was, without doubt, the most
important contribution from the Ohio State University Field
Station.

The last problem attacked by Dr. Boord and his associates
was undertaken at a late date, after it had developed that
the earlier methods used in the production of mustard gas
were unsatisfactory. The handling of this problem was giv-
ing every promise of disclosing a new and better method of
manufacture of the gas when the Armistice was signed.

On January 28, 1918, Captain Paul M. Giesy, who received
the degree of Chemical Engineer from Ohio State in 1912,
reported to Dr. Boord for duty, having been detailed to the
field station. With the gradual militarization of this unit,
Captain Giesy became the ranking military officer and had
charge of all matters pertaining to the military personnel.
In March Dr. Boord had under his direction the following
graduate students: Messrs. Lorin B. Sebrell, Carl E. Frick,
William W. Bauer, and Clyde S. Adams. Mr. Frick severed his
connection with the University in February and accepted an
appointment as junior gas chemist with the Bureau of Mines.
He was transferred to the Gas Warfare Division and placed

Officers of the Laboratory and Inspection Division, Edgewood Arsenal,

Maryland, under Major W. L. Evans. (In the front row are seven Ohio

State University men.)

The Chlorine Plant, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland

Airplane view of the toxic-gas buildings at Edgewood

Tear-Gas Plant at Edgewood, designed and erected
by Major O. R. Sweeney

College of Engineering 215

on gas-mask research under the direction of Mr. A. C. Field-
ner, '06. On March 1 Mr. Sebrell also became a junior gas
chemist, but continued as a member of the field station. A
few days later Private J. J. Loudermill was detailed from the
American University in Washington to duty at the Ohio State
University station. In April Mr. Sebrell was transferred to
the American University to help out in the gas-mask research
under Mr. Fieldner. During May and June Messrs. W. W.
Bauer, C. S. Adams, and C. E. Curran received their appoint-
ments as junior gas chemists with instructions to continue
their duties at Ohio State. With the general militarization
of the work in the fall of 1918, the three men last named were
commissioned second lieutenants. Private Loudermill was
promoted to the rank of sergeant and would doubtless have
received his commission had it not been for the extreme slow-
ness of promotions in the enlisted group. Following the sign-
ing of the Armistice, the field station was closed, December 31,
1918, with a letter of thanks and appreciation from Colonel
Burrell for the assistance which the University had given.
The military group was discharged during January, 1919, and
all material on hand was either returned to the American
University, or purchased by Ohio State for the use of the De-
partment of Chemistry.

A large number of Ohio State men were engaged in the
Chemical Warfare Service and materially assisted in making
the Edgewood Arsenal "the greatest chemical plant in the
world." Ohio State University and the Massachusetts Insti-
tute of Technology divided the honors in having the largest
numbers of representatives at Edgewood. Another but much
smaller group of Ohio State men was in the Zone Supply Office
at Baltimore, Maryland, only a few miles from the Edgewood
Arsenal. In December, 1918, this group included Captain
Charles F. Johnson, '02, and Lieutenants 0. R. Crawfis, '11;
R. L. Lazarus, '12; S. C. Dildine, '17; G. R. Carmack, J. E.
Patrick, and S. L. Van Orman. In the winter of 1918 these
loyal sons of the University, together with the other Zone

216 History of The Ohio State University

Supply and Port Storage officers, held their first annual
banquet.

Only an hour's ride distant in the city of Washington
was located still another colony of Ohio State alumni, many
but not all of whom had been students or professors in the
College of Engineering. Many of these were connected with
the American University Research Station under Colonel Bur-
rell. For example, Mr. Arno C. Fieldner, '06, who was in
charge of the gas-mask section at the American University
and was made a major in August, 1918, directed the investi-
gations of some of his college mates, including Messrs. Parker
K. Baird, Carl E. Frick, and Lorin B. Sebrell. Other men
who were stationed at the American University were Charles
F. Rudmann, '15 ; Carlos I. Reed, '15, instructor in the Depart-
ment of Physiology, who was engaged in research work on
poisonous gases from July 1, 1918, until his discharge, and
who in September of the year named received a commission as
second lieutenant; Lee Irvin Smith, '13 and '15, second lieu-
tenant in the Chemical Warfare Service, who was transferred
from Cambridge, Massachusetts, early in 1918 to Washington;
and Harold K. Baumgardner and Merle L. Bundon, assistants
in the Department of Chemistry. John A. Vander Werf, an-
other assistant in chemistry, was sworn into the Chemical
Warfare Service early in November, 1917, and was assigned
to duty at the American University Experiment Station. Later
he was promoted to a second lieutenancy and became head of
the chemical laboratory at Edgewood Arsenal, Stanford, Con-
necticut.

Other members of the College of Engineering, who served
part or all of their time in Washington, D. C, were Professor
Alfred D. Cole of the Department of Physics, Professor Alan
E. Flowers and Assistant T. O. Farmer of the Department
of Electrical Engineering, Professor Frank E. Sanborn of the
Department of Industrial Arts, and Dean Edward Orton,
Jr., '84. Dean Orton's activities in connection with the pas-
sage of the National Defense Act have already been set forth
in Chapter I of this volume. Throughout his student days Mr.

College of Engineering 217

Orton served in the University Battalion, part of the time as
a member of the band. During two years of this period he
•was also connected with the Ohio National Guard. From that
time on he was a thorough believer in military training. In
the summer of 1916 Dean Orton attended the United States
Army Training Camp at Plattsburgh, New York, and on Jan-
uary 5, 1917, was commissioned a major in the Quartermaster
Officers' Reserve Corps. In the following May he was assigned
to the Motor Transport Repair Shops at San Antonio, Texas,
as assistant to the commanding officer, with the duty of pre-
paring engineering studies and calculations of the repair shop
equipments needed for motor transport companies for various
military units. He also served as personnel officer. Early
in June, 1917, Major Orton was transferred to the Trans-
portation Division, office of the department quartermaster.
Fort Sam Houston, Texas, as assistant in charge of tests and
reports on motor equipment in the Southern Department. Re-
maining at Fort Sam Houston, he was transferred to the Motor
Truck Group for the purpose of preparing himself to take
command of it on the departure of the regular officer, then
in command. On August 18 Major Orton was ordered to
Washington, D. C, where he served as assistant to Lieutenant
Colonel Chauncey B. Baker, an Ohio State man of the class
of 1881, who was chief of the Motor Transport Division, Quar-
termaster Corps, and who set Major Orton at work studying
the organization and operation of the Engineering Section.
A few days later Orton was placed in charge of this section,
including the corps of automotive engineers engaged in de-
signing standardized military trucks.

During the Mexican Punitive Expedition and Border
operations of 1916-17 the United States Government had ex-
perienced great difficulties in maintaining a fleet of commer-
cial trucks of many different makes. In order to reduce and
simplify repairs as far as possible, it was proposed to design
and build for the Army three or four types of completely
standardized trucks suitable for the severest military service.
Each model was to be the super-truck of its class in power,

218 History of The Ohio State Unr-ersity

reliability, and ability to go under any conditions, and the
parts of any machine were to be interchangeable with the
corresponding parts of any other of the same model. This
ambitious plan had been on paper for some months and had
the backing of many of the leading members of the Society
of Automotive Engineers.

Wlien Major Orton took charge, between thirtj' and forty
of the best truck engineers and designers and a number of
draftsmen were scattered about in several offices in Wash-
ington, wherever they could find room. During the five weeks
they had been at work they had made little progress, owing
to lack of organization and direction. The new officer was
given full authority to get results, regardless of obstacles. The
progress soon made was remarkable. Between July 25, 1917,
and January 25, 1918, or a period of six months, the corps
accomplished a huge task of designing, building, and testing
three truck models, or a model eveiy two months. The sig-
nificance of this achievement will be better understood when
it is stated that ordinarily the time required to design, build,
and test a single model is about eighteen months.

Besides building these models, the engineering work relat-
ing to all the other varieties of motor transport vehicles had
to be carried on. For this purpose there were only three or
four men available in August, 1917. Within six months this
section had grown to large size.

Simultaneously with the designing and testing of the mil-
itary trucks and motor transport equipment of all sorts, an
organization had to be provided for producing these things on
a large scale. By January, 1918, the pressure was shifted
from engineering to production. Preliminary to this final
stage, an automotive expert of great reputation was secured
to go over the work of the preceding months with exactness,
and the Engineering Section was reduced to its normal place.

Late in February, 1918, Major Orton was transferred to
the Maintenance Di\'ision and given duties, chiefly executive,
in connection with designing and building motor transporta-
tion repair shops of very large size and procuring equipment

College of Engineering 219

for them. He was sent to secure a site for large repair shops
in San Antonio, Texas and got the purchase confirmed by the
authorities in Washington, the expenditure being the lowest
for any shop in the series. He then went to Baltimore and
Atlanta to report on the condition of the shops under con-
struction there.

Near the end of May, 1918, the Motor Transport Division
of the Quartermaster Corps was abolished, and the Motor
Transport Service was created, a radical change being made
in all the higher officers. Major Orton was the senior in serv-
ice and rank of any officer retained from the old organization.
He became the chief of the Overseas Liaison Branch of the
new service. His new duties required him to conduct all cor-
respondence with the overseas branch of the Motor Transport
Service, to see that all cablegrams relating to the matters
under his jurisdiction went to the right place for attention,
to compute all requirements for the service, and to calculate
the proper rates of completion and delivery of all vehicles and
equipment. A new organization had to be created, while the
work to be done daily was very complicated and urgent, the
cablegrams betraying a constantly growing anxiety and ten-
sion overseas. As senior officer of the old division, the respon-
sibility rested upon Major Orton during the next three months
to keep things going, until the new^ men in charge could get
an organization together and learn their duties. This was an
unusually trying period.

On August 20, 1918, the Motor Transport Service was
supplanted by the Motor Transport Corps, independent of any
other corps. All the officers who had been displaced in May
now returned. Major Orion being retained and made chief
of the Service Division. His duties were to prepare the re-
quirements calculations, as before, besides keeping at hand all
statistical data, making efficiency studies of the corps' opera-
tions, conducting an inventory of all corps property, writing
a history of the organization, and acting as morale officer. A
staff of officers and clerks for each of these activities was col-
lected, instructed, and their work supervised. Early in No-

220 History of The Ohio State University

vember Major Orton was promoted to lieutenant colonel.
After the Armistice the inventory section had to be developed
under great pressure and came to include about 125 officers,
75 enlisted men, and as many civilians. Six months w^ere
required to prepare the inventory. The historical section had
a personnel of six officers and several civilians.

On May 19, 1919, Lieutenant Colonel Orton was directed
to report to the office of the Secretary of War to receive a
Distinguished Service Medal upon the following citation:

Lt. Col. Edward Orton, Jr., M. T. C, Formerly in charge of Service
Division M. T, C. His untiring energy and splendid judgment were
displayed in the efficient organization of the Engineering Division of
the Motor Transport Corps, in bringing about standardization of equip-
ment and supplies, and in efficiently directing the forces of the motor
industry to the mutual advantage of the Army and the Industry itself.

On June 1, 1919, Lieutenant Colonel Orton was dis-
charged from the service and near the close of the following
September was commissioned colonel, Quartermaster Section,
Officers' Reserve Corps, United States Army.

Among the Ohio State men who served with Orton in
standardizing military trucks were Captain William C. Brit-
ton, '02, and Captain Allando A. Case, formerly instructor in
the Department of Industrial Arts. After serving succes-
sively as unit organizer, shop engineer, and engineer officer,
Captain Case was appointed, April 23, 1919, a member of a
committee of three to draft courses of instruction for Motor
Transport Corps Training Schools, to be conducted in connec-
tion with the shops for the intensive training of men as igni-
tion experts, electricians, battery repairmen, blacksmiths, truck
drivers, etc., so that the Army might have a highly skilled
body of men for its Motor Transport Service. At the end of
May Captain Case was ordered to Camp Holabird, Baltimore,
Maryland, to organize a school for enlisted men. This was
the first school of the kind in the Army. A few days later he
was appointed educational director and constructive engineer
of this school, being promoted to the rank of major on July 22.
In the fall of 1919 Major Case also sat one day each week

College of Engineering 221

on the Civil Service Board for Motor Transport Training
School Instructors at Washington, D. C. On November 1 he
was sent to Camp Jesup at Atlanta, Georgia, to open a school
there. That he did not overlook Ohio State men in choosing
his instructors is shown by the fact that in January, 1920,
he had six of them on his staff and was expecting to take on
two more in a short time. Among these men were C. R.
Upp, '03, and R. S. Richards and Fay Dunn, both of the class
of 1900. Mr. Dunn was made head of the Engineering Section,
and the other two men were in the machine department.
Victor Darnell of the class of 1900 was in charge of tool
installation at Camp Holabird. At the end of the year 1919
the school here had 650 students and was expected to graduate
1,500 students a year. Other schools for enlisted men were
established at Camp Normoyle and Camp Boyd, Texas, and
one for the training of Motor Transport Corps officers was
formed at the Georgia School of Technology.

In October, 1918, Mr. Bertram S. Stephenson, '01, was
summoned to Washington by the War Industries Board as
an expert on pig iron.

Professor Alan E. Flowers of the Department of Elec-
trical Engineers and a member of the Graduate Council en-
tered the service, April 3, 1918, as a captain in the Radio
Development Section of the Signal Corps at Washington,
being placed in charge of the power supply equipment for all
Army radio sets under development. He was discharged,
March 8, 1919. Troi 0. Farmer, assistant in Electrical Engi-
neering, enlisted in Company B, 48th Regiment, Engineers,
on May 17, 1918 and was in training at Fort Benjamin Har-
rison, Indiana, until the end of June, when he was transferred
to the Signal Corps and was engaged in electrical research
at the Bureau of Standards in Washington until August 1,
after which he was connected with the Air Service in the
national capital, being concerned with aircraft production.
His whole term of service was seven months. Professor
Frank E. Sanborn of the Department of Industrial Arts
became a captain in the Sanitary Corps at the end of August,

222 History of The Ohio State University

1918, and for nearly three months thereafter was in charge
of the Educational Department of the United States General
Hospital No. 31 at Carlisle, Pennsylvania. He was then made
assistant director of Occupational Therapy and head of the
Technical Department in the Walter Reed General Hospital
in Washington, D. C. Professor Alfred D. Cole of the De-
partment of Physics spent the summers of 1917 and 1918 in
radio development work in the Government laboratories in
Washington : the first summer in the United States Naval Lab-
oratory studying the use of electron tubes as receivers for
wireless telegraphy, and part of the second in similar work
in the Radio Division of the Bureau of Standards. A consid-
erable portion of this summer was devoted to writing part of
a manual on wireless telegraphy, which the Signal Corps of
the Army had requested the experts of the bureau to prepare
for use in military camps and training schools. A number
of men cooperated in the preparation of this book in order to
get it out quickly. The chapters on the use of electron tubes
as receivers, amplifiers, and generators of radio signals in both
telegraphy and telephony were the sections prepared by Pro-
fessor Cole. Professor Samuel J. Barnett, also a member of
the Department of Physics, attended the Submarine Confer-
ence, held in Washington in June, 1917, and gave some time
to work on instruments and methods for the detection of sub-
marines.

With so many loyal Ohio State people in and about Wash-
ington, it would have been strange, indeed, if they had not
found the time for an occasional social gathering. The prime
movers in bringing about the first of these meetings were
Ralph H. Brown, '16, and L. H. Hart, *10, a visit of President
W. 0. Thompson to the city on war business furnishing the
occasion. A notable dinner was given in Dr. Thompson's
honor at Harvey's Restaurant, February 19, 1918, Colonel
Chauncy B. Baker of the Quartermaster's Corps, who had
recently returned from France, being another distinguished
guest. One hundred alumni of the University, two-thirds of
whom were in uniform, attended the function and listened

College of Engineering 223

attentively to President Thompson's stirring remarks on "The
University and the War." He declared that practically all
the buildings and grounds of Ohio State were devoted to war
purposes, and that there was scarcely a student within the
draft age who had not joined the forces. Others who re-
sponded were Major Edward Orton and Captain William C.
Britton, both of whom were engaged in perfecting motor
trucks for the Army; Colonel George A. Burrell, head of the
gas and flame investigations of the Government, who spoke
of what had been accomplished by the engineers in his section,
many of whom were Ohio State men as has been already
noted; Major William McPherson; Major David S. White, who
was helping to organize the Veterinary Corps; Captain Wil-
liam L. Evans ; Professor Henry L. Rietz ; Dr. W. J. T. Duvel of
the United States Department of Agriculture, who left imme-
diately after the banquet for Australia on a war mission for
the Government, and Willard Kiplinger, '12, correspondent
for the Associated Press.

The gathering was so successful that a second one was
arranged for April 1, notice being given that all Ohio State
men in or near Washington would be welcome and might
obtain information from Ralph H. Brown, who was called on
to act as secretary of the local group or association. As the
number of Ohio State people increased in and near Washing-
ton a series of Saturday night dinners was provided for at
Cushman's Cafe on 14th Street, near F. The members gath-
ered about the tables at 6 o'clock and afterwards adjourned
to the club rooms on the fourth floor for a meeting. As there
were three hundred or more alumni in Washington in the
fall of 1918, the attendance was usually large until it was
reduced greatly by the influenza epidemic. On the return of
President Thompson from France, the association tendered
him a big reception.

Although the College of Engineering had large groups
of its teachers and graduates engaged in war work in Wash-
ington and Edgewood, as well as in the laboratories of the
University in Columbus, its representatives were to be found

224 History of The Ohio State University

meeting the public needs of the hour in other localities and
in a variety of ways, for which they were especially fitted.
Professor Franklin A. Ray, '87, of the Department of Mining
Engineering was in Russia for several months in 1916-17,
investigating the coal deposits, mining conditions, coal re-
serves, etc. In April, 1917, he made a report on these matters
to the War Department, besides furnishing military informa-
tion of value on Russia to the chief of staff of the United
States Army. He also served on the Conservation Advisory
Board of the Federal Fuel Administration in Ohio and as a
district conservation engineer for central Ohio from August
20, 1918, to March 1, 1919. Professor Horace Judd and In-
structor Paul Bucher, both of the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, were members of a subdistrict conservation com-
mittee of the Federal Fuel Administration in Ohio from No-
vember 5, 1918, to January 1, 1919. Professor Karl D.
Schwartzel, '93, of the Department of Mathematics served
with the Committee on Education and Special Training as
assistant educational director for Ohio, Indiana, and West
Virginia. Associate Professor Edmund S. Manson, Jr., of
the Department of Astronomy attended the United States
Army Training Camp at Plattsburgh, New York, in the sum-
mer of 1916, was sworn into the service in the middle of May,
1917, and received three months more training at Fort Ben-
jamin Harrison, coming out a first lieutenant. He served in
the adjutant general's department at Camp Sherman, Ohio,
besides attending the School for Personnel Adjutants at Camp
Meigs, D. C, in the spring of 1918, was promoted to a cap-
taincy early in October, 1918, and was discharged, September
6, 1919.

Not all of the representatives of the College of Engineer-
ing who were in the Chemical Warfare Service were stationed
at Columbus, Edgewood, and Washington. At least a few in
this branch of the service were to be found at other places.
Thus, Lieutenant David R. Mellon, graduate assistant in chem-
istry in 1916-17, was stationed at Niagara Falls with the
chemical detachment, being assistant production manager of

College of Engineering 225

the Government toxic gas plant, which was a part of the
Oldbury Electro-Chemical Company at that place. First Lieu-
tenant Claude P. McNeil, '14, was connected with the Chemical
Warfare Service Gas Mask Chemical Plant at Long Island
City. Sumner B. Frank, '11, enlisted as a private in the
Chemical Warfare Service and was stationed in the Offense
Laboratory at Cleveland, Ohio. Dean O. Crites, assistant in
chemistry, became a second lieutenant and was at the United
States Bureau of Mines at Pittsburgh.

Other kinds of war work were performed by members
of the College of Engineering. Earle C. Smith, instructor in
1916 in metallurgy, who was at first on the inspection force
of the Signal Corps, was later transferred to the Pittsburgh
office of the Bureau of Aircraft Production, his entire term
of service being from August, 1917, to January, 1919. Samuel
S. Withrow, assistant in engineering drawing, served in the
Ordnance Department as assistant ballistic engineer on
Browning Machine Gun testing at the Frankfort Arsenal in
Philadelphia. Hugo Diemer, '96, professor of industrial engi-
neering at Pennsylvania State College, entered the service in
July, 1917, and was commissioned major in the Ordnance De-
partment, his first assignment being to the Frankfort Arsenal,
Philadelphia. After two months there, in which he familiar-
ized himself with the various operations of cartridge making,
he was selected to represent the Ordnance Department at
Lowell, Massachusetts. Very soon all Lowell and vicinity were
added to the territory under his charge. Thus he represented
the Government at the plants of the Newton Manufacturing
Company and the International Steel Ordnance Company. He
was then transferred to the staff of General Dickson, which
had charge of all Army work at the Bethlehem Steel Com-
pany at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

Charles E. Skinner, M.E. '90, directed much of the investi-
gation undertaken during 1918 in the Research Division of the
Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company at East
Pittsburgh in connection with war problems. Ralph D. Mer-
shon, also of the class of '90, resident in New York City and

226 History of The Ohio State University

distinguished as an electrical consulting engineer, was ap-
pointed on the Naval Advisory Board at the beginning of the
war and by the signing of the Armistice had been promoted
to a lieutenant colonelcy. In June, 1918, Tufts College in
Massachusetts conferred upon him the honorary degree of
D. Sc, in recognition of his notable record. Benjamin G.
Lamme, '88, was made a member of the Naval Advisory Board
by Secretary Josephus Daniels in 1915. In that position dur-
ing the war he made important contributions to the Allied
cause. In the business world Mr. Lamme was widely known
as the chief engineer of the Westinghouse Electric and Manu-
facturing Company, a place he held from 1903 until his death.
At the annual meeting of the American Institute of Electrical
Engineers in New York, May 16, 1919, he was awarded the
Edison Medal in recognition of his notable service in develop-
ing electrical machinery. On this occasion also an address was
read on "The Achievements of Benjamin Lamme." In the
early summer of 1918 Herman Gamper of the class of 1899
was appointed power engineer for the new Emergency Fleet
Corporation, his headquarters being in Philadelphia. Archi-
bald C. Huston, '16, was commissioned a second lieutenant at
the beginning of the war on the recommendation of Captain
George L. Converse, commandant of the University Battalion.
He received his training at Fortress Monroe, Virginia, was
promoted to the rank of first lieutenant and in September,
1918, to that of captain. A little later he was placed in com-
mand of Fort Pickens, a coast artillery post outside of Pen-
sacola, Florida. On the entrance of the United States into
the war Paul M. Lincoln, '97, received a commission as cap-
tain in the United States Officers' Reserve Corps. Late in
May, 1918, Carl B. Harrop, assistant professor of ceramic
engineering at Ohio State University, entered upon important
work for the Government at the Bureau of Standards in Pitts-
burgh.

Captain Gerald E. Tenney, B.M.E. '16, was stationed at
the Springfield Arsenal, Massachusetts, in the Ordnance De-
partment of the Army during the war. Under his supervision

College of Engineering 227

hundreds of thousands of rifles were manufactured. At mid-
March, 1919, he sailed from San Francisco to report to the
commanding officer of the Manila Arsenal, having been ap-
pointed in the Regular Army, He was one of three, out of
fifteen, whose recommendation was approved in Washington.

A notable service was rendered to the Government by F.
M. Craft, '05, and C. P. Cooper, '07, two graduates in electrical
engineering. At the time the United States entered the war
Mr. Craft was in charge of inside plant engineering work for
the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company at Balti-
more, while Mr. Cooper was division superintendent of plants
for the New York Telephone Company at Albany. With the
declaration of hostilities the demands for telephone facilities
in Washington became pressing. The entire resources of the
great Bell system in personnel, money, and materials were
placed at the disposal of the Government; and engineers,
traffic experts, maintenance and construction men, and oper-
ators were brought to Washington to handle the situation. It
was not until near the end of 1917, however, that it became
apparent that the surpassing needs of the emergency de-
manded other than the ordinary organization methods, and
it was then determined to equip the national capital with
adequate telephone service. It was at this juncture that Mr.
Craft was asked to organize and direct an engineering depart-
ment recruited from the Bell companies throughout the East
to perform the engineering work, while Mr. Cooper was as-
signed the task of constructing and maintaining the telephone
plant as plant superintendent.

The magnitude of the work entrusted to these gentlemen
will appear from the following statements: At the time the
United States entered the World War the Bell Telephone prop-
erty in the District of Columbia was valued at $6,500,000 and
served about 60,000 telephones, of which 4,600 were for the
use of the Federal Government. During the period of belliger-
ancy the value of the District establishment was increased to
$14,000,000. Over 73,000 telephones were installed, most of
them for Government use. A nine-story office and equipment

228 History of The Ohio State University

building was erected in record-breaking time at a cost of
$1,350,000. Prior to April 1, 1917, a switchboard requiring
less than thirty operators sufficed to handle the local toll busi-
ness. By the time of the signing of the Armistice a central
toll office equipment requiring about two hundred operators
was partially completed. Within the same period a complete
new local central office was placed in service, and two others
were constructed and ready for installation. Large service
extensions of the six existing central offices were made, re-
quiring in two cases additions to the buildings. Subways were
built and cables laid in numerous instances in sections which
before the war were public parks, and on which acres of
temporary buildings were erected for Government use. One
hundred and fifty miles of underground cable ducts were in-
stalled.

Private branch exchange switchboards were put in place
for the Government departments, in many instances compar-
able in size with those of small cities. Not a few of these
equipments were soon outgrown. In the case of the War
Department five different switchboards were installed, the last
of these being the largest private branch exchange in the
world. It afforded accommodations for seventy-five operators
and cost over $400,000. This board was capable of handling
8,000 private exchange stations and was actually serving 5,000
at the time the Armistice was signed. It was housed in a
building erected by the Government but planned and super-
vised by the telephone company.

Mr. Craft and Mr. Cooper continued their service until
hostilities ceased, when the special organization was aban-
doned, and Washington became again one of the divisional
units of the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company.

A few members of the teaching staff and many of the
graduates and students of the college saw active service over-
seas. Something of the record of this service has been told
in another chapter. Suffice it to say here that Grover C.
Seegar, '17, instructor in civil engineering, enlisted at Camp
Sherman, Ohio, late in April, 1918, as a private in the Trans-

College of Engineering 229

port Battalion, 158th Depot Brigade, and was later transferred
to the Machine Gun Corps, 322nd Battalion, 83rd Division.
In July, 1918, he landed in France, where he served in the
Le Mons area until September, 1919. From that time to the
end of October he was on duty in the Paris area, receiving
his discharge October 30, 1919. Meantime, he had been pro-
moted to the rank of sergeant. Thomas C. Coleman, assistant
in the Department of Industrial Arts, received his training at
Camp Devens, April 28 to July 5, 1918, and went to France
with the United States Engineers, 29th Regiment, 74th Divi-
sion, where he landed on July 17. During a period of more
than seven months, that is, until February 28, 1919, he saw
service at Angers, Fort St. Menge, Toul, and St. Nazarin.
About a month later he was discharged at Camp Devens.
William E. Davis, '04, went to France with the Canadian rail-
way troops. He was advanced to the rank of major and in
October, 1918, was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal
of Great Britain for brave conduct under heavy shell fire,
while supervising the construction of a railroad near the front
in the previous August.

