{presented to
oftbe
Tflmversit? of Toronto
K'C
BRADFORD'S HISTORY
"OF PLIMOTH PLANTATION."
f
/
FROM THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT.
WITH A REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS INCIDENT
TO THE RETURN OF THE MANUSCRIPT
TO MASSACHUSETTS.
PRINTED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SECRETARY OF THE
COMMONWEALTH,
BY ORDER OF THE GENERAL COURT.
BOSTON :
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,
1 8 POST OFFICE SQUARE.
1898.
INTRODUCTION.
To many people the return of the Bradford Manu-
script is a fresh discovery of colonial history. By very
many it has been called, incorrectly, the log of the
"Mayflower." Indeed, that is the title by which it is
described in the decree of the Consistorial Court of
London. The fact is, however, that Governor Brad-
ford undertook its preparation long after the arrival
of the Pilgrims, and it cannot be properly considered
as in any sense a log or daily journal of the voyage
of the "Mayflower." It is, in point of fact, a history
of the Plymouth Colony, chiefly in the form of annals,
extending from the inception of the colony down to
the year 1647. The matter has been in print since
1856, put forth through the public spirit of the Mas-
sachusetts Historical Society, which secured a tran-
script of the document from London, and printed it
in the society's proceedings of the above-named year.
As thus presented, it had copious notes, prepared with
great care by the late Charles Deane ; but these are
not given in the present volume, wherein only such
comments as seem indispensable to a proper under-
standing of the story have been made, leaving what-
IV PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
ever elaboration may seem desirable to some future
private enterprise.
It is a matter of regret that no picture of Governor
Bradford exists. Only Edward Winslow of the May-
flower Company left an authenticated portrait of him-
self, and that, painted in England, is reproduced in
this volume. In those early days Plymouth would
have been a poor field for portrait painters. The
people were struggling for their daily bread rather
than for to-morrow's fame through the transmission
of their features to posterity.
The volume of the original manuscript, as it was
presented to the Governor of the Commonwealth and
is now deposited in the State Library, is a folio
measuring eleven and one-half inches in length, seven
and seven-eighths inches in width and one and one-half
inches in thickness. It is bound in parchment, once
white, but now grimy and much the worse for wear,
being somewhat cracked and considerably scaled. Much
scribbling, evidently by the Bradford family, is to be
seen upon its surface, and out of the confusion may
be read the name of Mercy Bradford, a daughter of
the governor. On the inside of the front cover is
pasted a sheet of manilla paper, on which is written
the following : —
*' Consistory Court of the Diocese of London
In the matter of the application of The Honorable Thomas
Francis Bayard, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
INTRODUCTION.
in London of the United States of America, for the delivery to
him, on behalf of the President and Citizens of the said States,
of the original manuscript book entitled and known as The Log
of the Mayflower.
Produced in Court this 25th day of March, 1897, and marked
with the letter A.
"W.
Registrar.
1 Deans Court
Doctors Commons"
Then come two manilla leaves, on both sides of
which is written the decree of the Consistorial Court.
These leaves and the manilla sheet pasted on the in-
side of the front cover were evidently inserted after
the decree was passed.
Next comes a leaf (apparently the original first leaf
of the book), and on it are verses, signed "A. M.,"
on the death of Mrs. Bradford. The next is evidently
one of the leaves of the original book. At the top
of the page is written the following : —
This book was rit by govener William bradford and given
to his son mager "William Bradford and by him to his son mager
John Bradford, rit by me Samuel bradford mach 20, 1705
At the bottom of the same page the name John
Bradford appears in different handwriting, evidently
written with the book turned wrong side up.
PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
The next is a leaf bearing the following, in the
handwriting of Thomas Prince : —
TUESDAY, June 4 — 1728
Calling at Major John Bradford's at Kingston near Plimouth,
son of Major Wm. Bradford formerly Dep Gov'r of Plimouth
Colony, who was eldest son of Wm. Bradford Esq their 2nd
Gov'r, & author of this History ; ye sd Major John Bradford
gave me several manuscript octavoes wh he assured me were
written with his said Grandfather Gov'r Bradford's own hand.
He also gave me a little Pencil Book wrote with a Blew lead
Pencil by his sd Father ye Dep Gov'r. And He also told me
yt He had lent & only lent his sd Grandfather Gov'r Brad-
ford's History of Plimouth Colony wrote by his own Hand also,
to judg Sewall ; and desired me to get it of Him or find it out,
& take out of it what I thought proper for my New-England
Chronology : wh I accordingly obtained, and This is ye sd His-
tory : wh I found wrote in ye same Handwriting as ye Octavo
manuscripts above sd.
THOMAS PRINCE.
N. B. I also mentioned to him my Desire of lodging this History
in ye New England Library of Prints & manuscripts, wh I had been
then collecting for 23 years, to wh He signified his willingness — only
yt He might have ye Perusal of it while He lived.
T. PRINCE.
Following this, on the same page, is Thomas Prince's
printed book-mark, as follows : —
This Book "belongs to
The New-England-Zjibrary,
Begu.n to be collected, by Thomas IPrinee, upon
his entring Harvard-College, July 6
17"O3; and \vas given "by
INTRODUCTION.
On the lower part of a blank space which follows
the word « * by " is written : —
// now belongs to the Bishop of London's Library at Fulham.
There are evidences that this leaf did not belong to
the original book, but was inserted by Mr. Prince.
At the top of the first page of the next leaf, which
was evidently one of the original leaves of the book,
is written in Samuel Bradford's hand, " march 20
Samuel Bradford;" and just below there appears, in
Thomas Prince's handwriting, the following : —
But major Bradford tells me & assures me that He only lent
this Book of his Grandfather's to Mr. Sewall & that it being of
his Grandfather's own hand writing He had so high a value of
it that he would never Part with ye Property, but would lend
it to me & desired me to get it, which I did, & write down this
that sd Major Bradford and his Heirs may be known to be the
right owners.
Below this, also in Thomas Prince's handwriting,
appears this line : —
" Page 243 missing when ye Book came into my Hands at 1st."
Just above the inscription by Prince there is a line
or two of writing, marked over in ink so carefully as
to be wholly undecipherable. On the reverse page of
this leaf and on the first page of the next are written
Hebrew words, with definitions. These are all in Gov-
PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
ernor Bradford's handwriting. On the next page ap-
pears the following : —
Though I am growne aged, yet I have had a long-
ing desire, to see with my own eyes, something of
that most ancient language, and holy tongue,
in which the Law, and oracles of God were
write; and in which God, and angels, spake to
the holy patriarks, of old time; and what
names were given to things, from the
creation. And though I canot attaine
to much herein, yet I am refreshed,
to have seen some glimpse here-
of ; (as Moses saw the Land
of canan afarr of) my aime
and desire is, to see how
the words, and phrases
lye in the holy texte ;
and to dicerne some-
what of the same
for my owne
contente.
y
Then begins the history proper, the first page of
which is produced in facsimile in this volume, slightly
reduced. The ruled margins end with page thirteen.
From that page to the end of the book the writing
varies considerably, sometimes being quite coarse and
in other places very fine, some pages containing nearly
a thousand words each. As a rule, the writing is
upon one side of the sheet only, but in entering notes
and subsequent thoughts the reverse is sometimes used.
The last page number is 270, as appears from the
facsimile reproduction in this volume of that page.
Page 270 is followed by two blank leaves ; then on
INTRODUCTION. IX
the second page of the next leaf appears the list of
names of those who came over in the "Mayflower,"
covering four pages and one column on the fifth page.
The arrangement of this matter is shown by the fac-
simile reproduction in this volume of the first page
of these names. Last of all there is a leaf of heavy
double paper, like the one in the front of the book
containing the verses on the death of Mrs. Bradford,
and on this last leaf is written an index to a few por-
tions of the history.
For copy, there was used the edition printed in
1856 by the Massachusetts Historical Society. The
proof was carefully compared, word for word, with
the photographic facsimile issued in 1896 in both
London and Boston. The value of this comparison is
evident in that a total of sixteen lines of the original,
omitted in the original first copy, is supplied in this
edition. As the work of the Historical Society could
not be compared, easily, with the original manu-
script in London, these omissions, with sundry minor
errors in word and numeral, are not unreasonable.
The curious will be pleased to learn that the sup-
plied lines are from the following pages of the man-
uscript, viz.: page 122, eight lines; page 129, two
lines; the obverse of page 201, found on the last
page of Appendix A, two lines; page 219, two
PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
lines ; pages 239 and 258, one line each. The pages
of the manuscript are indicated in these printed pages
by numerals in parentheses.
There are several errors in the paging of the origi-
nal manuscript. Pages 105 and 106 are marked 145
and 146, and pages 219 and 220 are marked 119 and
120, respectively. Page 243 is missing.
Such as it is, the book is put forth that the public
may know what manner of men the Pilgrims were,
through what perils and vicissitudes they passed, and
how much we of to-day owe to their devotion and
determination.
PROCEEDINGS
LEGISLATURE
xi
JOURNAL OF THE SENATE.
MONDAY, MAY 24, 1897.
The following message from His Excellency the Gov-
ernor came up from the House, to wit : —
BOSTON, May 22, 1897.
To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives.
I have the honor to call to your attention the fact that
Wednesday, May 26, at 11 A.M., has been fixed as the date of
the formal presentation to the Governor of the Commonwealth
of the Bradford Manuscript History, recently ordered by decree
of the Consistory Court of the Diocese of London to be returned
to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts by the hands of the
Honorable Thomas F. Bayard, lately Ambassador at the Court
of St. James ; and to suggest for the favorable consideration
of your honorable bodies that the exercises of presentation be
held in the House of Representatives on the day and hour above
given, in the presence of a joint convention of the two bodies
and of invited guests and the public.
ROGER WOLCOTT.
Thereupon, on motion of Mr. Roe, —
Ordered, That, in accordance with the suggestion of
His Excellency the Governor, a joint convention of
the two branches be held in the chamber of the House
xiii
XIV PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
of Kepresentatives, on Wednesday, May the twenty-
sixth, at eleven o'clock A.M., for the purpose of wit-
nessing the exercises of the formal presentation, to
the Governor of the Commonwealth, of the Bradford
Manuscript History, recently ordered by decree of
the Consistory Court of the Diocese of London to be
returned to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts by
the hands of the Honorable Thomas F. Bayard, lately
Ambassador at the Court of St. James ; and further
Ordered, That the clerks of the two branches give
notice to His Excellency the Governor of the adop-
tion of this order.
Sent down for concurrence. (It was concurred with
same date.)
PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEGISLATURE. XV
3
JOURNAL OF THE SENATE.
WEDNESDAY, MAY 26, 1897.
Joint Convention.
At eleven o'clock A.M., pursuant to assignment, the
two branches met in
CONVENTION
in the chamber of the House of Representatives.
On motion of Mr. Roe, —
Ordered, That a committee, to consist of three mem-
bers of the Senate and eight members of the House
of Representatives, be appointed, to wait upon His
Excellency the Governor and inform him that the two
branches are now in convention for the purpose of
witnessing the exercises of the formal presentation, to
the Governor of the Commonwealth, of the Bradford
Manuscript History.
Messrs. Roe, Woodward and Gallivan, of the Senate,
and Messrs. Pierce of Milton, Bailey of Plymouth,
Brown of Gloucester, Fairbank of Warren, Bailey of
Newbury, Sanderson of Lynn, Whittlesey of Pittsfield
PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
and Bartlett of Boston, of the House, were appointed
the committee.
Mr. Roe, from the committee, afterwards reported
that they had attended to the duty assigned them, and
that His Excellency the Governor had been pleased
to say that he received the message and should be
pleased to wait upon the Convention forthwith for the
purpose named.
His Excellency the Governor, accompanied by His
Honor the Lieutenant-Governor and the Honorable
Council, and by the Honorable Thomas F. Bayard,
lately Ambassador of the United States at the Court
of St. James's, the Honorable George F. Hoar, Sena-
tor from Massachusetts in the Congress of the United
States, and other invited guests, entered the chamber.
The decree of the Consistorial and Episcopal Court
of London, authorizing the return of the manuscript
and its delivery to the Governor, was read.
The President then presented the Honorable George
F. Hoar, who gave an account of the manuscript and
of the many efforts that had been made to secure its
return.
The Honorable Thomas F. Bayard was then intro-
duced by the President, and he formally presented
the manuscript to His Excellency the Governor, who
accepted it in behalf of the Commonwealth.
On motion of Mr. Bradford, the following order
was adopted : —
PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEGISLATURE. XVli
Whereas, In the presence of the Senate and of the
House of Eepresentatives in joint convention assembled,
and in accordance with a decree of the Consistorial and
Episcopal Court of London, the manuscript of Brad-
ford's ' ' History of the Plimouth Plantation " has this
day been delivered to His Excellency the Governor
of the Commonwealth by the Honorable Thomas F.
Bayard, lately Ambassador of the United States at the
Court of St. James's ; and
Whereas, His Excellency the Governor has accepted
the said manuscript in behalf of the Commonwealth;
therefore, be it
Ordered, That the Senate and the House of Eepre-
sentatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts place
on record their high appreciation of the generous and
gracious courtesy that prompted this act of inter-
national good- will, and express their grateful thanks
to all concerned therein, and especially to the Lord
Bishop of London, for the return to the Common-
wealth of this precious relic ; and be it further
Ordered, That His Excellency the Governor be re-
quested to transmit an engrossed and duly authenti-
cated copy of this order with its preamble to the
Lord Bishop of London.
His Excellency, accompanied by the other dignita-
ries, then withdrew, the Convention was dissolved,
and the Senate returned to its chamber.
Subsequently a resolve was passed (approved June
PLYMOUTH PLANTATION
10, 1897) providing for the publication of the history
from the original manuscript, together with a report
of the proceedings of the joint convention, such report
to be prepared by a committee consisting of one mem-
ber of the Senate and two members of the House of
Representatives, and to include, so far as practicable,
portraits of His Excellency Governor Roger Wolcott,
William Bradford, the Honorable George F. Hoar, the
Honorable Thomas F. Bayard, the Archbishop of Can-
terbury and the Lord Bishop of London; facsimiles
of pages from the manuscript history, and a picture
of the book itself; copies of the decree of the Con-
sistorial and Episcopal Court of London, the receipt
of the Honorable Thomas F. Bayard for the manu-
script, and the receipt sent by His Excellency the
Governor to the Consistorial and Episcopal Court ; an
account of the legislative action taken with reference
to the presentation and reception of the manuscript ;
the addresses of the Honorable George F. Hoar, the
Honorable Thomas F. Bayard and His Excellency
Governor Roger Wolcott; and such other papers and
illustrations as the committee might deem advisable ; the
whole to be printed under the direction of the Secre-
tary of the Commonwealth, and the book distributed by
him according to directions contained in the resolve.
Senator Alfred S. Roe of Worcester and Represent-
atives Francis C. Lowell of Boston and Walter L.
Bouv6 of Hingham were appointed as the committee.
DECREE
OF THE
CONSISTORIAL AND EPISCOPAL
COURT OF LONDON.
DECREE.
MANDELL by Divine Permission
LOED BISHOP OF LONDON— To
The Honorable THOMAS FRANCIS BAY-
ARD Ambassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary to Her Most Gracious
Majesty Queen Victoria at the Court of Saint James's
in London and To The Governor and Commonwealth
of Massachusetts in the United States of America
Greeting— WHEEEAS a Petition has been filed in
the Eegistry of Our Consistorial and Episcopal Court
of London by you the said Honorable Thomas Francis
Bayard as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipoten-
tiary to Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria
at the Court of Saint James's in London on behalf
of the President and Citizens of the United States of
America wherein you have alleged that there is in
Our Custody as Lord Bishop of London a certain
Manuscript Book known as and entitled "The Log
of the Mayflower " containing an account as narrated
by Captain William Bradford who was one of the
Company of Englishmen who left England in April
1620 in the ship known as "The Mayflower" of
the circumstances leading to the prior Settlement of
xxi
Xxii PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
that Company at Ley den in Holland their return to
England and subsequent departure for New England
their landing at Cape Cod in December 1620 their
Settlement at New Plymouth and their later history
for several years they being the Company whose Set-
tlement in America is regarded as the first real Colo-
nisation of the New England States and wherein you
have also alleged that the said Manuscript Book had
been for many years past and was then deposited in
the Library attached to Our Episcopal Palace at Ful-
ham in the County of Middlesex and is of the great-
est interest importance and value to the Citizens of
the United States of America inasmuch as it is one
of the earliest records of their national History and
contains much valuable information in regard to the
original Settlers in the States their family history and
antecedents and that therefore you earnestly desired
to acquire possession of the same for and on behalf
of the President and Citizens of the said United States
of America AND WHEREIN you have also alleged
that you are informed that We as Lord Bishop of
London had fully recognised the value and interest
of the said Manuscript Book to the Citizens of the
United States of America and the claims which they
have to its possession and that We were desirous
of transferring it to the said President and Citizens
AND WHEREIN you have also alleged that you are
advised and believe that the Custody of documents in
CONSISTORIAL DECREE. XXlli
the nature of public or ecclesiastical records belong-
ing to the See of London is vested in the Consis-
torial Court of the said See and that any disposal
thereof must be authorised by an Order issued by the
Judge of that Honorable Court And that you there-
fore humbly prayed that the said Honorable Court
would deliver to you the said Manuscript Book on
your undertaking to use every means in your power
for the safe transmission of the said Book to the
United States of America and its secure deposit and
custody in the Pilgrim Hall at New Plymouth or in
such other place as may be selected by the President
and Senate of the said United States and upon such
conditions as to security and access by and on behalf
of the English Nation as that Honorable Court might
determine AND WHEREAS the said Petition was set
down for hearing on one of the Court days in Hilary
Term to wit Thursday the Twenty fifth day of March
One thousand eight hundred and ninety seven in Our
Consistorial Court in the Cathedral Church of Saint
Paul in London before The Right Worshipful Thomas
Hutchinson Tristram Doctor of Laws and one of Her
Majesty's Counsel learned in the Law Our Vicar Gen-
eral and Official Principal the Judge of the said Court
and you at the sitting of the said Court appeared by
Counsel in support of the Prayer of the said Petition
and during the hearing thereof the said Manuscript
Book was produced in the said Court by Our legal
PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
Secretary and was then inspected and examined by
the said Judge and evidence was also given before
the Court by which it appeared that the Registry at
Fulham Palace was a Public Registry for Historical
and Ecclesiastical Documents relating to the Diocese
of London and to the Colonial and other possessions
of Great Britain beyond the Seas so long as the same
remained by custom within the said Diocese AND
WHEREAS it appeared on the face of the said Man-
uscript Book that the whole of the body thereof with
the exception of part of the last page thereof was in
the handwriting of the said William Bradford who
was elected Governor of New Plymouth in April
1621 and continued Governor thereof from that date
excepting between the years 1635 and 1637 up to
1650 and that the last five pages of the said Manu-
script which is in the handwriting of the said Wil-
liam Bradford contain what in Law is an authentic
Register between 1620 and 1650 of the fact of the
Marriages of the Founders of the Colony of New
England with the names of their respective wives
and the names of their Children the lawful issue of
such Marriages and of the fact of the Marriages of
many of their Children and Grandchildren and of the
names of the issue of such marriages and of the
deaths of many of the persons named therein And
after hearing Counsel in support of the said applica-
tion the Judge being of opinion that the said Manu-
CONSISTORIAL DECREE. XXV
script Book had been upon the evidence before the
Court presumably deposited at Fulham Palace some-
time between the year 1729 and the year 1785 during
which time the said Colony was by custom within the
Diocese of London for purposes Ecclesiastical and the
Registry of the said Consistorial Court was a legiti-
mate Registry for the Custody of Registers of Mar-
riages Births and Deaths within the said Colony and
that the Registry at Fulham Palace was a Registry
for Historical and other Documents connected with
the Colonies and possessions of Great Britain beyond
the Seas so long as the same remained by custom
within the Diocese of London and that on the Dec-
laration of the Independence of the United States of
America in 1776 the said Colony had ceased to be
within the Diocese of London and the Registry of the
Court had ceased to be a public registry for the said
Colony and having maturely deliberated on the Cases
precedents and practice of the Ecclesiastical Court
bearing on the application before him and having
regard to the Special Circumstances of the Case De-
creed as follows — (1) That a Photographic facsimile
reproduction of the said Manuscript Book verified by
affidavit as being a true and correct Photographic re-
production of the said Manuscript Book be deposited
in the Registry of Our said Court by or on behalf
of the Petitioner before the delivery to the Petitioner
of the said original Manuscript Book as hereinafter
PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
ordered — (2) That the said Manuscript Book be
delivered over to the said Honorable Thomas Francis
Bayard by the Lord Bishop of London or in his
Lordship's absence by the Eegistrar of the said Court
on his giving his undertaking in writing that he will
with all due care and diligence on his arrival from
England in the United States convey and deliver in
person the said Manuscript Book to the Governor
of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United
States of America at his Official Office in the State
House in the City of Boston and that from the time
of the delivery of the said Book to him by the said
Lord Bishop of London or by the said Registrar until
he shall have delivered the same to the Governor of
Massachusetts he will retain the same in his own Per-
sonal custody — (3) That the said Book be deposited
by the Petitioner with the Governor of Massachusetts
for the purpose of the same being with all convenient
speed finally deposited either in the State Archives of
the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the City of
Boston or in the Library of the Historical Society
of the said Commonwealth in the City of Boston as
the Governor shall determine — (4) That the Gov-
ernors of the said Commonwealth for all time to
come be officially responsible for the safe custody
of the said Manuscript Book whether the same be
deposited in the State Archives at Boston or in the
Historical Library in Boston aforesaid as well as for
CONSISTORIAL DECREE. XXV 11
the performance of the following conditions subject to
a compliance wherewith the said Manuscript Book is
hereby decreed to be deposited in the Custody of the
aforesaid Governor of the Commonwealth of Massa-
chusetts and his Successors to wit : — (a) That all
persons have such access to the said Manuscript Book
as to the Governor of the said Commonwealth for the
time being shall appear to be reasonable and with such
safeguard as he shall order — (b) That all persons
desirous of searching the said Manuscript Book for
the bona fide purpose of establishing or tracing a
Pedigree through persons named in the last five pages
thereof or in any other part thereof shall be per-
mitted to search the same under such safeguards as
the Governor for the time being shall determine on
payment of a fee to be fixed by the Governor —
(c) That any person applying to the Official having
the immediate custody of the said Manuscript Book
for a Certified Copy of any entry contained in proof
of Marriage Birth or Death of persons named therein
or of any other matter of like purport for the pur-
pose of tracing descents shall be furnished with such
certificate on the payment of a sum not exceeding one
Dollar — (d) That with all convenient speed after
the delivery of the said Manuscript Book to the Gov-
ernor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts the Gov-
ernor shall transmit to the Registrar of the Court a
Certificate of the delivery of the same to him by
XXviii PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
the Petitioner and that he accepts the Custody of
the same subject to the terms and conditions herein
named AND the Judge lastly decreed that the Peti-
tioner on delivering the said Manuscript Book to the
Governor aforesaid shall at the same time deliver to
him this Our Decree Sealed with the Seal of the
Court WHEREFORE WE the Bishop of London
aforesaid well weighing and considering the premises
DO by virtue of Our Authority Ordinary and Epis-
copal and as far as in Us lies and by Law We may
or can ratify and confirm such Decree of Our Vicar
General and Official Principal of Our Consistorial and
Episcopal Court of London IN TESTIMONY whereof
We have caused the Seal of Our said Vicar General
and Official Principal of the Consistorial and Episco-
pal Court of London which We use in this behalf to
be affixed to these Presents DATED AT LONDON
this Twelfth day of April One thousand eight hun-
dred and ninety seven and in the first year of Our
Translation.
HARRY W. LEE
Exd. H.E.T. Registrar
(L. S.)
RECEIPT
AMBASSADOR BAYARD.
xxix
RECEIPT OF AMBASSADOR BAYARD.
In the Consistory Court of London
IN THE MATTER OF THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT
OF THE BOOK ENTITLED AND KNOWN AS "THE
LOG OF THE MAYFLOWER."
I THE HONOURABLE THOMAS FRANCIS BAYARD
lately Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
of the United States of America at the Court of
Saint James's London Do hereby undertake, in com-
pliance with the Order of this Honourable Court
dated the twelfth day of April 1897 and made on
my Petition filed in the said Honourable Court, that
I will with all due care and diligence on my arrival
from England in the United States of America safely
convey over the Original Manuscript Book Known
as and entitled "The Log of the Mayflower" which
has been this twenty ninth day of April 1897 deliv-
ered over to me by the Lord Bishop of London, to
the City of Boston in the United States of America
and on my arrival in the said City deliver the same
over in person to the Governor of the Common-
wealth of Massachusetts at his Official Office in the
State House in the said City of Boston AND I fur-
ther hereby undertake from the time of the said
xxxi
XXX11 PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
delivery of the said Book to me by the said Lord
Bishop of London until I shall have delivered the
same to the Governor of Massachusetts, to retain
the same in my own personal custody.
(Signed) T. F. BAYARD
29 April 1897
RECEIPT
His EXCELLENCY ROGER WOLCOTT.
xxxiii
RECEIPT OF GOVERNOR WOLCOTT.
His Excellency ROGER WOLCOTT, Governor of the Commonwealth
of Massachusetts, in the United States of America.
To the Registrar of the Consistorial and Episcopal Court of London.
Whereas, The said Honorable Court, by its decree
dated the twelfth day of April, 1897, and made on
the petition of the Honorable Thomas Francis Bayard,
lately Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
of the United States of America at the Court of
Saint James in London, did order that a certain
original manuscript book then in the custody of the
Lord Bishop of London, known as and entitled
"The Log of the Mayflower," and more specifically
described in said decree, should be delivered over to
the said Honorable Thomas Francis Bayard by the
Lord Bishop of London, on certain conditions spec-
ified in said decree, to be delivered by the said
Honorable Thomas Francis Bayard in person to the
Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,
thereafter to be kept in the custody of the aforesaid
Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and
his successors, subject to a compliance with certain
conditions, as set forth in said decree ;
And Whereas, The said Honorable Court by its
decree aforesaid did further order that, with all con-
venient speed after the delivery of the said manuscript
book to the Governor of the Commonwealth of Massa-
XXXVI PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
chusetts, the Governor should transmit to the Kegis-
trar of the said Honorable Court a certificate of the
delivery of the same to him by the said Honorable
Thomas Francis Bayard, and his acceptance of the
custody of the same, subject to the terms and con-
ditions named in the decree aforesaid;
JVbw, Therefore, In compliance with the decree
aforesaid I do hereby certify that on the twenty-sixth
day of May, 1897, the said Honorable Thomas Francis
Bayard delivered in person to me, at my official
office in the State House in the city of Boston, in
the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, in the United
States of America, a certain manuscript book which
the said Honorable Thomas Francis Bayard then and
there declared to be the original manuscript book
known as and entitled "The Log of the Mayflower,"
which is more specifically described in the decree
aforesaid ; and I do further certify that I hereby
accept the custody of the same, subject to the terms
and conditions named in the decree aforesaid.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto signed my
name and caused the seal of the Commonwealth to
be affixed, at the Capitol in Boston, this twelfth day
of July in the year of our Lord one thousand eight
hundred and ninety-seven.
KOGER WOLCOTT.
By His Excellency the Governor,
WM. M. OLIN,
Secretary of the Commonwealth.
ADDRESS
HON. GEORGE F. HOAR
PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
mental in restoring an entire esteem, confidence and
affection, or, in better words, the old good-nature
and the old good-humor between people who, though
separated by an ocean and under different govern-
ments, have the same language, a similar religion
and kindred blood."
And let us remember, too, the answer of the old
monarch, who, with all his faults, must have had
something of a noble and royal nature stirring in his
bosom, when he replied: "Let the circumstances of
language, religion and blood have their natural and
full effect."
It has long been well known that Governor Brad-
ford wrote and left behind him a history of the
settlement of Plymouth. It was quoted by early
chroniclers. There are extracts from it in the rec-
ords at Plymouth. Thomas Prince used it when he
compiled his annals. Hubbard depended on it when
he wrote his "History of New England." Cotton
Mather had read it, or a copy of a portion of it,
when he wrote his "Magnalia." Governor Hutchin-
son had it when he published the second volume of
his history in 1767. From that time it disappeared
from the knowledge of everybody on this side of the
water. All our historians speak of it as lost, and can
only guess what had been its fate. Some persons sus-
pected that it was destroyed when Governor Hutchin-
son's house was sacked in 1765, others that it was
ADDRESS OF SENATOR HOAR. xli
carried off by some officer or soldier when Boston
was evacuated by the British army in 1776.
In 1844 Samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford,
afterward Bishop of Winchester, one of the brightest
of men, published one of the dullest and stupidest of
books. It is entitled "The History of the Protestant
Episcopal Church in America." It contained extracts
from manuscripts which he said he had discovered in
the library of the Bishop of London at Fulham. The
book attracted no attention here until, about twelve
years later, in 1855, John Wingate Thornton, whom
many of us remember as an accomplished antiquary
and a delightful gentleman, happened to pick up a
copy of it while he was lounging in Burnham's book
store. He read the bishop's quotations, and carried
the book to his office, where he left it for his friend,
Mr. Barry, who was then writing his " History of
Massachusetts," with passages marked, and with a
note which is not preserved, but which, according
to his memory, suggested that the passages must have
come from Bradford's long-lost history. That is the
claim for Mr. Thornton. On the other hand, it is
claimed by Mr. Barry that there was nothing of that
kind expressed in Mr. Thornton's note, but in read-
ing the book when he got it an hour or so later,
the thought struck him for the first time that the
clew had been found to the precious book which had
been lost so long. He at once repaired to Charles
xlii PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
Deane, then and ever since, down to his death, as
President Eliot felicitously styled him, "the master
of historical investigators in this country." Mr. Deane
saw the importance of the discovery. He communi-
cated at once with Joseph Hunter, an eminent English
scholar. Hunter was high authority on all matters
connected with the settlement of New England. He
visited the palace at Fulham, and established beyond
question the identity of the manuscript with Governor
Bradford's history, an original letter of Governor Brad-
ford having been sent over for comparison of hand-
writing.
How the manuscript got to Fulham nobody knows.
Whether it was carried over by Governor Hutchin-
son in 1774 ; whether it was taken as spoil from the
tower of the Old South Church in 1775 ; whether,
with other manuscripts, it was sent to Fulham at the
time of the attempts of the Episcopal churches in
America, just before the revolution, to establish an
episcopate here, — nobody knows. It would seem
that Hutchinson would have sent it to the colonial
office ; that an officer would naturally have sent it to
the war office ; and a private would have sent it to
the war office, unless he had carried it off as mere
private booty and plunder, — in which case it would
have been unlikely that it would have reached a pub-
lic place of custody. But we find it in the posses-
sion of the church and of the church official having,
ADDRESS OF SENATOR HOAR. xliii
until independence was declared, special jurisdiction
over Episcopal interests in Massachusetts and Plym-
outh. This may seem to point to a transfer for some
ecclesiastical purpose.
The bishop's chancellor conjectures that it was sent
to Fulham because of the record annexed to it of
the early births, marriages and deaths, such records
being in England always in ecclesiastical custody.
But this is merely conjecture.
I know of no incident like this in history, unless
it be the discovery in a chest in the castle of
Edinburgh, where they had been lost for one hun-
dred and eleven years, of the ancient regalia of Scot-
land,— the crown of Bruce, the sceptre and sword
of state. The lovers of Walter Scott, who was one
of the commissioners who made the search, remem-
ber his intense emotion, as described by his daughter,
when the lid was removed. Her feelings were worked
up to such a pitch that she nearly fainted, and drew
back from the circle.
As she was retiring she was startled by his voice
exclaiming, in a tone of the deepest emotion, " some-
thing between anger and despair," as she expressed
it: "By God, no!" One of the commissioners, not
quite entering into the solemnity with which Scott
regarded this business, had, it seems, made a sort
of motion as if he meant to put the crown on the
head of one of the young ladies near him, but the
PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
voice and the aspect of the poet were more than
sufficient to make this worthy gentleman understand
his error; and, respecting the enthusiasm with which
he had not been taught to sympathize, he laid down
the ancient diadem with an air of painful embar-
rassment. Scott whispered, "Pray forgive me," and
turning round at the moment observed his daughter
deadly pale and leaning by the door. He immedi-
ately drew her out of the room, and when she had
somewhat recovered in the fresh air, walked with
her across Mound to Castle Street. " He never
spoke all the way home," she says, "but every
now and then I felt his arm tremble, and from that
time I fancied he began to treat me more like a
woman than a child. I thought he liked me better,
too, than he had ever done before."
There have been several attempts to procure the
return of the manuscript to this country. Mr. Win-
throp, in 1860, through the venerable John Sinclair,
archdeacon, urged the Bishop of London to give it
up, and proposed that the Prince of Wales, then just
coming to this country, should take it across the
Atlantic and present it to the people of Massachu-
setts. The Attorney-General, Sir Fitzroy Kelley, ap-
proved the plan, and said it would be an exceptional
act of grace, a most interesting action, and that he
heartily wished the success of the application. But
the bishop refused. Again, in 1869, John Lothrop
ADDRESS OF SENATOR HOAR. xlv
Motley, then minister to England, who had a great
and deserved influence there, repeated the proposi-
tion, at the suggestion of that most accomplished
scholar, Justin Winsor. But his appeal had the same
fate. The bishop gave no encouragement, and said,
as had been said nine years before, that the prop-
erty could not be alienated without an act of Par-
liament. Mr. Winsor planned to repeat the attempt
on his visit to England in 1877. When he was at
Fulham the bishop was absent, and he was obliged
to come home without seeing him in person.
In 1881, at the time of the death of President
Garfield, Benjamin Scott, chamberlain of London, pro-
posed again in the newspapers that the restitution
should be made. But nothing came of it.
Dec. 21, 1895, I delivered an address at Plymouth,
on the occasion of the two hundred and seventy-fifth
anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrims upon the
rock. In preparing for that duty, I read again, with
renewed enthusiasm and delight, the noble and touch-
ing story, as told by Governor Bradford. I felt that
this precious history of the Pilgrims ought to be in
no other custody than that of their children. But
the case seemed hopeless. I found myself compelled
by a serious physical infirmity to take a vacation,
and to get a rest from public cares and duties, which
was impossible while I stayed at home. When I
went abroad I determined to visit the locality, on the
PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
borders of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, from which
Bradford and Brewster and Eobinson, the three lead-
ers of the Pilgrims, came, and where their first church
was formed, and the places in Amsterdam and Leyden
where the emigrants spent thirteen years. But I
longed especially to see the manuscript of Bradford
at Fulham, which then seemed to me, as it now
seems to me, the most precious manuscript on earth,
unless we could recover one of the four gospels
as it came in the beginning from the pen of the
Evangelist.
The desire to get it back grew and grew dur-
ing the voyage across the Atlantic. I did not know
how such a proposition would be received in Eng-
land. A few days after I landed I made a call upon
John Morley. I asked him whether he thought the
thing could be done. He inquired carefully into the.
story, took down from his shelf the excellent though
brief life of Bradford in Leslie Stephen's "Bio-
graphical Dictionary," and told me he thought the
book ought to come back to us, and that he should
be glad to do anything in his power to help. It
was my fortune, a week or two after, to sit next
to Mr. Bayard at a dinner given to Mr. Collins by
the American consuls in Great Britain. I took occa-
sion to tell him the story, and he gave me the
assurance, which he has since so abundantly and
successfully fulfilled, of his powerful aid. I was
ADDRESS OF SENATOR HOAR. xlvii
compelled, by the health of one of the party with
whom I was travelling, to go to the continent almost
immediately, and was disappointed in the hope of an
early return to England. So the matter was delayed
until about a week before I sailed for home, when
I went to Fulham, in the hope at least of seeing
the manuscript. I had supposed that it was a quasi-
public library, open to general visitors. But I found
the bishop was absent. I asked for the librarian,
but there was no such officer, and I was told very
politely that the library was not open to the public,
and was treated in all respects as that of a private
gentleman. So I gave up any hope of doing any-
thing in person. But I happened, the Friday before
I sailed for home, to dine with an English friend
who had been exceedingly kind to me. As he took
leave of me, about eleven o'clock in the evening,
he asked me if there was anything more he could
do for me. I said, "No, unless you happen to know
the Lord Bishop of London. I should like to get
a sight at the manuscript of Bradford's history before
I go home." He said, "I do not know the bishop
myself, but Mr. Grenfell, at whose house you spent
a few days in the early summer, married the bishop's
niece, and will gladly give you an introduction to his
uncle. He is in Scotland. But I will write to him
before I go to bed."
Sunday morning brought me a cordial letter from
Xlviii PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
Mr. Grenfell, introducing me to the bishop. I wrote
a note to his lordship, saying I should be glad to
have an opportunity to see Bradford's history; that
I was to sail for the United States the next Wednes-
day, but would be pleased to call at Fulham Tuesday,
if that were agreeable to him.
I got a note in reply, in which he said if I would
call on Tuesday he would be happy to show me "The
Log of the Mayflower," which is the title the English,
without the slightest reason in the world, give the
manuscript. I kept the appointment, and found the
bishop with the book in his hand. He received me
with great courtesy, showed me the palace, and said
that that spot had been occupied by a bishop's palace
for more than a thousand years.
After looking at the volume and reading the records
on the flyleaf, I said: "My lord, I am going to say
something which you may think rather audacious. I
think this book ought to go back to Massachusetts.
Nobody knows how it got over here. Some people
think it was carried off by Governor Hutchinson, the
Tory governor; other people think it was carried off
by British soldiers when Boston was evacuated; but
in either case the property would not have changed.
Or, if you treat it as a booty, in which last case,
I suppose, by the law of nations ordinary property
does change, no civilized nation in modern times
ADDRESS OF SENATOR HOAR. xlix
applies that principle to the property of libraries and
institutions of learning."
"Well," said the bishop, "I did not know you
cared anything about it."
4 'Why," said I, "if there were in existence in
England a history of King Alfred's reign for thirty
years, written by his own hand, it would not be more
precious in the eyes of . Englishmen than this manu-
script is to us."
"Well," said he, "I think myself it ought to go
back, and if it had depended on me it would have gone
back before this. But the Americans who have been
here — many of them have been commercial people —
did not seem to care much about it except as a curi-
osity. I suppose I ought not to give it up on my
own authority. It belongs to me in my official
capacity, and not as private or personal property.
I think I ought to consult » the Archbishop of Can-
terbury. And, indeed," he added, "I think I ought
to speak to the Queen about it. We should not do
such a thing behind Her Majesty's back."
I said: "Very well. When I go home I will have
a proper application made from some of our literary
societies, and ask you to give it consideration."
I saw Mr. Bayard again, and told him the story.
He was at the train when I left London for the
steamer at Southampton. He entered with great in-
1 PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
terest into the matter, and told me again he would
gladly do anything in his power to forward it.
When I got home I communicated with Secretary
Olney about it, who took a kindly interest in the
matter, and wrote to Mr. Bayard that the adminis-
tration desired he should do everything in his power
to promote the application. The matter was then
brought to the attention of the council of the Ameri-
can Antiquarian Society, the Massachusetts Historical
Society, the Pilgrim Society of Plymouth and the
New England Society of New York. These bodies
appointed committees to unite in the application.
Governor Wolcott was also consulted, who gave his
hearty approbation to the movement, and a letter was
dispatched through Mr. Bayard.
Meantime Bishop Temple, with whom I had my
conversation, had himself become Archbishop of Can-
terbury, and in that capacity Primate of all England.
His successor, Rev. Dr. Creighton, had been the
delegate of John Harvard's College to the great cele-
bration at Harvard University on the two hundred
and fiftieth anniversary of its foundation, in 1886.
He had received the degree of doctor of laws from
the university, had been a guest of President Eliot,
and had received President Eliot as his guest in
England.
He is an accomplished historical scholar, and very
friendly in sentiment to the people of the United
ADDRESS OF SENATOR HOAR. li
States. So, by great fortune, the two eminent eccle-
siastical personages who were to have a powerful
influence in the matter were likely to be exceed-
ingly well disposed. Dr. Benjamin A. Gould, the
famous mathematician, was appointed one of the com-
mittee of the American Antiquarian Society. He died
suddenly, just after a letter to the Bishop of London
was prepared and about to be sent to him for sign-
ing. He took a very zealous interest in the matter.
The letter formally asked for the return of the manu-
script, and was signed by the following-named gentle-
men : George F. Hoar, Stephen Salisbury, Edward
Everett Hale, Samuel A. Green, for the American
Antiquarian Society ; Charles Francis Adams, William
Lawrence, Charles W. Eliot, for the Massachusetts
Historical Society; Arthur Lord, William M. Evarts,
William T. Davis, for "the Pilgrim Society of Plym-
outh ; Charles C. Beaman, Joseph H. Choate, J. Pier-
pont Morgan, for the New England Society of New
York; Roger Wolcott, Governor of Massachusetts.
The rarest good fortune seems to have attended
every step in this transaction.
I was fortunate in having formed the friendship of
Mr. Grenfell, which secured to me so cordial a
reception from the Bishop of London.
It was fortunate that the Bishop of London was
Dr. Temple, an eminent scholar, kindly disposed
toward the people of the United States, and a man
Ill PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
thoroughly capable of understanding and respecting
the deep and holy sentiment which a compliance
with our desire would gratify.
It was fortunate, too, that Bishop Temple, who
thought he must have the approbation of the arch-
bishop before his action, when the time came had
himself become Archbishop of Canterbury and Primate
of all England.
It was fortunate that Dr. Creighton had succeeded
to the see of London. He is, himself, as I have
just said, an eminent historical scholar. He has
many friends in America. He was the delegate of
Emmanuel, John Harvard's College, at the great Har-
vard centennial celebration in 1886. He received the
degree of doctor of laws at Harvard and is a mem-
ber of the Massachusetts Historical Society. He had,
as I have said, entertained President Eliot as his
guest in England.
It was fortunate, too, that the application came in
a time of cordial good-will between the two coun-
tries, when the desire of John Adams and the long-
ing of George III. have their ample and complete
fulfilment. This token of the good-will of England
reached Boston on the eve of the birthday of the
illustrious sovereign, who is not more venerated and
beloved by her own subjects than by the kindred
people across the sea.
It comes to us at the time of the rejoicing of the
THf :. •> -OF
ADDRESS OF SENATOR HOAR. liii
English people at the sixtieth anniversary of a reign
more crowded with benefit to humanity than any
other known in the annals of the race. Upon the
power of England, the sceptre, the trident, the lion,
the army and the fleet, the monster ships of war,
the all-shattering guns, the American people are
strong enough now to look with an entire indiffer-
ence. We encounter her commerce and her manu-
facture in the spirit of a generous emulation. The
inheritance from which England has gained these
things is ours also. We, too, are of the Saxon
strain.
In our halls is hung
Armory of the invincible knights of old.
Our temple covers a continent, and its porches are
upon both the seas. Our fathers knew the secret to
lay, in Christian liberty and law, the foundations of
empire. Our young men are not ashamed, if need
be, to speak with the enemy in the gate.
But to the illustrious lady, type of gentlest woman-
hood, model of mother and wife and friend, who came
at eighteen to the throne of George IV. and William ;
of purer eyes than to behold iniquity ; the maiden
presence before which everything unholy shrank ; the
sovereign who, during her long reign, "ever knew
the people that she ruled ; " the royal nature that
disdained to strike at her kingdom's rival in the
hour of our sorest need; the heart which even in
liv PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
the bosom of a queen beat with sympathy for the
cause of constitutional liberty ; who, herself not un-
acquainted with grief, laid on the coffin of our dead
Garfield the wreath fragrant with a sister's sympa-
thy,— to her our republican manhood does not dis-
dain to bend.
The eagle, lord of land and sea,
Will stoop to pay her fealty.
But I am afraid this application might have had
the fate of its predecessors but for our special good
fortune in the fact that Mr. Bayard was our ambas-
sador at the Court of St. James. He had been, as
I said in the beginning, the ambassador not so much
of the diplomacy as of the good-will of the American
people. Before his powerful influence every obstacle
gave way. It was almost impossible for Englishmen
to refuse a request like this, made by him, and
in which his own sympathies were so profoundly
enlisted.
You are entitled, sir, to the gratitude of Massa-
chusetts, to the gratitude of every lover of Massa-
chusetts and of every lover of the country. You
have succeeded where so many others have failed,
and where so many others would have been likely
to fail. You may be sure that our debt to you is
fully understood and will not be forgotten.
The question of the permanent abiding-place of this
ADDRESS OF SENATOR HOAR. lv
manuscript will be settled after it has reached the
hands of His Excellency. Wherever it shall go it
will be an object of reverent care. I do not think
many Americans will gaze upon it without a little
trembling of the lips and a little gathering of mist
in the eyes, as they think of the story of suffering,
of sorrow, of peril, of exile, of death and of lofty
triumph which that book tells, — which the hand of
the great leader and founder of America has traced
on those pages.
There is nothing like it in human annals since the
story of Bethlehem. These Englishmen and English
women going out from their homes in beautiful Lin-
coln and York, wife separated from husband and
mother from child in that hurried embarkation for
Holland, pursued to the beach by English horsemen;
the thirteen years of exile ; the life at Amsterdam
* ' in alley foul and lane obscure ; " the dwelling at
Ley den ; the embarkation at Delfthaven ; the farewell
of Eobinson ; the terrible voyage across the Atlantic ;
the compact in the harbor; the landing on the rock;
the dreadful first winter; the death roll of more than
half the number ; the days of suffering and of famine ;
the wakeful night, listening for the yell of wild
beast and the war-whoop of the savage ; the build-
ing of the State on those sure foundations which
no wave or tempest has ever shaken ; the breaking
of the new light; the dawning of the new day; the
Ivi PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
beginning of the new life ; the enjoyment of peace
with liberty, — of all these things this is the origi-
nal record by the hand of our beloved father and
founder. Massachusetts will preserve it until the
time shall come that her children are unworthy of
it ; and that time shall come, — never.
ADDRESS
HON. THOMAS F. BAYARD,
Ivii
ADDRESS Of
Your Excellency, Gc
the Legislature of Ma
men, Fellow Countrru
gratifying duty with
to receive its
book her, fa
don, wfc&s "fit*
i rtt,ftW *&- ^
1 have kept j--*
I received it ; I
the representative
to its custody.
And now, gt*«T
tue to , dvrell r, j •»
remarkable occax
all knew it w,>t»
eloquence an<i In
Senator vvh»> »*•
greys uf fiv i it
PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
For all that related to myself, and for every
gracious word of recognition and commendation that
fell from his lips in relation to the part that I have
taken in the act of restoration, I am profoundly
grateful. It is an additional reward, but not the
reward which induced my action.
To have served your State, to have been instru-
mental in such an act as this, was of itself a high
privilege to me. The Bradford manuscript was in the
library of Fulham palace, and if, by lawful means, I
could have become possessed of the volume, and have
brought it here and quietly deposited it, I should
have gone to my home with the great satisfaction of
knowing that I had performed an act of justice, an
act of right between two countries. Therefore the
praise, however grateful, is additional, and I am very
thankful for it.
It may not be inappropriate or unpleasing to you
should I state in a very simple manner the history
of my relation to the return of this book, for it all
has occurred within the last twelve months.
I knew of the existence of this manuscript, and
had seen the reproduction in facsimile. I knew that
attempts had been made, unsuccessfully, to obtain the
original book.
At that time Senator Hoar made a short visit to
England, and in passing through London I was
informed by him of the great interest that he, in
AMBASSADOR B A YARD'S ADDRESS. Ixi
common with the people of this State, had in the
restoration of this manuscript to the custody of the
State.
We discussed the methods by which it might be
accomplished, and after two or three concurrent sug-
gestions he returned to the United States, and pres-
ently I received, under cover from the Secretary of
State, — a distinguished citizen of your own. State,
Mr. Olney, — a formal note, suggesting rather than
instructing that in an informal manner I should en-
deavor to have carried out the wishes of the various
societies that had addressed themselves to the Bishop
of London and the Archbishop of Canterbury, in
order to obtain the return of this manuscript.
It necessarily had to be done informally. The strict
regulations of the office I then occupied forbade my
correspondence with any member of the British gov-
ernment except through the foreign office, unless it
were informal. An old saying describes the entire
case, that "When there's a will there's a way." There
certainly was the will to get the book, and there cer-
tainly was also a will and a way to give the book,
and that way was discovered by the legal custodians
of the book itself.
At first there were suggestions of difficulty, some
technical questions ; and following a very safe rule,
the first thought was, What is the law? and the case
was submitted to the law officers of the Crown.
PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
Then there arose the necessity of a formal act of
permission.
There could be entertained no question as to the
title to the manuscript in the possession of the British
government. There was no authority to grant a claim,
founded on adverse title, and the question arose as
to the requisite form of law of a permissive rather
than of a mandatory nature, in order to be authorita-
tive with those who had charge of the document.
But, as I have said, when there was a will there
was found a way. By personal correspondence and
interviews with the Bishop of London, I soon discov-
ered that he was as anxious to find the way as I was
that he should find it. In March last it was finally
agreed that I should employ legal counsel to present
a formal petition in the Episcopal Consistorial Court
of London, and there before the Chancellor to repre-
sent the strong desire of Massachusetts and her people
for the return of the record of her early Governor.
Accordingly, the petition was prepared, and by my
authority signed as for me by an eminent member
of the bar, and it was also signed by the Bishop of
London, so that there was a complete consensus. The
decree was ordered, as is published in the London
"Times" on March 25 last, and nothing after that
remained but formalities, in which, as you are well
aware, the English law is not lacking, especially in
the ecclesiastical tribunals.
AMBASSADOR BAYARD'S ADDRESS.
These formalities were carried out during my ab-
sence from London on a short visit to the Conti-
nent, and the decree which you have just heard read
was duly entered on April 12 last, consigning the
document to my personal custody, to be delivered
by me in this city to the high official therein named,
subject to those conditions which you have also heard.
Accordingly, on the 29th of April last I was sum-
moned to the court, and there, having signed the re-
ceipt, this decree was read in my presence. Then the
Bishop of London arose, and, taking the book in
his hands, delivered it with a few gracious words
into my custody, and here it is to-day.
The records of those proceedings will no doubt be
preserved here as accompanying this book, as they
are in the Episcopal Consistorial Court in London,
and they tell the entire story.
But that is but part. The thing that I wish to
impress upon you, and upon my fellow countrymen
throughout the United States, is that this is an % act
of courtesy and friendship by another government —
the government of what we once called our "mother
country " — to the entire people of the United States.
You cannot limit it to the Governor of this Com-
monwealth ; nor to the Legislature ; nor even to the
citizens of this Commonwealth. It extends in its
courtesy, its kindness and comity to the entire people
of the United States. From first to last there was
PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
the ready response of courtesy and kindness to the
request for the* restoration of this manuscript record.
I may say to you that there has been nothing that
I have sought more earnestly than to place the affairs
of these two great nations in the atmosphere of (
mutual confidence and respect and good-will. If it
be a sin to long for the honor of one's country,
for the safety and strength of one's country, then
I have been a great sinner, for I have striven to
advance the honor and the safety and the welfare
of my country, and believed it was best accom-
plished by treating all with justice and courtesy, and
doing those things to others which we would ask to
have done to ourselves.
When the Chancellor pronounced his decree in March
last, he cited certain precedents to justify him in re-
storing this volume to Massachusetts. One precedent
which powerfully controlled his decision, and which
in the closing portion of his judgment he emphasizes,
was an act of generous liberality upon the part of
the American Library Society in Philadelphia in vol-
untarily returning to the British government some
volumes of original manuscript of the period of James
the First, which by some means not very clearly
explained had found their way among the books of
that institution.
Those books were received by a distinguished man,
Lord Romilly, Master of the Rolls, who took occasion
AMBASSADOR BAYARD'S ADDRESS.
to speak of the liberality and kindness which dictated
the action of the Philadelphia library. Gentlemen, I
am one of those who believe that a generous and
kindly act is never unwise between individuals or
nations.
The return of this book to you is an echo of the
kindly act of your countrymen in the city of Phila-
delphia in 1866.
It is that, not, as Mr. Hoar has said, any influence
or special effort of mine ; but it is international good
feeling and comity which brought about to you the
pleasure and the joy of having this manuscript re-
turned, and so it will ever be. A generous act will
beget a generous act; trust and confidence will beget
trust and confidence ; and so it will be while the world
shall last, and well will it be for the man or for the
people who shall recognize this truth and act upon it.
Now, gentlemen, there is another coincidence that
I may venture to point out. It is history repeating
itself. More than three hundred years ago the ances-
tors from whom my father drew his name and blood
were French Protestants, who had been compelled to
flee from the religious persecutions of that day, and
for the sake of conscience to find an asylum in Hol-
land. Fifty years after they had fled and found safety
in Holland, the little congregation of Independents
from the English village of Scrooby, under the pas-
torate of John Robinson, was forced to fly, and with
PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
difficulty found its way into the same country of the
Netherlands, seeking an asylum for consciences' sake.
Time passed on. The little English colony re-
moved, as this manuscript of William Bradford will
tell you, across the Atlantic, and soon after the
Huguenot family from whom I drew my name found
their first settlement in what was then the New
Netherlands, now New York. Both came from the
same cause; both came with the same object, the
same purpose, — ''soul freedom," as Roger Williams
well called it. Both came to found homes where
they could worship God according to their own con-
science and live as free men. They came to these
shores, and they have found the asylum, and they
have strengthened it, and it is what we see to-day, —
a country of absolute religious and civil freedom, —
of equal rights and toleration.
And is it not fitting that I, who have in my veins
the blood of the Huguenots, should present to you and
your Governor the log of the English emigrants, who
left their country for the sake of religious freedom?
They are blended here, — their names, their inter-
ests. No man asks and no man has a right to ask
or have ascertained by any method authorized by law
what is the conscientious religious tenet or opinion
of any man, of any citizen, as a prerequisite for
holding an office of trust or power in the United
States.
I think it well on this occasion to make, as I am
sure you are making, acknowledgment to that heroic
little country, the Lowlands as they call it, the Neth-
erlands,— the country without one single feature of
military defence except the brave hearts of the men
who live in it and defend it.
Holland was the anvil upon which religious and
civil liberty was beaten out in Europe at a time
when the clang was scarcely heard anywhere else.
We can never forget our historical debt to that
country and to those people. Puritan, Independent,
Huguenot, whoever he may be, forced to flee for
conscience's sake, will not forget that in the Nether-
lands there was found in his time of need the
asylum where conscience, property and person might
be secure.
And now my task is done. I am deeply grateful
for the part that I have been enabled to take in this
act of just and natural restitution. In Massachusetts
or out of Massachusetts there is no one more will-
ing than I to assist this work; and here, sir [address-
ing Governor Wolcott], I fulfil my trust in placing in
your hands the manuscript.
To you, as the honored representative of the people
of this Commonwealth, I commit this book, in pur-
suance of my obligations, gladly undertaken under
the decree of the Episcopal Consistorial Court of
London.
ADDRESS
His EXCELLENCY ROGER WOLCOTT.
Ixix
ADDRESS OF GO
On receiving the volume, G^rn
•^ing Mr. Bayard, spoko w fcllow.
**• for ** diligent and fuifh/ui n
Imve executed tbe hoKontW, trust
.You by the- dec*, of u* (^to
Court of
a co|)y
nation. It i» h*»
not to prefer the
be thftt
relic, from rmr
of all men, ami wil
of the Comnion wel
Ixxii PLYMOUTH PLANTATION.
listens to the voice that speaks from the past, in
words like those which came from the burning bush,
"Put off thy shoes from off thy feet, for the place
whereon thou standest is holy ground."
On the sloping hillside of Plymouth, that bathes
its feet in the waters of the Atlantic, such a voice
is breathed by the brooding genius of the place, and
the ear must be dull that fails to catch the whispered
words. For here not alone did godly men and women
suffer greatly for a great cause, but their noble pur-
pose was not doomed to defeat, but was carried to
perfect victory. They stablished what they planned.
Their feeble plantation became the birthplace of re-
ligious liberty, the cradle of a free Commonwealth.
To them a mighty nation owns its debt. Nay, they
have made the civilized world their debtor. In the
varied tapestry which pictures our national life, the
richest spots are those where gleam the golden threads
of conscience, courage and faith, set in the web by
that little band. May God in his mercy grant that
the moral impulse which founded this nation may
never cease to control its destiny; that no act of
any future generation may put in peril the funda-
mental principles on which it is based, — of equal
rights in a free state, equal privileges in a free
church and equal opportunities in a free school.
In this precious volume which I hold in my hands
— the gift of England to the Commonwealth of Mas-
GOVERNOR WOLCOTT'S ADDRESS. Ixxiii
sachusetts — is told the noble, simple story " of
Plmioth. Plantation." In the midst of suffering and
privation and anxiety the pious hand of William
Bradford here set down in ample detail the history
of the enterprise from its inception to the year 1647.
From him we may learn " that all great and hon-
ourable actions are accompanied with great difficulties,
and must be both enterprised and overcome with
answerable courages."
The sadness and pathos which some might read into
the narrative are to me lost in victory. The triumph
of a noble cause even at a great price is theme for
rejoicing, not for sorrow, and the story here told
is one of triumphant achievement, and not of defeat.
As the official representative of the Commonwealth,
I receive it, sir, at your hands. I pledge the faith
of the Commonwealth that for all time it shall be
guarded in accordance with the terms of the decree
under which it is delivered into her possession as one
of her chiefest treasures. I express the thanks of the
Commonwealth for the priceless gift. And I venture
the prophecy that for countless years to come and
to untold thousands these mute pages shall eloquently
speak of high resolve, great suffering and heroic en-
durance made possible by an absolute faith in the
over-ruling providence of Almighty God.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
BISHOP OF LONDON
Ixxv
THE BISHOP OF LONDON.
DEAR SIR,
I would ask you to express to !*».- f :: <
of the two branches of fj** Mjhw*i Cfvirs"
Commonwealth of M*»**ehu*eit* mr %*&>••.$
for the copy z of tbcir r^K>kiiioi> of M*n
was present^i to m< Mr. Adam*.*
I co»»der it a great privilege to tiave bteeu
^ifttt'd. with an act of courtesy, whicnv-wtt4 «!-,
act of justice, in Restoring to it^ propel ,pi
document which is so knportRitl ^in th« Wotjfi
your illustrious _ Common wealth^
I ittn
H. D.
Clerk
Of Plimoth Plantation.
AND first of ye occasion and indusments ther unto ;
the which that I may truly unfould, I must begine at
ye very roote & rise of ye same. The which I shall
endevor to manefest in a plaine stile, with singuler
regard unto ye simple trueth in all things, at least as
near as my slender judgmente can attaine the same.
1. Chapter.
IT is well knowne unto ye godly and judicious, how
ever since ye first breaking out of ye lighte of ye gospell
in our Honourable Nation of England, (which was ye
first of nations whom ye Lord adorned ther with, affiter
y* grosse darknes of popery which had covered & over-
spred ye Christian worled,) what warrs & opposissions.
ever since, Satan hath raised, maintained, and continued
against the Saincts, from time to time, in one sorte or
other. Some times by bloody death and cruel I tor-
ments ; other whiles imprisonments, banishments, &
other hard usages ; as being loath his kingdom should
goe downe, the trueth prevaile, and ye churches of God
reverte to their anciente puritie, and recover their prima-
tive order, libertie, & bewtie. But when he could not
HISTORY OF [CHAP. I.
prevaile by these means, against the maine trueths of
ye gospell, but that they began to take rootting in many
places, being watered with ye blooud of yc martires, and
blessed from heaven with a gracious encrease ; He then
begane to take him to his anciente strategemes, used
of old against the first Christians. That when by ye
bloody & barbarous persecutions of ye Heathen Em-
perours, he could not stoppe & subuerte the course
of ye gospell, but that it speedily overspred with a
wounderfull celeritie the then best known parts of ye
world, He then begane to sow errours, heresies, and
wounderfull dissentions amongst ye professours them
selves, (working upon their pride & ambition, with
other corrupte passions incidente to all mortall men,
yea to ye saints them selves in some measure,) by
which wofull effects followed ; as not only bitter con-
tentions, & hartburnings, schismes, with other horrible
confusions, but Satan tooke occasion & advantage therby
to foyst in a number of vile ceremoneys, with many
unprofitable cannons & decrees, which have since been
as snares to many poore & peaceable souls even to this
day.v So as in ye anciente times, the persecutions [2]
by ye heathen & their Emperours, was not greater then
of the Christians one against other ; the Arians & other
their complices against ye orthodoxe & true Christians.
As witneseth Socrates in his 2. booke. His words are
these ; * The violence truly (saith he) was no less than
» Lib. 2 Chap. 22.
CHAP. I.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 5
that of ould practised towards y6 Christians when they
were compelled & drawne to sacrifice to idoles ; for many
indured sundrie kinds of tormente, often racking s> & dis-
membering of their joynts; confiscating of ther goods;
some bereaved of their native soyle; others departed this
life under ye hands of ye tormentor; and some died in
banishmete, & never saw ther cuntrie againe, <&c.
The like methode Satan hath seemed to hold in these
later times, since ye trueth begane to springe & spread
after ye great defection made by Antichrist, y4 man of
sine.
For to let pass ye infinite examples in sundrie na-
tions and severall places of ye world, and instance in
our owne, when as y* old serpente could not prevaile
by those firie flames & other his cruell tragedies, which
he* by his instruments put in ure every wher in ye
days of queene Mary & before, he then begane an
other kind of warre, & went more closly to worke ;
not only to oppuggen, but even to ruinate & destroy
yc kingdom of Christ, by more secrete & subtile means,
by kindling ye flames of contention and sowing ye
seeds of discorde & bitter enmitie amongst ye proffes-
sors & seeming reformed them selves. For when he
could not prevaile by ye former means against ye prin-
cipall doctrins of faith, he bente his force against ye
holy discipline & outward regimente of ye kingdom of
* In the text, parentheses are used frequently, apparently in place of commas.
For this reason, many are omitted in the reprint.
HISTOKY OF [CHAP. I.
Christ, by which those holy doctrines should be con-
served, & true pietie maintained amongest the saints
& people of God.
Mr. Foxe recordeth how y* besids those worthy
martires & confessors which were burned in queene
Marys days & otherwise tormented,* many (both stu-
dients & others) fled out of y* land, to ye number of
800. And became severall congregations. A.t Wesell,
Frankford, Bassill, Emden, Markpurge, Strausborugh,
& Geneva, &c. Amongst whom (but especialy those
at Frankford) begane yl bitter warr of contention &
persecutio aboute ye ceremonies, & servise-booke, and
other popish and antichristian stuffe, the plague of
England to this day, which are like ye highplases in
Israeli, wch the prophets cried out against, & were
their ruine ; [3] which ye better parte sought, accord-
ing to ye puritie of ye gospell, to roote out and
utterly to abandon. And the other parte (under
veiled pretences) for their ouwn ends & advancments,
sought as stifly to continue, maintaine, & defend. As
appeareth by ye discourse therof published in printe,
An0: 1575 ; a booke y* deserves better to be knowne
and considred.
The one side laboured to have ye right worship of
God & discipline of Christ established in ye church,
according to ye simplicitie of ye gospell, without the
mixture of mens inventions, and to have & to be
* Acts & Mon : pag. 1587. editi : 2.
CHAP. I.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 7
ruled by ye laws of Gods word, dispensed in those
offices, & by those officers of Pastors, Teachers, &
Elders, &c. according to ye Scripturs. The other par-
tie, though under many colours & pretences, endev-
ored to have ye episcopall dignitie (affter ye popish
ruaner) with their large power & jurisdiction still re-
tained; with all those courts, cannons, & ceremonies,
togeather with all such livings, revenues, & subordi-
nate officers, with other such means as formerly up-
held their antichristian greatnes, and enabled them
with lordly & tyranous power to persecute ye poore
servants of God. This contention was so great, as
neither ye honour of God, the cornmone persecution,
nor ye mediation of Mr. Calvin & other worthies of
ye Lord in those places, could prevaile with those
thus episcopally minded, but they proceeded by all
means to disturbe ye peace of this poor persecuted
church, even so farr as to charge (very unjustly, &
ungodlily, yet prelatelike) some of their cheefe op-
posers, with rebellion & hightreason against ye Em-
perour, & other such crimes.
And this contetion dyed not with queene Mary, nor
was left beyonde ye seas, but at her death these peo-
ple returning into England under gracious queene
Elizabeth, many of them being preferred to bish-
opricks & other promotions , according to their aimes
and desires, that inveterate hatered against ye holy
discipline of Christ in his church hath continued to
HISTORY OF [CHAP. I.
this day. In somuch that for fear [4] it should pre-
veile, all plotts & devices have been used to keepe it
out, incensing ye queene & state against it as dan-
gerous for ye comon wealth; and that it was most
needfull y* ye fundamentall poynts of Religion should
be preached in those ignorante & superstitious times ;
and to wine ye weake & ignorante, they might retaine
diverse harmles ceremoneis ; and though it were to be
wished y* diverse things were reformed, yet this was
not a season for it. And many the like, to stop ye
mouthes of ye more godly, to bring them over to
yeeld to one ceremoney after another, and one cor-
ruption after another; by these wyles begyleing some
& corrupting others till at length they begane to per-
secute all ye zealous professors in ye land (though
they knew little what this discipline mente) both by
word & deed, if they would not submitte to their
ceremonies, & become slaves to them & their popish
trash, which have no ground in ye word of God, but
are relikes of y* man of sine. And the more ye light
of ye gospell grew, ye more yey urged their subscrip-
tions to these corruptions. So as (notwithstanding all
their former pretences & fair colures) they whose
eyes God had not justly blinded might easily see
wherto these things tended. And to cast contempte
the more upon ye sincere servants of God, they oppro-
briously & most injuriously gave unto, & imposed
upon them, that name of Puritans, which [it] is said
CHAP. I.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 9
the Novatians out of prid did assume & take unto
themselves.* And lamentable it is to see ye effects
which have followed. Religion hath been disgraced,
the godly greeved, afflicted, persecuted, and many
exiled, sundrie have lost their lives in prisones &
otherways. On the other hand, sin hath been coun-
tenanced, ignorance, profannes, & atheisme increased,
& the papists encouraged to hope againe for a day.
This made that holy man Mr. Perkins f crie out in
his exhortation to repentance, upon Zeph. 2. Religion
(saith he) hath been amongst us this 35. years; but
the more it is published, the more it is contemned &
reproached of many, &c. Thus not prophanes nor
wickednes, but Religion it selfe is a byword, a moking-
stock, & a matter of reproach; so that in England at
this day the man or woman yt begines to profes Religion,
& to serve God, must resolve with him selfe to sustaine
[5] mocks & injueries even as though he lived amongst
ye enimies of Religion. And this comone experience
hath confirmed & made too apparente.
A late observation, as it were by the way, worthy to be
Noted.*
Full litle did I thinke, y' the downfall of ye Bishops, with
their courts, cannons, & ceremonies, &c. had been so neare,
when I first begane these scribled writings (which was aboute
ye year 1630, and so peeced up at times of leasure after-
* Ens : lib : 6. Chap. 42. t Pag. 421.
t A note of the author at this place, written subsequent to this portion of
the narrative, on the reverse pages of his History.
10 HISTORY OF [CHAP. I.
ward), or that I should have lived to have seene or heard
of ye same ; but it is ye Lords doing, and ought to be
marvelous in our eyes ! Every plante which mine heavenly
father hath not planted (saith our Saviour) shall be rooted
up. Mat: 15. 13.* I have snared the, and thou art taken,
O Babell (Bishops), and thou wast not aware; thou art
found, and also caught, because thou hast striven against
the Lord. Jer. 50. 24. But will they needs strive against ye
truth, against ye servants of God ; what, & against the Lord
him selfe? Doe they provoke the Lord to anger? Are they
stronger than he? 1. Cor: 10. 22. No, no, they have mete
with their match. Behold, I come unto ye, O proud man,
saith the Lord God of hosts ; for thy day is come, even the
time that I will visite the. Jer: 50. 31. May not the
people of God now say (and these pore people among y°
rest), The Lord hath brought forth our righteousnes ; come,
let us declare in Sion the work of the Lord our God. Jer:
51. 10. Let all flesh be still before the Lord; for he is
raised up out of his holy place. Zach : 2. 13.
In this case, these poore people may say (among ye
thousands of Israll), When the Lord brougt againe the cap-
tivite of Zion, we were like them that dreame. Psa: 126. 1.
The Lord hath done greate things for us, wherof we rejoyce.
v. 3. They that sow in teares, shall reap in joye. They
wente weeping, and carried precious seede, but they shall
returne with joye, and bring their sheaves, v. 5, 6.
Doe you not now see ye fruits of your labours, O all yee
servants of ye Lord that have suffered for his truth, and
have been faithfull witneses of ye same, and yee litle hand-
full amongst ye rest, ye least amongest ye thousands of Israll ?
You have not only had a seede time, but many of you have
seene ye joyefull harvest; should you not then rejoyse, yea,
* All these and subsequent passages are quoted from the Geneva version
of the Bible.
CHAP. I.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 11
and againe rejoyce, and say Hallelu-iah, salvation, and glorie,
and honour, and power, be to ye Lord our God ; for true
and righteous are his judgments. Rev. 19. 1, 2.
But thou wilte aske what is ye mater? What is done?
Why, art thou a stranger in Israll, that thou shouldest not
know what is done? Are not those Jebusites overcome that
have vexed the people of Israll so long, even holding Jeru-
salem till Davids days, and been as thorns in their sids, so
many ages ; and now begane to scorne that any David
should meadle with them ; they begane to fortifie their tower,
as that of the old Babelonians ; but those proud Anakimes
are throwne downe, and their glory laid in ye dust. The
tiranous bishops are ejected, their courts dissolved, their can-
nons forceless, their servise casheired, their ceremonies uselese
and despised ; their plots for popery prevented, and all their
superstitions discarded & returned to Roome from whence
they came, and ye monuments of idolatrie rooted out of ye laud.
And the proud and profane suporters, and cruell defenders of
these (as bloody papists & wicked athists, and their malignante
consorts) rnarvelously over throwne. And are not these greate
things? Who can deney it?
But who hath done it? Who, even he that siteth on ye white
horse, who is caled faithfull, & true, and judgeth and fighteth
righteously, Rev: 19. 11. whose garments are dipte in blood,
and his name was caled the word of God, v. 13. for he shall
rule them with a rode of iron ; for it is he that treadeth the
winepress of the feircenes and wrath of God almighty. And
he hath upon his garmente, and upon his thigh, a name writen,
The King of Kings, and Lord of Lords, v. 15, 16.
Hallelu-iah.
Anno Dom: 1646.
But that I may come more near my intendmente ;
when as by the travell & diligence of some godly &
zealous preachers, & Gods blessing on their labours, as
12 HISTORY OF [CHAP. I.
in other places of ye land, so in ye North parts, many
became inlightened by ye word of God, and had their
ignorance & sins discovered unto them, and begane by
his grace to reforme their lives, and make conscience
of their wayes, the worke of God was no sooner mani-
fest in them, but presently they were both scoffed and
scorned by ye prophane multitude, and ye ministers
urged with ye yoak of subscription, or els must be
silenced ; and ye poore people were so vexed with
apparators, & pursuants, & ye comissarie courts, as
truly their affliction was not smale ; which, notwith-
standing, they bore sundrie years with much patience,
till they were occasioned (by ye continuance & encrease
of these troubls, and other means which ye Lord raised
up in those days) to see further into things by the
light of ye word of God. How not only these base
and beggerly ceremonies were unlawfull, but also that
ye lordly & tiranous power of ye prelats ought not to
be submitted unto ; which thus, contrary to the free-
dome of the gospell, would load & burden mens con-
sciences, and by their compulsive power make a prophane
mixture of persons & things in ye worship of God. And
that their offices & calings, courts & cannons, &c. were
unlawfull and antichristian ; being such as have no war-
rante in ye word of God ; but the same y* were used in
poperie, & still retained. Of which a famous author
thus writeth in his Dutch comtaries.* At ye coming of
* Em : meter : lib : 25. col. 119.