The Effect of the War on the Departments of the
College of Engineering

It scarcely needs to be said that certain general depart-
ments named in the above list, such as astronomy, chemistry,
mathematics, and physics, draw numbers of their students
from other colleges than that of Engineering and that in the
case of the departments just named the enrollment figures
given under the years 1917-18 and 1918-19 indicate with-
drawals of students and the decline in registration extending
throughout the University in those years.

The first withdrawals from the College of Engineering,
as from the other colleges, due to the war took place in the
third week of April, 1917, when within two days 373' students
withdrew from the University as a whole, at least ten of these
being from the College of Engineering. This departure of
young men from the campus was but the forerunner of the

230 History of The Ohio State University

withdrawal of nearly three times as many less than a month
later, when the University Faculty gave its sanction to stu-
dents leaving for the purpose of going into agricultural and
military service. This time 101 engineering students withdrew
to go to work on farms and 29 more to enlist in the Army.
Many who did not leave with the crowd during May 10-15 en-
tered the service during the summer months, and the enroll-
ment of the College of Engineering was down to 855 when the
University opened in the autumn of 1917. During the following
months 149 more students withdrew from the college to enter
some branch of military service. Under the Selective Service
Law 63 students enlisted in the Engineer Enlisted Reserve
Corps and thereby obtained a re-classffication by which they
were permitted to complete their studies before being drafted.
Twelve of the fourth-year electrical students entered the Sig-
nal Corps by completing a wireless course, which was pre-
scribed by the office of the Signal Corps, War Department, and
given by Mr. Roy A. Brown, instructor in the Department of
Electrical Engineering, assisted by Professor Alfred D. Cole
of the Department of Physics. When the second half-year
began in February, 1918, the number of engineering students
was found to be 693, or 162 less than in the previous fall.

When the University resumed its activities in the follow-
ing September, the enrollment in the College of Engineering
jumped to 1,236, the large increase being due to the Students'
Army Training Corps. Of the number given 834 were in-
ducted into the S.A.T.C., while another group withdrew on
account of their failure to qualify. Only 379 were regular
students. On the demobilization of the S.A.T.C. in December
most of the S.A.T.C. cadets and many of the first-year stu-
dents left the University, the latter because they had found
conditions for study unsatisfactory under the congested con-
ditions then existing.

Remembering that the United States declared war on Ger-
many, April 6, 1917, one can note the effect of the war on the
enrollment of the departments in the College of Engineering
in the following table:

College of Engineering 231

Departments 1915-16 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19

Architecture 354 510 330 192

Astronomy 148 145 118 107

Ceramic Engineering 262 255 165 126

Chemistry 3,316 3,371 2,853 3,736

Civil Engineering 881 876 637 615

Electrical Engineering 442 559 284 310

Engineering Drawing 1,661 1,683 1,550 1,508

Industrial Arts 937 1,164 743 574

Mathematics 1,722 2,111 1,762 1,377

Mechanical Engineering 756 740 479 441

Mechanics 346 353 254 222

Metallurgy 162 286 197 213

Mineralogy 76 74 64 52

Mine Engineering Ill 82 87 74

Physics 980 1,308 999 1,001

The fluctuations in enrollment during the years 1917-18
and 1918-19 are exhibited in the following table :

1917-18
Departments 1st Sem. 2nd Sem.

Architecture 44]

I 59
Architectural Engineering. . . . 23 J

Ceramic Engineering 62 53

Chemical Engineering 173 146

Civil Engineering 140 118

Electrical Engineering 206 156

Mechanical Engineering 164 130

Mine Engineering 30 18

General Engineering 11 7

Special 2 2

Unclassified 4

Totals 855 693 1,189 686

Some of the old students, who had been mustered out of serv-
ice, reappeared with the opening of the second half-year in
February, 1919, the enrollment being at this time 685 and
approximating closely what it had been just a year before.
The number of students receiving engineering degrees in June

19.

18-19

1st Sem.

2nd Sem.

23

23

36

18

39

31

213

134

242

119

269

153

269

146

32

23

9

16

2

. .

55

23

232 History of The Ohio State Unrtrsity

was 62 and was made up largely of men who at the beginning
of the year were enlisted in the Engineers' Reserve Corps of
the Army. Most of the senior electrical engineers had pre-
viously enlisted in the Signal Reserve Corps. If these men
had not thereby received exemption from the draft as being
already in the service, the list of graduates would have been
very small.

That the war made deep inroads on the Faculty of the
Engineering College, as well as on the number of its students,
during the year 1917-1918 is shown by the records of the
Board of Trustees for that year. Seven leaves of absence
were granted and thirteen resignations were accepted by the
Board during the period mentioned, the result being that the
Department of Chemistry lost nine instructors; the Depart-
ment of Civil Engineering, three; the Department of Metal-
lurgy, two; and the Departments of Astronomy, Ceramics,
Physics, Electrical Engineering, Mine Engineering, and Engi-
neering Drawing, one each, within a few months.

Meantime, the School of Military' Aeronautics had been
inaugurated on the campus late in May, 1917, three other
United States mihtary schools being opened in rapid succes-
sion and continuing to various dates in the summer of 1918.
As the courses of intensive training in all of these schools
involved the teaching of various specialized, technical branches,
several departments of the College of Engineering were called
upon to supply instructors and even administrative officers.
For example, the Department of Mechanical Engineering fur-
nished six instructors; the Department of Astronomy, two;
the Department of Industrial Arts, two ; and the Departments
of Architecture and Electrical Engineering, one each. The
Department of Physics supplied for a part of the time the
president of the Academic Board, and the Department of Me-
chanics supplied an assistant in his office. As we are here
concerned only with the College of Engineering, it is unneces-
sary to refer to the number of instructors provided for these
military- schools by the other colleges of the University.^

Although certain parts of the present chapter have been

College of Engineering 233

in the nature of a commentary upon the effects of the war on
those engineering departments most deeply involved in its
prosecution, yet it seems desirable to set before the reader
more directly and specifically the wartime experiences of these
departments, in order that he may appreciate as fully as pos-
sible the reflex influence of the unique episode upon the edu-
cational units of the University.

The Effect of the War on the Department of Chemistry

None of the departments in the Engineering College was
more affected by war conditions than was the Department of
Chemistry. This was due to the predominant part played by
chemistry in the World War and the great demand for trained
chemists in the service of the Government, as also in many of
the industries that took on Government contracts. Conditions
preceding the entrance of the United States into the war
had stimulated interest in chemistry and increased the attend-
ance of the department. For several years chemical industries
in this country had been expanding at a rapid rate, and very
attractive positions were open to competent chemists. As a
result it had been difficult to maintain an efficient staff of
instructors, w^hile at the same time the body of students was
growing rapidly.

The declaration of hostilities by the United States made
an immediate and heavy call upon the teaching staff of the
department, for the only reserves of trained chemists in the
country were in the college faculties. Three of the six pro-
fessors at once entered the Chemical Warfare Service, and
soon after a fourth arranged to be absent in Washington as
a consulting expert, returning once a week for a day of con-
centrated lectures. Of the force of nearly twenty-five men
of lower rank about one-half left in rapid succession to enter
either munition plants, the Chemical Warfare Ser\ice, or the
Government Research Laboratory at the American University

1 On the participation of the staffs of the different colleges and
departments in the instructional work of the Army military schools, see
Chapter II, pp. 17-40.

234 History of The Ohio State University

in Washington. The number was somewhat further reduced
as time passed, until not more than eight or nine remained.
Those who did remain devoted a considerable part of their
time to war problems in cooperation with the Government
Research Laboratory

A limited number of new instructors was secured by fill-
ing vacancies with satisfactory high-school teachers, persons
of physical disability, and well-trained women. The earnest-
ness and devotion of this reduced and altered staff maintained
the standard of instruction to an unexpected degree.

The immediate effect of the war upon the enrollment of
the department was seen in a great reduction in numbers.
The more advanced students were rapidly absorbed into the
Chemical Warfare Service and the arsenals, and many in the
lower classes enlisted or dropped out to fill well-paid positions.
In the fall of 1918 nearly all of the members of the newly
established unit of the Student's Army Training Corps, num-
bering finally a little more than 2,000 cadets, elected chemistry.
This large election was due in part to the emphasis that had
been put upon the shortage of chemists in the public prints
and in part to the impression prevailing that students in chem-
ical classes would not be drafted. The organization of the
technical courses in the S.A.T.C. was delayed by the Govern-
ment for a time after the arrival of the cadets ; and when, at
length, the program of intensive training in chemistry was
ready to be put into effect, it had become apparent that the
novice could not hope to attain chemical proficiency before he
would be called into service. Consequently, the S.A.T.C. enroll-
ment in the department dropped to about eight hundred, a
number that was within the staff's ability to handle with some
degree of success.

The presence of the S.A.T.C. caused a number of senior
chemical men, who had been drafted, to be returned to the
University, and some who had escaped draft also returned.
This enabled the Department of Chemistry to maintain a small
group of senior engineers for intensive training. The junior

College of Engineering 235

and sophomore classes were reduced to relatively small num-
bers.

Notwithstanding the changes in program and in the
personnel of the instructional staff, the spirit of the chemical
students was very good, but the plan for intensive training
was of little avail owing to the lack of any real coordination
between the military instruction and the academic instruction.
This lack was largely due to the inexperience of the military
officers of the S.A.T.C.

The sudden ending of the war, so soon after the reorgan-
ization of the chemical work on the intensive basis, occasioned
a new dislocation and necessitated another reorganization.
Through the remainder of the year 1918-19 old students were
returning to re-enter their classes, for it was evident that the
industrial demand for chemists would continue, and the stu-
dents were anxious to lose no time in completing their prepa-
ration to take their places in the industrial world. During
the second half-year and the succeeding summer session the
chief effort was directed to completing the course for the
advanced students and fitting the less advanced men into nor-
mal courses. By the opening session of 1919-20 the readjust-
ment was accomplished.

The Department of Chemistry, like the University as a
whole, experienced an unprecedented enrollment after the
termination of the war. In the autumn of 1919 the enrollment
in freshman chemistry was over 2,100, and all advanced classes
were largely increased. The large body of Ohio State grad-
uates in chemistry that was brought together in the Govern-
ment Research Laboratory in Washington and in the arsenals
called attention to the training afforded at the University, and
advanced students from other colleges entered for work in
chemistry.

In apparatus and equipment the department suffered con-
siderable deterioration on account of the war. Under the
heavy load of teaching imposed on the depleted staff, and with
much inexperienced assistance, proper care of equipment was
impossible. The substation for Government experimental

236 History of The Ohio State University

work maintained on the campus drew heavily on the depart-
ment's resources of apparatus, and although the attempt was
made to keep accurate account of loaned apparatus and to
secure proper recompense for damages, much deterioration
resulted. The plant itself suffered considerably, for repair
work was difficult to secure, and a chemical laboratory is al-
ways in need of repair. With diminished equipment, partly
due to the increased cost of all kinds of apparatus and partly
to the fact that some of it was not available in the market,
and with increased enfollment, it is clear that the Department
of Chemistry felt the effects of the war in a variety of ways,
including the temporary reduction of efficiency for advanced
work. It is safe to say, further, that no department staff was
under more continued strain than that of chemistry. To some
extent this strain was offset by the stimulus of new association
and cooperation with other chemists, the pooling of knowledge
and ideas in a common cause, and the suggestion of new lines
of work for research students.

The whole University, as well as the Department of Chem-
istry itself, may well be proud of the large number of chemists,
trained in the department, who played an honorable part in
the technical service of the Government. These men, assem-
bled in research laboratories, arsenals, and industrial plants
side by side with the graduates of better known institutions,
attained a level of accomplishment that redounded to the credit
of the institution represented by them and has given the Chem-
istry Department at Ohio State University an enviable repu-
tation as a place of training for those entering the chemical
profession. Certain it is that the department is better known
among chemists and employers than it was before the war.

The Department of Metallurgy

It was inevitable, one may say, that the members of the
Department of Metallurgy should be called early into war
service. Already in the summer of 1917 Professor D. J. Dem-
orest and Instructor Earl C. Smith of this department were
summoned to Portsmouth, Ohio, as experts by steel manufac-

College of Engineering 237

turers who had undertaken Government contracts. In De-
cember the department was deprived altogether of its teachers.
It was at this time that two members of the departmental staff
became connected with Edgewood Arsenal and devoted their
best energies to the development of the toxic gas program.^
The class work in metallurgy was now assumed by Professor
William J. McCaughey of the Department of Mineralogy, Pro-
fessor H. E. Nold of the Department of Mine Engineering,
and Mr. J. O. DrufRn of the Department of Mechanics, who
carried this extra burden in addition to their regular Uni-
versity work.

During the fall of 1917 there was a large attendance of
students in the general courses of fuels, iron, and steel, inas-
much as these courses were especially recommended by the
Army authorities ; but as soon as the Students' Army Training
Corps was formed in the fall of 1918 the attendance dropped
to 30 or 40 per cent of the previous enrollment. In the other
courses in metallurgy the attendance had been greatly reduced
and in some entirely eliminated, owing to the fact that every
junior and senior mining engineer who was physically accept-
able for military service had volunteered. In brief, therefore,
the effect of the war on the Department of Metallurgy was to
draw into the Army all of the regular teaching staff and most
of the students.

After the termination of hostilities, however, the enroll-
men in the metallurgy classes greatly increased, to such an
extent, indeed, that the department was perplexed as to how to
care for the students under its supervision.

The Department of Electrical Engineering

Two of the members of this department went into mili-
tary service in the spring of 1918, namely. Professor Alan E.
Flowers, who was assigned to duty as an officer in the Signal
Corps Division of the Army about April 1, and Assistant Troi
0. Farmer, who resigned and enlisted in the Engineers' Corps
in May. Mr. Roy A. Brown, instructor, was in charge of the

® See p. 210, this volume.

238 History of The Ohio State University

radio instruction in the School of Military Aeronautics on the
campus from its inception in the latter part of May, 1917,
until its close at the end of August in the following year. He
also gave the special radio course to the seniors of the Class
of 1918. Mr. William R. Alexander, the mechanician of the
department, gave half of his time during the summer of 1918
to the manufacture of a bandage-winding machine, which Pro-
fessor F. C. Caldwell and he developed for the use of the Red
Cross workers.^

The student enrollment in electrical engineering was less
affected by the war than that of many other departments. This
was mainly due to the need of the War Department for tech-
nical graduates, especially trained as electrical engineers and
radio experts. A few of the upperclassmen, however, dropped
out to enter service, the junior class losing more than a third
of its members. During the spring of 1918 the seniors devoted
the greater part of their time to a special course in radio engi-
neering, which was directed by the officers of the Signal Corps
at Washington. Ten men, all but two of the Americans re-
maining in the class of 1918, took this course and went
directly after graduation to a radio school, where they com-
pleted their training and were commissioned second lieuten-
ants about the time of the signing of the Armistice.

In the fall of 1918 the Students' Army Training Corps
further emphasized the need for technically trained men and
held a large proportion of the juniors, keeping them so nearly
to their regular course that they were able with only slight
modification of the usual curriculum to graduate in June, 1919.
Twenty-one men completed their work at this time. Seven
of those who had withdrawn from the two preceding classes
returned to graduate with the class of 1920.

The Department of Industrial Arts

Of seven men of the rank of instructor or above in the
Department of Industrial Arts four became sooner or later
engaged in Government service. Associate Professor William

' See p. 55, this volume.

College of Engineering 239

A. Knight served as head of the Departments of Airplanes
and Gunnery in the School of Military Aeronautics from May,
1917, to September, 1918; Professor Frank E. Sanborn was
commissioned captain in the Sanitary Engineering Corps of
the Army in July, 1918; Mr. Allando A. Case, instructor in
machine work, became a captain in the Motor Transport Corps
in October, 1918, and was stationed at Camp Holabird, Mary-
land, and Mr. Jacob A. Foust, instructor in forging, was in
the service as civilian inspector of forging from July 5 to
November 30, 1918.

The effect of the war on the enrollment of the department
is shown by the following figures: 1916-17, 1,311; 1917-18,
852; 1918-19, 726.

In the autumn of 1918 ninety-five cadets in the Students'
Army Training Corps took shop work.

Due to the fact that the operation of an army now re-
quires so much technical knowledge and mechanical skill and
that so many young men received specialized training in me-
chanical practice of some kind during the period of hostilities,
there was developed a new interest and more thorough appre-
ciation of the value and need of practical mechanical training.
These conditions were revealed in the increased enrollment
of the department in the fall of 1919, which amounted to 860
students, indicating a total for the academic year of about
1,450.

The Department of Mechanics

During the summer of 1917 Professor James E. Boyd of
the Department of Mechanics was employed in testing air-
plane struts at the Bureau of Standards in Washington, and
in the following months he spent some time in calculating the
results of these investigations. In the second week of July,
1917, Professor Boyd, in company with Professor Edwin F.
Coddington of the same department and with Professor Wil-
liam J. McCaughey of the Department of Mineralogy, attended
a meeting in Washington which was held in connection with
the Council for National Defense. During December, 1917,
and the first three months of 1918 Professor Boyd assisted

240

History of The Ohio State University

in the ofRce work of the School of Military Aeronautics on the
campus. The remaining teacher in the department, Mr. F. 0.
DrafRn, was employed by the Shipping Board during the sum-
mer of 1918 in experimental work on concrete ships. In the
absence of the teaching staff of the Department of Metallurgy,
Mr. Draffin instructed a part of its classes during the spring
and fall semesters of 1918, while Professor Boyd conducted
a class in mathematics, besides carrying his work in me-
chanics. In the fall of 1918, Professor Coddington, in addition
to attending to his duties as acting dean of the College of Engi-
neering, gave considerable time to the organization of the
Students' Army Training Corps.

The decline in the number of students in mechanics on
account of the war is shown in the following figures :

1916-17 First Semester
Second Semester

1917-18 First Semester
Second Semester

1918-19 First Semester
Second Semester

Mechanics 101

Mechanics 102

Mechanics 104

Mechanics 101

Mechanics 102

Mechanics 104

Mechanics 101

Mechanics 102

Mechanics 104

Mechanics 101

184 students

128 students
39 students

144 students
96 students
12 students

101 students
78 students
12 students
51 students

The Department of Mine Engineering

Professor Franklin A. Ray of the Department of Mine
Engineering was absent on leave in Russia during the fall of
1916 and the first four months of 1917 in the interests of the
American steel industries, investigating coal deposits. He
was in Petrograd in March, 1917, during the Russian Revo-
lution, and did not leave Russia until May 8. His extensive
travels and his contact with men of standing who were not
only thoroughly familiar with the conditions prevailing in
the country but were also ready to unburden their minds to
an American, enabled Professor Ray to impart valuable in-
formation to the State Department in Washington on his
return. Professor Ray was again granted leave of absence

College of Engineering 241

for the second semester of the year 1917-18 and devoted his
energies to increasing the coal output and otherwise assisting
the Federal Fuel Administration in Ohio, his leave being ex-
tended through the fall semester of 1918-19. The other mem-
ber of the department, Assistant Professor H. E. Nold,
remained on duty at the University, conducting the work of
the classroom and in addition teaching a large group of stu-
dents in the metallurgy of iron and steel, on account of the
absence of Professor D. J. Demorest.

In the fall of 1917 there were sixty-four men enrolled
in the courses offered in mine engineering. During the
semester nine of these students withdrew from the Engineer-
ing College to enter the service of their country. A number
of others did not return, and the second semester opened with
only thirteen students, three of these leaving soon for war
service. In other words, every student in mine engineering
who was an American citizen and physically able enlisted dur-
ing the year 1917-18 in some form of war service.

The Department of Astronomy

Like other departments in the several colleges, the De-
partment of Astronomy was considerably shaken in the middle
of May, 1917. Professor Henry C. Lord, as head of the De-
partment of Aids to Flight in the School of Military Aero-
nautics, was compelled to devote most of his time to the
preparation of his lectures on that subject and to the con-
struction of the apparatus needed for their illustration. Pro-
fessor Edmund S. Manson finished his work in the general
and required courses a fortnight earlier than usual and left
for Fort Benjamin Harrison. Carl C. Lowe, student assistant,
went into agricultural service before enlisting, and some of
the students withdrew during May and June to enter military
service or take up farm work.

CHAPTER XVI

THE PROBLEMS OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL

On March 8, 1917, nearly a month before the United
States entered the war, the Council of the Graduate School
submitted to the University Faculty a resolution, which was
adopted and in turn approved by the Board of Trustees on
April 3, authorizing President Thompson to appoint a research
committee consisting of representatives of the University Fac-
ulty engaged in scientific investigations, one or more graduates
of the institution, at least one member of the Board of Trus-
tees and the President as chairman, to cooperate with the
National Research Committee according to the program of the
National Research Council.

The number of matriculates in the Graduate School in
the fall of 1916 had been 196, 48 of these being women. In
the following spring the enrollment was 191. By the middle
of May, 1917, when male students were leaving the campus
with the approval of the University and State authorities,
five graduate students withdrew for agricultural service and
three more for military service. The summer session of 1917
showed a marked decline in comparison with that of the pre-
vious year, the drop being from 195 to 155. Of the absent,
thirty-eight were men and two were women. During the open-
ing weeks of the autumn session of 1917 the Graduate School
temporarily recovered most of its losses, for on November 8
it had an enrollment of 191 ; but the school was by no means
immune from the contagion of the war and lost, during the
next three months, fifty-five of its members. Short registra-
tion and withdrawals during the spring brought the number
down to 123.

Among those who left the Graduate School during the

243

244 History of The Ohio State University

academic year, 1917-18, were some of those who were entitled
to stipends as fellows and scholars. Of ten fellows three found
it necessary to resign, September 1, 1917, and three more dur-
ing the first semester ; while out of a total of twenty-five appli-
cants for scholarships who were recommended, two declined
appointment, six resigned before the University opened in
September, three resigned during the first semester, and two
more during the second. Only eleven of twenty appointees to
scholarships retained their appointments, these being mostly
women. One student, not counted in the eleven, was appointed
at the beginning of the second semester. In the light of this
experience the Graduate Council declined during the continu-
ation of the war to recommend any applicant for a scholarship
or fellowship who was subject to military service.

The enrollment in the Graduate School reached its lowest
ebb in the fall of 1918, when the number of students was 96,
forty-seven of these being men (three of them in the Students'
Army Training Corps).

After the signing of the Armistice and the release of
students from obligations imposed upon them by the war,
many of them began to arrange their affairs to return to col-
lege. Hence, the opening of the second half-year showed a
gain of 23 Vs per cent in attendance over the previous half-
year, the increase being from 96 to 119 students. In the sum-
mer session of 1919 the number jumped to 164, ninety-four
of these being men ; and in the fall of the same year it rose to
176, the men now numbering 124. In other words, within less
than a year after the signing of the Armistice the enrollment
in the Graduate School was rapidly getting back to normal,
as was also the proportion of male to female students in the
school.

The Graduate School not only suffered the loss by with-
drawal of more than half of its students during the war; it
was also called on to relinquish for the period of hostilities
or altogether the services of more than half of the members
of its governing board, the Graduate Council. The dean of

Graduate School 245

the school, Dr. William McPherson, was the first to depart,
receiving leave of absence at the beginning of September, 1917.

In the absence of Dr. McPherson, Professor Henry R.
Spencer of the Department of Political Science v^as appointed
acting dean and served until the latter part of November,
when he also was granted leave of absence. As a student of
international relations Professor Spencer had been invited to
speak before various groups on subjects connected with the
war, one of his addresses, "American Neutrality and Belliger-
ency," being delivered on the evening of April 6, 1917, before
the Ohio College Association. About December 1, Professor
Spencer sailed for France, and, after a short stay in that
country, went to Italy, where he became regional director of
the Y.M.C.A. with the Third Army. He remained abroad for
a little more than a year, returning to the United States to-
ward the end of December, 1918, and to Columbus, on January
4, 1919.

With the departure of Professor Spencer the duties of
the acting deanship devolved upon Professor Wilbur H. Sie-
bert of the Department of European History, who served until
the end of the academic year 1919. At commencement time,
1917, Professor Siebert had called the attention of the presi-
dent of the Alumni Association to the importance of gathering
and preserving the records of the services of Ohio State men
in the war. The matter was taken up with President Thomp-
son, and in the autumn he appointed the War Records Com-
mittee, which was provided with a sum of money sufficient
to carry forward its work. Professor Siebert was named on
this committee, through the efforts of which a large body of
early records of the men and women in service was gathered.
In February, 1918, Governor James M. Cox appointed the
Ohio Historical Commission on the proposal of President
Thompson at the suggestion of Professor Arthur M. Schles-
inger and Professor Siebert, both of whom were appointed on
the commission. The primary object of this commission was
to preserve the war records of the State.

On April 1, 1918, Professor Alan E. Flowers of the De-

246 History of The Ohio State University

partment of Electrical Engineering, who was a member of
the Graduate Council, resigned to accept a captain's commis-
sion in the Signal Corps Division of the United States Army.
On the conclusion of hostilities Captain Flowers accepted a
commercial position in Buffalo, New York.

Another member of the council who entered the service
of the Government was Professor Dana J. Demorest of the
Department of Metallurgy.

Needless to say, all the members of the council who did
not enter active service participated in the several liberty
loan, war chest, and other drives on the campus, and one
or more of them contributed to different publications articles
relating to the conflict.

Despite all these distractions the Graduate Council issued
the first two numbers of the Ohio State University Studies,
besides a new number of the Publications of the Teaching Staff
covering the previous five years.

CHAPTER XVII

THE SERVICES OF THE COLLEGE OF HOMEOPATHIC

MEDICINE

The College of Homeopathic Medicine made a remarkably
good record during the war, despite its small number of
teachers and students. The smallest of the colleges of the
University in attendance, it had only 35 students in the fall
of 1916 and only 32 in the following spring. Like the Col-
leges of Medicine, Dentistry, and Veterinary Medicine, it was
favored by the fact that all of its students who were physically
fit were expected to continue their studies as members of the
Medical Enlisted Reserve Corps in order to be of greater
service when called. The war had little effect on its enroll-
ment until the spring of 1918. In fact, the attendance of the
college increased to 37 in September, 1917, but dropped to
28 five months later. With the induction of men into the
Students' Army Training Corps, October 1, 1918, the regis-
tration jumped to 50, 16 of this number being cadets in the
S. A. T. C. The presence of this new organization and
the terrible epidemic of influenza seriously interrupted
classroom work. The demobilization of the S.A.T.C. in the
following December and the failure of eight freshmen out
of a class of 17 to return in the second semester explains the
drop in the number of students to 25 in February, 1919.
Nevertheless, conditions became more favorable at once, and
in the autumn 29 students were enrolled. Corresponding fluc-
tuations on a reduced scale appear in the attendance at the
summer sessions of 1917, 1918, and 1919. In the first of these
sessions the enrollment was four; in the second nine, and in
the third, five.