1602-1606?] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 13
king James into England ; The new king (saith he) found
their established ye reformed religion, according to ye re-
formed religion of king Edward ye 6. Retaining, or
keeping still y6 spirituall state of ye Bishops, &c. after
y6 ould maner, much varying & differing from ye reformed
churches in Scotland, France, & ye Netherlands, Embden,
Geneva, &c. whose reformation is cut, or shapen much
nerer ye first Christian churches, as it was used in ye
A.postles times . *
[6] So many therfore of these professors as saw ye
evill of these things, in thes parts, and whose harts ye
Lord had touched wth heavenly zeale for his trueth, they
shooke of this yoake of antichristian bondage, and as
ye Lords free people, joyned them selves (by a covenant
of the Lord) into a church estate, in ye felowship of ye
gospell, to walke in all his wayes, made known, or to
be made known unto them, according to their best en-
deavours, whatsoever it should cost them, the Lord assist-
ing them. And that it cost them something this ensewing
historic will declare.
These people became 2. distincte bodys or churches,
& in regarde of distance of place did congregate sev-
erally ; for they were of sundrie townes & vilages, some
in Notingamshire, some of Lincollinshire, and some of
Yorkshire, wher they border nearest togeather. In one
* The reformed churches shapen much neerer ye primitive patterne then
England, for they cashered ye Bishops with al their courts, cannons, and cere-
moneis, at the first ; and left them amongst ye popish tr. . to ch wch they per-
tained. (The last word in the note is uncertain in the MS.)
14 HISTORY OF [CHAP. I.
of these churches (besids others of note) was Mr. John
Smith, a man of able gifts, & a good preacher, who
afterwards was chosen their pastor. But these after-
wards falling into some errours in ye Low Countries,
ther (for ye most part) buried them selves, & their
names.
But in this other church (wch must be ye subjecte of
our discourse) besids other worthy men, was Mr. Richard
Clifton, a grave & revered preacher, who by his paines
and dilligens had done much good, and under God had
ben a means of ye conversion of many. And also that
famous and worthy man Mr. John Robinson, who after-
wards was their pastor for many years, till ye Lord
tooke him away by death. Also Mr. William Brewster
a reverent man, who afterwards was chosen an elder
of ye church and lived with them till old age.
But after these things they could not long continue
in any peaceable condition, but were hunted & perse-
cuted on every side, so as their former afflictions were
but as flea-bitings in comparison of these which now
came upon them. For some were taken & clapt up in
prison, others had their houses besett & watcht night
and day, & hardly escaped their hands ; and ye most
were faine to flie & leave their howses & habitations,
and the means of their livelehood. Yet these & many
other sharper things which affterward befell them, were
no other then they looked for, and therfore were ye
better prepared to bear them by ye assistance of Gods
1608.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 15
grace & spirite. Yet seeing them selves thus molested,
[7] and that ther was no hope of their continuance ther,
by a joynte consente they resolved to goe into ye Low-
Countries, wher they heard was freedome of Religion
V
for all men ; as also how sundrie from London, & other
parts of ye land, had been exiled and persecuted for
ye same cause, & were gone thither, and lived at Am-
sterdam, & in other places of ye land. So affter they
had continued togeither aboute a year, and kept their
meetings every Saboth in one place or other, exercising
the worship of God amongst them selves, notwithstand-
ing all ye dilligence & malice of their adversaries, they
seeing they could no longer continue in y* condition,
they resolved to get over into Hollad as they could;
which was in ye year 1607. & 1608. ; of which more at
large in ye next chap.
2. Chap.
Of their departure into Holland and their troubls ther
aboute, with some of ye many difficulties they found
and mete withall.
An0. 1608.
BEING thus constrained to leave their native soyle
and countrie, their lands & livings, and all their
freinds & famillier acquaintance, it was much, and
thought marvelous by many. But to goe into a coun-
trie they knew not (but by hearsay), wher they must
learne a new language, and get their livings they
16 HISTORY OF [CHAP. II.
knew not how, it being a dear place, & subjecte to
ye misseries of warr, it was by many thought an ad-
venture almost desperate, a case intolerable, & a mis-
serie worse then death. Espetially seeing they were
not aquainted with trads nor traffique, (by which y*
countrie doth subsiste,) but had only been used to a
plaine countrie life, & ye inocente trade of husbandrey.
But these things did not dismay them (though they
did some times trouble them) for their desires were
sett on ye ways of God, & to injoye his ordinances ;
but they rested on his providence, & knew whom they
had beleeved. Yet [8] this was not all, for though
they could not stay, yet were ye not suffered to goe,
but ye ports & havens were shut against them, so as
they were faine to seeke secrete means of conveance,
& to bribe & fee ye mariners, & give exterordinarie
rates for their passages. And yet were they often
times betrayed (many of them), and both they &
their goods intercepted & surprised, and therby put
to great trouble & charge, of which I will give an in-
stance or tow, & omitte the rest.
Ther was a large companie of them purposed to get
passage at Boston in Lincoln-shire, and for that end
had hired a shipe wholy to them selves, & made
agreement with the maister to be ready at a certaine
day, and take them and their goods in, at a con-
veniente place, wher they accordingly would all at-
tende in readines. So after long waiting, & large
1608.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 17
expences, though he kepte not day with them, yet he
came at length & tooke them in, in ye night. But
when he had them & their goods abord, he betrayed
them, haveing before hand complotted with ye serchers
& other officers so to doe ; who tooke them, and put
them into open boats, & ther rifled & ransaked them,
searching them to their shirts for money, yea even ye
women furder then became modestie ; and then caried
them back into ye towne, & made them a spectackle
& wonder to ye multitude, which came flocking on all
sids to behould them. Being thus first, by the chatch-
poule officers, rifled, & stripte of their money, books,
and much other goods, they were presented to ye
magestrates, and messengers sente to informe ye lords
of ye Counsell of them ; and so they were comited to
ward. Indeed ye magestrats used them courteously,
and shewed them what favour they could ; but could
not deliver them, till order came from ye Counsell-
table. But ye issue was that after a months impris-
onmente, ye greatest parte were dismiste, & sent to
ye places from whence they came ; but 7 . of ye prin-
cipall were still kept in prison, and bound over to
ye Assises.
The nexte spring after, ther was another attempte
made by some of these & others, to get over at an
other place. And it so fell out, that they light of a
Dutchman at Hull, having a ship of his owne belong-
ing to Zealand ; they made agreemente with him, and
18 HISTORY OF [CHAP. II.
acquainted [9] him with their condition, hoping to
find more faithfullnes in him, then in ye former of
their owne nation. He bad them not fear, for he
would doe well enough. He was by appointment to
take them in betweene Grimsbe & Hull, wher was a
large comone a good way distante from any towne.
Now aganst the prefixed time, the women & children,
with ye goods, were sent to ye place in a small barke,
which they had hired for y1 end ; and ye men were to
meete them by land. But it so fell out, that they
were ther a day before ye shipe came, & ye sea being
rough, and ye women very sicke, prevailed with ye
seamen to put into a creeke hardby, wher they lay on
ground at lowwater. The nexte morning yc shipe
came, but they were fast, & could not stir till aboute
noone. In ye mean time, ye shipe maister, perceive-
ing how ye matter was, sente his boate to be getting
ye men abord whom he saw ready, walking aboute ye
shore. But after ye first boat full was gott abord, &
she was ready to goe for more, the mr espied a greate
company, both horse & foote, with bills, & gunes, &
other weapons ; for ye countrie was raised to take
them. Ye Dutch-man seeing y% swore his countries
oath, " sacremente," and having ye wind faire, waiged
his Ancor, hoysed sayles, & away. But ye poore men
which were gott abord, were in great distress for
their wives and children, which they saw thus to be
taken, and were left destitute of their helps ; and
1608.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 19
them selves also, not having a cloath to shifte them
with, more then they had on their baks, & some
scarce a peney aboute them, all they had being abord
ye barke. It drew tears from their eyes, and any
thing they had they would have given to have been
a shore againe ; but all in vaine, ther was no remedy,
they must thus sadly part. And afterward endured
a fearfull storme at sea, being 14. days or more be-
fore yey arived at their porte, in 7. wherof they
neither saw son, moone, nor stars, & were driven
near ye coast of Norway ; the mariners them selves
often despairing of life ; and once with shriks & cries
gave over all, as if ye ship had been foundred in ye
sea, & they sinking without recoverie. But when
mans hope & helpe wholy failed, ye Lords power &
mercie appeared in ther recoverie ; for ye ship rose
againe, & gave ye mariners courage againe to manage
her. And if modestie woud suffer me, I might de-
clare with what fervente [10] prayres they cried unto
ye Lord in this great distres, (espetialy some of
them,) even without any great distraction, when ye
water rane into their mouthes & ears ; & the mariners
cried out, We sinke, we sinke ; they cried (if not
•
with mirakelous, yet with a great hight or degree of
devine faith), Yet Lord thou canst save, yet Lord
thou canst save ; with shuch other expressions as I
will forbeare. Upon which ye ship did not only re-
cover, but shortly after ye violence of ye storme be-
20 HISTORY or [CHAP. n.
gane to abate, and ye Lord filed their afflicted minds
with shuch comforts as every one canot understand,
and in ye end brought them to their desired Haven,
wher ye people came flockeing admiring their deliver-
ance, the storme having ben so longe & sore, in
which much hurt had been don, as ye masters freinds
related unto him in their congrattulations.
But to returne to ye others wher we left. The rest
of ye men y* were in greatest danger, made shift to
escape away before ye troope could surprise them ;
those only staying y* best might, to be assistante unto
ye women. But pitifull it was to see ye heavie case
of these poore women in this distress ; what weeping
& crying on every side, some for their husbands, that
were caried away in ye ship as is before related ;
others not knowing what should become of them, &
their litle ones ; others againe melted in teares, see-
ing their poore litle ones hanging aboute them, crying
for feare, and quaking with could. Being thus apre-
hended, they were hurried from one place to another,
and from one justice to another, till in ye ende they
knew not what to doe with them ; for to imprison so
many women & innocent children for no other cause
(many of them) but that they must goe with their hus-
bands, semed to be unreasonable and all would crie
out of them ; and to send them home againe was as
difficult, for they aledged, as ye trueth was, they had
no homes to goe to, for they had either sould, or other-
1608.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 21
wise disposed of their houses & livings. To be shorte,
after they had been thus turmolyed a good while, and
conveyed from one constable to another, they were glad
to be ridd of them in ye end upon any termes ; for all
were wearied & tired with them. Though in ye mean
time they (poore soules) indured miserie enough ; and
thus in ye end necessitie forste a way for them.
But y* I be not tedious in these things, I will omitte
ye rest, though I might relate many other notable pas-
sages and troubles which they endured & underwente
in these their wanderings & travells both at land & sea ;
but I hast to [11] other things. Yet I may not omitte
ye fruite that came hearby, for by these so publick
troubls, in so many eminente places, their cause became
famouss, & occasioned many to looke into ye same ; and
their godly cariage & Christian behaviour was such as
left a deep impression in the minds of many. And
though some few shrunk at these first conflicts & sharp
beginings, (as it was no marvell,) yet many more came
on with fresh courage, & greatly animated others. And
in ye end, notwithstanding all these stormes of oppossi-
tion, they all gatt over at length, some at one time &
some at an other, and some in one place & some in an
other, and mette togeather againe according to their
desires, with no small rejoycing.
22 HISTORY or [CHAP. in.
The 3. Chap.
Of their selling in ffoland, & their maner of living, &
entertainmente ther.
BEING now come into ye Low Countries, they saw
many goodly & fortified cities, strongly walled and
garded with troopes of armed men. Also they heard
a strange & uncouth language, and beheld ye differente
maners & customes of ye people, with their strange
fashons and attires ; all so farre differing from y* of
their plaine countrie villages (wherin they were bred,
& had so longe lived) as it seemed they were come into
a new world. But these were not ye things they much
looked on, or long tooke up their thoughts ; for they
had other work in hand, & an other kind of warr
to wage & maintaine. For though they saw faire &
bewtifull cities, flowing with abundance of all sorts of
welth & riches, yet it was not longe before they saw
the grime & grisly face of povertie coming upon them
like an armed man, with whom they must bukle &
incounter, and from whom they could not flye ; but
they were armed with faith & patience against him, and
all his encounters ; and though they were sometimes
foyled, yet by Gods assistance they prevailed and got
ye victorie.
Now when Mr. Robinson, Mr. Brewster, & other prin-
cipall members were come over, (for they were of ye
1609.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 23
last, & stayed to help ye weakest over before them,)
such things were [12] thought on as were necessarie
for their setling and best ordering of ye church affairs.
And when they had lived at Amsterdam aboute a year,
Mr. Robinson, their pastor, and some others of best
discerning, seeing how Mr. John Smith and his com-
panie was allready fallen in to contention with ye church
y* was ther before them, & no means they could use
would doe any good to cure ye same, and also that
ye flames of contention were like to breake out in y*
anciente church it selfe (as affterwards lamentably
came to pass) ; which things they prudently foresee-
ing, thought it was best to remove, before they were
any way engaged with ye same ; though they Well knew
it would be much to ye prejudice of their outward
estats, both at presente & in licklyhood in ye future ;
as indeed it proved to be.
Their remoovall to Ley den.
For these & some other reasons they removed to Ley-
den, a fair & bewtifull citie, and of a sweete situation,
but made more famous by ye universitie wherwith it is
adorned, in which of late had been so many learned
men. But wanting that traffike by sea which Amster-
dam injoyes, it was not so beneficiall for their outward
means of living & estats. But being now hear pitchet
they fell to such trads & imployments as they best
could ; valewing peace & their spirituall comforte above
24 HISTORY OF [CHAP. in.
any other riches whatsoever. And at lenght they came
to raise a competente & comforteable living, but with
hard and continuall labor.
Being thus setled (after many difficulties) they con-
tinued many years in a comfortable condition, injoying
much sweete & delightefull societie & spirituall corn-
forte togeather in ye wayes of God, under ye able minis-
trie, and prudente governmente of Mr. John Robinson,
& Mr. William Brewster, who was an assistante unto
him in ye place of an Elder, unto which he was now
called & chosen by the church. So as they grew in
knowledge & other gifts & graces of ye spirite of God,
& lived togeather in peace, & love, and holines ; and
many came unto them from diverse parts of England,
so as they grew a great congregation. And if at any
time any differences arose, or offences broak [13] out
(as it cannot be, but some time ther will, even amongst
ye best of men) they were ever so mete with, and nipt
in ye head betims, or otherwise so well composed, as
still love, peace, and communion was continued ; or els
ye church purged of those that were incurable & incor-
rigible, when, after much patience used, no other means
would serve, which seldom came to pass. Yea such
was ye mutuall love, & reciprocall respecte that this
worthy man had to his flocke, and his flocke to him,
that it might be said of them as it once was of y*
famouse Emperour Marcus Aurelious,* and ye people of
* Goulden booke, &c.
1609-1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 25
Rome, that it was hard to judge wheather he delighted
more in haveing shuch a people, or they in haveing
such a pastor. His love was greate towards them, and
his care was all ways bente for their best good, both
for soule and body ; for besids his singuler abilities in
devine things (wherin he excelled), he was also very
able to give directions in civill affaires , and to foresee
dangers & inconveniences ; by wch means he was very
helpfull to their outward estats, & so was every way
as a commone father unto them. And none did more
ofl'end him then those that were close and cleaving to
them selves, and retired from ye commoe good ; as also
such as would be stiffe & riged in matters of outward
order, and invey against ye evills of others, and yet be
remisse in them selves, and not so carefull to express
a vertuous conversation. They in like maner had ever
a reverente regard unto him, & had him in precious
estimation, as his worth & wisdom did deserve ; and
though they esteemed him highly whilst he lived &
laboured amongst them, yet much more after his death,
when they came to feele ye wante of his help, and saw
(by woefull experience) what a treasure they had lost,
to ye greefe of their harts, and wounding of their sowls ;
yea such a loss as they saw could not be repaired ; for
it was as hard for them to find such another leader
and feeder in all respects, as for ye Taborits to find
another Ziska'. And though they did not call them-
selves orphans, as the other did, after his death, yet
26 HISTORY OF [CHAP. in.
they had cause as much to lamente, in another regard,
their present condition, and after usage. But to re-
turne ; I know not but it may be spoken to ye honour
of God, & without prejudice [14] to any, that such
was ye true pietie, ye humble zeale, & fervent love, of
this people (whilst they thus lived together) towards
God and his waies, and ye single hartednes & sinceir
affection one towards another, that they came as near
ye primative pattern e of ye first churches, as any other
church of these later times have done, according to
their ranke & qualitie.
But seeing it is not my purpose to treat of ye sev-
erall passages that befell this people whilst they thus
lived in ye Low Countries, (which might worthily re-
quire a large treatise of it selfe,) but to make way to
shew ye begining of this plantation, which is that I
aime at ; yet because some of their adversaries did,
upon ye rumore of their removall, cast out slanders
against them, as if that state had been wearie of them,
& had rather driven them out (as ye heathen histo-
rians did faine of Moyses & ye Isralits when they
went out of Egipte), then yl it was their owne free
choyse & motion, I will therfore mention a perticuler
or too to shew ye contrary, and ye good acceptation
they had in ye place wher they lived. And first
though many of them weer poore, yet ther was none
so poore, but if they were known to be of yt con-
gregation, the Dutch (either bakers or others) would
1609-1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 27
trust them in any reasonable matter when yey wanted
money. Because they had found by experience how
carfull they were to keep their word, and saw them so
painfull & dilligente in their callings ; yea, they would
strive to gett their custome, and to imploy them above
others, in their worke, for their honestie & diligence.
Againe ; ye magistrats of ye citie, aboute ye time of
their coming away, or a litle before, in ye publick
place of justice, gave this comendable testemoney of
them, in ye reproofe of the Wallons, who were of ye
French church in y* citie. These English, said they,
have lived amongst us now this 12. years, and yet we
never had any sute or accusation came against any of
them; but your strifs & quarels are continuall, &c.
In these times allso were ye great troubls raised by
ye Arminians, who, as they greatly mollested ye whole
state, so this citie in particuler, in which was ye
cheefe universitie ; so as ther were dayly & hote dis-
puts in ye schooles ther aboute ; and as ye studients &
other lerned were devided in their oppinions hearin,
so were ye 2. proffessors or devinitie readers them
selves ; the one daly teaching for it, ye other against
it. Which grew to that pass, that few of the discipls
of ye one would hear ye other teach. But Mr. Kob-
inson, though he taught thrise a weeke him selfe, &
write sundrie books, besids his manyfould pains other-
wise, yet he went constantly [15] to hear ther read-
ings, and heard ye one as well as ye other; by which
28 HISTORY or [CHAP. HI.
means he was so well grounded in ye controversie,
and saw ye force of all their arguments, and knew ye
shifts of ye adversarie, and being him selfe very able,
none was fitter to buckle with them then him selfe, as
appered by sundrie disputs ; so as he begane to be
terrible to ye Arminians ; which made Episcopius (ye
Arminian professor) to put forth his best stringth, and
set forth sundrie Theses, which by publick dispute he
would defend against all men. Now Poliander ye
other professor, and ye cheefe preachers of ye citie,
desired Mr. Robinson to dispute against him ; but he
was loath, being a stranger ; yet the other did impor-
tune him,, and tould him y* such was ye abilitie and
nimblnes of ye adversarie, that ye truth would suffer
if he did not help them. So as he condescended, &
prepared him selfe against the time ; and when ye day
came, the Lord did so help him to defend ye truth &
foyle this adversarie, as he put him to an apparent
nonplus, in this great & publike audience. And ye
like he did a 2. or 3. time, upon such like occasions.
The which as it caused many to praise God y* the
trueth had so famous victory, so it procured him
much honour & respecte from those lerned men &
others which loved ye trueth. Yea, so farr were they
from being weary of him & his people, or desiring
their absence, as it was said by some, of no mean
note, that were it not for giveing offence to ye state
of England, they would have preferd him otherwise if
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 29
he would, and alowd them some publike favour. Yea
when ther was speech of their remoovall into these
parts, sundrie of note & eminencie of y4 nation would
have had them come under them, and for y* end made
them large offers. Now though I might aledg many
other perticulers & examples of ye like kinde, to shew
ye untruth & unlicklyhode of this slander, yet these
shall suffice, seeing it was beleeved of few, being only
raised by ye malice of some, who laboured their
disgrace.
The 4. Chap.
/Showing ye reasons & causes of their remoovall.
AFTER they had lived in this citie about some 11.
or 12. years, (which is ye more observable being ye
whole time of y* famose truce between that state &
ye Spaniards,) and sundrie of them were taken away
by death, & many others begane to be well striken in
years, the grave mistris Experience haveing taught
them many things, [16] those prudent governours with
sundrie of ye sagest members begane both deeply to
apprehend their present dangers, & wisely to foresee
ye future, & thinke of timly remedy. In ye agitation
of their thoughts, and much discours of things hear
aboute, at length they began to incline to this conclu-
sion, of remoovall to some other place. Not out of
any newfanglednes, or other such like giddie humor,
by which men are oftentimes transported to their
great hurt & danger, but for sundrie weightie & solid
30 HISTORY OF [CHAP. IV.
reasons ; some of ye cheefe of which 1 will hear breefly
touch. And first, they saw & found by experience the
hardnes of ye place & countrie to be such, as few in
comparison would come to them, and fewer that would
bide it out, and continew with them. For many y*
came to them, and many more y* desired to be with
them, could not endure y* great labor and hard fare,
with other inconveniences which they underwent &
were contented with. But though they loved their
persons, approved their cause, and honoured their suf-
ferings, yet they left them as it weer weeping, as
Orpah did her mother in law Naomie, or as those
Romans did Cato in Utica, who desired to be excused
& borne with, though they could not all be Catoes.
For many, though they desired to injoye ye ordinances
of God in their puritie, and ye libertie of the gospell
with them, yet, alass, they admitted of bondage, with
danger of conscience, rather then to indure these hard-
ships ; yea, some preferred & chose ye prisons in Eng-
land, rather then this libertie in Holland, with these
afflictions. But it was thought that if a better and
easier place of living could be had, it would draw many,
& take away these discouragments. Yea, their pastor
would often say, that many of those w° both wrate &
preached now against them, if they were in a place
wher they might have libertie and live comfortably,
they would then practise as they did.
2ly. They saw that though ye people generally bore
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 31
all these difficulties very cherfully, & with a resolute
courage, being in ye best & strength of their years, yet
old age began to steale on many of them, (and their
great & continuall labours, with other crosses and sor-
rows, hastened it before ye time,) so as it was not only
probably thought, but apparently seen, that within a
few years more they would be in danger to scatter, by
necessities pressing them, or sinke under their burdens,
or both. And therfore according to ye devine proverb,
y* a wise man seeth ye plague when it cometh, & hideth
him selfe, Pro. 22. 3., so they like skillfull & beaten
souldiers were fearfull either to be intrapped or sur-
rounded by their enimies, so as they should neither be
able to fight nor flie ; and therfor thought it better to
dislodge betimes to some place of better advantage &
less danger, if any such could be found. [16] Thirdly ;
as necessitie was a taskmaster over them, so they were
forced to be such, not only to their servants, but in a
sorte, to their dearest chilldren ; the which as it did not
a litle wound ye tender harts of many a loving father &
mother, so it produced likwise sundrie sad & sorowful
effects. For many of their children, that were of best
dispositions and gracious inclinations, haveing lernde
to bear ye 'yoake in their youth, and willing to bear
parte of their parents burden, were, often times, so
oppressed with their hevie labours, that though their
minds were free and willing, yet their bodies bowed
under ye weight of ye same, and became decreped in
32 HISTORY or [CHAP. iv.
their early youth ; the vigor of nature being consumed
in ye very budd as it were. But that which was more
lamentable, and of all sorowes most heavie to be borne,
was that many of their children, by these occasions,
and. ye great licentiousnes of youth in y* countrie, and
ye manifold temptations of the place, were drawne away
by evill examples into extra vagante & dangerous courses,
getting ye raines off their neks, & departing from their
parents. Some became souldiers, others tooke upon
them farr viages by sea, and other some worse courses,
tending to dissolutnes & the danger of their soules, to
ye great greefe of their parents and dishonour of God.
So that they saw their posteritie would be in danger
to degenerate & be corrupted.
Lastly, (and which was not least,) a great hope &
inward zeall they had of laying some good foundation,
or at least to make some way therunto, for ye propagat-
ing & advancing ye gospell of ye kingdom of Christ in
those remote parts of ye world ; yea, though they should
be but even as stepping-stones unto others for yc per-
forming of so great a work.
These, & some other like reasons, moved them to
undertake this resolution of their removall ; the which
they afterward prosecuted with so great difficulties, as
by the sequell will appeare.
The place they had thoughts on was some of those
vast & unpeopled countries of America, which are frut-
full & fitt for habitation, being devoyd of all civill
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 33
inhabitants, wher ther are only salvage & brutish men,
which range up and downe, litle otherwise then ye wild
beasts of the same. This proposition being made pub-
like and coming to ye scaning of all, it raised many
variable opinions amongst men, and caused many fears
& doubts amongst them selves. Some, from their
reasons & hops conceived, laboured to stirr up & in-
courage the rest to undertake & prosecute ye same ;
others, againe, out of their fears, objected against it,
& sought to diverte from it, aledging many things, and
those neither unreasonable nor unprobable ; as that it
was a great designe, and subjecte to many unconceivable
perills & dangers ; as, besids the casulties of ye seas
(which none can be freed from) the length of ye vioage
was such, as ye weake bodys of women and other
persons worne out with age & traville (as many of
them were) could never be able to endure. And yet
if they should, the miseries of ye land which they
should be [17] exposed unto, would be to hard to be
borne ; and lickly, some or all of them togeither, to
consume & utterly to ruinate them. For ther they
should be liable to famine, and nakednes, & ye wante,
in a maner, of all things. The chang of aire, diate, &
drinking of water, would infecte their bodies with sore
sickneses, and greevous diseases. And also those which
should escape or overcome these difficulties, should yett
be in continuall danger of ye salvage people, who are
cruell, barbarous, & most trecherous, being most furious
34 HISTORY or [CHAP. iv.
in their rage, and merciles wher they overcome ; not
being contente only to kill, & take away life, but delight
to tormente men in ye most bloodie maner that may be ;
fleaing some alive with ye shells of fishes, cutting of ye
members & joynts of others by peesmeale, and broiling
on ye coles, eate ye collops of their flesh in their sight
whilst they live ; with other cruelties horrible to be
related. And surely it could not be thought but ye
very hearing of these things could not but move ye
very bowels of men to grate within them, and make
ye weake to quake & tremble. It was furder objected,
that it would require greater sumes of money to furnish
such a voiage, and to fitt them with necessaries, then
their consumed estats would amounte too ; and yett
they must as well looke to be seconded with supplies,
as presently to be transported. Also many presidents
of ill success, & lamentable misseries befalne others in
the like designes, were easie to be found, and not for-
gotten to be aledged ; besids their owne experience,
in their former troubles & hardships in their removall
into Holand, and how hard a thing it was for them to
live in that strange place, though it was a neighbour
countrie, & a civill and rich comone wealth.
It was answered, that all great & honourable actions
are accompanied with great difficulties, and must be
both enterprised and overcome with answerable cour-
ages. It was granted ye dangers were great, but not
desperate ; the difficulties were many, but not invincible.
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 35
For though their were many of them likly, yet they
were not cartaine ; it might be sundrie of ye things
feared might never befale ; others by providente care
& ye use of good means, might in a great measure be
prevented ; and all of them, through ye help of God,
by fortitude and patience, might either be borne, or
overcome. True it was, that such atempts were not
to be made and undertaken without good ground &
reason ; not rashly or lightly as many have done for
curiositie or hope of gaine, &c. But their condition
was not ordinarie ; their ends were good & honourable ;
their calling lawfull, & urgente ; and therfore they might
expecte ye blessing of God in their preceding. Yea,
though they should loose their lives in this action, yet
might they have comforte in the same, and their en-
deavors would be honourable. They lived hear but
as men in exile, & in a poore condition ; and as great
miseries might possibly befale them in this place, for
ye 12. years of truce were now out, & ther was nothing
but beating of drumes, and preparing for warr, the
events wherof are all way uncertaine. Ye Spaniard
might prove as cruell as [18] the salvages of America,
and ye famine and pestelence as sore hear as ther, &
their libertie less to looke out for remedie. After
many other perticuler things answered & aledged on
both sids, it was fully concluded by ye major parte,
to put this designe in execution, and to prosecute it
by the best means they could.
36 HISTORY or [CHAP. v.
The 5. Chap.
Shewing what means they used for preparation to this
waightie vioag.
AND first after thir humble praiers unto God for his
direction & assistance, & a generall conferrence held
hear aboute, they consulted what perticuler place to
pitch upon, & prepare for. Some (& none of ye
meanest) had thoughts & were ernest for Guiana, or
some of those fertill places in those hott climats ;
others were for some parts of Virginia, wher ye
English had all ready made enterance, & begining.
Those for Guiana aledged y4 the cuntrie was rich,
fruitfull, & blessed with a perpetuall spring, and a
florishing greenes ; where vigorous nature brought
forth all things in abundance & plentie without any
great labour or art of man. So as it must needs
make ye inhabitants rich, seing less provisions of cloth-
ing and other things would serve, then in more coulder
& less frutfull countries must be had. As also y* the
Spaniards (having much more then they could possess)
had not yet planted there, nor any where very near
ye same. But to this it was answered, that out of
question ye countrie was both frutfull and pleasante,
and might yeeld riches & maintenance to ye possessors,
more easily then ye other; yet, other things con-
sidered, it would not be so fitt for them. And first,
1617.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 37
y* such hott countries are subject to greevuos diseases,
and many noysome impediments, which other more
temperate places are freer from, and would not so
well agree with our English bodys. Againe, if they
should ther live, & doe well, the jealous Spaniard
would never suffer them long, but would displante
or overthrow them, as he did ye French in Florida,
who were seated furder from his richest countries ;
and the sooner because they should have none to
protect them, & their owne strength would be too
smale to resiste so potent an enemie, & so neare a
neighbor.
On ye other hand, for Virginia it was objected, that
if they lived among ye English wch wear ther planted,
or so near them as to be under their goverment, they
should be in as great danger to be troubled and per-
secuted for the cause of religion, as if they lived in
England, and it might be worse. And if they lived
too farr of, they should neither have succour, nor de-
fence from them.
But at length ye conclusion was, to live as a dis-
tincte body by them selves, under ye generall Gover-
ment of Virginia ; and by their freinds to sue to his
majestie that he would be pleased to grant them free-
dome of Religion ; and y* this might be obtained, they
wear putt in good hope by some great persons, of
good ranke & qualitie, that were made their freinds.
Whereupon 2. were chosen [19] & sent in to England
38 HISTORY or [CHAP. v.
(at ye charge of ye rest) to sollicite this matter, who
found the Virginia Company very desirous to have
them goe thither, and willing to grante them a patent,
with as ample priviliges as they had, or could grant
to any, and to give them the best furderance they
could. And some of ye cheefe of y* company douted
not to obtaine their suite of ye king for liberty in Re-
ligion, and to have it confirmed under y° kings broad
seale, according to their desires. But it prooved a
harder peece of worke then they tooke it for; for
though many means were used to bring it aboute, yet
it could not be effected ; for ther were diverse of
good worth laboured with the king to obtaine it,
(amongst whom was one of his cheefe secretaries,*)
and some other wrought with ye archbishop to give
way therunto ; but it proved all in vaine. Yet thus
farr they prevailed, in sounding his majesties mind,
that he would connive at them, & not molest them,
provided they carried them selves peacably. But to
allow or tolerate them by his publick authoritie, under
his seale, they found it would not be. And this was
all the cheefe of yc Virginia companie or any other of
their best freinds could doe in ye case. Yet they per-
s waded them to goe on, for they presumed they
should not be troubled. And with this answer y° mes-
sengers returned, and signified what diligence had bene
used, and to what issue things were come.
* Sr Robert Nanton.
1617.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 39
But this made a dampe in y° busines, and caused
some distraction, for many were afraid that if they
should unsetle them selves, & put of their estates,
and goe upon these hopes, it might prove dangerous,
and but a sandie foundation. Yea, it was thought
they might better have presumed hear upon without
makeing any suite at all, then, haveing made it, to be
thus rejected. But some of y° cheefest thought other
wise, and y* they might well proceede hereupon, &
that ye kings majestie was willing enough to suffer
them without molestation, though for other reasons he
would not confirme it by any publick acte. And fur-
dermore, if ther was no securitie in this promise inti-
mated, ther would be no great certainty in a furder
confirmation of ye same ; for if after wards ther should
be a purpose or desire to wrong them, though they
had a seale as broad as yc house flore, it would not
serve y° turne ; for ther would be means enew found
to recall or reverse it. Seeing therfore the course
was probable, they must rest herein on Gods provi-
dence, as they had done in other things.
Upon this resolution, other messengers were dis-
patched, to end with yc Virginia Company as well as
they could. And to procure [20] a patent with as
good and ample conditions as they might by any good
means obtaine. As also to treate and conclude with
such merchants and other freinds as had manifested
their forwardnes to provoke too and adventure in this
40 HISTORY OF [CHAP. V.
vioage. For which end they had instructions given
them upon what conditions they should proceed with
them, or els to conclude nothing without further ad-
vice. And here it will be requisite to inserte a letter
or too that may give light to these proceedings.
A coppie of leter from Sr: Edwin Sands, directed to Mr. John
Robinson & Mr. William Brewster.
After niy hartie salutations. The agents of your congre-
gation, Robert Cushman & John Carver, have been in
comunication with diverse selecte gentlemen of his Majesties
Counsell for Virginia ; and by ye writing of 7. Articles sub-
scribed with your names, have given them yl good degree of
satisfaction, which hath caried them on with a resolution to
sett forward your desire in ye best sorte yl may be, for your
owne & the publick good. Divers perticulers wherof we leave
to their faithfull reporte ; having carried them selves heere with
that good discretion, as is both to their owne and their credite
from whence they came. And wheras being to treate for a
multitude of people, they have requested further time to con-
ferr with them that are to be interessed in this action, aboute
ye severall particularities which in ye prosecution therof will
fall out considerable, it hath been very willingly assented too.
And so they doe now returne unto you. If therfore it may
please God so to clirecte your desires as that on your parts
ther fall out no just impediments, I trust by ye same direction
it shall likewise appear, that on our parte, all forwardnes to
set you forward shall be found in ye best sorte which with
reason may be expected. And so I betake you with this
designe (wch I hope verily is ye worke of God), to the gracious
protection and blessing of ye Highest.
London, Novbr: 12. Your very loving freind
An0: 1617. EDWIN SANDYS.
1617.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 41
TJieir answer was as foloweth.
Righte Worpl :
Our humble duties remembred, in our owne, our messengers,
and our churches name, with all thankfull acknowledgmente
of your singuler love, expressing [21] itselfe, as otherwise, so
more spetially in your great care and earnest endeavor of our
good in this weightie bussines aboute Virginia, which ye less
able we are to requite, we shall thinke our selves the more
bound to cornend in our prayers unto God for recompence ;
whom, as for ye presente you rightly behould in our indeavors,
so shall we not be wanting on our parts (the same God assist-
ing us) to returne all answerable fruite, and respecte unto ye
labour of your love bestowed upon us. We have with ye best
speed and consideration withall that we could, sett downe our
requests in writing, subscribed, as you willed, wth the hands of
ye greatest parte of our congregation, and have sente ye same
unto ye Counsell by our agente, & a deacon of our church,
John Carver, unto whom we have also requested a gentleman
of our company to adyone him selfe ; to the care & discretion
of which two, we doe referr ye prosecuting of ye bussines.
Now we perswade our selves Right Worpp: that we need not
provoke your godly & loving minde to any further or more
tender care of us, since you have pleased so farr to interest us
in your selfe, that, under God, above all persons and things
in the world, we relye upon you, expecting the care of your
love, counsell of your wisdome, & the help & countenance of
your authority. Notwithstanding, for your encouragmente in
ye worke, so farr as probabilities may leade, we will not for-
beare to mention these instances of indusmente.
1. We veryly beleeve & trust ye Lord is with us, unto whom
& whose service we have given our selves in many trialls ; and
that he will graciously prosper our indeavours according to ye
simplicitie of our harts therin.
42 HISTORY or [CHAP. v.
2Iy. We are well weaned from ye delicate milke of our mother
countrie, and enured to ye difficulties of a strange and hard
land, which yet in a great parte we have by patience overcome.
3ly. The people are for the body of them, industrious, &
frugall, we thinke we may safly say, as any company of people
in the world.
4ly. We are knite togeather as a body in a most stricte &
sacred bond and covenante of the Lord, of the violation *
wherof we make great conscience, and by vertue wherof we
doe hould our selves straitly tied to all care of each others
good, and of ye whole by every one and so mutually.
5. Lastly, it is not with us as with other men, whom small
things can discourage, or small discontentments cause to wish
them selves at home againe. We knowe our entertainmente in
England, and in Holand ; we shall much prejudice both our
arts & means by removall ; who, if we should be driven to
returne, we should not hope to recover our present helps and
comforts, neither indeed looke ever, for our selves, to attaine
unto ye like in any other place during our lives, wch are now
drawing towards their periods.
[22] These motives we have been bould to tender unto you,
* NOTE. — 0 sacred bond, whilst inviollably preserved! how sweete and
precious were the fruits that flowed from ye same, but when this fidelity de-
cayed, then their ruine approached. 0 that these anciente members had not
dyed, or been dissipated, (if it had been the will of God) or els that this holy
care and constante faithfullnes had still lived, and remained with those that
survived, and were in times afterwards added unto them. But (alass) that sub-
till serpente hath slylie wound in himselfe under faire pretences of necessitie
and ye like, to untwiste these sacred bonds and tyes, and as it were insensibly
by degrees to dissolve, or in a great measure to weaken, ye same. I have been
happy, in my first times, to see, and with much comforte to injoye, the blessed
fruits of this sweete communion, but it is now a parte of my miserie in old age,
to find and feele ye decay and wante therof (in a great measure), and with
greefe and sorrow of hart to lamente & bewaile ye same. And for others warn-
ing and admonnition, and my owne humiliation, doe I hear note ye same.
[The above reflections of the author were penned at a later period, on the
reverse pages of his History, at this place.]
1617.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 43
which you in your wisdome may also imparte to any other our
worpp: freinds of ye Counsell with you ; of all whose godly dis-
possition and loving towards our despised persons, we are most
glad, & shall not faile by all good means to continue & in-
crease ye same. "We will not be further troublesome, but doe,
with yc renewed remembrance of our humble duties to your
Worpp: and (so farr as in modestie we may be bould) to any
other of our wellwillers of the Counsell with you, we take our
leaves, comiting your persons and counsels to ye guidance and
direction of the Almighty.
Yours much bounden in all duty,
Leyden, Desem : 15. JOHN ROBINSON,
An0: 1617. WILLIAM BREWSTER.
For further light in these proceedings see some other
letters & notes as followeth.
The coppy of a letter sent to Sr. John Wbrssenham.
Right Worp11: with due acknowledgmente of our thankfullnse
for your singular care & pains in the bussines of Virginia, for
our, &, we hope, the comone good, we doe remember our
humble dutys unto you, and have sent inclosed, as is required,
a further explanation of our judgments in the 3. points specified
by some of his majesties Honbl Privie Counsell ; and though it
be greevious unto us that such unjust insinuations are made
against us, yet we are most glad of y° occasion of making our
just purgation unto so honourable personages. The declara-
tions we have sent inclosed, the one more breefe & generall,
which we thinke ye fitter to be presented ; the other something
more large, and in which we express some smale accidentall
differances, which if it seeme good unto you and other of our
worpl freinds, you may send in stead of ye former. Our prayers
unto God is, y* your Worpp may see the frute of your worthy
44 HISTORY or [CHAP. v.
endeaours, which on our parts we shall not faile to furder by
all good means in us. And so praing yl you would please with
ye convenientest speed yl may be, to give us knowledge of ye
success of ye bussines with his majesties Privie Counsell, and
accordingly what your further pleasure is, either for our direc-
tion or furtherance in ye same, so we rest
Your Worpp in all duty,
Leyden, Jan : 27. JOHN ROBINSON,
An0: 1617. old stile. WILLIAM BREWSTER.
TJie first breefe note was this.
Touching ye Ecclesiasticall ministrie, namly of pastores for
teaching, elders for ruling, & deacons for distributing ye
churches contribution, as allso for ye too Sacrements, bap-
tisme, and ye Lords supper, we doe wholy and in all points
agree [23] with ye French reformed churches, according to
their publick confession of faith.
The oath of Supremacie we shall willingly take if it be
required of us, and that conveniente satisfaction be not given
by our taking ye oath of Alleagence.
JOHN ROB :
WILLIAM BREWSTER.
Te 2. was this.
Touching ye Ecclesiasticall ministrie, &c. as in ye former,
we agree in all things with the French reformed churches,
according to their publick confession of faith ; though some
small differences be to be found in our practises, not at all
in ye substance of the things, but only in some accidentall
circumstances .
1. As first, their ministers doe pray with their heads cov-
ered ; ours uncovered.
2. We chose none for Governing Elders but such as are
able to teach ; which abilitie they doe not require.
1617.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 45
3. Their elders & deacons are anuall, or at most for 2. or
3. years ; ours perpetuall.
4. Our elders doe administer their office in admonitions &
excommunications for publick scandals, publickly & before
ye congregation ; theirs more privately, & in their consistories.
5. We doe administer baptisme only to such infants as
wherof ye one parente, at ye least, is of some church, which
some of ther churches doe not observe ; though in it our prac-
tice accords with their publick confession and ye judgmente of
ye most larned amongst them.
Other differences, worthy mentioning, we know none in these
points. Then aboute ye oath, as in ye former.
Subscribed, JOHN R.
W. B.
Part of another letter from him that delivered these.
London. Feb : 14.
1617.
Your letter to Sr. John Worstenholme I delivered allmost
as soone as I had it, to his owne hands, and staid with him
ye opening & reading. Ther were 2. papers inclosed, he read
them to him selfe, as also ye letter, and in ye reading he spake
to me & said, Who shall make them? viz. ye ministers; I
answered his Worpp that ye power of making was in ye church,
to be ordained by ye imposition of hands, by ye fittest instru-
ments they had. It must either be in ye church or from ye
pope, & ye pope is Antichrist. Ho ! said Sr. John, what ye
pope houlds good, (as in ye Trinitie,) that we doe well to
assente too ; but, said he, we will not enter into dispute now.
And as for your letters he would not show them at any hand,
least he should spoyle all. He expected you should have been
of ye archbp minde for ye calling of ministers, but it seems you
differed. I could have wished to have known ye contents of
your tow inclosed, at wch he stuck so much, espetially ye larger.
46 HISTORY OF [CHAP. v.
I asked his Worp what good news he had for me to write to
morrow. He tould me very good news, for both the kings
majestie and ye bishops have consented. He said he would
goe to Mr. Chancelor, Sr. Fulk Grivell, as this day, & nexte
weeke I should know more. I mett Sr. Edw : Sands on Wedens-
day night ; he wished me to be at the Virginia Courte ye nexte
Wedensday, wher I purpose to be. Thus loath to be troubl-
some at present, I hope to have somewhate nexte week of
certentie concerning you. I comitte you to ye Lord. Yours,
S. B.
[24] These things being long in agitation, & mes-
sengers passing too and againe aboute them, after all
their hopes they were long delayed by many rubs that
fell in ye way; for at ye returne of these messengers
into England they found things farr otherwise then
they expected. For ye Virginia Counsell was now so
disturbed with factions and quarrels amongst them
selves, as no bussines could well goe forward. The
which may the better appear in one of ye messengers
letters as followeth.
To his loving freinds, &c.
I had thought long since to have write unto you, but could
not effecte y* which I aimed at, neither can yet sett things as
I wished ; yet, notwithstanding, I doubt not but Mr. B. hath
writen to Mr. Robinson. But I thinke my selfe bound also
to doe something, least I be thought to neglecte you. The
maine hinderance of our proseedings in ye Virginia bussines,
is ye dissentions and factions, as they terme it, amongs ye
Counsell & Company of Virginia ; which are such, as that
1619.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 47
ever since we came up no busines could by them be dis-
patched. The occasion of this trouble amongst them is, for
that a while since Sr. Thomas Smith, repining at his many
offices & troubls, wished ye Company of Virginia to ease him
of his office in being Treasurer & Goverr. of ye Virginia Com-
pany. Wereupon ye Company tooke occasion to dismisse him,
and chose Sr. Edwin Sands Treasure1" & Gover* of ye Company.
He having 60. voyces, Sr. John Worstenholme 16. voices, and
Alderman Johnsone 24. But Sr. Thomas Smith, when he saw
some parte of his honour lost, was very angrie, & raised a
faction to cavill & contend aboute ye election, and sought to
taxe Sr. Edwin with many things that might both disgrace him,
and allso put him by his office of Governour. In which con-
tentions they yet stick, and are not fit nor readie to intermedle
in any bussines ; and what issue things will come to we are
not yet certaine. It is most like Sr. Edwin will carrie it away,
and if he doe, things will goe well in Virginia ; if otherwise,
they will goe ill enough all ways. We hope in some 2. or 3.
Court days things will setle. Mean space I thinke to goe
downe into Kente, & come up againe aboute 14. days, or 3.
weeks hence ; except either by these afforesaid contentions,
or by ye ille tidings from Virginia, we be wholy discouraged,
of which tidings I am now to speake.
Captaine Argoll is come home this weeke (he upon notice
of ye intente of ye Counsell, came away before Sr. Georg
Yeardley came ther, and so ther is no small dissention). But
fris tidings are ill, though his person be wellcome. He saith
Mr. Blackwells shipe came not ther till March, but going
towards winter, they had still norwest winds, which carried
them to the southward beyond their course. And ye mr of
ye ship & some 6. of ye mariners dicing, it seemed they could
not find ye bay, till after long seeking & beating aboute. Mr.
Blackwell is dead, & Mr. Maggner, ye Captain; yea, ther are
dead, he saith, 130. persons, one & other in yl ship ; it is said
48 HISTORY OF [CHAP. v.
ther was in all an 180. persons in ye ship, so as they were
packed togeather like herings. They had amongst them ye
fluxe, and allso wante of fresh water ; so as it is hear rather
wondred at y* so many are alive, then that so many are dead.
The marchants hear say it was Mr. Blackwells faulte to pack
so many in ye ship ; yea, & ther were great mutterings & repiu-
ings amongst them, and upbraiding of Mr. Blackwell, for his
dealing and dispossing of them, when they saw how he had
dispossed of them, & how he insulted over them. Yea, ye
streets at Gravsend runge of their extreame quarrelings, cry-
ing out one of another, Thou hast brought me to this, and, I
may thanke the for this. Heavie newes it is, and I would be
glad to heare how farr it will discourage. I see none hear dis-
couraged much, [25] but rather desire to larne to beware by
other mens harmes, and to amend that wherin they have failed.
As we desire to serve one another in love, so take heed of
being inthraled by any imperious persone, espetially if they be
discerned to have an eye to them selves. It doth often trouble
me to thinke that in this bussines we are all to learne and none
to teach ; but better so, then to depend upon such teachers as
Mr. Blackwell was. Such a strategeme he once made for Mr.
Johnson & his people at Emden, wch was their subversion. But
though he ther clenlily (yet unhonstly) plucked his neck out
of ye collar, yet at last his foote is caught. Hear are no
letters come, ye ship captain Argole came in is yet in ye west
parts ; all y* we hear is but his report ; it seemeth he came
away secretly. The ship y1 Mr. Blackwell went in will be hear
shortly. It is as Mr. Robinson once said ; he thought we should
hear no good of them.
Mr. B. is not well at this time ; whether he will come back
to you or goe into ye north, I yet know not. For my selfe,
I hope to see an end of this bussines ere I come, though I am
sorie to be thus from you ; if things had gone roundly forward,
I should have been with you within these 14. days. I pray
1619.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 49
God directe us, and give us that spirite which is fitting for
such a bussines. Thus having sumarily pointed at things wch
Mr. Brewster (I thinke) hath more largly write of to Mr. Robin-
son, I leave you to the Lords protection.
Yours in all readines, &c. London, May 8.
ROBART CUSHMAN. An0: 1619.
A word or tow by way of digression touching this
Mr. Blackwell ; he was an elder of ye church at Am-
sterdam, a man well known of most of them. He
declined from ye trueth wth Mr. Johnson & ye rest,
and went with him when yey parted assunder in y*
wofull maner, wch brought so great dishonour to God,
scandall to ye trueth, & outward ruine to them selves
in this world. But I hope, notwithstanding, through
yc mercies of ye Lord, their souls are now at rest with
him in ye heavens, and yt they are arrived in ye Haven
of hapines ; though some of their bodies were thus
buried in ye terrable seas, and others sunke under ye
burthen of bitter afflictions. He with some others had
prepared for to goe to Virginia. And he, with sundrie
godly citizens, being at a private meeing (I take itf a
fast) in London, being discovered, many of them were
apprehended, wherof Mr. Blackwell was one ; but he
so glosed wth ye bps,* and either dissembled or flatly
denyed ye trueth which formerly he had maintained;
and not only so, but very unworthily betrayed and
accused another godly man who had escaped, that so
* Bishops.
50 HISTORY OF [CHAP. V.
he might slip his own neck out of ye collar, & to
obtaine his owne freedome brought others into bonds.
Wherupon he so wone ye bps favour (but lost ye Lord's)
as he was not only dismiste, but in open courte ye arch-
bishop gave him great applause and his sollemne bless-
ing to proseed in his vioage. But if such events follow
ye bps blessing, happie are they yl misse ye same ; it
is much better to keepe a good conscience and have
ye Lords blessing, whether in life or death.
But see how ye man thus apprehended by Mr. Black-
wells means, writs to a freind of his.
Right dear freind & Christian brother, Mr. Carver, I salute
you & yours in ye Lord, &c. As for my owne presente con-
dition, I doubt not but you well understand it ere this by our
brother Maistersone, who should have tasted of ye same cupp,
had his place of residence & his person been as well knowne
as my selfe. Some what I have written to Mr. Cushman how
ye matter stitt continues. I have petitioned twise to Mr. Sherives,
and once to my Lord Cooke, and have used such reasons to
move them to pittie, that if they were not overruled by some
others, I suppose I should soone gaine my libertie ; as that I
was a yonge man living by my [26] credite, indebted to diverse
in our citie, living at more then ordinarie charges in a close &
tedious prison ; besids great rents abroad, all my bussines lying
still, my only servante lying lame in ye countrie, my wife being
also great with child. And yet no answer till ye lords of his
majesties Counsell gave consente. Howbeit, Mr. Blackwell, a
man as deepe in this action as I, was delivered at a cheaper
rate, with a great deale less adoe ; yea, with an addition of
ye Archp: blessing. I am sorie for Mr. Blackwels weaknes, I
wish it may prove no worse. But yet he & some others of
1618.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 51
them, before their going, were not sorie, but thought it was for
ye best that I was nominated, not because ye Lord sanctifies evill
to good, but that ye action was good, yea for ye best. One
reason I well remember he used was, because this trouble
would encrease ye Virginia plantation, in that now people be-
gane to be more generally inclined to goe ; and if he had not
nomminated some such as I, he had not bene free, being it was
knowne that diverse citizens besids them selves were ther.
I expecte an answer shortly what they intende conscerning
me ; I purpose to write to some others of you, by whom you
shall know the certaintie. Thus not haveing further at present
to acquaint you withall, contending myselfe to your prairs, I
cease, & coinitte you and us all to ye Lord.
From my chamber in Wodstreete Compter.
Your freind, & brother in bonds,
SABIN STARESMORE.
Septr: 4. An0: 1618.
But thus much by ye way, which may be of instruc-
tion & good use.
But at last, after all these things, and their long
attendance, they had a patent granted them, and con-
firmed under ye Companies seale ; but these devissions
and distractions had shaken of many of ther pretended
freinds, and disappointed them of much of their hoped
for & proffered means. By the advise of some freinds
this pattente was not taken in ye name of any of their
owne, but in ye name of Mr. John Wincob (a religious
gentleman then belonging to ye Countess of Lincoline),
who intended to goe with them. But God so disposed
as he never went, nor they ever made use of this patente,
52 HISTORY OF [CHAP. vi.
which had cost them so much labour and charge, as by
ye sequell will appeare. This patente being sente over
for them to veiw & consider, as also the passages aboute
ye propossitions between them & such marchants &,
freinds as should either goe or adventure with them,
and espetially with those * on whom yey did cheefly de-
pend for shipping and means, whose proffers had been
large, they were requested to fitt and prepare them
selves with all speed. A right emblime, it may be,
of ye uncertine things of this world ; y* when men have
toy Id them selves for them, they vanish into smoke.
The 6, Chap.
Conscerning ye agreements and artickles between them,
and such marchants & others as adventured moneys ;
with other things falling out aboute making their
provissions.
UPON ye receite of these things by one of their mes-
sengers, they had a sollemne meeting and a day of
humilliation to seeke ye Lord for his direction ; and
their pastor tooke this texte, 1 Sam. 23. 3, 4. And
David's men said unto him, see, we be afraid hear in
Judah, how much more if we come to Keilah against
ye host of the Phillistines? Then David asked counsell
of y* Lord againe, &c. From which texte he taught
many things very aptly, and befitting ther present
* Mr. Tho : Weston, &c.
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 53
occasion and condition, strengthing them against their
fears and perplexities, and incouraging them in their
resolutions. [27] After which they concluded both
what number and what persons should prepare them
selves to goe with ye first ; for all yt were willing to
have gone could not gett ready for their other affairs
in so shorte a time ; neither if all could have been
ready, had ther been means to have transported them
alltogeather. Those that staied being ye greater num-
ber required ye pastor to stay with them ; and indeede
for other reasons he could not then well goe, and so
it was ye more easilie yeelded unto. The other then
desired ye elder, Mr. Brewster, to goe with them, which
was also condescended unto. It was also agreed on
by mutuall consente and covenante, that those that
went should be an absolute church of them selves,
as well as those y* staid ; seing in such a dangrous
vioage, and a removall to such a distance, it might
come to pass they should (for ye body of them) never
meete againe in this world ; yet with this proviso, that
as any of ye rest came over to them, or of ye other
returned upon occasion, they should be reputed as mem-
bers without any further, dismission or testimoniall.
It was allso promised to those y* wente first, by ye
body of ye rest, that if ye Lord gave them life, & meas,
& opportunitie, they would come to them as soone as
they could.
Aboute this time, whilst they were perplexed with
54 HISTORY or [CHAP. vi.
ye proseedings of ye Virginia Company, & ye ill news
from thence aboute Mr. Blackwell & his company, and
making inquirey about ye hiring & buying of sniping
for their vioage, some Dutchmen made them faire offers
aboute goeing with them. Also one Mr. Thomas Weston,
a mrchant of London, came to Leyden aboute ye same
time, (who was well aquainted with some of them, and
a furtherer of them in their former proseedings,) have-
ing much conferance wth Mr. Robinson & other of ye
cheefe of them, perswaded them to goe on (as it seems)
& not to medle with ye Dutch, or too much to depend
on ye Virginia Company ; for if that failed, if they came
to resolution, he and such marchants as were his freinds
(togeather with their owne means) would sett them
forth; and they should make ready, and neither feare
wante of shipping nor money ; for what they wanted
should be provided. And, not so much for him selfe
as for ye satisfing of such frends as he should procure
to adventure in this bussines, they were to draw such
articls of agreemente, and make such propossitions, as
might ye better induce his freinds to venture. Upon
which (after ye formere conclusion) articles were drawne
& agreed unto, and were showne unto him, and approved
by him ; and afterwards by their messenger (Mr. John
Carver) sent into England, who, togeather with Robart
Cushman, were to receive ye moneys & make provissione
both for shiping & other things for ye vioage ; with this
charge, not to exseede their comission, but to proseed
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 55
according to ye former articles. Also some were chossen
to doe ye like for such things as were to be prepared
there; so those that weare to goe, prepared them selves
with all speed, and sould of their estats and (such as
were able) put in their moneys into ye commone stock,
which was disposed by those appointed, for ye making
of generall provissions. Aboute this time also they
had heard, both by Mr. Weston and others, y* sundrie
Honbl: Lords had obtained a large grante from ye king,
for ye more northerly parts of that countrie, derived
out of ye Virginia patente, and wholy secluded from
their Govermente, and to be called by another name,
viz. New-England. Unto which Mr. Weston, and ye
cheefe of them, begane to incline it was [28] best for
them to goe, as for other reasons, so cheefly for ye hope
of present profite to be made by ye fishing that was
found in yi countrie.
But as in all bussineses ye acting parte is most diffi-
culte, espetially wher ye worke of many agents must
concurr, so it was found in this ; for some of those
y* should have gone in England, fell of & would not
goe ; other marchants & freinds y* had offered to ad-
venture their moneys withdrew, and pretended many
excuses. Some disliking they wente not to Guiana ;
others againe would adventure nothing excepte they
wente to Virginia. Some againe (and those that were
most relied on) fell in utter dislike with Virginia, and
would doe nothing if they wente thither. In ye midds
56 HISTORY or [CHAP. vi.
of these distractions, they of Ley den, who had put of
their estats, and laid out their moneys, were brought
into a greate streight, fearing what issue these things
would come too ; but at length ye generalitie was swaid
to this latter opinion.
But now another difficultie arose, for Mr. Weston
and some other that were for this course, either for
their better advantage or rather for ye drawing on of
others, as they pretended, would have some of those
conditions altered y* were first agreed on at Ley den.
To which ye 2. agents sent from Ley den (or at least
one of them who is most charged with it) did con-
sente; seeing els y* all was like to be dashte, &
ye opportunitie lost, and y1 they which had put of
their estats and paid in their moneys were in hazard
to be undon. They presumed to conclude with ye
marchants on those termes, in some things contrary
to their order & comission, and without giving them
notice of ye same ; yea, it was conceled least it should
make any furder delay ; which was ye cause afterward
of much trouble & contention.
It will be meete I here inserte these conditions,
which are as foloweth.
An0: 1620. July 1.
1. The adventurers & planters doe agree, that every person
that goeth being aged 16. years & upward, be rated at 10li.,
and ten pounds to be accounted a single share.
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 57
2. That he that goeth in person, and furnisheth him selfe
out with 10li. either in money or other provissions, be accounted
as haveing 20U. in stock, and in ye devission shall receive a
double share.
3. The persons transported & ye adventurers shall continue
their joynt stock & partnership togeather, ye space of 7. years,
(excepte some unexpected impedimente doe cause ye whole
company to agree otherwise,) during which time, all profits &
benifits that are gott by trade, traffick, trucking, working, fish-
ing, or any other means of any person or persons, remaine still
in ye comone stock untill ye division.
4. That at their coming ther, they chose out such a number
of fitt persons, as may furnish their ships and boats for fishing
upon ye sea ; imploying the rest in their severall faculties upon
ye land ; as building houses, tilling, and planting ye ground,
& makeing shuch comodities as shall be most usefull for ye
collonie.
5. That at ye end of ye 7. years, ye capitall & profits, viz.
the houses, lands, goods and chatles, be equally devided be-
twixte ye adventurers, and planters ; wch done, every man
shall be free from other of them of any debt or detrimente
concerning this adventure.
[29] 6. Whosoever cometh to ye colonie herafter, or putteth
any into ye stock, shall at the ende of ye 7. years be alowed
proportionably to ye time of his so doing.
7. He that shall carie his wife & children, or servants, shall
be alowed for everie person now aged 16. years & upward, a
single share in ye devision, or if he provid them necessaries,
a duble share, or if they be between 10. year- old and 16., then
2. of them to be reconed for a person, both in trasportation
and devision.
8. That such children as now goe, & are under ye age of
ten years, have noe other shar in ye devision, but 50. acers of
unmanured land.
58 HISTORY OF [CHAP. vi.
9. That such persons as die before ye 7. years be expired,
their executors- to have their parte or sharr at ye devision, pro-
portionably to ye time of their life in ye collonie.
10. That all such persons as are of this collonie, are to have
their meate, drink, apparell, and all provissions out of ye comon
stock & goods of ye said collonie.
The cheefe & principal! differences betwene these &
the former conditions, stood in those 2. points ; that
ye houses, & lands improved, espetialy gardens & home
lotts should remaine undevided wholy to ye planters
at ye 7. years end. 2ly, y* they should have had 2.
days in a weeke for their owne private imploymente,
for ye more comforte of them selves and their families,
espetialy such as had families. But because letters
are by some wise men cbunted ye best parte of histories,
I shall shew their greevances hereaboute by their owne
letters, in which ye passages of things will be more
truly discerned.
A letter of Mr. Robinsons to John Carver.
June 14. 1620. N. Stile.
My dear freind & brother, whom with yours I alwaise re-
member in my best affection, and whose wellfare I shall never
cease to comend to God by my best & most earnest praires.
You doe throwly understand by our generall letters ye estate
of things hear, which indeed is very pitif ull ; espetialy by wante
of -sniping, and not seeing means lickly, much less certaine, of
having it provided ; though withall ther be great want of money
& means to doe needfull things. Mr. Pickering, you know
before this, will not defray a peny hear ; though Robart Gush-
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 59
man presumed of I know not how many 100li. from him, &
I know not whom. Yet it seems strange y* we should be put
to him to receive both his & his partners adventer, and yet
Mr. Weston write unto him, y* in regard of it, he hath drawne
upon him a 100U. more. But ther is in this some misterie,
as indeed it seems ther is in ye whole course. Besids, wheras
diverse are to pay in some parts of their moneys yet behinde,
they refuse to doe it, till they see shiping provided, or a course
taken for it. Neither doe I thinke is ther a man hear would
pay any thing, if he had againe his money in his purse. You
know right well we depended on Mr. Weston alone, and upon
such means as he would procure for this commone bussines ;
and when we had in hand another course with ye Dutchmen,
broke it of at his motion, and upon ye conditions by him shortly
after propounded. He did this in his love I know, but things
appeare not answerable from him hitherto. That he should
have first have put in his moneys, is thought by many to have
been but fitt, but y* I can well excuse, he being a marchante
and haveing use of it to his benefite ; wheras others, if it had
been in their hands, would have consumed it. [30] But yl he
should not but have had either shipping ready before this time,
or at least certaine means, and course, and ye same knowne to
us for it, or have taken other order otherwise, cannot in my
conscience be excused. I have heard y* when he hath been
moved in the bussines, he hath put it of from him selfe, and
referred it to ye others ; * and would come to Georg Morton,
& enquire news of him aboute things, as if he had scarce been
some accessarie unto it. Wether he hath failed of some helps
from others which he expected, and so be not well able to goe
through with things, or whether he hath feared least you should
be ready too soone & so encrease ye charge of shiping above
y* is meete, or whether he have thought by withhoulding to put
* Towthers in the manuscript, an illegibly written word, doubtless intended
for "ye others."
60 HISTOKY OF [CHAP. VI.
us upon straits, thinking yl therby Mr. Brewer and Mr. Picker-
ing would be drawne by importunitie to doe more, or what
other misterie is in it, we know not ; but sure we are y* things
are not answerable to such an occasion. Mr. Weston maks
himselfe mery with our endeavors about buying a ship, but
we have done nothing in this but with good reason, as I am
perswaded, nor yet that I know in any thing els, save in those
tow ; ye one, that we imployed Robart Cushman, who is known
(though a good man, & of spetiall abilities in his kind, yet)
most unfitt to deale for other men, by reason of his singularitie,
and too great indifferancie for any conditions, and for (to speak
truly) that * we have had nothing from him but termes & pre-
sumptions. The other, yl we have so much relyed, by implicite
faith as it were, upon generalities, without seeing ye perticuler
course & means for so waghtie an affaire set down unto us.
For shiping, Mr. Weston, it should seeme, is set upon hireing,
which yet I wish he may presently effecte ; but I see litle hope
of help from hence if so it be. Of Mr. Brewer you know what
to expecte. I doe not thinke Mr. Pickering will ingage, ex-
cepte in ye course of buying, in former letters specified. Aboute
ye conditions, you have our reasons for our judgments of what is
agreed. And let this spetially be borne in minde, yl the greatest
parte of ye Collonie is like to be imployed constantly, not upon
dressing ther perticuler land & building houses, but upon fish-
ing, trading, &c. So as ye land & house will be but a trifell
for advantage to ye adventurers, and yet the devission of it
a great discouragmente to ye planters, who would with singuler
care make it comfortable with borowed houres from their sleep.
The same consideration of comone imploymente constantly by
the most is a good reason not to have ye 2. daies in a weeke
denyed ye few planters for private use, which yet is subordinate
to comone good. Consider also how much unfite that you &
your liks must serve a new prentishipe of 7. years, and not a
* This word is enclosed in brackets in the manuscript.
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 61
dales freedome from taske. Send me word what persons are
to goe, who of usefull faculties, & how many, & perticulerly
of every thing. I know you wante not a minde. I am sorie
you have not been at London all this while, but ye provissions
could not wante you. Time will suffer me to write no more ;
fare you & yours well all ways in ye Lord, in whom I rest.
Yours to use,
JOHN ROBINSON.
An other letter from sundrie of them at ye same time.
[31] To their loving freinds John Carver and Robart Gush-
man, these, &c.
Good bretheren, after salutations, &c. We received diverse
letters at ye coming of Mr. Nash & our pilott, which is a great
incouragmente unto us, and for whom we hop after times will
minister occasion of praising God ; and indeed had you not
sente him, many would have been ready to fainte and goe
backe. Partly in respecte of ye new conditions which have bene
taken up by you, which all men are against, and partly in
regard of our owne inabillitie to doe any one of those many
waightie bussineses you re f err to us here. For ye former
wherof, wheras Robart Cushmau desirs reasons for our dislike,
promising therupou to alter ye same, or els saing we should
thinke he hath no brains, we desire him to exercise them
therin, refering him to our pastors former reasons, and them
to ye censure of ye godly wise. But our desires are that you
will not entangle your selvs and us in any such unreasonable
courses as those are, viz. y4 the marchants should have ye halfe
of mens houses and lands at ye dividente ; and that persons
should be deprived of ye 2. days in a weeke agreed upon, yea
every momente of time for their owne perticuler; by reason
wherof we cannot conceive why any should carie servants for
their own help and comfort ; for that we can require no more
of them then all men one of another. This we have only by
62 HISTORY OF . [CHAP. vi.
relation from Mr. Nash, & not from any writing of your owne,
& therfore hope you have not proceeded farr in so great a
thing without us. But requiring you not to exseed the bounds
of your comission, which was to proceed upon ye things or con-
ditions agred upon and expressed in writing (at your going
over about it), we leave it, not without marveling, that your
selfe, as you write, knowing how smale a thing troubleth our
consultations, and how few, as you fear, understands the
busnes aright, should trouble us with such matters as these
are, &c.
Salute Mr. Weston from us, in whom we hope we are not
deceived ; we pray you make known our estate unto him, and
if you thinke good shew him our letters, at least tell him (y*
under God) we much relie upon him & put our confidence in
him ; and, as your selves well know, that if he had not been
an adventurer with us, we had not taken it in hand ; presuming
that if he had not seene means to accomplish it, he would not
have begune it ; so we hope in our extremitie he will so farr
help us as our expectation be no way made frustrate concern-
ing him. Since therfore, good brethren, we have plainly
opened ye state of things with us in this matter, you will, &c.
Thus beseeching ye Allmightie, who is allsufflciente to raise
us out of this depth of dificulties, to assiste us herein ; raising
such means by his providence and fatherly care for us, his pore
children & servants, as we may with comforte behould ye hand
of our God for good towards us in this our bussines, which we
undertake in his name & fear, we take leave & remaine
Your perplexed, yet hopfull
June 10. New Stille, bretheren,
An0: 1620. S. F. E. W. W. B. J. A.*
* In Governor Bradford's Collection of Letters, these subscribers are thus
wrote out at length : SAMUEL FULLER, WILLIAM BRADFORD, ISAAC ALLERTON,
ED. WINSLOW. — Prince.
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 63
A letter of Robart Cushmans to them.
Brethern, I understand by letters & passagess y* have come
to me, that ther are great discontents, & dislike of my proceed-
ings amongst you. Sorie I am to hear it, yet contente to beare
it, as not doubting but y* partly by writing, and more princi-
pally by word when we shall come togeather, I shall satisfie
any reasonable man. I have been perswaded [32] by some,
espetialy this bearer, to come and clear things unto you ; but
as things now stand I canot be absente one day, excepte I
should hazard all ye viage. Neither conceive I any great good
would come of it. Take then, brethern, this as a step to give
you contente. First, for your dislike of ye alteration of one
clause in ye conditions, if you conceive it right, ther can be no
blame lye on me at all. For ye articles first brought over by
John Carver were never scene of any of ye adventurers hear,
excepte Mr. Weston, neither did any of them like them because
of that clause ; nor Mr. Weston him selfe, after he had well
considered it. But as at ye first ther was 500li. withdrawne by
Sr. Georg Farrer and his brother upon that dislike, so all ye
rest would have withdrawne (Mr. Weston excepted) if we had
not altered yl clause. Now whilst we at Leyden conclude upon
points, as we did, we reckoned without our host, which was
not my falte. Besids, I shewed you by a letter ye equitie of
y* condition, & our inconveniences, which might be sett against
all Mr. Rob: inconveniences, that without ye alteration of y4
clause, we could neither have means to gett thither, nor supplie
wherby to subsiste when we were ther. Yet notwithstanding
all those reasons, which were not mine, but other mens wiser
then my selfe, without answer to any one of them, here cometh
over many quirimonies, and complaints against me, of lording
it over my brethern, and making conditions fitter for theeves
& bondslaves then honest men, and that of my owne head I
did what I list. And at last a paper of reasons, framed against
64 HISTORY OF [CHAP. vi.
y* clause in ye conditions, which as yey were delivered ine open,
so my answer is open to you all. And first, as they are no
other but inconveniences, such as a man might frame 20. as
great on ye other side, and yet prove nor disprove nothing by
them, so they misse & mistake both ye very ground of ye article
and nature of ye project. For, first, it is said, that if ther had
been no divission of houses & lands, it had been better for ye
poore. True, and ye showeth ye inequalitie of ye condition ; we
should more respecte him y1 ventureth both his money and his
person, then him y4 ventureth but his person only.
2. Consider wheraboute we are, not giveing almes, but
furnishing a store house ; no one shall be porer then another
for 7. years, and if any be rich, none can be pore. At ye least,
we must not in such bussines crie, Pore, pore, mercie, mercie.
Charitie hath it life in wraks, not in venture ; you are by this
most in a hopefull pitie of makeing, therfore complaine not be-
fore you have need.
3. This will hinder ye building of good and faire houses,
contrarie to ye advise of pollitiks. A. So we would have it ;
our purpose is to build for ye presente such houses as, if need
be, we may with litle greefe set a fire, and rune away by the
lighte ; our riches shall not be in pompe, but in strenght ; if
God send us riches, we will imploye them to provid more men,
ships, munition, &c. You may see it amongst the best pollitiks,
that a comonwele is readier to ebe then to flow, when once fine
houses and gay cloaths come up.
4. The Gove1 may prevente excess in building. A. But if
it be on all men beforehand resolved on, to build mean houses,
ye Gover laboure is spared.
5. All men are not of one condition. A. If by condition
you mean wealth, you are mistaken ; if you mean by condi-
tion, qualities, then I say he that is not contente his neighbour
shall have as good a house, fare, means, &c. as him selfe, is
not of a good qualitie. 2ly. Such retired persons, as have an
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 65
eie only to them selves, are fitter to come wher catching is,
then closing ; and are fitter to live alone, then in any societie,
either civill or religious.
6. It will be of litle value, scarce worth ou. A. True, it
may be not worth halfe 5li. [33] If then so smale a thing
will content them, why strive we thus aboute it, and give
them occasion to suspecte us to be worldly & covetous? I
will not say what I have heard since these complaints came
first over.
7. Our freinds with us y* adventure mind not their owne
profite, as did ye old adventurers. A. Then they are better
then we, who for a litle matter of profite are readie to draw
back, and it is more apparente brethern looke too it, that make
profite your maine end ; repente of this, els goe not least you
be like Jonas to Tarshis. 2ly. Though some of them mind
not their profite, yet others doe mind it; and why not as well
as we? venturs are made by all sorts of men, and we must
labour to give them all contente, if we can.
8. It will break ye course of comunitie, as may be showed
by many reasons. A. That is but said, and I say againe, it
will best foster comunion, as may be showed by many reasons.
9. Great profite is like to be made by trucking, fishing, &c.
A. As it is better for them, so for us ; for halfe is ours, besids
our living still upon it, and if such profite in yl way come, our
labour shall be ye less on ye land, and our houses and lands
must & will be of less value.
10. Our hazard is greater then theirs. A. True, but doe
they put us upon it ? doe they urge or egg us ? hath not
ye motion & resolution been always in our selves? doe they
any more then in seeing us resolute if we had means, help us
to means upon equall terrnes & conditions? If we will not
goe, they are content to keep their moneys. Thus I have
pointed at a way to loose those knots, which I hope you will
consider seriously, and let me have no more stirre about them.
66 HISTORY or [CHAP. vi.
Now furder, I hear a noise of slavish conditions by me made ;
but surly this is all that I have altered, and reasons I have sent
you. If you mean it of ye 2. days in a week for perticuler, as
some insinuate, you are deceived ; you may have 3. days in a
week for me if you will. And when I have spoken to ye ad-
venturers of times of working, they have said they hope we are
men of discretion & conscience, and so fitte to be trusted our
selves with that. But indeed ye ground of our proceedings at
Leyden was mistaken, and so here is nothing but tottering
every day, &c.
As for them of Amsterdam I had thought they would as
soone have gone to Rome as t with us ; for our libertie is to
them as ratts bane, and their riggour as bad to us as ye Spanish
Inquision. If any practise of mine discourage them, let them
yet draw back ; I will undertake they shall have their money
againe presently paid hear. Or if the company thinke me to
be ye Jonas, let them cast me of before we goe ; I shall be con-
tent to stay with good will, having but ye cloaths on my back ;
only let us have quietnes, and no more of these clamors ; full
litle did I expecte these things which are now come to pass, &c.
Yours, R. COSHMAN.
But whether this letter of his ever came to their
hands at Leyden I well know not ; I rather thinke it
was staied by Mr. Carver & kept by him, forgiving
offence. But this which follows was ther received ;
both which I thought pertenent to recite.
Another of his to ye aforesaid, June 11. 1620.*
Salutations, &c. I received your ler. yesterday, by John
Turner, with another ye same day from Amsterdam by Mr.
* June 11. O. S. is Lord's day, and therefore 't is likely the date of this
letter should be June 10, the same with the date of the letter following. — Prince.
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 67
W. savouring of ye place whenc it came. And indeed the
many discouragements I find her, togeather with ye demurrs
and retirings ther, had made me to say, I would give up my
accounts to John Carver, & at his comeing aquainte him fully
with all courses, and so leave it quite, with only ye pore cloaths
on my back. But gathering up my selfe by further considera-
tion, [34] I resolved yet to make one triall more, and to
aquainte Mr. Weston with ye fainted state of our bussines ; and
though he hath been much discontented at some thing amongst
us of late, which* hath made him often say, that save for his
promise, he would not meadle at all with ye bussines any more,
yet considering how farr we were plunged into maters, & how
it stood both on our credits & undoing, at ye last he gathered
up him selfe a litle more, & coming to me 2. hours after, he
tould me he would not yet leave it. And so advising togeather
we resolved to hire a ship, and have tooke liking of one till
Monday, about 60. laste, for a greater we cannot gett, excepte
it be tow great ; but a fine ship it is. And seeing our neer
freinds ther are so streite lased, we hope to assure her without
troubling them any further ; and if ye ship fale too small, it
fitteth well y4 such as stumble at strawes allready, may rest
them ther a while, least worse blocks come in ye way ere 7.
years be ended. If you had beaten this bussines so throuly
a month agoe, and write to us as now you doe, we could thus
have done much more conveniently. But it is as it is ; I hope
our freinds ther, if they be quitted of ye ship hire, will be in-
dusced to venture ye more. All yl I now require is y* salt and
netts may ther be boughte, and for all ye rest we will here pro-
vid it ; yet if that will not be, let them but stand for it a month
or tow, and we will take order to pay it all. Let Mr. Reinholds
tarie ther, and bring ye ship to Southampton. We have hired
another pilote here, one Mr. Clarke, who went last year to
Virginia with a ship of kine.
You shall here distinctly by John Turner, who I thinke shall
68 HISTORY or [CHAP. vi.
come hence on Tewsday night. I had thought to have come
with him, to have answerd to my complaints ; but I shal lerne
to pass litle for their censurs ; and if I had more minde to goe
& dispute & expostulate with them, then I have care of this
waightie bussines, I were like them who live by clamours &
jangling. But neither my mind nor my body is at libertie to
doe much, for I am fettered with bussines, and had rather study
to be quiet, then to make answer to their exceptions. • If men
be set on it, let them beat ye eair ; I hope such as are my sin-
ceire freinds will not thinke but I can give some reason of my
actions. But of your mistaking aboute ye mater, & other
things tending to this bussines, I shall nexte informe you
more distinctly. Mean space entreate our freinds not to be
too bussie in answering matters, before they know them. If
I doe such things as I caiiot give reasons for, it is like you
have sett a foole aboute your bussines, and so turne ye reproofe
to your selves, & send an other, and let me come againe to my
Combes. But setting a side my naturall infirmities, I refuse
not to have my cause judged, both of God, & all indifferent
men ; and when we come togeather I shall give accounte of
my actions hear. The Lord, who judgeth justly without
respect of persons, see into ye equitie of my cause, and give
us quiet, peacable, and patient minds, in all these turmoiles,
and sanctifie unto us all crosses whatsoever. And so I take
my leave of you all, in all love & affection.
I hope we shall gett all hear ready in 14. days.
Your pore brother,
June 11. 1620. ROBART CUSHMAN.
Besids these things, ther fell out a differance amongs
those 3. that received [35] the moneys & made ye pro-
vissions in England ; for besids these tow formerly men-
tioned sent from Ley den for this end, viz. Mr. Carver
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 69
& Eobart Cushman, ther was one chosen in England
to be joyned with them, to make ye provisions for
ye vioage ; his name was Mr. Martin, he came from
Billirike in Essexe, from which parts came sundrie
others to goe with them, as also from London & other
places ; and therfore it was thought meete & conveniente
by them in Holand that these strangers that were to
goe with them, should apointe one thus to be joyned
with them, not so much for any great need of their
help, as to avoyd all susspition, or jelosie of any
partiallitie. And indeed their care for giving offence,
both in this & other things afterward, turned to great
inconvenience unto them, as in ye sequell will apeare ;
but however it shewed their equall & honest minds.
The provissions were for ye most parte made at South-
hamton, contrarie to Mr. Westons & Kobert Cushmas
mind (whose counsells did most concure in all things).
A touch of which things I shall give in a letter of his
to Mr. Carver, and more will appear afterward.
To his loving freind Mr. John Carver, these, &c.
Loving freind, I have received from you some letters, full
of affection & complaints, and what it is you would have of
me I know not ; for your crieing out, Negligence, negligence,
negligence, I marvell why so negligente a man was used in
ye bussines. Yet know you y* all that I have power to doe
hear, shall not be one hower behind, I warent you. You have
reference to Mr. Weston to help us with money, more then his
adventure ; wher he protesteth but for his promise, he would
not have done any thing. He saith we take a heady course,
70 HISTORY OF [CHAP. VI.
and is offended y4 our provissions are made so farr of ; as also
that he was not made aquainted with our quautitie of things ;
and saith y4 in now being in 3. places, so farr remote, we will,
with going up & downe, and wrangling & expostulating, pass
over ye somer before we will goe. And to speake ye trueth,
ther is fallen already amongst us a flatt schisme ; and we are
redier to goe to dispute, then to sett forwarde a voiage. I
have received from Leyden since you wente 3. or 4. letters
directed to you, though they only conscerne me. I will not
trouble you with them. I always feared ye event of ye Amster-
damers striking in with us. I trow you must excomunicate
me, or els you must goe without their companie, or we shall
wante no quareling ; but let them pass. "We have reckoned,
it should seeme, without our host; and, counting upon a 150.
persons, ther cannot be founde above 1200li. & odd moneys
of all ye venturs you can reckone, besids some cloath, stock-
ings, & shoes, which are not counted ; so we shall come shorte
at least 3. or 400U. I would have had some thing shortened
at first of beare & other provissions in hope of other adventurs,
& now we could have, both in Amsterd: & Kente, beere inough
to serve our turne, but now we cannot accept it without preju-
dice. You fear we have begune to build & shall not be able
to make an end ; indeed, our courses were never established by
counsell, we may therfore justly fear their standing. Yea, ther
was a [36] schisme amongst us 3. at ye first. You wrote to
Mr. Martin, to prevente ye making of ye provissions in Kente,
which he did, and sett downe his resolution how much he would
have of every thing, without respecte to any counsell or excep-
tion. Surely he y4 is in a societie & yet regards not counsell,
may better be a king then a consorte. To be short, if ther
be not some other dispossition setled unto then yet is, we y4
should be partners of humilitie and peace, shall be examples
of jangling & insulting. Yet your money which you ther must
have, we will get provided for you instantly. 500li. you say
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 71
will serve ; for ye rest which hear & in Holand is to be used,
we may goe scratch for it. For Mr.* Crabe, of whom you write,
he hath promised to goe with us, yet I tell you I shall not be
without feare till I see him shipped, for he is much opposed,
yet I hope he will not faile. Thinke ye best of all, and bear
with patience what is wanting, and ye Lord guid us all.
Your loving freind,
London, June 10. ROB ART CUSHMAN.
An0: 1620.
I have bene ye larger in these things, and so shall
crave leave in some like passages following, (thoug
in other things I shal labour to be more contracte,)
that their children may see with what difficulties their
fathers wrastled in going throug these things in their
first beginings, and how God brought them along not-
withstanding all their weaknesses & infirmities. As
allso that some use may be made hereof in after times
by others in such like waightie imployments ; and here-
with I will end this chapter.
The 7. Chap.
Of their departure from Ley den, and other things ther
dboute, with their arivall at South hamton, were they
all mete togeather, and tooke in ther provissions.
AT length, after much travell and these debats, all
things were got ready and provided. A smale ship f
was bought, & fitted in Holand, which was intended as
* He was a minister. f Of some 60 tune.
72 HISTORY or [CHAP. vn.
to serve to help to transport them, so to stay in ye
cuntrie and atend upon fishing and shuch other affairs
as might be for ye good & benefite of ye colonie when
they came ther. Another was hired at London, of
burden about 9. score; and all other things gott in
readines. 4 So being ready to departe, they had a day
of solleme humiliation, their pastor taking his texte
from Ezra 8. 21. And ther at ye river, by Ahava, 1
proclaimed a fast, that we might humble ourselves before
our God, and seeke of him a right way for us, and
for our children, and for all our substance. Upon which
he spente a good parte of ye day very profitably, and
suitable to their presente occasion. The rest of the
time was spente in powering out prairs to ye Lord with
great fervencie, mixed with abundance of tears. And
ye time being come that they must departe, they were
accompanied with most of their brethren out of ye
citie, unto a towne sundrie miles of called Delfes-Haven,
wher the ship lay ready to receive them. So they lefte
y1 goodly & pleasante citie, which had been ther resting
place near 12. years ; but they knew they were pil-
grimes,* & looked not much on those things, but lift
up their eyes to ye heavens, their dearest cuntrie, and
quieted their spirits, y' When they [37] came to ye
place they found ye ship and all things ready; and
shuch of their freinds as could not come with them
followed after them, and sundrie also came from Am-
* Heb. 11.
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 73
sterdame to see them shipte and to take their leave
of them. That night was spent with litle sleepe by
ye most, but with freindly entertainmente & Christian
discourse and other reall expressions of true Christian
love. The next day, the wind being faire, they wente
aborde, and their freinds with them, where truly dolfull
was ye sight of that sade and mournfull parting ; to see
what sighs and sobbs and praires did sound amongst
them, what tears did gush from every eye, & pithy
speeches peirst each harte; that sundry of ye Dutch
strangers y* stood on ye key as spectators, could not
refraine from tears. Yet comfortable & sweete it was
to see shuch lively and true expressions of dear & un-
fained love. But ye tide (which stays for no man)
caling them away yi were thus loath to departe, their
Reved: pastor falling downe on his knees, (and they
all with him,) with watrie cheeks comended them with
most fervente praiers to the Lord and his blessing.
And then with mutuall imbrases and many tears, they
tooke their leaves one of an other ; which proved to
be ye last leave to many of them.
Thus hoy sing saile,* with a prosperus winde they
came in short time to Southhamton, wher they found
the bigger ship come from London, lying ready, wth
all the rest of their company. After a joy full well-
come, and mutuall congratulations, with other frendly
entertainements, they fell to parley aboute their bussi-
* This was about 22. of July.
74 HISTORY OF [CHAP. VH.
nes, how to dispatch with ye best expedition ; as allso
with their agents, aboute ye alteration of ye conditions.
Mr. Carver pleaded he was imployed hear at Hamton,
and knew not well what ye other had don at London.
Mr. Cushman answered, he had done nothing but what
he was urged too, partly by ye grounds of equity, and
more espetialy by necessitie, other wise all had bene
dasht and many undon. And in ye begining he
aquainted his felow agents here with, who consented
unto him, and left it to him to execute, and to receive
ye money at London and send it downe to them at
Hamton, wher they made ye provissions ; the which he
accordingly did, though it was against his minde, &
some of ye marchants, y* they were their made. And
for giveing them notise at Ley den of this change, he
could not well in regarde of ye shortnes of ye time ;
againe, he knew it would trouble them and hinder
ye bussines, which was already delayed overlong in
regard of ye season of ye year, which he feared they
would find to their cost. But these things gave not
contente at presente. Mr. Weston, likwise, came up
from London to see them dispatcht and to have ye
conditions confirmed; but they refused, and answered
him, that he knew right well that these were not
according to ye first agreemente, neither could they
yeeld to them without ye consente of the rest that
were behind. And indeed they had spetiall charge
when they came away, from the cheefe of those that
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 75
were behind, not to doe it. At which he was much
offended, and tould them, they must then looke to
stand on their owne leggs. So he returned in dis-
pleasure, and this was ye first ground of discontent
betweene them. And wheras ther wanted well near
100". to clear things at their going away, he would
not take order to disburse a penie, but let them shift
as they could. [38] So they were forst to selle of
some of their provissions to stop this gape, which
was some 3. or 4. score firkins of butter, which com-
oditie they might best spare, haveing provided too
large a quantitie of yl kind. Then they write a leter
to ye marchants & adventures aboute ye diferances
concerning ye conditions, as foloweth.
Aug. 3. An0: 1620.
Beloved freinds, sory we are that ther should be occasion
of writing at all unto you, partly because we ever expected
to see ye most of you hear, but espetially because ther should
any differance at all be conceived betweene us. But seing
it faleth out that we cannot conferr togeather, we thinke it
meete (though brefly) to show you ye just cause & reason of
our differing from those articles last made by Robart Cushman,
without our comission or knowledg. And though he might
propound good ends to himselfe, yet it no way justifies his
doing it. Our maine diference is in ye 5. & 9. article, con-
cerning ye deviding or holding of house and lands ; the injoy-
ing wherof some of your selves well know, was one spetiall
motive, amongst many other, to provoke us to goe. This
was thought so reasonable, y* when ye greatest of you in
adventure (whom we have much cause to respecte), when he
76 HISTORY OF [CHAP. VII.
propounded conditions to us freely of his owne accorde, he
set this downe for one ; a coppy wherof we have sent unto
you, with some additions then added by us ; which being
liked on both sids, and' a day set for ye paiinente of moneys,
those of Holland paid in theirs. After y1, Robart Cushman,
Mr. Peirce, & Mr. Martine, brought them into a better forme,
& write them in a booke now extante ; and upon Robarts
shewing them and delivering Mr. Mullins a coppy therof under
his hand (which we have), he payd in his money. And we
of Holland had never seen other before our coming to Hamton,
but only as one got for him selfe a private coppy of them ;
upon sight wherof we manyfested uter dislike, but had put
of our estats & were ready to come, and therfore was too late
to rejecte ye vioage. Judge therfore we beseech you indifer-
ently of things, and if a faulte have bene comited, lay it wher
it is, & not upon us, who have more cause to stand for ye one,
then you have for ye other. We never gave Robart Cushman
comission to make any one article for us, but only sent him
to receive moneys upon articles before agreed on, and to
further ye provissions till John Carver came, and to assiste
him in it. Yet since you conceive your selves wronged as
well as we, we thought meete to add a branch to ye end of
our 9. article, as will allmost heale that wound of it selfe,
which you conceive to be in it. But that it may appeare to
all men y* we are not lovers of our selves only, but desire
also ye good & inriching of our freinds who have adventured
your moneys with our persons, we have added our last article
to ye rest, promising you againe by leters in ye behalfe of the
whole company, that if large profits should not arise within
ye 7. years, y* we will continue togeather longer with you, if
ye Lord give a blessing.* This we hope is sufficente to satisfie
any in this case, espetialy freinds, since we are asured y* if
the whole charge was devided into 4. parts, 3. of them will
* It was well for them y' this was not accepted.
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 77
not stand upon it, nether doe regarde it, &c. We are in
shuch a streate at presente, as we are forced to sell away 60*1.
worth of our provissions to cleare ye Haven, & withall put our
selves upon great extremities, scarce haveing any butter, no
oyle, not a sole to mend a shoe, [39] nor every man a sword
to his side, wanting many muskets, much armoure, &c. And
yet we are willing to expose our selves to shuch eminente
dangers as are like to insue, & trust to ye good providence
of God, rather then his name & truth should be evill spoken
of for us. Thus saluting all of you in love, and beseeching
ye Lord to give a blesing to our endeavore, and keepe all our
harts in ye bonds of peace & love, we take leave & rest,
Yours, &c.
Aug. 3. 1620.
It was subscribed with many names of ye cheefest
of ye company.
At their parting Mr. Robinson write a leter to ye
whole company, which though it hath already bene
printed, yet I thought good here likwise to inserte
it; as also a breefe leter writ at ye same time to Mr.
Carver, in which ye tender love & godly care of a true
pastor appears.
My dear Brother, — I received inclosed in your last leter
ye note of information, wch I shall carefuly keepe & make use
of as ther shall be occasion. I have a true feeling of your
perplexitie of mind & toyle of body, but I hope that you who
have allways been able so plentifully to administer com forte
unto others in their trials, are so well furnished for your selfe
as that farr greater difficulties then you have yet undergone
(though I conceive them to have been great enough) cannot
78 HISTORY OF [CHAP. vn.
oppresse you, though they press you, as ye Aspostle speaks.
The spirite of a man (sustained by ye spirite of God) will sus-
taine his infirmitie, I dout not so will yours. And ye beter
much when you shall injoye ye presence & help of so many
godly & wise bretheren, for ye bearing of part of your burthen,
who also will not admitte into their harts ye least thought of
suspition of any ye least negligence, at least presumption, to
have been in you, what so ever they thiiike in others. Now
what shall I say or write unto you & your goodwif e my loving
sister? even only this, I desire (& allways shall) unto you
from ye Lord, as unto my owne soule ; and assure your selfe
y* my harte is with you, and that I will not forslowe my bodily
coming at ye first oppertunitie. I have writen a large leter to
ye whole, and am sorie I shall not rather speak then write to
them ; & the more, considering ye wante of a preacher, which
I shall also make sume spurr to my hastening after you. I
doe ever comend my best affection unto you, which if I thought
you made any doubte of, I would express in more, & ye same
more ample & full words. And ye Lord in whom you trust &
whom you serve ever in this bussines & journey, guid you with
his hand, protecte you with his winge, and shew you & us his
salvation in ye end, & bring us in ye mean while togeather in
ye place desired, if shuch be his good will, for his Christs sake.
Amen. Yours, &c.
July 27. 1620. Jo: R.
This was ye last letter y* Mr. Carver lived to see
from him. The other follows.
* Lovinge Christian friends, I doe hartily & in ye Lord salute
you all, as being they with whom I am presente in my best
* This letter is omitted in Governor Bradford's Collection of Letters. —
Prince.
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 79
affection, and most ernest longings after you, though I be
constrained for a while to be bodily absente from you. I say
constrained, God knowing how willingly, & much rather then
otherwise, I would have borne my part with you in this first
brunt, were I not by strong necessitie held back for ye present.
Make accounte of me in ye mean while, as of a man devided in
my selfe with great paine, and as (naturall bonds set a side)
having my beter parte with [40] you. And though I doubt
not but in your godly wisdoms, you both foresee & resolve
upon y* which concerneth your presente state & condition,
both severally & joyntly, yet have I thought it but my duty
to add some furder spurr of provocation unto them, who rune
allready, if not because you need it, yet because I owe it in
love & dutie. And first, as we are daly to renew our repent-
ance with our God, espetially for our sines known, and gener-
ally for our unknowne trespasses, so doth ye Lord call us in
a singuler maner upon occasions of shuch difficultie & danger
as lieth upon you, to a both more narrow search & carefull
reformation of your ways in his sight; least he, calling to
remembrance our sines forgotten by us or unrepented of, take
advantage against us, & in judgmente leave us for ye same
to be swalowed up in one danger or other ; wheras, on the
contrary, sine being taken away by ernest repentance & ye
pardon therof from ye Lord sealed up unto a mans conscience
by his spirite, great shall be his securitie and peace in all
dangers, sweete his comforts in all distresses, with hapie
deliverance from all evill, whether in life or in death.
Now next after this heavenly peace with God & our owne
consciences, we are carefully to provide for peace with all men
what in us lieth, espetially with our associats, & for yl watch-
fullnes must be had, that we neither at all in our selves doe
give, no nor easily take offence being given by others. Woe
be unto ye world for offences, for though it be necessarie (con-
sidering ye malice of Satan & mans corruption) that offences
80 HISTOKY OF [CHAP. VII.
come, yet woe unto ye man or woman either by whom ye offence
cometh, saith Christ, Mat. 18. 7. And if offences in ye un-
seasonable use of things in them selves indifferent, be more
to be feared then death itself e, as ye Apostle teacheth, 1. Cor.
9. 15. how much more in things simply evill, in which neither
honour of God nor love of man is thought worthy to be re-
garded. Neither yet is it sufflciente ye we keepe our selves
by ye grace of God from giveing offence, exepte withall we be
armed against ye taking of them when they be given by others.
For how unperfect & lame is ye work of grace in y* person,
who wants charritie to cover a multitude of offences, as ye
scriptures speake. Neither are you to be exhorted to this
grace only upon ye coinone grounds of Christianitie, which
are, that persons ready to take offence, either wante charitie,
to cover offences, of wisdome duly to waigh humane frailtie ;
or lastly, are grosse, though close hipocrites, as Christ our
Lord teacheth, Mat. 7. 1, 2, 3, as indeed in my owne expe-
rience, few or none have bene found which sooner give offence,
then shuch as easily take it; neither have they ever proved
sound & profitable members in societies, which have nurished
this touchey humor. But besids these, ther are diverse motives
provoking you above others to great care & conscience this
way : As first, you are many of you strangers, as to ye per-
sons, so to ye infirmities one of another, & so stand in neede
of more watchfullnes this way, least when shuch things fall
out in men & women as you suspected not, you be inordinatly
affected with them; which doth require at your hands much
wisdome & charitie for ye covering & preventing of incident
offences that way. And lastly, your intended course of civill
comunitie will minister continuall occasion of offence, & will
be as fuell for that fire, excepte you dilligently quench it with
brotherly forbearance. And if taking of offence causlesly or
easilie at mens doings be so carefuly to be avoyded, how much
more heed is to be taken y* we take not offence at God him
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 81
selfe, which yet we certainly doe so ofte as we doe murmure
at his providence in our crosses, or beare impatiently shuch
afflictions as wherwith he pleaseth to visite us. Store up
therfore patience against ye evill day, without which we take
offence at ye Lord him selfe in his holy & just works.
A 4. thing ther is carfully to be provided for, to witte, that
with your comone imployments you joyne comone affections
truly bente upon ye generall good, avoyding as a deadly
[41] plague of your both comone & spetiall comfort all re-
tirednes of minde for proper advantage, and all singularly
affected any maner of way ; let every man represe in him
selfe & ye whol body in each person, as so many rebels
against ye comone good, all private respects of mens selves,
not sorting with ye generall conveniencie. And as men are
carfull not to have a new house shaken with any violence
before it be well setled & ye parts firmly knite, so be you,
I beseech you, brethren, much more carfull, yl the house of
God which you are, and are to be, be not shaken with un-
necessarie novelties or other oppositions at ye first setling
therof.
Lastly, wheras you are become a body politik, using amongst
your selves civill govermente, and are not furnished with any
persons of spetiall eminencie above ye rest, to be chosen by you
into office of goverment, let your wisdome & godlines appeare,
not only in chusiug shuch persons as doe entirely love and will
promote ye comone good, but also in yeelding unto them all
due honour & obedience in their lawfull administrations ; not
behoulding in them ye ordinarinesse of their persons, but Gods
ordinance for your good, not being like ye foolish multitud
who more honour ye gay coate, then either ye vertuous minde
of ye man, or glorious ordinance of ye Lord. But you know
better things, & that ye image of ye Lords power & authoritie
which ye magistrate beareth, is honourable, in how meane per-
sons soever. And this dutie you both may ye more willingly
82 HISTORY or [CHAP. vn.
and ought ye more conscionably to performe, because you are
at least for ye present to have only them for your ordinarie
governours, which your selves shall make choyse of for that
worke.
Sundrie other things of importance I could put you in minde
of, and of those before mentioned, in more words, but I will
not so fair wrong your godly minds as to thinke you heedless
of these things, ther being also diverce among you so well able
to admonish both them selves & others of what concerneth
them. These few things therfore, & ye same in few words,
I doe ernestly coinend unto your care & conscience, joyning
therwith my daily incessante prayers unto ye Lord, y* he who
hath made ye heavens & ye earth, ye sea and all rivers of
waters, and whose providence is over all his workes, espetially
over all his dear children for good, would so guide & gard
you in your wayes, as inwardly by his Spirite, so outwardly
by ye hand of his power, as y' both you & we also, for & with
you, may have after matter of praising his name all ye days
of your and our lives. Fare you well in him in whom you
trust, and in whom I rest.
An unf ained wellwiller of your hapie
success in this hopefull voyage,
JOHN ROBINSON.
This letter, though large, yet being so frutfull in
it selfe, and suitable to their occation, I thought meete
to inserte in this place.
All things being now ready, & every bussines dis-
patched, the company was caled togeather, and this
letter read amongst them, which had good acceptation
with all, and after fruit with many. Then they ordered
& distributed their company for either shipe, as they
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 83
conceived for ye best. And chose a Govr & 2. or 3.
assistants for each shipe, to order ye people by ye way,
and see to ye dispossing of there provissions, and shuch
like affairs. All which was not only with ye liking
of ye maisters of ye ships, but according to their
desires. Which being done, they sett sayle from
thence aboute ye 5. of August; but what befell them
further upon ye coast of England will appeare in ye
nexte chapter.
The 8. Chap.
Off the troubls that befell them on the coaste, and at sea
being forced, after much trouble, to leave one of ther
ships & some of their companie behind them.
[42] BEING thus put to sea they had not gone farr,
but Mr. Remolds ye mr. of ye leser ship complained
that he found his ship so leak as he durst not put
further to sea till she was mended. So ye mr. of ye
biger ship (caled Mr. Jonas) being consulted with, they
both resolved to put into Dartmouth & have her ther
searched & mended, which accordingly was done, to
their great charg & losse of time and a faire winde.
She was hear thorowly searcht from steme to sterne,
some leaks were found & mended, and now it was
conceived by the workmen & all, that she was suffi-
ciente, & they might proceede without either fear or
danger. So with good hopes from hence, they put
to sea againe, conceiving they should goe comfortably
84 HISTOEY OF [CHAP. vm.
on, not looking for any more lets of this kind; but
it fell out otherwise, for after they were gone to sea
againe above 100. leagues without the Lands End,
houlding company togeather all this while, the mr. of
ye small ship complained his ship was so leake as he
must beare up or sinke at sea, for they could scarce
free her with much pumping. So they came to con-
sultation againe, and resolved both ships to bear up
backe againe & put into Plimoth, which accordingly
was done. But no spetiall leake could be founde, but
it was judged to be ye generall weaknes of ye shipe,
and that shee would not prove sufficiente for the voiage.
Upon which it was resolved to dismise her & parte of
ye companie, and proceede with ye other shipe. The
which (though it was greevous, & caused great dis-
couragmente) was put in execution. So after they
had tooke out such provission as ye other ship could
well stow, and concluded both what number and what
persons to send bak, they made another sad parting,
ye one ship going backe for London, and ye other was
to proceede on her viage. Those that went bak were
for the most parte such as were willing so to doe,
either out of some discontente, or feare they conceived
of ye ill success of ye vioage, seeing so many croses
befale, & the year time so farr spente ; but others, in
regarde of their owne weaknes, and charge of many
yonge children, were thought least usefull, and most
unfite to bear ye brunte of this hard adventure ; unto
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 85
which worke of God, and judgmente of their brethern,
they were contented to submite. And thus, like Gedions
armie, this small number was devided, as if ye Lord by
this worke of his providence thought these few to many
for ye great worke he had to doe. But here by the way
let me show, how afterward it was found y* the leaknes
of this ship was partly by being over masted, and too
much pressed with sayles ; for after she was sould &
put into her old trime, she made many viages & per-
formed her service very sufficiently, to ye great profite
of her owners. But more espetially, by the cuning &
deceite of ye mr. & his company, who were hired to
stay a whole year in ye cuntrie, and now fancying dis-
like & fearing wante of victeles, they ploted this strate-
gem to free them selves ; as afterwards was knowne, &
by some of them confessed. For they apprehended
y* the greater ship, being of force, & in whom most
of ye provissions were stowed, she would retayne
enough for her selfe, what soever became of them or
ye passengers ; & indeed shuch speeches had bene cast
out by some of them ; and yet, besids other incourag-
ments, ye cheefe of them that came from Ley den wente
in this shipe to give ye mr. content e. But so strong
was self love & his fears, as he forgott all duty and
[43] former kindnesses, & delt thus falsly with them,
though he pretended otherwise. Amongest those that
returned was Mr. Cushman & his familie, whose hart
& courage was gone from them before, as it seems,
86 HISTORY or [CHAP. vm.
though his body was with them till now he departed ;
as may appear by a passionate letter he write to a
freind in London from Dartmouth, whilst ye ship lay
ther a mending ; the which, besids ye expressions of his
owne fears, it shows much of ye providence of God work-
ing for their good beyonde man's expectation, & other
things concerning their condition in these streats. I will
hear relate it. And though it discover some infirmities
in him (as who under temtation is free), yet after this he
continued to be a spetiall instrumente for their good, and
to doe ye offices of a loving freind & faithfull brother
unto them, and pertaker of much comforte with them.
The letter is as followth.
To his loving friend Ed: S.* at Henige House in ye Duks Place,
these, &c.
Dartmouth, Aug. 17.
Loving friend, my most kind remembrance to you & your
wife, with loving E. M. &c. whom in this world I never looke
to see againe. For besids ye eminente dangers of this viage,
which are no less then deadly, an infirmitie of body hath ceased
me, which will not in all licelyhoode leave me till death. What
to call it I know not, but it is a bundle of lead, as it were,
crushing my harte more & more these 14. days, as that ail-
though I doe ye acctions of a liveing man, yet I am but as
dead ; but ye will of God be done. Our pinass will not cease
leaking, els I thinke we had been halfe way at Virginia,
our viage hither hath been as full of crosses, as our selves
have been of crokednes. We put in hear to trime her, & I
* In Governor Bradford' s Collection of Letters, this is Edward Southworth.—
Prince.
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 87
thinke, as others also, if we had stayed at sea but 3. or 4.
howers more, shee would have sunke right downe. And
though she was twise trimed at Hamton, yet now shee is
open and leakie as a seive ; and ther was a borde, a man
might have puld of with his fingers, 2 foote longe, wher
ye water came in as at a mole hole. We lay at Hamton 7.
days, in fair weather, waiting for her, and now we lye hear
waiting for her in as faire a wind as can blowe, and so have
done these 4. days, and are like to lye 4. more, and by y*
time ye wind will happily turne as it did at Hampton. Our
victualls will be halfe eaten up, I thinke, before we goe from
the coaste of England, and if our viage last longe, we shall
not have a months victialls when we come in ye countrie.
Neare 700li. hath bene bestowed at Hampton, upon what I
know not. Mr. Martin saith he neither can nor will give
any accounte of it, and if he be called upon for accounts
he crieth out of unthankfullnes for his paines & care, that
we are susspitious of him, and flings away, & will end noth-
ing. Also he so insulteh over our poore people, with shuch
scorne & contempte, as if they were not good enough to wipe
his shoes. It would break your hart to see his dealing,* and
ye mourning of our people. They complaine to me, & alass !
I can doe nothing for them ; if I speake to him, he flies
in my face, as mutinous, and saith no complaints shall be
heard or received but by him selfe, and saith they are for-
warde, & waspish, discontented people, & I doe ill to hear
them. Ther are others y' would lose all they have put in,
or make satisfaction for what they have had, that they might
departe ; but he will not hear them, nor suffer them to goe
ashore, least they should rune away. The sailors also are
so offended at his ignorante bouldnes, in medling & con-
trouling in things he knows not what belongs too, as y* some
threaten to misscheefe him, others say they will leave ye shipe
* He was governour in ye biger ship, & Mr. Cushman assistants.
88 HISTORY OF [CHAP. vm.
& goe their way. But at ye best this cometh of it, y4 he maks
him selfe a scorne & laughing stock unto them. As for Mr.
Weston, excepte grace doe greatly swaye with him, he will
hate us ten times more then ever he loved us, for not con-
firming ye conditions. But now, since some pinches have
taken them, they begine to reveile ye trueth, & say Mr. Robin-
son was in ye falte who charged them never to consente to
those conditions, nor chuse me into office, but indeede apointed
them to chose them they did chose.* But he & they will rue
too late, they may [44] now see, & all be ashamed when it
is too late, that they were so ignorante, yea, & so inordinate
in their courses. I am sure as they were resolved not to seale
those conditions, I was not so resolute at Hampton to have left
ye whole bussines, excepte they would seale them, & better ye
vioage to have bene broken of then, then to have brought such
miserie to our selves, dishonour to God, & detrimente to our
loving freinds, as now it is like to doe. 4. or 5. of ye cheefe
of them which came from Leyden, came resolved never to goe
on those conditions. And Mr. Martine, he said he never re-
ceived no money on those conditions, he was not beholden to
ye marchants for a pine, they were bloudsuckers, & I know not
what. Simple man, he indeed never made any conditions wth
the marchants, nor ever spake with them. But did all that
money flie to Hampton, or was it his owne? Who will goe &
lay out money so rashly & lavishly as he did, and never know
how he comes by it, or on what conditions ? 2ly. I tould him
of ye alteration longe agoe, & he was contente ; but now he
dominires, & said I had betrayed them into ye hands of slaves ;
he is not beholden to them, he can set out 2. ships him selfe
to a viage. When, good man? He hath but 50li. in, & if he
should give up his accounts he would not have a penie left
him, as I am persuaded,! &c. Freind, if ever we make a
* I thinke he was deceived in these things,
t This was found true afterward.
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 89
plantation, God works a mirakle ; especially considering how
scante we shall be of victualls, and most of all ununited
amongst our selves, & devoyd of good tutors & regimente.
Violence will break all. Wher is ye meek & humble spirite
of Moyses? & of Nehemiah who reedified ye wals of Jerusa-
lem, & ye state of Israeli? Is not ye sound of Rehoboams
braggs daly hear amongst us ? Have not ye philosophers and
all wise men observed y*, even in setled comone welths, vio-
lente governours bring either them selves, or people, or boath,
to ruine ; how much more in ye raising of comone wealths,
when ye morter is yet scarce tempered y' should bind ye
wales. If I should write to you of all things which pro-
miscuously fore rune our ruine, I should over charge my weake
head and greeve your tender hart ; only this, I pray you pre-
pare for evill tidings of us every day. But pray for us in-
stantly, it may be ye Lord will be yet entreated one way or
other to make for us. I see not in reason how we shall
escape even ye gasping of hunger starved persons ; but God
can doe much, & his will be done. It is better for me to
dye, then now for me to bear it, which I doe daly, & ex-
pecte it howerly ; haveing received ye sentance of death,
both within me & without me. Poore William King & my
selfe doe strive * who shall be meate first for ye fishes ; but
we looke for a glorious resurrection, knowing Christ Jesus
after ye flesh no more, but looking unto ye joye y4 is before
us, we will endure all these things and accounte them light
in comparison of y4 joye we hope for. Remember me in all
love to our freinds as if I named them, whose praiers I
desire ernestly, & wish againe to see, but not till I can with
more comforte looke them in ye face. The Lord give us
that true comforte which none can take from us. I had a
desire to make a breefe relation of our estate to some freind.
* In the manuscript it is " strive dayly," but a pen has been drawn through
the latter word.
90 HISTORY OF [CHAP. IX.
I doubte not but your wisdome will teach you seasonably to
utter things as here after you shall be called to it. That
which I have writen is treue, & many things more which I
have forborne. I write it as upon my life, and last confes-
sion in England. What is of use to be spoken [45] of
presently, you may speake of it, and what is fitt to conceile,
conceall. Pass by my weake maner, for my head is weake,
& my body feeble, ye Lord make me strong in him, & keepe
both you & yours.
Your loving freind,
ROBART CUSHMAN.
Dartmouth, Aug. 17. 1620.
These being his conceptions & fears at Dartmouth,
they must needs be much stronger now at Plimoth.
The 9. Chap.
Of their vioage, & how they passed y6 sea, and of their
safe arrivall at Cape Codd.
SEPTR: 6. These troubls being blowne over, and now
all being compacte togeather in one shipe,* they put
to sea againe with a prosperus winde, which continued
diverce days togeather, which was some incourag-
mente unto them ; yet according to y* usuall maner
many were afflicted with sea-sicknes. And I may not
omite hear a spetiall worke of Gods providence. Ther
was a proud & very profane yonge man, one of ye
sea-men, of a lustie, able body, which made him the
* For Governor Bradford's list of passengers in the Mayflower, see Appendix,
No. I.
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 91
more hauty; he would allway be contemning ye poore
people in their sicknes, & cursing them dayly with
greeous execrations, and did not let to tell them, that
he hoped to help to cast halfe of them over board
before they came to their jurneys end, and to make
mery with what they had ; and if he were by any
gently reproved, he would curse and swear most
bitterly. But it plased God before they came halfe
seas over, to smite this yong man with a greeveous
disease, of which he dyed in a desperate maner, and
so was him selfe ye first y1 was throwne overbord.
Thus his curses light on his owne head; and it was
an astonishmente to all his fellows, for they noted it
to be ye just hand of God upon him.
After they had injoyed faire winds and weather for
a season, they were incountred many times with crosse
winds, and mette with many feirce stormes, with which
ye shipe was shroudly shaken, and her upper works
made very leakie ; and one of the maine beames in
ye midd ships was bowed & craked, which put them
in some fear that ye shipe could not be able to per-
forme ye vioage. So some of ye cheefe of ye com-
pany, perceiveing ye mariners to feare ye suffisiencie
of ye shipe, as appeared by their mutterings, they
entred into serious consulltation with ye mr. & other
officers of ye ship, to consider in time of ye danger;
and rather to returne then to cast them selves into a
desperate & inevitable perill. And truly ther was
92 HISTORY OF [CHAP. ix.
great distraction & differance of opinion amongst ye
mariners them selves ; faine would they doe what
could be done for their wages sake, (being now halfe
the seas over,) and on ye other hand they were loath
to hazard their lives too desperatly. But in examen-
ing of all opinions, the mr. & others affirmed they
knew ye ship to be stronge & firme under water ; and
for the buckling of ye maine beame, ther was a great
•iron scrue ye passengers brought out of Holland, which
would raise ye beame into his place ; ye which being
done, the carpenter & mr. affirmed that with a post
put under it, set firme in ye lower deck, & otherways
bounde, he would make it sufficiente. And as for ye
decks & uper workes they would calke them as well
as they could, and though with ye workeing of ye ship
they [46] would not longe keepe stanch, yet ther
would otherwise be no great danger, if they did not
overpress her with sails. So they comited them selves
to ye will of God, & resolved to proseede. In sundrie
of these stormes the winds were so feirce, & ye seas
so high, as they could not beare a knote of saile, but
were forced to hull, for diverce days togither. And
in one of them, as they thus lay at hull, in a mighty
storme, a lustie yonge man (called John Howland)
coming upon some occasion above ye grattings, was,
with a seele of ye shipe throwne into [ye] sea; but
it pleased God y* he caught hould of ye top-saile
halliards, which hunge over board, & rane out at
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 93
length; yet he held his hould (though he was sundrie
fadomes under water) till he was hald up by ye same
rope to ye brime of ye water, and then with a boat
hooke & other means got into ye shipe againe, & his
life saved ; and though he was something ill with it,
yet he lived many years after, and became a profitable
member both in church & comone wealthe. In all this
viage ther died but one of ye passengers, which was
William Butten, a youth, servant to Samuell Fuller,
when they drew near ye coast. But to omite other
things, (that I may be breefe,) after longe beating at
sea they fell with that land which is called Cape Cod ;
the which being made & certainly knowne to be it,
they were not a litle joy full. After some deliberation
had amongst them selves & with ye mr. of ye ship, they
tacked aboute and resolved to stande for ye southward
(ye wind & weather being faire) to finde some place
aboute Hudsons river for their habitation. But after
they had sailed y* course aboute halfe ye day, they
fell amongst deangerous shoulds and roring breakers,
and they were so farr intangled ther with as they
conceived them selves in great danger ; & ye wind
shrinking upon them withall, they resolved to bear
up againe for the Cape, and thought them selves hapy
to gett out of those dangers before night overtooke
them, as by Gods providence they did. And ye next
day they gott into ye Cape-harbor wher they ridd in
saffcie. A word or too by ye way of this cape ; it was
94 HISTORY OF [CHAP. ix.
thus first named by Capten Gosnole & his company,*
An0: 1602, and after by Capten Smith was caled Cape
James ; but it retains ye former name amongst sea-
men. Also yi pointe which first shewed those danger-
ous shoulds unto them, they called Pointe Care, &
Tuckers Terrour; but ye French & Dutch to this day
call it Malabarr, by reason of those perilous shoulds,
and ye losses they have suffered their.
/ Being thus arived in a good harbor and brought safe
to land, they fell upon their knees & blessed ye God
of heaven, who had brought them over ye vast &
furious ocean, and delivered them from all ye periles
& miseries therof, againe to set their feete on ye firme
and stable earth, their proper elemente. And no mar-
veil if they were thus joyefull, seeing wise Seneca
was so affected with sailing a few miles on ye coast
of his owne Italy; as he affirmed, f that he had rather
remaine twentie years on his way by land, then pass
by sea to any place in a short time ; so tedious &
dreadfull was ye same unto him.
But hear I cannot but stay and make a pause, and
stand half amased at this poore peoples presente con-
dition; and so I thinke will the reader too, when he
well considers [47 J ye same. Being thus passed ye
vast ocean, and a sea of troubles before in their prep-
aration (as may be remembred by y* which wente
before), they had now no freinds to wellcome them,
• Because y6? tooke much of yl fishe ther. f Epist : 53.
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 95
nor inns to entertaine or refresh their weatherbeaten
bodys, no houses or much less townes to repaire too,
to seeke for succoure. It is recorded in scripture *
as a mercie to ye apostle & his shipwraked company,
y* the barbarians shewed them no smale kindnes in
refreshing them, but these savage barbarians, when
they mette with them (as after will appeare) were
readier to fill their sids full of arrows then other-
wise. And for ye season it was winter, and they
that know ye winters of y* cuntrie know them to be
sharp & violent, & subjecte to cruell & feirce stormes,
deangerous to travill to known places, much more to
serch an unknown coast. Besids, what could they see
but a hidious & desolate wildernes, full of wild beasts
& willd men? and what multituds ther might be of
them they knew not. Nether could they, as it were,
goe up to ye tope of Pisgah, to vew from this willder-
nes a more goodly cuntrie to feed their hops ; for
which way soever they turnd their eys (save up-
ward to ye heavens) they could have litle solace or
content in respecte of any outward objects. For
sumer being done, all things stand upon them with
a wetherbeaten face ; and ye whole countrie, full of
woods & thickets, represented a wild & savage heiw.
If they looked behind them, ther was ye mighty
ocean which they had passed, and was now as a
maine barr & goulfe to seperate them from all ye
» Act. 28.
96 HISTORY OF [CHAP. IX.
civill parts of ye world. If it be said they had a
ship to sucour them, it is trew; but what heard
they daly from ye mr. & company? but yt with
speede they should looke out a place with their
shallop, wher they would be at some near distance ;
for ye season was shuch as he would not stirr from
thence till a safe harbor was discovered by them
wher they would be, and he might goe without
danger; and that victells consumed apace, but he
must & would keepe sufficient for them selves &
their returne. Yea, it was muttered by some, that
if they gott not a place in time, they would turne
them & their goods ashore & leave them. Let it
also be considred what weake hopes of supply &
succoure they left behinde them, y* might bear up
their minds in this sade condition and trialls they
were under ; and they could not but be very smale.
It is true, indeed, ye affections & love of their
brethren at Leyden was cordiall & entire towards
them, but they had litle power to help them, or
them selves ; and how ye case stode betweene them
& ye marchants at their coming away, hath allready
been declared. What could now sustaine them but
ye spirite of God & his grace? May not & ought
not the children of these fathers rightly say : Our
faithers were Englishmen which came over this great
ocean, and were ready to perish in this willdernes;*
* Deu : 26. 5, 7.
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 97
but they cried unto ye Lord, and he heard their voyce,
and looked on their adversitie, &c. Let them therfore
praise ye Lord, because he is good, & his mercies en-
dure for ever.* Yea, let them which have been redeemed
of y6 Lord, shew how he hath delivered them from ye
hand of ye oppressour. When they wandered in ye
deserte willdernes out of ye way, and found no citie
to dwell in, both hungrie, & thirstie, their sowle ivas
overwhelmed in them. Let them confess before ye Lord
his loving kindnes, and his wonderfidl works before ye
sons of men.
The 10. Chap.
Showing how they sought out a place of habitation, and
what befell them theraboule.
[48] BEING thus arrived at Cap-Cod ye 11. of
November, and necessitie calling them to looke out
a place for habitation, (as well as the maisters &
mariners importunitie,) they having brought a large
shalop with them out of England, stowed in quarters
in yc ship, they now gott her out & sett their carpenters
to worke to trime her up ; but being much brused &
shatered in ye shipe wth foule weather, they saw she
would be longe in mending. Wherupon a few of
them tendered them selves to goe by land and dis-
covere those nearest places, whilst ye shallop was in
mending; and ye rather because as they wente into
* 107 Psa : v. 1, 2, 4, 5, 8.
98 HISTORY OF [CHAP. x.
y* harbor ther seemed to be an opening some 2. or
3 leagues of, which ye maister judged to be a river.
It was conceived ther might be some danger in ye
attempte, yet seeing them resolute, they were per-
mited to goe, being 16. of them well armed, under
ye conduct of Captain Standish, having shuch instruc-
tions given them as was thought meete. They sett
forth ye 15. of Novebr: and when they had marched
aboute ye space of a mile by ye sea side, they espied
5. or 6. persons with a dogg coming towards them,
who were salvages ; but they fled from them, & rane
up into ye woods, and ye English followed them,
partly to see if they could speake with them, and
partly to discover if ther might not be more of them
lying in ambush. But ye Indeans seeing them selves
thus followed, they againe forsooke the woods, & rane
away on ye sands as hard as they could, so as they
could not come near them, but followed them by ye
tracte of their feet sundrie miles, and saw that they
had come the same way. So, night coming on, they
made their randevous & set out their sentinels, and
rested in quiete y* night, and the next morning fol-
lowed their tracte till they had headed a great creake,
& so left the sands, & turned an other way into ye
woods. But they still followed them by geuss, hope-
ing to find their dwellings ; but they soone lost both
them & them selves, falling into shuch thickets as
were ready to tear their cloaths & armore in peeces,
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 99
but were most distresed for wante of drinke. But
at length they found water & refreshed them selves,
being ye first New-England water they drunke of, and
was now in thir great thirste as pleasante unto them
as wine or bear had been in for-times. Afterwards
they directed their course to come to ye other [49]
shore, for they knew it was a necke of land they
were to crosse over, and so at length gott to ye
sea-side, and marched to this supposed river, & by
ye way found a pond of clear fresh water, and shortly
after a good quantitie of clear ground wher ye Indeans
had formerly set corne, and some of their graves.
And proceeding furder they saw new-stuble wher
corne had been set ye same year, also they found
wher latly a house had been, wher some planks and
a great ketle was remaining, and heaps of sand newly
padled with their hands, which they, digging up, found
in them diverce faire Indean baskets filled with corne,
and some in eares, faire and good, of diverce collours,
which seemed to them a very goodly sight, (haveing
never seen any shuch before). This was near yc place
of that supposed river they came to seeck ; unto which
they wente and found it to open it selfe into 2. armes
with a high cliffe of sand in ye enterance, but more
like to be crikes of salte water then any fresh, for
ought they saw ; and that ther was good harborige
for their shalope ; leaving it further to be discovered
by their shalop when she was ready. So their time
100 HISTORY OF [CHAP. X.
limeted them being expired, they returned to ye ship,
least they should be in fear of their saftie ; and tooke
with them parte of ye corne, and buried up ye rest,
and so like ye men from Eshcoll carried with them
of ye fruits of ye land, & showed their breethren ; of
which, & their returne, they were marvelusly glad, and
their harts incouraged.
After this, ye shalop being got ready, they set out
againe for ye better discovery of this place, & ye mr.
of ye ship desired to goe him selfe, so ther went
some 30. men, but found it to be no harbor for
ships but only for boats; ther was allso found 2.
of their houses covered with matts, & sundrie of
their implements in them, but ye people were rune
away & could not be seen ; also ther was found
more of their corne, & of their beans of various
collours. The corne & beans they brought away,
purposing to give them full satisfaction when they
should meete with any of them (as about some 6.
months afterward they did, to their good contente).
And here is to be noted a spetiall providence of
God, and a great mercie to this poore people, that
hear they gott seed to plant them corne ye next
year, or els they might have starved, for they had
none, nor any liklyhood to get any [50] till ye season
had beene past (as ye sequell did manyfest). Neither
is it lickly they had had this, if ye first viage had
not been made, for the ground was now all covered
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 101
with snow, & hard frozen. But the Lord is never
wanting unto his in their greatest needs ; let his holy
name have all ye praise.
The month of November being spente in these affairs,
& much foule weather falling in, the 6. of Desemr: they
sente out their shallop againe with 10. of their prin-
cipall men, & some sea men, upon further discovery,
intending to circulate that deepe bay of Cap-codd.
The weather was very could, & it frose so hard as
ye sprea of ye sea lighting on their coats, they were
as if they had been glased ; yet that night betimes
they gott downe into yc botome of ye bay, and as
they drue nere ye shore they saw some 10. or 12.
Indeans very busie aboute some thing. They landed
aboute a league or 2. from them, and had much a
doe to put a shore any wher, it lay so full of flats.
Being landed, it grew late, and they made them selves
a barricade with loggs & bowes as well as they could
in ye time, & set out their sentenill & betooke them
to rest, and saw ye smoake of ye fire ye savages made
y1 night. When morning was come they devided their
company, some to coaste along ye shore in ye boate,
and the rest marched throw yc woods to see ye land,
if any fit place might be for their dwelling. They
came allso to yc place wher they saw the Indans ye
night before, & found they had been cuting up a great
fish like a grampus, being some 2. inches thike of
fate like a hogg, some peeces wher of they had left
102 HISTORY OF [CHAP. X.
by ye way; and ye shallop found 2. more of these
fishes dead on ye sands, a thing usuall after storms
in y1 place, by reason of ye great flats of sand that
lye of. So they ranged up and doune all y* day,
but found no people, nor any place they liked. When
ye sune grae low, they hasted out of ye woods to meete
with their shallop, to whom they made signes to come
to them into a creeJce hardby, the which they did at
highwater; of which they were very glad, for they had
not seen each other all yfc day, since ye morning. So
they made them a barricade (as usually they did every
night) with loggs, staks, & thike pine bowes, ye height
of a man, leaving it open to leeward, partly to shelter
them from ye could & wind (making their fire in ye
midle, & lying round aboute it), and partly to defend
them from any sudden assaults of ye savags, if they
should surround them. So being very weary, they
betooke them to rest. But aboute midnight, [51] they
heard a hideous & great crie, and their sentinell caled,
"Anne, arme"; so they bestired them & stood to their
armes, & shote of a cupple of moskets, and then the
noys seased. They concluded it was a companie of
wolves, or such like willd beasts ; for one of ye sea
men tould them he had often heard shuch a noyse in
New-found land. So they rested till about 5. of ye
clock in the morning,' for ye tide, & ther purposs to
goe from thence, made them be stiring betimes. So
after praier they prepared for breakfast, and it being
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 103
day dawning, it was thought best to be earring things
downe to ye boate. But some said it was not best
to carrie ye armes downe, others said they would be
the readier, for they had laped them up in their coats
from ye dew. But some 3. or 4. would not cary
theirs till they wente them selves, yet as it fell out,
ye water being not high enough, they layed them
downe on ye banke side, & came up to breakfast.
But presently, all on yc sudain, they heard a great
& strange crie, which they knew to be the same
voyces they heard in ye night, though they varied
their notes, & one of their company being abroad
came runing in, & cried, "Men, Indeans, Indeans";
and wthall, their arowes came flying amongst them.
Their men rane with all speed to recover their armes,
as by ye good providence of God they did. In ye
mean time, of those that were ther ready, tow muskets
were discharged at them, & 2. more stood ready in
ye ente ranee of ther randevoue, but were cornanded
not to shoote till they could take full aime at them ;
& ye other 2. charged againe with all speed, for ther
were only 4. had armes ther, & defended ye baricado
which was first assalted. The crie of ye Indeans was
dreadfull, espetially when they saw ther men rune out
of ye randevoue towourds ye shallop, to recover their
armes, the Indeans wheeling aboute upon them. But
some runing out with coats of malle on, & cutlasses
in their hands, they soone got their armes, & let flye
104 HISTORY OF [CHAP. X.
amongs them, and quickly stopped their violence. Yet
ther was a lustie man, and no less valiante, stood be-
hind a tree within halfe a musket shot, and let his
arrows flie at them. He was seen shoot 3. arrowes,
which were all avoyded. He stood 3. shot of a
musket, till one taking full aime at him, and made
yc barke or splinters of ye tree fly about his ears,
after which he gave an extraordinary shrike, and away
they wente all of them. They left some to keep ye
shalop, and followed them aboute a quarter of a mille,
and shouted once or twise, and shot of 2. or 3. peces,
& so returned. This they did, that they might con-
ceive that they were not [52] affrade of them or any
way discouraged. Thus it pleased God to vanquish
their enimies, and give them deliverance ; and by
his spetiall providence so to dispose that not any one
of them were either hurte, or hitt, though their
arrows came close by them, & on every side them,
and sundry of their coats, which hunge up in ye
barricado, were shot throw & throw. Aterwards they
gave God sollamne thanks & praise for their deliver-
ance, & gathered up a bundle of their arrows, &
sente them into England afterward by ye mr. of ye
ship, and called that place ye first encounter. From
hence they departed, & costed all along, but discerned
no place likly for harbor; & therfore hasted to a
place that their pillote, (one Mr. Coppin who had
bine in ye cuntrie before) did assure them was a good
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 105
harbor, which he had been in, and they might fetch
it before night; of which they were glad, for it be-
gane to be foule weather. After some houres sailing,
it begane to snow & raine, & about yc midle of ye
afternoone, ye wind increased, & ye sea became very
rough, and they broake their rudder, & it was as much
as 2. men could doe to steere her with a cupple of
oares. But their pillott bad them be of good cheere,
for he saw ye harbor ; but ye storme increasing, &
night drawing on, they bore what saile they could to
gett in, while they could see. But her with they
broake their mast in 3. peeces, & their saill fell over
bord, in a very grown sea, so as they had like to
have been cast away ; yet by Gods mercie they re-
covered them selves, & having ye floud with them,
struck into ye harbore. But when it came too, ye
pillott was deceived in ye place, and said, ye Lord
be mercifull unto them, for his eys never saw y4
place before ; & he & the mr. mate would have rune
her ashore, in a cove full of breakers, before ye winde.
But a lusty seaman which steered, bad those which
rowed, if they were men, about with her, or ells they
were all cast away ; the which they did with speed.
So he bid them be of good cheere & row Justly, for
ther was a faire sound before them, & he doubted not
but they should find one place or other wher they
might ride in saftie. And though it was very darke,
and rained sore, yet in ye end they gott under ye lee
106 HISTORY OF [CHAP. X.
of a smalle iland, and remained ther all y* night in
saftie. But they knew not this to be an iland till
morning, but were devided in their minds ; some would
keepe ye boate for fear they might be amongst ye
Indians ; others were so weake and could, they could
not endure, but got a shore, & with much adoe got
fire, (all things being so wett,) and ye rest were glad
to come to them ; for after midnight ye wind shifted
to the [53] north-west, & it frose hard. But though
this had been a day & night of much trouble &
danger unto them, yet God gave them a morning of
comforte & refreshing (as usually he doth to his chil-
dren), for ye next day was a faire sunshinig day, and
they found them sellvs to be on an iland secure from
ye Indeans, wher they might drie their stufe, fixe their
peeces, & rest them selves, and gave God thanks for
his mercies, in their manifould deliverances. And this
being the last day of ye weelce, they prepared ther to
keepe ye Sdbalh. On Munday they sounded ye harbor,
and founde it fitt for shipping ; and marched into ye
land, & found diverse cornfeilds, & litle runing brooks,
a place (as they supposed) fitt for situation; at least
it was ye best they could find, and ye season, & their
presente necessitie, made them glad to accepte of it.
So they returned to their shipp againe with this news
to ye rest of their people, which did much comforte
their harts.
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 107
On ye 15. of Desemr: they wayed anchor to goe to
ye place they had discovered, & came within 2. leagues
of it, but were faine to bear up again e ; but ye 16.
day ye winde came faire, and they arrived safe in this
harbor. And after wards tooke better view of ye
place, and resolved wher to pitch their dwelling;
and ye 25. day begane to erecte ye first house for
comone use to receive them and their goods.
The 2. Booke.
THE rest of this History (if God give me life, &
opportunitie) I shall, for brevitis sake, handle by way
of annalls, noteing only the heads of principall things,
and passages as they fell in order of time, and may
seeme to be profitable to know, or to make use of.
And this may be as ye 2. Booke.
The remainder of An0: 1620.
I SHALL a litle returne backe and begine with a
combination made by them before they came ashore,
being ye first foundation of their govermente in this
place ; occasioned partly by ye discontented & mutinous
speeches that some of the strangers amongst them had
let fall from them in ye ship — That when they came
a shore they would use their owne libertie ; for none
had power to comand them, the patente they had
being for Virginia, and not for New-england, which
belonged to an other Goverment, with which ye Vir-
ginia Company had nothing to doe. And partly that
shuch an [54] acte by them done (this their condi-
tion considered) might be as firme as any patent, and
in some respects more sure.
The forme was as followeth.
110 HISTORY OF [BOOK II.
Iii ye name of God, Amen. We whose names are under-
writen, the loyall subjects of our dread soveraigne Lord, King
James, by ye grace of God, of Great Britaine, Franc, & Ireland
king, defender of ye faith, &c., haveing undertaken, for ye glorie
of God, and advancemente of ye Christian faith, and honour of
our king & countrie, a voyage to plant ye first colonie in ye
Northerne parts of Virginia, doe by these presents solemnly &
mutualy in ye presence of God, and one of another, covenant
& combine our selves togeather into a civill body politick, for
our better ordering & preservation & furtherance of ye ends
aforesaid ; and by vertue hearof to enacte, constitute, and
frame such just & equall lawes, ordinances, acts, constitu-
tions, & offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most
meete & convenient for ye generall good of ye Colonie, unto
which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witnes
wherof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cap-Codd
ye 11. of November, in ye year of ye raigne of our soveraigue
lord, King James, of England, France, & Ireland ye eighteenth,
and of Scotland ye fiftie fourth. An0: Dom. 1620.
After this they chose, or rather confirmed, Mr. John
Carver (a man godly & well approved amongst them)
their Governour for that year. And after they had
provided a place for their goods, or comone store,
(which were long in unlading for want of boats,
foulnes of winter weather, and sicknes of diverce,)
and begune some small cottages for their habitation,
as time would admitte, they mette and consulted of
lawes & orders, both for their civill & military Gov-
ermente, as ye necessitie of their condition did re-
quire, still adding therunto as urgent occasion in
severall times, and as cases did require.
of
y.
0
of
ef
of
/*
/*«*!*
/
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. Ill'
In these hard & difficulte beginings they found some
discontents & murmurings arise amongst some, and
mutinous speeches & carriags in other; but they were
soone quelled & overcome by ye wisdome, patience,
and just & equall carrage of things by ye Govr and
better part, wch clave faithfully togeather in ye maine.
But that which was most sadd & lamentable was,
that in 2. or 3. moneths time halfe of their com-
pany dyed, espetialy in Jan: & February, being ye
depth of winter, and wanting houses & other com-
forts ; being infected with ye scurvie & [55] other
diseases, which this long vioage & their inacomodate
condition had brought upon them; so as ther dyed
some times 2. or 3. of a day, in ye foresaid time ;
that of 100. & odd persons, scarce 50. remained. And
of these in ye time of most distres, ther was but 6.
or 7. sound persons, who, to their great comendations
be it spoken, spared no pains, night nor day, but
with abundance of toyle and hazard of their owne
health, fetched them woode, made them fires, drest
them meat, made their beads, washed their lothsome
cloaths, cloathed & uncioathed them; in a word, did
all ye homly & necessarie offices for them wch dainty
& quesie stomacks cannot endure to hear named ; and
all this willingly & cherfully, without any grudging
in ye least, shewing herein their true love unto their
freinds & bretheren. A rare example & worthy to
be remembred. Tow of these 7. were Mr. William
112 HISTORY OF [BOOK II.
Brewster, ther reverend Elder, & Myles Standish, ther
Captein & military comander, unto whom my selfe,
& many others, were much beholden in our low &
sicke condition. And yet the Lord so upheld these
persons, as in this generall calamity they were not at
all infected either with sicknes, or lamnes. And what
I have said of these, I may say of many others who
dyed in this generall vissitation, & others yet living,
that whilst they had health, yea, or any strength con-
tinuing,- they were not wanting to any that had need
of them. And I doute not but their recompence is
with ye Lord.
But I may not hear pass by an other remarkable
passage not to be forgotten. As this calainitie fell
among ye passengers that were to be left here to
plant, and were hasted a shore and made to drinke
water, that ye sea-men might have ye more bear, and
one * in his sicknes desiring but a small cann of
beere, it was answered, that if he were their owne
father he should have none ; the disease begane to
fail amongst them also, so as allmost halfe of their
company dyed before they went away, and many of
their officers and lustyest men, as ye boatson, gunner,
3. quarter-maisters, the cooke, & others. At wch ye
mr. was something strucken and sent to ye sick a
shore and tould ye Gro^r he should send for beer for
them that had need of it, though he drunke water
* Which was this author him selfe.
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 113
horn ward bound. But now amongst his company [56]
ther was farr another kind of carriage in this miserie
then amongst ye passengers ; for they that before had
been boone companions in drinking & joyllity in ye
time of their health & wellfare, begane now to deserte
one another in this calamitie, saing they would not
hasard ther lives for them, they should be infected
by coming to help them in their cabins, and so, after
they came to dye by it, would doe litle or nothing
for them, but if they dyed let them dye. But shuch
of ye passengers as were yet abord shewed them what
mercy they could, wch made some of their harts re-
lente, as ye boatson (& some others), who was a
prowd yonge man, and would often curse & scofe at
ye passengers ; but when he grew weak, they had
compassion on him and helped him ; then he con-
fessed he did not deserve it at their hands, he had
abused them in word & deed. O ! saith he, you, I
now see, shew your love like Christians indeed one
to another, but we let one another lye & dye like
doggs. Another lay cursing his wife, saing if it had
not ben for her he had never come this unlucky viage,
and anone cursing his felows, saing he had done this
& that, for some of them, he had spente so much,
& so much, amongst them, and they were now weary
of him, and did not help him, having need. Another
gave his companion all he had, if he died, to help
him in his weaknes; he went and got a litle spise
114 HISTORY OF [BOOK II.
& made him a mess of meat once or twise, and be-
cause he dyed not so soone as he expected, he went
amongst his fellows, & swore ye rogue would cousen
him, he would see him choaked before he made him
any more meate ; and yet ye pore fellow dyed before
morning.
All this while ye Indians came skulking about them,
and would sometimes show them selves aloofe of, but
when any aproached near them, they would rune away.
And once they stoale away their tools wher they had
been at worke, & were gone to diner. But about ye
16. of March a certaine Indian came bouldly amongst
them, and spoke to them in broken English, which
they could well understand, but marvelled at it. At
length they understood by discourse with him, that he
was not of these parts, but belonged to ye eastrene
parts, wher some English-ships came to fhish, with
whom he was aquainted, & could name sundrie of
them by their names, amongst whom he had gott
his language. He became proftable to them [57J in
aquainting them with many things concerning ye state
of ye cuntry in ye east-parts wher he lived, which was
afterwards profitable unto them ; as also of ye people
hear, of their names, number, & strength ; of their
situation & distance from this place, and who was
cheefe amongst them. His name was Samasel; he
tould them also of another Indian whos name was
$quanio, a native of this place, who had been in Eng-
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 115
land & could speake better English then him selfe.
Being, after some time of entertaininente & gifts, dis-
mist, a while after he came againe, & 5. more with
him, & they brought againe all ye tooles that were
stolen away before, and made way for ye coming of
their great Sachem, called Massasoyl; who, about 4.
or 5. days after, came with the cheefe of his freinds.
& other attendance, with the aforesaid Squanto. With
whom, after frendly entertainment, & some gifts given
him, they made a peace with him (which hath now
continued this 24. years) in these terms.
1. That neither he nor any of his, should injurie
or doe hurte to any of their peopl.
2. That if any of his did any hurte to any of
theirs, he should send ye offender, that they might
punish him.
3. That if any thing were taken away from any of
theirs, he should cause it to be restored ; and they
should doe ye like to his.
4. If any did unjustly warr against him, they would
aide him ; if any did wrarr against them, he should
aide them.
5. He should send to his neighbours confederats,
to certifie them of this, that they might not wrong
them, but might be likewise comprised in ye condi-
tions of peace.
6. That when ther men came to them, they should
leave their bows & arrows behind them.
116 HISTORY OF [BOOK II.
After these things he returned to his place caled
/Sowams, some 40. mile from this place, but Squanto
contiued with them, and was their interpreter, and
was a spetiall instrument sent of God for their good
beyond their expectation. He directed them how to
set their corne, wher to take fish, and to procure other
comodities, and was also their pilott to bring them to
unknowne places for their profitt, and never left them
till he dyed. He was a native [58] of this place, &
scarce any left alive besids him selfe. He was caried
away with diverce others by one Hunt, a mr. of a
ship, who thought to sell them for slaves in Spaine ;
but he got away for England, and was entertained by
a marchante in London, & imployed to New-found-
land & other parts, & lastly brought hither into these
parts by one Mr. Dermer, a gentle-man imployed by
Sr. Ferdinando Gorges & others, for discovery, & other
designes in these parts. Of whom I shall say some
thing, because it is mentioned in a booke set forth
An0: 1622. by ye Presidente & Counsel! for New-Eng-
land,* that he made ye peace betweene ye salvages
of these parts & ye English; of which this planta-
tion, as it is intimated, had ye benefite. But what a
peace it was, may apeare by what befell him & his
men.
This Mr. Dermer was hear the same year that these
people came, as apears by a relation written by him,
* Page 17.
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 117
& given me by a freind, bearing date June 30. An0:
1620. And they came in Novembr: following, so ther
was but 4. months differance. In which relation to
his honored freind, he hath these passages of this very
place.
I will first begine (saith he) wth that place from whence
Squanto, or Tisquantem, was taken away ; wch in Cap: Smiths
mape is called Plimoth : and I would that Plimoth had ye like
comoclities. I would that the first plantation might hear be
seated, if ther come to the number of 50. persons, or upward.
Otherwise at Charlton, because ther ye savages are lese to be
feared. The Pocanawkits, which live to ye west of Plimoth,
bear an inveterate malice to ye English, and are of more
streingth then all ye savags from thence to Penobscote. Their
desire of revenge was occasioned by an English man, who hav-
ing many of them on bord, made a great slaughter with their
murderers & smale shot, when as (they say) they offered no
injurie on their parts. Whether they were English or no, it
may be douted ; yet they beleeve they were, for ye Frenche
have so possest them ; for which cause Squanto canot deney
but they would have kiled me when I was at Namasket, had
he not entreated hard for me. The soyle of ye borders of
[59] this great bay, may be compared to most of ye planta-
tions which I have seene in Virginia. The land is of diverce
sorts ; for Patuxite is a hardy but strong soyle, Nawsel &
Saughtuglitett are for ye most part a blakish & deep mould,
much like that wher groweth ye best Tobaco in Virginia.
In ye botume of y* great bay is store of Codd & basse, or
mulett, &c.
But above all he comends Pacanawkite for ye richest
soyle, and much open ground fitt for English graine, &c.
118 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
Massachussets is about 9. leagues from PUmoth, & situate
in ye mids betweene both, is full of Hands & peninsules very
fertill for ye most parte.
With sundrie shuch relations which I forbear to tran-
scribe, being now better knowne then they were to him.
He was taken prisoner by ye Indeans at Manamoiak
(a place not farr from hence, now well knowne). He
gave them what they demanded for his liberty, but
when they had gott what they desired, they kept him
still & indevored to kill his men ; but he was freed
by seasing on some of them, and kept them bound
till they gave him a cannows load of corne. Of
which, see Purch: lib. 9. fol. 1778. But this was
An0: 1619.
After ye writing of ye former relation he came to
ye He of Capawack (which lyes south of this place
in ye way to Virginia), and ye foresaid Squanto wth
him, wher he going a shore amongst ye In dans to
trad, as he used to doe, was betrayed & assaulted by
them, & all his men slaine, but one that kept the boat;
but him selfe gott abord very sore wounded, & they
had cut of his head upon ye cudy of his boat, had
not ye man reskued him with a sword. And so they
got away, & made shift to gett into Virginia, wher
he dyed; whether of his wounds or ye diseases of
ye cuntrie, or both togeather, is uncertaine. [60] By
all which it may appeare how farr these people were
from peace, and with what danger this plantation was
1620.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 119
begune, save as ye powerful! hand of the Lord did
protect them. These things * were partly the reason
why they kept aloofe & were so long before they
oame to the English. An other reason (as after them
selvs made know) was how aboute 3. years before, a
French-ship was cast away at Cap-Codd, but ye men
gott ashore, & saved their lives, and much of their
victails, & other goods ; but after ye Indeans heard
of it, they geathered togeather from these parts, -and
never* left watching & dogging them till they got
advantage, and kild them all but 3. or 4. which they
kept, & sent from one Sachem to another, to make
sporte with, and used them worse then slaves ; (of
which ye foresaid Mr. Dermer redeemed 2. of them ;)
and they conceived this ship was now come to re-
venge it.
Also, (as after was made knowne,) before they came
to ye English to make freindship, they gott all the
Powachs of ye cuntrie, for 3. days togeather, in a
horid and divellish maner to curse & execrate them
with their cunjurations, which asembly & service they
held in a darke & dismale swampe.
But to returne. The spring now approaching, it
pleased God the mortalitie begane to cease amongst
them, and ye sick and lame recovered apace, which
put as it were new life into them; though they had
borne their sadd affliction with much patience & con-
* Thing in the manuscript.
120 HISTORY OF [BOOK II.
tentednes, as I thinke any people could doe. But it
was ye Lord which upheld them, and had beforehand
prepared them ; many having long borne ye yoake, yea
from their youth. Many other smaler maters I ornite,
sundrie of them having been allready published in a
Jurnall made by one of ye company ; and some other
passages of jurneys and relations allredy published, to
which I referr those that are willing to know them
more perticulerly. And being now come to ye 25.
of March I shall begine ye year 1621.
[61] Anno. 1621.
THEY now begane to dispatch ye ship away which
brought them over, which lay tille aboute this time,
or ye begining of Aprill. The reason on their parts
why she stayed so long, was ye necessitie and danger
that lay upon them, for it was well towards ye ende
of Desember before she could land any thing hear, or
they able to receive any thing ashore. Afterwards,
ye 14. of Jan: the house which they had made for a
generall randevoze by casulty fell afire, and some were
faine to retire abord for shilter. Then the sicknes
begane to fall sore amongst them, and ye weather so
bad as they could not make much sooner any dispatch.