On March 30, 1917, the homeopathic Faculty voted to
ask President Thompson to oifer the services of the hospital

247

248 History of The Ohio State University

under their care and of the Faculty as well to the War De-
partment and the State of Ohio, in the event of war. Dr.
Jay G. Keiser, '06, assistant in surgery, was commissioned
first lieutenant, September 18, 1917, in the Sanitary Detach-
ment, 3*20th Infantry, and later served as battalion surgeon
with the American Expeditionary Force. He was promoted
to a captaincy at the end of February, 1919, and was dis-
charged from the service on June 26 at Camp Sherman. Pro-
fessor Fred B. Grosvenor entered the service in February,
1918, as first lieutenant and went to France in charge of the
Department of Internal Medicine of Base Hospital No. 48. He
became a captain, February 17, 1919, and received his dis-
charge at Camp Dix, April 23 of the same year, after 14
months' service. Dr. Harry M. Sage, an assistant in the col-
lege, was commissioned first lieutenant. May 24, 1918, and
served with the base hospital at Camp Jackson, South Caro-
lina, where he was discharged, April 26, 1919. On December
16, 1917, Dr. George B. Faulder, a clinical assistant in the
college, was commissioned first lieutenant in the Medical Offi-
cers' Reserve Corps and was given leave of absence January
1, 1918, He was sent overseas and became connected with
Evacuation Hospital No. 6. He also saw service in Germany.
He was promoted to the rank of captain, receiving his com-
mission February 22, 1919.

In addition to the military service of the instructors men-
tioned above, Dean Claude A. Burrett was a member of the
State Committee, Council of National Defense and, with Pro-
fessor J. A. Ferree, served on the medical staff of the Students'
Army Training Corps during the influenza epidemic in Octo-
ber, 1918. Professors W. A. Humphrey, A. E. Hinsdale, R. C.
Wolcott, and Dr. W. B. Carpenter were all enrolled in the
Volunteer Medical Service Corps.

Five of the students were in active military service,

namely, Harley W. Clinton, Peter Jaglinski, Chester W. Knap-

penberger, Frank G. Pettibone, and Harry G. Stack. Sixteen

others were members of the Medical Enlisted Reserve Corps.

The war record of the College of Homeopathic Medicine

Homeopathic Medicine 249

would not be complete without the mention of the service ren-
dered by the hospital and the nurses' training school. Dur-
ing the time that the United States military schools were in
operation on the campus, that is, from May 31, 1917, to August
31, 1918, 55 cadets from these schools were treated as resident
patients in the hospital, and over 600 were treated as dis-
pensary patients. During the same period 10 patients, who
were chemists connected with the Ordnance Department of
the United States Army engaging in research at the Univer-
sity, were treated for burns received while experimenting with
poisonous gases. While the Students' Army Training Corps
was a part of the University organization, namely, from Octo-
ber 1, to December 14, 1918, 26 cadets were treated as in-
patients and 35 as dispensary patients. During this same
period four chemists from the Ordnance Department were
resident patients at the hospital. A comparison of the above
ligures for the spring and summer of 1918 with those for
the last three months of the same year suggests that the Uni-
versity Hospital's activities were much greater during the
year 1917-18 than during the succeeding year. This fact is
accounted for in two ways, namely, by the greatly lessened
student body during the year 1918-19 and by the absence of
the military schools, both of which sources furnished the hos-
pital more than twelve hundred patients. As shown above,
comparatively few patients from the Students' Army Training
Corps were treated in the hospital.

The hospital staff and the training school for nurses
took an active part in Red Cross work. A part of the lower
floor of the old hospital building at the corner of Neil and
Tenth Avenues was used throughout the winter of 1917-18
as a center for Red Cross activities. Space in the new hos-
pital was also assigned to this work. A class in Red Cross
sewing met during the same period in the nurses' home.

The following named nurses, who were also teachers in
the training school, left the University and went into Red
Cross service: Lois Campbell, Frances Nichol, Olga Johnson,
Murriel Key, Rena Daily, and Vera Benjamin.

250 History of The Ohio State University

Owing to the absence from the Faculty in military service
of one professor and three assistants, the hospital practice
was especially difficult during the year 1918-19. The absence
of the younger men placed a greater burden upon the mem-
bers of the Faculty, and in a measure affected the hospital's
work. Professor Grosvenor's classes in physical diagnosis
were conducted by Dr. A. B. Schneider as lecturer. In April
and May, 1919, several members of the staff who were in
military service returned to the college. Captain Grosvenor
returned late in April; Captain Faulder and Lieutenant Sage,
in May, and Captain Reiser, in July.

One hundred and twenty-three of the alumni of the Col-
lege of Homeopathic Medicine received commissions during
the war, as shown in the muster roll. Of these 123 men 22
saw service in France; six in both England and France; four
in France and Belgium; three in France and Germany; one
in England, France, and Luxemburg ; one in England, France,
and Belgium; and one is recorded indefinitely "overseas."
Only one of the entire number is definitely given as hav-
ing entered the naval service, and he became lieutenant
commander of the U.S. S.S. Von Steuben, a transport be-
tween the United States and France. Two of the grad-
uates received military awards for bravery and distinguished
service during the war. They were Captain William H.
Caine, '16, who was awarded the British Distinguished
Service Cross for his services in the battle of Cambrai,
and the other was Captain Neil A. Dayton, '15, who received
a similar decoration from the British Government "for con-
spicuous gallantry and devotion to duty" during October 9
to 22, 1918, in the Wervicq-Comines Sector and later in the
rapid advances to the River Scheldt. The citation of Captain
Dayton says that it was largely due to him that on one occa-
sion a large number of gassed men were removed from an
area saturated with gas, and that on another occasion he col-
lected the wounded (some thirty in number) while he was
being "subjected to the most harassing shell and machine-
gun fire."

CHAPTER XVIII

THE TEMPORARY CLOSING OF THE COLLEGE OF
LAW AND ITS LATER SERVICE

Although the College of Law is one of the smaller colleges
of the University, its enrollment was more reduced by the war,
in combination with other circumstances, than that of any
of the other colleges. Its normal number of students before
hostilities was somewhat more than 140. Thus, in November,
1916, it had 147 students and in February, 1917, 141 students.
In September of the latter year, however, its enrollment was
lowered to 81. This was due not only to war conditions, taken
in connection with the fact that the College of Law is a man's
college, but also to the enforcement of a, new rule in Septem-
ber, 1917, requiring a preliminary year of college work for
the admission of candidates for certificates in law. Then, in
Februay, 1918, another rule went into effect, abolishing cer-
tificates in law and requiring two years of college work as a
prerequisite for entrance into the law school. All of these
conditions operating together cut down the attendance at once
to 54. When, in August, 1918, the "man power bill" was
enacted by Congress, placing the minimum draft age at
eighteen years, no students were left for the College of Law,
except those entitled to deferred classification. Hence, the
college was not opened during the first half-year of 1918-19,
as there were not enough students to justify it. With the
American troops just arriving on the Lorraine front and Rus-
sia withdrawing from the war, prospects for the prolonged
continuance of hostilities were still good in February, 1918.
Nevertheless, the law school again opened its doors and en-
rolled 33 students. It also gave courses of instruction in the
summer session of 1919 to 16 men who had returned from

251

252 History of The Ohio State University

military service. It was not until the following September
that the College of Law approximated its pre-war registration,
with 133 students in its classes.

The largest withdrawal of men from the college took
place from May 10 to 14, 1917, after the University Faculty
had decided to release male students to go into farm work
and military service. Of the 141 students then attending the
law school, 11 withdrew for the latter purpose and 33 for
the former.

The war services of the professors of law were of various
kinds. When the School for Aero-Squadron Adjutants began
on the campus in January, 1918, Dean John J. Adams lectured
to the adjutants on the law of evidence, and Professors A. H.
Tuttle, C. D. Laylin, J. W. Madden, and H. C. Corry gave them
instruction in military law. The starting of the School for
Balloon Adjutants in the following March called for the same
sort of service, in which Professor G. W. Rightmire took part
with the others. On March 5, 1918, President Thompson was
granted leave of absence by the Board of Trustees in order
to make an extended trip through the northwestern States in
behalf of the United States Department of Agriculture and
the Federal Food Administration; and again about Sep-
tember 1, 1918, he was called away by the Government,
this time to report on agricultural conditions in England,
France, and Belgium. His absence during this second trip
continued until near the middle of November. During these
periods of Dr. Thompson's absence Dean Adams served as
acting president of the University. From June 18 to Septem-
ber 15, 1918, Mr. Adams was in charge of the Law Enforce-
ment Division of the Federal Food Administration in Ohio.
In this capacity he issued licenses to dealers in foods under
the proclamations of the President of the United States.
During the summer of 1918 Professor Tuttle served in the
Quartermaster General's office in Washington, D. C., first as
"specialist in orders and regulations," Methods of Control
Division, and later as "associate chief" in the Treasury Branch
of the same division. Professor Tuttle also served in the Fed-

College of Law 253

eral Food Administration in Ohio. In the fall of 1917 Pro-
fessor Rightmire was made a member of the War Records
Committee of the University, and in February, 1918, visited
Camp Sherman, in company with other members of the com-
mittee, in an effort to get as complete a list as possible of the
records of the Ohio State University men who were in service.
Later he was sent on a similar mission to Camp Sheridan,
Montgomery, Alabama, where most of the Ohio National
Guard entering federal service were stationed. In the latter
part of July, 1918, Professor Corry was given leave of ab-
sence. When the Students' Army Training Corps began, Octo-
ber 1, 1918, most of its members were required to take a
course in War Issues. This requirement made necessary so
large a number of sections that each member of the law
Faculty, with one or two exceptions, took over several sections
of the new course until the demobilization of the corps in
December of that year.

CHAPTER XIX

THE SERVICES OF THE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE

In the fall of 1916 the College of Medicine had 148 stu-
dents, of whom 138 were men. With the opening of the spring
semester in 1917, the total number of registrants was only
slightly less than in the previous September, namely, 144. By
the middle of May, or three weeks after the United States
had declared war, eight medical students had withdrawn for
military service, and doubtless others withdrew during the
following weeks. When instruction began in the autumn of
1917 the enrollment was down to 120 students, of whom 112
were men. At mid-December the medical colleges of the
United States, like the dental and veterinary schools, were
placed under the jurisdiction of the War Department, the
students in these institutions who were physically fit being
enrolled in the Medical Enlisted Reserve Corps to enable them
to complete their studies before being called into active service.
This wise provision kept many men in the colleges that came
within its terms. Nevertheless, another decline took place in
the enrollment of our medical college in the spring of 1918,
bringing the number down to 107. During the summer the
Government announced its plan of organizing the Students'
Army Training Corps at selected colleges and universities,
including the Ohio State University, and a large number
of new students flocked in. Under these circumstances the
College of Medicine gained 80 S.A.T.C. cadets early in Oc-
tober, 1918, in addition to its 109 regular students, 106 of
the latter being men. With the signing of the Armistice and
the consequent demobilization of the S.A.T.C, the bottom
was reached, for only 99 students matriculated in the spring
of 1919. There had been 15 students in the medical college

255

256 History of The Ohio State University

during the summer session of 1918 and 11 during that of 1919.
The opening of the college in the fall of the latter year dis-
closed the fact that normal conditions had been restored ; the
attendance rose at a bound to 144, of which number 135 were
men.

Among the departments of instruction in the College of
Medicine none was more affected by the war than that of
public health and sanitation. The total enrollment in the
courses offered by the department both on the campus and
in the college during the academic year 1916-17 was 370.
In 1917-18 it was only 55. After the students were inducted
into the Medical Enlisted Reserve Corps in December, 1917,
and were assigned to class attendance, the war had little effect
on the enrollment. But the absence of Dr. E. F. McCampbell,
the head of the department, in military service when the col-
lege opened in the autumn of 1917 and the withdrawal of two
other teachers, as announced in the Bulletin for 1916-17, made
necessary the abandonment of the graduate courses. In the
second semester of 1918 the department was suddenly called
upon to direct the instruction in military hygiene and sanita-
tion in the School of Military Aeronautics. An eight-hour
course of seven lectures, with a written quiz and a final exam-
ination, was devised and repeated each week throughout the
semester. During this period about 800 officers in the "avia-
tion school," as it was commonly called, passed through this
course. The Military Department supplied two and later three
assistant instructors to Dr. E. R. Hayhurst for the manage-
ment of this course.

The departure of Dr. R. G. Paterson to enter the Red
Cross service in Italy in 1918 reduced the staff of the depart-
ment to two persons, namely. Dr. Hayhurst and Mr. L. H.
Van Buskirk. There was, however, an increase in enrollment
in all courses, except graduate work. On the campus the
student enrollment was: personal hygiene, 21; industrial hy-
giene, 58; public health problems, 35, this course being
repeated during the second semester with 11 students. In
the medical college the numbers were: personal hygiene, 36;

College of Medicine 257

preventive medicine, 17 ; the Graduate School, one. With the
organization of the Students' Army Training Corps in Octo-
ber, 1918, a course in mihtary hygiene and sanitation was
given to 215 students, and the work of the course as outlined
was practically completed by the time of the demobilization
of this unit. The students were divided into seven sections
of thirty each. Lectures and quizzes were given daily. The
additional work imposed by this course could not be carried
by the two remaining men of the department, and Dr. A. M.
Bleile, Dr. R. J. Seymour, and Mr. E. P. Durrant of the De-
partment of Phyiology, together with Professors C. B. Mor-
rey and W. A. Starin of the Department of Bacteriology,
generously responded to relieve the emergency. In the second
semester, beginning in February, 1919, Dr. Hayhurst gave
an intensive course of four weeks in industrial hygiene to
nine officers detailed to Columbus by the United States Public
Health Service.

The effect of the war on the enrollment in the other
departments of the College of Medicine are shown in the fol-
lowing table:

Departments 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19

Anatomy 594 671 540

Bacteriology 500 362 280

Medicine 496 287 166

Obstetrics 162 64 57

Pathology 366 121 221

Physiology, Phys. Chemistry, and

Pharmacology 1,048 940

Surgery and Gynecology 425 269 170

Previous to the declaration of war by the United States
six members of the Faculty of the College of Medicine had
been commissioned first lieutenants in the Medical Reserve
Corps of the Army. These commissions had been held from
two to five years. When the United States entered the war
the Medical Reserve Corps numbered approximately twelve
hundred members. In this list were to be found representa-
tives of practically every Class A medical school in the

258 History of The Ohio State University

country. Three days after hostilities were declared the com-
missioned officers in the Faculty of Ohio State's College of
Medicine were ordered to report for duty at the United States
Barracks in Columbus, Ohio. These Faculty members were
Dr. E. F. McCampbell, Dr. V. A. Dodd, Dr. George C. Schaef-
fer, Dr. John W. Means, and Dr. Edward C. Ludwig. Dr.
Elijah J. Gordon was at that time a member of the Medical
Department of the Ohio National Guard and had returned
but recently from service on the Mexican Border. He was
again ordered to report for duty with the National Guard
when that organization was mobilized, July 15, 1917. That
thirteen other teachers of the College of Medicine enlisted in
the service of their country during the first summer of the
war appears from the list of the men, on the University staff
who were granted leaves of absence at the September and
October meetings of the Board of Trustees. Thus, by October
1, 1917, a total of nineteen members of the Faculty of the
medical college had withdrawn, the Department of Anatomy
losing two; Medicine, three; Obstetrics, Ophthalmology, Oto-
Laryngology, and Physiology, each one; Pathology, two; and
Surgery, seven. On May 1, 1918, three members of the de-
partmental staff in anatomy left the University, and several
more withdrew from other medical departments during the
next six weeks. In a word, up to July 18, 1918, twenty-six
of the ninety-one teachers of the College of Medicine had been
commissioned in the Army. Including others who withdrew,
the medical Faculty was reduced fully one-third. Indeed, the
depletion of medical staffs not only at our University, but
throughout the country also reached such a stage that on
July 18, 1918, the Government asked for lists of essential
teachers, and from that time on men who were so designated
were not permitted to enlist in the medical service of the
Army and Navy. The Government recognized the fact that
the medical schools of the country were indispensable, that
they must be maintained in order that a sufficient supply of
medical graduates and medical officers might be forthcoming
as needed. In creating these lists of essential teachers in

College of Medicine 259

connection with the Class A medical colleges, the United States
Government was profiting by the unfortunate experience of
England and France, where the members of the medical staffs
had gone into the war in such numbers, and the supply of
graduate physicians and medical students had been so seri-
ously depleted by heavy casualties, that the civilian popula-
tions, as well as the military organizations, were suffering for
the need of physicians. It should be said that the service ren-
dered by the essential teachers of the country was in no sense
less patriotic than that of the men attached to the various
military and auxiliary organizations. Many of them felt the
call to active service in the field, but showed their devotion to
the duty assigned them by remaining at home to carry on the
work of the medical colleges and other activities, such as serv-
ing on the draft boards and teaching the cadets in the Stu-
dents' Army Training Corps.

Professor F. L. Landacre, who was appointed acting dean
of the College of Medicine when Dean E. F. McCampbell was
given his leave of absence, said that the reduction in the
force of teachers necessitated a radical rearrangement in the
college and imposed heavy duties on medical teachers who
were already overburdened. He also testified that the men
remaining on duty rose to the occasion in the very best spirit.
He thought that the most serious difficulty in the College of
Medicine caused by the war was the cessation of all scientific
research, although this advantage was, he believes, offset to
some extent by the experience of those who went into Gov-
ernment service.

Of the twenty-six members of the Faculty of the College
of Medicine who entered active service, eighteen were com-
missioned as medical officers in the United States Army, six
as medical officers in the United States Navy, one as an officer
in the United States Public Health Service, one served as a
member of the staff of the American Red Cross, one as an
enlisted man in the Army, and another as an enlisted man in
the Navy. It is gratifying to be able to record that no casual-
ties occurred among these men. Members of the Faculty of

260 History of The Ohio State University

the College of Medicine served in practically every capacity
in the various military medicinal organizations. They served
as battalion surgeons on the battle line in France, in charge
of regimental first-aid stations, in field hospitals, evacuation
hospitals, base hospitals, and regimental infirmaries ; they
served also as sanitary inspectors, camp and division surgeons,
members of draft boards, surgeons on transports and combat
ships, and as Red Cross relief workers.

With a few exceptions, the members of the Faculty had
had little or no military training. A few had previously been in
military service, some had taught military sanitation, and in
the beginning all except one or two men were commissioned
as first lieutenants. Soon after the United States entered
the war the Medical Reserve Corps was changed by law to
the Medical Sections of the Officers' Reserve Corps of the Na-
tional Army. Later all distinctions between officers of the
National Army, National Guard, and the United States Army
were abolished, and all commissions were issued to them as
officers in the United States Army. Except in the case of
a few of the younger men, all the members of the Faculty in
active service were promoted during the months of the war.
When the Armistice was signed the College of Medicine could
boast of three lieutenant colonels, six majors, four captains,
and four first lieutenants in the Army; one commander, two
lieutenants (senior grade), and two lieutenants (junior
grade), in the Navy; one major in the American Red Cross,
and one enlisted man in the Army.

It is not possible within the space available to review
the experiences through which all these members of the Fac-
ulty passed during the war. One must be content with merely
trying to illustrate the variety of the service performed not
only by members of the Faculty, but also by some of the grad-
uates.

Instructional Service in Medical Training Camps

Early in the summer of 1917 the War Department or-
ganized two large training camps for medical officers, one

College of Medicine 261

located at Fort Riley, Kansas, and the other at Camp Green-
leaf, Georgia. Practically all medical officers who were with-
out previous military training were ordered to these training
camps. It was recognized that, while such physicians might
be well qualified professionally, they stood in need of instruc-
tion in military medicine and army regulations. At these
camps, therefore, the physicians who had been recently com-
missioned were given training in military drill, army regula-
tions, and in the various special lines of medico-military
service, such as ambulance, field hospital, and base hospital
work, besides instruction in certain specialties of medicine
in order to prepare them to serve on tuberculosis, cardiac-
vascular, psychiatric, and other boards.

Later all this instructional work was concentrated at
Camp Greenlief, Georgia. Two members of the Faculty,
namely, Dr. Wayne Brehm and Dr. Walter E. Duffee, became
permanent instructors at this training camp, where they
taught drill regulations and military medicine. They were
thus occupied throughout the period of their service.

Service in Camp Administration and Sanitation

The only member of the Faculty who served in camp
administration and sanitations was Dean Eugene F. McCamp-
bell. After an assignment in the recruiting service at the
Columbus Barracks, as an instructor at the Army Medical
School at Washington, D. C, and as an officer connected with
the office of the surgeon general of the United States Army,
Dr. McCampbell was sent into the field as a sanitary inspector
for the surgeon general and in this capacity visited most of
the large camps in the country. Later he was assigned to
deal with the measles and pneumonia epidemic prevailing in
Camp Pike, Arkansas. Still later he became successively san-
itary inspector, assistant division surgeon, and acting division
surgeon of the 87th Division, and when that organization left
for France he was appointed camp surgeon of Camp Pike.
During the influenza epidemic in October, 1918, Dr. McCamp-
bell also served as camp surgeon at Camp Custer, Michigan,

262 History of The Ohio State University

and later in the same capacity at Camp McArthur, Texas. At
the time of his discharge Dean McCampbell held the rank of
lieutenant colonel in the Medical Corps of the United States
Army.

The United States Naval Reserve Force Medical Unit
FROM THE University

In August, 1917, a hospital unit of the United States
Naval Reserve Force was organized in Columbus by Dr. Verne
A. Dodd, assistant professor of surgery. The commissioned
officers of this unit were all local physicians and, with one
exception, were members of the Faculty of the College of Med-
icine. University students and the nurses were also recruited
m Columbus. At the outbreak of the war Dr. Dodd was a
member of the Medical Reserve Corps. He went on duty at
the Columbus Barracks in April, 1917, and, with several of
his colleagues, was engaged in examining recruits. In the
following August Dr. Dodd was appointed lieutenant com-
mander in the Medical Department of the United States Navy
and chief surgeon of the unit referred to. Among the other
commissioned officers of the unit were Dr. Frederick 0. Wil-
liams, a graduate of the College of Medicine in 1893, who was
also commissioned lieutenant commander and was made chief
of the medical service of the unit; Dr. Arthur M. Hauer,
instructor in oto-laryngology, who was commissioned a lieu-
tenant, senior grade, and appointed head of the Department of
Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Work in the unit; Dr. Jonathan
Forman, assistant professor of pathology, who was commis-
sioned lieutenant, junior grade, and appointed pathologist of
the unit; Dr. Carl C. Hugger, instructor in pathology, who
was appointed a lieutenant, junior grade, and assigned as
roentgenologist, and Dr. Philip J. Reel, assistant in surgery,
who was commissioned a lieutenant, junior grade, and as-
signed as surgical assistant. This unit served as the staff
of the United States Naval Station Hospital No. 5. The en-
listed personnel numbered about forty, and, as previously
stated, was largely recruited from among the students of

College of Medicine 263

the University. Several young men who had been promi-
nent in athletics and other campus activities were mem-
bers of the organization. The enlisted men were chosen for
their qualifications as carpenters, plumbers, mechanicians,
cooks, ambulance drivers, etc. Subsequently seven of them
received commissions as officers in the Navy, and five became
chief petty oflScers.

The unit first reported for active duty at Hampton Roads,
Virginia, October 15, 1917. Hampton Roads, it will be remem-
bered, was the site of the Jamestown Exposition. This site was
purchased for the Navy Department as a permanent base and
became later the most important naval base belonging to the
United States, and one of the largest and most complete in the
world. Here were established for emergency war service a
training camp for thirty thousand men and a naval air station.

The hospital to which the unit was assigned was designed
to serve this station and camp. Later many patients were
received here from war ships and transports entering Hamp-
ton Roads Harbor, as well as wounded marines from overseas.

Each regiment of the training station and the air station
was provided with a dispensary building, where the medical
officers were stationed. These buildings were equipped with
about twelve beds each and were thus able to care for minor
illnesses and accidents. At the time of the arrival of the unit
the hospital was nearing completion, and the first duty was
to requisition the equipment and supplies. The unit was
placed under the command of Captain F. C. Cook of the Med-
ical Corps, United States Navy, and Dr. Dodd was made the
executive officer of the hospital.

The hospital was of the usual emergency construction on
the pavilion plan. There were eight wards of forty beds each,
administration building, surgical pavilion, nurses' quarters,
corps quarters, civilian employees' quarters, galley and mess
halls, store house, garage, laundry, chapel, brig, and morgue.

The first patient was received on December 3, and the
beds were rapidly filled. The inadequacy of the hospital had
been realized before it was ready for the reception of patients,

264 History of The Ohio State University

and steps had been taken to increase its capacity. The unit
was assigned to the Pine Beach Hotel, a large summer hotel
near the hospital, which had been fitted for ofl^cers' quarters.
Meantime, the Navy Department granted the request for the
construction of twelve additional wards. The hotel was later
arranged for convalescent patients, and three hundred of
them were accommodated in this structure. In the spring of
1918 work began on the new wards, the original group of
buildings was subjected to certain alterations, a recreation
building and a laboratory building were erected, and other
additions were made. The Red Cross provided a recreation
center for the nurses also. A patriotic woman of Norfolk,
through the Red Cross, gave into the care of the unit her
beautiful country home for the use of selected convalescents.

By this time the unit's staff had grown until it consisted
of 32 medical officers, 45 nurses, and 200 enlisted men. The
average daily number of patients was 750.

After the signing of the Armistice several commissioned
officers in the unit were assigned to battleships and transports.
Dr. Dodd served as chief surgeon on the U.S. S.S. Agamemnon,
one of the large transports then plying between New York and
Brest. The unit was demobilized in March and April, 1919.

Maxillo-Facial Surgery

Two members of the Faculty, namely. Dr. John W. Means,
instructor in surgery, and Dr. George C. Schaeffer, instructor
in oto-laryngology, were assigned to do special work in
maxillo-facial surgery, following a period of several months'
active duty at the Columbus Barracks in April, 1917. After
leaving this post they were ordered to Philadelphia to take
a special course of instruction in oral and plastic work and
later returned to the Columbus Barracks for a brief period
of service. Dr. Means was subsequently assigned to Base
Hospital No. 22, which was organized in Milwaukee, and went
to France with that organization. The hospital was stationed
at Beau Desert, Gironde, France, Dr. Means being its operator
in both maxillo-facial and general surgery until his return

College of Medicine 265

to this country. In April, 1919, he received his discharge from
the Army. Dr. Schaeffer first served in the United States
Army General Hospital No. 2 at Fort McHenry, Maryland,
after which he went abroad in April, 1918. He was given
the opportunity of studying the plastic work being done in
the hospitals in England, while the detachment of enlisted
men serving with Dr. Schaeffer received special training in
the King George Hospital in London. Later Dr. Schaeffer
served at the American Red Cross Hospital No. 1 at Neuilly,
France, and studied the work of the French plastic surgeons.
As a result of four years of war both the French and English
surgeons had developed considerable skill in plastic work. At
the beginning of the Chateau-Thierry drive Dr. Schaeffer was
assigned to hospitals in the advanced section and in the zone
of advance, where the field, mobile, and evacuation hospitals,
and some of the base hospitals were situated. Dr. Schaeffer
was appointed consultant for the various hospitals in these
zones for the purpose of organizing and supervising the
maxillo-facial work. During this period the St. Mihiel,
Argonne-Meuse, and Verdun offensives took place, which pro-
vided large numbers of wounded men who required plastic
work. After completing his service in France, Dr. Schaeffer
was ordered back to the United States Army Hospital No. 2
at Fort McHenry and later was transferred to the Columbus
Barracks, where, after his discharge from the Army, he was
engaged in completing the plastic operations on a number of
cases begun at Fort McHenry.