Againe, the Gov1' & cheefe of them, seeing so many
dye, and fall downe sick dayly, thought it no wisdom
to send away the ship, their condition considered, and
ye danger they stood in from ye Indeans, till they
1621.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 121
could procure some shelter; and therfore thought it
better to draw some more charge upon them selves
& freinds, then hazard all. The mr. and sea-men like-
wise, though before they hasted ye passengers a shore
to be goone, now many of their men being dead, &
of ye ablest of them, (as is before noted,) and of
ye rest many lay sick & weake, ye mr. durst not put
to sea, till he saw his men begine to recover, and ye
hart of winter over.
Afterwards they (as many as were able) began to
plant ther corne, in which servise Squanto stood them
in great stead, showing them both ye maner how to
set it, and after how to dress & tend it. Also he
tould them excepte they gott fish & set with it (in
these old grounds) it would come to nothing, and he
showed them y* in ye midle of Aprill they should have
store enough come up ye brooke, by which they be-
gane to build, and taught them how to take it, and
wher to get other provissions necessary for them ; all
which they found true by triall & experience. Some
English seed they sew, as wheat & pease, but it came
not to good, eather by ye badnes of ye seed, or latenes
of ye season, or both, or some other defecte.
[62] In this month of Aprill whilst they were bussie
about their seed, their Govr (Mr. John Carver) came
out of ye feild very sick, it being a hott day ; he
complained greatly of his head, and lay downe, and
within a few howers his sences failed, so as he never
122 HISTORY or [BOOK u.
spake more till he dyed, which was within a few days
after. Whoss death was much lamented, and caused
great heavines amongst them, as ther was cause. He
was buried in ye best maner they could, with some
vollies of shott by all that bore armes ; and his wife,
being a weak woman, dyed within 5. or 6. weeks after
him.
Shortly after William Bradford was chosen Gover in
his stead, and being not yet recoverd of his ilnes,
in which he had been near ye point of death, Isaak
Allerton was chosen to be an Asistante unto him,
who, by renewed election every year, continued sundry
years togeather, which I hear note once for all.
May 12. was ye first mariage in this place, which,
according to ye laudable custome of ye Low-Cuntries,
in which they had lived, was thought most requisite
to be performed by the magistrate, as being a civill
thing, upon which many questions aboute inheritances
doe depende, with other things most proper to their
cognizans, and most consonante to ye scripturs, Ruth
4. and no wher found in ye gospell to be layed on
ye ministers as a part of their office. "This decree
or law about mariage was published by ye Stats of
ye Low-Cuntries An0: 1590. That those of any re-
ligion, after lawful 1 and open publication, coming before
ye magistrats, in ye Town or Stat-house, were to be
orderly (by them) maried one to another." Petets
Hist, fol: 1029. And this practiss hath continued
1621.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 123
amongst, not only them, but hath been followed by
all ye famous churches of Christ in these parts to
this time,— An0: 1646.
Haveing in some sorte ordered their bussines at
home, it was thought meete to send some abroad to
see their new freind Massasoyet, and to bestow upon
him some gratuitie to bind him ye faster unto them;
as also that hearby they might veiw ye countrie, and
see in what maner he lived, what strength he had
aboute him, and how ye ways were to his place, if
at any time they should have occasion. So ye 2. of
July they sente Mr. Edward Winslow & Mr. Hopkins,
with ye foresaid Squanto for ther guid, who gave him
a suite of cloaths, and a horsemans coate, with some
other small things, which were kindly accepted ; but
they found but short comons, and came both weary
& hungrie home. For ye In deans used then to have
nothing [63] so much corne as they have since ye
English have stored them with their hows, and seene
their industrie in breaking up new grounds therwith.
They found his place to be 40. miles from hence, ye
soyle good, & ye people not many, being dead &
abundantly wasted in ye late great mortalitie which
fell in all these parts aboute three years before ye
coming of ye English, wherin thousands of them dyed,
they not being able to burie one another; ther sculs
and bones were found in many places lying still above
ground, where their houses & dwellings had been ; a
124 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
very sad spectackle to behould. But they brought
word that ye Narighansets lived but on ye other side
of that great bay, & were a strong people, & many
in number, living compacte togeather, & had not been
at all touched with this wasting plague.
Aboute ye later end of this month, one John Billing-
ton lost him selfe in ye woods, & wandered up &
downe some 5. days, living on beries & what he could
find. At length he light on an Indean plantation, 20.
mils south of this place, called Manamet, they conveid
him furder of, to JVawsett, among those peopl that had
before set upon ye English when they were costing,
whilest ye ship lay at ye Cape, as is before noted.
But ye Gover caused him to be enquired for among
ye Indeans, and at length Massassoyt sent word wher
he was, and ye Gover sent a shalop for him, & had
him delivered. Those people also came and made their
peace ; and they gave full satisfaction to those whose
corne they had found & taken when they were at Cap-
Codd.
Thus ther peace & aquaintance was prety well estab-
lisht wth the natives aboute them ; and ther was an
other Indean called Hobamack come to live amongst
them, a proper lustie man, and a man of accounte
for his vallour & parts amongst ye Indeans, and con-
tinued very faithfull and constant to ye English till
he dyed. He & Squanto being gone upon bussines
amonge ye Indeans, at their returne (whether it was
1621.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 125
out of envie to them or malice to the English) ther
was a Sachem called Corbitant, alyed to Massassoyte,
but never any good freind to ye English to this day,
mett with them at an Indean towne caled Namassakett
14. miles to ye west of this place, and begane to
quarell wth [64] them, and offered to stabe Hobamack;
but being a lusty man, he cleared him selfe of him,
and came runing away all sweating and tould ye Govr
what had befalne him, and he feared they had killed
Squanto, for they threatened them both, and for no
other cause but because they were freinds to ye Eng-
lish, and servisable unto them. Upon this ye Gover
taking counsell, it was conceivd not fitt to be borne ;
for if they should suffer their freinds & messengers
thus to be wronged, they should have none would
cleave unto them, or give them any inteligence, or
doe them serviss afterwards ; but nexte they would
fall upon them selves. Whereupon it was resolved to
send ye Captaine & 14. men well armed, and to goe
& fall upon them in ye night; and if they found that
Squanto was kild, to cut of Corbitants head, but not
to hurt any but those that had a hand in it. Hoba-
mack was asked if he would goe & be their guid,
& bring them ther before day. He said he would, &
bring them to ye house wher the man lay, and show
them which was he. So they set forth ye 14. of
August, and beset ye house round; the Captin giving
charg to let none pass out, entred ye house to search
126 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
for him. But he was goone away that day, so they
mist him ; but understood y* Squanto was alive, &
that he had only threatened to kill him, & made an
offer to stabe him but did not. So they withheld
and did no more hurte, & ye people came trembling,
& brought them the best provissions they had, after
they were aquainted by Hobamack what was only in-
tended. Ther was 3. sore wounded which broak out
of ye house, and asaid to pass through yc garde.
These they brought home with them, & they had
their wounds drest & cured, and sente home. After
this they had many gratulations from diverce sachims,
and much firmer peace; yea, those of ye lies of Capa-
wack sent to make frendship ; and this Corbitant him
selfe used ye mediation of Massassoyte to make his
peace, but was shie to come neare them a longe while
after.
After this, ye 18. of Sepembr: they sente out ther
shalop to the Massachusets, with 10. men, and Squanto
for their guid and [65] interpreter, to discover and
veiw that bay, and trade with yc natives ; the which
they performed, and found kind entertainement. The
people were much affraid of ye Tarentins, a people to
ye eastward which used to come in harvest time and
take away their corne, & many times kill their persons.
They returned in saftie, and brought home a good
quanty of beaver, and made reporte of ye place, wish-
ing they had been ther seated; (but it seems ye Lord,
1621.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 127
who assignes to all men ye bounds of their habitations,
had apoynted it for an other use). And thus they
found ye Lord to be with them in all their ways, and
to blesse their outgoings & incomings, for which let
his holy name have ye praise for ever, to all posteritie.
They begane now to gather in ye small harvest they
had, and to fitte up their houses and dwellings against
winter, being all well recovered in health & strenght,
and had all things in good plenty; for as some were
thus imployed in affairs abroad, others were excersised
in fishing, aboute codd, & bass, & other fish, of which
yey tooke good store, of which every family had their
portion. All ye somer ther was no wante. And now
begane to come in store of foule, as winter aproached,
of which this place did abound when they came first
(but afterward decreased by degrees). And besids
water foule, ther was great store of wild Turkies, of
which they tooke many, besids venison, &c. Besids
they had aboute a peck a meale a weeke to a person,
or now since harvest, Indean corne to y* proportion.
Which made many afterwards write so largly of their
plenty hear to their freinds in England, which were
not fained, but true reports.
In Novembr, about y1 time twelfe month that them
selves came, ther came in a small ship to them unex-
pected or loked for,* in which came Mr. Cushman (so
much spoken of before) and with him 35. persons to
* She came ye 9. to ye Cap.
128 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
remaine & live in ye plantation ; which did not a litle
rejoyce them. And they when they came a shore and
found all well, and saw plenty of vitails in every
house, were no less glade. For most of them were
lusty yonge men, and many of them wild enough,
who litle considered whither or aboute what they
wente, till they came into ye harbore at Cap-Codd,
and ther saw nothing but a naked and barren place.
They then begane to thinke what should become of
them, if the people here were dead or cut of by ye
Indeans. They begane to consulte (upon some speeches
that some of ye sea-men had cast out) to take ye sayls
from ye yeard least ye ship [66] should gett away and
leave them ther. But ye mr. hereing of it, gave them
good words, and tould them if any thing but well
should have befallne ye people hear, he hoped he had
vitails enough to cary them to Virginia, and whilst he
had a bitt they should have their parte ; which gave
them good satisfaction. So they were all landed ; but
ther was not so much as bisket-cake or any other
victialls* for them, neither had they any beding, but
some sory things they had in their cabins, nor pot,
nor pan, to drese any meate in; nor overmany cloaths,
for many of them had brusht away their coats & cloaks
at Plimoth as they came. But ther was sent over some
burching-lane suits in ye ship, out of which they were
supplied. The plantation was glad of this addition
* Nay, they were faine to spare ye shipe some to carry her home.
1621.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 129
of strenght, but could have wished that many of them
had been of beter condition, and all of them beter
furnished with provissions ; but y* could not now be
helpte.
In this ship Mr. Weston sent a large leter to Mr.
Carver, ye late Grove1", now deseased, full of complaints
& expostulations aboute former passagess at Hampton ;
and ye keeping ye shipe so long in ye country, and
returning her without lading, &c., which for brevitie
I omite. The rest is as folio weth.
Part of Mr. Westons letter.
I durst never aquainte ye adventurers with ye alteration of
ye conditions first agreed on betweene us, which I have since
been very glad of, for I am well assured had they knowne as
much as I doe, they would not have adventured a halfe-peny
of what was necesary for this ship. That you sent no lading
in the ship is wonderfull, and worthily distasted. I know your
weaknes was the cause of it, and I beleeve more weaknes of
judgmente, then weaknes of hands. A quarter of ye time you
spente in discoursing, arguing, & consulting, would have done
much more ; but that is past, &c. If you mean, bona fide, to
performe the conditions agreed upon, doe us ye favore to coppy
them out faire, and subscribe them with ye principall of your
names. And likwise give us accounte as perticulerly as you
can how our moneys were laid out. And then I shall be able
to give them some satisfaction, whom I am now forsed with
good words to shift of. And consider that ye life of the bussi-
nes depends on ye lading of this ship, which, if you doe to any
good purpose, that I may be freed from ye great sums I have
disbursed for ye former, and must doe for the later, I promise
130 HISTORY OF [BOOK II.
you I will never quit ye bussines, though all the other adventurers
should.
[67] We have procured you a Charter, the best we could,
which is beter then your former, and with less limitation. For
any thing y* is els worth writting, Mr. Cushman can informe
you. I pray write instantly for Mr. Robinson to come to you.
And so praying God to blesse you with all graces nessessary
both for this life & that to come, I rest
Your very loving frend,
THO. WESTON.
London, July 6. 1621.
This ship (caled ye Fortune) was speedily dispatcht
away, being laden with good clapbord as full as she
could stowe, and 2. hoggsheads of beaver and otter
skins, which they gott with a few trifling comodities
brought witb them at first, being alltogeather unpro-
vided for trade ; neither was ther any amongst them
that ever saw a beaver skin till they came hear, and
were informed by Squanto. The fraight was estimated
to be worth near 50011. Mr. Cushman returned backe
also with this ship, for so Mr. Weston & ye rest had
apoynted him, for their better information. And he
doubted not, nor them selves neither, but they should
have a speedy supply ; considering allso how by Mr.
Cushmans perswation, and letters received from Ley-
den, wherin they willed them so to doe, they yeelded *
to ye afforesaid conditions, and subscribed them with
their hands. But it proved other wise, for Mr. Wes-
* Teeled in the manuscript.
1621.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 131
ton, who had made y* large promise in his leter, (as-
is before noted,) that if all ye rest should fall of, yet
he would never quit ye bussines, but stick to them,
if they yeelded to ye conditions, and sente some lad-
ing in ye ship ; and of this Mr. Cushman was confi-
dent, and confirmed ye same from his mouth, & serious
protestations to him selfe before he came. But alL
proved but wind, for he was ye first and only man
that forsooke them, and that before he so much as
heard of y° returne of this ship, or knew what was
done; (so vaine is ye confidence in man.) But of this
more in its place.
A leter in answer to his write to Mr. Carver, was
sente to him from ye Govr, of which so much as is
pertenente to ye thing in hand I shall hear inserte.
Sr: Your large letter writen to Mr. Carver, and dated ye 6.
of July, 1621, I have received ye 10. of Novembr, wherin
(after ye apologie made for your selfe) you lay many heavie
imputations upon him and us all. Touching him, he is de-
parted this life, and now is at rest [68] in ye Lord from all
those troubls and incoumbrances with which we are yet to
strive. He needs not my appologie ; for his care and pains
was so great for ye commone good, both ours and yours, as
that therwith (it is thought) he oppressed him selfe and short-
ened his days ; of whose loss we cannot sufficiently complaine.
At great charges in this adventure, I confess you have beeue,
and many losses may sustaine ; but ye loss of his and many
other honest and industrious mens lives, cannot be vallewed
at any prise. Of ye one, ther may be hope of recovery, but
ye other no recompence can make good. But I will not in-
132 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
siste in generalls, but come more perticulerly to ye things them
selves. You greatly blame us for keping ye ship so long in
ye countrie, and then to send her away emptie. She lay 5.
weks at Cap-Codd, whilst with many a weary step (after a
long journey) and the indurance of many a hard brunte, we
sought out in the foule winter a place of habitation. Then
we went in so tedious a time to make provission to sheelter
us and our goods, aboute wch labour, many of our armes &
leggs can tell us to this day we were not necligent. But it
pleased God to vissite us then, with death dayly, and with
so generall a disease, that the living were scarce able to burie
the dead ; and ye well not in any measure sufficiente to tend
ye sick. And now to be so greatly blamed, for not fraighting
ye ship, doth indeed goe near us, and much discourage us. But
you say you know we will pretend weakues ; and doe you think
we had not cause? Yes, you tell us you beleeve it, but it was
more weaknes of judgmente, then of hands. Our weaknes herin
is great we confess, therfore we will bear this check patiently
amongst ye rest, till God send us wiser men. But they which
tould you we spent so much time in discoursing & consulting,
&c., their harts can tell their toungs, they lye. They cared
not, so they might salve their owne sores, how they wounded
others. Indeed, it is our callamitie that we are (beyound ex-
pectation) yoked with some ill conditioned people, who will
never doe good, but corrupte and abuse others, &c.
The rest of ye letter declared how they had sub-
scribed those conditions according to his desire, and
sente him ye former accounts very perticulerly ; also
how ye ship was laden, and in what condition their
affairs stood; that ye coming of these [69] people
would bring famine upon them unavoydably, if they
had not supply in time (as Mr. Cushman could more
1621.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 133
fully informe him & ye rest of ye adventurers). Also
that seeing he was now satisfied in all his demands,
that offences would be forgoten, and he remember his
promise, &c.
After ye departure of this ship, (which stayed not
above 14. days,) the Gover & his assistante haveing
disposed these late comers into severall families, as
yey best could, tooke an exacte accounte of all their
provissions in store, and proportioned ye same to ye
number of persons, and found that it would not hould
out above 6. months at halfe alowance, and hardly that.
And they could not well give less this winter time till
fish came in againe. So they were presently put to
half alowance, one as well as an other, which begane
to be hard, but they bore it patiently under hope of
supply.
- Sone after this ships departure, ye great people of
ye Narigansets, in a braving maner, sente a messenger
unto them with a bundl of arrows tyed aboute with
a great sneak-skine ; which their interpretours tould
them was a threatening & a chaleng. Upon which
ye Govr, with ye advice of others, sente them a round
answere, that if they had rather have warre then peace,
they might begine when they would ; they had done
them no wrong, neither did ycy fear them, or should
they find them unprovided. And by another messenger
sente yc sneake-skine back with bulits in it; but they
would not receive it, but sent it back againe. But
134 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
these things I doe but mention, because they are more
at large allready put forth in printe, by Mr. Winslow,
at ye requeste of some freinds. And it is like ye
reason was their owne ambition, who, (since ye death
of so many of ye Indeans,) thought to dominire &
lord it over ye rest, & conceived ye English would be a
barr in their way, and saw that Massasoyt took sheil-
ter allready under their wings.
But this made them ye more carefully to looke to
them selves, so as they agreed to inclose their dwell-
ings with a good strong pale, and make flankers in
convenient places, with gates to shute, which were
every night locked, and a watch kept, and when neede
required ther was also warding in ye day time. And
ye company was by ye Captaine and ye Govr [70] ad-
vise, devided into 4. squadrons, and every one had
ther quarter apoynted them, unto which they were to
repaire upon any suddane alarme. And if ther should
be any crie of fire, a company were appointed for a
gard, with muskets, whilst others quenchet ye same, to
prevent Indean treachery. This was accomplished very
cherfully, and ye towne impayled round by ye begin-
ing of March, in which evry family had a prety garden
plote secured. And herewith I shall end this year.
Only I shall remember one passage more, rather of
mirth then of waight. One ye day called Chrismas-
day> ye Grovr caled them out to worke, (as was used,)
but ye most of this new-company excused them selves
1622.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 135
and said it wente against their consciences to work on
y* day. So ye Govr tould them that if they made it
mater of conscience, he would spare them till they
were better informed. So he led-away ye rest and
left them ; but when they came home at noone from
their worke, he found them in ye streete at play,
openly; some pitching ye barr, & some at stoole-ball,
and shuch like sports. So he went to them, and tooke
away their implements, and tould them that was against
his conscience, that they should play & others worke.
If they made ye keeping of it mater of devotion, let
them kepe their houses, but ther should be no game-
ing or revelling in ye streets. Since which time noth-
ing hath been atempted that way, at least openly.
Anno 1622.
AT ye spring of ye year they had apointed ye Massa-
chusets to come againe and trade with them, and be-
gane now to prepare for that vioag about ye later end
of March. But upon some rumors heard, Hobamak,
their Indean, tould them upon some jealocies he had,
he feared they were joyned wth ye Narighansets and
might betray them if they were not carefull. He inti-
mated also some jealocie of Squanto, by what he gath-
ered from some private whisperings betweene him and
other Indeans. But [71] they resolved to proseede,
and sente out their shalop with 10. of their cheefe
men aboute ye begining of Aprill, and both Squanto
136 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
& Hobamake with them, in regarde of ye jelocie be-
tweene them. But they had not bene gone longe, but
an Indean belonging to Squantos family came runing
in seeming great fear, and tould them that many
of ye Narihgansets, with Corbytant, and he thought
also Massasoyte, were coming against them ; and he
gott away to tell them, not without danger. And
being examined by ye Govr, he made as if they were
at hand, and would still be looking back, as if they
were at his heels. At which the Govr caused them
to take armes & stand on their garde, and suppos-
ing ye boat to be still within hearing (by reason it
was calme) caused a warning peece or 2. to be shote
of, the which yey heard and came in. But no Indeans
apeared; watch was kepte all night, but nothing was
scene. Hobamak was confidente for Massasoyt, and
thought all was false ; yet ye Govr caused him to send
his wife privatly, to see what she could observe (pre-
tening other occasions), but ther was nothing found,
but all was quiet. After this they proseeded on their
vioge to ye Massachusets, and had good trade, and
returned in saftie, blessed be God.
But by the former passages, and other things of
like nature, they begane to see y* Squanto sought his
owne ends, and plaid his owne game, by putting ye
Indeans in fear, and drawing gifts from them to en-
rich him selfe ; making them beleeve he could stur up
warr against whom he would, & make peece for whom
1622.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 137
he would. Yea, he made them beleeve they kept ye
plague buried in ye ground, and could send it amongs
whom they would, which did much terrific the Indeans,
and made them depend more on him, and seeke more
to him then to Massasoyte, which proucured him envie,
and had like to have cost him his life. For after ye
discovery of his practises, Massasoyt sought it both pri-
vatly and openly ; which caused him to stick close to
ye English, & never durst goe from them till he dyed.
They also made good use of ye emulation y* grue be-
tweene Hobamack and him, which made them cary more
squarely. And ye Govr seemed to countenance ye one,
and ye Captaine ye other, by which they had better
intelligence, and made them both more diligente.
[72] Now in a maner their provissions were wholy
spent, and they looked hard for supply, but none came.
But about ye later end of May, they spied a boat at
sea, which at first they thought had beene some French-
man; but it proved a shalop which came from a ship
which Mr. Western & an other had set out a fishing,
at a place called Damarins-cove, 40. leagues to ye
eastward of them, wher were y* year many more
ships come a fishing. This boat brought 7. passengers
and some letters, but no vitails, nor any hope of any.
Some part of which I shall set downe.
Mr. Carver, in my last leters by ye Fortune, in whom Mr.
Cushman wente, and who I hope is with you, for we daly
138 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
expecte ye shipe back againe. She departed hence, ye begin-
ing of July, with 35. persons, though not over well provided
with necesaries, by reason of ye parsemonie of ye adventurers.*
I have solisited them to send you a supply of men and provis-
sions before shee come. They all answer they will doe great
maters, when they hear good news. Nothing before ; so faith-
full, constant, & carefull of your good, are your olde & honest
freinds, that if they hear not from you, they are like to send
you no supplie, &c. I am now to relate ye occasion of send-
ing this ship, hoping if you give credite to my words, you will
have a more favourable opinion of it, then some hear, wherof
Pickering is one, who taxed me to mind my owne ends, which
is in part true, &c. Mr. Beachamp and my selfe bought this
litle ship, and have set her out, partly, if it may be, to uphold f
ye plantation, as well to doe others good as our selves ; and
partly to gett up what we are formerly out ; though we are
otherwise censured, &c. This is ye occasion we have sent this
ship and these passengers, on our owne accounte ; whom we
desire you will frendly entertaine & supply with shuch neces-
aries as you cane spare, and they wante, &c. And among
other things we pray you lend or sell them some seed corne,
and if you have ye salt remaining of ye last year, that yu will
let them have it for their presente use, and we will either pay
you for it, or give you more when we have set our salt-pan to
worke, which we desire may be set up in one of ye litle ilands
in your bay, &c. And because we intende, if God plase, [73]
(and ye generallitie doe it not,) to send within a month another
shipe, who, having discharged her passengers, shal goe to Vir-
ginia, &c. And it may be we shall send a small ship to abide
with you on ye coast, which I conceive may be a great help to
ye plantation. To ye end our desire may be effected, which, I
assure my selfe, will be also for your good, we pray you give
them entertainmente in your houses ye time they shall be with
* Adventures in the manuscript. f I know not wch way.
1622.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 139
you, that they may lose no time, but may presently goe in hand
to fell trees & cleave them, to ye end lading may be ready and
our ship stay not.
Some of ye adventurers have sent you hearwith all some
directions for your furtherance in ye comone bussines, who
are like those S*. James speaks of, y* bid their brother eat,
and warme him, but give him nothing ; so they bid you make
salt, and uphold ye plantation, but send you no means wher-
withall to doe it, &c. By ye next we purpose to send more
people on our owne accounte, and to take apatente; that if your
peopl should be as unhumane as some of ye adventurers, not
to admite us to dwell with them, which were extreme barba-
risme, and which will never enter into my head to thinke you
have any shuch Pickerings amongst you. Yet to satisfie our
passengers I must of force doe it ; and for some other reasons
not necessary to be writen, &c. I find ye generall so backward,
and your freinds at Ley den so could, that I fear you must stand
on your leggs, and trust (as they say) to God and your selves.
Subscribed,
your loving freind,
Jan: 12. 1621. THO : WESTON.
Sundry other things I pass over, being tedious &
impertinent.
All this was but could comfort to fill their hungrie
bellies, and a slender performance of his former late
promiss ; and as litle did it either fill or warme them,
as those ye Apostle James spake of, by him before
mentioned. And well might it make them remember
what ye psalmist saith, Psa. 118. 8. It is better to trust
in the Lord, then to have confidence in man. And Psa.
146. Put not you trust in princes (much less in ye
140 HISTORY OF [BOOK II.
marchants) nor in ye sone of man, for ther is no help
in them. v. 5. Blesed is he that hath ye God of
Jacob for his help, whose hope is in y6 Lord his God.
And as they were now fayled of suply by him and
others in this their greatest neede and wants, which
was caused by him and ye rest, who put so great a
company of men upon them, as ye former company
were, without any food, and came at shuch a time as
they must live almost a whole year before any could
[74] be raised, excepte they had sente some ; so, upon
ye pointe they never had any supply of vitales more
afterwards (but what the Lord gave them otherwise) ;
for all ye company sent at any time was allways too
short for those people y* came with it.
Ther came allso by ye same ship other leters, but of
later date, one from Mr. Weston, an other from a parte
of ye adventurers, as foloweth.
Mr. Carver, since my last, to ye end we might ye more readily
proceed to help ye generall, at a meeting of some of ye prin-
cipall adventurers, a proposition was put forth, & alowed by
all presente (save Pickering), to adventure each man ye third
parte of what he formerly had done. And ther are some other
y4 folow his example, and will adventure no furder. In regard
wherof ye greater part of ye adventurers being willing to uphold
ye bussines, finding it no reason that those y* are willing should
uphold ye bussines of those that are unwilling, whose back-
wardnes doth discourage those that are forward, and hinder
other new-adventurers from coming in, we having well con-
sidered therof, have resolved, according to an article in ye
1622".] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 141
agreemente, (that it may be lawfull by a generall consente of
y6 adventurers & planters, upon just occasion, to breake of their
joynte stock,) to breake it of ; and doe pray you to ratifie, and
confirme ye same on your parts. Which being done, we shall
ye more willingly goe forward for ye upholding of you with
all things necesarie. But in any case you must agree to ye
artickls, and send it by ye first under your hands & seals. So
I end
Your loving freind,
THO : WESTON.
Jan: 17. 1621.
Another leter was write from part of ye company
of ye adventurers to the same purpose, and subscribed
with 9. of their names, wherof Mr. Westons & Mr.
Beachamphs were tow. Thes things seemed strang unto
them, seeing this unconstancie & shufling; it made
them to thinke ther was some misterie in ye matter.
And therfore ye Govr concealed these letters from ye
publick, only imparted them to some trustie freinds
for advice, who concluded with him, that this tended
to disband & scater them (in regard of their straits) ;
and if Mr. Weston & others, who seemed to rune in
a perticuler way, should come over with shiping so
provided as his letters did intimate, they most would
fall to him, to ye prejudice of them selves & ye rest
of the adventurers,* their freinds, from whom as yet
they heard nothing. And it was doubted whether he
had not sente [75] over shuch a company in ye former
* Adventures in the manuscript.
142 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
ship, for shuch an end. Yet they tooke compassion
of those 7. men which this ship, which fished to y*
eastivard, had kept till planting time was over, and so
could set no corne; and allso wanting vitals, (for yey
turned them off wthout any, and indeed wanted for
them selves,) neither was their salt-pan come, so as
yey could not performe any of those things which Mr.
Weston had apointed, and might have starved if ye
plantation had not succoured them ; who, in their
wants, gave them as good as any of their owne.
The ship wente to Virginia, wher they sould both
ship & fish, of which (it was conceived) Mr. Weston
had a very slender accounte.
After this came another of his ships, and brought
letters dated ye 10. of Aprill, from Mr. Weston, as
folio weth.
Mr. Bradford, these, &c. The Fortune is arived, of whose
good news touching your estate & proceeings, I am very glad
to hear. And how soever he was robed on ye way by ye French-
men, yet I hope your loss will not be great, for ye conceite of
so great a returne doth much animate ye adventurers, so yl I
hope some matter of importance will be done by them, &c. As
for my selfe, I have sould my adventure & debts unto them,
so as I am quit * of you, & you of me, for that matter, &c.
Now though I have nothing to pretend as an adventurer
amongst you, yet I will advise you a litle for your good, if
you can apprehend it. I perceive & know as well as another,
ye dispositions of your adventurers, whom ye hope of gaine hath
* See how his promiss is fulfild.
1622.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 143
drawne on to this they have done ; and yet I fear y* hope will
not draw them much furder. Besids, most of them are against
ye sending of them of Leyden, for whose cause this bussines was
first begune, and some of ye most religious (as Mr. Greene by
name) excepts against them. So yl my advice is (you may
follow it if you please) that you forthwith break of your
joynte stock, which you have warente to doe, both in law &
conscience, for ye most parte of ye adventurers have given
way unto it by a former letter. And ye means you have
ther, which I hope will be to some purpose by ye trade of this
spring, may, with ye help of some freinds hear, bear ye charge
of trasporting those of Leyden ; and when they are with you
I make no question but by Gods help you will be able to sub-
sist of your selves. But I shall leave you to your discretion.
I desired diverce of ye adventurers, as Mr. Peirce, Mr. Greene,
& others, if they had any thing to send you, either vitails or
leters, to send them by these ships; and marvelling they sent
not so much as a letter, I asked our passengers what leters
they had, and with some dificultie one of them tould me he
had one, which was delivered him with [76] great charge of
secrecie ; and for more securitie, to buy a paire of new-shoes,
& sow it betweene ye soles for fear of intercepting. I, taking
ye leter, wondering what mistrie might be in it, broke it open,
and found this treacherous letter subscribed by ye hands of Mr.
Pickering & Mr. Greene. Wich leter had it come to your hands
without answer, might have caused ye hurt, if not ye ruine, of
us all. For assuredly if you had followed their instructions,
and shewed us that unkindness which they advise you unto, to
hold us in distruste as enimise, &c., it might have been an occa-
sion to have set us togeather by ye eares, to ye distruction of
us all. For I doe beleeve that in shuch a case, they knowing
what bussines hath been betweene us, not only my brother, but
others also, would have been violent, and heady against you,
&c. I mente to have setled ye people I before and now send,
144 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
with or near you, as well for their as your more securitie and
defence, as help on all occasions. But I find ye adventurers
so jealous & suspitious, that I have altered my resolution, &
given order to my brother & those with him, to doe as they
and him selfe shall find fitte. Thus, &c.
Your loving freind,
Aprill 10. 1621. THO : WESTON.
Some part of Mr Pickerings letter before mentioned.
To Mr. Bradford & Mr. Brewster, &c.
My dear love remembred unto you all, &c. The company
hath bought out Mr. Weston, and are very glad they are freed
of him, he being judged a man y* thought him selfe above ye
geuerall, and not expresing so much ye fear of God as was
ineete in a man to whom shuch trust should have been reposed
in a matter of so great importance. I am sparing to be so
plaine as indeed is clear against him ; but a few words to ye
wise.
Mr. Weston will not permitte leters to be sent in his ships,
nor any thing for your good or ours, of which ther is some
reason in respecte of him selfe, &c. 'His brother Andrew,
whom he doth send as principall in one of these ships, is a
heady yong man, & violente, and set against you ther, & ye
company hear ; ploting with Mr. Weston their owne ends, which
tend to your & our undooing in respecte of our estates ther,
and prevention of our good ends. For by credible testimoney
we are informed his purpose is to come to your colonie, pre-
tending he comes for and from ye adventurers, and will seeke
to gett what you have in readynes [77] into his ships, as if
they came from ye company, & possessing all, will be so much
profite to him selfe. And further to informe them selves what
spetiall places or things you have discovered, to ye end that
they may supres & deprive you, &c.
1622.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 145
The Lord, who is ye watchman of Israll & slepeth not, pre-
serve you & deliver you from unreasonable men. I am sorie
that ther is cause to admonish you of these things concerning
this man ; so I leave you to God, who bless and multiply you
into thousands, to the advancemente of ye glorious gospell of
our Lord Jesus. Amen. Fare well.
Your loving freinds,
EDWARD PICKERING.
WILLIAM GREENE.
I pray conceale both ye writing & deliverie of this leter, but
make the best use of it. We hope to sete forth a ship our selves
with in this month.
The heads of his answer.
Mr. Bradford, this is ye leter y4 I wrote unto you of, which
to answer in every perticuler is needles & tedious. My owne
conscience & all our people can and I thinke will testifie, y*
my end in sending ye ship Sparrow was your good, &c. Now
I will not deney but ther are many of our people rude fellows,
as these men terme them ; yet I presume they will be governed
by such as I set over them. And I hope not only to be able
to reclaime them from yl profanenes that may scandalise ye
vioage, but by degrees to draw them to God, &c. I am
so farr from sending rude fellows to deprive you either by
fraude or violence of what is yours, as I have charged ye
mr. of ye ship Sparrow, not only to leave with you 2000. of
bread, but also a good quantitie of fish,* &c. But I will
leave it to you to consider what evill this leter would or
might have done, had it come to your hands & taken ye
effecte ye other desired.
Now if you be of ye mind yl these men are, deale plainly
with us, & we will seeke our residence els-wher. If you
* But ye [he] left not his own men a bite of bread.
146 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
are as freindly as we have thought you to be, give us ye
entertainment of freinds, and we will take nothing from you,
neither meat, drinke, nor lodging, but what we will, in one
kind or other, pay you for, &c. I shall leave in ye coun-
trie a litle ship (if God send her safe thither) with mariners
& fisher-men to stay ther, who shall coast, & trad with ye
savages, & ye old plantation. It may be we shall be as
helpfull to you, as you will be to us. I thinke I shall see
you ye next spring; and so I comend you to ye protection
of God, who ever keep you.
Your loving freind,
THO : WESTON.
[78] Thus all ther hops in regard of Mr. Western
were layed in ye dust, and all , his promised helpe
turned into an empttie advice, which they apprehended
was nether lawfull nor profitable for them to follow.
And they were not only thus left destitute of help in
their extreme wants, haveing neither vitails, nor any
thing to trade with, but others prepared & ready to
glean up what ye cuntrie might have afforded for their
releefe. As for those harsh censures & susspitions in-
timated in ye former and following leters, they desired
to judg as charitably and wisly of them as they could,
waighing them in ye ballance of love and reason ; and
though they (in parte) came from godly & loveing
freinds, yet they conceived many things might arise
from over deepe jealocie and fear, togeather with un-
meete provocations, though they well saw Mr. Weston
pursued his owne ends, and was imbittered in spirite.
1622.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 147
For after the receit of ye former leters, the Govr re-
ceived one from Mr. Cushman, who went home in ye
ship, and was allway intimate with Mr. Weston, (as
former passages declare), and it was much marveled
that nothing was heard from him, all this while. But
it should seeme it was ye difficulty of sending, for
this leter was directed as ye leter of a wife to her
husband, who was here, and brought by him to ye
Govr. It was as followeth.
Beloved Sr: I hartily salute you, with trust of your health,
and many thanks for your love. By Gods providence we
got well home ye 17. of Feb. Being robbed by ye French-
men by ye way, and carried by them into France, and were
kepte ther 15. days, and lost all y* we had that was worth
taking; but thanks be to God, we escaped with our lives
& ship. I see not y* it worketh any discouragment hear.
I purpose by Gods grace to see you shortly, / hope in June
nexte, or before. In ye mean space know these things, and
I pray you be advertised a litle. Mr. Weston hath quite
broken of from our company, through some discontents y*
arose betwext him and some of our adventurers, & hath
sould all his adventurs, & hath now sent 3. smale ships for his
perticuler plantation. The greatest wherof, being 100. tune,
Mr. Reynolds goeth mr. and he with ye rest purposeth to
come him selfe ; for what end I know not.
The people which they cary are no men for us, wherfore
I pray you entertaine them not, neither exchainge man for
man with them, excepte it be some of your worst. He hath
taken a patente for him selfe. If they off err to buy any
thing of you, let it be shuch as you can spare, and let
them give ye worth of it. If they borrow any thing of you,
148 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
let them leave a good pawne, &c. It is like he [78*] will
plant to ye southward of ye Cape, for William Trevore hath
lavishly tould but what he knew or imagined of Capewack,
Mohiggen, & ye Narigansets. I fear these people will hardly
deale so well with ye savages as they should. I pray you
therfore signifie to Squanto, that they are a distincte body
from us, and we have nothing to doe with them, neither
must be blamed for their falts, much less can warrente their
fidelitie. We are aboute to recover our losses in France.
Our freinds at Leydeu are well, and will come to you as
many as can this time. I hope all will turne to ye best,
wherfore I pray you be not discouraged, but gather up your
selfe to goe thorow these dificulties cherfully & with courage
in y4 place wherin God hath sett you, untill ye day of re-
freshing come. And ye Lord God of sea & land bring us
comfortably togeather againe, if it may stand with his glorie.
Yours, ROBART CUSHMAN.
On ye other sid of ye leafe, in ye same leter, came
these few lines from Mr. John Peirce, in whose name
the patente was taken, and of whom more will follow,
to be spoken in its place.
Worthy Sr: I desire you to take into consideration that
which is writen on ye other side, and not any way to
damnific your owne collony, whos strength is but weaknes,
and may therby be more iufeebled. And for ye leters of
association, by ye next ship we send, I hope you shall re-
ceive satisfaction ; in ye mean time whom you adrnite I will
approve. But as for Mr. Weston's company, I thinke them
so base in condition (for ye most parte) as in all apearance
* The number is repeated in the Ms.
1622.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 149
not fitt for an honest mans company. I wish they prove
other wise. My purpose is not to enlarge my selfe, but
cease in these few lins, and so rest
Your loving freind,
JOHN PEIRCE.
All these things they pondred and well considered,
yet concluded to give his men frendly entertainmente ;
partly in regard of Mr. Weston him selfe, considering
what he had been unto them, & done for them, & to
some, more espetially ; and partly in compassion to ye
people, who were now come into a willdernes, (as
them selves were,) and were by ye ship to be pres-
ently put a shore, (for she was to cary other passen-
gers to Virginia, who lay at great charge,) and they
were alltogeather unacquainted & knew not what to
doe. So as they had received his former company of
7. men, and vitailed them as 'their owne hitherto, so
they also received these (being aboute 60. lusty men),
and gave [79] housing for them selves and their
goods ; and many being sicke, they had ye best means
y° place could aford them. They stayed hear ye most
parte of y° somer till ye ship came back againe from
Virginia. Then, by his direction, or those whom he
set over them, they removed into ye Massachusset
Bay, he having got a patente for some part ther, (by
light of ther former discovery in leters sent home).
Yet they left all ther sicke folke hear till they were
setled and housed. But of ther victails they had not
150 HISTORY OF [BOOK II.
any, though they were in great wante, nor any thing
els in recompence of any courtecie done them ; neither
did they desire it, for they saw they were an unruly
company, and had no good govermente over them, and
by disorder would soone fall into wants if Mr. Wes-
ton came not ye sooner amongst them ; and therfore,
to prevente all after occasion, would have nothing of
them.
Amids these streigths, and ye desertion of those
from whom they had hoped for supply, and when
famine begane now to pinch them sore, they not know-
ing what to doe, the Lord, (who never fails his,) pre-
sents them with an occasion, beyond all expectation.
This boat which came from ye eastward brought them
a letter from a stranger, of whose name they had
never heard before, being a captaine of a ship come
ther a fishing. This leter was as followeth. Being
thus inscribed.
To all his good freinds at Plimoth, these, &c.
Freinds, cuntrimen, & neighbours : I salute you, and wish
you all health and hapines in ye Lord. I make bould with
these few lines to trouble you, because unless I were un-
humane, I can doe no less. Bad news doth spread it selfe
too farr ; yet I will so farr informe you that my selfe, with
many good freinds in ye south-collonie of Virginia, have re-
ceived shuch a blow, that 400. persons large will not make
good our losses. Therfore I doe intreat you (allthough not
knowing you) that ye old rule which I learned when I went
to schoole, may be sufficente. That is, Hapie is he whom
1622.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 151
other mens harmes doth make to beware. And now againe
and againe, wishing all those yl willingly would serve ye
Lord, all health and happines in this world, and everlasting
peace in ye world to come. And so I rest,
Yours,
JOHN HUDLSTON.
By this boat ye Govr returned a thankfull answer,
as was meete, and sent a boate of their, owne with
them, which was piloted by them, in which Mr. Wins-
low was sente to procure what provissions he could
of ye ships, who was kindly received by ye foresaid
gentill-man, who not only spared what he [90 *] could,
but writ to others to doe ye like. By which means
he gott some good quantitie and returned in saftie, by
which ye plantation had a duble benefite, first, a pres-
ent refreshing by ye food brought, and secondly, they
knew ye way to those parts for their benifite hear-
after. But what was gott, & this small boat brought,
being devided among so many, came but to a litle,
yet by Gods blesing it upheld them till harvest. It
arose but to a quarter of a pound of bread a day to
each person ; and ye Govr caused it to be dayly given
them, otherwise, had it been in their owne custody,
they would have eate it up & then starved. But thus,
with what els they could get, they made pretie shift
till corne was ripe.
* Mr. Hunter writes : " Here is an error in Bradford's pagination. He
passes from 79 to 90. No part of the manuscript is here lost." 79 is repeated
in the paging.
152 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
This somer they builte a fort with good timber,
both strong & comly, which was of good defence, made
with a flate rofe & batllments, on which their ordnance
were mounted, and wher they kepte constante watch,
espetially in time of danger. It served them allso for
a meeting house, and was fitted accordingly for that
use. It was a great worke for them in this weaknes
and time of wants ; but ye deanger of ye time required
it, and both ye continuall rumors of ye fears from ye
Indeans hear, espetially ye Narigansets, and also ye
hearing of that great massacre in Virginia, made all
hands willing to despatch ye same.
Now ye wellcome time of harvest aproached, in
which all had their hungrie bellies filled. But it arose
but to a litle, in comparison of a full years supplie ;
partly by reason they were not yet well aquainted
with ye maner of Indean corne, (and they had no
other,) allso their many other imployments, but cheefly
their weaknes for wante of food, to tend it as they
should have done. Also much was stolne both by
night & day, before it became scarce eatable, & much
more afterward. And though many were well whipt
(when they were taken) for a few ears of corne, yet
hunger made others (whom conscience did not re-
straine) to venture. So as it well appeared y4 famine
must still insue ye next year allso, if not some way
prevented, or supplie should faile, to which they durst
not trust. Markets there was none to goe too, but
1622.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 153
only ye Indeans, and they had no trading comodities.
Behold now another providence of God ; a ship conies
into ye [91] harbor, one Captain Jons being cheefe
therin. They were set out by some marchants to dis-
covere all ye harbors betweene this & Virginia, and ye
shoulds of Cap-Cod, and to trade along ye coast wher
they could. This ship had store of English-beads
(which were then good trade) and some knives, but
would sell none but at dear rates, and also a good
quantie togeather. Yet they weere glad of ye occa-
sion, and faine to buy at any rate ; they were faine
to give after ye rate of cento per cento, if not more,
and yet pay away coat-beaver at 3s. per11-, which in a
few years after yeelded 20s. By this means they were
fitted againe to trade for beaver & other things, and
intended to buy what corne they could.
But I will hear take liberty to make a litle digres-
sion. Ther was in this ship a gentle-man by name
Mr. John Poory ; he had been secretarie in Virginia,
and was now going home passenger in this ship.
After his departure he write a leter to ye Govr in ye
postscrite wherof he hath these lines.
To your selfe and Mr. Brewster, I must acknowledg my
selfe many ways indebted, whose books I would have you
thinke very well bestowed on him, who esteemeth them shuch
juells. My hast would not suffer me to remember (much
less to begg) Mr. Ainsworths elaborate worke upon ye 5.
books of Moyses. Both his & Mr. Robinsons doe highly
154 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
comend the authors, as being most conversante in ye scrip-
turs of all others. And what good (who knows) it may
please God to worke by them, through my hands, (though
most unworthy,) who finds shuch high contente in them.
God have you all in his keeping.
Your uufained and firme freind,
Aug. 28. 1622. JOHN PORT.
These things I hear inserte for honour sake of ye
authors memorie, which this gentle-man doth thus in-
geniusly acknowledg; and him selfe after his returne
did this poore-plantation much credite amongst those
of no mean ranck. But to returne.
[92] Shortly after harvest Mr. Westons people who
were now seated at ye Massachusets, and by disorder
(as it seems) had made havock of their provissions,
begane now to perceive that want would come upon
them. And hearing that they hear had bought trading
comodities & intended to trade for corne, they write
to ye Govr and desired they might joyne with them,
and they would imploy their small ship in ye servise ;
and furder requested either to lend or sell them so
much of their trading comodities as their part might
come to, and they would undertake to make paymente
when Mr. Weston, or their supply, should come. The
Govr condesended upon equall terms of agreemente,
thinkeing to goe aboute ye Cap to ye southward
with ye ship, wher some store of corne might be
got. Althings being provided, Captaint Standish was
1622.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 155
apointed to goe with them, and Squanto for a guid &
interpreter, about ye latter end of September; but ye
winds put them in againe, & putting out ye 2. time,
he fell sick of a feavor, so ye Govr wente him selfe.
But they could not get aboute ye should of Cap-Cod,
for flats & breakers, neither could Squanto directe
them better, nor yc mr. durst venture any further, so
they put into Manamoyack Bay and got w1 * they
could ther. In this place Squanto fell sick of an
Indean feavor, bleeding much at ye nose (which ye
Indeans take for a simptome of death), and within a
few days dyed ther ; desiring ye Govr to pray for him,
that he might goe to ye Englishmens God in heaven,
and bequeathed sundrie of his things to sundry of his
English freinds, as remembrances of his love ; of whom
they had a great loss. They got in this vioage, in one
place & other, about 26. or 28. hogsheads of corne &
beans, which was more then ye Indeans could well
spare in these parts, for ye set but a litle till they got
English hows. And so were faine to returne, being sory
they could not gett about the Cap, to have been better
laden. After ward ye Govr tooke a few men & wente
to yc inland places, to get what he could, and to fetch
it home at yc spring, which did help them something.
[93] After these things, in Feb: a messenger came
from John Sanders, who was left cheefe over Mr. Wes-
ton's men in ye bay of Massachusets, who brought a
* W** in the manuscript.
156 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
letter shewing the great wants they were falen into ;
and he would have borrowed a KB of corne of ye In-
deans, but they would lend him none. He desired
advice whether he might not take it from them by
force to succore his men till he came from ye east-
ward, whither he was going. The Govr & rest de-
swaded him by all means from it, for it might so
exasperate the Indeans as might endanger their saftie,
and all of us might smart for it ; for they had already
heard how they had so wronged ye Indeans by steal-
ing their corne, &c. as they were much incensed
against them. Yea, so base were some of their own
company, as they wente & tould ye Indeans y* their
Govr was purposed to come and take their corne by
force. The which with other things made them enter
into a conspiracie against ye English, of which more
in ye nexte. Hear with I end this year.
Anno Dom: 1623.
IT may be thought strang that these people should
fall to these extremities in so short a time, being left
competently provided when ye ship left them, and had
an addition by that moyetie of corn that was got by
trade, besids much they gott of ye Indans wher they
lived, by one means & other. It must needs be their
great disorder, for they spent excesseivly whilst they
had, or could get it ; and, it may be, wasted parte
away among ye Indeans (for he y* was their cheef
1623.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 157
was taxed by some amongst them for keeping Indean
women, how truly I know not). And after they
begane to come into wants, many sould away their
cloathes and bed coverings; others (so base were they)
became servants to ye Indeans, and would cutt them
woode & fetch them water, for a cap full of corne ;
others fell to plaine stealing, both night & day, from
ye Indeans, of which they greevosly complained. In
ye end, they came to that misery, that some starved
& dyed with could & hunger. One in geathering
shell-fish was so weake as he stuck fast in ye mudd,
and was found dead in ye place. At last most of them
left their dwellings & scatered up & downe in ye [94]
woods, & by ye water sids, wher they could find
ground nuts & clames, hear 6. and ther ten. By
which their cariages they became contemned & scorned
of ye Indeans, and they begane greatly to insulte over
them in a most insolente maner ; insomuch, many times
as they lay thus scatered abrod, and had set on a pot
with ground nuts or shell-fish, when it was ready the
Indeans would come and eate it up ; and when night
came, wheras some of them had a sorie blanket, or
such like, to lappe them selves in, the Indeans would
take it and let ye other lye all nighte in the could;
so as their condition was very lamentable. Yea, in
ye end they were faine to hange one of their men,
whom they could not reclaime from stealing, to give
ye Indeans contente.
158 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
Whilst things wente in this maner with them, ye
Grovr & people hear had notice y* Massasoyte ther
freind was sick & near unto death. They sent to
vissete him, and withall sente him such comfortable
things as gave him great contente, and was a means
of his recovery ; upon which occasion he discovers ye
conspiracie of these Indeans, how they were resolved
to cutt of Mr. Westons people, for the continuall in-
juries they did them, & would now take opportunitie
of their weaknes to doe it ; and for that end had con-
spired with other Indeans their neighbours their aboute.
And thinking the people hear would revenge their
death, they therfore thought to doe ye like by them,
& had solisited him to joyne with them. He advised
them therfore to prevent it, and that speedly by tak-
ing of some of ye cheefe of them, before it was to
late, for he asured them of yc truth hereof.
This did much trouble them, and they tooke it into
serious delibration, and found upon examenation other
evidence to give light hear unto, to longe hear to
relate. In ye mean time, came one of them from
ye Massachucts, with a small pack at his back; and
though he knew not a foote of ye way, yet he got
safe hither, but lost his way, which was well for him,
for he was pursued, and so was mist. He tould them
hear how all things stood amongst them, and that he
durst stay no longer, he apprehended they (by what
he observed) would be all knokt in ye head shortly.
1623.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 159
This made them make ye more hast, & dispatched a
boate away wth Capten Standish & some men, who
found them in a miserable condition, out of which he
rescued them, and helped them to some releef, cut of
some few of ye cheefe conspirators, and, according to
his order, offered to bring them all hither if they
thought good ; and they should fare no worse then
them selves, till Mr. Weston or some supplie came to
them. Or, if any other course liked them better,
he was to doe them any helpfullnes he could. They
thanked him & ye rest. But most of them desired he
would help them with some corne, and they would
goe with their smale ship to ye eastward, wher hapily
they might here of Mr. Weston, or some supply from
him, seing ye time of ye year was for fishing ships
to [95] be in ye land. If not, they would worke
among ye fishermen for their liveing, and get ther pas-
sage into England, if they heard nothing from Mr.
Weston in time. So they shipped what they had of
any worth, and he got them all ye corne he could
(scarce leaving to bring him home), and saw them
well out of ye bay, under saile at sea, and so came
home, not takeing ye worth of a peny of any thing
that was theirs. I have but touched these things
breefly, because they have allready been published in
printe more at large.
This was ye end of these that some time bosted of
their strength, (being all able lustie men,) and what
160 HISTORY OF [BOOK II.
they would doe & bring to pass, in comparison of ye
people hear, who had many women & children and
weak ons amongst them ; and said at their first arivall,
when they saw the wants hear, that they would take
an other course, and not to fall into shuch a condition,
as this simple people were come too. But a mans
way is not in his owne power ; God can make ye
weake to stand ; let him also that standeth take heed
least he fall.
Shortly after, Mr. Weston came over with some of
ye fishermen, under another name, and ye disguise of a
blacke-smith, were he heard of ye ruine and disolution
of his colony. He got a boat and with a man or
2. came to see how things were. But by ye way, for
wante of skill, in a storme, he cast away his shalop in
ye botome of ye bay between Meremek river & Pas-
cataquack, & hardly escaped with life, and afterwards
fell into the hands of ye Indeans, who pillaged him
of all he saved from the sea, & striped him out of
all his cloaths to his shirte. At last he got to Pas-
cataquack, & borrowed a suite of cloaths, and got
means to come to Plimoth. A strang alteration ther
was in him to such as had seen & known him in his
former florishing condition ; so uncertaine are ye muta-
ble things of this unstable world. And yet men set
their harts upon them, though they dayly see ye vanity
therof.
After many passages, and much discourse, (former
1623.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 161
things boy ling in his mind, but bit in as was dis-
cernd,) he desired to borrow some beaver of them ;
and tould them he had hope of a ship & good supply
to come to him, and then they should have any thing
for it they stood in neede of. They gave litle credite
to his supplie, but pitied his case, and remembered
former curtesies. They tould him he saw their wants,
and they knew not when they should have any supply ;
also how ye case stood betweene them & their ad-
venturers, he well knew ; they had not much bever,
& if they should let him have it, it were enoughe to
make a mutinie among ye people, seeing ther was no
other means to procure them foode which they so much
wanted, & cloaths allso. Yet they tould him they
would help him, considering his necessitie, but must
doe it secretly for ye former reasons. So they let
him have 100. beaver-skins, which waighed 170U. odd
pounds. Thus they helpt him when all ye world faild
him, and with this means he went againe to ye ships,
and stayed his small ship & some of his men, &
bought provissions and fited him selfe ; and it was ye
only foundation [96] of his after course. But he re-
quited them ill, for he proved after a bitter enimie
unto them upon all occasions, and never repay ed them
any thing for it, to this day, but reproches and evill
words. Yea, he divolged it to some that were none
of their best freinds, whilst he yet had ye beaver in
his boat; that he could now set them all togeather by
162 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
ye ears, because they had done more then they could
answer, in letting him have this beaver, and he did
not spare to doe what he could. But his malice could
not prevaile.
All this whille no supply was heard of, neither knew
they when they might expecte any. So they begane
to thinke how they might raise as much corne as they
could, and obtaine a beter crope then they had done,
that they might not still thus languish in miserie. At
length, after much debate of things, the Govr (with
ye advise of ye cheefest amongest them) gave way that
they should set corne every man for his owne per-
ticuler, and in that regard trust to them selves ; in all
other things to goe on in ye generall way as before.
And so assigned to every family a parcell of land,
according to the proportion of their number for that
end, only for present use (but made no devission for
inheritance), and ranged all boys & youth under some
familie. This had very good success ; for it made all
hands very industrious, so as much more corne was
planted then other waise would have bene by any
means yc Grovr or any other could use, and saved him
a great deall of trouble, and gave farr better contente.
The women now wente willingly into ye feild, and
tooke their litle-ons with them to set corne, which
before would aledg weaknes, and inabilitie ; whom to
have compelled would have bene thought great tiranie
and oppression.
1623.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 163
The experience that was had in this comone course
and condition, tried sundrie years, and that amongst
godly and sober men, may well evince the vanitie of
that conceite of Platos & other ancients, applauded
by some of later times ; — that ye taking away of
propertie, and bringing in comunitie into a comone
wealth, would make them happy and florishing ; as if
they were wiser then God. For this comunitie (so
farr as it was) was found to breed much confusion &
discontent, and retard much imploymet that would
have been to their benefite and comforte. For ye
yong-men that were most able and fitte for labour &
service did repine that they should spend their time
& streingth to worke for other mens wives and chil-
dren, with out any recompence. The strong, or man
of parts, had no more in devission of victails & cloaths,
then he that was weake and not able to doe a quarter
ye other could ; this was thought injuestice. The aged
and graver men to be ranked and [97] equalised in
labours, and victails, cloaths, &c., with ye meaner &
yonger sorte, thought it some indignite & disrespect
unto them. And for mens wives to be commanded to
doe servise for other men, as dresing their meate, wash-
ing their cloaths, &c., they deemd it a kind of slaverie,
neither could many husbands well brooke it. Upon ye
poynte all being to have alike, and all to doe alike,
they thought them selves in ye like condition, and one
as good' as another; and so, if it did not cut of those
164 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
relations that God hath set amongest men, yet it did
at least much diminish and take of ye mutuall respects
that should be preserved amongst them. And would
have bene worse if they had been men of another
condition. Let none objecte this is men's corruption,
and nothing to ye course it selfe. I answer, seeing all
men have this corruption in them, God in his wis-
dome saw another course fiter for them. ^
But to returne. After this course setled, and by
that their core was planted, all ther victails were
spente, and they were only to rest on Gods provi-
dence ; at night not many times knowing wher to have
a bitt of any thing ye next day. And so, as one well
observed, had need to pray that God would give them
their dayly brade, above all people in ye world. Yet
they bore these wants with great patience & allacritie
of spirite, and that for so long a time as for ye most
parte of 2. years; which makes me remember what
Peter Martire writs, (in magnifying ye Spaniards) in
his 5. Decade, pag. 208. They (saith he) led a mis-
erable life for 5. days togeather, with y6 parched graine
of maize only, and that not to saturitie; and then con-
cluds, that shuck pains, shuch labours, and shuck hunger,
he thought none living which is not a Spaniard could
have endured. But alass ! these, when they had maize
(y* is, Indean corne) they thought it as good as a
feast, and wanted not only for 5. days togeather, but
some time 2. or 3. months togeather, and neither had
1623.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 165
bread nor any kind of corne. Indeed, in an other
place, in his 2. Decade, page 94. he mentions how
others of them were worse put to it, wher they were
faine to eate doggs, toads, and dead men, and so
dyed almost all. From these extremities the * Lord in
his goodnes kept these his people, and in their great
wants preserved both their lives and healthes ; let his
name have ye praise. Yet let me hear make use of
his conclusion, which in some sorte may be applied
to this people : TJiat with their miseries they opened
a way to these new-lands; and after these stormes, with
what ease other men came to inhabite in them, in respecte
of ye calamities these men suffered; so as they seeme to
goe to a bride feaste wher all things are provided for
them.
They haveing but one boat left and she not over
well fitted, they were devided into severall companies,
6. or 7. to a gangg or company, and so wente out
with a nett they had bought, to take bass & such like
fish, by course, every company knowing their turne.
No sooner was ye boate discharged [98] of what she
brought, but ye next company tooke her and wente
out with her. Neither did they returne till they had
cauight something, though it were 5. or 6. days be-
fore, for they knew ther was nothing at home, and to
goe home emptie would be a great discouragemente
to ye rest. Yea, they strive who should doe best.
* They in the MS.
166 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
If she stayed longe or got litle, then all went to seek-
ing of shel-fish, which at low-water they digged out
of ye sands. And this was their living in ye somer
time, till God sente ym beter; & in winter they were
helped with ground-nuts and foule. Also in ye somer
they gott now & then a dear; for one or 2. of ye
fitest was apoynted to range ye woods for y* end, &
what was gott that way was devided amongst them.
At length they received some leters from ye ad-
venturers, too long and tedious hear to record, by
which they heard of their furder crosses and frustra-
tions ; begining in this maner.
Loving freinds, as your sorrows & afflictions have bin
great, so our croses & interceptions in our proceedings hear,
have not been small. For after we had with much trouble
& charge sente ye Parragon away to sea, and thought all ye
paine past, within 14. days after she came againe hither,
being dangerously leaked, and brused with tempestious
stormes, so as shee was faine to be had into ye docke, and
an 100li. bestowed upon her. All ye passengers lying upon
our charg for 6. or 7. weeks, and much discontent and dis-
temper was occasioned hereby, so as some dangerous evente
had like to insewed. But we trust all shall be well and
worke for ye best and your benefite, if yet with patience
you can waite, and but have strength to hold in life.
Whilst these things were doing, Mr. Westerns ship came
and brought diverce leters from you, &c. It rejoyseth us
much to hear of those good reports y* diverce have brought
home from you, &c.
These letters were dated Des. 21 : 1622.
1623.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 167
So farr of this leter.
This ship was brought by Mr. John Peirce, and set
out at his owne charge, upon hope of great maters.
These passengers, & ye goods the company sent in
her, he tooke in for fraught, for which they agreed
with him to be delivered hear. This was he in whose
name their first palente was taken, by reason of
aquaintance, and some aliance that some of their
freinds had with him. But his name was only used in
trust. But when he saw they were hear hopfully thus
seated, and by ye success Grod gave them had obtained
ye favour of ye Counsell of New-England, he goes and
sues to them for another patent of much larger extente
(in their names), which was easily obtained. But he
mente to keep it to him selfe and alow them what
he pleased, to hold of him as tenants, and sue to his
courts as cheefe Lord, as will appear by that which
follows. But ye Lord marvelously crost him; for after
this first returne, and ye charge above mentioned,
when shee was againe fitted, he pesters him selfe and
taks in more passengers, and those not very good to
help to bear his losses, and sets out ye 2. time. But
[99] what ye event was will appear from another leter
from one of ye cheefe of ye company, dated ye 9. of
Aprill, 1623. writ to ye Govr hear, as folio weth.
Loving freind, when I write my last leter, I hope to have
received one from you well-nigh by this time. But when
I write in Des: I litle thought to have seen Mr. John
168 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
Peirce till he had brought some good tidings from you. But
it pleased God, he brought us ye wofull tidings of his
returne when he was half-way over, by extraime tempest,
werin ye goodnes & mercie of God appeared in sparing their
lives, being 109. souls. The loss is so great to Mr. Peirce,
&c., and ye companie put upon so great charge, as veryly, &c.
Now with great trouble & loss, we have got Mr. John
Peirce to assigne over ye grand patente to ye companie,
which he had taken in his owne name, and made quite voyd
our former grante. I am sorie to writ how many hear thinke
y* the hand of God was justly against him, both ye first
and 2. time of his returne ; in regard he, whom you and
we so confidently trusted, but only to use his name for ye
company, should aspire to be lord over us all, and so make
you & us tenants at his will and pleasure, our assurance
or patente being quite voyd & disanuled by his means. I
desire to judg charitably of him. But his imwillingnes to
part with his royall Lordship, and ye high-rate he set it at,
which was 50011. which cost him but 50li., maks many speake
and judg hardly of him. The company are out for goods in
his ship, with charge aboute ye passengers, 640U., &c.
We have agreed with 2. marchants for a ship of 140.
tunes, caled ye Anne, which is to be ready ye last of this
month, to bring 60. passengers & 60. tune of goods, &c.
This was dated Aprill 9. 1623.
These were ther owne words and judgmente of this
mans dealing & proceedings ; for I thought it more
meete to render them in theirs then my owne words.
And yet though ther was never got other recompence
then the resignation of this patente, and ye shares he
had in adventure, for all ye former great sumes, he
was never quiet, but sued them in most of ye cheefe
1623.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 169
courts in England, and when he was still cast, brought
it to ye Parlemente. But he is now dead, and I will
leave him to ye Lord.
This ship suffered ye greatest extreemitie at sea at
her 2. returne, that one shall lightly hear of, to be
saved ; as I have been informed by Mr. William Peirce
who was then mr. of her, and many others that were
passengers in her. It was aboute ye midle of Feb:
The storme was for ye most parte of 14. days, but
for 2. or 3. days & nights togeather in most violent
extremitie. After they had cut downe their mast, ye
storme beat of their round house and all their uper
works; 3. men had worke enough at ye helme, and he
that cund ye ship before ye sea, was faine [100] to be
bound fast for washing away; the seas did so over-
rake them, as many times those upon ye decke knew
not whether they were within bord or withoute ; and
once she was so foundered in ye sea as they all
thought she would never rise againe. But yet ye
Lord preserved them, and brought them at last safe
to Ports-mouth^ to ye wonder of all men y* saw in
what a case she was in, and heard what they had
endured.
About ye later end of June came in a ship, with
Captaine Francis West, who had a comission to be
admirall of New-England, to restraine interlopers, and
shuch fishing ships as came to fish & trade without
a licence from ye Counsell of New-England, for which
170 HISTORY OF [BOOK II.
they should pay a round sume of money. But he
could doe no good of them, for they were to stronge
for him, and he found ye fisher men to be stuberne
fellows. And their owners, upon complainte made to
ye Parlemente, procured an order y* fishing should be
free. He tould ye Govr they spooke with a ship at
sea, and were abord her, yt was coming for this plan-
tation, in which were sundrie passengers, and they
marvelled she was not arrived, fearing some miscariage ;
for they lost her in a storme that fell shortly after
they had been abord. Which relation filled them full
of fear, yet mixed with hope. The mr. of this ship
had some 2. mi of pease to sell, but seeing their
wants, held them at 9*1. sterling a hoggshead, & under
8U. he would not take, and yet would have beaver at
an under rate. But they tould him they had lived
so long with out, and would doe still, rather then
give so unreasonably. So they went from hence to
Virginia.*
* I may not here omite how, notwithstand all their great paines & indus-
trie, and ye great hops of a large cropp, the Lord seemed to blast, & take
away the same, and to threaten further & more sore famine unto them, by
a great drought which continued from ye 3. weeke in May, till about ye
midle of July, without any raine, and with great heat (for ye most parte),
insomuch as ye corne begane to wither away, though it was set with fishe,
the moysture wherof helped it much. Yet at length it begane to languish
sore, and some of ye drier grounds were partched like withered hay, part
wherof was never recovered. Upon which they sett a parte a solemne day
of humilliation, to seek ye Lord by humble & fervente prayer, in this great
distrese. And he was pleased to give them a gracious & speedy answer, both
to their owne, & the Indeans admiration, that lived amongest them. For all
ye morning, and greatest part of the day, it was clear weather & very hotte,
1623.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 171
About 14. days after came in this ship, caled ye
Anne, wherof Mr. William Peirce was mr.> and aboute
a weeke or 10. days after came in ye pinass which in
foule weather they lost at sea, a fine new vessell of
about 44. tune, which ye company had builte to stay
in the cuntrie. They brought about 60. persons -for
ye generall, some of them being very usefull persons,
and became good members to ye body, and some were
ye wives and children of shuch as were hear allready.
And some were so bad, as they were faine to be at
charge to send them home againe ye next year. Also,
besids these ther came a company, that did not belong
to ye generall body, but came one * their perticuler,
and were to have lands assigned them, and be for
them selves, yet to be subject e to ye generall Gov-
and not a cloud or any signe of raine to be seen, yet toward evening it
begane to overcast, and shortly after to raine, with shuch sweete and gentle
showers, as gave them cause of rejoyceing, & blesing God. It came, without
either wind, or thunder, or any violence, and by degreese in y4 abundance,
as that ye earth was thorowly wete and soked therwith. Which did so
apparently revive & quicken ye decayed corne & other fruits, as was won-
derfull to see, and made ye Indeans astonished to behold ; and afterwards the
Lord sent them shuch seasonable showers, with enterchange of faire warme
weather, as, through his blessing, caused a fruitfull & liberall harvest, to
their no small comforte and rejoycing. For which mercie (in time con-
veniente) they also sett aparte a day of thanksgiveing. This being overslipt
in its place, I thought meet here to inserte ye same.
[The above is written on the reverse of page 103 of the original, and
should properly be inserted here. This passage, "being overslipt in its
place," the author at first wrote it, or the most of it, under the preceding
year; but, discovering his error before completing it, drew his pen across it,
and wrote beneath, "This is to be here rased out, and is to be placed on
page 103, wher it is inserted."]
* On.
172 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
erment ; which caused some diferance and disturbance
[101] amongst them, as will after appeare. I shall
hear againe take libertie to inserte a few things out
of shuch leters as came in this shipe, desiring rather
to manefest things in ther words and apprehentions,
then in my owne, as much as may be, without
tediousness.
Beloved freinds, I kindly salute you all, with trust of
your healths & wellfare, being right sorie y4 no supplie hath
been made to you all this while; for defence wher of, I
must referr you to our geuerall leters. Naitheir indeed have
we now sent you many things, which we should & would,
for want of money. But persons, more then inough, (though
not all we should,) for people come flying in upon us, but
monys come creeping in to us. Some few of your old
freinds are come, as, &c. So they come droping to you,
and by degrees, I hope ere long you shall enjoye them all.
And because people press so hard upon us to goe, and often
shuch as are none of ye fitest, I pray you write ernestly to
ye Treasurer and directe what persons should be sente. It
greeveth me to see so weake a company sent you, and yet
had I not been hear they had been weaker. You must still
call upon the company hear to see y4 honest men be sente
you, and threaten to send them back if any other come, &c.
We are not any way so much in danger, as by corrupte an
noughty persons. Shuch, and shuch, came without my con-
sente ; but ye importunitie of their freinds got promise of
our Treasurer in my absence. Neither is ther need we
should take any lewd men, for we may have honest men
enew, &c.
Your assured freind,
R. C.
1623.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 173
The following was from ye genrall.
Loving freinds, we most bartily salute you in all love and
harty affection ; being yet in hope y* the same God which
hath hithertoo preserved you in a marvelous maner, doth yet
continue your lives and health, to his owne praise and all
our comforts. Being right sory that you have not been sent
unto all this time, &c. We have in this ship sent shuch
women, as were willing and ready to goe to their husbands
and freinds, with their children, &c. We would not have
you discontente, because we have not sent you more of your
old freinds, and in spetiall, him* on whom you most' depend.
Farr be it from us to neclecte you, or contemne him. But
as ye intente was at first, so ye evente at last shall shew it,
that we will deal fairly, and squarly answer your expec-
tations to the full. Ther are also come unto you, some
honest men to plant upon their particulers besids you. A
thing which if we should not give way unto, we should wrong
both them and you. Them, by puting them on things more
inconveniente, and you, for that being honest men, they will
be a strengthening to ye place, and good neighbours [102]
unto you. Tow things we would advise you of, which we
have likwise signified them hear. First, ye trade for skins
to be retained for the generall till ye devidente ; 2ly. y' their
setling by you, be with shuch distance of place as is neither
inconvenient for ye lying of your lands, nor hurtfull to your
speedy & easie assembling togeather.
We have sente you diverse fisher men, with salte, &c.
Diverse other provissions we have sente you, as will appear
in your bill of lading, and though we have not sent all we
would (because our cash is small) , yet it is y* we could, &c.
And allthough it seemeth you have discovered many more
rivers and fertill grounds then y4 wher you are, yet seeing by
* I. R.
174 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
Gods providence y* place fell to your lote, let it be accounted
as your portion ; and rather fixe your eyes upon that which
may be done ther, then languish in hops after things els-wher.
If your place be not ye best, it is better, you shall be ye
less envied and encroached upon ; and shuch as are earthly
minded, will not setle too near your border.* If ye land
afford you bread, and ye sea yeeld you fish, rest you a while
contented, God will one day afford you better fare. And all
men shall know you are neither fugetives nor discontents.
But can, if God so order it, take ye worst to your selves,
with content,! & leave ye best to your neighbours, with
cherfullnes.
Let it not be greeveous unto you y* you have been instru-
ments to breake ye ise for others who come after with less
dificulty, the honour shall be yours to ye worlds end, &c.
We bear you always in our brests, and our harty affection
is towards you all, as are ye harts of hundreds more which
never saw your faces, who doubtles pray for your saftie as
their owne, as we our selves both doe & ever shall, that ye
same God which hath so marvelously preserved you from
seas, foes, and famine, will still preserve you from all
future dangers, and make you honourable amongst men, and
glorious in blise at ye last day. And so ye Lord be with
you all & send us joy full news from you, and inable us
with one shoulder so to accomplish & perfecte this worke,
as much glorie may come to Him y* confoundeth ye mighty
by the weak, and maketh small thinges great. To whose
greatnes, be all glorie for ever & ever.
This leter was subscribed with 13. of their names.
These passengers, when they saw their low & poore
condition a shore, were much danted and dismayed,
* This proved rather, a propheti, then advice,
f Contend in the manuscript.
1623.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 175
and according to their diverse humores were diversly
affected ; some wished them selves in England againe ;
others fell a weeping, fancying their own miserie in
what yey saw now in others ; other some pitying the
distress they saw their freinds had been long in, and
still were under; in a word, all were full of sadnes.
Only some of their old freinds rejoysed to see them,
and yl it was no worse with them, for they could not
expecte it should be better, and now hoped they should
injoye better days togeather. And truly it was [103]
no marvell they should be thus affected, for they were
in a very low condition, many were ragged in aparell,
& some litle beter then halfe naked; though some y*
were well stord before, were well enough in this re-
gard. But for food they were all alike, save some y'
had got a few pease of ye ship yi was last hear. The
best dish they could presente their freinds with was
a lobster, or a peece of fish, without bread or any
thing els but a cupp of fair spring water. And ye
long continuance of this diate, and their labours abroad,
had something abated ye freshnes of their former com-
plexion. But God gave them health and strength in
a good measure ; and shewed them by experience yc
truth of y* word, Deut. 8. 3. Yt man liveth not by
bread only, but by every word y* proceedeth out of ye
mouth of ye Lord doth a man live.
When I think how sadly ye scripture speaks of the
famine in Jaakobs time, when he said to his sonns,
176 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
Goe buy us food, that we may live and not dye.
Gen. 42. 2. and 43. 1, that the famine was great, or
heavie in the land; and yet they had such great herds,
and store of catle of sundrie kinds, which, besids flesh,
must needs produse other food, as milke, butter &
cheese, &c., and yet it was counted a sore affliction ;
theirs hear must needs be very great, therfore, who
not only wanted the staffe of bread, but all these
things, and had no Egipte to goe too. But God fedd
them out of ye sea for ye most parte, so wonderfull
is his providence over his in all ages ; for his mercie
endureth for ever.
On ye other hand the old planters were affraid that
their corne, when it was ripe, should be imparted to ye
new-comers, whose provissions wch they brought with
them they feared would fall short before ye year wente
aboute (as indeed it did). They came to ye Govr and
besought him that as it was before agreed that they
should set corne for their perticuler, and accordingly
they had taken extraordinary pains ther aboute, that
they might freely injoye the same, and they would not
have a bitte of ye victails now come, but waite till
harvest for their owne, and let ye new-comers injoye
what they had brought ; they would have none of it,
excepte they could purchase any of it of them by
bargaine or exchainge. Their requeste was granted
them , for it gave both sides good contente ; for ye
new-comers were as much afraid that ye hungrie
1623.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 177
planters would have eat up ye provissions brought, and
they should have fallen into ye like condition.
This ship was in a shorte time laden with clapbord,
by ye help of many hands. Also they sente in her all
ye beaver and other furrs they had, & Mr. Winslow
was sent over with her, to informe of all things, and
procure such things as were thought needfull for their
presente condition. By this time harvest was come,
and in stead of famine, now God gave them plentie,
and ye face of things was changed, to ye rejoysing of
ye harts of many, for which they blessed God. And
ye effect of their particuler planting was well seene, for
all had, one way & other, pretty well to bring ye year
aboute, and some of ye abler sorte and more [104]
industrious had to spare, and sell to others, so as any
generall wante or famine hath not been amongst them
since to this day.
Those that come on their perticuler looked for greater
matters then they found or could attaine unto, aboute
building great houses, and such pleasant situations for
them, as them selves had fancied; as if they would be
great men & rich, all of a sudaine ; but they proved
castls in ye aire. These were ye conditions agreed on
betweene ye colony and them.
First, that ye Gov1, in ye name and with ye consente
of ye company, doth in all love and frendship receive
and imbrace them ; and is to allote them competente
places for habitations within ye towne. And promiseth
178 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
to shew them all such other curtesies as shall be rea-
sonable for them to desire, or us to performe.
2. That they, on their parts, be subjecte to all such
laws & orders as are already made, or hear after shall
be, for ye publick good.
3. That they be freed and exempte from ye generall
imployments of the said company, (which their pres-
ente condition of comunitie requireth,) excepte com-
mune defence, & such other imployments as tend to
ye perpetuall good of ye collony.
4ly. Towards ye maintenance of Govrt, & publick
officers of ye said collony, every male above ye age
of 16. years shall pay a bushell of Indean wheat, or
ye worth of it, into ye commone store.
5ly. That (according to ye agreemente ye marchants
made with ym before they came) they are to be wholy
debared from all trade with the Indeans for all sorts
of furrs, and such like commodities, till ye time of ye
comunallitie be ended.
About ye midle of September arrived Captaine
Robart Gorges in ye Bay of ye Massachusets, with
sundrie passengers and families, intending ther to
begine a plantation ; and pitched upon ye place Mr.
Weston's people had forsaken. He had a comission
from ye Counsell of New-England, to be generall Gover
of ye cuntrie, and they appoynted for his counsell &
assistance, Captaine Francis West, ye aforesaid admirall,
Christopher Levite, Esquire, and ye Govr of Plimoth for
1623.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 179
ye time beeing, &c. Allso, they gave him authoritie to
chuse such other as he should find fit. Allso, they gave
(by their comission) full power to him & his assistants,
or any 3. of them, wherof him selfe was all way to be
one, to doe and execute what to them should seeme
good, in all cases, Capitall, Criminall, and Civill, &c.,
with diverce other instructions. Of which, & his
comission, it pleased him to suffer ye Govr hear to
take a coppy.
He gave them notice of his arivall by letter, but
before they could visite him he went to ye eastward
with ye ship he came in; but a storme arising, (and
they wanting a good pilot to harbor them in those
parts,) they bore up for this harbor. He and his
men were hear kindly entertained ; he stayed hear
14. days. In ye mean time came in Mr. Weston with
his small ship, which he had now recovered. [105*]
Captaine Gorges tooke hold of ye opportunitie, and
acquainted ye Govr hear, that one occasion of his
going to yc eastward was to meete with Mr. Weston,
and call him to accounte for some abuses he had to
lay to his charge. Wherupon he called him before
him, and some other of his assistants, with ye Govr of
this place ; and charged him, first, with ye ille carriage
of his men at yc Massachusets ; by which means the
peace of ye cuntrie was disturbed, and him selfe & the
people which he had brought over to plante in that
* In MS. also 145.
180 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
bay were therby much prejudised. To this Mr. Weston
easily answered, that what was that way done, was in
his absence, and might have befalen any man ; he left
them sufficently provided, and conceived they would
have been well governed ; and for any errour comitted
he had sufficiently smarted. This particuler was passed
by. A 2d. was, for an abuse done to his father, Sr.
Ferdenando Gorges, and to ye State. The thing was
this ; he used him & others of ye Counsell of New-
England, to procure him a licence for ye transporting
of many peeces of great ordnance for New-England,
pretending great fortification hear in ye countrie, & I
know not what shipping. The which when he had
obtained, he went and sould them beyond seas for his
private profite ; for which (he said) ye State was much
offended, and his father suffered a shrowd check, and
he had order to apprehend him for it. Mr. Weston
excused it as well as he could, but could not deney
it ; it being one maine thing (as was said) for which
he with-drew himself. But after many passages, by
ye mediation of ye Govr and some other freinds hear,
he was inclined to gentlnes (though he aprehended ye
abuse of his father deeply) ; which, when Mr. Weston
saw, he grew more presumptuous, and gave such pro-
vocking & cutting speches, as made him rise up in
great indignation & distemper, and vowed y* he would
either curb him, or send him home for England. At
which Mr. Weston was something danted, and came
1623.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 181
privatly to ye Govr hear, to know whether they would
suffer Captaine Gorges to apprehend him. He was
tould they could not hinder him, but much blamed
him, y* after they had pacified things, he should thus
breake out, by his owne folly & rashnes, to bring
trouble upon him selfe & them too. He confest it
was his passion, and prayd ye Govr to entreat for him,
and pacific him if he could. The which at last he
did, with much adoe ; so he was called againe, and ye
Govr was contente to take his owne bond to be ready
to make further answer, when either he or ye lords
should send for him. And at last he tooke only his
word, and ther was a freidly parting on all hands.
But after he was gone, Mr. Weston in lue of thanks
to ye Govr and his freinds hear, gave them this quib
(behind their baks) for all their pains. That though
they were but yonge justices, yet they wear good
beggers. Thus they parted at this time, and shortly
after ye Gov1' tooke his leave and went to ye Mas-
sachusets by land, being very thankfull for his kind
entertainemente. The ship stayed hear, and fitted her
selfe to goe for Virginia, having some passengers ther
to deliver; and with her returned sundrie of those
from hence which came over on their perticuler, some
out of discontente and dislike of ye cuntrie ; others by
reason of a fire that broke out, and burnt ye houses
they lived in, and all their provisions [106 *] so as
* In MS. also 146.
182 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
they were necessitated therunto. This fire was occa-
sioned by some of ye sea-men that were roystering in
a house wher it first begane, makeing a great fire in
very could weather, which broke out of ye chimney
into yc thatch, and burnte downe 3. or 4. houses, and
consumed all ye goods & provissions in ym. The
house in which it begane was right against their store-
house, which they had much adoe to save, in which
were their comone store & all their provissions ; ye
which if it had been lost, ye plantation had been over-
throwne. But through Gods mercie it was saved by
yc great dilligence of ye people, & care of ye Govr &
some aboute him. Some would have had ye goods
throwne out ; but if they had, ther would much have
been stolne by the rude company y* belonged to these
2. ships, which were allmost all ashore. But a trusty
company was plased within, as well as those that with
wet-cloaths & other means kept of ye fire without,
that if necessitie required they might have them out
with all speed. For yey suspected some malicious
dealling, if not plaine treacherie, and whether it was
only suspition or no, God knows; but this is certaine,
that when ye tumulte was greatest, ther was a voyce
heard (but from whom it was not knowne) that bid
them looke well aboute them, for all were not freinds
y* were near them. And shortly after, when the
vemencie of ye fire was over, smoke was seen to arise
within a shed y* was joynd to ye end of ye store-
1623.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 183
house, which was watled up with bowes, in ye withered
leaves wherof ye fire was kindled, which some, runing
to quench, found a longe firebrand of an ell longe,
lying under ye wale on ye inside, which could not
possibly come their by cassualtie, but must be laid
ther by some hand, in ye judgrnente of all that saw
it. But God kept them from this deanger, what ever
was intended.
Shortly after Captaine Gorges, ye generall Govr, was
come home to ye Massachusets, he sends a warrante
to arrest Mr. Weston & his ship, and sends a mr. to
bring her away thither, and one Captain Hanson (that
belonged to him) to conducte him along. The Govr
& others hear were very sory to see him take this
course, and tooke exception at ye warrante, as not
legall nor sumciente ; and withall write to him to dis-
swade him from this course, shewing him y1 he would
but entangle and burthen him selfe in doing this ; for
he could not doe Mr. Weston a better turne, (as things
stood with him) ; for he had a great many men that
belonged to him in this barke, and was deeply ingaged
to them for wages, and was in a maner out of victails
(and now winter) ; all which would light upon him, if
he did arrest his barke. In ye mean time Mr. Weston
had notice to shift for him selfe ; but it was conceived
he either knew not whither to goe, or how to mend
him selfe, but was rather glad of ye occasion, and so
stirred not. But ye Gov1' would not be pers waded, but
184 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
[107] sent a very formall warrente under his hand &
seall, with strict charge as they would answere it to
ye state ; he also write that he had better considered
of things since he was hear, and he could not answer
it to let him goe so ; besids other things that were
come to his knowledg since, which he must answer too.
So he was suffered to proceede, but he found in the
end that to be true that was tould him ; for when an
inventorie was taken of what was in ye ship, ther was
not vitailes found for above 14. days, at a pare allow-
ance, and not much else of any great worth, & the
men did so crie out of him for wages and diate, in ye
mean time, as made him soone weary. So as in con-
clusion it turned to his loss, and ye expence of his
owne provissions ; and towards the spring they came to
agreement, (after they had bene to ye eastward,) and
ye Govr restord him his vessell againe, and made him
satisfaction, in bisket, meal, and such like provissions,
for what he had made use of that was his, or what
his men had any way wasted or consumed. So Mr.
WestoD came hither againe, and afterward shaped his
course for Virginie, & so for present I shall leave
him.*
The Govr and some y* depended upon him returned
for England, haveing scarcly saluted ye cuntrie in his
Govermente, not finding the state of things hear to
* He dyed afterwards at Bristoll, in ye time of the warrs, of ye sicknes
in y1 place.
1623.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 185
answer his quallitie & condition. The peopl dispersed
them selves, some went for England, others for Vir-
ginia, some few remained, and were helped with sup-
plies from hence. The Govr brought over a minister
with him, one Mr. Morell, who, about a year after ye
Govr returned, tooke shipping from hence. He had I
know not what power and authority of superintendancie
over other churches granted him, and sundrie instruc-
tions for that end ; but he never shewed it, or made any
use of it; (it should seeme he saw it was in vaine ;)
he only speake of it to some hear at his going away.
This was in effect ye end of a 2. plantation in that
place. Ther were allso this year some scatering be-
ginings made in other places, as at Paskataway,
by Mr. David Thomson, at Monhigen, and some other
places by sundrie others.
It rests now y1 I speake a word aboute ye pinass
spoken of before, which was sent by ye adventurers to
be imployed in ye cuntrie. She was a fine vessel!, and
bravely set out,* and I fear ye adventurers did over
pride them selves in her, for she had ill success. How
ever, they erred grosly in tow things aboute her ; first,
though she had a sufficiente maister, yet she was rudly
maned, and all her men were upon shars, and none was
to have any wages but ye mr. 2ly, wheras they mainly
lookt at trade, they had sent nothing of any value to
trade with. When the men came hear, and mette with
* With her flages, & streamers, pendents, & wastcloaths, &c.
186 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
ill counsell from Mr. Weston & his crue, with others
of ye same stampe, neither mr. nor Govr could scarce
rule [108] them, for they exclaimed that they were
abused & deceived, for they were tould they should
goe for a man of warr, and take I know not whom,
French & Spaniards, &c. They would neither trade
nor fish, excepte they had wages ; in fine, they would
obey no comand of ye maisters ; so it was appre-
hended they would either rune away with ye vessell, or
get away wth ye ships, and leave her ; so as Mr. Peirce
& others of their freinds perswaded the Grovr to chaing
their condition, and give them wages ; which was ac-
cordingly done. And she was sente about ye Cape to
ye Narigansets to trade, but they made but a poore
vioage of it. Some corne and beaver they got, but ye
Dutch used to furnish them with cloath & better comod-
ities, they haveing only a few beads & knives, which
were not ther much esteemed. Allso, in her returne
home, at ye very entrance into ther owne harbore, she
had like to have been cast away in a storme, and was
forced to cut her maine mast by ye bord, to save her-
selfe from driving on ye flats that lye without, caled
Browns Hands, the force of ye wind being so great as
made her anchors give way and she drive right upon
them ; but her mast & takling being gone, they held
her till ye wind shifted.
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 187
Anno Dom: 1624.
THE time of new election of ther officers for this
year being come, and* ye number of their people in-
creased, and their troubls and occasions therwith, the
Govr desired them to chainge ye persons, as well as
renew ye election ; and also to adde more Assistans
to ye Govr for help & counsell, and ye better carrying
on of affairs. Showing that it was necessarie it should
be so. If it was any honour or benefite, it was fitte
others should be made pertakers of it ; if it was a
burthen, (as doubtles it was,) it was but equall others
should help to bear it; and y* this was ye end of
Anuall Elections. The issue was, that as before ther
was but one Assistante, they now chose 5. giving the
Govr a duble voyce ; and aftwards they increased them
to 7. which course hath continued to this day.
They having with some truble & charge new-masted
and rigged their pinass, in ye begining of March they
sent her well vitaled to the eastward on fishing. She
arrived safly at a place near Damarins cove, and was
there well harbored in a place wher ships used to
ride, ther being also some ships allready arived out
of England. But shortly after ther [109] arose such
a violent & extraordinarie storme, as ye seas broak
over such places in ye harbor as was never seene be-
fore, and drive her against great roks, which beat such
* And is repeated in the MS.
188 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
a hole in her bulke, as a horse and carte might have
gone in, and after drive her into deep-water, wher she
lay sunke. The m1. was drowned, the rest of ye men,
all save one, saved their lives, with much a doe ; all
her provision, salt, and what els was in her, was lost.
And here I must leave her to lye till afterward.
Some of those that still remained hear on their per-
ticuler, begane privatly to nurish a faction, and being
privie to a strong faction that was among ye adventur-
ers in England, on whom sundry of them did depend,
by their private whispering : they drew some of the
weaker sorte of yc company to their side, and so filld
them with discontente, as nothing would satisfie them
excepte they might be suffered to be in their perticuler
allso ; and made great offers, so they might be freed
from ye generall. The Govr consulting with ye ablest
of ye generall body what was best to be done hear
in, it was resolved to permitte them so to doe, upon
equall conditions. The conditions were the same in
effect with ye former before related. Only some more
added, as that they should be bound here to remaine
till ye generall partnership was ended. And also that
they should pay into ye store, ye on halfe of all such
goods and comodities as they should any waise raise
above their food, in consideration of what charg had
been layed out for them, with some such like things.
This liberty granted, soone stopt this gape, for ther
was but a few that undertooke this course when it
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 189
came too ; and they were as sone weary of it. For
the other had pers waded them, & Mr. Weston to-
geather, that ther would never come more supply to
ye generall body ; but ye perticulers had such freinds
as would carry all, and doe for them I know not
what.
Shortly after, Mr. Winslow came over, and brought
a prety good supply, and the ship came on fishing, a
thing fatall to this plantation. He brought 3. heifers
& a bull, the first begining of any catle of that kind
in ye land, with some cloathing & other necessaries, as
will further appear; but withall ye reporte of a strong
faction amongst the adventurers * against them, and
espetially against ye coming of ye rest from Ley den,
and with what difficulty this supply was procured, and
how, by their strong & long opposision, bussines was
so retarded as not only they were now falne too late
for ye fishing season, but the best men were taken up
of ye fishermen in ye west countrie, and he was forct
to take such a mr. & company for that imployment as
he could procure upon ye present. Some letters from
them shall beter declare these things, being as fol-
loweth.
[110] Most worthy & loving freinds, your kind & loving
leters I have received, and render you many thanks, &c. It
hath plased God to stirre up ye harts of our adventurers *
* Adventures in the manuscript.
190 HISTORY OF [BOOK II.
to raise a new stock for ye seting forth of this shipe, caled
ye Charitie, with men & necessaries, both for ye plantation
and ye fishing, though accomplished with very great diffi-
culty ; in regard we have some amongst us which undoubt-
edly aime more at their owne private ends, and ye thwarting
& opposing of some hear, and other worthy instruments,* of
Grods glory elswher, then at ye generall good and further-
ance of this noble &• laudable action. Yet againe we have
many other, and I hope yc greatest parte, very honest Chris-
tian men, which I am perswaded their ends and intents are
wholy for ye glory of our Lord Jesus Christ, in ye propaga-
tion of his gospell, and hope of gaining those poore salvages
to ye knowledg of God. But, as we have a proverbe, One
seabed sheep may marr a whole flock, so these malecontented
persons, & turbulente spirits, doe what in them lyeth to
withdraw mens harts from you and your freinds, yea, even
from ye generall bussines ; and yet under show and pretence
of godlynes and furtherance of ye plantation. Wheras the
quite contrary doth plainly appeare ; as some of ye honester
harted men (though of late of their faction) did make manifest
at our late meeting. But what should I trouble you or my
selfe with these restles opposers of all goodnes, and I doubte
will be continuall disturbers of our frendly meetings & love.
On Thurs-day ye 8. of Jan : we had a meeting aboute the
artickls betweene you & us ; wher they would rejecte that,
which we in our late leters prest you to grante, (an addition
to ye time of our joynt stock). And their reason which
they would make known to us was, it trobled their con-
science to exacte longer time of you then was agreed upon
at ye first. But that night they were so followed and crost
of their perverse courses, as they were even wearied, and
offered to sell their adventurs ; and some were willing to buy.
But I, doubting they would raise more scandale and false
* He means Mr. Robinson.
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 191
reports, aud so diverse waise doe us more hurt, by going of
in such a furie, then they could or can by continuing adven-
turers amongst us, would not suffer them. But on ye 12. of
Jan : we had another meting, but in the interime diverse of
us had talked with most of them privatly, and had great
combats & reasoning, pro & con. But at night when we
mete to read ye generall letter, we had ye loveingest and
frendlyest meeting that ever I knew * and our greatest ene-
mise offered to lend us 50n. So I sent for a potle of wine,
(I would you could f doe ye like,) which we dranke freindly
together. Thus God can turne ye harts of men when it
pleaseth him, &c. Thus loving freinds, I hartily salute you
all in ye Lord, hoping ever to rest,
Yours to my power,
Jan: 25. 1623. JAMES SHERLET.
[Ill] Another leter.
Beloved Sr., &c. We have now sent you, we hope, men
& means, to setle these 3. things, viz. fishing, salt making,
and boat making ; if you can bring them to pass to some
perfection, your wants may be supplyed. I pray you bend
you selfe what you can to setle these bussinesses. Let ye
ship be fraught away as soone as you can, and sent to Bil-
bow. You must send some discreete man for factore, whom,
once more, you must also authorise to confirme ye conditions.
If Mr. Winslow could be spared, I could wish he came
* But this lasted not long, they had now provided Lyford & others to send
over.
f It is worthy to be observed, how ye Lord doth chaing times & things;
for what is now more plentifull then wine ? and that of ye best, coming from
Malago, ye Cannaries, and other places, sundry ships lading in a year. So
as ther is now more cause to complaine of ye excess and y° abuse of wine
(through mens corruption) even to drunkennes, then of any defecte or wante
of ye same. Witnes this year 1646. The good Lord lay not ye sins & un-
thankfullnes of men to their charge in this perticuler.
192 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
againe. This ship carpenter is thought to be the fittest man
for you in the laud, and will no doubte doe you much good.
Let him have an absolute comand over his servants &
such as you put to him. Let him build you 2. catches, a
lighter, and some 6. or 7. shalops, as soone as you can.
The salt-man is a skillfull & industrious man, put some to
him, that may quickly apprehende ye misterie of it. The
preacher we have sent is (we hope) an honest plaine man,
though none of ye most eminente and rare. Aboute chusing
him into office use your owne liberty & discretion ; he knows
he is no officer amongst you, though perhaps custome &
universalitie may make him forget him selfe. Mr. Winslow
& my selfe gave way to his going, to give contente to some
hear, and we see no hurt in it, but only his great charge of
children.
We have tooke a patente for Cap Anne, &c. I am sory
ther is no more discretion used by some in their leters
hither.* Some say you are starved in body & soule ; others,
y4 you eate piggs & doggs, that dye alone; others, that ye
things hear spoaken of, ye goodnes of ye cuntry, are gross
and palpable lyes ; that ther is scarce a foule to be seene,
or a fish to be taken, and many such like. I would such
discontented men were hear againe, for it is a miserie when
ye whole state of a plantation shall be thus exposed to ye
passionate humors of some discontented men. And for my
selfe I shall hinder for hearafter some y* would goe, and
have not better composed their affections ; mean space it is
all our crosses, and we must bear them.
I am sorie we have not sent you more and other things,
but in truth we have rune into so much charge, to victaile
ye ship, provide salte & other fishing implements, &c. as we
could not provid other comfortable things, as buter, suger,
&c. I hope the returne of this ship, and the James, will
* This was John Oldome & his like.
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 193
put us in cash againe. The Lord make you full of courage
in this troublesome bussines, which now must be stuck unto,
till God give us rest from our labours. Fare well in all
harty affection.
Your assured freind,
Jan: 24. 1623. R. C.
With ye former letter write by Mr. Sherley, 'there
were sente sundrie objections concerning which he thus
writeth. " These are the cheefe objections which they
[112] that are now returned make against you and
the countrie. I pray you consider them, and answer
them by the first conveniencie." These objections were
made by some of those that came over on their pertic-
uler and were returned home, as is before mentioned,
and were of ye same suite with those y* this other
letter mentions.
I shall here set them downe, with ye answers then
made unto them, and sent over at ye returne of this
ship ; which did so confound ye objecters, as some
confessed their falte, and others deneyed what they
had said, and eate their words, & some others of them
have since come over againe and heere lived to con-
vince them selves sufficiently, both in their owne &
other mens judgments.
1. obj. was diversitie aboute Keligion. Ans : We
know no such matter, for here was never any con-
troversie or opposition, either publicke or private, (to
our knowledg,) since we came.
194 HISTORY or [BOOK u.
2. ob : Neglecte of familie duties, one ye Lords day.
Ans. We allow no such thing, but blame it in our
selves & others ; and they that thus reporte it, should
have shewed their Christian love the more if they had
in love tould ye offenders of it, rather then thus to
reproach them behind their baks. But (to say no
more) we wish them selves had given better example.
3. ob : Wante of both the sacrements.
Ans. The more is our greefe, that our pastor is
kept from us, by whom we might injoye them; for
we used to have the Lords Supper every Saboth, and
baptisme as often as ther was occasion of children to
baptise.
4. ob : Children not catechised nor taught to read.
Ans : Neither is true ; for diverse take pains with
their owne as they can ; indeede, we have no comone
schoole for want of a fitt person, or hithertoo means
to maintaine one ; though we desire now to begine.
5. ob : Many of ye perticuler members of ye planta-
tion will not work for ye generall.
Ans : This allso is not wholy true ; for though some
doe it not willingly, & other not honestly, yet all doe
it ; and he that doth worst gets his owne foode &
something besids. But we will not excuse them, but
labour to reforme them ye best we cane, or else to
quitte ye plantation of them.
6. ob : The water is not wholsome.
Ans : If they mean, not so wholsome as ye good
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 195
beere and wine in London, (which they so dearly
love,) we will not dispute with them; but els, for
water, it is as good as any in ye world, (for ought
we knowe,) and it is wholsome enough to us that can
be contente therwith.
7. ob: The ground is barren and doth bear no
grasse .
[113] Ans : It is hear (as in all places) some better
& some worse ; and if they well consider their words,
in England they shall not find such grasse in them, as
in their feelds & meadows. The catle find grasse, for
they are as fatt as need be ; we wish we had but one
for every hundred that hear is grase to keep. Indeed,
this objection, as some other, are ridiculous to all here
which see and know ye contrary.
8. ob : The fish will not take salt to keepe sweete.
Ans : This is as true as that which was written,
that ther is scarce a foule to be seene or a fish to
be taken. Things likly to be true in a cuntrie wher
so many sayle of ships come yearly a fishing ; they
might as well say, there can no aile or beere in Lon-
don be kept from sowering.
9. ob : Many of them are theevish and steale on
from an other.
Ans : Would London had been free from that crime,
then we should not have been trobled with these here ;
it is well knowne sundrie have smarted well for it,
and so are ye rest like to doe, if they be taken.
196 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
10. ob : The countrie is anoyed with foxes and
woules.
Ans : So are many other good cuntries too ; but
poyson, traps, and other such means will help to
destroy them.
11. ob : The Dutch are planted nere Hudsons Bay,
and are likely to overthrow the trade.
Ans : They will come and plante in these parts,
also, if we and others doe not, but goe home and
leave it to them. We rather commend them, then
condemne them for it.
12. ob : The people are much anoyed with mus-
keetoes.
Ans : They are too delicate and unfitte to begine
new-plantations and collonies, that cannot enduer the
biting of a muskeeto ; we would wish such to keepe
at home till at least they be muskeeto proofe. Yet
this place is as free as any, and experience teacheth
that ye more ye land is tild, and ye woods cut downe,
the fewer ther will be, and in the end scarse any
at all.
Having thus dispatcht these things, that I may
handle things togeather, I shall here inserte 2. other
letters from Mr. Robinson their pastor ; the one to ye
Govr, ye other to Mr. Brewster their Elder, which will
give much light to ye former things, and express the
tender love & care of a true pastor over them.
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 197
His leter to ye Govr.
My loving & much beloved freind, whom God hath
hithertoo preserved, preserve and keepe you still to his
glorie, and ye good of many ; that his blessing may make
your godly and wise endeavours answerable to ye valuation
which they ther have, & set upon ye same. Of your love
too and care for us here, we never doubted ; so are we glad
to take knowledg of it in that fullnes we doe. Our love &
care to and for you, is mutuall, though our hopes of com-
ing [114] unto you be small, and weaker then ever. But
of this at large in Mr. Brewsters letter, with whom you, and
he with you, mutualy, I know, comunicate your letters, as
I desire you may doe these, &c.
Concerning ye killing of those poor Indeans, of which we
heard at first by reporte, and since by more certaine rela-
tion, oh! how happy a thing had it been, if you had con-
verted some, before you had killed any ; besids, wher bloud
is one begune to be shed, it is seldom e stanched of a long
time after. You will say they deserved it. I grant it ; but
upon what provocations and invitments by those heathenish
Christians?* Besids, you, being no magistrats over them,
were to consider, not what they deserved, but what you
were by necessitie constrained to inflicte. Necessitie of this,
espetially of killing so many, (and many more, it seems,
they would, if they could,) I see not. Methinks on or tow
principals should have been full enough, according to that
approved rule, The punishmente to a few, and ye fear to
many. Upon this occasion let me be bould to exhorte you
seriouly to consider of ye dispossition of your Captaine, whom
I love, and am perswaded ye Lord in great merci'e and for
much good hath sent you him, if you use him aright. He
is a man humble and meek amongst you, and towards all
* Mr. "Westerns men.
198 HISTOEY OF [BOOK n.
in ordinarie course. But now if this be meerly from an
humane spirite, ther is cause to fear that by occasion,
espetially of provocation, ther may be wanting y* tendernes
of ye life of man (made after Gods image) which is meete.
It is also a thing more glorious in mens eyes, then pleas-
ing in Gods, or conveniente for Christians, to be a terrour
to poore barbarous people ; and indeed I am afraid least, by
these occasions, others should be drawne to affecte a kind of
rufling course in the world. I doubt not but you will take
in good part these things which I write, and as ther is
cause make use of them. It were to us more comfortable
and convenient, that we comunicated our mutuall helps in
presence, but seeing that canot be done, we shall always
long after you, and love you, and waite Gods apoynted
time. The adventurers it seems have neither money nor
any great mind of us, for ye most parte. They deney it to
be any part of ye covenants betwixte us, that they should
trasporte us, neither doe I looke for any further help from
them, till means come from you. We hear are strangers in
effecte' to ye whole course, and so both we and you (save as
your owne wisdoms and worths have intressed you further)
of principals intended in this bussines, are scarce accessa-
ries, &c. My wife, with me, resalute you & yours. Unto
him who is ye same to his in all places, and nere to them
which are farr from one an other, I comend you and all
with you, resting,
Yours truly loving,
JOHN ROBINSON.
Leyden, Des: 19. 1623.
His to Mr. Brewster.
Loving and dear freind and brother: That which I most
desired of God in regard of you, namly, ye continuance of
your life and health, and the safe coming of these sent unto
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 199
you, that I most gladly hear of, and praise God for the
same. And I hope Mrs. Brewsters weake and decayed state
of body will have some reparing by the coming of her
daughters, and the provissions in this and former ships, I
hear is made for you ; which maks us with more patience
bear our languishing state, and ye deferring of our desired
trasportation ; wch I call desired, rather than hoped for,
whatsoever you are borne in hand by any others. For first,
ther is no hope at all, that I know, or can conceive of, of
any new stock to be raised for that end ; so that all must
depend [115] upon returns from you, in which are so many
uncertainties, as that nothing with any certaintie can thence
be concluded. Besids, howsoever for ye presente the adven-
turers aledg nothing but want of money, which is an in-
vincible difculty, yet if that be taken away by you, others
without doubte will be found. For the beter clearing of this,
we must dispose ye adventurers into 3. parts; and of them
some 5. or 6. (as I conceive) are absolutly bent for us,
above any others. Other 5. or 6. are our bitter professed
adversaries. The rest, being the body, I conceive to be
honestly minded, & loveingly also towards us ; yet such as
have others (namly ye forward preachers) nerer unto them,
then us, and whose course so farr as ther is any cliff erance,
they would rather advance then ours. Now what a hanck
these men have over ye professors, you know. And I per-
swade my selfe, that for me, they of all others are unwilling
I should be transported, espetially such of them as have an
eye that way them selves ; as thinking if I come ther, ther
market will be mard in many regards. And for these ad-
versaries, if they have but halfe ye witte to their malice, they
will stope my course when they see it intended, for which
this delaying serveth them very opportunly. And as one
restie jade can hinder, by hanging back, more then two or
3. can (or will at least, if they be not very free) draw for-
200 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
ward, so will it be in this case. A notable * experimente of
this, they gave in your messengers presence, constraining ye
company to promise that none of the money now gathered
should be expended or imployed to ye help of any of us
towards you. Now touching ye question propounded by you,
I judg it not lawfull for you, being a ruling Elder, as Rom.
12. 7. 8. & 1. Tim. 5. 17. opposed to the Elders that teach
& exhorte and labore in ye word and doctrine, to which yc
sacrements are anexed, to administer them, nor convenient
if it were lawfull. Whether any larned man will come unto
you or not, I know not; if any doe, you must Consiliu
capere in arena. Be you most hartily saluted, & your wife
with you, both from me & mine. Your God & ours, and
ye God of all his, bring us together if it be his will, and keep
us in the mean while, and all ways to his glory, and make us
servisable to his majestic, and faithfull to the end. Amen.
Your very loving brother,
JOHN ROBINSON.
Leyden, Des : 20. 1623.
These things premised, I shall now prosecute ye pro-
cedings and afairs here. And before I come to other
things I must speak a word of their planting this
year; they having found ye benifite of their last
years harvest, and setting corne for their particuler,
having therby with a great deale of patience over-
come -hunger & famine. Which maks me remember
a saing of Senecas, JEJpis: 123. That a great parte of
libertie is a well governed belly, and to be patiente in all
wants. They begane now highly to prise corne as
» Notabe in MS.
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 201
more pretious then silver, and those that had some to
spare begane to trade one with another for smale
things, by ye quarte, potle, & peck, &c. ; for money
they had none, and if any had, corne was prefered
before it. That they might therfore encrease their
tillage to better advantage, they made suite [116] to
the Govr to have some portion of land given them
for continuance, and not by yearly lotte, for by that
means, that which ye more industrious had brought
into good culture (by much pains) one year, came to
leave it ye nexte, and often another might injoye it;
so as the dressing of their lands were the more
sleighted over, & to lese profite. Which being well
considered, their request was granted. And to every
person was given only one acrre of land, to them &
theirs, as nere ye towne as might be, and they had no
more till ye 7. years were expired. The reason was,
that they might be kept close together both for more
saftie and defence, and ye better improvement of ye
generall imployments. Which condition of theirs did
make me often thinke, of what I had read in Plinie *
of ye Romans first beginings in Romulus time. How
every man contented him selfe with 2. Acres of land,
and had no more assigned them. And chap. 3. It
was thought a great reward, to receive at ye hands of
ye people of Rome a pinte of corne. And long after,
the greatest presente given* to a Captaine y* had gotte a
* Plin : lib : 18. chap. 2.
202 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
victory over their enemise, was as much ground as
they could till in one day. And he was not counted
a good, but a dangerous man, that would not contente
him selfe with 7. Acres of land. As also how they
did pound their corne in morters, as these people were
forcte to doe many years before they could get a
mille.
The ship which brought this supply, was speedily
discharged, and with her mr. & company sente to
Cap- Anne (of which place they had gott a patente, as
before is shewed) on fishing, and because ye season was
so farr spente some of ye planters were sent to help
to build their stage, to their owne hinderance. But
partly by ye latenes of ye year, and more espetialy by
ye basnes of ye mr., one Baker, they made a poore
viage of it. He proved a very drunken beast, and
did nothing (in a maner) but drink, & gusle, and
consume away ye time & his victails ; and most of
his company followed his example ; and though Mr.
William Peirce was to over see the busines, & to
be mr. of ye ship home, yet he could doe no good
amongst them, so as ye loss was great, and would
have bene more to them, but that they kept one a
trading ther, which in those times got some store of
skins, which was some help unto them.
The ship-carpenter that was sent them, was an
honest and very industrious - man, and followed his
labour very dilligently, and made all that were im-
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 203
ployed with him doe ye like; he quickly builte them
2. very good & strong shalops (which after did them
greate service), and a great and strong lighter, and
had hewne timber for 2. catches; but that was lost,
for he fell into a feaver in ye hote season of ye year,
and though he had the best means ye place could aforde,
yet he dyed; of whom they had a very [117] great
loss, and were very sorie for his death. But he whom
they sent to make salte was an ignorante, foolish, self-
willd fellow ; he bore them in hand he could doe great
matters in making salt-works, so he was sente to seeke
out fitte ground for his purpose ; and after some serch
he tould ye Govr that he had found a sufficente place,
with a good botome to hold water, and otherwise very
conveniente, which he doubted not but in a short time
to bring to good perfection, and to yeeld them great
profite ; but he must have 8. or ten men to be con-
stantly imployed. He was wisht to be sure that ye
ground was good, and other things answerable, and
y* he could bring it to perfection ; otherwise he would
bring upon them a great charge by imploying him
selfe and so many men. But he was, after some triall,
so confidente, as he caused them to send carpenters to
rear a great frame for a large house, to receive ye salte
& such other uses. But in ye end all proved vaine.
Then he layed fault of ye ground, in which he was
deceived; but if he might have the lighter to cary
clay, he was sure then he could doe it. Now though
204 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
ye Govr & some other foresaw that this would come to
litle, yet they had so many malignant spirits amongst
them, that would have laid it upon them, in their let-
ters of complainte to ye adventurers, as to be their
falte y* would not suffer him to goe on to bring his
work to perfection ; for as he by his bould confidence
& large promises deceived them in England that sente
him, so he had wound him selfe in to these mens high
esteeme hear, so as they were faine to let him goe on
till all men saw his vanity. For he could not doe any
thing but boyle salt in pans, & yet would make them
y* were joynd with him beleeve ther was so grat a
misterie in it as was not easie to be attained, and
made them doe many unnecessary things to blind their
eys, till they discerned his sutltie. The next yere he
was sente to Cap- Anne, and ye pans were set up ther
wher the fishing was ; but before somer was out, he
burte the house, and the fire was so vehemente as it
spoyld the pans, at least some of them, and this was
the end of that chargable bussines.
The 3d- eminente person (which ye letters before men-
tion) was ye minister which they sent over, by name
Mr. John Lyford, of whom & whose doing I must be
more large, though I shall abridg things as much as I
can. When this man first came a shore, he saluted
them with that reverence & humilitie as is seldome to
be seen, and indeed made them ashamed, he so bowed
and cringed unto them, and would have kissed their
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 205
hands if they would have [118] suffered him ; * yea,
he wept & shed many tears, blessing God that had
brought him to see their faces ; and admiring ye things
they had done in their wants, &c. as if he had been
made all of love, and ye humblest person in ye world.
And all ye while (if we may judg by his after cariags)
he was but like him mentioned in Psa : 10. 10. That
croucheth & boweth, that heaps of poore may fall by
his might. Or like to that dissembling Ishmaell,f who,
when he had slaine Gedelia, went out weeping and
mette them y* were coming to offer incence in ye house
of ye Lord ; saing, Come to Gedelia, when he ment to
slay them. They gave him ye best entertainment yey
could, (in all simplisitie,) and a larger alowans of
food out of ye store then any other had, and as the
Govr had used in all waightie affairs to consulte with
their Elder, Mr. Brewster, (togeither with his assist-
ants,) so now he caled Mr. Liford also to counsell with
them in their waightiest bussineses. Ater some short
time he desired to joyne himselfe a member to ye
church hear, and was accordingly received. He made
a large confession of his faith, and an acknowledge-
mente of his former disorderly walking, and his being
intangled with many corruptions, which had been a
burthen to his conscience, and blessed God for this
opportunitie of freedom & libertie to injoye ye ordi-
nances of God in puritie among his people, with many
* Of wch were many witneses. t Jer. 41. 6.
206 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
more such like expressions. I must hear speake a word
also of Mr. John Oldom, who was a copartner with
him in his after courses. He had bene a cheefe sticler
in ye former faction among ye perticulers, and an
intelligencer to those in England. But now, since the
coming of this ship and he saw ye supply that came,
he tooke occasion to open his minde to some of ye
cheefe amongst them heere, and confessed he had done
them wrong both by word & deed, & writing into
England; but he now saw the eminente hand of God
to be with them, and his blesing upon them, which
made his hart smite him, neither should those in Eng-
land ever use him as an instrumente any longer against
them in any thing ; he also desired former things
might be forgotten, and that they would looke upon
him as one that desired to close with them in all
things, with such like expressions. Now whether this
was in hipocrisie, or out of some sudden pange of
conviction (which I rather thinke), God only knows.
Upon it they shew all ready nes to imbrace his love,
and carry towards him in all frendlynes, and called
him to counsell with them in all cheefe affairs, as ye
other, without any distrust at all.
Thus all things seemed to goe very comfortably and
smothly on amongst them, at which they did much
rejoyce ; but this lasted not [119] long, for both Oldom
and he grew very perverse, and shewed a spirite of
great malignancie, drawing as many into faction as
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 207
they could; were they never so vile or profane, they
did nourish & back them in all their doings ; so they
would but cleave to them and speak against ye church
hear; so as ther was nothing but private meetings and
whisperings amongst them; they feeding themselves &
others with what they should bring to pass in England
by the faction of their freinds their, which brought
others as well as them selves into a fools paradise.
Yet they could not cary so closly but much of both
their doings & sayings were discovered, yet outwardly
they still set a faire face of things.
At lenght when ye ship was ready to goe, it was
observed Liford was long in writing, & sente many
letters, and could not forbear to comunicate to his
intimats such things as made them laugh in their
sleeves, and thought he had done ther errand suffi-
ciently. The Govr and some other of his freinds know-
ing how things stood in England, and what hurt these
things might doe, tooke a shalop and wente out with
the ship a league or 2. to sea, and caled for all Lifords
& Oldums letters. Mr. William Peirce being mr. of
ye ship, (and knew well their evill dealing both in
England & here,) afforded him all ye assistance he
could. He found above 20. of Ly fords letters, many
of them larg, and full of slanders, & false accusations,
tending not only to their prejudice, but to their ruine
& utter subversion. Most of the letters they let pas,
only tooke copys of them, but some of ye most materiall
208 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
they sent true copyes of them, and kept ye originalls,
least he should deney them, and that they might
produce his owne hand against him. Amongst his let-
ters they found ye coppyes of tow letters which he
sent inclosed in a leter of his to Mr. John Pember-
ton, a minster, and a great opposite of theirs. These
2. letters of which he tooke the coppyes were one of
them write by a gentle-man in England to Mr. Brewster
here, the other by Mr. Winslow to Mr. Robinson, in
Holand, at his coming away, as ye ship lay at Gravs-
end. They lying sealed in ye great cabin, (whilst
Mr. Winslow was bussie aboute the affairs of ye ship,)
this slye marchante taks & opens them, taks these
coppys, & seals them up againe ; and not only sends
the coppyes of them thus to his friend and their adver-
sarie, but adds thertoo in y6 margente many scurrilous
and flouting anotations. This ship went out towards
eving, and in the night ye Govr retured. They were
somwaht blanke at it, but after some weeks, when
they heard nothing, they then were as briske as ever,
thinking nothing had been knowne, but all was gone
currente, and that the Govr went but to dispatch his
owne letters. The reason why the Govr & rest con-
cealed these things the longer, was to let things ripen,
that they [120] might ye better discover their intents
and see who were their adherents. And ye rather
because amongst y€ rest they found a letter of one of
their confederats, in wch was writen that Mr. Oldame
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 209
& Mr. Lyford intended a reformation in church and
commone wealth ; and, as soone as the ship was gone,
they intended to joyne togeather, and have the sacre-
ments, &c.
For Oldame, few of his leters were found, (for he
was so bad a scribe as his hand was scarce legible,)
yet he was as deepe in ye mischeefe as the other. And
thinking they were now strong enough, they begane
to pick quarells at every thing. Oldame being called
to watch (according to order) refused to come, fell
out with ye Capten, caled him raskell, and beggerly
raskell, and resisted him, drew his knife at him ;
though he offered him no wrong, nor gave him no ille
termes, but with all fairnes required him to doe his
duty. The Govr, hearing ye tumulte, sent to quiet it,
but he ramped more like a furious beast then a man,
and cald them all treatours, and rebells, and other
such foule language as I am ashamed to remember;
but after he was clapt up a while, he came to him
selfe, and with some slight punishmente was let goe
upon his behaviour for further censure.
But to cutt things shorte, at length it grew to this
esseue, that Lyford with his complicies, without ever
speaking one word either to ye Govr, Church, or Elder,
withdrewe them selves & set up a publick meeting
aparte, on ye Lord's day ; with sundry such insolente
cariages, too long here to relate, begining now pub-
likly to acte what privatly they had been long plotting.
210 HISTORY OF [BOOK II.
It was now thought high time (to prevent further
mischeefe) to calle them to accounte ; so ye Govr
called a courte and sumoned the whol company to
appeare. And then charged Lyford & Oldom with
such things as they were guilty of. But they were
stiffe, & stood resolutly upon ye deneyall of most
things, and required proofe. They first alledged what
was write to them out of England, compared with
their doings & pactises hear; that it was evident they
joyned in plotting against them, and disturbing their
peace, both in respecte of their civill & church state,
which was most injurious ; for both they and all ye
world knew they came hither to injoye ye libertie of
their conscience and ye free use of Gods ordinances ;
and for yt end had ventured their lives and passed
throwgh so much hardshipe hithertoo, and they and
their freinds had borne the charg of these beginings,
which was not small. And that Lyford for his parte
was sent over on this charge, and that both he and
his great family was maintained on ye same, and also
was joyned to ye church, & a member of them ; and
for him to plote against them & seek their ruine,
was most unjust & perfidious. And for [121] Oldam
or any other that came over at their owne charge, and
were on ther perticuler, seeing they were received in
curtesie by the plantation, when they came only to
seeke shelter & protection under their wings, not being
able to stand alone, that they, (according to ye fable,)
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 211
like the Hedghogg whom ye conny in a stormy day in
pittie received into her borrow, would not be content
to take part with her, but in the end with her sharp
pricks forst the poore conny to forsake her owne bor-
row ; so these men with the like injustice indevored to
doe ye same to thos that entertained them.
Lyford denyed that he had any thing to doe with
them in England, or knew of their courses, and made
other things as strange that he was charged with.
Then his letters were prodused & some of them read,
at which he was struck mute. But Oldam begane to
rage furiously, because they had intercepted and opened
his letters, threatening them in very high language,
and in a most audacious and mutinous maner stood up
& caled upon ye people, saying, My maisters, wher is
your harts? now shew your courage, you have oft
complained to me so & so ; now is ye time, if you will
doe any thing, I will stand by you, <fec. Thinking y*
every one (knowing his humor) that had soothed and
nattered him, or other wise in their discontente uttered
any thing unto him, would now side wth him in open
rebellion. But he was deceived, for not a man opened
his mouth, but all were silent, being strucken with the
injustice of ye thing. Then ye Govr turned his speech
to Mr. Lyford, and asked him if he thought they had
done evill to open his letters ; but he was silente, &
would not say a word, well knowing what they might
reply. Then ye Govr shewed the people he did it as
212 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
a magistrate, and was bound to it by his place, to
prevent ye mischeefe & ruine that this conspiracie and
plots of theirs would bring on this poor colony. But
he, besids his evill dealing hear, had delte trecherusly
with his freinds y1 trusted him, & stole their letters
& opened them, and sent coppies of them, with dis-
gracefull anotations, to his freinds in England. And
then ye Govr produced them and his other letters un-
der his owne hand, (which he could not deney,) and
caused them to be read before all ye people ; at which
all his freinds were blanke, and had not a word to say.
It would be too long & tedious here to inserte his
letters (which would almost fill a volume), though I
have them by me. I shall only note a few of ye
cheefe things collected out of them, with ye answers
to them as they were then given ; and but a few of
those many, only for instance, by which the rest may
be judged of.
[121*] 1. First, he saith, the church would have
none to live hear but them selves. 2ly. Neither are
any willing so to doe if they had company to live els-
wher.
Ans : Their answer was, that this was false, in both
ye parts of it ; for they were willing & desirous y* any
honest men may live with them, that will cary them
selves peacably, and seek ye comone good, or at least
doe them no hurte. And againe, ther are many that
* 121 is repeated in the paging of the original.
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 213
will not live els wher so long as they may live with
them.
2. That if ther come over any honest men that are
not of ye seperation, they will quickly distast them, &c.
A. Ther answer was as before, that it was a false
callumniation, for they had many amongst them that
they liked well of, and were glad of their company ;
and should be of any such like that should come
amongst them.
3. That they excepted against him for these 2. doc-
trins raised from 2. Sam: 12. 7. First, that ministers
must sume times perticulerly apply their doctrine to
spetiall persons ; 2ly, that great men may be reproved
as well as meaner.
A. Their answer was, that both these were without
either truth or colour of ye same (as was proved to
his face), and that they had taught and beleeved these
things long before they knew Mr. Liford.
4. That they utterly sought ye ruine of ye perticu-
lers; as appeareth by this, that they would not suffer
any of ye generall either to buy or sell with them, or
to exchaing one comoditie for another.
Ans : This was a most malicious slander and voyd
of all truth, as was evidently proved to him before all
men ; for any of them did both buy, sell, or exchaing
with them as often as they had any occation. Yea,
and allso both lend & give to them when they wanted ;
and this the perticuler persons them selves could not
214 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
deney, but freely confest in open court. But ye
ground from whence this arose made it much worse,
for he was in counsell with them. When one was
called before them, and questioned for receiving pow-
der and bisket from ye guner of ye small ship, which
was ye company s, and had it put in at his window in
the night, and allso for buying salt of one, that had
no right to it, he not only stood to back him (being
one of these perticulers) by excusing & extenuating
his falte, as long as he could, but upon this builds
this mischeeous & most false slander : That because
they would not suffer them to buy stolne goods, ergo,
they sought their utter ruine. Bad logick for a devine.
5. Next he writs, that he chocked them with this ;
that they turned [122] men into their perticuler, and
then sought to starve them, and deprive them of all
means of subsistance.
A. To this was answered, he did them manifest
wrong, for they turned none into their perticuler ; it
was their owne importunitie and ernest desire that
moved them, yea, constrained them to doe it. And
they apealed to ye persons them selves for ye truth
hereof. And they testified the same against him be-
fore all present, as allso that they had no cause to
complaine of any either hard or unkind usage.
6. He accuseth them with unjust distribution, and
writeth, that it was a strang difference, that some have
bene alowed 16K. of meale by ye weeke, and others
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 215
but 4U. And then (floutingly) saith, it seems some
mens mouths and bellies are very litle & slender over
others.
Ans : This might seeme strange indeed to those to
whom he write his leters in England, which knew not
ye reason of it; but to him and others hear, it could
not be strange, who knew how things stood. For the
first comers had none at all, but lived on their corne.
Those wch came in ye Anne, ye August before, & were
to live 13. months of the provissions they brought,
had as good alowance in meal & pease as it would
extend too, ye most part of ye year; but a litle be-
fore harvest, when they had not only fish, but other
fruits began to come in, they had but 4a. having
their libertie to make their owne provisions. But
some of these which came last, as ye ship carpenter,
and samiers, the salte-men & others that were to fol-
low constante imployments, and had not an howers
time, from their hard labours, to looke for any thing
above their alowance ; they had at first, 16U alowed
them, and afterwards as fish, & other food coued be
gott, they had as balernente, to 14. &. 12. yea some
of them to 8. as the times & occasions did vary. And
yet those which followed planting and their owne
occasions, and had but 4]i. of meall a week, lived better
then ye other, as was well knowne to all. And yet
it must be remembered that Lyford & his had allwais
the highest alowance.
216 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
Many other things (in his letters) he accused them
of, with many aggravations ; as that he saw exseeding
great wast of tools & vesseles ; & this, when it came
to be examened, all ye instance he could give was, that
he had seen an old hogshed or too fallen to peeces,
and a broken how or tow lefte carlesly in ye feilds by
some. Though he also knew that a godly, honest man
was appointed to looke to these things. But these
things & such like was write of by him, to cast dis-
grace & prejudice upon them ; as thinking what came
from a [123] minister would pass for currente. Then
he tells them that Winslow should say, that ther
was not above 7. of ye adventurers y* souight ye
good of ye collony. That Mr. Oldam & him selfe had
had much to doe with them, and that ye faction here
might match ye Jesuits for politie. With many ye like
greevious complaints & accusations.
1. Then, in the next place, he comes to give his
freinds counsell and directtion. And first, that ye
Ley den company (Mr. Robinson & ye rest) must still
be kepte back, or els all will be spoyled. And least
any of them should be taken in privatly somewher on
ye coast of England, (as it was feared might be done,)
they must chaing the mr. of ye ship (Mr. William
Peirce), and put another allso in Winslows stead, for
marchante, or els it would not be prevented.
2. Then he would have such a number provided as
might oversway them hear. And that ye perticulers
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 217
should have voyces in all courts & elections, and be
free to bear any office. And that every perticuler
should come over as an adventurer, if he be but a
servante; some other venturing 10*., ye bill may be
taken out in ye servants name, and then assigned to
ye party whose money it was, and good covenants
drawn betweene them for ye clearing of ye matter ;
and this (saith he) would be a means to strengthen
this side ye more.
3. Then he tells them that if that Capten they
spoake of should come over hither as a generall, he
was perswaded he would be chosen Capten; for this
Captaine Standish looks like a silly boy, and is in
utter contempte.
4. Then he shows that if by ye forementioned
means they cannot be strengthened to cary & over-
bear things, it will be best for them to plant els
wher by them selves ; and would have it artickled by
them that they might make choyse of any place that
they liked best within 3. or 4; myls distance, shew-
ing ther were farr better places for plantation then
this.
5. And lastly he concluds, that if some number
came not over to bear them up here, then ther would
be no abiding for them, but by joyning with these
hear. Then he adds : Since I begane to write, ther
are letters come from your company, wherin they
would give sole authoritie in diverce things unto the
218 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
Govr here ; which, if it take place, then, Ve nobis.
But I hope you will be more vigilante hereafter, that
nothing may pass in such a maner. I suppose (saith
he) Mr. Oldame will write to you further of these
things. I pray you conceall me in the discovery of
these things, &c.
Thus I have breefly touched some cheefe things in
his leters, and shall now returne to their procceeding
with him. After the reading of his leters before the
whole company, he was demanded what he could say
to these things. [124] But all ye answer he made
was, that Billington and some others had informed him
of many things, and made sundrie complaints, which
they now deneyed. He was againe asked if that was
a sufficiente ground for him thus to accuse & traduse
them by his letters, and never say word to them, con-
sidering the many bonds betweene them. And so they
went on from poynte to poynte ; and wisht him, or
any of his freinds & confederats, not to spare them in
any thing; if he or they had any proofs or witnes
of any corrupte or evill dealing of theirs, his or their
evidence must needs be ther presente, for ther was
the whole company and sundery strangers. He said
he had been abused by others in their informations, (as
he now well saw,) and so had abused them. And this
was all the answer they could have, for none would
take his parte in any thing; but Billington, & any
whom he named, deneyed the things, and protested he
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 219
wronged them, and would have drawne them to such
& such things which they could not consente too,
though they were sometimes drawne to his meetings.
Then they delte with him aboute his dissembling with
them aboute ye church, and that he professed to concur
with them in all things, and what a large confession
he made at his admittance, and that he held not
him selfe a minister till he had a new calling, &c.
And yet now he contested against them, and drew a
company aparte, & sequestred him selfe ; and would
goe minister the sacrements (by his Episcopall caling)
without ever speaking a word unto them, either as
magistrats or bretheren. In conclusion, he was fully
convicted, and burst out into tears, and " confest he
feared he was a reprobate, his sinns were so great
that he doubted God would not pardon them, he was
unsavorie salte, &c. ; and that he had so wronged
them as he could never make them amends, con-
fessing all he had write against them was false &
nought, both for matter & maner." And all this
he did with as much fullnes as words & tears could
express.
After their triall & conviction, the court censured
them to be expeld the place ; Oldame presently, though
his wife & family had liberty to stay all winter, or
longer, till he could make provission to remove them
comfortably. Lyford had liberty to stay 6. months.
It was, indeede, with some eye to his release, if he
220 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
caried him selfe well in the rneane time, and that his
repentance proved sound. Lyford acknowledged his
censure was farr less then he deserved.
Afterwards, he confest his sin publikly in ye church,
with tears more largly then before. I shall here put
it downe as I find it recorded by some who tooke it
from his owne words, as him selfe utered them. Ac-
knowledging [125] "That he had don very evill, and
slanderously abused them ; and thinking most of ye
people would take parte with him, he thought to cary
all by violence and strong hand against them. And
that God might justly lay inocente blood to his
charge, for he knew not what hurt might have come
of these his writings, and blest God they were stayed.
And that he spared not to take knowledg from any,
of any evill that was spoaken, but shut his eyes &
ears against all the good ; and if God should make
him a vacabund in ye earth, as was Caine, it was but
just, for he had sined in envie & malice against his
brethren as he did. And he confessed 3. things to be
ye ground & causes of these his doings : pride, vaine-
glorie, & selfe love." Amplifying these heads with
many other sade expressions, in the perticulers of
them.
So as they begane againe to conceive good thoughts
of him upon this his repentance, and admited him to
teach amongst them as before ; and Samuell Fuller (a
deacon amongst them), and some other tender harted
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 221
men amongst them, were so taken with his signes of
sorrow & repentance, as they professed they would
fall upon their knees to have his censure released.
But that which made them all stand amased in the
end, and may doe all others that shall come to hear
ye same, (for a rarer president can scarse be showne,)
was, that after a month or 2. notwithstand all his for-
mer conffessions, convictions, and publick acknowledg-
ments, both in ye face of ye church and whole company,
with so many tears & sadde censures of him selfe be-
fore God & men, he should goe againe to justifie what
he had done.
For secretly he write a 2d. leter to ye adventurers
in England, in wch he justified all his former writings,
(save in 'some things which tended to their damage,)
the which, because it is brefer then ye former, I shall
here inserte.
Worthy Srs : Though the filth of mine owne doings may
justly be cast in my face, and with blushing cause my per-
petuall silence, yet that ye truth may not herby be injuried,
your selves any longer deluded, nor injurious * dealing caried
out still, with bould out facings, I have adventured once
more to write unto you. Firest, I doe freely confess I delte
very indiscreetly in some of my perticuler leters wch I wrote
to private freinds, for ye courses in coming hither & the
like ; which I doe in no sorte seeke to justifie, though stired
up ther unto in the beholding ye indirecte courses held by
* Inurious in MS.
222 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
others, both hear, & ther with you, for effecting their de-
signes. But am hartily sory for it, and doe to ye glory
of God & mine owne shame acknowledg it. Which leters
being intercepted by the Govr, I have for ye same under-
gone ye censure [126] of banishmente. And had it not
been for ye respecte I have unto you, and some other mat-
ters of private regard, I had returned againe at this time by
ye pinass for England ; for hear I purpose not to abide,
unless I receive better incouragmente from you, then from
ye church (as they call them selves) here I doe receive. I
purposed before I came, to undergoe hardnes, therfore I shall
I hope cherfully bear ye conditions of ye place, though very
mean ; and they have chainged my wages ten times allready.
I suppose my letters, or at least ye coppies of them, are
come to your hands, for so they hear reporte ; which, if it
be so, I pray you take notice of this, that I have writen
nothing but what is certainly true, and I could make so
apeare planly to any indifferente men, whatsoever colours
be cast to darken ye truth, and some ther are very audatious
this way ; besids many other matters which are farre out of
order hear. My mind was not to enlarge my selfe any fur-
ther, but "in respecte of diverse poore souls here, ye care of
whom in parte belongs to you, being here destitute of the
meas of salvation. For how so ever ye church are provided
for, to their contente, who are ye smalest number in ye coll-
ony, and doe so appropriate ye ministrie to them selves,
houlding this principle, that ye Lord hath not appointed any
ordinary ministrie for ye conversion of those y4 are without,
so yl some of ye poor souls have wth tears complained of this
to me, and I was taxed for preaching to all in generall.
Though in truth they have had no ministrie here since they
came, but such as may be performed by any of you, by their
owne possition, what soever great pretences they make ; but
herin they equivocate, as in many other things they doe.
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 223
But I exceede ye bounds I set my selfe, therfore resting
thus, untill I hear further from you, so it be within ye time
limited me. I rest, &c.,
Remaining yours ever,
JOHN LYFORD, Exille.
Dated Aug: 22. An0: 1624.
They made a breefe answer to some things in this
leter, but referred cheefly to their former. The effecte
was to this purpose : That if God in his providence
had not brought these things to their hands (both ye
former & later), they might have been thus abused,
tradused, and calumniated, overthrowne, & undone; and
never have knowne by whom, nor for what. They
desired but this equall favoure, that they would be
pleased to hear their just defence, as well as his accu-
sations, and waigh them in ye balance of justice &
reason, and then censure as they pleased. They had
write breefly to ye heads of things before, and should
be ready to give further [127] answer as any occasion
should require ; craving leave to adde a word or tow
to this last.
1. And first, they desire to examene what filth
that was y* he acknowledgeth might justly be throwne
in his face, and might cause blushing & perpetuall
silence ; some great mater sure ! But if it be looked
into, it amounts to no more then a poynte of indiscre-
tion, and thats all; and yet he licks of y* too with
this excuse, that he was stired up therunto by behold-
224 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
ing ye indirecte course here. But this point never
troubled him here, it was counted a light matter both
by him & his freinds, and put of with this, — that
any man might doe so, to advise his private freinds
to come over for their best advantage. All his sor-
row & tears here was for ye wrong & hurt he had
done us, and not at all for this he pretends to be done
to you : it was not counted so much as indiscretion.
2. Having thus payed you full satisfaction, he
thinks he may lay load of us here. And first com-
plains that we have changed his wages ten times.
We never agreed with him for any wages, nor made
any bargen at all with him, neither know of any
that you have made. You sent him over to teach
amongst us, and desired he might be kindly used ;
and more then this we know not. That he hath
beene kindly used, (and farr beter then he deserves
from us,) he shall be judged first of his owne
mouth. If you please to looke upon that writing
of his, that was sent you amongst his leters, which
he cals a generall relation, in which, though he doth
otherwise traduse us, yet in this he him selfe clears
us. In ye latter end therof he hath these words.
/ speak not this (saith he) out of any ill affection to
the men, for I have found them very kind & loving
to me. You may ther see these to be his owne
words under his owne hand. 2ly. It will appere by
this that he hath ever had a larger alowance of food
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 225
out of ye store for him and his then any, and
clothing as his neede hath required; a dwelling in
one of our best houses, and a man wholy at his
owne comand to tend his private affairs. What
cause he hath therfore to complaine, judge ye ; and
what he means in his speech we know not, except
he aluds to y* of Jaacob & Laban. If you have
promised him more or other wise, you may doe it
when you please.
3. Then with an impudente face he would have
you take notice, . that (in his leters) he hath write
nothing but what is certainly true, yea, and he could
make it so appeare plainly to any indifferente men.
This indeed doth astonish us and causeth us to
tremble at ye deceitfullnes [128] and desperate wick-
ednes of mans harte. This is to devoure holy things,
and after voues to enquire. It is admirable that
after such publick confession, and acknowledgmente
in court, in church, before God, & men, with such
sadd expressions as he used, and with such melting
into teares, that after all this he shoud now justifie
all againe. If things had bene done in a corner, it
had been some thinge to deney them ; but being done
in ye open view of ye cuntrie & before all men, it is
more then strange now to avow to make them plainly
appear to any indifferente men; and here wher things
were done, and all ye evidence that could be were
presente, and yet could make nothing appear, but even
HISTORY OF [BOOK II.
his freinds condemnd him & gave their voyce to his
censure, so grose were they ; we leave your selves
to judge herein. Yet least this man should triumph
in his wikednes, we shall be ready to answer him,
when, or wher you will, to any thing he shall lay to
our charg, though we have done it sufficiently allready.
4. Then he saith he would not inlarge, but for
some poore souls here who are destiute of ye means
of salvation, &c. But all his soothing is but that
you would use means, that his censure might be
released that he might here continue ; and under
you (at least) be sheltered, till he sees what his
freinds (on whom he depends) can bring about &
efiecte. For such men pretend much for poor souls,
but they will looke to their wages & conditions ; if
that be not to their content, let poor souls doe what
they will, they will shift for them selves, and seek
poore souls some wher els among richer bodys.
Next he fals upon ye church, that indeed is ye
burthensome stone that troubls him. First, he saith
they hold this principle, that the Lord hath not
apointed any ordinarie ministrie for ye converssion of
those without. The church needs not be ashamed of
what she houlds in this, haveing Gods word for her
warrente ; that ordinarie officers are bound cheefly to
their flocks, Acts 20. 28. and are not to be extra va-
gants, to goe, come, and leave them at their pleasurs
to shift for them selves, or to be devoured of wolves.
1624.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 227
Bat he perverts ye truth in this as in other things,
for ye Lord hath as well appoynted them to con-
verte, as to feede in their severall charges ; and he
wrongs ye church to say other wise. Againe, he
saith he was taxed for preaching to all in gen-
erall. This is a meere untruth, for this dissembler
knows that every Lords day some are appointed to
visite suspected places, & if any be found idling and
neglecte ye hearing of ye word, (through i dines or
profanes,) they are punished for ye same. Now to
procure all to come to hear, and then to blame him
for preaching to all, were to play ye mad men.
[129] 6. Next (he saith) they have had no min-
istrie since they came, what soever pretences they
make, &c. We answer, the more is our wrong, that
our pastor is kept from us by these mens means,
and then reproach us for it when they have done.
Yet have we not been wholy distitute of ye means of
salvation, as this man would make ye world beleeve ;
for our reved Elder hath laboured diligently in dis-
pencing the word of God unto us, before he came ;
and since hath taken equalle pains with him selfe
in preaching the same ; and, be it spoaken without
ostentation, he is not inferriour to Mr. Lyford (&
some of his betters) either in gifts or laming,
though he would never be perswaded to take higher
office upon him. Nor ever was more pretended in
this matter. For equivocating, he may take it to
228 HI8TOEY OF [BOOK II.
him selfe ; what ye church houlds, they have mani-
fested to ye world, in all plaines, both in open
confession, doctrine, & writing.
This was yc sume of ther answer, and hear I will
let them rest for ye presente. I have bene longer
in these things then I desired, and yet not so long
as the things might require, for I pass many things
in silence, and many more deserve to have been
more largly handled. But I will returne to other
things, and leave ye rest to its place.
The pinass that was left sunck & cast away near
Damarins-cove, as is before showed, some of ye fish-
ing maisters said it was a pity so fine a vessell
should be lost, and sent them word that, if they
would be at ye cost, they would both directe them
how to waygh her, and let them have their car-
penters to mend her. They thanked them, & sente
men aboute it, and beaver to defray ye charge,
(without which all had been in vaine). So they gott
coopers to trime, I know not how many tune of
cask, and being made tight and fastened to her at
low-water, they boyed her up ; and then with many
hands hald her on shore in a conveniente place wher
she might be wrought upon ; and then hired sundrie
carpenters to work upon her, and other to saw
planks, and at last fitted her & got her home. But
she cost a great deale of money, in thus recovering
her, and buying riging & seails for her, both now
1625.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 229
and when before she lost her mast ; so as she proved
a chargable vessell to ye poor plantation. So they
sent her home, and with her Lyford sent his last
letter, in great secrecie ; but ye party intrusted with
it gave it ye Govr.
The winter was passed over in ther ordinarie
affairs, without any spetiall mater worth noteing;
saveing that many who before stood something of
from ye church, now seeing Lyfords unrighteous deal-
ing, and malignitie against ye church, now tendered
them selves to ye church, and were joyned to ye
same ; proffessing that it was not out of ye dislike
of any thing that they had stood of so long, but a
desire to fitte them selves beter for such a state, and
they saw now ye Lord cald for their help. [130]
And so these troubls prodused a quite contrary effecte
in sundrie hear, then these adversaries hoped for.
Which was looked at as a great worke of God, to
draw on men by unlickly means ; and that in reason
which might rather have set them further of. And
thus I shall end this year.
Anno Dom: 1625.
AT ye spring of ye year, about ye time of their
Election Court, Oldam came againe amongst them ; and
though it was a part of his censure for his former
mutiny e and miscariage, not to returne without leave
first obtained, yet in his dareing spirite, he presumed
230 HISTORY or [BOOK ii.
without any leave at all, being also set on & hardened
by ye ill counsell of others. And not only so, but
suffered his unruly passion to rune beyond ye limits
of all reason and modestie ; in so much that some
strangers which came with him were ashamed of his
outrage, and rebuked him; but all reprofes were but
as oyle to ye fire, and made ye flame of his coller
greater. He caled them all to nought, in this his
mad furie, and a hundred rebells and tray tors, and
I know not what. But in conclusion they comited
him till he was tamer, and then apointed a gard of
musketers wch he was to pass throw, and ever one
was ordered to give him a thump on ye brich, with
ye but end of his musket, and then was conveied to
y* water side, wher a boat was ready to cary him
away. Then they bid him goe & mende his maners.
Whilst this was a doing, Mr. William Peirce and
Mr. Winslow came up from ye water side, being come
from England ; but they were so busie with Oldam,
as they never saw them till they came thus upon
them. They bid them not spare either him or Liford,
for they had played ye vilans with them. But that I
may hear make an end with him, I shall hear once
for all relate what befell concerning him in ye future,
& y* breefly. After ye removall of his familie from
hence, he fell into some straits, (as some others did,)
and aboute a year or more afterwards, towards win-
ter, he intended a vioage for Virginia; but it so
1625.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 231
pleased God that ye barke that caried him, and many
other passengers, was in that danger, as they dis-
paired of life ; so as many of them, as they fell to
prayer, so also did they begine to examine their con-
sciences [131] and confess such sins as did most
burthen them. And Mr. Ouldame did make a free
and large confession of ye wrongs and hurt he had
done to ye people and church here, in many pertic-
ulers, that as he had sought their ruine, so God had
now mette with him and might destroy him ; yea, he
feared they all fared ye worce for his sake ; he prayed
God to forgive him, and made vowes that, if ye Lord
spard his life, he would become otherwise, and ye
like. This I had from some of good credite, yet
living in ye Bay, and were them selves partners in
the same dangers on ye shoulds of Cap-Codd, and
heard it from his owne mouth. It pleased God to
spare their lives, though they lost their viage ; and
in time after wards, Ouldam caried him selfe fairly
towards them, and acknowledged ye hand of God to
be with them, and seemed to have an honourable
respecte of them ; and so farr made his peace with
them, as he in after time had libertie to goe and
come, and converse with them, at his pleasure. He
went after this to Virginia, and had ther a great sick-
nes, but recovered and came back againe to his familie
in ye Bay, and ther lived till some store of people
came over. At lenght going a trading in a smale ves-
232 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
sell among ye Indians, and being weakly mand, upon
some quarell they knockt him on ye head with a
hatched, so as he fell downe dead, & never spake
word more. 2. litle boys that were his kinsmen were
saved, but had some hurte, and ye vessell was strangly
recovered from ye Indeans by another that belonged
to ye Bay of Massachusets ; and this his death was
one ground of the Pequente warr which followed.
I am now come to Mr. Lyford. His time being
now expired, his censure was to take place. He was
so farre from answering their hopes by amendmente
in ye time, as he had dubled his evill, as is before
noted. But first behold ye hand of God conceiring
him, wherin that of ye Psalmist is verified. Psa :
7. 15. He hath made a pitte, & digged it, and is
fallen into the pitte he made. He thought to bring
shame and disgrace upon them, but in stead therof
opens his owne to all ye world. For when he was
delte with all aboute his second letter, his wife was
so affected with his doings, as she could no longer
conceaill her greefe and sorrow of tninde, but opens
ye same to one of their deacons & some other of her
freinds, & after uttered ye same to Mr. Peirce upon
his arrivall. Which was to this purpose, that she
feared some great judgment of God would fall upon
them, and upon her, for her husbands cause ; now
that they were to remove, she feared to fall into ye
Indeans hands, and to be defiled by them, as he had
1625.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 233
defiled other women ; or some shuch like [132] judg-
mente, as God had threatened David, 2. Sam. 12. 11.
I will raise up evill against y% and will take thy
wives & give them, &c. And upon it showed how
he had wronged her, as first he had a bastard by
another before they were maried, & she having some
inkling of some ill cariage that way, when he was
a suitor to her, she tould him what she heard,
& deneyd him ; but she not certainly knowing ye
thing, other wise then by some darke & secrete mut-
erings, he not only stifly denied it, but to satisfie
her tooke a solemne oath ther was no shuch matter.