It may be explained that maxillo-facial surgery includes
a wide range of work, generally that of reconstruction, made
necessary by severe fractures of the jaw and bones of the
face, by the loss of eyelids, lips, or ears, and by deep and
deforming wounds. In some of these operations bone grafts
are required and in others fat and skin grafts. Fat from
the abdomen is used in filling large losses in the cheek and
neck. Skin flaps from the neck, chest, abdomen, cheek, fore-
head, or top of the head are employed in rebuilding lost parts
of the face. Cartilage from the end of a rib supplies the

266 History of The Ohio State University

material for replacing bones from the nose, the cheek emi-
nences, the angles of the jaw, and the supraorbital ridge above
the eyes. Pieces of bone from the tibia, rib, ilium, clavicle,
and from the jaw itself are used extensively in bone graft of
the jaw. It will be seen that the object of these operations
is to replace or rebuild the lost parts of the face and neck,
to remove disfiguring scars, and to correct, as far as possible,
all defects in the face resulting from wounds. To accomplish
these results it is often necessary to subject the patients to
repeated operations of short duration.

Service in Evacuation and Base Hospitals

A considerable number of members of the Faculty were
assigned to evacuation and base hospitals in this country and
in France. In most instances their service corresponded to
the specialty they had been teaching in the College of Med-
icine. Thus, Dr. Hugh G. Beatty and Dr. W. H. Hodges,
instructor and assistant, respectively, in oto-laryngology, and
Dr. T. Rees Williams, assistant in ophthalmology, were as-
signed to work in various base hospitals similar to what they
had been accustomed to at home. Dr. A. M. Steinfeld, assist-
ant professor of surgery, was given orthopedic work. Dr. H.
B. Blakey, assistant professor of medicine. Dr. Samuel Hind-
man, instructor in medicine, and Dr. S. D. Edelman, assistant
in the same department, devoted themselves to work in in-
ternal medicine. Dr. W. N. Taylor, assistant in genito-
urinary surgery, continued to follow his specialty in the hos-
pitals. Dr. James H. Warren, assistant professor of anatomy,
and Dr. J. W. Sheetz, instructor in medicine, were assigned
to hospital laboratory work. Dr. Philip D. Wilson, instructor
in surgery, after an extended service on an operating team at
the battle front, was connected with the surgical service of
several hospitals and was finally made chief consultant in
amputations for all the hospitals in France. Another instruc-
tor in surgery, namely, Dr. E. C. Ludwig, also served on the
surgical staff of several hospitals in France. Dr. Fred
Fletcher, assistant professor of surgery, who was promoted

College of Medicine 267

to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Medical Corps of the
United States Army, was commanding officer of Evacuation
Hospital No. 31 at Nantes, France.

A Tuberculosis Unit in Italy

In August, 1918, the American Red Cross organized a
tuberculosis unit for service in Italy. Dr. Herbert G. Pater-
son, assistant professor of public health and sanitation, was
assigned to this unit with the rank of captain and placed in
charge of the Division of Organization and Education. He
left New York with the unit in September and arrived in
Rome, Italy, October 6. Dr. Paterson had been identified with
tuberculosis work in this country, and especially in Ohio. On
the arrival of the Red Cross unit in Italy, it became the Tuber-
culosis Department of the American Red Cross Commission
for Italy. The department was divided for purposes of ad-
ministration into six main sections, namely, administration,
medical service, public health nursing, organization and edu-
cation, medical inspection of schools, and child welfare, with
a chief in charge of each section.

The section of organization and education comprised two
bureaus, one being the Bureau of Field Organization, which
was in direct charge of the chief, and the other the Bureau
of Education, in charge of the assistant chief. In the former
bureau there were five American field secretaries ; in the latter,
three American publicity workers. The equipment, purchased
in the United States, consisted of ten automobile traveling
dispensaries, seven for tuberculosis work and three for dental
work, and a complete motion picture outfit for each dispen-
sary, with an ample supply of films.

Four provinces were organized to serve as models for the
remaining sixty-eight. One of the four was in the north-
western part of the Italian peninsula, with the centre at Genoa ;
one in the interior, with its centre at Perugia ; on in Sardinia,
its headquarters being at Sassari; and the fourth in Sicily,
with Palermo as its base. The plan of organization embraced
the formation of an anti-tuberculosis league composed of vol-

268 History of The Ohio State University

unteer members, lay and professional; the employment of a
full-time, paid, executive secretary, an Italian; a campaign
of health education ; the employment of public health nurses ;
the establishment of diagnostic laboratories under the direc-
tion of the provincial departments of health ; and the increase
of facilities for the care and treatment of children and adults
affected with tuberculosis.

Ov^^ing to the signing of the Armistice, November 11,
1919, the unit was ordered to discontinue its labors on May 14,
1919. At that time Dr. Paterson was promoted to the rank
of major and transferred to the headquarters of the American
Red Cross Commission for Europe at Paris, where he remained
on duty until his discharge in June, 1919.

Service on the Battle Line

The service of Dr. Philip D. Wilson on the battle front
in France has already been referred to. Another member of
the Faculty who saw service at the front was Dr. Elijah J.
Gordon, assistant professor of medicine. He was the regi-
mental surgeon of the 134th Field Artillery, 37th Division,
during the operations of that division in the Morbach, Jannes,
and Woevre sectors. Later he was sent into Germany with
the Army of Occupation.

More than seven hundred graduates of the College of
Medicine and its antecedent institutions served in the United
States Army, Navy, and Public Health Service. A consider-
able number of these among the recent graduates were in
action at the front, one of them. Dr. Guthrie Olaf Burrell, '16,
being killed. He was fatally injured by a high explosive shell
in the battle of the Argonne Forest, September 26, 1918, and
died a few hours later. Another graduate of the same class,
Dr. Hadley H. Teter, lieutenant, junior grade, in the United
States Navy, by a singular coincidence, lost his life on the
very same date, when the U.S. S.S. Tampa was torpedoed.
How many of the graduates and students of the college died
of disease while in the service is not known.

Lieutenant Colonel Harry H. Snively, B.A. 1895, M.D.

College of Medicine 269

1902, M.A. 1903, rendered a wide range of war service, for
which his medical training and his long cennection with the
Ohio National Guard peculiarly fitted him. He had been a
captain and an adjutant in the Fourth Regiment of the State
militia in 1903-04 and a major commanding ambulance and
hospital companies during the years 1904-16. Early in the
spring of the year last named Major Snively was invited by
Major General Robert U. Patterson to go as director of the
American Red Cross to Kiev, Russia. He sailed with nurses
and supplies in March and landed at Petrograd on April 14.
He soon proceeded with his party down to Kiev and took
charge of a hospital, which occupied a part of the Polytechnic
Institute. This hospital then had nine doctors, twenty-seven
nurses, sixty-five hospital-corps men ("sanitars"), Russian
nurses, clerks, and servants. There were also many military
hospitals in Kiev and more than 28,000 wounded soldiers,
which had been, and were still being, brought in by special
Red Cross trains. Dr. Snively at once made plans to provide
for several hundred more patients in the hospital under his
care.

On May 13 he went by rail to Luov, Galicia, in response
to a telegram to arrange for establishing a small fraction of
his personnel near the front in the Carpathian Mountains to
operate upon and administer other relief to the wounded who
were being brought back from the firing line. He then re-
turned to Kiev, which he did not leave permanently until
October 19, when he went on an inspection tour as far as
Tabriz, Persia. Early in September the Red Cross Hospital
had been removed to Karkov, about 200 miles east of Kiev.
While in Russia Dr. Snively was given the rank of a brigadier
general in the Imperial Army. By Christmas, 1915, he was
home again in Columbus, Ohio.

His medical and military experience in Russia had shown
him the great need of a medical regiment, and he proceeded
to organize the 112th Medical Regiment of the Ohio National
Guard, of w^hich he became the commanding officer. This was
the first organization of its kind in the United States. Almost

270 History of The Ohio State University

at once the Ohio National Guard was summoned to service on
the Mexican Border, and Dr. Snively was with the troops until
their return shortly before our entrance into the European
conflict. Then he and the 146th Field Hospital Company were
sent to Camp Sheridan, Montgomery, Alabama, for intensive
training, which they underwent in 1916-17, In the latter part
of June, 1917, they embarked for an unrevealed destination.
By mid-August they were in France and soon arrived in a
"quiet sector," which, however, did not remain quiet long. At
one station the buildings in which Dr. Snively had his office
had holes torn in them by pieces of shrapnel.

During most of the year 1918 he served as director of field
hospitals of the 37th Division. By the end of October he and
his outfit were in Belgium, doing hospital work in various con-
vents in a region which had been long occupied by German
troops. After being in the attack and capture of Montfaucon,
at St. Mihiel, and in the battles on the Lys and Scheldt Rivers,
Dr. Snively was called back to direct teams which operated
upon severely wounded men. He received the Belgian War
Cross for bravery in action. On November 22 he attended
the celebration in Brussels of the return of the King and Queen
of the Belgians to their capital.

By December 11, 1918, Dr. Snively was at Tours, France,
whence he was ordered to Bordeaux as assistant base quarter-
master, sanitary inspector, and port supervisor of bathing and
delousing American troops preparatory to their embrakation
for home. He was assisted by ten commissioned and twenty
non-commissioned officers. In February, 1919, he was ap-
pointed a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army and
stationed at Bordeaux until the following autumn. The ca-
pacity of the bathing and disinfecting establishment under his
management was 5,000 men a day, but the number treated
seems rarely to have reached that figure, if at all. Early in
May the rate of treatment had been from 3,000 to 4,000 a day
at Bordeaux and the other ports from which our troops were
sailing.

In June, 1919, Lieutenant Colonel Snively paid a visit to

College of Medicine 271

Paris, where he learned from his superior officer, Colonel H.
L. Gilchrist, that they were being importuned by President
Ignace Paderewski to lead a medical expedition to Poland to
deal with typhus fever and other contagious diseases then
prevalent in that country. Madam Paderewski was in Paris and
appealed to the two officers to aid Poland, 300,000 of whose
people were suffering from typhus alone, the mortality being
50 per cent. When Colonels Gilchrist and Snively consented.
Madam Paderewski gave valuable assistance in effecting the
arrangements for their expedition, which was supported by
the American Red Cross. As chief of staff of the expedition,
Dr. Snively procured 160 large American freight-car loads of
the materials needed for Poland, bought 100 Ford ambulances
and twenty-five Ford touring cars for the Polish Government,
and hired 248 chauffeurs. The first train of fifty cars began
loading on July 31, and four more trains of about the same
number of cars were loaded at intervals of a few days. These
arrangements having been completed, Dr. Snively went to
Coblenz, Germany, and awaited his trains, as also several hos-
pital trains which he helped to forward through Germany to
Poland.

By September 23 Dr. Snively was in Warsaw, Poland,
where he found the situation "desperate," the typhus being
constantly disseminated by vermin. Numerous houses and
their inmates in Warsaw and other places in the Ukraine re-
quired cleansing and disinfecting. To accomplish this as
expeditiously as possible, ten "flying columns" were sent out.
Each column consisted of about thirty United States soldiers,
some Polish interpreters, twenty-six motor vehicles, most of
which were large trucks, a bathing machine, two or more
sterilizers, and a few big ward tents. Each column had a ca-
pacity of 1,000 people a day. For three months Dr. Snively
served as assistant to the director of health in Poland. He
also conducted an expedition into Roumania to bring back
4,000 Polish refugees from the Russian front. He was present
at the destruction of Denikin's army at Bendery, Bessarabia,
and in May, 1920, while in charge of a supply train, entered

272 History of The Ohio State University

the conquered territory with the victorious Polish army. In
July he participated in th evacuation of Vilna and in removing
800 orphans from Bialystock to a camp near Posen.

In recognition of these notable services Dr. Snively was
awarded the Polish Commemoration Cross, the Polish Silver
Red Cross Medal, and a medal from the American Jewish
Relief Committee. He was also cited for the United States
Distinguished Service Cross.

Shortly after the termination of the siege of Warsaw Dr.
Snively joined his wife and daughter in Paris and returned
to the United States in September, 1920. He survived less
than eleven years. His death occurred on July 20, 1931, in
the 64th year of his age, and brought deep sadness to his in-
numerable friends and admirers in the United States and in
foreign lands.

From the above very incomplete record it will be seen
that the members of the Faculty and the graduates of the
College of Medicine and its antecedent institutions rendered
a noteworthy and honorable service in the war. Representa-
tives of these groups were to be found in practically every line
of medical work in the United States Army and Navy, as also
in the Public Health Service and the American Red Cross. A
number of the students and one instructor, Mr. R. A. Knouff
of the Department of Anatomy, served as enlisted men. One
student, Mr. Paul H. Charlton, became a commissioned officer
in the Quartermaster Corps and was finally discharged with
the rank of major.

CHAPTER XX

MEN OF THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY IN MEDICAL,
SANITARY, AND HOSPITAL UNITS

As soon as war was declared this college, in common
with the others on the campus, placed its men and facilities
at the disposal of the National Government. Both men and
facilities were employed to a certain extent in solving various
problems in the manufacture of medicinal compounds. Alumni,
former students who had not completed their course, and
undergraduates responded promptly and enthusiastically to
the call to arms. At the time of the Armistice the College
had about 175 men who were actively engaged in some branch
of military service or training. While these men were to be
found in practically every branch, the large majority were in
the Medical, Sanitary, and Hospital Corps, for which their
technical training fitted them and in which they were most
needed. A number were also enrolled in the Navy, Not a few
achieved promotion and officers' commissions, giving evidence
of their ability and efficiency. All performed their duty with
fidelity, courage, and cheerfulness, and several made the su-
preme sacrifice.

The following table shows the effect of the war on the
enrollment of the college :

1916-17 1917-18 1918-19

First Semester 94 78 62 (including 22

in S.A.T.C.

Second Semester 74 60 55

Summer Session 10 5 7

178 143 124

During the days of May 10 to 14, 1917, when 170 students
withdrew from all colleges on the campus to go into military

273

274 History of The Ohio State University

service, seven of the pharmacy students left to assume mili-
tary duties. This was only the beginning of the departures.
Many who had expected to continue in the college could not
find any satisfaction in doing so, and many young men who
had intended to enter the pharmacy course failed to appear.
Hence the decline in attendance shown in the above table.

Mustard-Gas Manufactory at Edgewood, designed and erected
under the direction of Major Dana J. Demorest

Chemical Laboratory at Edgewood, for research and control
work, presided over by Major W. L. Evans

Apparatus for the manufacture of carbon monoxide

gas at Edgewood, designed in part by

Major Dana J. Demorest

Tanks of phosgene gas ready for shipment

CHAPTER XXI

SERVICES OF THE COLLEGE OF VETERINARY
MEDICINE

In 1914 the Faculty of the College of Veterinary Medicine
increased the entrance requirements of the college so that
only high-school graduates could be admitted and, at the same
time, lengethened the veterinary curriculum from three to
four years. The effect of this raising of standards should
be taken into account, along with the war, in reducing the
enrollment in the college. The changes in the curriculum
did not make themselves fully felt until in the academic year
1917-18, when the college was left without the usual large
senior class of previous years. In the fall of 1916 the enroll-
ment was 121 and in the spring of 1917 it was 110. When the
University Faculty excused students to devote the summer to
farm work or go into military service, 46 veterinary students
withdrew, two to enter the Army and the rest to go into agri-
cultural service. In September, 1917, but 66 students en-
rolled.

In December of this year the War Department took steps
to conserve the supply of medical men, including dentists and
veterinarians, and to provide for the education during the
war of young men who were preparing to practice these pro-
fessions. This was done largely on the advice of representa-
tives of the British Government, who had discovered early
in the war that Great Britain was becoming rapidly depleted
of men professionally and technically trained who had joined
the combat units and were fighting in the trenches as common
soldiers. The British War Office found it necessary, therefore,
to call back from the front chemists, surgeons, veterinarians,
engineers, and others who could render the country greater

275

276 History of The Ohio State University

service in the rear or at home. In the light of this British
experience and by virtue of the selective draft, which made
possible the placing of individuals where they could perform
the greatest service, the veterinary, dental, and medical col-
leges of the United States were put under the jurisdiction of
the War Department, December 15, 1917. In certain respects
the government of these institutions was directly administered
through the Medical Department of the Army. By law the
veterinary service in the Regular Army constituted a corps
of this department. The surgeon general immediately issued
regulations governing voluntary enlistment in the Medical En-
listed Reserve Corps of registrants who were medical students,
hospital internes, dentists, dental students, veterinarians, and
veterinary students.

Section 151 (b) of the Selective Draft Regulations, De-
cember 15, 1917, provided that any veterinary student, who
was physically fit and of draft age, might enlist in the reserve
corps of the Medical Department upon receiving permission
from the surgeon general of the Army. This placed him in
the deferred classification, by making him a member of the
Medical Enlisted Reserve Corps, and enabled him to continue
his studies in college. The surgeon general's office required
reports of each student's record at the end of each semester.
Delinquent students were to be sent into active service. Full
summer courses in veterinary medicine were to be offered by
each college volunteering to do so. The College of Veterinary
Medicine at Ohio State University offered such courses during
the summer of 1918. The students taking these courses were
included in the Medical Enlisted Reserve Corps.

Notwithstanding the arrangements thus made to keep
veterinary students in college, the enrollment of such students
at the University in the spring of 1918 was but 58, or eight
less than before the M.E.R.C. was established. Attendance at
the summer session of this year, however, was much larger
than in the previous summers, being 43 as compared with
three in the summer session of 1917 and with nine in that
of 1916.

Veterinary Medicine 277

During the summer of 1918 the War Department organ-
ized the Committee on Education and Special Training under
the General Staff. Through the efforts of this committee the
Students' Army Training Corps was established simultane-
ously on October 1, 1918, at some six hundred authorized
universities and colleges. Veterinary schools were included
in this organization and notified that their eligible students
would be transferred from the Medical Enlisted Reserve
Corps to the Students' Army Training Corps. Meantime, the
University had published a special bulletin. The Veterinary
Profession, which was distributed to prospective students, and
the college had sent out letters to its graduates and friends
calling attention to the existing need for veterinarians. The
Government had also given wide publicity to the advantages
afforded to young men by enlisting in the S.A.T.C. The result
of these endeavors was apparent in the greatly increased en-
rollment in the autumn of 1918. Instead of the 58 students
of the previous spring, there were now 189 students, of whom
71 were cadets in the S.A.T.C.

These cadets were required not only to pursue their pro-
fessional studies, but also to live in barracks, become subject
to regular military discipline, and give a considerable amount
of time to military drill. Opportunity for graduation was
guaranteed to no cadet, for he might be transferred to an
officers' training camp or a non-commissioned officers' school,
or be sent to a cantonment for duty as a private. On the other
hand, the cadet might be enrolled for further intensive train-
ing in a specified line for a limited time, or he might be
assigned to the vocational section of the corps for technical
training of military value. Obviously, the regular curriculum
of the College of Veterinary Medicine had to be modified, in
order to make room for the military requirements of the Stu-
dents' Army Training Corps. But only the freshman veter-
inary courses were modified at Ohio State University. The
Armistice was signed before the more advanced courses could
be changed. As a matter of fact, not all of the students were
formally transferred from the M.E.R.C. to the S.A.T.C, many

278 History of The Ohio State University

of the upper classmen remaining in the former organization
at the signing of the Armistice.

The principal differences between these two systems were
that in the S.A.T.C. the curriculum of the college was fixed
directly by the War Department and the cadets were required
to drill, while in the M.E.R.C. the curriculum was determined
by the Faculty of the college, subject to the approval of the
War Department, and no military drill was required. Further,
while the surgeon general approved all existing veterinary
colleges admitting their students to the M.E.R.C, the com-
mittee administering the S.A.T.C. accredited only State vet-
erinary schools. Students with full high-school training who
had matriculated in schools not accredited by the committee
were ordered to transfer to accredited veterinary colleges. As
a result of this order our veterinary college admitted nine
students from non-accredited veterinary schools. By Decem-
ber 20, 1918, the cadets in the S.A.T.C. were discharged from
military service. The members of the M.E.R.C. who had been
inducted into the other corps were not included in this order,
and were still subject to military control "for the duration
of the emergency." From the time of the demobilization of
the S.A.T.C. the jurisdiction of the War Department over the
College of Veterinary Medicine ceased. The reaction of the
students after the cessation of hostilities and the discharge
of the S.A.T.C. cadets is attested by the matriculation of only
87 men in the veterinary college in the spring of 1919, a loss
of more than 100 students since the previous enrollment. Re-
covery began in September, 1919, with an attendance of 102
students.

From the spring of 1917 three members of the veterinary
Faculty were absent in war service; another member was ab-
sent from March 1, 1918, and still another from June of that
year. The absence of these teachers made necessary changes
in the personnel conducting the courses in the theory and prac-
tice of veterinary medicine, physical diagnosis, veterinary
anatomy, veterinary pathology, work in the clinics, and cer-
tain courses for the agricultural students. The teachers who

Veterinary Medicine 279

remained in the college carried not only their own courses of
instruction but also the added work of those who had gone.
They deserve credit for having kept the college organization
intact and for contributing in an inconspicuous way to the
winning of the war. That the services of these men were
valued is shown by the fact that the Government enabled such
persons to be classified as "essential teachers," in July, 1918,
thus preventing their enlistment in any branch of the service.
In the absence of Dean White, Dr. Oscar V. Brumley was
appointed acting dean, October 2, 1917, and served until Dr.
White's return.

Including those on temporary, as well as those on perma-
nent, appointment in the veterinary Faculty, six members of
the staff received commissions in the United States Army.
During June and July, 1917, Dean David S. White served as
special examiner for the State of Ohio for the Veterinary
Officers' Reserve Corps. About 200 candidates were exam-
ined, of whom 150 passed and were commissioned in the corps.
Late in July Dean White was called to Washington to assist
in the organization of a Veterinary Corps for the National
Army. Ultimately an advisory board to the surgeon general,
consisting of five members, was created, Dean White being
appointed on this board. After a study of the veterinary
organizations of the Great Powers, this board adopted, with
some modification, the organization of the British Veterinary
Service and compiled a manual for the new organization,
which was adopted by the War Department and officially is-
sued as Special Regulations No. 70. The advisory board also
succeeded in obtaining the sanction of the War Department
to an increase of the officer personnel of the Veterinary Corps.
In the Regular Army there were not over 50 veterinary offi-
cers of experience, of whom only seven held field rank. Before
the Armistice was signed more than 2,500 officers were com-
missioned in the Veterinary Corps, and a force of 32,000 en-
listed men had been provided.

From August 1 to October 4, 1917, Dean White served as
a contract surgeon with the rank of first lieutenant. He was

280 History of The Ohio State University

then commissioned a major in the Veterinary Corps, National
Army, and placed in charge of veterinary supplies and equip-
ment, with headquarters at Washington, D. C. During the
months that followed he devoted his efforts to the creation of
combat equipment for veterinary units in the field, including
veterinary hospitals. Nearly $5,000,000 were expended in a
few months for equipment and supplies alone. Having com-
pleted this task to a point where its continuance became a
matter of routine. Major White was sent to Camp Greenleaf,
Georgia, to organize a veterinary school for commissioned
officers who formed at that time one company of the 7th Bat-
talion of the Medical Officers' Training Camp. This work
occupied about one month.

On July 12, 1918, Major White's rank was raised to that
of lieutenant colonel, and he was ordered to join the American
Expeditionary Force in France. On arrival overseas he was
made chief veterinarian of the American Army. This Army
had been abroad for some fifteen months, but had failed to
perfect any workable veterinary organization. Hospital units
arriving at a base port were stripped of their equipment and
supplies, dismemebered, and segments scattered here and
there over France wherever there happened to be an accumu-
lation of sick animals. Of the 160,000 animals of the Amer-
ican Army 72,000 were incapacitated through disease, injury,
or inanition due to improper care and management. One of
the first tasks was to perfect an organization that would place
the veterinary service overseas where it was in the United
States. After some delay this was finally accomplished. By
order of General Pershing, the Veterinary Service was trans-
ferred from the Quartermaster Corps to the Medical Depart-
ment of the Army. The organization was just beginning to
bear fruit when the enemy signed the Armistice. The mor-
bidity had been reduced from 75,000 to 42,000 sick, and the
mortality greatly lessened. After the signing of the Armistice
Dr. White, who had been promoted to the full rank of colonel,
became the guest of the Royal British Veterinary Corps
in England, being entertained at the home of Major Gen-

Veterinary Medicine 281

eral Blengenses, director general of that corps. By motor
car and train he visited the principal veterinary units of
the Southern Command in England, gaining much valuable
information. On his return to his headquarters at Tours,
France, he found orders awaiting him to return to the United
States. On February 11, 1919, he received his discharge from
the Army at Camp Dix, New Jersey, He was awarded several
decorations.

Lieutenant Colonel Russel L. Mundhenk made a remark-
able record as an officer of the line. He had served an enlist-
ment in the Navy before entering the University as a student
in 1913, In 1916 he had entered the Ohio National Guard as
a private, had been made captain of Company G, 4th Infantry,
a few weeks later, and from June, 1916, until March, 1917,
was with his command on the Mexican Border, After resign-
ing his commission in April, 1917, he was recommissioned
first lieutenant, 4th Ohio Infantry, and assigned as battalion
adjutant. In the following July he was given special duty
as recruiting officer for western Ohio, He was soon promoted
to the rank of major and in January, 1918, was transferred
to the Signal Corps and assigned to command the 112th Field
Signal Battalion, 37th Division, with which organization he
left for overseas in June, 1918, On July 22 the 37th Division
relieved the 77th Division in the Baccarat sector, Vosges. In
this sector the division participated in numerous raids, being
frequently shelled by the enemy's artillery and bombed by
their aviators. In September the 37th Division moved to
the Verdun front, took over the Avecourt sector and went
over the top on the morning of September 26 at the start of
the Argonne-Meuse offensive. In this drive the division cap-
tured Mentfausen, Iviery, Cierges, and other places, while
suffering heavy casualties. It was relieved on October 2. At
Mentfausen Major Mundhenk was gassed and had a horse shot
under him. In October the 37th Division left with the 91st
for Belgium and fought two phases of the Ypres-Lys offensive,
capturing Cruyshautes, Wannegen-Lede, Huerne, and other
places. At the signing of the Armistice the 37th was in active

282 History of The Ohio State University

pursuit of the retreating Germans and suffering severe cas-
ualties. In this action Major Mundhenk and his men were
subjected to an attack of mustard gas, and the major's helmet
was penetrated by a machine gun bullet. After participating
in King Albert's re-occupation of Brussels, the division was
recalled.

Major Mundhenk received the Croix de Guerre at Ballon
in February, 1919, citation in the orders of the Corps du
Armee, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel,
February 21, 1919, shortly afterward sailing for the United
States. During Colonel Mundhenk's entire service overseas
he remained in command of the same organization, without a
single day's absence.

Dr. Fonsa A. Lambert entered the veterinary service as
a second lieutneant, December 3, 1917. From March 15 to
April 15, 1918, he was in active duty on the Horse Purchasing
Board at Kansas City, Missouri. He was then transferred
to Camp Greenleaf, Georgia, where his administrative ability
was soon recognized. He was promoted to first lieutenant, then
to captain, and from September 1, 1918, until January 15,
1919, he acted as battalion commander. He also served as a
teacher in the School of Veterinary Instruction from July 20
until the close of the school, December 20, 1918. Some 1,300
officers, 68 of whom were from Ohio State University, came
under his supervision. His record was such that he was
granted a commission as captain in the Veterinary Reserve
Corps, which he accepted. After receiving his discharge, Cap-
tain Lambert returned to the University, February 4, 1919.