Upon which she gave consente, and maried with him ;
but afterwards it was found true, and ye bastard
brought home to them. She then charged him with
his oath, but he prayed pardon, and said he should
els not have had her. And yet afterwards she could
keep no maids but he would be medling with them,
and some time she hath taken him in ye maner, as
they lay at their beds feete, with shuch other cir-
cumstances as I am ashamed to relate. The woman
being a grave matron, & of good cariage all ye while
she was hear, and spoake these things out of ye sor-
row of her harte, sparingly, and yet wth some further
intimations. And that which did most seeme to
afiecte her (as they conceived) was, to see his for-
mer cariage in his repentance, not only hear with
ye church, but formerly about these things ; sheding
234 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
tears, and using great & sade expressions, and yet
eftsone fall into the like things.
Another thing of ye same nature did strangly con-
curr herewith. When Mr. Winslow & Mr. Peirce were
come over, Mr. Winslow informed them that they had
had ye like bickering with Lyfords freinds in England,
as they had with him selfe and his freinds hear,
aboute his letters & accusations in them. And many
meetings and much clamour was made by his freinds
theraboute, crying out, a minister, a man so godly, to
be so esteemed & taxed they held a great skandale,
and threated to prosecute law against them for it.
But things being referred to a further meeting of most
of ye adventurers, to heare ye case and decide ye mat-
ters, they agreed to chose 2. eminente men for mod-
erators in the bussines. Lyfords faction chose Mr.
White, a counselor at law, the other parte chose Reved.
Mr. Hooker, ye minister, and many freinds on both
sids were brought in, so as ther was a great assemblie.
In ye mean time, God in his providence had detected
Lyford's evill cariage in Ireland to some freinds amongst
ye company, who made it knowne to Mr. Winslow, and
directed him to 2. godly and grave witnesses, who would
testifie ye same (if caled therunto) upon their oath.
The thing was this ; he being gott into Ireland, had
wound him selfe into ye esteeme of sundry godly &
zelous professours in those parts, who, having been
burthened with ye ceremonies in England, found ther
1625.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 235
some more liberty to their consciences ; amongst whom
were these 2. men, which gave [133] this evidence.
Amongst ye rest of his hearers, ther was a godly yonge
man that intended to marie, and cast his affection on
a maide which lived their aboute ; but desiring to chose
in ye Lord, and preferred ye fear of God before all
other things, before he suffered his affection to rune too
farr, he resolved to take Mr. Lyfords advise and judg-
mente of this maide, (being ye minister of ye place,)
and so broak ye matter unto him ; & he promised
faithfully to informe him, but would first take better
knowledg of her, and have private conferance with her ;
and so had sundry times ; and in conclusion comended
her highly to ye yong man as a very fitte wife for him.
So they were maried togeather; but some time after
mariage the woman was much troubled in mind, and
afflicted in conscience, and did nothing but weepe and
mourne, and long it was before her husband could get
of her what was ye cause. But at length she dis-
covered ye thing, and prayed him to forgive her, for
Lyford had overcome her, and defiled her body before
marriage, after he had comended him unto her for
a husband, and she resolved to have him, when he
came to her in that private way. The circumstances
I forbear, for they would offend chast ears to hear
them related, (for though he satisfied his lust on her,
yet he indeaoured to hinder conception.) These things
being thus discovered, y6 womas husband tooke some
236 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
godly freinds with him, to deale with Liford for this
evill. At length he confest it, with a great deale of
seeming sorrow & repentance, but was forct to leave
Irland upon it, partly for shame, and partly for fear
of further punishmente, for ye godly withdrew them
selves from him upon it ; and so coming into England
unhapily he was light upon & sente hither.
But in this great assembly, and before ye moderators,
in handling ye former matters aboute ye letters, upon
provocation, in some heate of replie to some of Ly fords
defenders, Mr. Winslow let fall these words, That he
had delte knavishly ; upon which on of his freinds
tooke hold, & caled for witneses, that he cald a minister
of ye gospell knave, and would prosecute law upon it,
which made a great tumulte, upon which (to be shorte)
this matter broke out, and the witnes were prodused,
whose persons were so grave, and evidence so plaine,
and ye facte so foule, yet delivered in such modest
& chast terms, and with such circumstances, as strucke
all his freinds mute, and made them all ashamed ; inso-
much as ye moderators with great gravitie declared
that ye former matters gave them cause enough to
refuse him & to deal with him as they had done, but
these made him unmeete for ever to bear ministrie any
more, what repentance soever he should pretend; with
much more to like effecte, and so wisht his freinds to
rest quiete. Thus was this matter ended.
From hence Lyford wente to Natasco, in ye Bay of
1625.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 237
ye Massachusets, with some other of his freinds with
him, wher Oldom allso lived. From thence he removed
to Namkeke, since called Salem ; but after ther came
some people over, wheather for hope of greater profite,
or what ends els I know not, he left his freinds that
followed him, and went from thence to Virginia, wher
he shortly after dyed, and so I leave him to ye Lord.
His wife afterwards returned againe to this cuntry, and
thus much of this matter.
[134] This storme being thus blowne over, yet sun-
drie sad effects followed ye same ; for the Company
of Adventurers broake in peeces here upon, and ye
greatest parte wholy deserted ye colony in regarde of
any further supply, or care of their subsistance. And
not only so, but some of L'y fords & Oldoms freinds,
and their adherents, set out a shipe on fishing, on
their owne accounte, and getting ye starte of ye ships
that came to the plantation, they tooke away their
stage, & other necessary provisions that they had made
for fishing at Cap- Anne ye year before, at their great
charge, and would not restore ye same, excepte they
would fight for it. But ye Govr sent some of ye planters
to help ye fisher men to build a new one, and so let
them keepe it. This shipe also brought them some
small supply, of little value; but they made so pore
a bussines of their fishing, (neither could these men
make them any returne for ye supply sente,) so as, after
this year, they never looked more after them.
238 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
Also by this ship, they, some of them, sent (in ye
name of ye rest) certaine reasons of their breaking of
from ye plantation, and some tenders, upon certaine con-
ditions, of reuniting againe. The which because they
are longe & tedious, and most of them aboute the former
things already touched, I shall omite them; only give-
ing an instance in one, or tow. 1. reason, they charged
them for dissembling with his majestic in their petition,
and with ye adventurers about ye French discipline, &c.
2ly, for receiving * a man f into their church, that in
his conffession renownced all, universall, nationall, and
diocessan churches, &c., by which (say they) it appears,
that though they deney the name of Browists, yet they
practiss ye same, &c. And therfore they should sine
against God in building up such a people.
Then they adde : Our dislikes thus laid downe, that
we may goe on in trade wth better contente & credite,
our desires are as folio weth. First, that as we are
partners in trade, so we may be in Govrt ther, as the
patente doth give us power, &c.
2. That the French discipline may be practised in the
plantation, as well in the circumstances theirof, as in ye
substance ; wherby ye scandallous name of ye Brownists,
and other church differences, may be taken away.
3. Lastly, that Mr. Robinson and his company may
not goe over to our plantation, unless he and they
* Receive in the manuscript,
t This was Lyford himselfe.
1625.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 239
will reconcile themselves to our church by a recantation
under their hands, &c.
Their answer in part to these things was then as
foloweth.
Wheras you taxe us for dissembling with his majestie &
ye adventurers aboute ye French discipline, you doe us wrong,
for we both hold & practice ye discipline of ye French & other
reformed churches, (as they have published ye same in ye
Harmony of Confessions,) according to our means, in effecte
& substance. But wheras you would tye us to the French
discipline in every circumstance, you derogate from ye libertie
we have in Christ Jesus. The Apostle Paule would have
none to follow him in any thing but wherin he follows Christ,
much less ought any Christian or church in ye world to doe
it. The French may erre, we may erre, and other churches
may erre, and doubtless doe in many circumstances. ' That
honour therfore belongs only to ye infallible word of God,
and pure Testamente of Christ, to be propounded and fol-
lowed as ye only rule and pattern for direction herin to all
churches & Christians. And it is too great arrogancie for
any man, or church [135] to thinke y* he or they have so
sounded ye word of God to ye bottome, as precislie to sett
downe ye churches discipline, without error in substance or
circumstance, as y4 no other without blame may digress or
differ in any thing from ye same. And it is not difficulte to
shew, y* the reformed churches differ in many circumstances
amongest them selves.
The rest I omitte, for brevities sake, and so leave to
prosecute these men or their doings any further, but
shall returne to ye rest of their freinds of ye company,
wch stuck to them. And I shall first inserte some part
240 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
of their letters as followeth ; for I thinke it best to ren-
der their minds in ther owne words.
To our loving freinds, &c.
Though the thing we feared be come upon us, and ye evill
we strove against have overtaken us, yet we cannot forgett
you, nor our freindship and fellowship which togeather we
have had some years ; wherin though our expressions have
been small, yet our harty affections towards you (unknown
by face) have been no less then to our nearest freinds, yea,
to our owne selves. And though this your freind Mr. Wins-
low can tell you ye state of things hear, yet least we should
seeme to neglecte you, to whom, by a wonderfull providence
of God, we are so nearly united, we have thought good once
more to write unto you, to let you know what is here befallen,
and ye resons of it ; as also our purposes & desirs toward you
for hereafter.
The former course for the generalise here is wholy dis-
solved from what it was ; and wheras you & we were for-
merly sharers and partners, in all viages & deallings, this way
is now no more, but you and we are left to bethinke our
sellves what course to take in ye future, that your lives &
our monies be not lost.
The reasons and causes of this alteration have been these.
First and mainly, ye many losses and crosses at sea, and
abuses of sea-men, wch have caused us to rune into so much
charge, debts, & ingagements, as our estats & means were
not able to goe on without impoverishing our selves, except
our estats had been greater, and our associats cloven beter
unto us. 2ly, as here hath been a faction and siding amongst
us now more then 2. years, so now there is an uter breach
and sequestration amongst us, and in too parts of us a full
dissertion and forsaking of you, without any intente or pur-
pose of medling more with you. And though we are per-
1625.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 241
swaded the maine cause of this their doing is wante of
money, (for neede wherof men use to make many excuses,)
yet other things are pretended, as that you are Brownists,
&c. Now what use you or we ought to make of these things,
it remaineth to be considered, for we know ye hand of God to
be in all these things, and no doubt he would admonish some
thing therby, and to looke what is amise. And allthough it
be now too late for us or you to prevent & stay these things,
yet it is* not to late to exercise patience, wisdom, and con-
science in bearing them, and in caring our selves in & under
them for ye time to come.
[136] And as we our selves stand ready to imbrace all
occasions that may tend to ye furthrance of so hopefull a
work, rather admiring of what is, then grudging for what is
not ; so it must rest in you to make all good againe. And
if in nothing else you can be approved, yet let your honestie
& conscience be still approved, & lose not one jote of your
innocencie, amids your crosses & afflictions. And surly if
you upon this alteration behave your selves wisly, and goe
on fairly, as men whose hope is not in this life, you shall
need no other weapon to wound your adversaries ; for when
your righteousnes is revealled as ye light, they shall cover
their faces with shame, that causlesly have sought your over-
throw.
Now we thinke it but reason, that all such things as ther
apertaine to the generall, be kept & preserved togeather, and
rather increased dayly, then any way be dispersed or imbeseled
away for any private ends or intents whatsoever. And after
your necessities are served, you gather togeather such comodi-
ties as ye cuntrie yeelds, & send them over to pay debts &
clear ingagements hear, which are not less then 1400". And
we hope you will doe your best to free our ingagements, &c.
Let us all indeavor to keep a faire & honest course, and see
* /* it not in the MS.
242 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
what time will bring forth, and how God in his providence
will worke for us. We still are perswaded you are ye people
that must make a plantation in those remoate places when all
others faile and returne. And your experience of Gods provi-
dence and preservation of you is such as we hope your harts
will not faile you, though your freinds should forsake you
(which we our selves shall not doe whilst we live, so long
as your honestie so well appereth). Yet surly help would
arise from some other place whilst you waite on God, with
uprightnes, though we should leave you allso.
And lastly be you all intreated to walke circumspectly, and
carry your selves so uprightly in all your ways, as yl no man
may make just exceptions against you. And more espetially
that ye favour and countenance of God may be so toward you,
as yl you may find abundante joye & peace even amids tribu-
lations, that you may say with David, Though my father &
mother should forsake me, yet ye Lord would take me up.
We have sent you hear some catle, cloath, hose, shoes,
leather, &c., but in another nature then formerly, as it stood
us in hand to doe ; we have comitted them to ye charge
& custody of Mr. Allerton and Mr. Winslow, as our factours,
at whose discretion they are to be sould, and comodities to
be taken for them, as is fitting. And by how much ye more
they will be chargable unto you, the better* they had need to
be husbanded, &c. Goe on, good freinds, comfortably, pluck
up your spirits, and quitte your selves like men in all your
difficulties, that notwithstanding all displeasure and threats of
men, yet ye work may goe on you are aboute, and not be
neglected. Which is so much for ye glorie of God, and the
furthrance of our countrie-men, as that a man may with
more comforte [137] spend his life in it, then live ye life
of Mathusala, in wasting ye plentie of a tilled land, or eating
ye fruite of a growne tree. Thus with harty salutations to
* Bet- in MS.
1625.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 243
you all, and harty prayers for you all, we lovingly take our
leaves, this 18. of Des : 1624.
Your assured freinds to our powers,
J. S. W. C. T. F. R. H. &c.
By this leter it appears in what state ye affairs of ye
plantation stood at this time. These goods they bought,
but they were at deare rates, for they put 40. in ye hun-
dred upon them, for profite and adventure, outward
bound ; and because of ye vnture of ye paiment home-
ward, they would have 30.* in ye 100. more, which was
in all 70. pr. cent ; a thing thought unreasonable by some,
and too great an oppression upon ye poore people, as their
case stood. The catle were ye best goods, for ye other
being ventured ware, were neither at ye best (some of
them) nor at ye best prises. Sundrie of their freinds
disliked these high rates, but coming from many hands,
they could not help it.
They sent over also 2. ships on fishing on their owne
acounte ; the one was ye pinass that was cast away ye last
year hear in ye cuntrie, and recovered by ye planters, (as
was before related,) who, after she came home, was at-
tached by one of ye company for his perticuler debte, and
now sent againe on this accounte. The other was a great
ship, who was well fitted with an experienced mr. & com-
pany of fisher-men, to make a viage, & to goe to Bilbo
or Sabastians with her fish ; the lesser, her order was
» If I mistake not, it was not much less. [30U in the manuscript.]
244 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
to load with cor-fish, and to bring the beaver home for
England, yt should be received for ye goods sould to ye
plantation. This bigger ship made a great viage of good
drie fish, the which, if they had gone to a market wth,
would have yeelded them (as such fish was sould y*
season) 180011. which would have enriched them. But
because ther was a bruite of warr with France, ye mr.
neglected (through timerousnes) his order, and put first
into Plimoth, & after into Portsmouth, and so lost their
opportunitie, and came by the loss. The lesser ship had
as ill success, though she was as hopfull as ye other for
ye marchants profite ; for they had fild her with goodly
cor-fish taken upon ye banke, as full as she could swime ;
and besids she had some 800a. weaight of beaver, besids
other furrs to a good value from ye plantation. The mr.
seeing so much goods come, put it abord ye biger ship,
for more saftie ; but Mr. Winslow (their factor in this
busines) was bound in a bond of 500*. to send it to Lon-
don in ye smale ship ; ther was some contending between
ye mr. & him aboute it. But he tould ye mr. he would
follow his order aboute it ; if he would take it out after-
ward, it should be at his perill. So it went in ye smale
ship, and he sent bills of lading in both. The mr. was
so carfull being both so well laden, as they went joyfully
home togeather, for he towed ye leser ship at his sterne
all ye way over bound, and they had such fayr weather
as he never cast her of till they were shott deep in to
ye English Chanell, almost within ye sight of Plimoth;
1625.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 245
and yet ther she was unhaply taken by a Turks man
of warr, and carried into Saly, wher ye mr. and men
were made slaves, and many of ye beaver skins were
sould for 4d a peece. [138] Thus was all their hops
dasht, and the joyfull news they ment to cary home
turned to heavie tidings. Some thought this a hand of
God for their too great exaction of ye poore plantation,
but Gods judgments are unseerchable, neither dare I be
bould therwith : but however it shows us ye uncertainty
of all humane things, and what litle cause ther is of
joying in them or trusting to them.
In ye bigger of these ships was sent over Captine Stan-
dish from ye plantation, wth leters & instructions, both
to their freinds of ye company which still clave to them,
and also to ye Honourable Counsell of New-England.
To ye company to desire y* seeing that they ment only
to let them have goods upon sale, that they might have
them upon easier termes, for they should never be able
to bear such high intrest, or to allow so much per cent;
also that what they would doe in yt way that it might
be disburst in money, or such goods as were fitte and
needfull for them, & bought at best hand; and to
aquainte them with ye contents of his leters to ye Counsell
above said, which was to this purpose, to desire their
favour & help ; that such of ye adventurers as had thus
forsaken & deserted them, might be brought to some
order, and not to keepe them bound, and them selves be
free. But that they might either stand to ther former
246 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
covenants, or ells come to some faire end, by dividente,
or composition. But he came in a very bad time, for
ye Stat was full of trouble, and ye plague very hote in
London, so as no bussines could be done ; yet he spake
with some of ye Honourd Counsell, who promised all
helpfullnes to ye plantation which lay in them. And
sundrie of their freinds ye adventurers were so weakened
with their losses ye last year, by ye losse of ye ship
taken by the Turks, and ye loss of their fish, wch by rea-
son of ye warrs they were forcte to land at Portsmouth,
and so came to litle ; so as, though their wills were
good, yet theyr power was litle. And ther dyed such
multituds weekly of ye plague, as all trade was dead,
and litle money stirring. Yet with much adooe he
tooke up 150*. (& spent a good deal of it in expences)
at 50. per cent, which he bestowed in trading goods
& such other most needfull comodities as he knew
requiset for their use; and so returned passenger in
a fhishing ship, haveing prepared a good way for ye
compossition that was afterward made.
In ye mean time it pleased ye Lord to give ye plan-
tation peace and health and contented minds, and so to
blese ther labours, as they had corne sufficient, (and
some to spare to others,) with other foode ; neither ever
had they any supply of foode but what they first brought
with them. After harvest this year, they sende out
a boats load of corne 40. or 50. leagues to ye east-
ward, up a river called Kenibeck ; it being one of those
1626.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 247
2. shalops which their carpenter had built them ye year
before; for bigger vessell had they none. They had
laid a litle deck over her midships to keepe ye corne
drie, but ye men were faine to stand it out all weathers
without shelter ; and y* time [139] of ye year begins to
growe tempestious. But God preserved them, and gave
them good success, for they brought home 700*. of beaver,
besids some other furrs, having litle or nothing els but
this corne, which them selves had raised out of ye earth.
This viage was made by Mr. Winslow & some of ye old
standards,* for seamen they had none.
Anno Dom: 1626.
ABOUT ye begining of Aprill they heard of Captain
Standish his arrivall, and sent a boat to fetch him home,
and ye things he had brought. Welcome he was, but
ye news he broughte was sadd in many regards ; not
only in regarde of the former losses, before related,
which their freinds had suffered, by which some in a
maner were undon, others much disabled from doing
any further help, and some dead of ye plague, but also
y* Mr. Robinson, their pastor, was dead, which struck
them with much sorrow & sadnes, as they had cause.
His and their adversaries had been long & continually
plotting how they might hinder his coming hither, but
ye Lord had appointed him a better place; concerning
* First written as in the text, then altered to standerss.
248 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
whose death & the maner therof, it will appere by these
few lines write to ye Grovr & Mr. Brewster.
Loving & kind f rinds, &c. I know not whether this will
ever come to your hands, or miscarie, as other my letters have
done ; yet in regard of ye Lords dealing with us hear, I have
had a great desire to write unto you, knowing your desire to
bear a parte with us, both in our joyes, & sorrows, as we doe
wth you. These are therfore to give you to understand, that
it hath pleased the Lord to take out of this vaell of tears,
your and our loving & faithfull pastor, and my dear & Reved
brother, Mr. John Robinson, who was sick some 8. clays. He
begane to be sick on Saturday in ye morning, yet ye next day
(being the Lords day) he taught us twise. And so ye weeke
after grew weaker, every day more then other ; yet he felt
no paine but weaknes all ye time of his sicknes. The phisick
he tooke wrought kindly in mans judgments, but he grew
weaker every day, feeling litle or no paine, and sensible to
ye very last. He fell sicke ye 22. of Feb : and departed this
life ye 1. of March. He had a continuall inwarde ague, but
free from infection, so yl all his freinds came freely to him.
And if either prayers, tears, or means, would have saved his
life, he had not gone hence. But he having faithfully finished
his course, and performed his worke which ye Lord had
appointed him here to doe, he now resteth with ye Lord in
eternall hapines. We wanting him & all Church Gov™,
yet we still (by ye mercie of God) continue & hould close
togeather, in peace and quietnes ; and so hope we shall doe,
though we be very weake. Wishing (if such were ye will of
God) that you & we were againe united togeather in one,
either ther or here ; but seeing it is ye will of ye Lord thus
to dispose of things, we must labour wth patience to rest
contented, till it please ye Lord otherwise to dispose. For
[140] news, is here not much; only as in England we have
1626.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 249
lost our old king James, who departed this life aboute a
month agoe, so here they have lost ye old prince, Grave
Mourise ; who both departed this life since my brother Robin-
son. And as in England we have a new-king Charls, of
whom ther is great hope, so hear they have made prince
Hendrick Geuerall in his brothers place, &c. Thus with my
love remembred, I take leave & rest,
Your assured loving freind,
ROGER WHITE.
* Leyden, Aprill 28.
An0: 1625.
Thus these too great princes, and their pastor, left this
world near aboute one time. Death maks no difference.
He further brought them notice of ye death of their
anciente freind, Mr. Cush-man, whom ye Lord tooke
away allso this year, & aboute this time, who was as their
right hand with their freinds y° adventurers, and for
diverce years had done & agitated all their bussines with
them to ther great advantage. He had write to ye Gover
but some few months before, of ye sore sicknes of Mr.
James Sherley, who was a cheefe freind to yc plantation,
and lay at ye pointe of death, declaring his love & help-
fullnes, in all things ; and much bemoned the loss they
should have of him, if God should now take him away,
as being ye stay & life of ye whole bussines. As allso his
owne purposs this year to come over, and spend his days
with them. But he that thus write of anothers sicknes,
knew not y' his owne death was so near. It shows allso
that a mas ways are not in his owne power, but in his
250 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
hands who hath ye issues of life and death. Man may
purpose, but God doth dispose.
Their other freinds from Leyden writ many leters to
them full of sad laments for ther heavie loss ; and though
their wills were good to come to them, yet they saw no
probabilitie of means, how it might be effected, but con-
cluded (as it were) that all their hopes were cutt of; and
many, being aged, begane to drop away by death.
All which things (before related) being well weighed
and laied togither, it could not but strick them with great
perplexitie ; and to looke humanly on ye state of things
as they presented them selves at this time, it is a rnarvell
it did not wholy discourage them, and sinck them. But
they gathered up their spirits, and ye Lord so helped
them, whose worke they had in hand, as now when they
were at lowest* they begane to rise againe, and being
striped (in a maner) of all humane helps and hops, he
brought things aboute other wise, in his devine provi-
dence, as they were not only upheld & sustained, but
their proceedings both honoured and imitated by others ;
as by yc sequell will more appeare, if ye Lord spare me
life & time to declare ye same.
Haveing now no fishing busines, or other things to
intend, but only their trading & planting, they sett them
selves to follow the same with ye best industrie they
could. The planters finding their corne, what they could
spare from ther necessities, to be a comoditie, (for they
* Note.
1626.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 251
sould it at 6s- a bushell,) used great dilligence in planting
ye same. And ye Gover and such as were designed to
manage the trade, (for it was retained for ye generall
good, [141] and none were to trade in perticuler,) they
followed it to the best advantage they could ; and want-
ing trading goods, they understoode that a plantation
which was at Monhigen, & belonged to some marchants
of Plimoth was to breake up, and diverse usefull goods
was ther to be sould ; the Gover and Mr. Winslow tooke
a boat and some hands and went thither. But Mr. David
Thomson, who lived at Pascataway, understanding their
purpose, tooke oppertunitie to goe with them, which was
some hinderance to them both ; for they, perceiveing their
joynte desires to buy, held their goods at higher rates ;
and not only so, but would not sell a parcell of their
trading goods, excepte they sould all. So, lest they
should further prejudice one an other, they agreed to buy
all, & devid them equally between them. They bought
allso a parcell of goats, which they distributed at home
as they saw neede & occasion, and tooke corne for them
of ye people, which gave them good content. Their
moyety of ye goods came to above 400li. starling. Ther
was allso that spring a French ship cast away at Saca-
dahock, in wch were many Biscaie ruggs & other comodi-
ties, which were falen into these mens hands, & some
other fisher men at Damerins-cove, which were allso
bought in partnership, and made their parte arise to
above 500*. This they made shift to pay for, for ye most
252 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
part, with ye beaver & comodities they had gott ye winter
before, & what they had gathered up y* somer. Mr.
Thomson having some thing overcharged him selfe, de-
sired they would take some of his, but they refused
except he would let them have his French goods only ;
and ye marchant (who was one of Bristol) would take
their bill for to be paid ye next year. They were both
willing, so they became ingaged for them & tooke them.
By which means they became very well furnished for
trade ; and tooke of therby some other ingagments wch
lay upon them, as the money taken up by Captaine
Standish, and ye remains of former debts. With these
goods, and their corne after harvest, they gott good store
of trade, so as they were enabled to pay their ingage-
ments against ye time, & to get some cloathing for ye
people, and had some comodities before hand. But now
they begane to be envied, and others wente and fild ye
Indeans with corne, and beat downe ye prise, giveing
them twise as much as they had done, and under traded
them in other comodities allso.
This year they sent Mr. Allerton into England, and
gave him order to make a composition with ye adventur-
ers, upon as good termes as he could (unto which some
way had ben made ye year before by Captaine Standish) ;
but yet injoyned him not to conclud absolutly till they
knew ye termes, and had well considered of them ; but
to drive it to as good an issew as he could, and referr
ye conclusion to them. Also they gave him a comission
1626.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 253
under their hands & seals to take up some money, pro-
vided it exeeded'not such a sume specified, for which
they engaged them selves, and gave him order how to
lay out ye same for ye use of ye plantation.
And finding they rane a great hazard to goe so long
viages in a smale open boat, espetialy ye winter season,
they begane to thinke how they might gett a small
pinass ; as for ye reason afforesaid, so also because
others had raised ye prise with ye Indeans above ye
halfe of what they had formerly given, so as in such
a boat they could not [143 *] carry a quantity suffi-
cient to answer their ends. They had no ship-carpen-
ter amongst them, neither knew how to get one at
presente ; but they having an ingenious man that was
a house carpenter, who also had wrought with ye ship
carpenter (that was dead) when he built their boats,
at their request he put forth him selfe to make a triall
that way of his skill ; and tooke one of ye bigest of
ther shalops and sawed her in ye midle, and so lenth-
ened her some 5. or 6. foote, and strengthened her
with timbers, and so builte her up, and laid a deck
on her ; and so made her a conveniente and wholsome
vessell, very fitt & comfortable for their use, which
did them servise 7. years after; and they gott her
finished, and fitted with sayles & anchors, ye insuing
year. And thus passed ye affairs of this year.
* Here occurs another error in the paging of the original ; 142 is omitted.
254 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
Anno Dom: 1627. •
AT ye usuall season of ye coming of ships Mr. Aller-
ton returned, and brought some usfull goods with him,
according to ye order given him. For upon his com-
mission he tooke up 200U. which he now gott at 30.
per cent. The which goods they gott safly home,
and well conditioned, which was much to the comfort
& contente of ye plantation. He declared unto them,
allso, how, with much adoe and no small trouble, he
had made a composition with ye adventurers, by the
help of sundrie of their faithfull freinds ther, who had
allso tooke much pains ther about. The agreement or
bargen he had brought a draught of, with a list of ther
names ther too annexed, drawne by the best counsell
of law they could get, to make it firme. The heads
wherof I shall here inserte.
To all Christian people, greeting, &c. Wheras at a meeting
ye 26. of October last past, diverse & sundrie persons, whose
names to ye one part of these presents are subscribed in a
schedule hereunto annexed, Adventurers to New-Plimoth in
New-England in America, were contented and agreed, in con-
sideration of the sume of one thousand and eight hundred
pounds sterling to be paid, (in maner and forme foiling,) to
sell, and make sale of all & every ye stocks, shares, lands,
marchandise, and chatles, what soever, to ye said adventurers,
and other ther fellow adventurers to New Plimoth aforesaid,
any way accruing, or belonging to ye generalitie of ye said
adventurers aforesaid ; as well by reason of any sume or sumes
1627.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 255
of money, or marchandise, at any time heretofore adventured
or disbursed by them, or other wise howsoever ; for ye better
expression and setting forth of which said agreernente, the
parties to these presents subscribing, doe for [144] them selves
severally, and as much as in them is, grant, bargan, alien, sell,
and transfere all & every ye said shares, goods, lauds, mar-
chandice, and chatles to them belonging as aforesaid, unto
Isaack Alerton, one of ye planters resident at Plimoth affore-
said, assigned, and sent over as agente for ye rest of ye
planters ther, and to, such other planters at Plimoth afforesaid
as ye said Isack, his heirs, or assignes, at his or ther arrivall,
shall by writing or otherwise thiuke fitte to joyne or partake
in ye premisses, their heirs, & assignes, in as large, ample,
and beneficiall maner and forme, to all intents and purposes,
as ye said subscribing adventurers here could or may doe, or
performe. All which stocks, shares, lands, &c. to the said
adven : in severallitie alloted, apportioned, or any way belong-
ing, the said adven : doe warrant & defend unto the said
Isaack Allerton, his heirs and assignes, against them, their
heirs and assignes, by these presents. And therfore ye said
Isaack Allerton doth, for him, his heirs & assigns, covenant,
promise, & grant too & with ye adven : whose names are here
unto subscribed, ther heirs, &c. well & truly to pay, or cause
to be payed, unto ye said adven : or 5. of them which were, at
y* meeting afforsaid, nominated & deputed, viz. John Pocock,
John Headlamp, Robart Keane, Edward Base, and James
Sherley, marchants, their heirs, &c. too and for ye use of ye
generallitie of them, the sume of 1800li. of lawfull money
of England, at ye place appoynted for ye receipts of money,
on the west side of ye Roy all Exchaing in London, by 200li.
yearly, and every year, on ye feast of St. Migchell, the first
paiment to be made An0: 1628. &c. Allso ye said Isaack is
to indeavor to procure & obtaine from ye planters of N. P.
aforesaid, securitie, by severall obligations, or writings oblig-
256
HISTORY OF
[BOOK n.
atory, to make paiment of ye said sume of 1800U. in forme
afforsaid, according to ye true meaning of these presents. In
testimonie wherof to this part of these presents remaining with
ye said Isaack Allerton, ye said subscribing adven : have sett
to their .names,* &c. And to ye other part remaining with
ye said adven : the said Isaack Allerton hath subscribed his
name, ye 15. Novlr. An": 1626. in ye 2. year of his Majesties
raigne.
* Below are the names of the adventurers subscribed to this paper, taken
from Bradford's Letter-Book, 1 Mass. Hist. Coll., III. 48; being forty-two in
number. The names of six of these persons are found subsequently among
the members of the Massachusetts Company, viz. John "White, John Pocock,
Thomas Goffe, Samuel Sharpe, John Revell, and Thomas Andrews. Mr.
Haven, who edited the Records of the Massachusetts Company, is of opinion
that the first person on the list is the celebrated clergyman of Dorchester, the
reputed author of the Planter's Plea. Emnu. Alltham is probably the same
person named in the Council Records, under date January 21, 1622-3 : " Emanuel
Altum to command the Pinnace built for Mr. Peirce's Plantation." Smith
speaks of " Captaine Altom" as commanding this vessell, but Morton says the
name of the master of the Little James was Mr. Bridges, who it appears was
drowned at Damariscove, in March, 1624. See Coll. of the Amer. Antiq. Soc.,
III. 26, 62, Preface ; Felt's MS. Memoranda from the Council Records ; Smith's
Generall Historic, p. 239; Morton's Memorial, p. 48.
John White,
Samuel Sharpe,
Thomas Hudson,
John Pocock,
Robert Holland,
Thomas Andrews,
Robert Kean,
James Sherley,
Thomas Ward,
Edward Bass,
Thomas Mott,
Fria. Newbald,
William Hobson,
Thomas Fletcher,
Thomas Heath,
William Penington,
Timothy Hatherly,
Joseph Tilden,
William Quarles,
Thomas Brewer,
William Perrin,
Daniel Poynton,
John Thorned,
Eliza Knight,
Richard Andrews,
Myles Knowles,
Thomas Coventry,
Newman Rookes,
William Collier,
Robert Allden,
Henry Browning,
John Revell,
Lawrence Anthony,
Richard Wright,
Peter Gudburn,
John Knight,
John Ling,
Emnu. Alltham,
Matthew Thornhill,
Thomas Goffe,
John Beauchamp,
Thomas Millsop.
1627.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 257
This agreemente was very well liked of, & approved
by all ye plantation, and consented unto ; though they
knew not well how to raise ye payment, and discharge
their other ingagements, and supply the yearly wants
of ye plantation, seeing they were forced for their
necessities to take up money or goods at so high in-
trests. Yet they undertooke it, and 7. or 8. of ye
cheefe of ye place became joyntly bound for ye pai-
mente of this 1800*. (in ye behalfe of ye rest) at ye
severall days. In which they rane a great adventure,
as their present state stood, having many other heavie
burthens allready upon them, and all things in an un-
certaine condition amongst them. So ye next returne
it was absolutly confirmed on both sids, and ye bargen
fairly ingrossed in partchmente and in many things put
into better forme, by ye advice of ye learnedest counsel!
they could gett; and least any forfeiture should fall on
ye whole for none paimente at any of ye days, it rane
thus : to forfite 30s- a weeke if they missed ye time ;
and was concluded under their hands & seals, as may
be seen at large by ye deed it selfe.
[145] Now though they had some untowarde per-
sons mixed amongst them from the first, which came
out of England, and more afterwards by some of ye
adventurers, as freindship or other affections led them,
— though sundrie were gone, some for Virginia, and
some to other places, — yet diverse were still mingled
amongst them, about whom ye Gover & counsell with
258 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
other of their cheefe freinds had serious consideration,
how to setle things in regard of this new bargen or
purchas made, in respecte of ye distribution of things
both for ye presente and future. For ye present, ex-
cepte peace and union were preserved, they should be
able to doe nothing, but indanger to over throw all,
now that other tyes & bonds were taken away. Ther-
fore they resolved, for sundrie reasons, to take in all
amongst them, that were either heads of families, or
single yonge men, that were of abillity, and free, (and
able to governe them selvs with meete descretion, and
their affairs, so as to be helpfull in ye comone-welth, )
into this partnership or purchass. First, yey consid-
ered that they had need of men & strength both for
defence and carrying on of bussinesses. 2ly, most of
them had borne ther parts in former miseries & wants
with them, and therfore (in some sort) but equall to
partake in a better condition, if ye Lord be pleased to
give it. But cheefly they saw not how peace would
be preserved without so doing, but danger & great dis-
turbance might grow to their great hurte & prejudice
other wise. Yet they resolved to keep such a mean in
distribution of lands, and other courses, as should not
hinder their growth in others coming to them.
So they caled ye company togeather, and conferred
with them, and came to this conclusion, that ye trade
should be managed as before, to help to pay the debts ;
and all such persons as were above named should be
1627.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 259
reputed and inrouled for purchasers; single free men
to have a single share, and every father of a familie to
be alowed to purchass so many shares as he had per-
sons in his family; that is to say, one for him selfe,
and one for his wife, and for every child that he had
living with him, one. As for servants, they had none,
but what either their maisters should give them out of
theirs, or their deservings should obtaine from ye com-
pany afterwards. Thus all were to be cast into single
shares according to the order abovesaid ; and so every
one was to pay his part according to his proportion
towards ye purchass, & all other debts, what ye profite
of ye trade would not reach too; viz. a single man for
a single share, a maister of a famalie for so many as
he had. This gave all good contente. And first ac-
cordingly the few catle which they had were devided,
which arose to this proportion; a cowe to 6. persons
or shars, & 2. goats to ye same, which were first
equalised for age & goodnes, and then lotted for ;
single persons consorting with others, as they thought
good, & smaler familys likwise ; and swine though
more [146] in number, yet by ye same rule. Then
they agreed that every person or share should have
20. acres of land devided unto them, besids ye single
acres they had allready ; and they appoynted were to
begin first on ye one side of ye towne, & how farr to
goe ; and then on ye other side in like maner ; and
so to devid it by lotte; and appointed sundrie by
260 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
name to doe it, and tyed them to certaine ruls to pro-
ceed by ; as that they should only lay out settable or
tillable land, at least such of it as should butt on ye
water side, (as ye most they were to lay out did,) and
pass by ye rest as refuse and comune ; and what they
judged fitte should be so taken. And they were first
to agree of ye goodnes & fitnes of it before the lott
was drawne, and so it might as well prove some of
ther owne, as an other mans ; and this course they
were to hould throwout. But yet seekeing to keepe
ye people togither, as much as might be, they allso
agreed upon this order, by mutuall consente, before
any lots were cast : that whose lotts soever should fall
next ye towne, or most conveninte for nearnes, they
should take to them a neigboure or tow, whom they
best liked; and should suffer them to plant corne with
them for 4. years ; and afterwards they might use as
much of theirs for as long time, if they would. Allso
every share or 20. acers was to be laid out 5. acres
in breadth by ye water side, and 4. acres in lenght,
excepting nooks & corners, which were to be measured
as yey would bear to best advantage. But no meadows
were to be laid out at all, nor were not of many years
after, because they were but streight of meadow grounds ;
and if they had bene now given out, it would have
hindred all addition to them afterwards ; but every
season all were appoynted wher they should mo we,
according to ye proportion of catle they had. This
1627.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 261
distribution gave generally good contente, and setled
mens minds. Also they gave ye Gover & 4. or 5. of
ye spetiali men amongst them, ye houses they lived in ;
ye rest were valued & equalised at an indiferent rate,
and so every man kept his owne, and he that had a
better alowed some thing to him that had a worse, as
ye valuation wente.
Ther is one thing that fell out in ye begining of ye
winter before, which I have referred to this place, that
I may handle ye whole matter togeither. Ther was a
ship, with many passengers in her and sundrie goods,
bound for Virginia. They had lost them selves at sea,
either by ye insufficiencie of ye maister, or his ilnes ;
for he was sick & lame of ye scurvie, so that he could
but lye in ye cabin dore, & give direction ; and it should
seeme was badly assisted either wth mate or mariners ;
or else ye fear and unrulines of yc passengers were such,
as they made them stear a course betweene ye southwest
& ye norwest, that they might fall with some land,
what soever it was they cared not. For they had been
6. weeks at sea, and had no water, nor beere, nor any
woode left, but had burnt up all their emptie caske ;
only one of yc company had a hogshead of wine or 2.
which was allso allmost spente, so as they feared they
should be starved at sea, or consumed with diseases,
which made them rune this desperate course. But it
plased God that though they came so neare ye shoulds
of Cap-Codd [147] or else ran stumbling over them in
262 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
ye night, they knew not how, they came right before
a small blind harbore, that lyes about ye midle of Mana-
moyake Bay, to ye southward of Cap-Codd, with a small
gale of wind ; and about highwater toucht upon a barr
of sand that lyes before it, but had no hurte, ye sea
being smoth; so they laid out an anchore. But towards
the eveing the wind sprunge up at sea, and was so
rough, as broake their cable, & beat them over the barr
into ye harbor, wher they saved their lives & goods,
though much were hurte with salt water ; for wth beating
they had sprung ye but end of a planke or too, & beat
out ther occome ; but they were soone over, and ran
on a drie flate within the harbor, close by a beach ; so
at low water they gatt out their goods on drie shore,
and dried those that were wette, and saved most of
their things without any great loss ; neither was ye ship
much hurt, but shee might be mended, and made ser-
visable againe. But though they were not a litle glad
that they had thus saved their lives, yet when they had
a litle refreshed them selves, and begane to thinke on
their condition, not knowing wher they were, nor
what they should doe, they begane to be strucken
with sadnes. But shortly after they saw some Indians
come to them in canows, which made them stand
upon their gard. But when they heard some of ye
Indeans speake English unto them, they were not a
litle revived, especially when they heard them demand
if they were the Gover of Plimoths men, or freinds ;
1627.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 263
and y* they would bring them to ye English houses, or
carry their letters.
They feasted these Indeans, and gave them many
giftes; and sente 2. men and a letter with them to ye
Gover, and did intreat him to send a boat unto them,
with some pitch, & occume, and spiks, wth divers other
necessaries for ye mending of ther ship (which was re-
coverable). Allso they besought him to help them with
some corne and sundrie other things they wanted, to
enable them to make their viage to Virginia; and they
should be much bound to him, and would make satis-
faction for any thing they had, in any comodities they
had abord. After ye Govr was well informed by ye
messengers of their condition, he caused a boate to be
made ready, and such things to be provided as they
write for ; and because others were abroad upon trading,
and such other ajflfairs, as had been fitte to send unto
them, he went him selfe, & allso carried some trading
comodities, to buy them corne of ye Indeans. It was
no season of ye year to goe withoute ye Cape, but
understanding wher ye ship lay> he went into ye bottom
of ye bay, on ye inside, and put into a crick called
Naumskachett, wher it is not much above 2. mile over
[148] land to ye bay wher they were, wher he had
ye Indeans ready to cary over any thing to them. Of
his arrivall they were very glad, and received the
things to mend ther ship, & other necessaries. Allso
he bought them as much corne as they would have ;
264 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
and wheras some of their sea-men were rune away
amonge the Indeans, he procured their returne to ye
ship, and so left them well furnished and contented,
being very thankfull for ye curtesies they receaved. But
after the Gover thus left them, he went into some other
harbors ther aboute and loaded his boat with corne,
which he traded, and so went home. But he had not
been at home many days, but he had notice from them,
that by the violence of a great storme, and ye bad
morring of their ship (after she was mended) she was
put a shore, and so beatten and shaken as she was now
wholy unfitte to goe to sea. And so their request was
that they might have leave to repaire to them, and
soujourne with them, till they could have means to
convey them selves to Virginia; and that they might
have means to trasport their goods, and they would
pay for ye same, or any thing els wher with ye plan-
tation should releeve them. Considering their distres,
their requests were granted, and all helpfulmes done
unto them ; their goods transported, and them selves
& goods sheltered in their houses as well as they could.
The cheefe amongst these people was one Mr. Fells
and Mr. Sibsie, which had many servants belonging
unto them, many of them being Irish. Some others
ther were y* had a servante or 2. a peece ; but ye most
were servants, and such as were ingaged to the former
persons, who allso had ye most goods. Affter they
were hither come, and some thing setled, the maisters
1627.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 265
desired some ground to imploye ther servants upon ;
seing it was like to be ye latter end of ye year before
they could have passage for Virginia, and they had
now ye winter before them; they might clear some
ground, and plant a crope (seeing they had tools,
& necessaries for ye same) to help to bear their charge,
and keep their servants in imployment ; and if they
had oppertunitie to departe before the same was ripe,
they would sell it on ye ground. So they had ground
appointed them in convenient places, and Fells & some
other of them raised a great deall of corne, which they
sould at their departure. This Fells, amongst his other
servants, had a maid servante which kept his house
& did his household affairs, and by the intimation of
some that belonged unto him, he was suspected to keep
her, as his concubine ; and both of them were examined
ther upon, but nothing could be proved, and they stood
upon their justification ; so with admonition they were
dismiste. But afterward it appeard she was with child,
so he gott a small boat, & ran away with her, for
fear of punishmente. First he went to Cap- Anne, and
after into ye bay of ye Massachussets, but could get no
passage, and had like to have been cast away; and
was forst to come againe and submite him selfe ; but
they pact him away & those that belonged unto him by
the first oppertunitie, and dismiste all the rest as soone
as could, being many untoward people amongst them ;
though ther were allso some that caried them selves
266 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
very orderly all ye time they stayed. And the [149]
plantation had some benefite by them, in selling them
corne & other provisions of food for cloathing ; for they
had of diverse kinds, as cloath, perpetuanes, & other
stuffs, besids hose, & shoes, and such like comodities as
ye planters stood in need of. So they both did good,
and received good one from another ; and a cuple of
barks caried them away at ye later end of somer. And
sundrie of them have acknowledged their thankfullnes
since from Virginia.
That they might ye better take all convenient oppor-
tunitie to follow their trade, both to maintaine them
selves, and to disingage them of those great sumes
which they stood charged with, and bound for, they
resoloved to build a smale pinass at Manamet, a place
20. mile from ye plantation, standing on ye sea to ye
southward of them, unto which, by an other creeke on
this side, they could cary their goods, within 4. or 5.
miles, and then trasport them over land to their ves-
sell; and so avoyd the compasing of Cap-Codd, and
those deangerous shoulds, and so make any vioage to
ye southward in much shorter time, and with farr less
danger. Also for ye saftie of their vessell & goods,
they builte a house their, and kept some servants, who
also planted corne, and reared some swine, and were
allwayes ready to goe out with ye barke when ther was
occasion. All which tooke good effecte, and turned to
their profite.
1627.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 267
They now sent (with ye returne of ye ships) Mr.
Allerton againe into England, giveing him full power,
under their hands & seals, to conclude the former bar-
gaine with ye adventurers ; and sent ther bonds for ye
paimente of the money. Allso they sent what beaver
they could spare to pay some of their ingagementes,
& to defray his chargs ; for those deepe interests still
kepte them low. Also he had order to procure a patente
for a fitt trading place in ye river of Kenebec ; for being
emulated both by the planters at Pascataway & other
places to ye eastward of them, and allso by ye fishing
ships, which used to draw much profile from ye Indeans
of those parts, they threatened to procure a grante,
& shutte them out from thence ; espetially after they
saw them so well furnished with comodities, as to carie
the trade from them. They thought it but needfull to
prevente such a thing, at least that they might not be
excluded from free trade ther, wher them selves had
first begune and discovered the same, ad brought it to
so good efiecte. This year allso they had letters, and
messengers from ye Dutch-plantation, sent unto them
from ye Govr ther, writen both in Dutch & French.
The Dutch had traded in these southerne parts, diverse
years before they came ; but they begane no plantation
hear till 4. or 5. years after their coming, and here
begining. Ther letters were as followeth. It being
their maner to be full of complementall titles.
268 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
Eedele, Eerenfeste Wyse Voorsinnige Heeren, den Goveer-
neur, ende Raeden in Nieu-Pliemiien residerende ; onse seer
Goede vrinden den directeiir ende Raed van Nieu-Nederlande,
weusen vwe Edn : eerenfesten, ende wijse voorsinnige geluck
salichitt [gemkzaligheid?], In Christ! Jesu onsen Heere ; met
goede voorspoet, ende gesonthijt, naer siele, ende lichaem.
Amen.*
The rest I shall render in English, leaving out the
repetition of superfluous titles.
[150] We have often before this wished for an opportunitie
or an occasion to congratulate you, and your prosperous and
praise-worthy undertakeings, and Goverment of your colony
ther. And the more, in that we also have made a good
begiuing to pitch ye foundation of a collonie hear ; and seeing
our native couutrie lyes not farr from yours, and our fore-
fathers (diverse hundred years agoe) have made and held
frendship and alliance with your ancestours, as sufficently
appears by ye old contractes, and entrecourses, confirmed
under ye hands of kings & princes, in ye pointe of warr &
trafick ; as may be scene and read by all ye world in ye old
chronakles. The which are not only by the king now reign-
ing confirmed, but it hath pleased his majesty, upon mature
deliberation, to make a new covenante, (and to take up
armes,) with ye States Generall of our dear native country,
against our comone enemie the Spaniards, who seeke nothing
* The orthography of some of these words differs from the modern way
of spelling them; and we have no means of ascertaining the accuracy of
Bradford's copy from the original letter. This passage may be rendered
thus: —
"Noble, worshipful, wise, and prudent Lords, the Governor and Council-
lors residing in New Plymouth, our very dear friends : — The Director and
Council of New Netherland wish to your Lordships, worshipful, wise, and
prudent, happiness in Christ Jesus our Lord, with prosperity and health, in
soul and body."
1627.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 269
else but to usurpe and overcome other Christian kings and
princes lands, that so he might obtaine and possess his pre-
tended monarchic over all Christendom ; and so to rule and
comand, after his owiie pleasure, over ye consciences of so
many hundred thousand sowles, which God forbid.
And also seeing it hath some time since been reported unto
us, by some of our people, that by occasion came so farr
northward with their shalop, and met with sundry of ye
Indeans, who tould them that they were within halfe a days
journey of your plantation, and offered ther service to cary
letters unto you ; therfore we could not forbear to salute you
with these few lines, with presentation of our good will and
servise unto you, in all frendly-kindnes & neighbourhood.
And if it so fall out that any goods that comes to our hands
from our native countrie, may be serviceable unto you, we
shall take our selves bound to help and accomadate you ther
with ; either for beaver or any other wares or marchandise
that you should be pleased to deale for. And if in case we
have no comodity at present that may give you contente,
if you please to sell us any beaver, or otter, or such like
comodities as may be usefull for us, for ready money, and
let us understand therof by this bearer in writing, (whom we
have apoynted to stay 3. or 4. days for your answer,) when
we understand your minds therin, we shall depute one to
deale with you, at such place as you shall appointe. In ye
mean time we pray the Lord to take you, our honoured
good freinds and neighbours, into his holy protection.
By the appointment of ye Govr and Counsell, &c.
ISAAK DE EASIER, Secrectaris.
From ye Manhatas, in ye fort Amsterdam,
March 9. An0: 1627.
To this they returned answer as followeth, on ye
other side.
270 HISTOEY OF [BOOK n.
[151] To the Honoured, &c.
The Gover & Counsell of New-Plim : wisheth, &c. We have
received your leters, &c. wherin appeareth your good wills
& frendship towards us ; but is expresed wth over high titls,
more then belongs to us, or is ineete for us to receive. But
for your good will, and congratulations of our prosperitie in
these smale beginings of our poore colonie, we are much
bound unto you, and with many thanks doe acknowledg ye
same ; taking it both for a great honour done unto us, and
for a certaine testimoney of your love and good neighbourhood.
Now these are further to give your Worpp* to understand,
that it is to us no smale joye, to hear, that his majestie hath
not only bene pleased to confirme y* ancient amitie, aliance,
and frendship, and other contracts, formerly made & ratified
by his predecessors of famous memorie, but hath him selfe
(as you say) strengthened the same with a new-union the
better to resist ye prid of yl comone enemy ye Spaniard, from
whose cruelty the Lord keep us both, and our native coun-
tries. Now* forasmuch as this is sufficiente to unite us
togeather in love and good neighbourhood, in all our deal-
ings, yet are many of us further obliged, by the good and
curteous entreaty which we have found in your countrie ; have-
ing lived ther many years, with freedome, and good contente,
as also many of our freinds doe to this day ; for which we,
and our children after us, are bound to be thankfull to your
Nation, and shall never forgett ye same, but shall hartily
desire your good & prosperity, as our owne, for ever.
Likwise for your freindly tender, & offer to aconiodate
and help us with any comodities or marchandise you have,
or shall come to you, either for beaver, otters, or other wares,
it is to us very acceptable, and we doubte not but in short
time we may have profitable comerce & trade togeather.
But for this year we are fully supplyed with all necessaries,
both for cloathing and other things ; but hereafter it is like
1627.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 271
we shall cleale with you, if your rates be reasonable. And
therfore when you please to send to us againe by any of
yours, we desire to know how you will take beaver, by ye
pounde, & otters, by ye skine ; and how you will deale per
cent, for other comodities, and what yon can furnishe us
with. As likwise what other commodities from us may be
acceptable unto you, as tobaco, fish, corne, or other things,
and what prises you will give. &c.
Thus hoping that you will pardon & excuse us for our rude
and imperfecte writing in your language, and take it in good
parte, because [152] for wante of use we cannot so well
express that we understand, nor hapily understand every thing
so fully as we should. And so we humbly pray the Lord for
his mercie sake, that he will take both us and you into his
keeping & gratious protection.
By ye Gover and Counsell of New-Plimoth,
Your Worpps very good freinds & neigbours, &c.
New-Plim: March 19.
After this ther was many passages betweene them
both by letters and other entercourse ; and they had
some profitable commerce togither for diverce years, till
other occasions interrupted ye same, as may happily
appear afterwards, more at large.
Before they sent Mr. Allerton away for England this
year, ye Gover and some of their cheefe freinds had
serious consideration, not only how they might discharge
those great ingagments which lay so heavily upon them,
as is affore mentioned, but also how they might (if pos-
siblie they could) devise means to help some of their
freinds and breethren of Ley den over unto them, who
272 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
desired so much to come to them, ad they desired as
much their company. To effecte which, they resolved
to rune a high course, and of great adventure, not
knowing otherwise how to bring it aboute. Which was
to hire ye trade of ye company for certaine years, and
in that time to undertake to pay that 1800ti. and all ye
rest of ye debts that then lay upon ye plantation, which
was aboute some 600M. more; and so to set them free,
and returne the trade to ye generalitie againe at ye
end of ye terme. Upon which resolution they called
ye company togeither, and made it clearly appear unto
all what their debts were, and upon what terms they
would undertake to pay them all in such a time, and
sett them clear. But their other ends they were faine
to keepe secrete, haveing only privatly acquaynted some
of their trusty freinds therwith ; which were glad of ye
same, but doubted how they would be able to performe
it. So after some agitation of the thing wth ye com-
pany, it was yeelded unto, and the agreemente made
upon ye conditions following.
Articles of agreemente betweene ye collony of New-Plimoth
of ye one partie, and William Bradford, Captein Myles
Standish, Isaack Allerton, &c. one yc other partie ; and
shuck others as they shall thinke good to take as part-
ners and undertakers with them, concerning the trade
for beaver & other furrs & comodities, &c. ; made July,
1627.
First, it is agreed and covenanted betweexte ye said
parties, that ye afforsaid William Bradford, Captain Myles
1627.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 273
Standish, & Isaack Allerton, &c. have undertaken, and doe
by these presents, covenante and agree to pay, discharge,
and acquite ye said collony of all ye debtes both due for
ye purchass, or any other belonging to them, at ye day of
ye date of these presents.
[153] Secondly, ye above-said parties are to have and
freely injoye ye pinass latly builte, the boat at Manamett,
and ye shalop, called ye Bass-boat, with all other implements
to them belonging, that is in ye store of ye said company ;
with all ye whole stock of furrs, fells, beads, corne, wam-
pampeak, hatchets, knives, &c. that is now in- ye storre, or
any way due unto ye same uppon accounte.
8ly. That ye above said parties have ye whole trade to them
selves, their heires and assignes, with all ye privileges therof,
as ye said collonie doth now, or may use the same, for 6. full
years, to begine ye last of September next insuing.
4Iy. In furder consideration of ye discharge of ye said
debtes, every severall purchaser doth promise and covenante
yearly to pay, or cause to be payed, to the above said par-
ties, during ye full terme of ye said 6. years, 3. bushells of
corne, or 6H. of tobaco, at ye undertakers choyse.
5ly. The said undertakers shall dureing ye afforesaid terme
bestow 50li. per annum, in hose and shoese, to be brought
over for ye collonies use, to be sould unto them for corne
at 68. per bushell.
6ly. That at ye end of ye said terme of 6. years, the whole
trade shall returne to ye use and benefite of ye said collonie,
as before.
Lastly, if ye afforesaid undertakers, after they have aquainted
their freinds in England with these covenants, doe (upon ye
first returne) resolve to performe them, and undertake to dis-
charge ye debtes of ye said collony, according to ye true mean-
ing & intente of these presents, then they are (upon such
notice given) to stand in full force ; otherwise all things to
274 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
remaine as formerly they were, and a true accounte to be
given to ye said collonie, of the disposing of all things
according to the former order.
Mr. Allerton carried a coppy of this agreemente with
him into England, and amongst other his instructions
had order given him to deale with some of their special I
freinds, to joyne with them in this trade upon ye above
recited conditions ; as allso to imparte their further
ends that moved them to take this course, namly, the
helping over of some of their freinds from Leyden, as
they should be able ; in which if any of them would
joyne with them they should thankfully acceptt of their
love and partnership herein. And with all (by their
letters) gave them some grounds of their hops of the
accomplishrnente of these things with some advantage.
Anno Dom: 1628.
AFTER Mr. Allertons arivall in England, he aquainted
them with his comission and full power to conclude ye
forementioned bargan & purchas ; upon [154] the veiw
wherof, and ye delivery of ye bonds for ye paymente of
ye money yearly, (as is before mentioned,) it was fully
concluded, and a deede * fairly ingrossed in partch-
mente was delivered him, under their hands & seals
confirming the same. Morover he delte with them
aboute other things according to his instructions. As
* Nov. 6. 1627. Page 238. [Reference is here made to the page of the
original manuscript.]
1628.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 275
to admitt some of these their good freinds into this
purchass if they pleased, and to deale with them for
moneys at better rates, &c. Touching which I shall
hear inserte a letter of Mr. Sherleys, giving light to
what followed therof, writ to ye Gov1' as followeth.
Sr: I have received yours of ye 26. of May by Mr. Gibs,
& Mr. Goffe, with ye barrell of otter skins, according to ye
contents ; for which I got a bill of store, and so tooke them
up, and sould them togeather at 78U. 128. sterling; and
since, Mr. Allerton hath received ye money, as will apear by
the accouute. It is true (as you write) that your ingag-
ments are great, not only the purchass, but you are yet
necessitated to take up ye stock you work upon ; and y4 not
at 6. or 8. pr cent, as it is here let out, but at 30. 40. yea,
& some at 50. |>r cent, which, were not your gaines great,
and Gods blessing on your honest indeaours more then
ordinarie, it could not be y* you should longe subsiste in ye
maintaining of, & upholding of your worldly affaires. And
this your honest & discreete agente, Mr. Allerton, hath seri-
ously considered, & deeply laid to mind, how to ease you
of it. He tould me you were contented to accepte of me
& some few others, to joyne with you in ye purchass, as
partners ; for which I kindly thanke you and all ye rest,
and doe willingly accepte of it. And though absente, shall
willingly be at shuch charge as you & ye rest shall thinke
meete ; and this year am contented to forbear my former 50H.
and 2. years increase for ye venture, both which now makes
it 80h. without any bargaine or condition for ye profite, you
(I mean ye generalitie) stand to ye adventure, outward, and
homeward. I have perswaded Mr. Andrews and Mr. Beachamp
to doe ye like, so as you are eased of ye high rate, you were
at ye other 2. yeares ; I say we leave it freely to your selves
276 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
to alow us what you please, and as God shall blesse. What
course I rune, Mr. Beachamp desireth to doe ye same ; and
though he have been or seemed somwhat harsh heretofore,
yet now you shall find he is new moulded. I allso see by
your letter, you desire I should be your agente or factore
hear. I have ever found you so faithfull, honest, and upright
men, as I have even resolved with my selfe (God assisting
me) to doe you all ye good lyeth in my power ; and therfore
if you please to make choyse of so weak a man, both for
abillities and body, to performe your bussines, I promise (ye
Lord enabling me) to doe ye best I can according to those
abillities he hath given me ; and wherin I faile, blame your
selves, y* you made no better choyce. Now, because I am
sickly, and we are all mortall, I have advised Mr. Allerton
to joyne Mr. Beachamp with me in your deputation, which
I conceive to be very necessary & good for you ; your charge
shall be no more, for it is not your salarie maks me under-
take your [156*] bussines. Thus comending you & yours,
and all Gods people, unto ye guidance and protection of ye
Allmightie, I ever rest,
Your faithfull loving freind,
London, Nov. 17. 1628. JAMES SHERLEY.!
* 155 omitted in original MS. — COM.
t Another leter of his, that should have bene placed before : —
We cannot but take notice how ye Lord hath been pleased to crosse our
proseedings, and caused many disasters to befale us therin. I conceive ye
only reason to be, we, or many of us, aimed at other ends then Gods glorie ;
but now I hope yl cause is taken away ; the bargen being fully concluded, as
farr as our powers will reach, and confirmed under our hands & seals, to
Mr. Allerton & ye rest of his & your copartners. But for my owne parte,
I confess as I was loath to hinder ye full confirming of it, being ye first pro-
pounder ther of at our meeting; so on ye other side, I was as unwilling to
set my hand to ye sale, being ye receiver of most part of ye adventurs, and
a second causer of much of ye iugagments; and one more threatened, being
most envied & aimed at (if they could find any stepe to ground their malice
on) then any other whosoever. I profess I know no just cause they ever
1628.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 277
With this leter they sent a draught of a formall depu-
tation to be hear sealed and sent back unto them, to
authorise them as their agents, according to what is
mentioned in ye above said letter ; and because some
inconvenience grue therby afterward I shall here in-
serte it.
had, or have, so to doe; neither shall it ever be proved y' I have wronged
them or any of y° adventurers, wittingly or willingly, one peny in ye dis-
bursing of so many pounds in those 2. years trouble. No, ye sole cause why
they maligne me (as I & others conceived) was y' I would not side with
them against you, & the going over of ye Leyden people. But as I then card
not, so now I litle fear what they can doe ; yet charge & trouble I know they
may cause me to be at. And for these reasons, I would gladly have per-
swaded the other 4. to have sealed to this bargaine, and left me out, but they
would not; so rather then it should faile, Mr. Alerton having taken so much
pains, I have sealed wth ye rest ; with this proviso & promise of his, yl if any
trouble arise hear, you are to bear halfe ye charge. Wherfore now I doubt
not but you will give your generallitie good contente, and setle peace amongst
your selves, and peace with the natives; and then no doubt but ye God of
Peace will blese your going out & your returning, and cause all y' you sett
your hands unto to prosper; the which I shall ever pray ye Lord to grante
if it be his blessed will. (Asuredly unless ye Lord be mercifull unto us & y«
whole land in generall, our estate & condition is farr worse then yours.
Wherfore if ye Lord should send persecution or trouble hear, (which is much
to be feared,) and so should put into our minds to flye for refuge, I know
no place safer then to come to you, (for all Europ is at varience one with
another, but cheefly wth us,) not doubting but to find such frendly enter-
tainmente as shall be honest & conscionable, notwithstanding what hath latly
passed. For I profess in ye word of an honest man, had it not been to pro-
cure your peace & quiet from some turbulent spirites hear, I would not have
sealed to this last deed ; though you would have given me all my adventure
and debte ready downe. Thus desiring y° Lord to blesse & prosper you,
I cease ever resting,
Your faithfull & loving freind,
to my power,
Des : 27. JAMES SHERLEY.
[The above letter was written on the reverse of page 154 of the original
manuscript.]
278 HISTOEY or [BOOK n.
To all to whom these prets shall come greeting ; know yee
that we, William Bradford, Govr of Plimoth, in N. E. in
America, Isaak Allertoii, Myles Standish, William Brewster,
& Ed : Winslow, of Plimoth aforesaid, marchants, doe by
these presents for us & in our names, make, substitute, &
appointe James Sherley, Goldsmith, & John Beachamp, Salter,
citizens of London, our true & lawfull agents, factors, sub-
stitutes, & assignes ; as well to take and receive all such
goods, wares, & marchandise what soever as to our said
substitutes or either of them, or to ye citie of London, or
other place of ye Relme of Engl : shall be sente, transported,
or come from us or any of us, as allso to vend, sell, barter,
or exchaing ye said goods, wares, and marchandise so from
time to time to be sent to such person or persons upon
credite, or other wise in such inaner as to our said agents
& factors joyently, or to either of them severally shall seeme
meete. And further we doe make & ordaine our said sub-
stituts & assignes joyntly & severally for us, & to our uses,
& accounts, to buy and consigne for and to us into New-
Engl : aforesaid, such goods and marchandise to be provided
here, and to be returned hence, as by our said assignes, or
either of them, shall be thought fitt. And to- recover, receive,
and demand for us & in our names all such debtes & sumes
of money, as now are or hereafter shall be due incidente
accruing or belonging to us, or any of us, by any wayes
or means ; and to acquite, discharge, or compound for any
debte or sume of money, which now or hereafter shall be
due or owe ing by any person or persons to us, or any of us.
And generally for us & in our names to doe, performe, and
execute every acte & thing which to our said assignes, or
either of them, shall seeme meete to be done in or aboute ye
premissies, as fully & effectually, to all intents & purposes,
as if we or any of us were in person presente. And what-
soever our said agents & factors joyntly or severally shall
1628.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 279
doe, or cause to be done, in or aboute ye premisses, we will
& doe, & every of us doth ratife, alow, & confirme, by
these presents. In wittnes wherof we have here unto put
our hands & seals. Dated 18. Novbr 1628.
This was accordingly confirmed by the above named,
and 4. more of the cheefe of them under their hands
& seals, and delivered unto them. Also Mr. Allerton
formerly had authoritie under their hands & seals for
ye transacting of ye former bussines, and taking up of
moneys, &c. which still he retained whilst he was
imployed in these affaires ; they mistrusting neither
him nor any of their freinds faithfullnes, which made
them more remisse in looking to shuch acts as had
passed under their hands, as necessarie for ye time ;
but letting them rune on to long unminded or recaled,
it turned to their harme afterwards, as will appere in
its place.
[157] Mr. Allerton having setled all things thus in
a good and hopfull way, he made hast to returne in ye
first of ye spring to be hear with their supply for trade,
(for ye fishermen with whom he came used to sett forth
in winter & be here betimes.) He brought a resonable
supply of goods for ye plantation, and without those
great interests as before is noted; and brought an
accounte of ye beaver sould, and how yc money was
disposed for goods, & ye paymente of other debtes,
having paid all debts abroad to others, save to Mr.
Sherley, Mr. Beachamp, & Mr. Andrews; from whom
280 HISTORY or [BOOK IT.
likwise he brought an accounte which to them all
amounted not to above 400U. for which he had passed
bonds. Allso he had payed the first paymente for ye
purchass, being due for this year, viz. 20011. and brought
them ye bonde for ye same canselled ; so as they now
had no more foreine debtes but ye abovesaid 40011. and
odde pownds, and ye rest of ye yearly purchass monie.
Some other debtes they had in ye cuntrie, but they
were without any intrest, & they had wherwith to dis-
charge them when they were due. To this pass the
Lord had brought things for them. Also he brought
them further notice that their freinds, the abovenamed,
& some others that would joyne with them in ye
trad & purchass, did intend for to send over to Ley den,
for a competente number of them, to be hear the next
year without fayle, if ye Lord pleased to blesse their
journey. He allso brought them a patente for Kene-
beck, but it was so straite & ill bounded, as they were
faine to renew & inlarge it the next year, as allso that
which they had at home, to their great charge, as will
after appeare. Hithertoo Mr. Allerton did them good
and faithful! service ; and well had it been if he had
so continued, or els they had now ceased for imploy-
ing him any longer thus into England. But of this
more afterwards.
Having procured a patente (as is above said) for
Kenebeck, they now erected a house up above in ye
river in ye most convenientest place for trade, as they
1628.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 281
conceived, and furnished the same with comodities for
y* end, both winter & somer, not only with corne, but
also with such other commodities as ye fishermen had
traded with them, as coats, shirts, ruggs, & blankets,
biskett, pease, prunes, &c. ; and what they could not
have out of England, they bought of the fishing ships,
and so carried on their bussines as well as they could.
This year the Dutch sent againe unto them from
their plantation, both kind leterss, and also diverse
comodities, as suger, linen cloth, Holand finer &
courser stufes, &c. They came up with their barke
to Manamete, to their house ther, in which came their
Secretarie Easier; who was accompanied with a noyse
of trumpeters, and some other attendants ; and desired,
that they would send a boat for him, for he could
not traviil so farr over land. So they sent a boat
to Manonscussett, and brought him to ye plantation,
with ye cheefe of his company. And after some few
days entertainmente, he returned to his barke, and
some of them wente with him, and bought sundry of
his goods ; after which begining thus made, they sente
often times to ye same place, and had entercourse to-
geather for diverce years ; and amongst other comodi-
ties, they vended [158] much tobaco for linen cloath,
stuffs, &c., which was a good benefite to ye people,
till the Virginians found out their plantation. But
that which turned most to their profite, in time, was
an entrance into the trade of Wampampeake ; for they
282 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
now bought aboute 50U- worth of it of them ; and they
tould them how vendable it was at their forte Orania ;
and did perswade them they would find it so at Kene-
beck ; and so it came to pass in time, though at first
it stuck, & it was 2. years before they could put of
this small quantity, till ye inland people knew of it;
and afterwards they could scarce ever gett enough for
them, for many years togeather. And so this, with
their other provissions, cutt of they trade quite from
ye fisher-men, and in great part from other of yc strag-
ling planters. And strange it was to see the great all-
teration it made in a few years amonge ye Indeans
them selves ; for all the Indeans of these parts, & ye
Massachussets, had none or very litle of it,* but ye
sachems & some spetiall persons that wore a litle of
it for ornamente. Only it was made & kepte amonge
ye Nariganssets, & Pequents, which grew rich & potent
by it, and these people were poore & begerly, and had
no use of it. Neither did the English of this planta-
tion, or any other in ye land, till now that they had
knowledg of it from yc Dutch, so much as know what
it was, much less y1 it was a comoditie of that worth
& valew. But after it grue thus to be a comoditie
in these parts, these Indeans fell into it allso, and to
learne how to make it; for ye Narigansets doe geather
ye shells of which yey make it from their shors. And
it hath now continued a current comoditie aboute this
* Peag.
1628.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 283
20. years, and it may prove a drugg in time. In ye
mean time it niaks ye Indeans of these parts rich &
power full and also prowd therby ; and fills them with
peeces, powder, and shote, which no laws can restraine,
by reasone of ye bassnes of sundry unworthy persons,
both English, Dutch, & French, which may turne to
ye mine of many. Hithertoo ye Indeans of these parts
had no peeces nor other armes but their bowes &
arrowes, nor of many years after; nether durst they
scarce handle a gune, so much were they affraid of
them ; and ye very sight of one (though out of kilter)
was a terrour unto them. But those Indeans to ye east
parts, which had comerce with ye French, got peces of
them, and they in ye end made a commone trade of it ;
and in time our English fisher-men, led with ye like
covetoussnes, followed their example, for their owne
gaine ; but upon complainte against them, it pleased
the kings majestic to prohibite ye same by a stricte
proclamation, commanding that no sorte of armes, or
munition, should by any of his subjects be traded with
them.
Aboute some 3. or 4. years before this time, ther
came over one Captaine Wolastone, (a man of pretie
parts,) and with him 3. or 4. more of some eminencie,
who brought with them a great many servants, with
provissions & other implments for to begine a planta-
tion ; and pitched them selves in a place within the
Massachusets, which they called, after their Captains
284 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
name, Mount- Wollaston. Amongst whom was one Mr.
Morton, who, it should seenie, had some small adventure
(of his owne or other mens) amongst them; but had
litle respecte [159] amongst them, and was sleghted
by ye meanest servants. Haveing continued ther some
time, and not finding things to answer their expecta-
tions, nor profite to arise as they looked for, Captaine
Wollaston takes a great part of yc sarvants, and trans-
ports them to Virginia, wher he puts them of at good
rates, selling their time to other men ; and writs back
to one Mr. Eassdall, one of his cheefe partners, and
accounted their marchant, to bring another parte of
them to Verginia likewise, intending to put them of
ther as he had done ye rest. And he, wth yc consente
of ye said Easdall, appoynted one Fitcher to be his
Livetenante, and governe ye remaines of ye planta-
tion, till he or Rasdall returned to take further order
theraboute. But this Morton abovesaid, haveing more
craft then honestie, (who had been a kind of petie-
fogger, of Furnefells Inne,) in ye others absence,
watches an oppertunitie, (commons being but hard
amongst them,) and gott some strong drinck & other
junkats, & made them a feast; and after they were
merie, he begane to tell them, he would give them
good counsell. You see (saith he) that many of your
fellows are carried to Virginia; and if you stay till
this Rasdall return e, you will also be carried away
and sould for slaves with ye rest. Therfore I would
1628.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 285
advise you to thruste out this Levetenant Fitcher ; and
I, having a parte in the plantation, will receive you
as my partners and consociats ; so may you be free
from service, and we will converse, trad, plante, &
live togeather as equalls, & supporte & protecte one
another, or to like effecte. This counsell was easily
received ; so they tooke oppertunitie , and thrust Leve-
tenante Fitcher out a dores, and would suffer him to
come no more amongst them, but forct him to seeke
bread to eate, and other releefe from his neigbours,
till he could gett passages for England. After this
they fell to great licenciousnes, and led a dissolute
life, powering out them selves into all profanenes.
And Morton became lord of misrule, and maintained
(as it were) a schoole of Athisme. And after they
had gott some good into their hands, and gott much
by trading with ye Indeans, they spent it as vainly,
in quaffing & drinking both wine & strong waters in
great exsess, and, as some reported, 10U. worth in a
morning. They allso set up a May-pole, drinking and
dancing aboute it many days togeather, inviting the
Indean women, for their consorts, dancing and frisk-
ing togither, (like so many fairies, or furies rather,)
and worse practises. As if they had anew revived &
celebrated the feasts of ye Roman Goddes Flora, or
ye beasly practieses of ye madd Bacchinalians. Mor-
ton likwise (to shew his poetrie) composed sundry
rimes & verses, some tending to lasciviousnes, and
286 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
others to ye detraction & scandall of some persons,
which he affixed to this idle or idoll May-polle. They
chainged allso the name of their place, and in stead
of calling it Mounte Wollaston, they call it Merie-
mounte, [160] as if this joylity would have lasted
ever. But this continued not long, for after Morton
was sent for England, *(as follows to be declared,)
shortly after came over that worthy gentlman, Mr.
John Indecott, who brought over a patent under ye
broad seall, for ye govermente of ye Massachusets, who
visiting those parts caused y* May-polle to be cutt
downe, and rebuked them for their profannes, and
admonished them to looke ther should be better walk-
ing ; so they now, or others, changed ye name of their
place againe, and called it Mounte-Dagon.
Now to maintaine this riotous prodigallitie and pro-
fuse excess, Morton, thinking him selfe lawless, and
hearing what gaine ye French & fisher-men made by
trading of peeces, powder, & shotte to ye Indeans, he,
as ye head of this consortship, begane ye practise of ye
same in these parts ; and first he taught them how to
use them, to charge, & discharg, and what proportion
of powder to give ye peece, according to ye sise or
bignes of ye same; and what shotte to use for foule,
and what for deare. And having thus instructed them,
he imployed some of them to hunte & fowle for him,
so as they became farr more active in that imploy-
mente then any of ye English, by reason of ther
1628.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 287
swiftnes of foote, & nimblnes of body, being also
quick-sighted, and by continuall exercise well know-
ing ye hants of all sorts of game. So as when they
saw ye execution that a peece would doe, and ye bene-
fite that might come by ye same, they became madd,
as it were, after them, and would not stick to give
any prise they could attaine too for them ; account-
ing their bowes & arrowes but babies in comparison
of them.
And here I may take occasion to bewaile ye mis-
chefe that this wicked man began in these parts, and
which since base covetousnes prevailing in men that
should know better, has now at length gott ye upper
hand, and made this thing comone, notwithstanding any
laws to ye contrary ; so as ye Indeans are full of peeces
all over, both fouling peeces, muskets, pistols, &c.
They have also their moulds to make shotte, of all
sorts, as muskett bulletts, pistoll bullets, swane & gose
shote, & of smaler sorts ; yea, some have seen them
have their scruplats to make scrupins them selves, when
they wante them, with sundery other implements, wher-
with they are ordinarily better fited & furnished then
ye English them selves. Yea, it is well knowne that
they will have powder & shot, when the English want
it, nor cannot gett it ; and y* in a time of warr or
danger, as experience hath manifested, that when lead
hath been scarce, and men for their owne defence would
gladly have given a groat a li., which is dear enoughe,
288 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
yet hath it bene bought up & sent to other places,
and sould to shuch as trade it with ye Indeans, at
12. pence ye ti. ; and it is like they give 3. or 4.s ye
pound, for they will have it at any rate. And these
things have been done in ye same times, when some of
their neigbours & freinds are daly killed by ye Indeans,
or are in deanger therof, and live but at ye Indeans
mercie. [161] Yea, some (as they have aquainted them
with all other things) have tould them how gunpowder
is made, and all ye materialls in it, and that they are
to be had in their owne land ; and I am confidente,
could they attaine to make saltpeter, they would teach
them to make powder. O the horiblnes of this vilanie !
how many both Dutch & English have been latly slaine
by those Indeans, thus furnished; and no remedie pro-
vided, nay, ye evill more increased, and ye blood of
their brethren sould for gaine, as is to be feared; and
in what danger all these colonies are in is too well
known. Oh ! that princes & parlements would take
some timly order to prevente this mischeefe, and at
length to suppress it, by some exemplerie punishmente
upon some of these gaine thirstie murderers, (for they
deserve no better title,) before their collonies in these
parts be over throwne by these barbarous savages, thus
armed with their owne weapons, by these evill instru-
ments, and tray tors to their neigbors and cuntrie. But
I have forgott my selfe, and have been to louge in this
digression ; but now to returne. This Morton having
1628.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 289
thus taught them ye use of peeces, he sould them all
he could spare ; and he and his consorts detirmined
to send for many out of England, and had by some
of ye ships sente for above a score. The which being
knowne, and his neigbours meeting ye Indeans in ye
woods armed with guns in this sorte, it was* a terrour
unto them, who lived straglingly, and were of no
strenght in any place. And other places (though more
remote) saw this mischeefe would quietly spread over
all, if not prevented. Besides, they saw they should
keep no servants, for Morton would entertaine any,
how vile soever, and all yc scume of ye countrie, or
any discontents, would flock to him from all places,
if this nest was not broken; and they should stand
in more fear of their lives & goods (in short time)
from this wicked & deboste crue, then from ye sal-
vages them selves.
So sundrie of ye cheefe of ye stragling plantations,
meeting togither, agreed by mutuall consente to sollissite
those of Plimoth (who were then of more strength then
them all) to joyne with them, to prevente ye further
grouth of this mischeefe, and suppress Morton & his
consortes before yey grewe to further head and strength.
Those that joyned in this acction (and after contributed
to ye charge of sending him for England) were from
Pascataway, Namkeake, Winisimett, Weesagascusett,
Natasco, and other places wher any English were seated.
Those of Plimoth being thus sought too by their mes-
290 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
sengers & letters, and way ing both their reasons, and
the coEnone danger, were willing to afford them their
help ; though them selves had least cause of fear or
hurte. So, to be short, they first resolved joyntly to
write to him, and in a freindly & neigborly way
to admonish him to forbear these courses, & sent
a messenger with their letters to bring his answer.
But he was so highe as he scorned all advise, and
asked who had to doe with him ; he had and would
trade peeces with ye Indeans in dispite of all, with
many other scurillous termes full of disdaine. They
sente to him a second time, and bad him be better
advised, and more temperate in his termes, for ye
countrie could not beare ye injure he did; it was
against their comone saftie, and against ye king's proc-
lamation. He answerd in high terms as before, and
that ye kings proclaimation was no law ; demanding
what penaltie was upon it. It was answered, more
then he could [162] bear, his majesties displeasure.
But insolently he persisted, and said ye king was dead
and his displeasure with him, & many ye like things ;
and threatened withall that if any came to molest
him, let them looke to them selves, for he would pre-
pare for them. Upon which they saw ther was no
way but to take him ' by force ; and having so farr
proceeded, now to give over would make him farr more
hautie & insolente. So they mutually resolved to
proceed, and obtained of ye Govr of Plimoth to send
1628.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 291
Captaine Standish, & some other aide with him, to
take Morton by force. The which accordingly was
done ; but they found him to stand stifly in his de-
fence, having made fast his dors, armed his consorts,
set diverse dishes of powder & bullets ready on ye
table ; and if they had not been over armed with drinke,
more hurt might have been done. They somaned him
to yeeld, but he kept his house, and they could gett
nothing but scofes & scorns from him ; but at length,
fearing they would doe some violence to ye house, he
and some of his crue came out, but not to yeeld, but
to shoote ; but they were so steeld with drinke as their
peeces were to heavie for them; him selfe with a car-
bine (over charged & allmost halfe fild with powder
& shote, as was after found) had thought to have shot
Captaine Standish; but he stept to him, & put by his
peece, & tooke him. Neither was ther any hurte done
to any of either side, save yl one was so drunke y4 he
rane his owne nose upon ye pointe of a sword y* one
held before him as he entred ye house; but he lost
but a litle of his hott blood. Morton they brought
away to Plimoth, wher he was kepte, till a ship went
from ye lie of Shols for England, with which he was
sente to ye Counsell of New-England ; and letters writen
to give them information of his course & cariage ; and
also one was sent at their comone charge to informe
their Hors more perticulerly, & to prosecute against
him. But he foold of ye messenger, after he was gone
292 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
from hence, and though he wente for England, yet
nothing was done to him, not so much as rebukte, for
ought was heard; but returned ye nexte year. Some
of ye worst of ye company were disperst, and some
of ye more modest kepte ye house till he should be
heard from. But I have been too long aboute so un-
worthy a person, and bad a cause.
This year Mr. Allerton brought over a yonge man
for a minister to ye people hear, wheather upon his
owne head, or at ye motion of some freinds ther, I
well know not, but it was without ye churches send-
ing; for they had bene so bitten by Mr. Lyford, as
they desired to know ye person well whom they should
invite amongst them. His name was Mr. Rogers ; but
they perceived, upon some triall, that he was erased in
his braine ; so they were faine to be at further charge
to send him back againe ye nexte year, and loose all
ye charge that was expended in his hither bringing,
which was not smalle by Mr. Allerton's accounte, in
provissions, aparell, bedding, &c. After his returne
he grue quite distracted, and Mr. Allerton was much
blamed y* he would bring such a man over, they hav-
ing charge enough otherwise.
Mr. Allerton, in ye years before, had brought over
some small quantie of goods, upon his owne perticuler,
and sould them for his owne private benefite ; which
was more then any man had yet hithertoo attempted.
But because he had other wise done them good ser-
1628.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 293
vice, and also he sould them among ye people at ye
plantation, by which their wants were supplied, and
he aledged it was the [163] love of Mr. Sherley and
some other freinds that would needs trust him with
some goods, conceiveing it might doe him some good,
and none hurte, it was not much lookt at, but past
over. But this year he brought over a greater quan-
titie, and they were so interrnixte with ye goods of
ye generall, as they knew not which were theirs, &
wch was his, being pact up together ; so as they well
saw that, if any casualty had beefalne at sea, he might
have laid ye whole on them, if he would ; for ther was
no distinction. Allso what was most vendible, and
would yeeld presente pay, usualy that was his; and
he now begane allso to sell abroad to others of forine
places, which, considering their comone course, they
began to dislike. Yet because love thinkes no evill,
nor is susspitious, they tooke his faire words for ex-
cuse, and resolved to send him againe this year for
England; considering how well he had done ye former
bussines, and what good acceptation he had with their
freinds ther ; as also seeing sundry of their freinds
from Leyden were sente for, which would or might
be much furthered by his means. Againe, seeing the
patente for Kenebeck must be inlarged, by reason of
ye former mistaks in the bounding of it, and it was
conceived, in a maner, ye same charge would serve to
inlarge this at home with it, and he that had begane
294 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
ye former ye last year would be ye fittest to effecte
this ; so they gave him instructions and sente him
for England this year againe. And in his instructions
bound him to bring over no goods on their accounte,
but 50*. in hose & shoes, and some linen cloth, (as
yey were bound by covenante when they tooke ye
trad;) also some trading goods to such a value; and
in no case to exseed his instructions, nor rune them
into any further charge; he well knowing how their
state stood. Also y* he should so provide yl their
trading goods came over betimes, and what so ever
was sent on their accounte should be pact up by it
selfe, marked with their marke, and no other goods
to be mixed with theirs. For so he prayed them to
give him such instructions as they saw good, and he
would folow them, to prevente any jellocie or farther
offence, upon the former forementioned dislikes. And
thus they conceived they had well provided for all
things.
Anno Dom: 1629.
MR. ALLERTON safly arriving in England, and deliv-
ering his leters to their freinds their, and aquainting
them with his instructions, found good acceptation with
them, and they were very forward & willing to joyne
with them in ye partnership of trade, & in ye charge
to send over ye Leyden people ; a company wherof
were ailready come out of Holand, and prepared to
come over, and so were sent away before Mr. Allerton
1629.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 295
could be ready to come. They had passage with ye
ships that came to Salem, that brought over many
godly persons to begine ye plantations & churches of
Christ ther, & in ye Bay of Massachussets ; so their
long stay & keeping back [164] was recompensed by
ye Lord to ther freinds here with a duble blessing,
in that they not only injoyed them now beyond ther
late expectation, (when all their hops seemed to be
cutt of,) but, with them, many more godly freinds
& Christian breethren, as ye begining of a larger har-
vest unto ye Lord, in ye increase of his churches &
people in these parts, to ye admiration of many, and
allmost wonder of ye world ; that of so small begin-
ings so great things should insue, as time after mani-
fested; and that here should be a resting place for so
many of ye Lords people, when so sharp a scourge
came upon their owne nation. But it was ye Lords
doing, & it ought to be marvellous in our eyes.
But I shall hear inserte some of their freinds letters,
which doe best expresse their owne minds in these thir
proceedings.
A leter of Mr. Sherleys to ye Govr.
May 25, 1629.*
Sr: &c. Here are now many of your and our freinds
from Leyden coming over, who, though for ye most parte
be but a weak company, yet herein is a good parte of that
* 1629, May 25, the first letter concerning the former company of Leyden
people. — Prince.
296 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
end obtained which was aimed at, and which hath been so
strongly opposed by some of our former adventurers. But
God hath his working in these things, which man cannot
frustrate. With them we have allso sent some servants in
ye ship called the Talbut, that wente hence latly ; but these
come in ye May-flower. Mr. Beachamp & my selfe, with
Mr. Andrews & Mr. Hatheiiy, are, with your love and lik-
ing, joyned partners with you, &c.
Your deputation we have received, and ye goods have
been taken up & sould by your freind & agente, Mr. Aller-
ton, my selfe having bine nere 3. months in Holland, at
Amsterdam & other parts in ye Low-Countries. I see further
the agreemente you have made with ye generallitie, in which
I cannot understand but you have done very well, both for
them & you, and also for your freinds at Leyflen. Mr.
Beachamp, Mr. Andrews, Mr. Hatheiiey, & my selfe, doe
so like and approve of it, as we are willing to joyne with
you, and, God directing and inabling us, will be assisting
and helpfull to you, ye best y* possiblie we can. Nay, had
you not taken this course, I doe not see how you should
accomplish ye end you first aimed at, and some others in-
devored these years past. We know it must keep us from
ye profite, which otherwise by ye blessing of God and your
indeaours, might be gained; for most of those that came
in May, & these now sente, though I hope honest & good
people, yet not like to be helpfull to raise profite, but rather,
ney, certaine must, some while, be chargable to you & us;
at which it is lickly, had not this wise & discreete course
been taken, many of your generalitie would have grudged.
Againe, you say well in your letter, and I make no doubte
but you will performe it, that now being but a few, on
whom ye burthen must be, you will both menage it ye beter,
and sett too it more cherfully, haveing no discontente nor
1629.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 297
contradiction, but so lovingly to joyne togeither, in affection
and counsell, as God no doubte will blesse and prosper your
honest labours & indeavors. And therfore in all respects
I doe not see but you have done marvelously discreetly, &
advisedly, and no doubt but it gives all parties good con-
tente ; I mean y4 are reasonable & honest men, such as
make conscience of giving ye best satisfaction they be able
for their debts, and yl regard not their owne perticuler so
much as ye accomplishing of ye good end for which this
bussines was first intended, &c. Thus desiring ye Lord
to blese & prosper you, & all yours, and all our honest
endeavors, I rest
Your unfained & ever loving freind,
JAMES SHERLEY.
Lon: March 8. 1629.*
[165] That I may handle things together, I have
put these 2. companies that came from Ley den in this
place; though they came at 2. severall times, yet they
both came out of England this year. The former com-
pany, being 35. persons, were shiped in May, and
arived here aboute August. The later were shiped in
ye begining of March, and arived hear ye later end of
May, 1630. Mr. Sherleys 2. letters, ye effect wherof
I have before related, (as much of them as is perti-
nente,) mentions both. Their charge, as Mr. Allerton
brought it in afterwards on accounte, came to above
550*5- besids ther fetching hither from Salem & ye
Bay, wher they and their goods were landed; viz.
* 1629-30, March 8th, the second letter concerning the latter company of
Leyden people. — Prince.
298 HISTOEY OF [BOOK n.
their transportation from Holland to England, & their
charges lying ther, and passages hither, with clothing
provided for them. For I find by accounte for ye one
company, 125. yeards of karsey, 127. ellons of linen
cloath, shoes, 66. pr, with many other perticulers. The
charge of ye other company is reckoned on ye severall
families, some 50tt., some 40"., some 30*., and so more
or less, as their number & expencess were. And besids
all this charg, their freinds & bretheren here were to
provid corne & other provissions for them, till they
could reap a crope which was long before. Those that
came in May were thus maintained upward of 16. or 18.
months, before they had any harvest of their owne, &
ye other by proportion. And all they could doe in ye
mean time was to gett them some housing, and prepare
them grounds to plant on, against the season. And
this charg of maintaining them all this while was litle
less then ye former sume. These things I note more
perticulerly, for sundry regards. First, to shew a rare
example herein of brotherly love, and Christian care
in performing their promises and covenants to their
bretheren, too, & in a sorte beyonde their power;
that they should venture so desperatly to ingage them
selves to accomplish this thing, and bear it so cheer-
fully; for they never demanded, much less had, any
repaymente of all these great sumes thus disbursed.
2ly. It must needs be that ther was more then of man
in these acheevements, that should thus readily stire up
1629.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 299
ye harts of shuch able frinds to joyne in partnership
with them in shuch a case, and cleave so faithfullie
to them as these did, in so great adventures ; and the
more because the most of them never saw their faces
to this day ; ther being neither kindred, aliance, or
other acquaintance or relations betweene any of them,
then hath been before mentioned; it must needs be
therfore the spetiall worke and hand of God. 3ly.
That these poore people here in a wilderness should,
notwithstanding, be inabled in time to repay all these
ingagments, and many more unjustly brought upon
them through the unfaithfullnes of some, and many
other great losses which they sustained, which will be
made manifest, if ye Lord be pleased to give life and
time. In ye mean time, I cannot but admire his ways
and workes towards his servants, and humbly desire
to blesse his holy name for his great mercies hithertoo.
[166] The Ley den people being thus come over, and
sundry of ye generalise seeing & hearing how great ye
charg was like to be that was that way to be expended,
they begane to murmure and repine at it, notwith-
standing ye burden lay on other mens shoulders ;
espetially at ye paying of ye 3. bushells of corne
a year, according to ye former agreemente, when ye
trad was lett for ye 6. years aforesaid. But to give
them contente herein allso, it was promised them, that
if they could doe it in ye time without it, they would
never demand it of them; which gave them good con-
300 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
tente. And indeed it never was paid, as will appeare
by ye sequell.
Concerning Mr. Allertons proceedings about ye in-
larging & confirming of their patent, both y* at home
& Kenebeck, will best appere by another leter of
Mr. Sherleys; for though much time & money was
expended aboute it, yet he left it unaccomplisht this
year, and came without it. See Mr. Sherleys letter.
Most worthy & loving freinds, &c.
Some of your letters I received in July, & some since
by Mr. Peirce, but till our maine bussines, ye patent, was
granted, I could not setle my mind nor pen to writing. Mr.
Allerton was so turrrnoyled about it, as verily I would not
nor could not have undergone it, if I might have had a
thousand pounds ; but ye Lord so blessed his labours (even
beyond expectation in these evill days) as he obtained ye
love & favore of great men in repute & place. He got
granted from ye Earle of Warwick & Sr. Ferdinando Gorge
all that Mr. Winslow desired in his letters to me, & more
also, which I leave to him to relate. Then he sued to ye
king to confirme their grante, and to make you a corporation,
and so to inable you to make & execute lawes, in such
large & ample maner as ye Massachusett plantation hath it ;
which ye king graciously granted, referring it to ye Lord
Keeper to give order to ye solisiter to draw it up, if ther
were a presidente for it. So ye Lord Keeper furthered it all
he could, and allso ye solissiter ; but as Festus said to Paule,
With no small s'ume of money obtained I this freedom ; for
by ye way many ridells must be resolved, and many locks
must be opened with ye silver, ney, ye golden key. Then
it was to come to ye Lord Treasurer, to have his warrente
1629.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 301
for freeing ye custume for a certaine time ; but he would
not doe it, but refferd it to ye Counsell table. And ther
Mr. Allerton atended day by day, when they sate, but could
not gett his petition read. And by reason of Mr. Peirce
his staying with all ye passengers at Bristoll, he was forct
to leave ye further prosecuting of it to a solissiter. But ther
is no fear nor doubte but it will be granted, for he hath ye
cheefe of them to freind; yet it will be marvelously need-
full for him to returne by ye first ship y* comes from thence ;
for if you had this confirmed, then were you compleate,
and might bear such sway & goverment as were fitt for
your ranke & place y* God hath called you unto ; and stope
ye moueths of base and scurrulous fellowes, y* are ready
to question & threaten you in every action you [167] doe.
And besids, if you have ye custome free for 7. years inward,
& 21. outward, ye charge of ye patent will be soone re-
covered, and ther is no fear of obtaining* it. But such
things must work by degrees ; men cannot hasten it as they
would ; werefore we (I write in behalfe of all our partners
here) desire you to be ernest with Mr. Allerton to come,
and his wife to spare him this one year more, to finish this
great & waighty bussines, which we conceive will be much
for your good, & I hope for your posteritie, and for many
generations to come.
Thus much of this letter. It was dated ye 19. March,
1629.
By which it appears what progress was made herein,
& in part what charge it was, and how left unfinished,
and some reason of ye same ; but in truth (as was
* This word is here substituted for recovering in the manuscript, on the
authority of Bradford's Letter-Book.
302 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
afterwards appehended) the meaine reason was Mr.
Allerton's policie, to have an opportunitie to be sent
over againe, for other regards; and for that end pro-
cured them thus to write. For it might then well
enough have been finshed, if not with y* clause aboute
ye custumes, which was Mr. Allertons & Mr. Sherleys
device, and not at all thought on by ye colony here,
nor much regarded, yet it might have been done with-
out it, without all queston, having passed ye kings hand ;
nay it was conceived it might then have beene done
with it, if he had pleased ; but covetousnes never brings
ought home, as ye proverb is, for this oppertunytie
being lost, it was never accomplished, but a great deale
of money veainly & lavishly cast away aboute it, as
doth appear upon their accounts. But of this more in
its place.
Mr. Alerton gave them great and just ofence in this
(which I had omited * and almost forgotten), — in
bringing over this year, for base gaine, that unworthy
man, and instrumente of mischeefe, Morton, who was
sent home but ye year before for his misdemenors. He
not only brought him over, but to ye towne (as it were
to nose them), and lodged him at his owne house, and
for a while used him as a scribe to doe his bussines,
till he was caused to pack him away. So he wente to
his old nest in ye Massachusets, wher it was not long
* This paragraph is written on the reverse of the page immediately pre-
ceding, in the original manuscript.
1629.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 303
but by his miscariage he gave them just occation to
lay hands on him; and he was by them againe sent
prisoner into England, wher he lay a good while in
Exeter Jeole. For besids his miscariage here, he was
vemently suspected for ye murder of a man that had
adventured moneys with him, when he came first into
New-England. And a warrente was sente from ye Lord
Cheefe Justice to apprehend him, by vertue wherof he
was by the Govr of ye Massachusets sent into England ;
and for other his misdeinenors amongst them, they
demolisht his house, that it might be no longer a roost
for shuch unclaine birds to nestle in. Yet he got free
againe, and write an infamouse & scurillous booke
against many godly & cheefe men of ye cuntrie ; full
of lyes & slanders, and fraight with profane callumnies
against their names and persons, and ye ways of
God. After sundry years, when ye warrs were hott
in England, he came againe into ye cuntrie, and was
imprisoned at Boston for this booke and other things,
being grown old in wickednes.
Concerning ye rest of Mr. Allertons instructions, in
which they strictly injoyned him not to exceed above
y* 50U. in ye goods before mentioned, not to bring any
but trading comodities, he followed them not at all,
but did the quite contrarie ; bringing over many other
sorts of retaile goods, selling what he could by the
way on his owne accounte, and delivering the rest,
which he said to be theirs, into ye store; and for
304 HISTORY or [BOOK IT.
trading goods brought but litle in comparison ; excusing
the matter, they had laid out much about ye Laiden
people, & patent, &c. And for other goods, they had
much of them of ther owne dealings, without present
disbursemente, & to like effect. And as for passing
his bounds & instructions, he laid it on Mr. Sherley,
&c., who, he said, they might see his mind in his
leters ; also that they had sett out Ashley at great
charg; but next year they should have what trading
goods they would send for, if things were now well
setled, &c. And thus were they put ofl'; indeed Mr.
Sherley write things tending this way, but it is like he
was overruled by Mr. Allerton, and barkened more to
him then to their letters from hence.
Thus he further writs in ye former leter.
I see what you write in your leters concerning ye over-
coming & paying of our debts, which I confess are great,
and had need be carf ully looked unto ; yet no doubt but
we, joyning in love, may soone over-come them ; but we
must follow it roundly & to purposs, for if we pedle out
ye time of our trad, others will step in and nose us. But
we know yl you have yl aquaintance & experience in ye coun-
trie, as none have the like ; wherfore, freinds & partners, be
no way discouraged with ye greatnes of ye debt, &c., but let
us not fulfill ye proverbe, to bestow 12d. on a purse, and put
6d. [168] in it; but as you and we have been at great charg,
and undergone much for setling you ther, and to gaine ex-
perience, so as God shall enable us, let us make use of it.
And think not with 50li. pound a yeare sent you over, to
rayse shuch means as to pay our debts. We see a possi-
1629.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 305
billitie of good if you be well supplied, and fully furnished ;
and cheefly if you lovingly agree. I know I write to godly
and wise men, such as have lerned to bear one an others
infirmities, and rejoyce at any ones prosperities ; and if
I were able I would press this more, because it is hoped
by some of your enimies, that you will fall out one with
another, and so over throw your hopfull bussines. Nay,
I have heard it crediblie reported, y4 some have said, that
till you be disjoynted by discontents & factions * amongst
your sellves, it bootes not any to goe over, in hope of getting
or doing good in those parts. But we hope beter things of
you, and that you will not only bear one with another, but
banish such thoughts, and not suffer them to lodg in your
brests. God grant you may disappointe ye hopes of your
foes, and procure ye hartie desire of your selves & freinds
in this perticuler.
By this it appears that ther was a kind of concurrance
betweene Mr. Allerton and them in these things, and
that they gave more regard to his way & course in
these things, then to ye advise from hence ; which made
him bould to presume above his instructions, and to
rune on in yc course he did, to their greater hurt after-
wards, as will appear. These things did much trouble
them hear, but they well knew not how to help it,
being loath to make any breach or contention hear
aboute ; being so premonished as before in ye leter
above recited. An other more secrete cause was here-
with concurrente; Mr. Allerton had maried yc daughter
of their Reverend Elder, Mr. Brewster (a man beloved
« Fractions in the manuscript.
306 HISTORY OF [BOOK u.
& honoured amongst them, and who tooke great paines
in teaching & dispenceing ye word of God unto them),
whom they were loath to greeve or any way offend,
so as they bore with much in that respecte. And with
all Mr. Allerton carried so faire with him, and procured
such leters from Mr. Sherley to him, with shuch ap-
plause of Mr. Allertons wisdom, care, and faithfullnes,
in ye bussines ; and as things stood none were so fitte
to send aboute them as he ; and if any should suggest
other wise, it was rather out of en vie, or some other
sinister respecte then other wise. Besids, though pri-
vate gaine, I doe perswade my selfe, was some cause
to lead Mr. Allerton aside in these beginings, yet I
thinke, or at least charitie caries me to hope, that he
intended to deale faithfully with them in ye maine, and
had such an opinion of his owne abillitie, and some
experience of ye benefite that he had made in this
singuler way, as he conceived he might both raise him
selfe an estate, and allso be a means to bring in such
profite to Mr. Sherley, (and it may be ye rest,) as
might be as lickly to bring in their moneys againe
with advantage, and it may be sooner then from the
generall way; or at least it was looked upon by some
of them to be a good help ther unto ; and that neither
he nor any other did intend to charge ye generall
accounte with any thing that rane in perticuler ; or
y4 Mr. Sherley or any other did purposs but y1 ye
general! should be first & fully supplyed. I say charitie
1629.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 307
makes me thus conceive ; though things fell out other
wise, and they missed of their aimes, and ye generall
suffered abundantly hereby, as will afterwards apear.
[169] Togeither herewith sorted an other bussines
contrived by Mr. Allerton and them ther, wthout any
knowledg of ye partners, and so farr proceeded in as
they were constrained to allow therof, and joyne in
ye same, though they had no great liking of it, but
feared what might be ye evente of ye same. I shall
relate it in a further part of Mr. Sherley's leter as
foloweth.
I am to aquainte you that we have thought good to joyne
with one Edward Ashley (a man I thinke yl some of you
know) ; but it is only of y4 place wherof he hath a patente
in Mr. Beachamps name ; and to that end have furnished
him with larg provissions, &c. Now if you please to be
partners with us in this, we are willing you shall ; for after
we heard how forward Bristoll men (and as I hear some
able men of his owne kindricl) have been to stock & sup-
ply him, hoping of profits, we thought it fitter for us to lay
hould of such an opportunitie, and to keep a kind of riming
plantation, then others who have not borne ye burthen of
setling a plantation, as we have done. And he, on ye other
side, like an understanding yonge man, thought it better to
joyne with those y* had means by a plantation to supply
& back him ther, rather then strangers, that looke but only
after profile. Now it is not kuowne that you are partners
with him; but only we 4., Mr. Andrews, Mr. Beachamp, my
selfe, & Mr. Hatherley, who desired to have ye patente, in
consideration of our great loss we have allready sustained
in setling ye first plantation ther ; so we agreed togeather to
308 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
take it in our names. And now, as I said before, if you
please to joyne with us, we are willing you should. Mr.
Allerton had no power from you to make this new con-
tracte, neither was he willing to doe any thing therin with-
out your consente & approbation. Mr. William Peirce is
joyned with us in this, for we thought it very conveniente,
because of landing Ashley and his goods ther, if God please ;
and he will bend his course accordingly. He hath a new
boate with him, and boards to make another, with 4. or 5.
lustie fellowes, wherof one is a carpenter. Now in case
you are not willing in this perticuler to joyne with us, fear-
ing ye charge & doubting ye success, yet thus much we in-
treate of you, to afford him all the help you can, either by
men, commodities, or boats ; yet not but y* we will pay
you for any thing he hath. And we desire you to keep
ye accounts apart, though you joyne with us; becase ther
is, as you see, other partners in this then ye other ; so, for
all mens wages, boats-hire, or comodities, which we shall
have of you, make him debtore for it; and what you shall
have of him, make ye plantation or your selves debtore
for it to him, and so ther will need no mingling of ye ac-
counts.
And now, loving freinds & partners, if you joyne in Ashles
patent & bussines, though we have laid out ye money and
taken up much to stock this bussines & the other, yet I
thinke it conscionable and reasonable y4 you should beare
your shares and proportion of ye stock, if not by present
money, yet by securing us for so much as it shall come
too ; for it is not barly ye interest y4 is to be alowed & con-
sidered of, but allso ye adventure ; though I hope in God,
by his blessing & your honest indeavors, it may soon be
payed ; yet ye years y* this partnership holds is not long,
nor many ; let all therfore lay it to harte, and make ye best,
use of ye time that possiblie we cann, and let every man
1629.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 309
put too his shoulder, and ye burthen will be the lighter.
I know you are so honest & conscionable men, as you will
consider hereof, [170] and returne shuch an answer as may
give good satisfaction. Ther is none of us that would ven-
ture as we have done, were it not to strengthen & setle you
more then our owne perticuler profite.
Ther is no liclyhood of doing any good in buying ye debte
for ye purchas. I know some will not abate ye interest, and
therfore let it rune its course ; they are to be paied yearly,
and so I hope they shall, according to agreemente. The
Lord grant y* our loves & affections may still be united,
and knit togeither ; and so we rest your ever loving friends,
JAMES SHERLEY.
TIMOTHY HATHERLEY.
Bristoll, March 19. 1629.
This mater of ye buying ye debts of ye purchass
was parte of Mr. Allertons instructions, and in many
of them it might have been done to good profite for
ready pay (as some were) ; but Mr. Sherley had no
mind to it. But this bussines aboute Ashley did not
a litie trouble them ; for though he had wite & abillitie
enough to menage ye bussines, yet some of them knew
him to be a very profane yonge man ; and he had for
some time lived amonge ye Indeans as a savage, &
wente naked amongst them, and used their manors (in
wch time he got their language), so they feared he
might still rune into evill courses (though he prom-
ised better), and God would not prosper his ways.
As soone as he was landed at y° place intended, caled
Penobscote, some 4. score leagues from this place, he
310 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
write (& afterwards came) for to desire to be sup-
plyed with Wampampeake, corne against winter, and
other things. They considered these were of their
cheefe comodities, and would be continually needed by
him, and it would much prejudice their owne trade
at Kenebeck if they did not joyne with him in ye
ordering of things, if thus they should supply him ;
and on ye other hand, if they refused to joyne with
him, and allso to afford any supply unto him, they
should greatly offend their above named friends, and
might hapily lose them hereby ; and he and Mr. Aller-
ton, laying their craftie wits togither, might gett sup-
plies of these things els wher; besids, they considered
that if they joyned not in ye bussines, they knew Mr.
Allerton would be with them in it, & so would swime,
as it were, betweene both, to ye prejudice of boath,
but of them selves espetially. For they had reason
to thinke this bussines was cheefly of his contriving,
and Ashley was a man fitte for his turne and dealings.
So they, to prevente a worse mischeefe, resolved to
joyne in ye bussines, and gave him supplies in what
they could, & overlooked his proceedings as well as
they could ; the which they did ye better, by joyning
an honest yonge man,* that came from Ley den, with
him as his fellow (in some sorte), and not merely as
a servante. Which yonge man being discreete, and
one whom they could trust, they so instructed as
* Thomas Willett.
1629.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 311
keept Ashley in some good mesure within bounds.
And so they returned their answer to their freinds
in England, that they accepted of their motion, and
joyned with them in Ashleys bussines ; and yet with-
all tould them what their fears were concerning
him.
But when they came to have full notice of all ye
goods brought them that year, they saw they fell very
short of trading goods, and Ashley farr better sup-
pleyed then [171] themselves; so as they were forced
to buy of the fisher men to furnish them selves, yea,
& cottens & carseys & other such like cloath (for
want of trading cloath) of Mr. Allerton himselfe, and
so to put away a great parte of their beaver, at under
rate, in the countrie, which they should have sente
home, to help to discharge their great ingagementes ;
which was to their great vexation ; but Mr. Allerton
prayed them to be contente, and ye nexte yere they
might have what they would write for. And their in-
gagmentes of this year were great indeed when they
came to know them, (which was not wholy till 2.
years after) ; and that which made them ye more, Mr.
Allerton had taken up some large sumes at Bristoll at
50. f>r cent, againe, which he excused, that he was
forcte to it, because other wise he could at ye spring
of year get no goods transported, such were their
envie against their trade. But wheither this was any
more then an excuse, some of them doubted ; but how-
312 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
ever, ye burden did lye on their backs, and they must
bear it, as they did many heavie loads more in ye
end.
This paying of 50. pr cent, and dificulty of having
their goods trasported by ye fishing ships at ye first
of ye year, (as was beleeved,) which was ye cheefe
season for trade, put them upon another projecte. Mr.
Allerton, after ye fishing season was over, light of a
bargan of salte, at a good fishing place, and bought
it; which came to aboute 11311. ; and shortly after he
might have had 30H. cleare profite for it, without any
more trouble aboute it. But Mr. Winslow coming that
way from Kenebeck, & some other of ther partners
with him in ye barke, they mett with Mr. Allerton,
and falling into discourse with him, they stayed him
from selling ye salte ; and resolved, if it might please
ye rest, to keep it for them selves, and to hire a ship
in ye west cuntrie to come on fishing for them, on
shares, according to ye coustome ; and seeing she might
have her salte here ready, and a stage ready builte
& fitted wher the salt lay safely landed & housed.
In stead of bringing salte, they might stowe her full
of trading goods, as bread, pease, cloth, &c., and so
they might have a full supply of goods without paing
fraight, and in due season, which might turne greatly to
their advantage. Coming home, this was propounded,
and considered on, and aproved by all but ye Govr,
who had no mind to it, seeing they had allway lost
1629.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 313
by fishing; but ye rest were so ernest, as thinkeing
that they might gaine well by ye fishing in this way ;
and if they should but save, yea, or lose some thing
by it, ye other benefite would be advantage inough ;
so, seeing their ernestnes, he gave way, and it was
referd to their freinds in England to alow, or disalow
it. Of which more in its place.
Upon ye consideration of ye bussines about ye paten,
& in what state it was left, as is before remembred,
and Mr. Sherleys ernest pressing to have Mr. Allerto
to come over againe to finish it, & perfect ye accounts,
&c., it was concluded to send him over this year
againe ; though it was writh some fear & jeolocie ; yet
he gave them fair words and promises of well perform-
ing all their bussineses according to their directions,
and to mend his former errors. So he was accordingly
sent with full instructions for all things, with large let-
ters to Mr. Sherley & ye rest, both aboute Ashley s
bussines and their owne suply with trading comodities,
and how much it did concerne them to be furnished
therwith, & what ye had suffered for wante therof ; and
of what litle use other goods were [172] in com-
parison therof; and so likewise aboute this fishing ship,
to be thus hired, and fraught with trading goods,
which might both supply them & Ashley, and ye
benefite therof; which was left to their consideration
to hire & set her out, or not; but in no case not to
send any, exepte she was thus fraighte with trading
314 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
goods. But what these things came too will appere
in ye next years passages.
I had like to have omited an other passage that
fell out ye begining of this year. Ther was one Mr.
Ealfe Smith, & his wife & familie, y1 came over into
ye Bay of ye Massachusets, and sojourned at presente
with some stragling people that lived at Natascoe ; here
being a boat of this place putting in ther on some
occasion, he ernestly desired that they would give him
& his, passage for Plimoth, and some such things as
they could well carrie ; having before heard -y* ther was
liklyhood he might procure house-roome for some time,
till he should resolve to setle ther, if he might, or
els-wher as God should disposs ; for he was werie of
being in y* uncoth place, & in a poore house yi would
neither keep him nor his goods drie. So, seeing him to
be a grave man, & understood he had been a minister,
though they had no order for any such thing, yet they
presumed and brought him. He was here accordingly
kindly entertained & housed, & had ye rest of his goods
& servants sente for, and exercised his gifts amongst
them, and afterwards was chosen into ye ministrie, and
so remained for sundrie years.
It was before noted that sundry of those that came
from Ley den, came over in the ships y* came to Salem,
wher Mr. Endecott had cheefe comand ; and by infection
that grue amonge ye passengers at sea, it spread also
among them a shore, of which many dyed, some of ye
1629.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 315
scurvie, other of an infectious feaoure, which continued
some time amongst them (though our people, through
Gods goodnes, escaped it). Upon which occasion he
write hither for some help, understanding here was one
that had some skill y* way, & had cured diverse of ye
scurvie, and others of other diseases, by letting blood,
& other means. Upon which his request ye Govr hear
sent him unto them, and also write to him, from whom
he received an answere ; the which, because it is breefe,
and shows ye begining of their aquaintance, and closing
in ye truth & ways of God, I thought it not unmeete,
nor without use, hear to inserte it ; and an other show-
ing ye begining of their fellowship & church estate ther.
Being as followeth.
Right worthy Sr:
It is a thing not usuall, that servants to one mr. and of ye
same houshold should be strangers ; I assure you I desire it
not, nay, to speake more plainly, I cannot be so to you.
Gods people are all marked with one and ye same marke,
and sealed with one andye same seale, and have for ye maine,
one & ye same harte, guided by one & same spirite of
truth ; and wher this is, ther can be no discorde, nay, here
must needs be sweete harmonic. And ye same request (with
you) I make unto ye Lord, that we may, as Christian
breethren, be united by a heavenly & unfained love ; bend-
ing all our harts and forces in furthering a worke be-
yond our strength, with reverence & fear, fastening our eyse
allways on him that only is able to clirecte and prosper all
our ways. I acknowledge my selfe much bound to you for
your kind love and care in sending Mr. Fuller among us,
316 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
and rejoyce much y{ I am by him satisfied touching your
judgments of ye outward forme of Gods worships. It is, as
farr as [173] I can yet gather, no other then is warrented
by ye evidence of truth, and ye same which I have proffessed
and maintained1 ever since ye Lord in mercie revealed him
selfe unto me ; being farr from ye commone reporte that
hath been spread of you touching that perticuler. But Gods
children must not looke for less here below, and it is ye
great mercie of God, that he strengthens them to goe through
with it. I shall not neede at this time to be tedious unto
you, for, God willing, I purpose to see your face shortly.
In ye mean time, I humbly take my leave of you, comiting
you to ye Lords blessed protection, & rest,
Your assured loving friend,
Jo : ENDECOTT.
Naumkeak, May 11. Au°. 1629.
This second leter sheweth ther proceedings in their
church affaires at Salem, which was ye 2. church erected
in these parts ; and afterwards ye Lord established many
more in sundrie places.
Sr: I make bould to trouble you with a few lines, for to
certifie you how it hath pleased God to deale with us, since
you heard from us. How, notwithstanding all opposition
that hath been hear, & els wher, it hath pleased God to lay
a foundation, the which I hope is agreeable to his word in
every thing. The 20. of July, it pleased ye Lord to move
ye hart of our Govr to set it aparte for a solemne clay of
humilliation for ye choyce of a pastor & teacher. The former
parte of ye day being spente in praier & teaching, the later
parte aboute ye election, which was after this maner. The
persons thought on (who had been ministers in England)
1629.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 317
were demanded concerning their callings ; they acknowledged
ther was a towfould calling, the one an inward calling,
when ye Lord moved ye harte of a man to take yl calling
upon him, and fitted him with guiftes for ye same ; the
second was an outward calling, which was from ye people,
when a company of beleevers are joyned togither in cove-
nante, to walke togither in all ye ways of God, and every
member (being men) are to have a free voyce in ye choyce
of their officers, &c. Now, we being perswaded that these
2. men were so quallified, as ye apostle speaks to Timothy,
wher he saith, A bishop must be blamles, sober, apte to
teach, &c., I thinke I may say, as ye eunuch said unto
Philip, What should let from being baptised, seeing ther
was water? and he beleeved. So these 2. servants of God,
clearing all things by their answers, (and being thus fitted,)
we saw noe reason but we might freely give our voyces for
their election, after this triall. So Mr. Skelton was chosen
pastor, and Mr. Higgison to be teacher ; and they accepting
ye choyce, Mr. Higgison, with 3. or 4. of ye gravest mem-
bers of ye church, laid their hands on Mr. Skelton, using
prayer therwith. This being done, ther was imposission of
hands on Mr. Higgison also. And since that time, Thursday
(being, as I take it, ye 6. of August) is appoynted for
another day of humilliation, for ye choyce of elders &
deacons, & ordaining of them.
And now, good Sr, I hope y* you & ye rest of Gods people
(who are aquainted with the ways of God) with you, will
say that hear was a right foundation layed, and that these 2.
blessed servants of ye Lord came in at ye dore, and not at ye
window. Thus I have made bould to trouble you with these
few lines, desiring you to remember us, &c. And so rest,
At your service in what I may,
CHARLES GOTT.
Salem, July 30. 1629.
318 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
[174] Anno .Dom: 1630.
ASHLEY, being well supplyed, had quickly gathered
a good parcell of beaver, and like a crafty pate he
sent it all home, and would not pay for ye goods he
had had of ye plantation hear, but lett them stand still
on ye score, and tooke up still more. Now though
they well enough knew his aime, yet they let him goe
on, and write of it into England. But partly ye beaver
they received, & sould, (of which they weer sencible,)
and partly by Mr. Allertons extolling of him, they cast
more how to supplie him then ye plantation, and some-
thing to upbraid them with it. They were forct to
buy him a barke allso, and to furnish her wth a mr. &
men, to transporte his corne & provissions (of which
he put of much) ; for ye Indeans of those parts have
no corne growing, and at harvest, after corne is ready,
ye weather grows foule, and ye seas dangerous, so as
he could doe litle good with his shallope for y1 pur-
poss.
They looked ernestly for a timely supply this spring,
by the fishing ship which they expected, and had been
at charg to keepe a stage for her ; but none came, nor
any supply heard of for them. At length they heard
sume supply was sent to Ashley by a fishing ship, at
which they something marvelled, and the more y* they
had no letters either from Mr. Allerton or Mr. Sherley ;
so they went on in their bussines as well as ye could.
1630.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 319
At last they heard of Mr. Peirce his arivall in ye Bay
of ye Massachusetts, who brought passengers & goods
thither. They presently sent a shallop, conceiving they
should have some thing by him. But he tould them
he had none ; and a ship was sett out on fishing, but
after 11. weeks beating at sea, she mett with shuch
ibull weather as she was forcte back againe for Eng-
land, and, ye season being over, gave off ye vioage.
Neither did he hear of much goods in her for ye plan-
tation, or y1 she did belong to them, for he had heard
some thing from Mr. Allerton tending that way. But
Mr. Allerton had bought another ship, and was to
come in her, and was to fish for bass to ye east-
ward, and to bring goods, &c. These things did much
trouble them, and half astonish them. Mr. Winslow
haveing been to ye eastward, brought nuese of the like
things, wth some more perticulers, and y4 it was like
Mr. Allerton would be late before he came. At length
they, having an oppertunitie, resolved to send Mr.
Winslow, with what beaver they had ready, into Eng-
land, to see how ye squars wente, being very jeolouse
of these things, & Mr. Allertons courses ; and writ
shuch leters, and gave him shuch instructions, as they
thought meet ; and if he found things not well, to dis-
charge Mr. Allerton for being any longer agent for
them, or to deal any more in ye bussines, and to see
how ye accounts stood, &c.
Aboute ye midle of somer arrives Mr. Hatherley in
320 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
yc Bay of ye Massachusetts, (being one of ye part-
ners,) and came over in ye same ship that was set
out on fhishing (called ye Frendship). They presently
sent to him, making no question but now they had
goods come, and should know how all things stood.
But they found [175] the former news true, how this
ship had been so long at sea, and spente and spoyled
her provissions, and overthrowne ye viage. And he
being sent over by ye rest of ye partners, to see how
things wente hear, being at Bristoll with Mr. Allerton,
in ye shipe bought (called ye White- Angell), ready to
set sayle, over night came a messenger from Bastable
to Mr. Allerton, and tould him of ye returne of ye
ship, and what had befallen. And he not knowing
what to doe, having a great chareg under hand, ye
ship lying at his rates, and now ready to set sayle,
got him to goe and discharg ye ship, and take order
for ye goods. To be short, they found Mr. Hatherley
some thing reserved, and troubled in him selfe, (Mr.
Allerton not being ther,) not knowing how to dispose
of yc goods till he came ; but he heard he was arived
with ye other ship to ye eastward, and expected his
coming. But he tould them ther was not much for
them in this ship, only 2. packs of Bastable ruggs, and
2. hoggsheads of meatheglin, drawne out in wooden
flackets (but when these flackets came to be received,
ther was left but 6. gallons of ye 2. hogsheads, it be-
ing drunke up under ye name leackage, and so lost).
1630.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 321
But the ship was filled with goods for sundrie gentle-
men, & others, that were come to plant in ye Mas-
sachusets, for which they payed fraight by ye tun.
And this was all the satisfaction they could have at
presente, so they brought this small parcell of goods
& returned with this nues, and a letter as obscure ;
which made them much to marvell therat. The letter
was as folio weth.
Gentle-men, partners, and loving friends, &c.
Breefly thus : wee have this year set forth a fishing ship,
and a trading ship, which later we have bought ; and so
have disbursed a great deale of money, as may and will
appeare by ye accounts. And because this ship (called ye
White Angell) is to acte 2. parts, (as I may say,) fishing
for bass, and trading ; and that while Mr. Allerton was im-
ployed aboute ye trading, the fishing might suffer by car-
lesnes or neglecte of ye sailors, we have entreated your and
our loving friend, Mr. Hatherley, to goe over with him,
knowing he will be a comforte to Mr. Allerton, a joye to
you, to see a carfull and loving friend, and a great stay to
ye bussines ; and so great contente to us, that if it should
please God ye one should faile, (as God forbid,) yet ye other
would keepe both recconings, and things uprighte. For we
are now out great sumes of money, as they will acquainte
you withall, &c. When we were out but 4. or 5. hundred
pounds a peece, we looked not much after it, but left it to
you, & your agente, (who, without flaterie, deserveth infinite
thanks & comendations, both of you & us, for his pains,
&c.) ; but now we are out double, nay, trible a peece, some
of us, &c. ; which maks us both write, and send over our
friend, Mr. Hatherley, whom we pray you to entertaine kindly,
of which we doubte not of. The main end of sending him
322 HISTORY OF [BOOK ii.
is to see ye state and accounte of all ye bussines, of all which
we pray you informe him fully, though ye ship & bussines
wayte for it and him. For we should take it very unkindly
that we should intreat him to take such a journey, and that,
when it pleaseth God he returnes, he could not give us con-
tente & satisfaction in this perticuler, through defaulte of
any of you. [176] But we hope you will so order bussines,
as neither he nor we shall have cause to complaine, but to
doe as we ever have done, thinke well of you all, &c. I
will not promise, but shall indeaour & hope to effecte ye full
desire and grant of your patente, & that ere it be longe.
I would not have you take any thing unkindly. I have
not write out of jeolocie of any unjuste dealing. Be you
all kindly saluted in ye Lord, so I rest,
Yours in what I may,
JAMES SHERLEY.
March 25. 1630.
It needs not be thought strange, that these things
should amase and trouble them ; first, that this fishing
ship should be set out, ancl fraight with other mens
goods, & scarce any of theirs ; seeing their ruaine end
was (as is before remembred) to bring them a full
supply, and their speatiall order not to sett out any
excepte this was done. And now a ship to come on
their accounte, clean contrary to their both end & order,
was a misterie they could not understand ; and so much
ye worse, seeing she had shuch ill success as to lose
both her vioage & provissions. The 2. thing, that
another ship should be bought and sente out on new
designes, a thing not so much as once thought on by
1630.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 323
any here, much less, not a word intimated or spoaken
of by any here, either by word or letter, neither could
they imagine why this should be. Bass fishing was
never lookt at by them, but as soone as ever they
heard on it, they looked at it as a vaine thing, that
would certainly turne to loss. And for Mr. Allerton
to follow any trade for them, it was never in their
thoughts. And 3ly, that their frieds should complaine
of disbursements, and yet rune into such great things,
and charge of shiping & new projects of their owne
heads, not only without, but against, all order & advice,
was to them very strang. And 4ly, that all these mat-
ters of so great charg & imployments should be thus
wrapped up in a breefe and obscure letter, they knew
not what to make of it. But amids all their doubts
they must have patience till Mr. Allerton & Mr.
Hatherley should come. In ye mean time Mr. Winslow
was gone for England; and others of them were forst
to folow their imployments with ye best means they
had, till they could hear of better.
At length Mr. Hatherley & Mr. Allerton came unto
them, (after they had delivered their goods, ) and find-
ing them strucken with some sadnes aboute these
things, Mr. Allerton tould them that ye ship Whit-
Angele did not belong to them, nor their accounte,
neither neede they have any thing to doe with her,
excepte they would. And Mr. Hatherley confirmed ye
same, and said that they would have had him to have
324 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
had a parte, but he refused ; but he made question
whether they would not turne her upon ye generall
accounte, if ther came loss (as he now saw was like),
seeing Mr. Allerton laid downe this course, and put
them on this projecte. But for ye fishing ship, he tould
them they need not be so much troubled, for he had
her accounts here, and showed them that her first set-
ing out came not much to exceed 600U. as they might
see by ye accounte, which he showed them; and for
this later viage, it would arrise to profite by yc fraight
of ye goods, and ye salle of some katle which he shiped
and had allready sould, & was to be paid for partly
here & partly by bills into England, so as they should
not have this put on their acounte at all, except they
[178] * would. And for ye former, he had sould so
much goods out of her in England, and imployed ye
money in this 2. viage, as it, togeither with such goods
& implements as Mr. Allerton must need aboute his
fishing, would rise to a good parte of ye money ; for he
must have ye sallt and nets, allso spiks, nails, &c. ;
all which would rise to nere 400*. ; so, with ye bearing
of their parts of ye rest of ye loses (which would not
be much above 200U.), they would clear them of this
whole accounte. Of which motion they were glad, not
being willing to have any accounts lye upon them; but
aboute their trade, which made them willing to harken
therunto, and demand of Mr. Hatherley how he could
* 177 is omitted in MS.
1630.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 325
make this good, if they should agree their unto, he
tould them he was sent over as their agente, and had
this order from them, that whatsoever he and Mr.
Allerton did togeather, they would stand to it; but
they would not alow of what Mr. Allerton did alone,
except they liked it ; but if he did it alone, they would
not gaine say it. Upon which they sould to him & Mr.
Allerton all ye rest of ye goods, and gave them present
possession of them; and a writing was made, and con-
firmed under both Mr. Hatherleys and Mr. Allertons
hands, to ye efiecte afforesaide. And Mr. Allertone,
being best aquainted wth ye people, sould away presenly
all shuch goods as he had no need of for ye fishing,
as 9. shallop sails, made of good new canvas, and ye
roads for them being all new, with sundry such usefull
goods, for ready beaver, by Mr. Hatherleys allowance.
And thus they thought they had well provided for
them selvs. Yet they rebuked Mr. Allerton very much
for runing into these courses, fearing ye success of them.
Mr. Allerton & Mr. Hatherley brought to ye towne with
them (after he had sould what he could abroad) a great
quantity of other goods besids trading comodities ; as
linen cloath, bedticks, stockings, tape, pins, ruggs, &c.,
and tould them they were to have them, if they would;
but they tould Mr. Allerton that they had forbid him
before for bringing any such on their accounte ; it
would hinder their trade and returnes. But he & Mr.
Hatherley said, if they would not have them, they
326 HISTOKY or [BOOK n.
would sell them, them selves, and take corne for what
they could not otherwise sell. They tould them they
might, if they had order for it. The goods of one
sorte & other came to upward of 500li.
After these things, Mr. Allerton wente to ye ship
aboute his bass fishing; and Mr. Hatherley, (according
to his order,) after he tooke knowledg how things stood
at ye plantation, (of all which they informed him
fully,) he then desired a boate of them to goe and
visite ye trading houeses, both Kenebeck, and Ashley
at Penobscote ; for so they in England had injoyned
him. They accordingly furnished him with a boate &
men for ye viage, and aquainted him plainly & thorowly
with all things ; by which he had good contente and.
satisfaction, and saw plainly y* Mr. Allerton plaid his
owne game, and rane a course not only to ye great
wrong & detrimente of ye plantation, who imployed &
trusted him, but abused them in England also, in pos-
sessing them with prejudice against ye plantation ; as
y* they would never be able to repaye their moneys
(in regard of their great charge), but if [179] they
would follow his advice and projects, he & Ashley
(being well supplyed) would quickly bring in their
moneys with good advantage. Mr. Hatherley disclosed
also a further projecte aboute ye setting out of this
ship, ye White-angell ; how, she being wel fitted with
good ordnance, and known to have made a great fight
at sea (when she belongd to Bristoll) and caried away
1630.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 327
ye victory, they had agreed (by Mr. Allerton's means)
that, after she had brought a fraight of goods here into
ye countrie, and fraight her selfe with fish, she should
goe from hence to Port of porte,* and ther be sould,
both ship, goods, and ordenance ; and had, for this
end, had speech with a factore of those parts, before-
hand, to whom she should have been consigned. But
this was prevented at this time, (after it was known,)
partly by ye contrary advice given by their freinds
hear to Mr. Allerton & Mr. Hatherley, showing how it
might insnare their friends in England, (being men
of estate,) if it should come to be knowne ; and for
ye plantation, they did and would disalow it, and pro-
test against it; and partly by their bad viage, for
they both came too late to doe any good for fishing,
and allso had such a wicked and drunken company as
neither Mr. Allerton nor any els could rule ; as Mr.
Hatherley, to his great greefe & shame, saw, & be-
held, and all others that came nere them.
Ashley likwise was taken in a trape, (before Mr.
Hatherley returned,) for trading powder <£ shote with
ye Indeans ; and was ceased upon by some in author-
itie, who allso would have confiscated above a thousand
weight of beaver; but ye goods were freed, for ye
Govr here made it appere, by a bond under Ashleys
hand, wherin he was bound to them in 50011. not to
trade any munition with ye Indeans, or other wise
* Oporto, called by the Dutch Port a port.
328 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
to abuse him selfe ; it was also manifest against him
that he had comited uncleannes with Indean women,
(things that they feared at his first imployment, which
made them take this strict course with him in ye be-
gining) ; so, to be shorte, they gott their goods freed,
but he was sent home prisoner. And that I may make
an end concerning him, after some time of imprison-
mente in ye Fleet, by ye means of friends he was set
at liberty, and intended to come over againe, but ye
Lord prevented it; for he had a motion made to him,
by some marchants, to goe into Kussia, because he had
such good skill in ye beaver trade, 'the which he ac-
cepted of, and in his returne home was cast away at
sea ; this was his end.
Mr. Hatherley, fully understanding ye state of all
things, had good satisfaction, and could well informe
them how all things stood betweene Mr. Allerton and
ye plantation. Yea, he found y1 Mr. Allerton had gott
within him, and [180] got all ye goods into his owne
hands, for which Mr. Hatherley stood joyntly ingaged
to them hear, aboute ye ship-Freidship, as also most
of ye fraigte money, besids some of his owne perticuler
estate ; about wch more will appear here after. So he
returned into England, and they sente a good quantity
of beaver with him to ye rest of ye partners ; so both
he and it was very wellcome unto them.
Mr. Allerton followed his affaires, & returned with
his White Angell, being no njore imployed by ye plan-
1630.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 329
tation ; but these bussinesses were not ended till many
years after, nor well understood of a longe time, but
foulded up in obscuritie, & kepte in ye clouds, to ye
great loss & vexation of ye plantation, who in ye end
were (for peace sake) forced to bear ye unjust burthen
of them, to their allmost undoing, as will appear, if
God give life to finish this history.
They sent their letters also by Mr. Hatherley to ye
partners ther, to show them how Mr. Hatherley &
Mr. Allerton had discharged them of ye Friendships
accounte, and that they boath affirmed y* the White-
Angell did not at all belong to them; and therfore
desired that their accounte might not be charged ther-
with. Also they write to Mr. Winslow, their agente,
that he in like maner should (in their names) protest
against it, if any such thing should be intended, for
they would never yeeld to ye same. As allso to sig-
nifie to them that they renounsed Mr. Allerton wholy,
for being their agente, or to have any thing to doe in
any of their bussines.
This year John Billinton ye elder (one that came
over with ye first) was arrained, and both by grand
& petie jurie found guilty of willfull murder, by plaine
& notorious evidence. And was for the same accord-
ingly executed.* This, as it was ye first execution
» Hubbard, on page 101, notices the execution of Billington as taking
place "about September" of this year. "The murtherer expected that,
either for want of power to execute for capital offences, or for want of
330 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
amongst them, so was it a mater of great sadnes unto
them. They used all due means about his triall, and
tooke ye advice of Mr. Winthrop and other ye ablest
gentle-men in ye Bay of ye Massachusets, that were
then new-ly come over, who concured with them y* he
ought to dye, and ye land to be purged from blood.
He and some of his had been often punished for mis-
cariags before, being one of ye profanest families amongst
them. They came from London, and I know not by
what freinds shufled into their company. His facte was,
that he way-laid a yong-man, one John New-comin,
(about a former quarell,) and shote him with a gune,
wherof he dyed.*
Having by a providence a letter or to yt came to
my hands concerning the proceedings of their Red:
freinds in ye Bay of ye Massachusets, who were latly
come over, I thought it not amise here to inserte
them, (so farr as is pertenente, and may be usefull
for after times,) before I conclude this year.
Sr: Being at Salem ye 25. of July, being ye saboath, after
ye eveing exercise, Mr. Johnson received a letter from ye
people to increase the plantation, he should have his life spared; but jus-
tice otherwise determined, and rewarded him, the first murtherer of his neigh-
bour there, with the deserved punishment of death, for a warning to others."
The first offence committed in the colony was by Billington, in 1621, who,
for contempt of the Captain's lawful command, with opprobrious speeches,
was adjudged to have his neck and heels tied together. Prince, I. 103, from
Bradford's pocket-book.
* This paragraph was written on the reverse of page 180 of the original
manuscript, near this place.
1630.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 331
Govr, Mr. John Winthrop, manifesting ye hand of God to
be upon them, and against them at Charles-towne, in visit-
ing them with sicknes, and taking diverse from amongst
them, not sparing ye righteous, but partaking with ye wicked
in these bodily judgments. It was therfore by his desire
taken into ye Godly consideration of ye best hear, what was
to be done to pacific ye Lords wrath, &c. Wher it was con-
cluded, that the Lord was to be sought in righteousnes ; and
to that end, ye 6. day (being Friday) of this present weeke,
is set aparte, that they may humble them selves before God,
and seeke him in his ordenances ; and that then also such
godly persons that are amongst them, and know each to
other, may publickly, at ye end of their exercise, make
known their Godly desire, and practise ye same, viz. solemly
to enter into [181] covenante with ye Lord to walke in his
ways. And since they are so disposed of in their outward
estats, as to live in three distinct places, each having men
of abilitie amongst them, ther to observe ye day, and be-
come 3. distincte bodys ; not then intending rashly to pro-
ceed to ye choyce of officers, or ye admitting of any other
to their societie then a few, to witte, such as are well knowue
unto them ; promising after to receive in such by confession
of faith, as shall appeare to be fitly qualified for y estate.
They doe ernestly entreate that ye church of Plimoth would
set apparte ye same day, for ye same ends, beseeching ye
Lord, as to withdraw his hand of correction from them, so
also to establish and direct them in his wayes. And though
ye time be shorte, we pray you be provocked to this godly
worke, seing ye causes are so urgente ; wherin God will be
honoured, and they & we undoubtedly have sweete corn-
forte. Be you all kindly saluted, &c.
Your brethren in Christ, &c.
Salem, July 26. 1630.
332 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
Sr: «fec. The sacld news here is, that many are sicke, and
many are dead ; ye Lord in mercie looke upon them. Some
are here entered into church covenante ; the first were 4.
namly, ye Govr, Mr. John Winthrop, Mr. Johnson, Mr. Dud-
ley, and Mr. "VVillson ; since that 5. more are joyned unto
them, and others, it is like, will adde them selves to them
dayly ; the Lord increase them, both in number and in holi-
nes for his mercie sake. Here is a gentleman, one Mr. Cot-
tington, (a Boston man,) who tould me, that Mp. Cottons
charge at Hamton was, that they should take advise of
them at Plimoth, and should doe nothing to offend them.
Here are diverce honest Christians that are desirous to see
us, some out of love which they bear to us, and ye good
perswasion they have of us ; others to see whether we be so
ill as they have heard of us. We have a name of holines,
and love to God and his saincts ; the Lord make us more
and more answerable, and that it may be more then a name,
or els it will doe us no good. Be you lovingly saluted, and
all the rest of our friends. The Lord Jesus blese us, and ye
whole Israll of God. Amen.
Your loving brother, &c.
Charles- towne, Aug. 2. 1630.
Thus out of smalle beginings greater things have been
prodused by his hand yl made all things of nothing,
and gives being to all things that are ; and as one
small candle may light a thousand, so ye light here
kindled hath shone to many, yea in some sorte to our
whole nation ; let ye glorious name of Jehova have all
ye praise.
1631.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 333
[182] ^l/iTio Dom: 1631.
ASHLEY being thus by ye hand of God taken away,
and Mr. Allerton discharged of his imploymente for
them, their bussines began againe to rune in one
chanell, and them selves better able to guide the same,
Penobscote being wholy now at their disposing. And
though Mr. William Peirce had a parte ther as is before
noted, yet now, as things stood, he was glad to have
his money repayed him, and stand out. Mr. Winslow,
whom they had sent over, sent them over some supply
as soone as he could; and afterwards when he came,
which was something longe by reason of bussines, he
brought a large supply of suitable goods with him,
by which ther trading was well carried on. But by
no means either he, or ye letters yey write, could take
oft' Mr. Sherley & ye rest from putting both ye Friend-
ship and Whit-Angeil on ye generall accounte ; which
caused continuall contention betweene them, as will
more appeare.
I shall inserte a leter of Mr. Winslow's about these
things, being as foloweth.
Sr: It fell out by Gods providence, y* I received and
brought your leters pr Mr. Allerton from Bristoll, to London ;
and doe much feare what will be ye event of things. Mr.
Allerton intended to prepare ye ship againe, to set forth
upon fishing. Mr. Sherley, Mr. Beachamp, & Mr. Andrews,
they renounce all perticulers, protesting but for us they
334 HISTOEY or [BOOK n.
would never have adventured one penie into those parts ;
Mr. Hatherley stands inclinable to either. And wheras you
write that he and Mr. Allerton have taken ye Whit-Angell
upon them, for their partners here, they professe they neiver
gave any such order, nor will make it good ; if them selves
will cleare ye accounte & doe it, all shall be well. What
ye evente of these things will be, I know not. The Lord
so directe and assiste us, as he may not be dishonoured by
our divissions. I hear (pr a freind) that I was much blamed
for speaking wl* I heard in ye spring of ye year, concerning
ye buying & setting forth of y4 ship ; f sure, if I should not
have tould you what I heard so peremtorly reported (which
report I offered now to prove at Bristoll), I should have
been unworthy my imploymente. And concerning ye comis-
sion so long since given to Mr. Allerton, the truth is, the
thing we feared is come upon us ; for Mr. Sherley & ye rest
have it, and will not deliver it, that being ye ground of our
agents credite to procure shuch great sumes. But I looke
for bitter words, hard thoughts, and sower looks, from
sundrie, as well for writing this, as reporting ye former.
I would I had a more thankfull imploymente ; but I hope
a good conscience shall make it comefortable, &c.
Thus farr he. Dated Nov : 16. 1631.
The comission above said was given by them under
their hand and scale, when Mr. Allerton was first
imployed by them, and redemanded of him in ye year
29. when they begane to suspecte his course. He
tould them it was amongst his papers, but he would
seeke it out & give it them before he wente. But he
» W* in manuscript.
f This was about ye selling ye ship in Spaine.
1631.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 335
being ready to goe, it was demanded againe. He said
he could not find it, but it was amongst his papers,
which he must take wth him, [183] and he would send
it by ye boat from ye eastward; but ther it could not
be had neither, but he would seeke it up at sea. But
whether Mr. Sherley had it before or after, it is not cer-
taine ; but having it, he would not let it goe, but keeps
it to this day. Wherfore, even amongst freinds, men
had need be carfull whom they trust, and not lett
things of this nature lye long unrecaled.
Some parts of Mr. Sherley's letters aboute these things, in
which ye truth is best manifested.
Sr: Yours I have received by our loving friends, Mr. Aller-
ton & Mr. Hatherley, who, blesed be God, after a long &
dangerous passage with ye ship Angell, are safely come to
Bristoll. Mr. Hatherley is come up, but Mr. Allerton I have
not yet seen. We thanke you, and are very glad you have
disswaded him from his Spanish viage, and y* he did not
goe on in these designes he intended; for. we did all uterly
dislick of that course, as allso of ye fishing y* ye Freindship
should have performed ; for we wished him to sell ye salte,
and were unwilling to have him undertake so much bussines,
partly for ye ill success we formerly had in those affairs, and
partly being loath to disburse so much money. But he per-
swaded us this must be one way y1 must repay us, for ye
plantation would be long in doing of it ; ney, to my reraem-
berance, he doubted you could not be able, with ye trade
ther, to maintaine your charge & pay us. And for this very
cause he brought us on y' bussines with Ed : Ashley, for he
was a stranger to us, &c.
336 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
For ye fishing ship, we are sorie it proves so heavie, and
will be willing to bear our parts. What Mr. Hatherley &
Mr. Allerton have done, no doubt but them selves will make
good ; * we gave them no order to make any composition,
to seperate you and us in this or any other. And I thinke
you have no cause to forsake us, for we put you upon no
new thing, but what your agent perswaded us to, & you by
your letters desired. If he exceede your order, I hope you
will not blame us, much less cast us of, when our moneys
be layed out, &c. But I fear neither you nor we have been
well delte withall, for sure, as you write, halfe 4000H., nay, a
quarter, in fitting comodities, and in seasonable time, would
have furnished you beter then you were. And yet for all
this, and much more I might write, I dare not but thinke
him honest, and that his desire and intente was good ; but ye
wisest may faile. Well, now y4 it hath pleased God to give
us hope of meeting, doubte not but we will all indeavore
to perfecte these accounts just & right, as soone as possibly
we can. And I supposs you sente over Mr. Winslow, and we
Mr. Hatherley, to certifie each other how ye state of things
stood. We have received some contente upon Mr. Hath-
erley's returne, and I hope you will receive good contente
* They were too short in resting on Mr. Hatherleys honest word, for his
order to discharg them from ye Friendship's accounte, when he and Mr.
Allerton made ye bargane with them, and they delivered them the rest of ye
goods; and therby gave them oppertunitie also to receive all the fraight
of boath viages, without seeing an order (to have such power) under their
hands in writing, which they never doubted of, seeing he affirmed he had
power; and they both knew his honestie, and y4 he was spetially imployed
for their agente at this time. And he was as shorte in resting on a verball
order from them; which was now denyed, when it came to a perticuler of
loss; but he still affirmed the same. But they were both now taught how
to deale in ye world, espetially with marchants, in such cases. But in ye end
this light upon these here also, for Mr. Allerton had gott all into his owne
hand, and Mr. Hatherley was not able to pay it, except they would have
uterlie undon him, as ye sequell will manifest.
1631.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 337
upon Mr. Winslow's returne. Now I should come to answer
more perticulerly your letter, but herin I shall be very breefe.
The coming of ye White Angele on your accounte could not
be more strang to you, then ye buying of her was to us ;
for you gave him comission * that what he did you would
stand too ; we gave him none, and yet for his credite, and
your saks, payed what bills he charged on us, &c. For y*
I write she was to acte tow parts, fishing & trade ; beleeve
me, I never so much as thought of any perticuler trade,
nor will side with any y4 doth, if I conceive it may wrong
you ; for I ever was against it, useing these words : They
will eate up and destroy ye generall.
Other things I omite as tedious, and not very perte-
nente. This was dated Novr. 19. 1631.
In an other leter bearing date ye 24. of this month,
being an answer to ye generall order, he hath these
words : —
[184] For ye White Angell, against which you write so
ernestly, and say we thrust her upon you, contrary to ye
intente of ye buyer, herin we say you forgett your selves,
and doe us wrong. We will not take uppon us to devine
what ye thougts or intents of ye buyer was, but what he
spack we heard, and that we will afflrme, and make good
against any yl oppose it; which is, y* unles shee were
bought, and shuch a course taken, Ashley could not be
supply ed ; and againe, if he weer not supply ed, we could
not be satisfied what we were out for you. And further,
you were not able to doe it ; and he gave some reasons
* This comission is abused ; he never had any for shuch end, as they well
knew, nether had they any to pay this money, nor would have paid a peny,
if they had not pleased for some other respecte.
338 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
which we spare to relate, unless by your unreasonable re-
fusall you will force us, and so hasten yl fire which is a
kindling too fast allready, &c.
Out of another of his, bearing date Jan. 2. 1631.
We purpose to keep ye Freidship and ye Whit Angell,
for ye last year viages, on the generall accounte, hoping
togeither they will rather produse profite then loss, and
breed less confution in our accounts, and less disturbance
in our affections. As for ye White Angell, though we layed
out ye money, and tooke bills of salle in our owne names,
yet none of us had so much as a thought (I dare say) of
deviding from you in any thing this year, because we would
not have ye world (I may say Bristoll) take notice of any
breach betwixte Mr. Allerton and you, and he and us ; and
so disgrace him in his proceedings on * in his intended viage.