Mr. William M. Weldishofer, who held a temporary ap-
pointment for the year 1917-18 in the College of Veterinary
Medicine, was commissioned as second lieutenant and, at the
expiration of his term of service in the University, placed on
active duty. He was promoted to first lieutenant and sent
overseas. He was there promoted to the rank of captain and
saw service in Germany with the Army of Occupation.

Dr. Samuel J. Schilling and Dr. Russell E. Rebrassier
were commissioned second lieutenants in the Veterinary Offi-

Veterinary Medicine 283

cers' Reserve Corps of the Army. At the request of the
University authorities, however, they were placed on "inactive
duty" in order to help carry on the work of necessary instruc-
tion in the college. Dr. James H. Snook, who was one of the
best revolver shots in the United States, refused a majority
in the United States Army to remain with the College of Vet-
erinary Medicine during the period of the war. From May
to September, 1918, while conducting his regular courses in
the college, he served as an instructor in rifle and small arms
practice, including machine guns of various types, in the
School of Military Aeronautics on the University campus.

Like the three members of the veterinary staff just men-
tioned. Professor Septimus Sisson rendered civilian service,
but in his case the service was performed in Canada. Pro-
fessor Sisson was on leave of absence during the academic
year 1917-18 at the Ontario Veterinary College in Toronto.
A number of the Faculty of that institution had enlisted in
the British Veterinary Corps, leaving the college without
a sufficient number of teachers. Professor Sisson was there-
fore called to Toronto to assist his Alma Mater in the work
of instruction and organization.

Of the 620 graduates of the College of Veterinary Medi-
cine, 203 entered the Army and were in active service. Of
these 203 graduates 187 received commissions as follows:
colonel, one; lieutenant colonels, two; majors, eight; captains,
22; first lieutenants, 51; and second lieutenants, 103'. Three
of these officers, namely, Colonel David S. White, Lieutenant
Colonel Reuben Hilty, and Major George R. Powell, each re-
ceived the decoration Officier de la Legion d'Honneur from the
French Government. The distinction of holding the highest
rank ever given to a veterinary officer in the United States
Army, namely, that of colonel, belongs to Dr. D. S. White,
'90, former dean of the college. Two of our veterinary officers
died in service, and one was severely wounded.

Sixteen graduates of the College of Veterinary Medicine
did not receive commissions, but served as privates in the
Army. Besides the privates and officers among the graduates

284 History of The Ohio State University

of the college, twenty-one of its former students, who were
not eligible to the Veterinary Corps because they had not com-
pleted their professional training, entered other branches of
the service. Seven of these received commissions, and all of
them rendered excellent service. One, who had graduated
from another veterinary school, became a major in the Vet-
erinary Corps, two became captains, and the others became
lieutenants of the line.

As a memento of this splendid record, there hangs in
the dean's office a service flag whose stars of blue and gold
testify to the patriotism of the men who went out from the
College of Veterinary Medicine. Whether in the training
camps, the headquarters at Washington, the service of sup-
ply, or the front line trenches in France, wherever duty called
them, graduates of this college were found. Had the war
continued longer no doubt every alumnus who was physically
fit would have joined the Army. Even after the Veterinary
Officers' Reserve Corps was filled, many were striving to enter
its ranks, each willing to make the supreme sacrifice for home
and country.

CHAPTER XXII

THE AFTERMATH OF THE WAR IN THE
UNIVERSITY

In various ways the Great War left its mark on the Uni-
versity. The signing of the Armistice and the subsequent
discharge of our undergraduate and graduate students from
the ranks enabled numbers of them to return to the campus
for the purpose of completing their courses. The premium
placed upon a college education by the Government during
the time of hostilities encouraged them to do so and many
other students to matriculate. The following table shows the
effect of the war on enrollment both before and after the sign-
ing of the Armistice :

Men Women

First Half -Year, 1918-19 3,341 1,547

Second Half -Year, 1918-19 3,784 1,699

First Half -Year, 1919-20 4,997 1,611

Second Half -Year, 1919-20 5,272 1,751

The increase in the number of men in the second half-year
of 1918-19 was 443, in the number of women, only 152; in
the first half-year of 1919-20 the increase in the number of
men was 1,213, in the number of women there was a loss of
88; in the second half-year the men increased 265 and the
women 265. These figures speak for themselves.

The marked increase in student enrollment in September,
1919, made necessary an appeal by the Board of Trustees to
the State Emergency Board for funds for the immediate em-
ployment of additional teachers in congested departments.
This appeal was fully met.

The demand for the erection of Government buildings
and others to accommodate essential industries during the

285

286 History of The Ohio State University

war rendered it impossible for the University to proceed with
the buildings for which the Legislature had appropriated the
monery. Instead, Military Barracks and an Aeronautical Lab-
oratory, the latter being subsequently equipped as a mess hall
for the Students' Army Training Corps, were constructed.
The economic situation after the signing of the Armistice
prevented the making of public contracts for building projects.
The scarcity of labor and the high cost of materials contrib-
uted much to the difficulty, despite the fact that in the summer
of 1920 nearly $400,000, appropriated for University build-
ings, remained unexpended. This money was to have been
used for a woman's building, an addition to the Chemical
Building, a field artillery barn, and two structures for live
stock. The sums for these purposes, however, reverted to
the State treasury, and all University building enterprises
were deferred more than three years. Meanwhile, the need
for new buildings became greater than ever.

Another effect of the war was the failure of teachers to
return after the war service and the resignation of more than
forty others in September, 1920, to accept more remunerative
positions elsewhere. The large student enrollments in the
universities after the war caused a demand for teachers that
Ohio State University could not withstand, and the increased
cost of living could not be ignored by the teachers themselves.
In addition, there was the demand on the part of technical
industries for men who had the requisite training, and who
would receive from them better salaries than the University
was able to pay. The experience of our technically trained
teachers and some others who had accepted places in the in-
dustries was such that they preferred to continue in non-
educational employment and hence did not return to the
University.

In the Fiftieth Report of the Board of Trustees to the
Governor (1920) President Thompson stated that the very
rapid turnover in our teaching staff after the war was due
to several factors: first, the demand for teachers arising out
of the large enrollment of students in other institutions of

Aftermath of the War 287

higher learning; second, the unusual demand at increased
salaries for teachers in the newer forms of education; and,
third, the commercial demand for men with technical educa-
tion. In that report he made it clear that the University was
not paying adequate salaries to its teachers.

There can be little doubt that the educational ferment in
the University during and after the war hastened, if it did
not cause, the adoption of the four-quarter plan of instruction
on the campus. It is true that the proposal to adopt the plan
of operating the institution "practically a continuous year"
had been under consideration for some time. The argument
in favor of such action was the full-time utilization of an
extensive plant at little additional cost beyond that for its
operation during nine months. Further, the University of
Chicago and several state universities were operating on the
four-quarter basis. With some reluctance the Faculty adopted
the plan in wartime and later reaffirmed its action, still with
reluctance. Later the Board of Trustees approved the new
educational policy, which was carried into effect in the sum-
her of 1921.

On Thursday, November 8, 1918, the University, like the
city of Columbus and the country at large, was deeply stirred
by a cablegram sent from Paris by Roy W. Howard, president
of the United Press, to the effect that an Armistice had been
signed by the representatives of the belligerent Powers at 11
o'clock that morning, that hostilities had ceased at 2 o'clock,
and that the Americans had taken Sedan the same morning.
As a matter of fact the German white-flag delegation had not
yet been received by General Foch when this message was
cabled.

Despite the fact that the Department of State at Wash-
ington officially announced at 2:15 o'clock that the Germans
had not signed the Armistice, the people of that city and other
cities and towns all over the country began to celebrate. The
populace of Columbus marched in throngs both afternoon and
evening, with choruses singing, bands playing, whistles blow-
ing, and claxtons rending the air. Among the paraders were

288 History of The Ohio State University

members of the Red Cross canteen at the Union Station, among
whom were some of the University women. Governor Cox
addressed several hundred working men in the State House
yard at 2:30. In the evening a gathering at the same place,
called by the Chamber of Commerce, was addressed by Mayor
Karb. Saloons had been ordered closed in the early afternoon.
At 9 o'clock P. M., High Street was a seething flood of pedes-
trians. In this general outburst of enthusiasm the University
had its unofficial share.

The news of the actual signing of the Armistice was re-
ceived in Columbus in the early hours of Monday, November
11, and reached many people before daybreak. The celebration
of the preceding week seemed only to stimulate appetites for
a prolonged and unrestrained demonstration, which began
forthwith by the blowing of whistles, the screeching of sirens,
and the jubilations of early risers. All over the city factory
wheels stood idle, store doors remained closed, and office chairs
were vacant. Streams of people, including University stu-
dents, hastened to the down-town section, and by 10 o'clock
the crowd numbered thousands, who disported themselves up
and down High Street from the Union Station to Main Street.
The street-cars quickly returned to their barns, and the crowds
held full sway in the thoroughfare and the side streets.

The Chamber of Commerce arranged an official celebra-
tion for 2 :30 P. M. A parade was formed at the University,
with the Columbus Reserve Guards, Company D of the Stu-
dents' Army Training Corps under the command of Lieuten-
ant Harold Hebbeler, and the Barracks Band as a nucleus.
At the head rode President Thompson and Dean John J.
Adams of our College of Law. The Faculty and students did
not participate, except as spectators, chiefly on account of
traffic difficulties. As the procession moved southward, units
of paraders from the side streets fell into line. When it
reached the memorial at Broad and High Streets, silence fell
upon the marchers, their spirit of revelry was forgotten for
the moment, and hats were removed, and heads bowed in trib-
ute to those who had fallen. At the State House the parade,

Aftermath of the War 289

which took forty minutes to pass, was reviewed by Governor
Cox and Maryor Karb. It now had a bicycle brigade as escort
and was interspersed with shop bands, improvised floats with
workmen pounding as though their lives depended on it on
long iron pipes, boilers, or other resonant objects, and large
marching groups from the various industrial plants, besides
companies of Boy Scouts, Spanish-American War veterans,
and women war workers.

Many of the celebrants were in grotesque costume, or
rode in ridiculous conveyances and outlandish contraptions.
Flags, American and Allied, were everywhere in evidence, and
many placards and transparencies were carried bearing hu-
merous, sarcastic, or vitupertive slogans on the abdicated
Kaiser. He was carried in caskets, or shown beheaded or
hanged in efligy. Despite the chill north wind, numbers of
women marched, rode, or clung to unsightly conveyances.

The celebration was kept up all day with Chinese gongs,
circular saws, cowbells, cymbals, anvils, horns, and guns. Tin
cans were dragged ratthng over the streets in lieu of anything
else to make a discordant noise. At 1 o'clock a meeting of
people from various churches was hastily planned to be held
in the evening. In consequence more than 3,000 men and
women assembled in Memorial Hall. Thence they marched
down Broad Street singing "Onward Christian Soldiers" and
the "Battle Hymn of the Republic" and displaying appropriate
mottoes, until at High Street they were enveloped and divided
by surging crowds of revelers. The din continued until mid-
night, when the people, tired and happy, dispersed to their
homes, leaving the streets covered with confetti, colored paper
ribbons, battered tin cans, and the burnt ends of Roman can-
dles.

By the opening of January, 1919, the University was be-
ginning to receive rehabilitation students. This was made
possible by an act passed by Congress late in June of the pre-
vious year, which provided for the vocational rehabilitation
and return to civil employment of disabled men who had been
discharged from the military and naval service of the United

290 History of The Ohio State University

States. The act established a Federal Board for Vocational
Education in Washington, D. C, to pass upon the eligibility
of disabled men for educational aid, with central-district and
branch-district officers. Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky consti-
tuted one of the fourteen districts. The central officer for this
district was located at Cincinnati and a branch officer at
Columbus. There was also a coordinating officer at the
University, with a rehabilitation committee. The act further
provided for the payment of the tuition and expenses of the
disabled soldiers and the cost of their books and other equip-
ment. The branch officer received applications, made exam-
inations, and questioned the applicants to discover their abil-
ity, previous training, and the occupations they desired to
follow. Medical service was supplied either by the Federal
Board or the United States Physical Health Service.

The Columbus branch officer began his work in October,
1918. Three months later three disabled soldiers were receiv-
ing special training in our College of Agriculture. Two of
them took instruction in meat inspection and the third in ani-
mal husbandry. Their courses lasted a year. In March, 1919,
there were six more, one studying horticulture and poultry-
keeping, another electrical engineering, another meat inspec-
tion, and the others subjects preparatory to law and medicine.
In the summer session of 1919 nearly 250 of these rehabilita-
tion or Federal Board students entered the University, being
distributed among the various colleges. Agriculture received
over 150; Arts, Commerce and Journalism, and Engineering,
more than 20 each; Law, 11; Education, 8; Veterinary Medi-
cine, 3; and Dentistry, Pharmacy, and the Graduate School,
1 each. In the summer session of 1920 the number of
rehabilitation students dropped to 133, distributed as follows :
Agriculture, 79; Arts, and Engineering, 13 each; Commerce
and Journalism, 12; Medicine, 9; Education, the Graduate
School, and Veterinary Medicine, 2 each; and Pharmacy, 1.
The departments in which these students were taking studies
were required to send monthly reports of their marks to the
coordinating officer. During the first- and second-half years

Aftermath of the War 291

of 1919-20 the enrollment of rehabilitation students in the
University was on the average more than 180. These men
remained in the University usually long enough to prepare
them for the occupations they intended to enter.

During vacations they were in numerous instances placed
by the Columbus branch officer in positions where they gained
practical experience in their chosen vocation. Men in the
short agricultural course were sent to poultry farms, stock
farms, stock yards, or into factories and repair shops. Men
preparing for the practice of the law were sent into law offices
and those studying journalism to work on newspapers.

The scope and results of this rehabilitation work may be
illustrated by the case of a veteran who had lost his hearing.
The branch officer sent him first to the Ohio Institution for
the Deaf and Dumb, where he learned lip-reading during the
year 1918-19. He was next sent to the Biological Station at
Winona Lake, Indiana, for courses in biology and zoology.
At length, in September, 1919, he entered the University and
carried on his work successfully.

In the early days of April, 1919, Columbus and the Uni-
versity welcomed home Ohio troops of the 37th Division from
overseas service, including numbers of University men. On
Friday morning, April 4, at 11 :15 o'clock, the 112th Sanitary
Train arrived at the Union Station. It comprised 423 officers
and men and was welcomed by Mayor Karb and a committee
of Columbus representatives and a mass of relatives and
friends of the soldiers. In the sanitary train were the 146th
Field Hospital, the 146th Ambulance Company, both Columbus
units and known formerly as the Second Field Hospital and
the Second Ambulance Company of the Ohio National Guard ;
the 147th Field Hospital and the 147th Ambulance Company
of Delaware; the 145th Ambulance Company of Canton; and
the Headquarters Company. Another unit of the 37th Divi-
sion that was in line was the 62nd Artillery Brigade, including
the 134th, 135th, and 136th Regiments, and the 112th Field
Signal Battalion. These organizations together numbered
4,000 overseas soldiers. Major Harry Snively, Captain How-

292 History of The Ohio State University

ard Boucher, and Sergeant Leroy Bradford, all Ohio State
University men, did not return with the 112th Sanitary Train.
The Columbus papers announced that the above named organ-
izations would parade on Saturday, April 5, at 9 A. M., and that
other units were expected to arrive in the city in time to take
part in the procession.

All classes at the University were excused and its admin-
istrative offices closed on Saturday morning by order of Pres-
ident Thompson. The members of the University Battalion
of Cadets were to serve as a guard of honor for the troops,
but instead were assigned to guard duty to help keep the
crowds in order. One hundred and fifty women were chosen
by the dean of women from various campus organizations to
give flowers to the soldiers.

The procession moved a little after 9 o'clock from Nagh-
ten and High Streets, went south on High to Main, counter-
marched to Broad and so eastward to the reviewing stand,
which was occupied by Governor Cox, other State officers,
Mayor Karb, and other representatives of the city, besides a
large group of war mothers and a hundred wounded soldiers
from Camp Sherman. Cheering tens of thousands greeted the
"doughboys," with whom 8,000 civilians and men in uniform
marched. As they swung into Broad Street the girls' glee club
of the Patriotic League from the University, under the direc-
tion of Miss Lillian Stocklin, sang "Smiles" and other songs.
Store fronts and windows were bright with gay decorations,
and upper story windows and the roofs of buildings along the
line of march held many spectators.

The day's program ended with an entertainment for the
returned soldiers in Memorial Hall on Saturday evening. It
consisted of music by the regimental bands, songs by the girls
of the Patriotic League, and dancing.

On Monday, April 7, the 146th Infantry was welcomed
in Columbus. The men of this unit had seen hard fighting
in the Baccarat sector, then in the Meuse-Argonne offensive
where many Ohio soldiers fell in action, next in the St. Mihiel
sector, and, finally, in two hard drives near Ypres and over

The 166th Infantry, 42d (Rainbow) Division being received at the Union
Station on Saturday, May 10, 1919.

The 166th Infantry marching on High Street.

Aftermath of the War 293

the battle-torn fields of Belgium. The parade followed the
same route as that of April 5. At the reviewing stand the
men were addressed by Lieutenant Governor Clarence J.
Brown. At 2 o'clock they left for Camp Sherman to receive
their discharge.

On Thursday, April 12, the 112th Supply Train arrived
in the Union Station at 10:45 A. m. and was greeted by a
concourse of people with umbrellas and rain coats. Since
many of the soldiers were residents of Columbus, they were
set free to visit their families and friends, with orders to
report back to the station at 9 o'clock the next morning for
the parade scheduled for 11 :30. During the afternoon the
148th Infantry, the 112th Engineers, and Batteries C, D, E,
and F of the 134th Artillery arrived. The theatres were
thrown open for the entertainment of the soldiers, both after-
noon and evening, on account of the rainy weather. A dance
was held in the rotunda of the State House on Thursday eve-
ning.

About three thousand men took part in the parade on
Friday morning, which was witnessed by thousands along the
line of march. Most of these troops had been in the hard
fighting that caused the heavy losses of the 37th Division.
The 148th Infantry (the old Third Ohio) had suffered as much
as any other infantry unit of the division. Battery C, the
Columbus unit of the 134th Field Artillery, attracted the most
attention from the spectators. The parade was headed by a
detachment of police, next came the Barracks Band, then the
guard of honor of G.A.R. men and Spanish-American War
veterans, the governor, mayor, and president of the Chamber
of Commerce, and the returned organizations. Girls of the
Patriotic League sang at various places along the line of
march, the glee club from the University, under the direction
of Miss Lillian Stocklin, being stationed in front of the Mc-
Kinley monument. After passing the reviewing stand, the
troops were served with dinner by the Red Cross canteen
women, and later in the afternoon the soldiers entrained for
Camp Sherman.

294 History of The Ohio State University

On Friday morning C. B. Layne, formerly a student at
the State University, appeared at the troop train. He had
previously belonged to Battery C of the 134th Artillery. Later
he had joined the tanks. He was with the British Army in
the 301st Heavy Tank Corps, which trained for four months
in England with the monster 35-foot tanks and lost heavily
in the advance of September 29, 1918, that broke the Hinden-
berg line. For its work in that advance the unit was twice
decorated by the British Government.

In the closing days of the war the 37th Division was hur-
riedly sent by General Pershing to the aid of the Belgian
Army and participated in the Ypres-Lys and Lys-Escaut offen-
sives, crossing the Scheldt River on an improvised bridge
formed with tree trunks floated across the river under heavy
shell and machine-gun fire from the Germans. The ranks of
the 37th advanced farther toward Brussels, the Belgian cap-
ital, than any other allied military organization.

In memory of the Ohioans who lost their lives in the
offensives, a memorial bridge was dedicated at Eyne, Belgium,
on September 26, 1929. It spans the Scheldt a few miles from
the spot where they first crossed the river and was erected
by the State of Ohio at a cost of nearly $100,000.

The last and greatest demonstration of welcome for a
homecoming unit was that of Saturday, May 10, 1919, for the
166th Infantry (the old Fourth Ohio) of the Rainbow, or
42nd, Division, which contained many University men. The
166th was commanded by Colonel Benson W. Hough, Law, '99.
Elaborate preparations were made, the city was bedecked with
flags, a detachment of 11 wounded soldiers of the regiment
was brought from Camp Sherman on Friday evening to wit-
nes the parade, and on Saturday morning thousands of people
poured into Columbus from the neighboring towns and coun-
ties, bringing their local bands with them. The 166th num-
bered about 1,700 enlisted men and 53 officers. They arrived
in three trains Saturday afternoon. By that time the down-
town section was filled with a mass of perhops 200,000 people.
The local military organizations had been assembled at Buttles

Aftermath of the War 295

Avenue and High Street and in the side streets of that neigh-
borhood and had patiently waited for several hours. An im-
mense throng was at the Union Station to greet the soldiers
as they arrived from Camp Merritt, New Jersey. The con-
course of people in the reviewing stands on Broad Street,
including the war mothers, and in that part of the street be-
tween Third and High Streets was entertained while waiting
by the Marion and London bands and by some 500 University
students, who gave college yells and songs and performed
stunts.

The great welcome to the Rainbow men was due to the
notable part they had played in the war. The Rainbow, or
42nd, Division had been put into the line in the Luneville
sector on February 22, 1918, and soon after had taken over
the Baccarat sector, which they held 100 days, a longer con-
tinuous period than any other American division held a sector.
The 166th Infantry was in the front line for approximately
60 days of that time. As part of the noted French Fourth
Army, the division, including the 166th, broke the German
offensive of July 15, in the neighborhood of Chalons, and, as
Major General Flagler, commander of the division, wrote, per-
mitted the Allied High Command to start the great offensive
which finally brought the war to a close. The regiment and
division were then rushed to the Marne front and took part
in the French-Allied offensive at Chateau-Thierry, They were
in savage fighting at Hill 284 and the town of Seringes-et-
Nesles, crossed the Ouerq under a hail of fire from the front
and flanks, and reached the southern border of Mareu-en-Dole,
when they were relieved by elements from a fresh divi-
sion. The regiment was next sent into the St. Mihiel attack
and advanced into the enemy's lines. Thence it was moved
to the Argonne, marching through mud and rain, and took
part in the attack on one of the strongest points in the line,
the Krimholde Stellung, on which the enemy relied to stop the
Allied advance. It reconnoitered and opened the road to
Sedan, being within rifle shot of that historic city when it
was relieved from its place in the front line. Thence it started

296 History of The Ohio State University

on its marches with the Rainbow Division into Germany. It
remained as part of the American Army of Occupation until
it returned to the United States.

In Columbus the men of the 166th Infantry and the local
organizations marched from Buttles Avenue and High Street
south on High to Mound, east on Mound to Third, north on
Third to Main, east on Main to Grant Avenue, north on Grant
to Broad Street, and west on Broad to the State House, where
they were reviewed. Everywhere along the line of march
Harold T. Powell, or "Dutch" Powell as he was familiarly
called, the former football-star back and tackier of the Univer-
sity, was hailed. He had been rejected for military service on
account of a minor ailment, but had followed the 166th to Long
Island and had managed to enlist. Overseas he had rounded
up several Germans in "no man's land" and marched them
into the Allied lines.

After the disbanding of the marchers, they were served
dinner by the Red Cross canteen women in the basement of
the State House. These women had made ample preparations
to feed a throng of hungry men by providing 3,700 sandwiches,
3,800 deviled eggs, a large quantity of boiled ham, 165 gallons
of coffee, hundreds of pies, 300 dozen doughnuts, 140 gallons
of ice cream, and some other eatables. That the soldiers ap-
preciated all this hospitality and did full justice to the food
goes without saying.

In April, 1919, the General Assembly passed an act re-
quiring all teachers to take an oath of office as a condition
of their service. This law seems to have been intended to
protect students and the State from expressions of opinion
on the part of injudicious teachers at variance with our po-
litical institutions, or against the policies of our Government
in time of war. Instances of such expression of opinion had
occurred even on our own campus early in the war, when cer-
tain alien teachers voiced their sympathy with the Central
Powers. At any rate, the law was approved by the governor
on June 5 and has remained in force ever since. The require-
ment to take the oath appeared to several members of the

Aftermath of the War 297

Faculty a reflection on the loyalty of the teaching profession,
if not of their own. President Thompson heard rumors that
the oath was somewhat disagreeable to certain individuals,
but asserted that the University was in no way responsible
for the passing of the act and that its duty was to see that
the law was complied with. For that reason, he added, only
the names of those persons who took the oath would appear
on the pay roll.

The experience with psychological tests in rating men
in the camps and cantonments was not forgotten by members
of the Faculty who had been in service. However, it was not
until May 8, 1919, that the University Faculty adopted, by
unanimous vote, a resolution providing for the giving of such
tests to all students in the institution, the results for upper
classmen to be correlated with their grades as soon as possible
by the Department of Psychology and the comparisons re-
ported to the Faculty. The resolution further provided that
the results of tests in the case of freshmen be kept by the
department until the end of the first half-year, when the tests
should be correlated with the marks and a report made to the
Faculty.

At the meeting of the Board of Trustees in the following
September a communication from the Society for the Pro-
motion of Engineering Education was read, which proposed
for engineering students psychological tests extending over
four or five years, with reports on their standing and progress.
It was also suggested that a report be made on the profes-
sional standing and progress of these men for a brief period
after gaduation. The Tustees approved these proposals and
authorized the incidental expense involved. The resolution
of the Faculty was carried into effect in due time. President
Thompson took the test for his own satisfaction on September
13 and did so well that he was placed in Class A. He urged
the other members of the teaching staff to take it as a bene-
ficial experience. October 8 was assigned for the giving of
the test to the Faculty. Two days later the students took their
tests. Psychological tests have continued in use on the cam-

298 History of The Ohio State University

pus ever since. The rating made by each student is entered
on his record card and is usually considered in connection M^ith
his marks and other pertinent items if his case comes before
the dean and executive committee of his college.

With the return to the campus of hundeds of our men
who had been in active service, the Ohio State University Post
No. 150 of the American Legion was organized in September,
1919, by a group of 15 men. The post added members rapidly,
including many of the Faculty who had seen service and some
of the Army military instructors on the campus. By the latter
part of Februay, 1920, it numbered nearly 700 members, but,
wishing to have every ex-service man on its roll, it entered
upon a six weeks' campaign for the purpose of adding 500
more members, not including the men who belonged to posts
in their home communities. Already the University post was
the largest organization of its kind in any institution of higher
learning in the United States, as it was also the first of these
to oganize. The officers of the post were : Lawrence G. An-
drews, Arts senior, commander; Frederick E. Croxton, Arts
senior, vice-commander ; W. William Willing, Dentistry fresh-
man, finance officer; and John F. Burgett, a special student
in the College of Commerce and Journalism, adjutant.

The purposes of the American Legion are: patriotism;
Americanism ; the upholding of the Constitution of the United
States; the maintenance of law and order; the inculcation of
a sense of individual obligation to the community, the State,
and the Nation; fair play; the promotion of peace and good
will on the earth; the transmission to posterity of the prin-
ciples of justice, freedom, and democracy; the preservation of
the memories and incidents of the association in the war;
and the consecration of their comradship by mutual help-
fulness. Eligibility to membership in the legion consists of
service in the United States Army, Navy, or Marine Corps
during the period between April 6, 1917, and November 11,
1918. In the winter of 1920 the legion put forth its efforts
in Washington, D. C, in favor of $50 compensation for each

Aftermath of the War 299

month of service for the men. The University post supported
this request.

In November, 1919, the post adopted a resolution declar-
ing the existing system of Army courts-martial unjust and
cruel. In the same month it arranged the celebration of
Armistice Day, which was very impressive. Classes were dis-
missed at 3 o'clock, and the University Brigade, consisting
of two regiments of infantry and one of artillery, together
with four provisional companies of our veterans, marched in
review. George Ackley, formerly a sergeant in the 37th Divi-
sion, and Jerome E. Wagner, who had been a corporal in the
42nd Division, both of them students and wearers of the Dis-
tinguished Service Cross for valor in capturing German
machine-gun nests, occupied the reviewing stand with Lieu-
tenant Colonel Charles F. Leonard, the commandant of cadets.
Taps were sounded by 16 buglers in tribute to those who
had lost their lives in the war, while the student body stood
with bared heads. Then, while the band played "The Star
Spangled Banner," the companies stood at present arms until
the last strains died away. Colonel Leonard took command
of the brigade and presented it to the two honored veterans,
in exemplification of his lofty conception and his admonition
to the students that honor is placed above rank.

Early in March, 1920, the University post took up the
question of credits for privates and non-commissioned officers
who had not been able to obtain them for their term of active
service. Many of the ex-service men had complained that
they had been refused credit in the University on the ground
that they had not completed their course in an officers' train-
ing school. Joseph A. Park, Arts senior, made a report to
the post in favor of asking the Faculty to allow at least part
credit for the service of such men. Accordingly, a petition
was adopted and transmitted to the Faculty requesting credit
according to a graduated scale for all students who had been
in the military or naval service of the United States between
April 6, 1917, and September 1, 1919, according to length of
service, the full credit of eight hours to be given to those who

300 History of The Ohio State University

had had six months' service overseas or twelve months' service
in the United States. It was pointed out in the petition that
under the ruhng of the Faculty a completed course in an offi-
cers' training camp was necessary for credit, and that some
members of the post had enlisted and gone to France before
the first officers' training camp had opened on May 12, 1917,
while other members of the post who had not enlisted until
late in 1918 had finished their course in training camp, re-
turned to the University and received their credit. The Uni-
versity post thought such discrimination unjust. The peti-
tioners affirmed that they were proud of the record of the
Faculty in military service and its many correlated branches
and that they realized the difficulty of properly adjusting war
credits, but that they believed the Faculty would devise a
method by which due credit would be granted to the enlisted
men.

At its meeting early in March, 1920, the University post
was addressed by Major George F. Arps, dean of the College
of Education. He said the American Legion was the cream
of our manhood, and that the hope of democracy rested in its
membership. He thought that the legion was one of the great-
est forces in America, and that it should exercise its influence
for the betterment of social and political conditions. He
looked to it to help bring about a new era in the industrial
world, which should be accompanied by a reform in our public
school system. In closing. Major Arps urged the University
post to enroll all ex-service men on the campus.

At the end of June, 1920, the post held its first meeting
of the summer to discuss activities for the season and urge
all former soldiers, sailors, and members of the Army Nurses'
Corps to become members. Acting Commander James M.
Patchell presided at the meeting and appointed a committee
to make arrangements for a picnic to be held at Glenmary
Park during the last week in July. During the first week of
August the posts of Franklin County, including the University
post, celebrated American Legion Week at Olentangy Park,
with the objects of getting acquainted, gaining new members.

Aftermath of the War 301

raising a relief fund for the benefit of needy men of other
counties, and securing money for the local posts and the na-
tional organization. The celebration at Olentangy Park was
in the nature of a "carnival," with a series of athletic events
and a sideshow.

The time for signing the charter of the University post
was extended to September 1, 1920, to enable all eligible
members of the Faculty to become charter members. Already
at the end of July 30 Faculty men belonged to the post, but
the desire was that the other ex-service men in the teaching
staff should join.

In the year 1919-20 certain courses, approved by the com-
mittee on instruction of the University Faculty, were courses
for students in the Colleges of Arts and Education that were
clearly due to the war. These were all history courses. One
of them was entitled "The World War : Its Causes, Issues and
Results." It was a three-hour course continuing throughout
the year and drew students in such numbers as to require
four sections for their accommodation. Another was desig-
nated "The Problems of the World War." It was a one-hour
course for the year. In the summer session of 1919 two such
courses were offered : one, a one-hour course called "Problems
of World Peace and Reconstruction," and the other, a two-
hour course entitled "Revisions of American History." All
of these courses attracted large classes.

The fact that German had been discontinued in the high
schools by the school boards of Ohio early in the war and
was not restored in many of them until some years after its
close, resulted in the necessity of many new students begin-
ning the subject in the University. Before the war stu-
dents were permitted to major in German only by electing
a number of the advanced courses. In 1919-20, however, the
Department of German found itself without a clientele for
such courses and struck out of its announcements in the col-
lege catalogues the following preliminary statement: "A
student beginning German at the University is advised not
to take the subject as a major study."

302 History of The Ohio State University

That the depression through which the country, including
the University, has been passing since 1929, is part of the
aftermath of the war, has been asserted by many prominent
writers. For the University these years have meant the
reduction of salaries, the lessening of the number of teachers
and office staffs, and the serving on part-time of some of the
instructors who have remained on the campus. Purchases of
new equipment and supplies for departments and of new books
for the library have been necessarily much restricted.

The student enrollment kept up surprisingly well through
the years 1930-31 and 1931-32, as compared with the figures
for 1929-30. There was, however, a decided decline in the
enrollment for 1932-33, which became more marked in 1933-34.
This downward trend seems likely to disappear in 1934-35.
The following table gives the figures for the years mentioned :

Summer Quarter Autumn Quarter Winter Qu/irter Spring Quarter

Year 1929-30
3,871 10,655 9,951 9,472

Year 1930-31
4,487 10,852 10,388 9,872

Year 1931-32
4,845 10,795 10,157 9,636

Year 1932-33
4,448 10,166 9,394 8,853

Year 1933-34
3,382 9,449 8,730 8,551

INDEX

INDEX

A List of the Most Important Oc-
cupations and Employments in
the Food Producing Industries
under the Supervision of the Uni-
ted States Food Administration.
(Prepared by the Labor Divis-
ion), 177, 178

Ackley, George, reviews parade, 299

Academic Board, composition of, 17

Adams, C. S., at field station, 214,
215

Adams, J. J., in civilian service,
14; submits contract, 32; lec-
tures, 252; acting president, 253;
in celebration, 288

Administrative Division, loses mem-
bers, 13, 14

Adriatic Sea, W. C. Sabine flies
over, 167

Aerial observation, instruction in,
24

Aeronautical Laboratory, plans
for, 10; cost, 11; training in, 19,
20 ; airplane work transferred to,
23; number of men in, 25; mess
hall in, 34; constructed, 286

Aftermath, of the war, 285-302

Agler, A. K., death of, 126

Agricultural Extension Service,
mentioned, 131; in drive, 132;
circulates publications, 135; C. S.
Wheeler signs contract, 137;
places applicants, 138; publishes
bulletin, 143

Agricultural Engineering Exten-
sion Service, loses member, 142

Agricultural Faculty, recommends
excusing students, 6

Agricultural Publications Depart-
ment, sends out printed matter,
140

Agricultural Student, The, difficul-
ties of, 85; reports enlistments,
etc., 90, 91; editorials of, 100,
105

Air Service, adopts tests, 192

Alexander, W, R., invents machine,
55, 238

Allen, E. M., death of, 129

Allen, F. E., in uniform, 14; in
service, 146

Allen, I. G., death of, 127

Allen, T., in civilian service, 14

Allied Governments, W. C. Sabine
brings papers of, 167

Allison, Catherine, on farm, 118

American Chemical Society, offers
services, 199

American Legion, at University,
298-301

American Library Association,
funds for, 47

American Protective League, J. S.
Myers in, 174

American Red Cross (see Red
Cross)

American University, experiment
station at, 202, 213; Government
takes over buildings, 203; re-
search organization at, 209; Uni-
versity's chemistry teachers at,
233, 234

305

306

History of The Ohio State University

Andrews, C. E., in uniform, 14;
service record of, 159; collects
trench poetry, 164
Applied Aeronautics, published, 23
Arick, Ola M., in relief work, 64
Armistice, effects of, 15; bright
prospects after, 111; cadets with-
draw after, 148 ; men return
after, 171; laboratory closes at,
206; invoicing after, 207; num-
ber of pharmacy men in service
at, 273 ; officers in Veterinary
Corps at, 279; 37th Division in
pursuit at, 281, 282; economic
situation after, 286; premature
news of, 287; signing of, 288
Armistice Day, celebration, 299
Armstrong, A., in service, 14
Army, enlistments in, 182; medical
teachers in, 258; medical grad-
uates in, 268; D. S. White in,
280; veterinary graduates in,
283; promotes gas investigations,
200; gas program of, 210; met-
allurgy men in, 237
Army camps, men released from,

178
Army of Occupation, E. J. Jordan
with 268; W. M. Weldishofer
with, 282; 42d (Rainbow) Di-
vision part of, 296
Army Nurses' Corps, members
urged to join American Legion,
300
Arnold, R. H., death of, 128
Arps, G. F., in uniform, 14; in
service, 163; record of, 190, 191;
addresses Legion post, 300
Arts College (see College of Arts,

Philosophy, and Science)
Arts-education course, withdrawals
from, 147; enrollment in, 148,
149, 155; decline of, 156
Athletic Association, buys bond, 44

Athletics, during the war, 107-111
Atkins, Rev. G. G., in France, 71
Aviation Laboratory (see Aero-
nautical Laboratory)
Axtell, W. J., Jr., in service, 146

Baker, Lt. Col. C. B., chief of Mo-
tor Transport Division, 217; in
Washington, 222
Baker, Hon. N. D., message from,
59; articles by, 97, W. C. Sabine
sends resignation to, 169
Baldwin, R. H., death of, 128
Bancroft, W. P., death of, 126, 182
Barnett, S. J., in Washington, 222
Barracks, begun, 10; cost, 11; loca-
tion of, 34; used for sick, 80
Barrett, T. W., death of, 128
Barrington, A. R., chairman of mu-
sic program, 47
Baseball, loses letter men, 109
Basinger, A. O., in service, 74
Bauer, W. W., at field station, 214-

215
Baum, E. F., in service, 74
Baumgardner, H. K., in research,

216
Bayes, Cecil, in service, 146
Bayles, Leo, in service, 74
Beach, F. H., in service, 146
Beatty, H. G., in uniform, 14;

serves base hospital, 266
Beekman, T., in service, 75
Belgian Army, aided by 37th Di-
vision, 294
Belgian refugees, sewing for, 54
Belgium, anti-war demonstrations
in, 102 ; study of German in, 150 ;
H. C. Haddox in, 161; Pres. W.
O. Thompson in, 253; H. H.
Snively in, 270 ; 37th Division in,
281, 282; 146th Infantry in, 292,
293; memorial bridge in, 294
Benjamin, B., in service, 75

Index

307

Benjamin, Vera, Red Cross nurse,

249
Bergman, B. A., in service, 75
Bessarabia, H. H. Snively in, 271,

272
Bevan, Arthur, helps prepare scenic

battlefield, 153
Bingham, W. E., service record of,

159, 160
Birch, L. W., teaches gunnery, 23
Bird, O. C, teaches recreation, 19
Blake, F. C, in service, 14, 163;

president. Academic Board, 18
Blakey, H. B., in uniform, 14; in
service, 266

Blengenses, Maj. Gen. , D. S.

White guest of, 280, 281
Bloor, W. F., in service, 14; in

Washington, 182
Blum, M., in service, 75
Board of Trustees {see Trustees)
Boiling, G. M., in service, 162
Bolsheviki, sign peace with Ger-
many, 55
Boord, C. E., in War Chemical As-
sociation, 201 ; in charge of field
station, 213; investigates new
gas, 214
Boothman, D. M., officer, 211
Bornhorst, A. H., death of, 129
Boucher, Howard, delayed return

of, 291, 292
Bowen, B. L., gives address, 15
Bowler, Miss A. C, in Red Cross

work, 192
Bowman, J. C, death of, 127
Bownocker, J. A., chairman of com-
mittee, 43, 44 ; on war chest com-
mittee, 45
Bownocker, Mrs. J. A., in relief

unit, 60
Boyd, C. C, in service, 74
Boyd, J. F., in service, 239, 240
Boyland, Vernette, in France, 116

Bradford, Leroy, delayed return

of, 292
Brehm, G. W., in uniform, 14
Brehm, Wayne, at Camp Green-
leaf, 261
Bricker, J. W., in service, 74
Bridges, J. W., in service, 14; in

Medical Department, 191, 192
British Army, C. B. Layne with,

294
British Government, decorates unit,

294
British Labor Conditions During

the War, by M. B. Hammond,

176
British Veterinary Corps, D. S.

White guest of, 280, 281; men

in, 283
British Veterinary Service, model

for United States, 279
British War Office, recalls medical

men, 275
Britton, W. C, helps standardize

trucks, 220
Brooks, C, in service, 14
Brown, A. T., instructor, 19
Brown, C. J. (Lieut.-Gov.), reviews

returned troops, 293
Brown, Maynard, at Edgewood, 207
Brown, Raymond, at Edgewood, 207
Brown, R. A., in service, 14, 18;

gives wireless course, 230, 237,

238
Brown, R. H. arranges meeting,

222; secretary, 223
Bruce, C. A., mentioned, 53; death

of, 128; service record of, 161
Bruce, Mrs. C. A., president of

club, 53
Brumberg, D., in service, 75
Bucher, Paul, in service, 224
Bundon, M. L., in research, 216
Bureau of Aircraft Production, W.

C. Sabine with, 169

308

History of The Ohio State University

Bureau of Mines, promotes gas in-
vestigations, 200; research by,
203
Burrell, G. A., in charge of gas
research, 200, 201, 208, 209; dec-
orated, 209; responds, 223
Burrell, G. O., death of, 128, 268
Burrett, C. H., on committee, 248
Burt, W. L, at Edgewood, 207
Burtt, H. E., in service, 192
Bush, S. P., president of war chest

committee, 44
Butterfield, Col. A. D., character-
izes W. C. Sabine, 167

Caine, W. H., award to, 250
Caldwell, F. C, invents machine,

55, 238
Campbell, Hon. James E., gives ad-
dress, 59
Campbell, Kenyon S., in service, 74
Campbell, Lois, Red Cross nurse,

249
Campbell, M. L., death of, 128
Camps:

Boyd, Tex., school at, 221
Custer, Mich., E. F. McCampbell

at, 261
Dix, N. J., D. S. White at, 281
Greenleaf, Ga., medical training
camp at, 261; D. S. White or-
ganizes school at, 280; F, A.
Lambert at, 282
Holabird, Md., school at, 220;
Victor Darnell at, 221; A. A.
Case at, 239
Jesup, Ga., school at, 221
Lee, Va., R. Pintner at, 191; J.

W. Bridges at, 192
McArthur, Tex., E. F. McCamp-
bell at, 262
Meigs, D. C, E. S. Manson, Jr.,

at, 224
Merritt, N. J., troops from, 295

Normoyle, Tex., school at, 221
Pike, Ark., pneumonia at, 261
Sheridan, visited by G. W. Right-
mire, 253
Sherman, 0., girls sew for, 57;
its team defeated, 108; C. A.
Bruce at, 161; Dean Hagerty
visits, 174; R. D. McKenzie at,
180; G. F. Arps at, 190; vis-
ited by G. W. Rightmire, 253;
wounded soldiers from, 292;
146th Infantry goes to, 293;
soldiers from, 294; E. S. Man-
son, Jr., at, 224; G, C. Seegar
at, 228
Zachary Taylor, Ky., J. W.
Bridges at, 191, 192
Canada, Septimus Sisson in, 283
Canadian troops, resist, 198
Cannon, Nan, in France, 72
Caples, Mrs. M. J., instructor, 52
Carder, C. F., death of, 127
Carmack, G. R., at Baltimore, 215
Carman, J, E., in service, 14, 154
Carpenter, W. B., In medical corps,

248
Case, A. A., in uniform, 14; stand-
ardizes trucks, 220; establishes
schools, 220, 221; captain, 239
Castleman, F. R., instructor, 19;

team captain, 47
Chambers, B., in service, 74
Chance, E. M., cooperates, 206 an-
ticipates demand, 210
Chandler, A. R., in Red Cross work,

60-62; services, 159
Chandler, Grace, canteen worker,

58
Chaney, Maj. J. E., service of, 30
Charlton, D. H,, death of, 127
Charlton, P. H., commissioned, 272
Chautauqua Bureau, sends food ex-
perts, 179

Index

309

Chauncey, Rev. E. F., gives ad-
dress, 15

Chemical Warfare Service, re-
search section of, 200; J. R.
Withrow has field station of,
202; creation of, 208; Wm. Mc-
Pherson officer in, 209; agencies
incorporated with, 212; publishes
monograph, 213; University men
in, 215, 224; chemistry teachers
in, 233; advanced students in,
234

Cheny, S. L., in service, 74

Chlorine gas, used by Germans,
198

Christensen, E. 0., in uniform, 14;
service record of, 194

Chubb, C. St. J., prepares scenic
battlefield, 24, 153

Chubb, Mrs. C. St. J., in relief unit,
60

Cicle, Grace, lecturer, 118

City Federation of Women's Clubs,
aids sick, 64

Civilian Relief Department, stu-
dents serve in, 174

Civilian service, Faculty members
in, 14

Claxton, P. P., articles by, 97

Clinton, H. W., in service, 248

Cockins, Edith D., assigns class-
rooms, 30

Coddington, E. F., on committee,
34; in Washington, 239; acting
dean, 240

Coe, Dana, in service, 74

Cohn, S., in service, 75

Cole, A. D., in service, 14; in
Washington, 216 ; record of, 222 ;
gives wireless course, 230

Cole, Mrs. A. D., organizes group,
58

Coleman, T. C, record of, 229

College of Agriculture, loses stu-

dents, 7, 12; cadets in, 33; deals
with food problem, 131-146; dis-
abled soldiers in, 290

College of Arts, Philosophy, and
Science, loses students, 7, 12;
men in service, etc., 13; cadets
in, 32; in wartime, 147-170; dis-
abled soldiers in, 290

College of Commerce and Jour-
nalism, loses students, 7, 12; ca-
dets in, 33; in wartime, 171-182;
disabled soldiers in, 290

College of Dentistry, "recognized"
list in, 13; cadets in, 33; in war-
time, 183-188; disabled soldiers
in, 290

College of Education, loses stu-
dents, 7, 12, 13; cadets in, 33; in
wartime, 189-195; disabled sol-
diers in, 290

College of Engineering, loses stu-
dents, 12, 13; cadets in, 33; in
wartime, 197-241 ; communicates
with other bodies, 199, 200; dis-
abled soldiers in, 290

College of Homeopathic Medicine,
"recognized" list in, 13; cadets
in, 33; in wartime, 247-250

College of Law, in wartime, 251-
253; disabled soldiers in, 290

College of Medicine, seniors re-
leased from, 7; "recognized" list
in, 12; cadets in, 33; in wartime,
255-272

College of Pharmacy, in wartime,
273-274; disabled soldiers in, 290

College of Veterinary Medicine, in
wartime, 275-284; disabled sol-
diers in, 290

Columbus, welcomes returned
troops, 291-296

Columbus Chapter of Red Cross,
formed, 51 ; branches of, 53 ; aids
sick, 64; home-service depart-

310

History of The Ohio State University

ment of, 117; work for, 144; J.
E. Hagerty, chairman of com-
mittee, 173; promotes Home
Service Institute, 174. {See also
Red Cross)

Columbus people, prematurely cele-
brate, 287, 288; news of genuine
Armistice celebrated, 288-289;
welcome returned troops, 291-
296

Columbus Reserve Guards, in cele-
bration, 288

Columbus {or Community) War
Chest, established, 44, 45, 46;
publicity for, 100; campus cam-
paign for, 174, 175

Committee on Classification of Per-
sonnel, Trade Test Division of,
191

Committee on Education and Spe-
cial Training, established, 32; in-
structions to, 33; prescribes cur-
ricula, 35; J. W. Bridges serves,
192; organized, 277

Committee on Patriotic Education,
C. E. Parry serves, 178

Congress, hears ideas of Messrs.
Converse, Orton, and Thompson,
1; declares war, 4; passes law,
13; passes Liberty Loan Bill, 42;
passes act for rehabilitation stu-
dents, 289

Converse, Capt. {or Maj.) G. L.,
has part in National Defense
Act, 1-4; helps prepare letter, 4,
5; in uniform, 14; commandant,
17; chairman, Red Cross com-
mittee, 51, 52; in service, 163;
recommends Archibald C. Hus-
ton, 226

Converse, Mrs. G. L., in relief unit,
60

Cook, Capt. F. C, in command of
unit, 263

Coon, S. J., in service, 14; investi-
gator, 180
Cooper, C. P., installs telephones,

227-228
Cooperider, Luke, in service, 74
Copenhagen, J. R. Knipfing, trans-
lator at, 163
Corra, F., in service, 14
Corry, H. C, in uniform, 14; teach-
ing military law, 19, 252; on
leave, 253
Cottingham, K. C, teaches aerial
observation, 19; helps prepare
scenic battlefield, 153; in serv-
ice, 154
Cottrell, E. A,, in service, 14; re-
ports to Faculty, 140
Cottrell, Mrs. E. A., canteen worker,

58
Council of National Defense, re-
quests investigation, 176; re-
ceives communication, 199, 200
Coursault, J. H., gives address, 165
Courtney, H. J., dies at sea. 111,

128
Covert, S. J., death of, 128
Covert, Florence, secretary, 63
Cowle, H. H., death of, 130
Cowie, W. W., death of, 130
Cox, Gov. James M., orders stu-
dents into industries, 7, 43; con-
fers with Trustees, 10; confers
with Pres. Thompson and others,
131; program adopted, 138; ap-
points Ohio Historical Commis-
sion, 245; reviews parade, 289,
292
Craft, F. M., installs telephones,

277-228
Crawfis, 0. R., at Baltimore, 215
Credits, for service men, 299, 300
Crites, C. R., death of, 126
Crites, D. O., in Bureau of Mines,
225

Index

311

Croxton, F, C, in service, 74, in
conference, 131; helps organize
committee, 132; supervises em-
ployment offices, 138

Cunningham, Jay S., adjutant, 32

Dagger, G. N., in service, 146
Daily, Harriett, E., in charge of

section, 56
Daily, Rena, Red Cross nurse, 249
Daniels, Hon. Josephus, message
from, 59; appoints B. G. Lamme,
226
Darby, H. J., at Edgewood, 207
Davis, E. R., in service, 14
Davis, W. E., record of, 229
Day, Harriet A., in charge of sec-
tion, 56
Dayton, N. A., award to, 250
Dechon, A. H., death of, 127
Decorations for, G. A, Burrell,
209; Edward Orton, Jr., 220; W.
E. Davis, 229; W. H. Caine, 250;
N. A. Dayton, 250; H. H. Sni-
vely, 272; D. S. White, 281; R.
L. Mundhenk, 282; D. S. White,
Reuben Hilty, G. R. Powell, 283
Deeds, E. A., W. C. Sabine gives

information to, 167, 168
Deibel, Edmund, in service, 75
De Long, D. M., in uniform, 14
Demorest, Dana J., in uniform, 14;
in gas research, 202; commis-
sioned, 210, in charge of chem-
ical plant, 210, 211; summoned
as expert, 236, 237; absence of,
241; in service 246
Demorest, Don L., in France, 69,

70, 71, 75; letters from, 87
Demorest, F. M., in charge of ma-
terials, 210, 211
Denney, J. V., committeeman, 34;
article by, 94, 164; on condition
of Arts College, 157, 158

Denney, Mrs, J. V., forms relief

unit, 60
Departments:

Agricultural Chemistry, staff in-
structs farmers, 135; arranges
meetings, 141; members in
military service, 146

Agricultural Engineering, mem-
bers in military service, 146

American History, enrollment in,
149; growth of, 151; offers
public lectures, 156

Anatomy, enrollment in, 257

Art, enrollment in, 189

Astronomy, in wartime, 231, 241

Architecture, enrollment in, 231

Bacteriology, enrollment in, 257

Botany, member in military serv-
ice, 146

Ceramic Engineering, enrollment
in, 231

Chemistry, sets graduate stu-
dents at gas problems, 202;
effect of war on, 231, 233-236

Civil Engineering, enrollment in,
231

Dairying, members in military
service, 146

Electrical Engineering, in war-
time, 231, 237-238

Engineering Drawing, enroll-
ment in, 231

English, enrollment in, 149, 154,
155

European History, enrollment in,
149; gains students, 151; of-
fers summer courses, 156

Federal Employment Service

(see U. S. Employment Service)

Geology, enrollment in, 149;
gains students, 153, 154

German, teachers debarred from
campus, 9; enrollment in, 149,
150

312

History of The Ohio State University

History and Philosophy of Edu-
cation, enrollment in, 189

Home Economics, supplies equip-
ment, 144; attendance, 145

Horticulture and Forestry, mem-
bers in military service, 146

Husbandry, member in military
service, 146

Industrial Arts, in wartime, 231,
238-239

Industrial Education, enrollment
in, 189

Latin, enrollment in, 149, 154

Mathematics, enrollment in, 1917-
19, 231

Mechanics, in wartime, 231, 239-
240

Medicine, enrollment in, 257

Metallurgy, in wartime, 231, 236-
237

Military Science and Tactics, no-
tified of School of Aeronautics,
17

Mine Engineering, in wartime,
231, 240-241

Obstetrics, enrollment in, 257

Pathology, enrollment in, 257

Philosophy, enrollment in, 149,
152, 153

Physics, enrollment in, 231

Physiology, enrollment in, 257

Political Science, enrollment in,
149, 152

Principles of Education, enroll-
ment in, 189

Psychology, enrollment in, 189;
effect of war on, 190

Romance Languages, enrollment
in, 149; gains students, 150,
151

Rural Economics, effects of war
on, 145

School Administration, enroll-
ment in, 189

Surgery and Gynecology, enroll-
ment in, 257
Zoology, effects of war on, 145
Depression, affects University, 302
Detroit Az-u-wer, G. F. Arps su-
pervises, 191
Deutsch, E. A., in service, 75
Deutsche Verein, Der, presents

play, 103
Dickson, Brig. Gen. Tracy C., and

staff in charge of steel, 225
Diemer, Hugo, record of, 225
Dildine, S. C., at Baltimore, 215
District of Columbia, extended tele-
phone system for, 227-228
Dodd, V. A., in uniform, 14; to re-
port for duty, 258; service of,
262, 263, 264
Donaldson, M., in service, 75
Dorsey, F. A., in charge of devel-
opment work, 208
Dougherty, W. A., in service, 75
DrafRn, F. 0., serves Shipping

Board, 240
Drain, B. D., in uniform, 14; in

service, 146
Drake, E. S., manager of Ohio Un-
ion, 78; serves hospital, 81
Druffin, J. O., takes class, 237
Drury, H. B., with Shipping Board,

182
Duffee, W. E., at Camp Greenleaf,

261
Duffy, T. J., in conference, 131
Duga, J. B., in service, 75
Dugan, J. C, death of, 127
Dunham, C. B., in service, 75
Dunbar, C. M., in service, 14
Dunn, Charlotte, instructor, 53
Dunn, Helen, instructor, 53
Dunn, Fay, instructor, 221
Dupre, Huntley, in Y.M.C.A., 67;
in France, 69, 70, 71, 75; letters
from, 87

Index

313

Durham, H. A., at Edgewood, 207
Dustman, Helen D., in charge of

section, 56
Duvel, Dr. W. J. T., responds, 223
Dye, Mrs. C. A., in relief unit, 60
Dyer, J. N., death of, 127
Dyer, J. Ruskin, to France, 69, 71,

75

Eaton, Esther, in France, 64
Eberlein, Prof. R., article by, 91
Eckelberry, G. W., enters Air Serv-
ice, 182
Edelman, S. D., in uniform, 14
Edgewood Arsenal, Md., poisonous
gas plants at, 204, 205; closes,
206; chemical activities at, 210,
211; chlorpicrin plant at, 212;
Ohio State Men at, 215, 223, 227
Eich, L. M., attempts to enter serv-
ice, 161, 162
Eidelman, A., in service, 75
Eisele, Helen, in service, 117
Eisenlohr, B. A., in service, 14;

record of, 160
Elden, W. S., teaches French, 154
Elden, Mrs. W. S., in relief unit, 60
Elder, C. M., death of, 129
Elwood, P. H., Jr., in uniform, 14;

absent, 142 ; in service, 146
Employment Exchangees {or offi-
ces), increased, 131; M, B. Ham-
mond organizes, 175
Engineer Enlisted Reserve Corps,

students enlist in, 13, 230
England, submarine campaign
against, 95; anti-war demonstra-
tions in, 102; study of German
in, 150; W. C. Sabine invited to,
166, 167; chemists at work in,
200; Wm. McPherson in, 209;
Pres. Thompson in, 253; deple-
tion of medical men in, 259; G.
C. Shaeffer in, 265; D. S. White

in, 280, 281; 301st Heavy Tank
Corps trains in, 294
Ensign, Mabel, in France, 116
Enzor, Mrs. Kelly, in service, 118
Epstein, M., in service, 75
Erdman, H. E., assists milk com-
mission, 140
Esper, E. A., record of, 162
Esprit de Corps, The, published, 93
Europe and Turkey, students at-
tracted by course on, 151
Evans, C. R., death of, 126
Evans, L., in service, 75
Evans, M. B., in service, 162
Evans, W. L., in uniform, 14; in
service, 163; member of War
Chemical Association, 201; or-
ganizes laboratories, 204, 205,
206; invoices, 207; discharged,
208; responds, 223

Faculty, loses members, 13, 14;
subscribes, 42, 43; releases stu-
dents, 43, 230; contributes to war
chest, 45; women in Red Cross
work, 53; censured by Lantern,
99; interviews, 104; approves
granting credits, 158; dismisses
students, 172; summer work of,
185; votes late enrollment, 185;
shortens holidays, 186; depleted
by war, 232; members dislike
teachers' oath, 296, 297; approves
psychological tests, 297; mem-
bers join American Legion, 298,
301; asked to adjust credits, 300

Fairfield Aviation School, airplane
from, 46

Falconer, J. I., assists milk com-
mission, 140

Far East, students attracted by
course on, 15

Farmer, T. O., in Washington, 216;
record of, 221

314

History of The Ohio State University

Fasig, E. W., at Edgewood, 206
Faulder, G. B., in uniform, 14; in

service, 248; returns, 250
Federal Board for Vocational Edu-
cation, passes on eligibility, 290
Federal Employment Service {see

U. S. Employment Service)
Federal Food Administration in
Ohio, Edna N. White on staff of,
134; in drive, 136; aided by
press, 143; J. E. Hagerty's serv-
ices to, 174; M. B, Hammond ad-
viser to, 177; aids in carrying
message, 179; C. F. Kelly serves,
193, 194; A. H. Tuttle serves,
252, 253
Federal Fuel Administration, F. A.

Ray on advisory board to, 224
Federal Milk Commission for Ohio,

appointed, 140
Felsman, H. H., in service, 75
Ferguson, Roy, in service, 75
Ferree, J. A,, on meflical staff, 248
Fieldner, A. C, in charge of re-
search, 215
Fiftieth Report of Board of Trus-
tees, Pres. Thompson's state-
ments in, 286, 287
Fish, N. S., in service, 146
Fisher, Dorothy Canfield,in France,

113; virrites book, 114
Fisher, Margaret E., in charge of
section, 56; in Patriotic League,
118
Fitzgerald, Jean K., manager of

Lantern, 84
Flagler, Maj. Gen. C. A. F., com-
mands 42d (Rainbow) Division,
295
Flanagan, T. G., death of, 126
Fletcher, Fred, in uniform, 14; in

service, 266, 267
Flickinger, L. C,, at Edgewood, 207
Flowers, A, E., in uniform, 14; in

Washington, 216, 221; in Signal
Corps, 237; commissioned, 246

Foch, Gen. {or Marshal)

German delegation not yet re-
ceived by, 287

Folk, S. B., teaches aids to flight,
19

Food, lectures on, 96

Food Control Act, establishes Fed-
eral Food Administration, 180

Food production, undergraduates
mobilized for, 5-8

Forman, J., in uniform, 14; com-
missioned, 262

Fort McHenry, Md., G. C. Shaeffer
at, 265

Fort Riley, Kan., medical training
camp at, 261

Foulk, C. W., gives address, 164;
secretary, 201

Four-quarter plan of instruction, in
University, 287

Foureman, Mildred, at Wright
field, 117

Foust, J. A., in uniform, 14; in-
spector, 239

France, supplies for, 53; photo-
graphs from, 59; W. T. Peirce
in, 60; Esther Eaton in, 64; Pres.
Woodrow Wilson and party in,
65; Huntley Dupre and Don L.
Demorest in, 87; Margaret A,
Knight in, 87; study of German
in, 150; students attracted by
history of, 151; H. C. Haddox in,
161; W. C. Sabine investigates
tuberculosis in, 165; travels in,
166; chemists at work in, 200;
Wm. McPherson in, 209; mem-
bers of teaching staff in, 228,
229 ; Pres. Thompson in, 253 ; de-
pletion of medical men in, 259;
Faculty men on battle line in,
260; J. W. Means in, 264; G. C.

Index

315

Schaeffer in, 265; Faculty men

in, 266; H. H. Snively in, 270,

271; D. S. White in, 280, 281;

37th and 77th Divisions in, 281
Frank, S. B., at Cleveland, 225
Franklin County, O., sum to be

raised by, 46
Frary, F. C, to design phosgene

plant, 210; technologist, 211
Fraternities, devote money to re-
lief, 44; make merry, 106; in

wartime, 113-130:

Acacia, 121, 122, 124, 128;

Alpha Gamma Rho, 119, 128;

Alpha Kappa Kappa, 127;

Alpha Mu Pi Ome^a, 129;

Alpha Pi Upsilon, 129;

Alpha Sigma Chi, 120;

Alpha Sigma Phi, 128;

Alpha Tau Omega, 122, 127;

Alpha Zeta, 129;

Beta Theta Pi. 119, 126, 127;

Gamma Pi, 130;

Delta Chi, 121, 129;

Delta Sigma Rho, 129;

Delta Tau Delta, 121, 127;

Delta Theta Pi, 120;

Delta Upsilon, 127;

Eta Kappa Nu, 130;

Kappa Sigma, 121, 127;

Lambda Phi Omega, 120;

Phi Alpha Gamma, 122;

Phi Beta Kappa, 128;

Phi Delta Theta, 121, 126;

Phi Delta Kappa, 129;

Phi Kappa, 129;

Phi Kappa Psi, 119, 123, 126

Phi Kappa Tau, 129;

Phi Rho Sigma, 128;

Phi Sigma Epsilon, 121, 129;

Pi Kappa Alpha, 128;

Psi Omega, 129;

Sigma Alpha Epsilon, 121, 126,
127;

Sigma Chi, 126;

Sigma Delta Chi, 128;

Sigma Xi, 128;

Sigma Nu, 127;

Sigma Pi, 120, 128;

Xi Psi Phi, 119, 123;

Zeta Beta Tau, 121
French, T. E., in service, 14
French, Walter, record of, 160
French Army, speaker from, 179
French refugees and orphans, sew-
ing for, 54
French Government, cooperates to

control tuberculosis, 165, 166;

confers decorations, 283
French troops, flee, 198
Frick, C. E., at field station, 214
Friedman, M., in service, 75
Fritts, Minnette Y., chairman, 56;

in service, 114
Frotn the Front, trench poetry, 164
Fuller, M., in service, 75
Galicia, H. H. Snively in, 169
Gamper, Herman, power engineer

226
Garfield, H. A., fuel administrator,

170
Garland, Hamlin, poem by, 89
Gas masks, used by Allies, 198,

199; J. R. Withrow works on,

202; C. E. Frick works on, 214,

215; produced at Long Island

City, 225
Geiger, C. A., death of, 182
General Assembly, requires teach-
ers to take oath, 296
General Hospital No. 36, G. F.

Arps at, 190
General Orders No. 62, affects

Chemical Warfare Service, 208
Georgia School of Technology,

school for oflScers at, 221
Gephart, G., in service, 14; in draft

headquarters, 182

316

History of The Ohio State University

German, discontinued in high
schools, 301

German Department, enrollment
drops, 150

German Empire, J. R. Knipfing in,
163

German Government, declaration
of war against, 4; warned, 150

Germans, use chlorine and other
gases, 198, 199

Germany, Bolsheviki sign peace
with, 55; Army of Occupation
in, 65; C. F. O'Brien's article on,
94, 95; H. C. Haddox in, 161;
H. H. Snively in, 271; 42d (Rain-
bow) Division in, 296

Gettys, W. E., in service, 182

Giesy, P. M., in charge of person-
nel, 214

Gilchrist, Col, H. L., importuned
by Pres. Ignace Paderewski, 271

Gilliam, Florence, in France, 72

Gladman, M. D., death of, 127

Glenn, Alex, in service, 74

Goethals, Gen. G. W., H. L. Rietz
serves under, 170

Gordon, E. J., in uniform, 14; in
Ohio National Guard, 258; on
battle front and in Germany, 268

Gorgas, Surgeon General, Wm. C,
approves institutions, 13

Gorrel, Col. E. S., W. C. Sabine
assistant to, 166

Government (see U. S. Govern-
ment)

Government Research Laboratory,
chemistry men in, 235

Graduate School, sustains loss, 12,
13; H. R. Spencer, acting dean,
160; students withdraw from,
243, 244; issues publications,
246; disabled soldiers in, 290

Graham, J. E., death of, 128

Graves- Walker, A. F., in service.

170
Great Britain, awards decoration
to W. E. Davis, 229 ; depletion of
professional men, 275. {See also
England)
Greenburger, H., in service, 75
Groof, Paul, at Edgewood, 207
Gross, N., in service, 75
Gross, R., in service, 75
Gross, W. v., in service, 75
Grosvenor, F. B., in uniform, 14;

absent, 250
Gunpowder Reservation {see Edge-
wood Arsenal, Md.)
Gun Range {see Machine-gun

Range)
Gunnery, instruction in, 24
Gymnasium, for military use. 111

Haddox, H. C, service record of,
161

Hagerty, J. E., in service, 14, 163 ;
in Red Cross work, 63, 64; chair-
man of committee, 173; adviser,
174

Haines, T. H., in service, 14

Hall, R. E., in charge of labora-
tory, 205; of division, 207

Hammond, C. K., death of, 129

Hammond, M. B., in service 14,
163; organizes employment of-
fices, 138, 175; member of coal
mining commission, 175, 176;
writes monograph and attends
conference, 176; member of War
Labor Policies Board, 177; cer-
tifying officer, 178

Hammond, W. L., loses life, 109

Hampton Roads, Va., University
medical unit at, 263

Hanger, W. E., obtains seed com,
137

Hanson, L., in service, 74

Index

317

Harding, Hon. W. G., message

from, 59
Harley, Charles, in uniform, 14; in

service, 74
Harris, W. C, enters service, 161,

162
Harrison, Maj. G. R., succeeds com-
mandant, 17
Harrop, C. B., at Bureau of Stand-
ards, 226
Hart, L. H., arranges meeting, 222
Hartford, F., in service, 14
Harvard University, W. C. Sabine

teaching at, 168, 169
Hathaway, Maude C, instructor,

53; supervisor, 144
Hauer, A. M., in uniform, 14; com-
missioned, 262
Hayes Hall, headquarters at, 34
Hayhurst, E. R., teaching, 19, 256
Haynie, F. S., death of, 129
Hayv^ard, Helen, canteen worker,

65
Hebbeler, H., in celebration, 288
Heifner, H. A., death of, 128
Hendrix, John, in service, 74
Helbig, Elmer, in service, 146
Helser, P. D., manufactures carbon

dioxide, 211
Henderson, Mary, supervisor, 58
Henderson, W. E., in gas research,

201
Henniger, F. R., manufactures car-
bon dioxide, 211
Herman, Caroline, in service, 116
Heyde, Florence E., instructor, 53
Hills, T. M., in service, 14; teaches
aerial observation, 19, 153, 154;
helps construct ranges, 24
Hilty, Reuben, decorated, 283
Hindenburg Line, broken, 294
Hindman, S., in uniform, 14
Hinsdale, A. E., in medical corps,
248

Hinsdale, Mrs. A. E., chairman, 54

Hissem, H. L., death of, 128

Historical Commission of Ohio, en-
dorsed, 105

History courses, due to the war,
301

Hixenbaugh, Mrs. E. R., visitor, 63

Hockett, H. C, in charge of course,
152; in service, 162

Hodges, W. H., serves in hospital,
266

Hodgman, A. W., teaches French,
154

Hoffman, Elizabeth {see Mrs. Mc-
Manigal)

Hollingsworth, Marion, in gas re-
search, 202

Holmes, W. M., teaches gunnery,
23

Holtcamp, Bertha, at Camp Jack-
son, 116

Home Economics Department, to
conduct canning campaign, 132;
supplies equipment, 144

Home Service Institute, organized,
63, 173, 174

Homeopathic Hospital Auxiliary,
(Red Cross), 54

Hooper, 0. C, in Red Cross work,
63; in service, 163; on commit-
tee, 173

Hoover, Hon. Herbert C, Dean Af-
f red Vivian adviser to, 133 ; ap-
points milk commission, 140 ; re-
quests service of M. B. Ham-
mond, 176

Horse Purchasing Board, at Kan-
sas City, Mo., 282

Hoskins, Don., in service, 74.

Hoskins, George, in service, 74

Hough, B. W., commands 166th.
Infantry, 294

Houston, W. H., in service, 74

Howard, Ralph, in service, 74

318

History of The Ohio State University

Howard, R. W., sends false news

of Armistice, 287
Hoyt, Roy, in service, 74
HufFord, G. H., at Edgewood, 207
Hugger, C. C, in uniform, 14;

commissioned, 262
Hughes, D. G., in service, 146
Hughes, R. M., regional director,

35
Hugus, P. H., at Edgewood, 207
Humphrey, W. A., in medical

corps, 248
Husband, H. A., death of, 126
Huston, A. C., record of, 226
Hutchinson, J. L., in service, 146;

in gas laboratory, 205

Influenza epidemic, among cadets,

37, 64, SO, 144
Ingraham, Mrs. E. S., supervisor,

58
Inter-Allied Conference, on gas in-
vestigations, 209
Ireland, to be incited to revolution,

4
Isonzo (river), W. C. Sabine in

offensive on, 166
Italian Army, speaker from, 179
Italy, A. R. Chandler in, 61, 62;

R. C. Paterson in, 62, 63; H. R.

Spencer departs for, 104; W. C.

Sabine in, 166; tuberculosis unit

in, 267

Jacoby, F, S., adviser, 133
Jaglinski, Peter, in service, 248
James, E. D,, death of, 126
Japan, to join Germany, 4
Jewish Welfare Board, funds for,

47
Johns, L., death of, 128
Johnson, C. F,, at Baltimore, 215
Johnson, Margaret, in Washington,

116

Johnson, Olga, Red Cross nurse,

249
Johnson, O. 0., death of, 128
Johnston, T. P., death of, 129
Jones, A. H., death of, 129, 188
Jones, H. I., goes to Fort Benja-
min Harrison, 107
Journal of Industrial arid Engi-
neering Chemistry, gas research
in, 214
Judd, Horace, in service, 224

Karb, Mayor G. J., reviews parade,

289; welcomes troops, 291, 292

Kauffman, Mrs. G. B., supervisor,

57, 58
Keiser, J. G., commissioned, 246;

returns, 250
Kelly, C. F., in service, 14, 193, 194
Kelly, Mary A., in Italy, 64, 65
Kennedy, C. L., in service, 74
Ketcham, V. A., attends committee,

48; in service, 163
Kettering, C. F., Ohio State Engi-
neer dedicated to, 92
Key, Murriel, Red Cross nurse, 249
Kimmel, H., in service, 75
King, Enid, in Washington, 116
Kinkead, Mrs. E. B., instructor, 52
Kinley, David, invites M. B. Ham-
mond to prepare study, 176
Kiplinger, Willard, responds, 223
Klein, Irving, in service, 75
Kleinmeyer, Jesse, in service, 75
Klingberg, F. J., gives course, 156
Knappenburger, C. W., in service,

248
Knight, G. W., on committee, 45;
director of War Issues course,
152, 194
Knight, Mrs. G. W., Red Cross su-
pervisor, 57; in relief unit, 60;
criticizes University women, 98

Index

319

Knight, Margaret A., letter from,
87

Knight, W. A., in service, 14; at-
tends Royal Aviation School, 17;
heads instruction in gunnery and
airplanes, 18, 23, 238, 239

Knights of Columbus, funds for,
47; at Camp Sherman, 0., 190

Knipfing, J. R., article by, 94;
translator, 163

Knouff, R. A., in uniform, 14; in
service, 272

Koch, S., in service, 75

Komisaruk, L. B., in service, 75; at
Edgewood, 207

Kotz, T. F., in uniform, 14; ser-
vice record, 159

Kramer, M. Dorothy, chairman, 56

Krauss, Katherine, in service, 170

Krohngold, W., in service, 75

Kuertz, Jack, in service, 75

Laidler, H. W., speaks at Univer-
sity, 102
Lake Laboratory, classes reduced,

146
Lambert, F. A., in uniform, 14;

service record of, 282
Lamme, B. G., record of, 226
Landacre, F. L., acting dean, 259
Lang, C, in service, 75
Lantern {see Ohio State Lantern)
Lantis, L. O , released from teach-
ing, 138, 139
Laughlin, R. W., death of, 75, 129
LaMr School, teachers from, 152
Lawson, J. K., death of, 128
Laylin, C. D., instructor, 19; team
captain, 47; lectures to adju-
tants, 253
Layne, C. B., record of, 294
Lazarus, R. L., at Baltimore, 215
Leighton, J. A., article by, 164
Leighton, M. M., teaching, 154

Lentz, Monobelle, in service, 114
Leonard, Col. C. F., reviews pa-
rade, 299
Levison, R., in service, 75
Lew^is, W. K., assigns gas prob-
lems, 201
Liberty Loan campaigns: first, 42,
43; second, 43, 54; third, 45-46;
fourth, 46-47; executive commit-
tee for, 174, 175
Lincoln, G., in service, 75
Lincoln, P. M., commissioned, 226
Linzell, S., with Canadian Army,

75
Lockhart, 0. C, on leave, 182
Long, E., in service, 14
Long, Elizabeth, secretary, 63
Long, J., in service, 14
Lord, H. C, attends Royal Aviation
School, 17; teaches aids to flight,
19, 241; builds apparatus, 21;
gathers information, 22; work
approved, 23
Lord, Mrs. H. C, member of relief

unit, 60
Lord, N. W., G. A. Burrell student

and chemist under, 200, 201
Loudermill, J. J., sent to Univer-
sity station, 215
Lowe, C. C, in service, 241
Ludwig, E. C, in uniform, 14; in

service, 266
Lusitania, torpedoed, 4; effect on

German Department, 150
Luttrell, John, in service, 75
Lutz, H. W., in service, 146.
Luxemburg, H. C. Haddox in, 161
Lyman, J. R., in gas research, 202
Lyons, Thelma L., in service, 170

McAdie, A. C, aids H. C. Lord, 22
McCampbell, E. F., on leave, 8; in
uniform, 14; lectures, 56; in ser-
vice, 163, 256 ; to report for duty,

320

History of The Ohio State University

258; given leave, 259; service
of, 261

McClelland, C. E., death of, 129

McComb, K. S., death of, 130

McCormick, V. R., death of, 128

McCracken, W. C, on war chest
committee, 44

McGaughey, W. J., in gas research,
202; takes class, 237; in Wash-
ington, 239

McKenzie, R. D., in service, 14;
investigator, 180

McKinley, Helen, in service, 117

McManigal, Mrs. , in ser-
vice, 113

McNaghten, Margaret, in service,
116

McNeal, E. H., chairman, 152; in
service, 162

McNeal, Isabel, in France, 72

McNeil, C. P., at Long Island City,
225

McPherson, William, on leave, 8,
245; in uniform, 14; in service,
163; convenes University chem-
ists, 201; in Washington, 202;
commissioned, 203; enlists chem-
ical plants, 204; promoted, 208,
209; to France and England,
209, 210; responds, 223

Machine-gun Range, plans for, 10;
cost of, 11

Mack, C. E., at Edgewood, 207

Madden, J. W., teaches, 19; lec-
tures to adjutants, 252

Magruder, T. M., sails for Bor-
deaux, 60

Magruder, W. T., in service, 14;
attends Royal Aviation School,
17; instructor, 19

Magruder, Mrs. W. T., canteen
worker, 58; in relief unit, 60

Maintenance Division, loses mem-
bers, 13-14

Makio, The, effect of war on board

of, 84; editors killed, 85; for

1917 shows little war influence,

89; for 1918 full of war items,

90

Mallon, Mrs. G. W., in France, 72

Maloney, D., aids in airplanes, 23

Manning, V. H., letter from 200,

201
Manson, E. S., Jr., in uniform, 14;
record of, 224; leaves for camp,
241
Mansperger, M., in service, 75
Manual on Instruments, material

in, 22, 23
Marino, A., called, 194
Mark, Mary L., statistical adviser,

180
Marquand, Carl, in service, 74
Marquis, F. W., in service, 14
Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology, school of aeronautics at,
192; men at Edgewood, 215
Masteller, Jessie F., chairman, 56
Matson, L. L., teaches gunnery, 23,

24
Matthews, B. B., death of, 127
Maxillo-facial surgery, Faculty

members practice, 264-266
May, R. J., death of, 128
Means, J. W., in uniform, 14; re-
leased for service, 186; dis-
charged, 187; to report for duty,
258; in maxillo-facial surgery,
264, 265
Medical Enlisted Reserve Corps,
enrollment in. 255, 256; number
in, 257; changed, 260; V. A.
Dodd in, 262; regulations, 276;
transfer of students from, 277;
differences from Students' Army
Training Corps, 278
Medical Faculty, leaves for, 8;
members commissioned, 247; of-

Index

321

fleers in Army and Navy, 259;
in naval unit, 262; in maxillo-
facial surgery, 264-626; serving
in hospitals, 266-267; in tuber-
culosis unit in Italy, 267-268;
on battle line, 268-272

Medical Reserve Corps (see Medi-
cal Enlisted Reserve Corps)

Medical Training Camps, organ-
ized, 260, 261

Mediterranean Sea. W. C. Sabine
in dirigible over, 167

Mechanics of the Aeroplane, Du-
chene's, 22

Mellon, D. R., at Niagara Falls,
224, 225

Menorah Society, in drive, 49; men
in service, 75

Men's Glee Club, reorganized, 106

Mershon, R. D., promotes National
Defense Act, 1-4; record of, 225,
226

Mexican Border, trucks on, 217;
Ohio National Guard on, 258;
R. L. Mundhenk on, 281

Mexican Punitive Expedition, de-
lays enforcement, 3; trucks in,
217

Mexico, southwestern States of-
fered to, 4

Meyer, Florence, in service, 14

Military Airplanes, Loening's, 22

Military Barracks, constructed,
286

Military Department, supplies in-
structors, 256

Military Hospital, cost of, 11; too
small, 37; location of, 80; influ-
enza in, 144

Miller, F. A., vice-president, v^rar
chest committee, 44

Miller, H. C, enters Navy, 182

Miller, R. C, in service, 146

Miller, S. C, death of, 129

Miligan, L. H., at Edgevk^ood, 207
Mitchell, Alton, at Edgewood, 207
Mix, S. E., record of, 162
Monnier, J. C, death of, 127
Moore, A. P., record of, 161
Morton, Mrs. T. A., chairman, 54
Motor Transport Corps, created,

219
Motor Transport Service, created

and supplanted, 219
Motor Transport Training Schools,

instruction for, 220
Mott, Dr. J. R., addresses student

delegates, 47
Mueller, W. A., helps design plant,

210; manufactures mustard gas,

211
Mundhenk, R. L., in uniform, 14;

record of, 281-282
Murray, Helen, in Washington, 117
Murray, Ruth, in service, 117
Myers, H. J, death of, 127
Myers, J. S., on vi^ar chest commit-
tee, 45; in Red Cross w^ork, 63;

chairman, 64; in war work, 174;

fiinds nurses, 175

National Academy of Sciences, re-
ceives communication, 199, 200

National Defense Act, enactment
and provisions of, 1-4

National Research Council, con-
ducts gas investigations, 200

National War Labor Policies
Board, M. B. Hammond serves
on, 176, 177

Naval Unit, maintained, 36

Navin, C. A., death of, 127

Navy, enlistments in, 182; members
of medical Faculty in, 259;
medical unit of, 262-264; officers
in, 260; medical graduates in,
268; pharmacy men in, 273; pro-
motes gas investigations, 200

322

History of The Ohio State University

Navy Department, grants request,

264
Nevin, R. B., leaves truck squad,

107; loses life, 109
Nevin, Robert, in service, 74
New York Tirnes, J. R. Knipfing's

articles in, 163, 164
Nichol, Frances, Red Cross nurse,

249
Nichols, J. H., in uniform, 14; in

service, 163
Nicholson, Meredith, editorials by,

89
Noble, Ellis, in service, 74
Nold, H. E., takes class, 237, 241
North, C. C, in service, 14; in war

work, 180
Norton, F. W. {or Fred), death of,

111, 129

O'Brien, C. F., article by, 94

Ohio, erects bridge in Belgium, 294

Ohio Board of Agriculture, gives
crop figures, 136

Ohio Branch, Council of National
Defense, promotes drives, 41,
136; Edna N. White, chairman
of Food Department of, 134, 135

Ohio Coal Mining Commission, M.
B. Hammond a member of, 175,
176

Ohio Experiment Station, helps in-
struct farmers, 135

Ohio National Guard, at Camp
Sheridan, 253; E. J. Gordon in,
258; H. H. Snively in, 269; R. L.
Mundhenk in, 281; its former or-
ganizations return, 291, 293, 294

Ohio State Engineer, The, effects
of war on, 85; war material in
92; urges need of engineers, 100

Ohio State Lantern, The, issues
special, 45; loses men reporters,
84; changes appearance, 86;

headlines in, 86, 87; features of,
87-89; war activities in, 95, 96;
supports drives, 100; at Army
camps, 101; editorials of, 102,
103, 105, 106; interviews in, 104;
conducted largely by women, 172

Ohio State University, shapes Na-
tional Defense Act, 1-4; Re-
serve Officers' Training Corps at,
3; mobilizes, 4-9; coal shortage
at, 9 ; enrollment, 33 ; forms con-
tract with Government, 33 ; Na-
val Unit at, 36; influenza at, 37;
war drives at, 41-49; enlistment
at, 73; supplies farm-hands, 132;
students leave, 171; reduced en-
rollment in, 172; veterinary
courses modified at, 277; officers
from, 282; F. A. Lambert re-
turns to, 282 ; students return to,
285 ; loses teachers after the war,
286; ferment in, 287; disabled
soldiers in, 290; welcomes re-
turned troops, 291-296; War
Chemical Association of, 201;
staff chosen from, 203; its repu-
tation for training chemists, 236.
(See also Colleges, and Depart-
ments)

Ohio State University Association,
buys bond, 44

Ohio State University Monthly,
The, makes changes, 86; chron-
icles services of Ohio State men,

93, 94; C. F. O'Brien's article in,

94, 05; J. V. Denney's article in,
164

Ohio State University Studies, is-
sued, 246

Ohio Union, in wartime, 10, 77;
additions to, 10, 11; mess hall at,
34, 77, 78, 79, 90; on war basis,
78; aids hospital, 80; its em-
ployees, 81

Index

323

Olin, H. L., in gas research, 202;

at Edgewood, 206, 207
Oliver, N. S., commandant, 34
Olsen, H. C, teaches recreation, 19
Ontario Veterinary College, S.

Sisson at, 283
Orr, A. H., at Edgewood, 207
Orton, Edward, Jr., promotes Na-
tional Defense Act, 1-4; helps
prepare letter, 4; on leave, 8; in
uniform, 14; letter from, 95; in
Washington, 216; record of, 217-
220
Osburn, Mrs. R. C, instructor, 53;
supervisor, 57; canteen worker,
58
Overholt, V., in service, 74, 146
Overturf, A. K., death of, 126

Paderewski, Madam Ignace, asks
aid for Poland, 271

Paderewski, Pres. Ignace, asks for
medical expedition, 271

Page Hall, barracks in, 34; super-
vised study in, 40

Palmer, W. R., in service, 74

Panhellenic Council, work of, 118;
condition of, 122; housing plan
of, 123

Park, J. A., on credit for service
men, 299

Park, Joseph, in service, 74

Parry, C. E., in service, 14; secre-
tary, 178; on leave, 179

Parsons, J. T., in gas laboratory,
205; at Edgewood, 207

Patchell, J. M., appoints commit-
tee, 300

Paterson, H. G., in tuberculosis
unit, 267; promoted, 268

Paterson, R. G., in service, 14; in
Red Cross work, 62, 63, 256

Paterson, Maj. Gen. R. U., invites
H. H. Snively to Russia, 269

Patrick, J. E., at Baltimore, 215

Patriotic League, glee club of, 292,
293

Pavey, Eugenia C, instructor, 53

Payne, H. E., in service, 170

Peace Conference, W. T. Peirce
translator for, 61

Peirce, W. T., in unfiorm, 14; in
Red Cross service, 59-60; ser-
vices of, 159

Perigord, Lieut. Paul, speaker, 179

Pershing, Gen. John J., W. T.
Peirce interpreter at headquar-
ters of, 60; transfers Veterinary
Service, 280; sends 37th Division
to aid Belgian Army, 294

Persia, H. H. Snively in, 269

Peterson, Dr. E. A., gives address,
15

Pettibone, F. G., in service, 248

Pettit, W., in service, 146

Phillips, T. D., in service, 14; ad-
viser, 133; released from teach-
ing, 138, 139

Phillips, T. G., in uniform, 14; in
service, 146; in gas laboratory,
205

Pierce, J., in service, 74

Pilot squadrons, growth of, 24, 25

Pintner, Rudolph, in service, 14;
at Camp Lee, 191

Poisonous gases, used by Germans,
198, 199; investigation of, 200;
production of, 203, 204, 210;
plant constructed, 204; mustard
gas, 205; laboratory, 205, 206,
207; research work in, 208, 209;
buildings for, 211; chlorpicrin
and mustard gas plants, 212,
213, 214; selenium mustard gas,
213, 214; mustard gas produced
at Niagara Falls, 225. (See also
Edgewood Arsenel)

Poland, H. H. Snively in, 271

324

History of The Ohio State University

Pomerene, Hon. Atlee, message
from, 59

Posonick, L., in service, 75

Powell, G. R., award to, 283

Powell, H. T. {or "Dutch"), hailed,
296

Preparedness League of Dental
Surgeons, organized, 184

Princeton University, school of
eronautics at, 192

Prinkey, J. W., instructor, 19.

Psychological tests, given to stu-
dents, 297

Psychology, interest in applied, 193
(See also Department of Psy-
chology)

Publications (campus), during the
war, 83-111

Public Health Service, medical
graduates in, 268

Publications of the Teaching Staff,
issued, 246

Pugh, Edna H., in service, 72, 115

Quartermaster Corps, Veterinary
Service detached from, 280

Radio Development Section, Signal

Corps, 221
Ragsdale, Capt. E. J. W., Wm.

McPherson adviser to, 202, 203
Ramsower, H. C. enrolling officer,

138; assumes duties, 142
Rankin, Allen, in service, 74
Ray, F. A., on leave, 9; in service,

224, 240, 241
Ray, Mrs. F. A. record of, 58; aids

sick, 64
Raj'^mond, Stockton, member of

committee, 63
Recreation, as training, 25, 26
Rebrassier, R. E., on inactive duty,

282, 283
Red Cross, service with 13; mem-

bers for, 41; activities, 51-65;
student drive for, 67; rumors
against, 97; campaign for, 98;
supported, 100; classes, 144; pro-
motes Home Service Institute,
174; J. S. Myers publicity agent
for, 174; nurses sought by com-
mittee of, 175; at Camp Sher-
man, 190; R. G. Paterson in ser-
vice of, 256 ; Faculty members in,
259; relief workers, 260; pro-
vides recreation center, 264; or-
ganizes tuberculosis unit, 267;
H. H. Snively, director at Kiev
for, 269
Reed, C. I., in uniform, 14; in gas

research, 216
Reeder, C. W., in service, 14; in-
structor, 19
Reel, P. J., commissioned, 262
Rees, Col. , submits plan af-
fecting colleges, 31
Reese, W. M., at Edgewood, 207
Rehabilitation students, in Univer-
sity, 289-291
Reichard, H. F., in uniform, 14
Reif, L,, in uniform, 14; released

for service, 186, 187
Reserve Officers' Training Corps,

created, 2, 3
Reserve Officers' Training Camps,

students leave for, 101
Richards, R. S., instructor, 221
Rietz, H. L., war work of, 170; re-
sponds, 223
Riggle, J. J., in service, 146
Rightmire, G. W., instructor, 19;
lectures, 252; member of War
Records Committee, 253
Roberts, A. R., death of, 127
Roberts, L. K., death of, 128
Rockefeller War Relief Commis-
sion, W. C. Sabine and wife
serve, 165

Index

325

Roehm, Ralph, in service, 74
Rogers, Joy N., in charge of sec-
tion, 56
Ronan, W. C, in uniform, 14; in-
structor, 19
Rosselli, Bruno, speaker, 179
Royer, R. M., chairman of Liberty

Loan committee, 46
Rowlen, Mary, in training, 114
Ruggles, C. 0., in service, 14; on

Shipping Board, 181
Russell, Rose W., in service, 116
Russell, Bertrand, review of pub-
lication by, 92
Russia, F. A. Ray in, 224; H. H.

Snively in, 269
Russian Revolution, endangers de-
mocracy, 4
Ryder, Melvin, in service, 74

Sabine, W. C, death of, 127; war

work of, 165-170
Sabine, Mrs. W. C, relief work, 165
Sage, H. M., in service, 248; re-
turns, 250
St. John, L. W., on war chest com-
mittee, 45 ; director, 109
Sanborn, F. E., in uniform, 14; in
Washington, 216; record of, 221,
239
Sanders P., in service, 75
Sanor, Mrs. D. G., chairman, 54
Sansculotte, The, contents of, 92
S. A. T. C. (see Students' Army

Training Corps)
Sater, L. F., gives address, 59
Sater, Mrs. L. F., aids sick, 64.
Saunders, R. T., death of, 127
Schaeffer, G. B., in uniform, 14
Schaeffer, G. C., to report for duty,
258; in maxillo-facial surgery,
264, 265
Schilling, S. J., on inactive duty,
282, 283

Schleich, H. J., at Edgewood, 207

Schlesinger, A, M., in Red Cross
work, 63; gives new course, 157,
158

Schneider, A. B., teaches, 250

School for Aero-Squadron Adju-
tants, account of, 27-28, 29;;
closed, 77; J. J. Adams lectures
to, 253

School for Aero-Squadron Engi-
neer Officers, account of, 27;
dates of, 29; added, 78

School for Balloon-Squadron Adju-
tants, account of, 28-30; started,
78, 79 ; referred to, 252

School of Military Aeronautics,
housing and feeding of, 9-10;
account of, 17-27, 29; established,
77; care of, 78; publishes The
Pilot, 92, 93; dormitory for, 108;
aerial observation for, 153; En-
gineering College supplies in-
structors for, 232; instruction in,
256; J. H. Snook instructor in,
293

School of Veterinary Instruction,
at Camp Greenleaf, 282

Schumacher, W., in service, 162

Schuster, G., in service, 74

Scientific Monthly, The, J. A.
Leighton's article in, 164

Seamans, H. M., examiner, 187

Searle, F. F., death of, 129

Sears, D., in service, 74

Sears, P. B., in uniform, 14; in
service, 146

Sebrell, L. B., at field station, 214,
215

Seeds, Charme M., casualty search-
er, 65

Seegar, G. C, record of, 228-229

Selective Draft Regulations, pro-
visions of, 276

Selective Service Act (or Law),

326

History of The Ohio State University

men enrolled under, 13; opera-
tion of, 230
Selenium mustard gas, produced,

213, 214
Service, J. H., instructor, 19, 22
Service flag, of University, 58, 59
Seymour, A. T., on war chest com-
mittee, 44
Shafer, M. O., at Edgewood, 207
Shapiro, A. S., in service, 75
Shaw, F., in service, 75
Sheetz, J. W., in uniform, 14; in

service, 266
Shepperd, H. E., in draft head-
quarters, 182
Sherrard, Lieut. R. G., assists com-
mandant, 3
Shick, Rhoda, service of, 118
Sibert, Maj. Gen. W. L., comman-
der of Chemical Warfare Ser-
vice, 208
Siebert, W. H., aids sick, 64; ar-
ticle by, 94; lectures, 164, 165;
acting dean, 245; on War Rec-
ords Committee, 245
Siebert, Mrs. W. H., uses machine,
55 ; supervisor, 57 ; in relief unit,
60; aids sick, 64
Sigerfoos, Edward, death of, 127
Signal Corps, issues manual, 22,
23; Radio Development Section
of, 221; students enter, 230; A,
E. Flowers in, 245, 246
Signal Enlisted Reserve Corps, men

enroll in, 13
Sinks, F. L., at Edgewood, 207
Sisson, Septimus, in Canada, 283
Skinner, C. E., in charge of re-
search, 225
Skinner, Evrett, death of, 126
Slavic Europe, course on, 151
Smart, George, approves letter, 5
Smith, C. C, death of, 129
Smith, E. C, in service, 14; record

of, 225; expert, 236, 237
Smith, Gordon, in service, 75
Smith, L. I., sent to Washington,

216
Smith, R. H., at Edgewood, 207
Snively, H. H., mentioned, 51; rec-
ord of, 268-272; delayed arrival

of, 292
Snively, Mrs. H. H., conducts

classes, 51; enrolls young women,

52
Snook, J. H., instructor, 19, 283
Society of Automotive Engineers,

backs program, 218
Somermeier, E. E., G. A. Burrell

student and chemist under, 200,

201
Sororities, devote money to relief,

44; prepare hospital supplies, 60;

make merry, 106; in wartime,

113-118

Alpha Gamma Theta, 116, 117

Alpha Phi, 115

Alpha Xi Delta, 117

Chi Omega, 118

Delta Delta Delta, 116

Delta Zeta, 117

Kappa Alpha Theta, 114

Kappa Kappa Gamma, 114, 114

Phi Mu, 116

Pi Beta Phi, 115
Spanish-American War veterans,

in parade, 289
Speakers' Bureau, carries message,

179
Special Regulations No. 70, for

Veterinary Corps, 279
Spencer, H. R., in service, 14; in

France, 69; supplies column in

Lantern, 104; record of, 160,

161; acting dean, 245; on leave,

245
Sprague, P. E., in service, 75
Stack, H. G., in service, 248

Index

327

Stankard, L. T., instructor, 19;
morale officer, 22

Starr, F. C, in uniform, 14;
released for service, 186; in
France, 187

State Emergency Board, Trustees
appeal to, 285

Stauffer, George, in conference, 131

Stebbins, C. R., death of, 128

Steeb, C. E., in service, 9, 14; to
have plans prepared, 10; chair-
man of war chest committee, 44;
of Victory Loan committee, 48;
record of, 170

Steinfeld, A. M., in uniform, 14; in
orthopedic work, 266

Stephenson, B. D., at service-flag
dedication; expert on pig iron,
221

Stinson, K. W., instructor, 19

Stocklin, Lillian, leader of glee
club, 117, 292, 293

Stowe, G. T., record of, 211

Stratemeyer, Capt. George, com-
mandant, 17

Students' Army Training Corps,
students in, 32, 34; made sepa-
rate school, 34; teachers for, 35;
short life of, 36 ; demobilized, 38 ;
discouraging features of, 40;
girls sew for, 56; influenza
among cadets of, 64; demobilized,
77; members advised to remain,
105; welcomed by Lantern, 96,
97; athletic activities of, 110;
course on motor transports for,
142; increases enrollment in
Arts College, 148; in geology,
154; requires many instructors,
157; students enter, 171; regis-
tration in, 189; J. W. Bridges
supervisor in, 192; War Issues
course required in, 194; men in-
ducted into, 230; members elect

chemistry, 234; causes drop in
metallurgy, 237 ; emphasizes need
of technicians, 238; cadets take
shop work, 239; E. F. Codding-
ton helps organize, 240; at se-
lected institutions, 255, 277;
teaching cadets in, 259; differs
from Medical Enlisted Reserve
Corps, 278; buildings for, 286;
Company D of, in celebration,
288

Student Council, in Red Cross cam-
paign, 51; only two members in
college, 83

Summer session, enrollment in, 15,
155; patriotic rally of, 46; phar-
macy men in, 273; veterinary
students in, 276

Sun Dial, The, women on staff of,
84, 85; changes appearance, 89;
sounds critical note, 98; on war
gardens, 101; "Old Times Num-
ber" of, 106

Swain, L. C, in service, 75

Swartzel, K. D., in service, 224

Sweeny, O. R., in War Chemical
Association, 201 ; in Washington,
203; in charge of plant, 212

Switzerland, W. C. Sabine's relief
work in, 165

Taber, D. O., in service, 75
Taber, L. J., enlists granges, 139,

140
Taft, D. R., assistant, 181
Taylor, J. R., in service, 14, 162;

writes inscription, 73
Taylor, W. N., in uniform, 14; in

service, 266
Teachnor, Margaret, interpreter, 65
Teachers' oath, required, 296
Tenney, Gerald, in service, 75
Tenney, G. E., at Springfield Ar-
senal, 266

328

History of The Ohio State University

Terminal Charges at United States
Posts, by C. 0. Ruggles, 181

Teter, H. H., death of, 129; tor-
pedoed, 268

Theiss, T. T., instructor, 19

Thomas, Ruby, instructor, 53

Thompson, Pres. W. O., shapes
National Defense Act, 1-4; sends
message, 5; on food situation,
5-6; in service, 9, 14; gives items,
11; conservative action of, 12;
leaves for Washington, 17 ; presi-
dent of Academic Board, 18;
gives precedence to war schools,
29; accept service flag, 56; con-
ducts dedication, 73; in confer-
ence, 131; gives address, 165; ap-
points War Records Committee,
245 ; makes trip for Federal Food
Administration, 252, 253; his
statements in Fiftieth Report,
286, 287; in celebration, 288; or-
ders University closed, 292; takes
test, 297; letter received by, 200;
at meeting in Washington, 222,
223 ; returns from France, 223

Thompson, Mrs. W. O., does can-
teen work and supervises making
of service flag, 58

Thorndike, E. L., work for, 191;
psychology men cooperate with,
193

Thorpe, Lieut. T. D., at University,
2

Thrash, C. L., in service, 146; at
Edgewood, 207

Thrift stamps {see War stamps)

Tilford, Capt. J. D., assists com-
mandant, 3

Tobin, R. A., instructor, 23

Toulon (France), W. C. Sabine at,
166

Townshend, Vivian S., in charge of
section, 56

Toxic gases (see Poisonous gases)
Trade Test Division, R. Pintner
member of, 191; research for,
193
Trautman, G. W., in service, 14
Trench poetry, collected by C. E.

Andrews, 164
Trench Warfare Section, plans lab-
oratory, 204
Trentino, W. C. Sabine makes

flights in, 166, 167
Troops :

37th Division, E. J. Gordon in,
268; H. H. Snively directs field
hospitals of, 270; goes over-
seas, 281; units return, 291;
heavy losses of, 293; aids Bel-
gian Army, 294
42d. (Rainbow) Division, wel-
come to 166th Infantry of,
294; in France, 295
62d. Artillery Brigade, arrives,

291
77th. Division, in Baccarat sec-
tor, 281
112th. Engineers, arrives, 293
112th. Field Signal Battalion,

arrives, 291
112th. Sanitary Train, arrives,

291, 292
112th. Supply Train, arrives, 293
134th. Artillery, arrives, 293
134th. Regiment, arrives, 291
135th. Regiment, arrives, 291
136th. Regiment, arrives, 291
146th. Ambulance Company, ar-
rives, 291
146th. Field Hospital, arrives,

291
146th. Infantry, arrives, 292
147th. Ambulance Company, ar-
rives, 291
147th. Field Hospital, arrives,
291

Index

329

148th. Infantry, arrives, 293
166th. Infantry arrives, 294
Trucks, on Mexican Border, 217;
types for Army, 217, 218; repair
shops for, 218; standardized, 220
Trustees, provide for second officer,
2; approve letter, 5; authorize
message, 5; remit diploma fees,
8 ; give Pres. Thompson power to
arrange for leaves of absence, 8;
in conference with Governor Cox,
10; order new buildings, 11; con-
servative action of, 12; approve
action, 200; grant leave to Pres.
Thompson, 252; grant other
leaves, 258; appeal to State
Emergency Board, 285; Fiftieth
Report of, 286, 287; approve
four-quarter plan, 287 ; approve
psychological tests, 297
Tuberculosis unit, in Italy, 267-268
Tucker, W. M., teaching, 154
Tunell, Winifred, in France, 72
Tuttle, A. H., in service, 14;
teaches military law, 19; to fra-
ternities, 124; lectures, 252;
services of, 253, 254

Ukraine, H. H. Snively in, 271

U. S. Army {see Army)

U. S. Department of Agriculture,
supplies emergency sums, 132;
Pres. Thompson makes trip for,
252

U. S. Employment Service, recruit-
ing labor through, 177; examin-
ers for, 178

U. S. Food Administration in Ohio,
promotes drives, 41. (See also
Federal Food Administration

U. S. Fuel Administration, estab-
lished, 176

U. S. Government, getting college
men into service, 5; war mea-

sures supported, 95; asks for
lists of essential teachers, 258;
259; research for, 199, 200;
builds gas-producing plants, 204-
212; buys supply of helium gas,
209; difficulties with trucks, 217

U. S. Naval Medical College, se-
niors sent to, 7

U. S. Naval Reserve Force Unit,
account of, 262-264

U. S. Naval Station Hospital No.
5, staff of, 262

U. S. Navy (see Navy)

U. S. Physical Health Service, sup-
plies medical service, 290

U. S. Public Health Service, Fac-
ulty member in, 259

U. S. Shipping Board, C. O. Rug-
gles' services and report to, 181

University (see Ohio State Uni-
versity)

University Faculty, approves let-
ter, 5; authorizes message, 5;
adopts Gov. Cox's order, 7; em-
powers Pres. Thompson to ex-
cuse seniors, 8; authorizes spe-
cial classes, 39. (See Faculty)

University of Chicago, four-quar-
ter plan in, 287

University of Paris, W. C. Sabine
lectures at, 165

University Women's Club, Red
Cross division of, 53, 54

University Y.M.C.A., in drives, 41,
42, 44, 48. (See also Y.M.C.A.)

Upp, C. R., teaching, 23, 221

Usher, R. G., editorials by, 89

Usry, E. L., provides equipment, 55

Van Buskirk, L. H., remains, 256
Vander Werf, J. A., at American

University and Edgewood, 216
Van Meter, Anna R., makes inves-
tigations, 143

330

History of The Ohio State University

Van Orman, S. L., at Baltimore, 215

Veterinary Alumni Quarterly, The,
difficulties of, 85; urges enlist-
ment, 91; prints valuable arti-
cles, 92

Veterinary Corps, men not eligible
to, 284

Veterinary Faculty, increases en-
trance requirements, 275; de-
termines curriculum, 278; mem-
bers absent, 278, 279

Veterinary Officers' Reserve Corps,
D. S. White examiner for, 279;
men striving to enter, 284

Veterinary Profession, The, bulle-
tin, 277

Victory Loan, subscription to, 48

Vigor, L. E., in service, 14

Virtue, D. R., in gas laboratory,
205; at Edgewood, 207

Vivian, Alfred, on committee, 34;
in conference, 131; makes ad-
dresses, 132; adviser, 133

Vivian, Mrs. Alfred, canteen
worker, 58; in relief unit, 60

Vogel, Katherine A., leads team, 47

Wagner, J. E., reviews parade, 299

Walker, Mrs. G. G., instructor, 52,
53; in Red Cross work, 144

Walker, Col. W. H., commander of
Edgewood and other toxic gas
plants, 208

Walradt, H. F., in service, 14; in
sugar division, 181

War Camp Service, funds for, 47

War College Committee on Educa-
tion, frame bill, 2

War Department, creates Reserve
Officers' Training Corps, 3; ad-
dress list sent to, 5; contract
with Trustees, 10; establishes
schools, 17; receives replicas of
H. C. Lord's apparatus, 21; on

man power bill, 31; conserves
supply of medical men, 275, 276;
organizes committee, 277; juris-
diction over Veterinary College,
278; adopts regulations, 279;
separates Chemical Warfare
Service, 208
War Issues, Government requires
course on, 151 ; taken by cadets,
152; teachers of, 253
War stamps, sale of, 46; sales fea-
tured, 100
Warren, J. H., in service, 266
Warrick, W. A., instructor, 19
Washburne, G. A., gives course, 157
Washington, D. C, W. C. Sabine
in, 168, 169 ; group of Ohio State
workers at, 170; F. E. Sanborn
in, 223; F. M. Craft and C. P.
Cooper in, 227-228; A. H. Tuttle
in, 253; E. F. McCampbell in,
261; D. S. White in, 280; Amer-
ican Legion seeks compensation
in, 298, 299; Wm. McPherson in,
202; O. R. Sweeney in, 203; J.
R. Withrow in, 203; American
University in, 203, 209, 213, 215,
216, 233; W. L. Evans and R. E,
Hall in, 205; G. A. Burrell in,
208, 209; D. J. Demorest in, 210;
chemists in, 212; Engineering
College men in, 216, 223, 224;
A. A. Case in, 220, 221; A. E.
Flowers in, 221; F. E. Sanborn
in, 221, 222; A. D. Cole and S. J.
Barnett in, 222; gatherings of
Ohio State men in, 222
Wasson, R. H., instructor, 19
Waters, Corinne, lectures, 118
Watson, Florence, in service, 117
Weaver, Galen, in service, 75
Weber, S. G., at Edgewood, 207
Webster, D. S., death of, 126
Weil, E. A., in service, 75

Index

331

Weiss, H., in service, 75
Welch, Margaret, chairman, 56
Weldishofer, W. M., commissioned,

282
Welling, Florence E., entertainer,

65
Western Conference, meets, 107
Whan, Lucille, conducts section, 56
Wheeler, C. S., in conference, 131;
adviser, 133; gets contract
signed, 137
Whitacre, Florence L., in charge

of section, 56
White, D. S., on leave, 8; in uni-
form, 14; services of, 279-282;
decoration of, 283; responds, 223
White, Edna N., in service, 14;
urges girls to service, 52; direc-
tor, 133; services of, 134
Whitehill, Juliann E., avi^aiting call

as nurse, 114
Wilbur Wright Flying Field (see

Wright Flying Field)
Wilce, J. W., in Medical Corps, 110
Wilkinson, J. A., on staff, 205; in

charge of division, 207
Wilkoff, J., in service, 75
Williams, F. O., commissioned, 262
Williams, Ruth, in service, 117
Williams, T. R., in uniform, 14;

serves in hospitals, 266
Willing, W., in service, 75
Wilson, Margaret, at Brest, 65
Wilson, P., in uniform, 14
Wilson, P. D., in service, 266; on

battle front, 268
Wilson, President Woodrovi^, dis-
misses German ambassador, 4;
urges declaration of war, 4;
message to, 5; proclamation of,
8; requests cooperation, 47-48;
at Brest, 65; vi^ar messages of,
97; W. H. Siebert lectures on,
164, 165; appeal of, 194

Wilson, Mrs. Woodrow, at Brest, 65
Wirth, W. A., death of, 129
Wise, L. W., in service, 146
Withrow, J, R., in service, 14, 163;
works on gas masks, 202; con-
sulting chemist, 203; departure
of, 212
Withrow, S. S., in Ordnance De-
partment, 225
Wolcott, R. C, in Medical Corps,

248
Wolf, Florence, chairman, 56
Wolfel, Evangeline, in relief work,

114
Wilman, B., in service, 75
Women's Council, in Red Cross
campaign, 51; prepares supplies,
60; has supper, 106
Wood, Gen. Leonard, circulates Ed-
ward Orton, Jr.'s paper, 1
World War, course on, 151, 156
Wright, H. R., death of, 127, 188
Wright, J. D., at Edgewood, 207
Wright, W. E., in France, 69
Wright Flying Field, pilots at, 26;
W. C. Sabine's trip to, 168

Yassenoff, L., in service, 75
Yassenoff, S., in service, 75
Yerges, L. C, death of, 125, 182
Y. M. C. A., service with, 13; in
drives, 41, 44, 48, 51; funds for,
47; condition of, 67, 68; members
in service, 71, 83; members
abroad, 72 ; commemorates en-
listed men, 73; supplies enter-
tainment, 74; rumors adverse to,
97; at Camp Sherman, 0., 190
Y. M. C. A. Cabinet, members in
service, 83; drive of, 99; sup-
ported, 100; plans lectures, 105
Yost, Harold, in service, 75

Zimmerman Note, contents of, 4