We have now let him ye ship at 30li. pr month, by charter-
partie, and bound him in a bond of a 1000H. to performe
covenants, and bring her to London (if God please). And
what he brings in her for you, shall be marked wth your
marke, and bils of laden taken, & sent in Mr. Winslows
letter, who is this day riding to Bristoll about it. So in
this viage, we deale & are with him as strangers. He hath
brought in 3. books of accounts, one for ye company, an
other for Ashley's bussines, and ye third for ye Whit-Augell
and Freidship. The books, or coppies, we purpose to send
you, for you may discover ye errours in them better then
we. We can make it appear how much money he hath had
of us, and you can charg him with all ye beaver he hath
had of you. The totall sume, as he hath put it, is 7103. 17. 1.
Of this he hath expended, and given to M*. Vines & others,
aboute 543li. ode money, and then by your books you will
* o in MS.
1631.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 339
find whether you had such, & so much goods, as he charge th
you with all ; and this is all that I can say at presente con-
cerning these accounts. He thought to dispatch them in
a few bowers, but he and Straton & Fogge were above
a month aboute them ; but he could not stay till we had
examined them, for losing his fishing viage, which I fear he
hath allready done, &c.
We blese God, who put both you & us in mind to send
each to other, for verily had he rune on in that desperate
& chargable course one year more, we had not been able to
suport him ; nay, both he and we must have lyen in ye
ditch, and sunck under ye burthen, &c. Had ther been
an orderly course taken, and your bussines better managed,
assuredly (by yc blessing of God) you had been ye ablest
plantation that, as we think, or know, hath been under-
taken by Englishmen, &c.
Thus farr of these letters of Mr. Sherley's.*
[185] A few observations from ye former letters,
and then I shall set downe the simple truth of ye
things (thus in controversie betweene them), at least
as farr as by any good evidence it could be made to
appeare ; and so labotire to be breefe in so tedious
and intricate a bussines, which hunge in expostulation
betweene them many years before ye same was ended.
That though ther will be often occasion to touch these
things about other passages, yet I shall not neede to
be large therin; doing it hear once for all.
First, it seemes to appere clearly that Ashley's
bussines, and ye buying of this ship, and ye courses
* The last two words not found in the MS. but obviously intended.
340 HISTORY OF . [BOOK ii.
framed ther upon, were first contrived and proposed
by Mr. Allerton, as also y* the pleaes and pretences
which he made, of ye inablitie of ye plantation to
repaye their moneys, &c., and ye hops he gave them
of doing it with profite, was more beleeved & rested
on by them (at least some of them) then any thing
ye plantation did or said.
2. It is like, though Mr. Allerton might thinke not
to wrong ye plantation in ye rnaine, yet his owne
gaine and private ends led him a side in these things ;
for it came to be knowne, and I have it in a letter
under Mr. Sherley's hand, that in ye first 2. or 3.
years of his imploymente, he had cleared up 40011. and
put it into a brew-house of Mr. Colliers in London,
at first under Mr. Sherley's name, &c. ; besids what
he might have other wise. Againe, Mr. Sherley and
he had perticuler dealings in some things ; for he
bought up ye beaver that sea-men & other passengers
brought over to Bristoll, and at other places, and
charged ye bills to London, which Mr. Sherley payed ;
and they got some time 50U. a peece in a bargen, as
was made knowne by Mr. Hatherley & others, besids
what might be other wise ; which might make Mr.
Sherley harken unto him in many things ; and yet
I beleeve, as he in his forementioned leter write,
he never would side in any perticuler trade wch he
conceived would wrong ye plantation, and eate up &
destroy ye generall.
1631.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 341
3ly. It may be perceived that, seeing they had done
so much for ye plantation, both in former adventures
and late disbursements, and allso that Mr. Allerton
was ye first occasioner of bringing them upon these
new designes, which at first seemed faire & profitable
unto them, and unto which they agreed; but now,
seeing them to turne to loss, and decline to greater
intanglments, they thought it more meete for ye plan-
tation to bear them, then them selves, who had borne
much in other things allready, and so tooke advan-
tage of such comission & power as Mr. Allerton had
formerly had as their agente, to devolve these things
upon them.
4ly. With pitie and compassion (touching Mr. Aller-
ton) I may say with ye apostle to Timothy, 1. Tim.
6. 9. They that will be rich fall into many temtations
and snares, <#c., and pearce them selves throw with
many sorrows, &c. ; for the love of money is ye roote of
all evill, v. 10. God give him to see ye evill in his
failings, that he may find mercie by repentance for ye
wrongs he hath done to any, and this pore plantation
in spetiall. They that doe such things doe not only
bring them selves into snares, and sorrows, but many
with them, (though in an other kind,) as lamentable
experience shows ; and is too manifest in this bussines.
[186] Now about these ships & their setting forth,
the truth, as farr as could be learned, is this. The
motion aboute setting forth ye fishing ship (caled ye
342 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
Frindship) came first from ye plantation, and ye rea-
sons of it, as is before remembered ; but wholy left to
them selves to doe or not to doe, as they saw cause.
But when it fell into consideration, and ye designe was
held to be profitable and hopefull, it was propounded
by some of them, why might not they doe it of them
selves, seeing they must disburse all ye money, and
what need they have any refferance to ye plantation
in y*; they might take ye profite them selves, towards
other losses, & need not let ye plantation share therin ;
and if their ends were other wise answered for their
supplyes to come too them in time, it would be well
enough. So they hired her, & set her out, and
fraighted her as full as she could carry with passen-
gers goods y1 belonged to ye Massachussets, which rise
to a good sume of money ; intending to send ye plan-
tations supply in ye other ship. The eflfecte of this
Mr. Hatherley not only declared afterward upon occa-
sion, but affirmed upon othe, taken before ye Govr &
Dep: Govr of ye Massachusets, Mr. Winthrop & Mr.
Dudley : That this ship-Frindship was not sett out nor
intended for ye joynt partnership of ye plantation, but
for ye perticuler accounte of Mr. James Sherley, Mr.
Beachampe, Mr. Andrews, Mr. Allerton, & him selfe.
This deposition was taken at Boston ye 29. of Aug :
1639. as is to be seen under their hands ; besids some
other concurente testimonies declared at severall times
to sundrie of them.
1631.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 343
About ye Whit-Angell, though she was first bought,
or at least the price beaten, by Mr. Allerton (at Bris-
toll), yet that had been nothing if Mr. Sherley had
not liked it, and disbursed ye money. And that she
was not intended for ye plantation appears by sun-
drie evidences ; * as, first, yc bills of sale, or charter-
parties, were taken in their owne names, without any
mention or refferance to ye plantation at all; viz. Mr.
Sherley, Mr. Beachampe, Mr. Andrews, Mr. Denison,
and Mr. Allerton; for Mr. Hatherley fell off, and
would not joyne with them in this. That she was
not bought for their accounte, Mr. Hatherley tooke
his oath before ye parties afforesaid, ye day and year
above writen.
Mr. Allerton tooke his oath to like effecte concerning
this ship, the Whit-Angell, before ye Govr & Deputie,
the 7. of Sep : 1639. and likewise deposed, ye same
time, that Mr. Hatherley and him selfe did, in the
behalfe of them selves and ye said Mr. Sherley, Mr.
Andrews, & Mr. Beachamp, agree and undertake to
discharge, and save harmless, all ye rest of yc partners
& purchasers, of and from ye said losses of Freindship
for 200W., which was to be discounted therupon ; as by
ther depossitions (which are in writing) may appeare
more at large, and some other depositions & other
* About ye Whit-Angell they all mette at a certaine taverne in London,
wher they "had a diner prepared, and had a conference with a factore aboute
selling of her in Spaine, or at Port a porte, as hath been before mentioned;
as Mr. Hatherley manifested, & Mr. Allerton could not deney.
344 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
testemonies by- Mr. Winslow,* &c. But I suppose
these may be sufficente to evince the truth in these
things, against all pretences to ye contrary. And yet
the burthen lay still upon ye plantation ; or, to speake
more truly and rightly, upon those few that were
ingaged for all, for they were faine to wade through
these things without any help from any.
[187] Concerning Mr. Allerton's accounts, they were
so larg and intrecate, as they could not well understand
them, much less examine & correcte them, without a
great deale of time & help, and his owne presence,
which was now hard to gett amongst them ; and it was
2. or 3. years before they could bring them to any
good pass, but never make them perfecte. I know
not how it came to pass, or what misterie was in it,
for he tooke upon him to make up all accounts till
this time, though Mr. Sherley was their agente to buy
& sell their goods, and did more then he therin ; yet
he past in accounts in a maner for all disbursments,
both concerning goods bought, which he never saw,
* Mr. Winslow deposed, ye same time, before ye Govr afore said, &c. that
when he came into England, and ye partners inquired of ye success of ye
Whit Angell, which should have been laden wth bass and so sent for Port,
of Porting-gall, and their ship & goods to be sould; having informed them
that they were like to faile in their lading of bass, that then Mr. James
Sherley used these termes: Feck, we must make one accounte of all; and
ther upon presed him, as agente for ye partners in Neu-England, to accepte
ye said ship Whit- Angell, and her accounte, into ye joynte partner-ship ; Avhich
he refused, for many reasons ; and after received instructions from New-Engl :
to refuse her if she should be offered, which instructions he shewed them;
and wheras he was often pressed to accept her, he ever refused her, &c.
1631.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 345
but were done when he was hear in ye cuntrie or at
sea ; and all ye expences of ye Leyden people, done
by others in his absence ; the charges aboute ye patente,
&c. In all which he made them debtore to him above
30011. and demanded paimente of it. But when things
came to scaning, he was found above 2000y. debtore
to them, (this wherin Mr. Hatherley & he being joyntly
ingaged, which he only had, being included,) besids
I know not how much y* could never be cleared; and
interest moneys which ate them up, which he never
accounted. Also they were faine to alow such large
bills of charges as were intolerable; the charges of ye
patent came to above 500*. and yet nothing done in it
but what was done at first without any confirmation ;
30H. given at a clape, and 5011. spent in a journey. No
marvell therfore if Mr. Sherley said in his leter, if their
bussines had been better managed, they might have
been ye richest plantation of any English at y1 time.
Yea, he scrued up his poore old father in law's accounte
to above 200*. and brought it on ye gene rail accounte,
and to befreind him made most of it to arise out of
those goods taken up by him at Bristoll, at 50. per
cent., because he knew they would never let it lye
on ye old man, when, alass ! he, poore man, never
dreamte of any such thing, nor y* what he had could
arise nere y* valew ; but thought that many of them
had been freely bestowed on him & his children by
Mr. Allerton. Nither in truth did they come nere y*
346 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
valew in worth, but y1 sume was blowne up by interest
& high prises, which ye company did for ye most parte
bear, (he deserving farr more,) being most sory that
he should have a name to have much, when he had in
effecte litle.
This year also Mr. Sherley sent over an accounte,
which was in a maner but a cash accounte what Mr.
Allerton had had of them, and disbursed, for which
he referd to his accounts ; besids an account of beaver
sould, which Mr. Winslow & some others had carried
over, and a large supply of goods which Mr. Winslow
had sent & brought over, all which was comprised in y*
accounte, and all ye disbursments aboute ye Freindship,
& Whit-Angell, and what concerned their accounts
from first to last; or any thing else he could charg
ye partners with. So they were made debtor in ye
foote of that accounte 4770*. 19. 2.* besids lOOO1'. still
due for ye purchase yet unpayed; notwithstanding all
yc beaver, and returnes that both Ashley & they had
made, which were not small.
[188] In these accounts of Mr. Sherley's some things
were obscure, and some things twise charged, as a 100.
* So as a while before, wheras their great care was how to pay the pur-
chase, and those other few debts which were upon them, now it was with
them as it was some times with Saule's father, who left careing for ye Asses,
and sorrowed for his sonn. 1. Sam. 10. 2. So that which before they looked
at as a heavie burthen, they now esteeme but a small thing and a light
mater, in comparison of what was now upon them. And thus ye Lord
oftentimes deals with his people to teach them, and humble them, that he
may doe them good in ye later end.
1631.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 347
of Bastable ruggs which came in ye Freindship, & cost
75a., charged before by Mr. Allerton, and now by him
againe, with other perticulers of like nature doubtfull,
to be twise or thrise charged; as also a sume of 600U.
which Mr. Allerton deneyed, and they could never un-
derstand for what it was. They sent a note of these
& such like things afterward to Mr. Sherley by Mr.
Winslow; but (I know not how it came to pass) could
never have them explained.
Into these deepe sumes had Mr. Allerton rune them
in tow years, for in ye later end of ye year 1628. all
their debts did not amounte to much above 400M., as
was then noted ; and now come to so many thousands.
And wheras in ye year 1629. Mr. Sherley & Mr. Hath-
erley being at Bristoll, and write a large letter from
thence, in which they had given an account of ye debts,
and what sumes were then disbursed, Mr. Allerton
never left begging & intreating of them till they had
put it out. So they bloted out 2. lines in y1 leter in
which ye sumes were contained, and write upon it so
as not a word could be perceived; as since by them
was confessed, and by ye leters may be seene. And
thus were they kept hoodwinckte, till now they were
so deeply ingaged. And wheras Mr. Sherley did so
ernestly press y* Mr. Allerton might be sent over to
finish ye great bussines aboute ye patente, as may
be seen in- his leter write 1629. as is before recorded,
and y* they should be ernest wth his wife to suffer him
348 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
to goe, £c., he hath since confessed by a letter under
my hands, that it was Mr. Allerton's owne doings, and
not his, and he made him write his words, & not his
owne. The patent was but a pretence, and not ye
thing. Thus were they abused in their simplicitie,
and no beter then bought & sould, as it may seeme.
And to mend ye matter, Mr. Allerton doth in a sorte
wholy now deserte them; having brought them into ye
briers, he leaves them to gett out as they can. But
God crost him mightily, for he having hired ye ship
of Mr. Sherly at 30". a month, he set forth againe
with a most wicked and drunken crue, and for covet-
ousnes sake did so over lade her, not only filling her
hould, but so stufed her betweene decks, as she was
walte, and could not bear sayle, and they had like to
have been cast away at sea, and were forced to put
for Millford Havene, and new-stow her, & put some
of ther ordnance & more heavie goods in ye botome ;
which lost them time, and made them come late into
ye countrie, lose ther season, and made a worse viage
then ye year before. But being come into ye countrie,
he sells trading comodities to any y* will buy, to ye
great prejudice of ye plantation here ; but that which
is worse, what he could not sell, he trustes; and sets
up a company of base felows and maks them traders,
to rune into every hole, & into ye river of Kenebeck,
to gleane away ye trade from ye house ther, aboute
ye patente & priviledge wherof he had dasht away so
1631.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 349
much money of theirs here ; [189] and now what in
him lay went aboute to take away ye benefite therof,
and to overthrow them. Yea, not only this, but he
furnishes a company, and joyns with some consorts,
(being now deprived of Ashley at Penobscote,) and
sets up a trading house beyoned Penobscote, to cute
of ye trade from thence also. But ye French perceiv-
ing that that would be greatly to their damage allso,
they came in their begiuing before they were well
setled, and displanted them, slue 2. of their men, and
tooke all their goods to a good valew, ye loss being
most, if not all, Mr. Allerton's ; for though some of
them should have been his partners, yet he trusted
them for their partes ; the rest of ye men were sent
into France, and this was the end of y* projecte. The
rest of those he trusted, being lose and drunken fel-
lows, did for ye most parte but coussen & cheate him
of all they got into their hands ; that howsoever he
did his friends some hurte hereby for ye presente, yet
he gate litle good, but wente by ye loss by Gods just
hand. After in time, when he came to Plimoth, ye
church caled him to accounte for these, and other his
grosse miscarrages ; he confessed his faulte, and prom-
ised better walking, and that he would wind him selfe
out of these courses as soone as he could, &c.
This year also Mr. Sherley would needs send them
over a new-acountante ; he had made mention of such
a thing yc year before, but they write him word, that
350 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
their charge was great allready, and they neede not
increase it, as this would ; but if they were well delte
with, and had their goods well sent over, they could
keep their accounts hear them selves. Yet he now
sente one, which they did not refuse, being a yonger
brother of Mr. Winslows, whom they had been at
charge to instructe at London before he came. He
came over in the White Angell with Mr. Allerton,
and ther begane his first imploymente ; for though
Mr. Sherley had so farr befreinded Mr. Allerton, as
to cause * Mr. Winslow to ship yc supply sente to ye
partners here in this ship, and give him 4U. pr tune,
wheras others carried for 3. and he made them pay
their fraight ready downe, before ye ship wente out of
ye harbore, wheras others payed upon certificate of ye
goods being delivered, and their fraight came to up-
ward of 6. score pounds, yet they had much adoe to
have their goods delivered, for some of them were
chainged, as bread & pease ; they were forced to take
worse for better, neither could they ever gett all.
And if Josias Winslow had not been ther, it had been
worse ; for he had ye invoyce, and order to send them
to ye trading houses.
This year their house at Penobscott was robed by ye
French, and all their goods of any worth they carried
away, to ye value of 400. or 500*. as ye cost first peny
worth; in beaver 300*. waight; and ye rest in trading
* This word is obscure in MS.
1631.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 351
goods, as coats, ruggs, blankett, biskett, &c. It was
in this maner. The m1. of ye house, and parte of ye
company with him, were come with their vessell to ye
westward to fecth a supply of goods which was brought
over for them. In ye mean time comes a smale French
ship into ye harbore (and amongst ye company was a
false Scott) ; they pretended they were nuly come from
ye sea, and knew not wher they were, and that their
vesell was very leake, and desired they might hale her
a shore and stop their leaks. And many French com-
plements they used, and congees they made ; and in
ye ende, seeing but 3. or 4. simple men, y* were ser-
vants, and by this Scoth-man understanding that ye
maister & ye rest of ye company were gone from
home, they fell of comending their gunes and muskets,
that lay upon racks by ye wall side, and tooke them
downe to looke on them, asking if they were charged.
And when they were possesst of them, one presents
a peece ready charged against ye servants, and another
a pistoll ; and bid them not sturr, but quietly deliver
them their goods, and carries some of ye men aborde,
& made ye other help to carry away ye goods. And
when they had tooke what they pleased, they sett them
at liberty, and wente their way, with this mocke, bid-
ing them tell their mr. when he came, that some of
ye lie of Rey gentlemen had been ther.*
* The above paragraph was written on the reverse of page 188 of the
original manuscript.
352 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
* This year, on Sr Christopher Gardener, being, as
him selfe said, descended of y* house y1 the Bishop of
Winchester came of (who was so great a persecutor
of Gods saincts in Queene Maries days), and being a
great traveler, received his first honour of knighthood
at Jerusalem, being made Knight of ye Sepulcher ther.
He came into these parts under pretence of forsaking
ye world, and to live a private life, in a godly course,
not unwilling to put him selfe upon any meane imploy-
ments, and take any paines for his living ; and some
time offered him selfe to joyne to ye churchs in sundry
places. He brought over with him a servante or 2.
and a comly yonge woman, whom be caled his cousin,
but it was suspected, she (after ye Italian maner) was
his concubine. Living at yc Massachusets, for some
miscariages which he should have answered, he fled
away from authority, and gott amonge ye Indeans of
these parts ; they sent after him, but could not gett
him, and promissed some reward to those y1 should
find him. The Indeans came to ye Govr here, and
tould wher he was, and asked if they might kill him ;
he tould them no, by no means, but if they could take
him and bring him hither, they should be payed for
their paines. They said he had a gune & a rapier,
& he would kill them if yey went aboute it; and ye
* The following account of Sir Christopher Gardiner, with the documents
accompanying it, extending to page 357, does not appear in the text of the
original manuscript, — having been perhaps inadvertently omitted, — but was
written on the reverse of pages 189-191.
1631.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 353
Massachuset Indeans said they might kille him. But
ye Govr tould them no, they should not kill him, but
watch their opportunitie, & take him. And so they
did, for when they light of him by a river side, he
got into a canowe to get from them, & when they
came nere him, whilst he presented his peece at them
to keep them of, the streame carried ye canow against
a rock, and tumbled both him & his peece & rapier
into ye water; yet he got out, and having a litle
dagger by his side, they durst not close with him, but
getting longe pols they soone beat his dagger out of
his hand, so he was glad to yeeld; and they brought
him to ye Govr. But his hands and armes were swolen
& very sore with ye blowes they had given him. So
he used him kindly, & sent him to a lodging wher his
armes were bathed and anoynted, and he was quickly
well againe, and blamed ye Indeans for beating him
so much. They said that they did but a litle whip
him with sticks. In his lodging, those y* made his
bed found a litle note booke that by accidente had
slipt out of his pockett, or some private place, in
which was a memoriall what day he was reconciled
to ye pope & church of Rome, and in what universitie
he tooke his scapula, and such & such degrees. It
being brought to ye Govr, he kept it, and sent ye
Govr of ye Massachusets word of his taking, who sent
for him. So ye Govr sent him and these notes to ye
Govr ther, who tooke it very thankfuly; but after he
354 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
gott for England, he shewed his malice, but God pre-
vented him.
See ye Govr leter on ye other side.*
Sr: It hath pleased God to bring Sr. Christopher Gardener
safe to us, with thos that came with him. And howsoever I
never intended any hard measure to him, but to respecte and
use him according to his qualitie, yet I let him know your
care of him, and y4 he shall speed ye better for your medi-
ation. It was a spetiall providence of God to bring those
notes of his to our hands ; I desire y* you will please to
speake to all y' are privie to them, not to discovere them
to any one, for y* may frustrate ye means of any further
use to be made of them. The good Lord our God who hath
allways ordered things for ye good of his poore churches
here, directe us in this arighte, and dispose it to a good
issue. I am sorie we put you to so much trouble about this
gentleman, espetialy at this time of great imploymente, but
I know not how to avoyed it. I must againe intreate you,
to let me know what charge & troble any of your people
have been at aboute him, y* it may be recompenced. So
with the true affection of a frind, desiring all happines to
your selfe & yours, and to all my worthy friends with you
(whom I love in ye Lord), I comende you to his grace &
good providence, & rest
Your most assured friend,
JOHN WINTHROP.
Boston, May 5. 1631.
By occation wherof I will take a litle libertie to
declare what fell out by this mans means & malice,
* That is, in the original manuscript.
1631.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 355
complying with others. And though I doubt not but
it will be more fully done by my honourd friends,
whom it did more directly concerne, and have more
perticuler knowledg of ye matter, yet I will here give
a hinte of ye same, and Gods providence in preventing
ye hurte that might have come by ye same. The
intelligence I had by a letter from my much hond
and beloved freind, Mr. John Winthrop, Govr of ye
Massachusets.
Sr: Upon a petition exhibited by Sr. Christo : Gardner, Sr.
Ferd : Gorges, Captaine Masson, &c., against you and us, the
cause was heard before ye lords of ye Privie Counsell, and
after reported to ye king, the sucsess wherof maks it evi-
dent to all, that ye Lord hath care of his people hear. The
passages are admirable, and too long to write. I hartily
wish an opportunitie to imparte them unto you, being may
sheets of paper. But ye conclusion was (against all mens
expectation) an order for our incouragmente, and much blame
and disgrace upon ye adversaries, wch calls for much thank-
fullnes from us all, which we purpose (ye Lord willing) to
express in a day of thanks-giving to our mercifull God,
(I doubt not but you will consider, if it be not fitt for you
to joyne in it,) who, as he hath humbled us by his late cor-
rection, so he hath lifted us up, by an abundante rejoysing,
in our deliverance out of so desperate a danger ; so as that
wch our enemies builte their hopes upon to mine us by, He
hath mercifully disposed to our great advantage, as I shall
further aquainte you, when occasion shall serve.
The coppy of ye order follows.
356 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
At ye courte at Whit-hall ye 19. Jan : 1632.
Present
Sigillum Lord Privie Seale Lord Cottinton
Ea: of Dorsett Mr. Trer
Lo: Vi: Falkland Mr. Vic Chambr
Lo : Bp : of London Mr. Sec : Cooke
Maister Sec : "Wiudebanck
Wheras his Matie hath latly been informed of great dis-
traction and much disorder in y* plantation in ye parts of
America called New-England, which, if they be true, & suf-
fered to rune on, would tende to ye great dishonour of this
kingdome, and utter ruine of that plantation. For pre-
vention wherof, and for ye orderly settling of goverment,
according to ye intention of those patents which have been
granted by his Matie and from his late royall father king
James, it hath pleased his Matie that ye lords & others of his
most honourable Privie Counsell, should take ye same into
consideration. Their lordships in ye first place thought fitt
to make a comitie of this bord, to take examination of ye
matters informed ; which comitties having called diverse of
ye principall adventurers in y* plantation, and heard those
that are complanants against them, most of the things in-
formed being deneyed, and resting to be proved by parties
that must be called from y4 place, which required a long
expence of time ; and at presente their lordships finding the
adventurers were upon dispatch of men, victles, and mar-
chandice for y* place, all which would be at a stand, if ye
adventurers should have discouragmente, or take suspition
that the state hear had no good opinion of y4 plantation ;
their lordships, not laying the faulte or fancies (if any be)
of some perticuler men upon the generall govermente, or
principall adventurers, (which in due time is further to be
1632.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 357
inquired into,) have thought fitt in ye meane time to declare,
that the appearences were so faire, and hopes so greate, y*
the countrie would prove both beneficiall to this kingdom,
and profitable to the perticuler adventurers, as yl the ad-
venturers had cause to goe on cherfully with their under-
takings, and rest assured, if things were carried as was
pretended when ye patents were granted, and accordingly as
by the patentes it is appointed, his Majestic would not only
maintaine the liberties & privileges heretofore granted, but
supply any thing further that might tend to the good gover-
mente, prosperitie, and comforte of his people ther of that
place, &c.
WILLIAM THUMB ALL.
Anno Dom: 1632.
MR. ALLEKTON, returning for England, litle regarded
his bound, of a 1000U. to performe covenants ; for
wheras he was bound by ye same to bring ye ship to
[190] London, and to pay 30lj. per month for her hire,
he did neither of boath, for he carried her to Bristoll
againe, from whence he intended to sett her out againe,
and so did ye 3. time, into these parts (as after will
appear) ; and though she had been 10. months upon
ye former viage, at 30". pr month, yet he never payed
peney for hire. It should seeme he knew well enough
how to deale with Mr. Sherley. And Mr. Sherley,
though he would needs tye her & her accounte upon
ye generall, yet he would dispose of her as him selfe
pleased; for though Mr. Winslow had in their names
protested against ye receiving her on y* accounte, or if
358 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
ever they should hope to preveile in shuch a thing, yet
never to suffer Mr. Allerton to have any more to doe
in her, yet he ye last year let her wholy unto him,
and injoyned them to send all their supply e in her to
their prejudice, as is before noted. And now, though
he broke his bonds, kepte no covenante, paid no hire,
nor was ever like to keep covenants, yet now he goes
and sells him all, both ship, & all her accounts, from
first to last (and in effecte he might as well have given
him ye same) ; and not only this, but he doth as
good as provide a sanctuary for him, for he gives him
one years time to prepare his accounte, and then to
give up ye same to them here ; and then another year
for him to make paymente of what should be due upon
y* accounte. And in ye mean time writs ernestly to
them not to interupte or hinder him from his bussines,
or stay him aboute clearing accounts, &c. ; so as he
in ye mean time gathers up all monies due for fraighte,
and any other debtes belonging either to her, or ye
Frindship's accounts, as his owne perticuler ; and after,
sells ship, & ordnans, fish, & what he had raised, in
Spaine, according to ye first designe, in effecte ; and
who had, or what became of ye money, he best knows.
In ye mean time their hands were bound, and could doe
nothing but looke on, till he had made all away into
other mens hands (save a few catle & a litle land &
some small maters he had here at Plimoth), and so in
ye end removed, as he had allready his person, so all
1632.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 359
his from hence. This will better appere by Mr. Sher-
ley's leter.
i
Sr: These few lines are further to give you to understand,
that seeing you & we, that never differed yet but aboute ye
White- Angell, which somewhat troubleth us, as I perceive
it doth you. And now Mr. Allerton beeing here, we have
had some confferance with him about her, and find him very
willing to give you & us all contente y4 possiblie he can,
though he burthen him selfe. He is contente to take ye
White-Angell wholy on him selfe, notwithstanding he mett
with pirates nere ye coast of lerland, which tooke away his
best sayles & other provissions from her ; so as verily if we
should now sell her, she would yeeld but a small price,
besids her ordnance. And to set her forth againe with fresh
money we would not, she being now at Bristoll. Wherfore
we thought it best, both for you & us, Mr. Allerton being
willing to take her, to accepte of his bond of tow thousand
pounds, to give [191] you a true & perfecte accounte, and
take ye whole charge of ye Whit- Angell wholy to him selfe,
from ye first to ye last. The accounte he is to make and
perfecte within 12. months from ye date of this letter, and
then to pay you at 6. and 6. months after, what soever shall
be due unto you and us upon the foote of ye accounte.
And verily, notwithstanding all ye disasters he hath had,
I am perswaded he hath enough to pay all men here and
ther. Only they must have patience till he can gather in
what is due to him ther. I doe not write this slightly, but
upon some ground of what I have seen (and perhaps you
know not of) under ye hands & seals of some, &c. I rest
Your assured friend,
JAMES SHERLEY.
Des: 6. 1632.
360 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
But heres not a word of ye breach of former bonds
& covenants, or paimente of yc ships hire ; this is
passt by as if no such thing had been ; besids what
bonds or obligments so ever they had of him, ther
never came any into ye hands or sight of ye partners
here. And for this y1 Mr. Sherley seems to intimate
(as a secrete) of his abilitie, under ye hands & seals
of some, it was but a trick, having gathered up an
accounte of what was owing form such base fellows as
he had made traders for him, and other debts ; and
then got Mr. Mahue, & some others, to affirme under
their hand & scale, that they had seen shuch accounts
y1 were due to him.
Mr. Hatherley came over againe this year, but upon
his owne occasions, and begane to make preparation
to plant & dwell in ye countrie. He with his former
dealings had wound in what money he had in ye patner-
ship into his owne hands, and so gave off all partner-
ship (excepte in name), as was found in ye issue of
things ; neither did he medle, or take any care aboute
ye same; only he was troubled about his ingagmente
aboute ye Friendship, as will after appeare. And now
partly aboute y* accounte, in some reconings betweene
Mr. Allerton and him, and some debts y* Mr. Allerton
otherwise owed him upon dealing between them in
perticuler, he drue up an accounte of above 2000li.,
and would faine have ingaged ye partners here with it,
because Mr. Allerton had been their agent. But they
1632.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 361
tould him they had been fool'd longe enough with such
things, and shewed him y* it no way belonged to
them ; but tould him he must looke to make good his
ingagment for ye Freindship, which caused some trouble
betweene Mr. Allerton and him.
Mr. William Peirce did ye like, Mr. Allerton being
wound into his debte also upon particuler dealings ;
as if they had been bound to make good all mens
debts. But they easily shooke off these things. But
Mr. Allerton her by rane into much trouble & vexation,
as well as he had troubled others, for Mr. Denison sued
him for ye money he had disbursed for ye 6. part of
ye Whit-Angell, & recovered ye same with damages.
Though ye partners were thus pluged into great in-
gagments, & oppresed with unjust debts, yet ye Lord
prospered their trading, that they made yearly large
returnes, and had soone wound them selves out of all,
if yet they had otherwise been well delt with all; as
will more appear here after. [192] Also ye people
of ye plantation begane to grow in their owtward
estats, by reason * of ye flowing of many people into
ye cuntrie, espetially into ye Bay of ye Massachusets ;
by which means come & catle rose to a great prise,
by wch many were much inriched, and coinodities grue
plentiful 1 ; and yet in other regards this benefite turned
to their hurte, and this accession of strength to their
weaknes. For now as their stocks increased, and ye
* Rea- in the manuscript.
362 HISTOKY or [BOOK n.
increse vendible, ther was no longer any holding them
togeather, but now they must of necessitie goe to their
great lots ; they could not other wise keep their katle ;
and having oxen growne, they must have land for
plowing & tillage. And no man now thought he could
live, except he had catle and a great deale of ground
to keep them ; all striving to increase their stocks.
By which means they were scatered all over ye bay,
quickly, and ye towne, in which they lived compactly
till now, was left very thine, and in a short time
allmost desolate. And if this had been all, it had
been less, thoug to much ; but ye church must also be
devided, and those y* had lived so long togeather in
Christian & comfortable fellowship must now part and
suffer many divissions. First, those that lived on their
lots on ye other side of ye bay (called Duxberie) they
could not long bring their wives & children to ye
publick worship & church meetings here, but with such
burthen, as, growing to some competente number, they
sued to be dismissed and become a body of them
selves; and so they were dismiste (about this time),
though very unwillingly. But to touch this sadd
matter, and handle things together that fell out after-
ward. To prevent any further scatering from this
place, and weakning of ye same, it was thought best to
give out some good farms to spetiall persons, yl would
promise to live at Plimoth, and lickly to be helpfull
to ye church or comonewelth, and so tye ye lands to
1632.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 363
Pliraoth as farmes for the same ; and ther they might
keepe their catle & tillage by some servants, and re-
taine their dwellings here. And so some spetiall lands
were granted at a place generall, called Greens Harbor,
wher no allotments had been in ye former divission, a
plase very weell meadowed, and fitt to keep & rear
catle, good store. But alass ! this remedy proved worse
then ye disease; for wthin a few years those that had
thus gott footing ther rente them selves away, partly
by force, and partly wearing ye rest with importunitie
and pleas of necessitie, so as they must either suffer
them to goe, or live in continuall opposition and con-
tention. And others still, as yey conceived them selves
straitened, or to want accomodation, break away under
one pretence or other, thinking their owne conceived
necessitie, and the example of others, a warrente suffi-
cente for them. And this, I fear, will be ye mine of
New-England, at least of ye churches of God ther, &
will provock ye Lords displeasure against them.
[193] This year, Mr. William Perce came into ye
cuntry, & brought goods and passengers, in a ship
caled ye Lyon, which belonged cheefly to Mr. Sherley,
and yc rest of ye London partners, but these hear had
nothing to doe with her. In this ship (besides beaver
which they had sent home before) they sent upwards
of 800U. in her, and some otter skines; and also ye
coppies of Mr. Allertons accounts, desiring that they
would also peruse & examene them, and rectifie shuch
364 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
things as they should find amise in them ; and rather
because they were better aequaynted with ye goods
bought ther, and ye disbursments made, then they
could bee here ; yea, a great part were done by them
selves, though Mr. Allerton brougt in ye accounte,
and sundry things seemed to them obscure and had
need of clearing. Also they sente a booke of excep-
tions against his accounts, in such things as they could
manifest, and doubted not but they might adde more
therunto. And also shewed them how much Mr. Aller-
ton was debtor to ye accounte ; and desired, seeing
they had now put ye ship White- Angell, and all,
wholy into his power, and tyed their hands here, that
they could not call him to accounte for any thinge, till
ye time was expired which they had given him, and
by that time other men would get their debts of him,
(as sume had done already by suing him,) and he
would make all away here quickly out of their reach;
and therfore prayed them to looke to things, and gett
paymente of him ther, as it was all ye reason they
should, seeing they keept all ye bonds & covenants
they made with him in their owne hands ; and here
they could doe nothing by ye course they had taken,
nor had any thing to show if they should goe aboute
it. But it pleased God, this ship, being first to goe
to Verginia before she wente home, was cast away on
y* coast, not farr from Virginia, and their beaver was
all lost (which was ye first loss they sustained in that
1632.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 365
kind) ; but Mr. Peirce & ye men saved their lives,
and also their leters, and gott into Virginia, and so
safly home. Ye accounts were now sent from hence
againe to them. And thus much of ye passages of this
year.
A part of Mr. Peirce his leter * from Virginia.
It was dated in Des : 25. 1632. and came to their
hand ye 7. of Aprill, before they heard any thing from
England.
Dear freinds, &c. Ye bruit of this fatall stroke that ye
Lord hath brought both on me and you all will come to your
ears before this cometh to your hands, (it is like,) and ther-
fore I shall not need to inlarg in perticulers, &c. My whole
estate (for ye most parte) is taken away ; and so yours, in
a great measure, by this and your former losses [he means
by ye French & Mr. Allertonj. It is time to looke aboute
us, before ye wrath of ye Lord breake forth to utter destruc-
tion. The good Lord give us all grace to search our harts
and trie our ways, and turne unto ye Lord, and humble our
selves under his mightie hand, and seeke atonemente, &c.
Dear freinds, you may know y* all your beaver, and ye books
of your accounts, are swallowed up in ye sea ; your letters
remaine with me, and shall be delivered, if God bring me
home. But what should I more say? Have we lost our
outward estates? yet a hapy loss if our soules may gaiue ;
ther is yet more in ye Lord Jehova than ever we had yet
in ye world. Oh that our foolish harts could yet be wained
from yc things here below, which are vanity and vexation
* This letter was written on the reverse of folio 192 of the original manu-
script, and may properly be inserted here.
366 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
of spirite; and yet we fooles catch after shadows, y* flye
away, & are gone in a momente, &c. Thus with my con-
tinuall remembrance of you in my poore desires to ye throne
of grace, beseeching God to renew his love & favoure towards
you all, in & through ye Lord Jesus Christ, both in spirituall
& temporall good things, as may be most to the glory & praise
of his name, and your everlasting good. So I rest,
Your afflicted brother in Christ,
WILLIAM PEIRCE.
Virginia, Des: 25. 1632.
Anno Dom: 1633.
THIS year Mr. Ed: Winslow was chosen Governor.
By the first returne this year, they had leters from
Mr. Sherley of Mr. Allertons further ill success, and
ye loss by Mr. Peirce, with many sadd complaints ;
but litle hope of any thinge to be gott of Mr. Aller-
ton, or how their accounts might be either eased, or
any way rectified by them ther ; but now saw plainly
y* the burthen of all would be cast on their backs.
The spetiall passages of his letters I shall here inserte,
as shall be pertinente to these things ; for though I am
weary of this tedious & uncomfortable subjecte, yet
for ye clearing of ye truth I am compelled to be more
larg in ye opening of these matters, upon wch [194]
so much trouble hath insued, and so many hard cen-
sures have passed on both sids. I would not be par-
tiall to either, but deliver ye truth in all, and, as nere
as I can, in their owne words and passages, and so
leave it to the impartiall judgment of any that shall
EDWARD Wf NSLOW
306
HISTOBY OP
of spirite; and yet we" fooles catch af.
away, & are gone in a momente, ^
tinuall remembrance of you in my i
/* <tor • * *.
of gr^ce^ beseechi!
you all, in & t'hrough
& *:«njporall good things, as may be most to the glr
of bis name, ami y<*«r everlasu
Your a!Bicte<!
'
Virginia^ IM* • t* .: ?tv>.2
> w Anno Dom: 1634.
» Mr. Ed: Wi
By the first return t).
M^> Sherley of Mr. Allettoi
f. loss by Mr. Peirce, with caiany
but litle hope of any thinge tb be g
toa? or bow their accouats migtt tn J, or
£ -rectified by them ther; imt now saw j>
rthen .of all would be rcast on their ."<!
tftfrwi <fc uncomfortable fiubjecte, yet
tfocll trough IwtJi m»ited, and so many hard oen-
H»v« passed on fatfe *i«i*. I would not l^e par-
tial! to *ftl!*r, but deliver jr* ttttUi in all, and, as nere
as I can, in their owne word* nad passages, and so
leave it to the impartial! judj/'aent of any that shall
EDWARD WINSLOW.
1633.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 369
sands more ; for had not you & we joyned & continued
togeather, New-England might yet have been scarce knowne,
I am perswaded, not so replenished & inhabited with honest
English people, as it now is. The Lord increase & blesse
them, &c. So, with my continuall praiers for you all, I rest
Your assured loving friend,
JAMES SHERLEY.
June 24. 1633.
By this it apperes when Mr. Sherly sould him ye ship
& all her accounts, it was more for Mr. Allertons ad-
vantage then theirs ; and if they could get any there,
well & good, for they were like to have nothing here.
And what course was held to hinder them there, hath
aliready beene manifested. And though Mr. Sherley
became more sinsible of his owne condition, by these
losses, and therby more sadly & plainly to complaine
of Mr. Allerton, yet no course was taken to help them
here, but all left unto them selves ; not so much as to
examene & rectifie ye accounts, by which (it is like)
some hundereds of pounds might have been taken off.
But very probable it is, the more they saw was taken
off, ye less might come unto them selves. But I leave
these maters, & come to other things.
Mr. Roger Williams (a man godly & zealous, having
many precious parts, but very unsettled in judgmente)
came over first to ye Massachusets, but upon some dis-
contente left y1 place, and came hither, (wher he was
friedly entertained, according to their poore abilitie,)
and exercised his gifts amongst them, & after some
370 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
time was admitted a member of ye church ; and his
teaching well approoved, for ye benefite wherof I still
blese God, and am thankfull to him, even for his
sharpest admonitions & reproufs, so farr as they agreed
with truth. He this year begane to fall into some
strang oppilons, and from opinion to practise ; which
caused some controversie betweene ye church & him,
and in ye end some discontente on his parte, by occa-
sion wherof he left them some thing abruptly. Yet
after wards sued for his dismission to ye church of
Salem, which was granted, with some caution to them
concerning him, and what care they ought to have of
him. But he soone fell into more things ther, both
to their and ye governments troble and [196] disturb-
ance. I shall not need to name perticulers, they are
too well knowen now to all, though for a time ye
church here wente under some hard censure by his
occasion, from some that afterwards smarted them
selves. But he is to be pitied, and prayed for, and
so I shall leave ye matter, and desire ye Lord to shew
him his errors, and reduse him into ye way of truth,
and give him a setled judgment and constancie in ye
same ; for I hope he belongs to ye Lord, and yl he
will shew him mercie.
Having had formerly converse and famliarity with
ye Dutch, (as is before remembred,) they, seeing them
seated here in a barren quarter, tould them of a river
called by them ye Fresh Eiver, but now is known
1633.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 371
by ye name of Conightecute-River, which they often
contended unto them for a fine place both for plantation
and trade, and wished them to make use of it. But
their hands being full otherwise, they let it pass. But
afterwards ther coming a company of banishte Indeans
into these parts, that were drivene out from thence by
the potencie of ye Pequents, which usurped upon them,
and drive them from thence, they often sollisited them to
goe thither, and they should have much trad, espetially
if they would keep a house ther. And having now
good store of comodities, and allso need to looke out
wher they could advantage them selves to help them
out of their great ingagments, they now begane to send
that way to discover ye same, and trade with ye natives.
They found it to be a fine place, but had no great
store of trade ; but ye Indeans excused ye same in re-
gard of ye season, and the fear ye Indans were in of
their enemise. So they tried diverce times, not with
out profite, but saw ye most certainty would be by
keeping a house ther, to receive ye trad when it came
down out of ye inland. These Indeans, not seeing
them very forward to build ther, solisited them of ye
Massachusets in like sorte (for their end was to be
restored to their countrie againe) ; but they in ye Bay
being but latly come, were not fitte for ye same ; but
some of their cheefe made a motion to joyne wth the
partners here, to trad joyntly with them in y* river,
the which they were willing to imbrace, and so they
372 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
should have builte, and put in equall stock togeather.
A time of meeting was appointed at ye Massachusets,
and some of ye cheefe here was appointed to treat with
them, and went accordingly ; but they cast many fears
of deanger & loss and the like, which was perceived
to be the maine obstacles, though they alledged they
were not provided of trading goods. But those hear
offered at presente to put in sufficiente for both, pro-
vided they would become ingaged for ye halfe, and
prepare against ye nexte year. They conffessed more
could not be offered, but thanked them, and tould them
they had no mind to it. They then answered, they
hoped it would be no offence unto [197] them, if them
sellves wente on without them, if they saw it meete.
They said ther was no reason they should ; and thus
this treaty broake of, and those here tooke conveniente
time to made a begining ther ; and were ye first English
that both discovered that place, and built in ye same,
though they were litle better then thrust out of it after-
ward as may appeare.
But ye Dutch begane now to repente, and hearing
of their purpose & preparation, indeoured to prevente
them, and gott in a litle before them, and made a
slight forte, and planted 2. peeces of ordnance, threten-
ing to stopp their passage. But they having made
a smale frame of a house ready, and haveing a great
new-barke, they stowed their frame in her hold, &
bords to cover & finishe it, having nayles & all other
1633.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 373
provisions fitting for their use. This they did ye rather
that they might have a presente defence against ye
Indeans, who weare much offended that they brought
home & restored ye right Sachem of ye place (called
Natawanute) ; so as they were to incounter with a duble
danger in this attempte, both ye Dutch and ye Indeans.
When they came up ye river, the Dutch demanded
what they intended, and whither they would goe ; they
answered, up ye river to trade (now their order was
to goe and seat above them). They bid them strike,
& stay, or els they would shoote them ; & stood by
ther ordnance ready fitted. They answered they had
comission from ye Govr of Plimoth to goe up ye river
to such a place, and if they did shoote, they must obey
their order and proceede; they would not molest them,
but would goe one. So they passed along, and though
the Dutch threatened them hard, yet they shoot not.
Coming to their place, they clapt up their house
quickly, and landed their provissions, and left ye com-
panie appoynted, and sent the barke home ; and after-
wards palisadoed their house aboute, and fortified them
selves better. The Dutch sent word home to ye Mon-
hatas what was done: and in proces of time, they, sent
a band of aboute 70. men, in warrlike maner, with
collours displayed, to assaulte them; but seeing them
strengtened, & that it would cost blood, they came
to parley, and returned in peace. And this was their
enterance ther, who deserved to have held it, and not
374 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
by freinds to have been thrust out, as in a sorte they
were, as will after appere. They did ye Dutch no
wrong, for they took not a foote of any land they
bought, but went to ye place above them, and bought
that tracte of land which belonged to these Indeans
which they carried with them, and their friends, with
whom ye Dutch had nothing to doe. But of these
matters more in another place.
It pleased ye Lord to visite them this year with an
infectious fevoure, of which many fell very sicke, and
upward of 20. persons dyed, men and women, besids
children, and sundry of them of their anciente friends
which had lived in Holand ; as Thomas Blossome,
Richard Masterson, with sundry [198] others, and in
ye end (after he had much helped others) Samuell
Fuller, who was their surgeon & phisition, and had
been a great help and comforte unto them ; as in his
facultie, so otherwise, being a deacon of ye church,
a man godly, and forward to doe good, being much
missed after his death ; and he and ye rest of their
brethren much lamented by them, and caused much
sadnes & mourning amongst them ; which caused them
to humble them selves, & seeke ye Lord ; and towards
winter it pleased the Lord ye sicknes ceased. This
disease allso swept away many of ye Indeans from
all ye places near adjoyning; and ye spring before,
espetially all ye month of May, ther was such a
quantitie of a great sorte of flies, like (for bignes)
1634.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 375
to wasps, or bumble-bees, which came out of holes in
ye ground, and replenished all ye woods, and eate ye
green-things, and made such a constante yelling noyes,
as made all ye woods ring of them, and ready to deafe
ye hearers. They have not by ye English been heard
or seen before or since. But ye Indeans tould them
y* sicknes would follow, and so it did in June, July,
August, and ye cheefe heat of somer.
It pleased ye Lord to inable them this year to send
home a great quantity of beaver, besids paing all their
charges, & debts at home, which good returne did
much incourage their freinds in England. They sent
in beaver 3366H. waight, and much of it coat beaver,
which yeeled 20s. pr pound, & some of it above ; and
of otter-skines * 346. sould also at a good prise. And
thus much of ye affairs of this year.
Anno Dom: 1634.
THIS year Mr. Thomas Prence was chosen Govr.
Mr. Sherleys letters were very breefe in answer of
theirs this year. I will forbear to coppy any part
therof, only name a head or 2. therin. First, he
desirs they will take nothing ill in what he formerly
write, professing his good affection towards them as
before, &c. 2ly. For Mr. Allertons accounts, he is
perswaded they must suffer, and y* in no small sumes ;
* The skin was sold at Hs. and 15. ye pound.
376 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
and that they have cause enough to complaine, but it
was now too late. And that he had failed them ther,
those here, and him selfe in his owne aimes. And
that now, having thus left them here, he feared God
had or would leave him, and it would not be strang,
but a wonder if he fell not into worse things, &c. 3ly.
He blesseth God and is thankfull to them for ye good
returne made this year. This is ye effecte of his
letters, other things being of more private nature.
I am now to enter upon one of ye sadest things that
befell them since they came ; but before I begine, it
will be needfull to premise such parte of their patente
as gives them right and priviledge at Kenebeck; as
followeth :
[199] The said Counsell hath further given, granted, bar-
ganed, sold, infeoffed, allotecl, assigned, & sett over, and
by these presents doe clearly and absolutly give, grante,
bargaue, sell, alliene, enffeofe, allote, assigne, and confirme
unto ye said William Bradford, his heires, associates, and
assignes, All that tracte of land or part of New-England
in America afforesaid, which lyeth within or betweene, and
extendeth it selfe from ye utmost limits of Cobiseconte, which
adjoyneth to ye river of Kenebeck, towards the westerne
ocean, and a place called ye falls of Nequamkick in America,
aforsaid ; and ye space of 15. English myles on each side
of ye said river, commonly called Kenebeck River, and all ye
said river called Kenebeck that lyeth within the said limits
& bounds, eastward, westward, northward, & southward, last
above mentioned ; and all lands, grounds, soyles, rivers,
waters, fishing, &c. And by vertue of ye authority to us de-
1634.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 377
rived by his said late Matis Lres patents, to take, apprehend,
seise, and make prise of all such persons, their ships and
goods, as shall attempte to inhabite or trade with ye savage
people of that countrie within ye severall precincts and limits
of his & their severall plantations, &c.
Now it so fell out, that one Hocking, belonging to
ye plantation of Pascataway, wente with a barke and
comodities to trade in that river, and would needs
press into their limites ; and not only so, but would
needs goe up ye river above their house, (towards ye
falls of ye river,) and intercept the trade that should
come to them. He that was cheefe of ye place forbad
them, and prayed him that he would not offer them
that injurie, nor goe aboute to infring their liberties,
which had cost them so dear. But he answered he
would goe up and trade ther in dispite of them, and
lye ther as longe as he pleased. The other tould him
he must then be forced to remove him from thence, or
make seasure of him if he could. He bid him doe his
worste, and so wente up, and anchored ther. The
other tooke a boat & some men & went up to him,
when he saw his time, and againe entreated him to
departe by what perswasion he could. But all in
vaine : he could gett nothing of him but ill words.
So he considred that now was ye season for trade
to come downe, and if he should suffer him to lye,
& take it from them, all ther former charge would be
lost, and they had better throw up all. So, con-
378 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
suiting with his men, (who were willing thertoe,) he
resolved to put him from his anchores, and let him
drive downe ye river with ye streame ; but comanded ye
men y* none should shoote a shote upon any occasion,
except he comanded them. He spoake to him againe,
but all in vaine ; then he sente a cuple in a canow to
cutt his cable, the which one of them performes ; but
Hocking taks up a pece which he had layed ready,
and as ye barke shered by ye canow, he shote [200]
him close under her side, in ye head, (as I take it,)
so he fell downe dead instantly. One of his fellows
(that loved him well) could not hold, but with a
muskett shot Hocking, who fell downe dead and never
speake word. This was ye truth of ye thing. The
rest of ye men carried home the vessel 1 and ye sad
tidings of these things. Now ye Lord Saye & ye Lord
Brooks, with some other great persons, had a hand in
this plantation ; they write home to them, as much as
they could to exasperate them in ye matter, leaveing
out all ye circomstances, as if he had been kild without
any offenc of his parte, conceling y1 he had kild another
first, and ye just occasion that he had given in offering
such wrong ; at wch their Lordsps were much offended,
till they were truly informed of ye mater.
The bruite of this was quickly carried all aboute,
(and y* in ye worst maner,) and came into ye Bay
to their neighbours their. Their owne barke coming
home, and bringing a true relation of ye matter, sundry
1634.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 379
were sadly affected with ye thing, as they had cause.
It was not long before they had occasion to send their
vessell into ye Bay of ye Massachusetts ; but they were
so prepossest with this matter, and affected with ye
same, as they comited Mr. Alden to prison, who was
in ye bark, and had been at Kenebeck, but was no
actore in ye bussines, but wente to carie them supply.
They dismist ye barke aboute her bussines, but kept
him for some time. This was thought strang here,
and they sente Capten Standish to give them true in-
*
formation, (togeather with their letters,) and ye best
satisfaction they could, and to procure Mr. Alden's
release. I shall recite a letter or 2. which will show
the passages of these things, as folloeth.
Good Sr:
I have received your Ire8 by Captaine Standish, & am
unfainedly glad of Gods mercie towards you in ye recovery
of your health, or some way thertoo. For ye bussines you
write of, I thought meete to answer a word or 2. to your
selfe, leaving the answer of your Govr Ire to our courte, to
whom ye same, together with iny selfe is directed. I conceive
(till I hear new matter to ye contrary) that your patente may
warrente your resistance of any English from trading at
Kenebeck, and y* blood of Hocking, and ye partie he slue,
will be required at his hands. Yet doe I with your selfe &
others sorrow for their deaths. I thinke likewise y4 your
generall Ires will satisfie our courte, and make them cease
from any further inter medling in ye mater. I have upon
ye same Ire sett Mr. Alden at liberty, and his sureties, and
yet, least I should seeme to neglecte ye opinion of our court
380 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
& ye frequente speeches of others with us, I have bound
Captaine Standish to appeare ye 3. of June at our nexte
courte, to make affidavid for ye coppie of ye patente, and
to manifest the circumstances of Hockins provocations ; both
which will tend to ye clearing of your inocencie. If any
unkiudnes hath ben taken from what we have done, let it
be further & better considred of, I pray you ; and I hope ye
more you thinke of it, the lesse blame you will impute to us.
At least you ought to be just in differencing them, whose
opinions concurr [201] with your owne, from others who
were opposites ; and yet I may truly say, I have spoken w"1
no man in ye bussines who taxed you most, but they are
such as " have many wayes heretofore declared ther good
affections towards your plantation. I further referr my selfe
to ye reporte of Captaine Standish & Mr. Allden ; leaving
you for this presente to Gods blessing, wishing unto you
perfecte recovery of health, and ye long continuance of it.
I desire to be lovingly remembred to Mr. Prence, your Grovr,
Mr. Winslow, Mr. Brewster, whom I would see if I knew
how. The Lord keepe you all. Amen.
Your very loving freind in our Lord Jesus,
THO : DUDLEY.
New-towne, ye 22. of May, 1634.
Another of his about these things as followeth.
Sr: I am right sorrie for ye news that Captaine Standish &
other of your neigbours and my beloved freinds will bring
now to Plimoth, wherin I suffer with you, by reason of my
opinion, which differeth from others, who are godly & wise,
amongst us here, the reverence of whose judgments causeth
me to suspecte myne owne ignorance ; yet must I remaine
in it untill I be convinced therof. I thought not to have
shewed your letter written to me, but to have done my best
1634.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 381
to have reconciled differences in ye best season & maner I
could ; but Captaine Standish requiring an answer therof
publickly in ye courte, I was forced to produce it, and that
made ye breach soe wide as he can tell you. I propounded
to ye courte, to answer Mr. Prences Ire, your Govr, but our
courte said it required no answer, it selfe being an answer
to a former Ire of ours. I pray you certifie Mr. Prence so
much, and others whom it concereth, that no neglecte or ill
maiiers be imputed to me theraboute. The late ires I received
from England wrought in me divere fears * of some trials
which are shortly like to fall upon us ; and this unhappie
contention betweene you and us, and between you & Pas-
cattaway, will hasten them, if God with an extraordinarie
hand doe not help us. To reconcile this for ye presente
will be very difficulte, but time cooleth distempers, and a
comone danger to us boath approaching, will necessitate our
uniting againe. I pray you therfore, Sr. set your wisdom
& patience a worke, and exhorte others to ye same, that
things may not proceede from bad to worse, so making our
contentions like ye barrs of a pallace, but that a way of
peace may be kepte open, wherat ye God of peace may have
enterance in his owne time. If you suffer wrong, it shall
be your honor to bear it patiently ; but I goe to farr in
needles putting you in mind of these things. God hath done
great things for you, and I desire his blessings may be
multiplied upon you more & more. I will commite no more
to writing, but comending my selfe to your prayers, doe rest,
Your truly loving freind in our Lord Jesus,
THO : DUDLEY.
June 4. 1634.
* Ther was cause enough of these feares, which arise by ye underworking
of some enemies to ye churches here, by which this Comission following was
procured from his Matie. (See this paper in appendix, No. 11.)
382 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
By these things it appars what troubls rise her-
upon, and how hard they were to be reconciled; for
though they hear were hartily sorrie for what was
fallen out, yet they conceived they were unjustly
injuried, and provoked to what was done ; and that
their neigbours (haveing no jurisdiction over them)
did more then was mete, thus to imprison one of
theirs, and bind them to [202] their courte. But
yet being assured of their Christian love, and per-
swaded what was done was out of godly zeale, that
religion might not suffer, nor sine any way covered
or borne with, espetially ye guilte of blood, of which
all should be very consciencious in any whom soever,
they did indeavore to appease & satisfie them ye best
they could ; first, by informing them ye truth in all
circomstances aboute ye matter ; 2ly, in being willing to
referr ye case to any indifferante and equall hearing
and judgmente of the thing hear, and to answere it
els wher when they should be duly called therunto ;
and further they craved Mr. Winthrops, & other of ye
reved magistrats ther, their advice & direction herein.
This did mollifie their minds, and bring things to a
good & comfortable issue in ye end.
For they had this advice given them by Mr. Win-
throp, & others concurring with him, that from their
courte, they should write to the neigboure plantations,
& espetially- that of ye lords, at Pascataway, and
theirs of ye Massachusets, to appointe some to give
1634.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 383
them meeting at some fitt place, to consulte & deter-
mine in this matter, so as ye parties meeting might
have full power to order & bind, &c. And that noth-
ing be done to ye infringing or prejudice of ye liber-
ties of any place. And for ye clearing of conscience,
ye law of God is, y* ye preist lips must be consulted
with, and therfore it was desired that ye ministers
of every plantation might be presente to give their
advice in pointe of conscience. Though this course
seemed dangerous to some, yet they were so well
assured of ye justice of their cause, and ye equitie
of their freinds, as they put them selves upon it, &
appointed a time, of which they gave notice to ye
severall places a month before hand ; viz. Massachu-
sets, Salem, & Pascataway, or any other y1 they
would give notice too, and disired them to produce
any evidence they could in ye case. The place for
meeting was at Boston. But when ye day & time
came, none apered, but some of ye magistrats and
ministers of ye Massachusets, and their owne. Seeing
none of Passcataway or other places came, (haveing
been thus desired, & conveniente time given them for
y* end,) Mr. Winthrop & ye rest said they could doe
no more then they had done thus to requeste them,
ye blame must rest on them. So they fell into a fair
debating of things them selves ; and after all things
had been fully opened & discussed, and ye opinione
of each one demanded, both magistrats, and ministers,
384 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
though they all could have wished these things had
never been, yet they could not but lay ye blame &
guilt on Hockins owne head ; and withall gave them
such grave & godly exhortations and advice, as they
thought meete, both for ye presente & future ; which
they allso imbraced with love & thankfullnes, prom-
ising to indeavor to follow ye same. And thus was
this matter ended, and ther love and concord re-
newed; and also Mr. Winthrop & Mr. Dudley write
in their behalfes to ye Lord Ssay & other gentl-men
that were interesed in y* plantation, very effectually,
wth which, togeather with their owne leters, and Mr.
Winslows furder declaration of things unto them, they
rested well satisfied.
[203] Mr. Winslow was sente by them this year
into England, partly to informe and satisfie ye Lord
Say & others, in ye former matter, as also to make
answer and their just defence for ye same, if any
thing should by any be prosecuted against them at
Counsell-table, or els wher; but this matter tooke
end, without any further trouble, as is before noted.
And partly to signifie unto ye partners in England,
that the terme of their trade with ye company here
was out, and therfore he was sente to finishe ye
accounts with them, and to bring them notice how
much debtore they should remaine on yt accounte,
and that they might know what further course would
be best to hold. But ye issue of these things will
1634.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 385
appear in ye next years passages. They now sente
over by him a great returne, which was very accep-
table unto them ; which was in beaver 3738*. waight,
(a great part of it, being coat-beaver, sould at 20s.
pr pound,) and 234. otter skines ; * which alltogeather
rise to a great sume of money.
This year (in ye foreparte of ye same) they sente
forth a barke to trad at ye Dutch-Plantation ; and
they mette ther with on Captaine Stone, that had
lived in Christophers, one of ye West-Ende Hands,
and now had been some time in Virginia, and came
from thence into these parts. He kept company with
ye Dutch Gover, and, I know not in what drunken
fitt, he gott leave of ye Govr to ceaise on their barke,
when they were ready to come away, and had done
their markett, haveing ye valew of 500U. worth of
goods abord her; having no occasion at all, or any
collour of ground for such a thing, but having made
ye Govr drunck, so as he could scarce speake a right
word ; and when he urged him hear aboute, he answered
him, Als 'I u beleeft.] So he gat abord, (the cheefe of
their men & marchant being ashore,) and with some
of his owne men, made ye rest of theirs waigh an-
chor, sett sayle, & carry her away towards Virginia.
But diverse of ye Dutch sea-men, which had bene often
at Plimoth, and kindly entertayned ther, said one to
another, Shall we suffer our freinds to be thus abused,
* And y° skin at u». f That is, "If you please."
386 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
and have their goods carried away, before our faces,
whilst our Govr is drunke? They vowed they would
never suffer it; and so gott a vessell or 2. and pur-
sued him, & brought him in againe, and delivered
them their barke & goods againe.
After wards Stone came into ye Massachusets, and
they sent & commensed suite against him for this
facte ; but by mediation of freinds it was taken up,
and ye suite lett fall. And in ye company of some
other gentle-men Stone came afterwards to Plimoth,
and had freindly & civill entertainmente amongst them,
with ye rest ; but revenge boy led within his brest,
(though concelled,) for some conceived he had a pur-
pose (at one time) to have staped the Govr, and put
his hand to his dagger for that end, but by Gods
providence and ye vigilance of some was prevented.
He afterward returned to Virginia, in a pinass, with
one Captaine Norton & some others ; and, I know not
for what occasion, they would needs goe up Coonigte-
cutt River; and how they carried themselves I know
not, but ye Indeans knoct him in ye head, as he lay
in his cabine, and 'had thrown ye covering over his
face (whether out of fear or desperation is uncer-
taine) ; this was his end. They likewise killed all ye
rest, but Captaine Norton defended him selfe a long
time against them all in ye cooke-roome, till by acci-
dente the gunpowder tooke fire, which (for ready nes)
he had sett in an open thing before him, which did
1634.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 387
*
so burne, & scald him, & blind his eyes, as he could
make no longer resistance, but was slaine also by
them, though they much comended his vallour. And
having killed ye men, they made a pray of what they
had, and chafe red away some of their things to ye
Dutch that lived their. But it was not longe before
a quarell fell betweene the Dutch & them, and they
would have cutt of their bark ; but they slue ye cheef
sachem wth ye shott of a murderer.*
I am now to relate some strang and remarkable pas-
sages. Ther was a company of people lived in ye
country, up above in ye river of Conigtectit, a great
way from their trading house ther, and were enimise
to those Indeans which lived aboute them, and of
whom they stood in some fear (bing a stout people).
About a thousand of them had inclosed them selves
in a forte, which they had strongly palissadoed about.
3. or 4. Dutch men went up in ye begining of winter
to live with them, to gett their trade, and prevente
them for bringing it to ye English, or to fall into
amitie with them ; but at spring to bring all downe
to their place. But their enterprise failed, for it
pleased God to visite these Indeans with a great sick-
nes, and such a mortalitie that of a 1000. above 900.
and a halfe of them dyed, and many of them did rott
above ground for want of buriall, and ye Dutch men
* The two paragraphs above were written on the reverse of folios 202 and
203 of the original manuscript, under this year.
388 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
allmost starved before they could gett away, for ise
and snow. But about Feb : they got with much diffi-
cultie to their trading house ; whom they kindly re-
lee ved, being allmost spente with hunger and could.
Being thus refreshed by them diverce days, they got
to their owne place, and ye Dutch were very thankfull
for this kindnes.
This spring, also, those Indeans that lived aboute
their trading house there fell sick of ye small poxe,
and dyed most miserably ; for a sorer disease cannot
befall them ; they fear it more then ye plague ; for
usualy they that have this disease have them in abun-
dance, and for wante of bedding & lining and other
helps, they fall into a lamentable condition, as they
lye on their hard matts, ye poxe breaking and matter-
ing, and runing one into another, their skin cleaving
(by reason therof) to the matts they lye on ; when
they turne them, a whole* side will flea of at once,
[204] (as it were,) and they will be all of a gore
blood, most fearfull to behold ; and then being very
sore, what with could and other distempers, they dye
like rotten sheep. The condition of this people was
so lamentable, and they fell downe so generally of
this diseas, as they were (in ye end) not able to help
on another; no, not to make a fire, nor to fetch a
litle water to drinke, nor any to burie ye dead ; but
would strivie as long as they could, and when they
could procure no other means to make fire, they
1635.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 389
would burne ye woden trayes & dishes they ate their
meate in, and their very bowes & arrowes ; & some
would crawle out on all foure to gett a litle water,
and some times dye by ye way, & not be able to gett
in againe. But those of ye English house, (though
at first they were afraid of ye infection,) yet seeing
their woefull and sadd condition, and hearing their
pitifull cries and lamentations, they had compastion
of them, and dayly fetched them wood & water, and
made them fires, gott them victualls whilst they lived,
and buried them when they dyed. For very few of
them escaped, notwithstanding they did what they
could for them, to ye haszard of them selvs. The
cheefe Sachem him selfe now dyed, & allmost all his
freinds & kinred. But by ye marvelous goodnes &
providens of God not one of ye English was so much
as sicke, or in ye least measure tainted with this dis-
ease, though they dayly did these offices for them for
many weeks togeather. And this mercie which they
shewed them was kindly taken, and thankfully ac-
knowledged of all ye Indeans that knew or heard of
ye same ; and their mrs here did much comend & re-
ward them for ye same. \/
Anno Dom: 1635.
MR. WINSLOW was very wellcome to them in Eng-
land, and ye more in regard of ye large returne he
brought with him, which came all safe to their hands,
390 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
and was well sould. And he was borne in hand, (at
least he so apprehended,) that all accounts should be
cleared before his returne, and all former differences
ther aboute well setled. And so he writ over to
them hear, that he hoped to cleare ye accounts, and
bring them over with him ; and y* the accounte of
ye White Angele would be taken of, and all things
fairly ended. But it came to pass [205] that, being
occasioned to answer some complaints made against
the countrie at Counsell bord, more cheefly concerning
their neigbours in ye Bay then them selves hear, the
which he did to good efiecte, and further prosecuting
such things as might tend to ye good of ye whole, as
well them selves as others, aboute ye wrongs and in-
croachments that the French & other strangers both
had and were like further to doe unto them, if not
prevented, he prefered this petition following to their
Honrs that were deputed Comissioners for ye Planta-
tions.
To ye right honorable ye Lords Comissioners for ye Plan-
tations in America.
The bumble petition of Edw : Winslow, on ye behalfe of
ye plantations in New-England,
Humbly sheweth unto your Lordships, yl wheras your peti-
tioners have planted them selves in New England under his
Matis most gratious protection ; now so it is, right Honbl,
that ye French & Dutch doe indeaouer to devide ye land
betweene them ; for which purpose ye French have, on ye
east side, entered and seased upon one of our houses, and
1635.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 391
carried away the goods, slew 2. of ye men in another place,
and tooke ye rest prisoners with their goods. And ye Dutch,
on ye west, have also made entrie upon Conigtecute River,
within ye limits of his Majts Irs patent, where they have
raised a forte, and threaten to expell your petitioners thence,
who are also planted upon ye same river, maintaining posses-
sion for his Matie to their great charge, & hazard both of lives
& goods.
In tender consideration hereof your petitioners humbly pray
that your Lopps will either procure their peace wth those foraine
states, or else to give spetiall warrante unto your petitioners
and ye English Collonies, to right and defend them selves
against all foraigne eniniies. And your petitioners shall
pray, &c.
This petition found good acceptation with most of
them, and Mr. Winslow was heard sundry times by
them, and appointed further to attend for an answer
from their Lopps, espetially, having upon conferance
with them laid downe a way how this might be doone
without any either charge or trouble to ye state ; only
by furnishing some of ye cheefe of ye cuntry hear
with authoritie, who would undertake it at their owne
charge, and in such a way as should be without any
publick disturbance. But this crossed both Sr Ferdi-
nandos Gorges' & Cap : Masons designe, and ye arch-
bishop of Counterberies by them ; for Sr Ferd : Gorges
(by ye arch-pps favore) was to have been sent over
generall Gov1 into ye countrie, and to have had means
from ye state for y4 end, and was now upon dispatch
and conclude of ye bussines. And ye arch-bishops
392 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
purposs & intente was, by his means, & some he
should send with him, (to be furnished with Episco-
pall power,) [206] to disturbe ye peace of ye churches
here, and to overthrow their proceedings and further
growth, which was ye thing he aimed at. But it so
fell out (by Gods providence) that though he in ye
end crost this petition from taking any further effecte
in this kind, yet by this as a cheefe means the plotte
and whole bussines of his & Sr Ferdinandos fell to ye
ground, and came to nothing. When Mr. Winslow
should have had his suit granted, (as indeed upon ye
pointe it was,) and should have been confirmed, the
arch-bishop put a stop upon it, and Mr. Winslow,
thinking to gett it freed, went to ye bord againe ; but
ye bishop, Sr Ferd : and Captine Masson, had, as it
seernes, procured Morton (of whom mention is made
before, & his base carriage) to complaine ; to whose
complaints Mr. Winslow made answer to ye good sat-
isfaction of ye borde, who checked Morton and re-
buked him sharply, & allso blamed Sr Ferd Gorges,
& Masson, for countenancing him. But ye bish : had
a further end & use of his presence, for he now be-
gane to question Mr. Winslow of many things ; as
of teaching in ye church publickly, of which Morton
accused him, and gave evidence that he had seen and
heard him doe it ; to which Mr. Winslow answered,
that some time (wanting a minster) he did exercise
his giffce to help ye edification of his breethren, when
1635.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 393
they wanted better means, wch was not often. Then
aboute mariage, the which he also confessed, that,
haveing been called to place of magistracie, he had
sometimes maried some. And further tould their
lordps y* mariage was a civille thinge, & he found no
wher in ye word of God y* it was tyed to ministrie.
Again, they were necessitated so to doe, having for
a long time togeather at first no minister; besids, it
was no new-thing, for he had been so maried him
selfe in Holand, by ye magistrats in their Statt-house.
But in ye end (to be short), for these things, ye
bishop, by vemente importunity, gott ye bord at last
to consente to his comittemente ; so he was comited
to ye Fleete, and lay ther 17. weeks, or ther aboute,
before he could gett to be released. And this was ye
end of this petition, and this bussines ; only ye others
designe was also frustrated hereby, with other things
concurring, which was no smalle blessing to ye people
here.
But ye charge fell heavie on them hear, not only in
Mr. Winslows expences, (which could not be smale,)
but by ye hinderance of their bussines both ther and
hear, by his personall imploymente. For though this
was as much or more for others then for them hear,
and by them cheefly he was put on this bussines,
(for ye plantation kewe nothing of it till they heard
of his imprisonmente,) yet ye whole charge lay on
them.
394 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
Now for their owne bussines ; whatsoever Mr. Sher-
leys mind was before, (or Mr. Winslow apprehension
of ye same,) he now declared him selfe plainly, that
he would neither take of ye White-Angell from ye
accounte, nor [207] give any further accounte, till he
had received more into his hands ; only a prety good
supply of goods were sent over, but of ye most, no
note of their prises, or so orderly an invoyce as for-
merly ; which Mr. Winslow said he could not help,
because of his restrainte. Only now Mr. Sherley &
Mr. Beachamp & Mr. Andrews sent over a letter of
atturney under their hands & seals, to recovere what
they could of Mr. Allerton for ye Angells accounte ;
but sent them neither ye bonds, nor covenants, or such
other evidence or accounts, as they had aboute these
matters. I shall here inserte a few passages out of
Mr. Sherley s letters aboute these things.
Your leter of ye 22. of July, 1634, by your trustie and our
loving friend Mr. Winslow, I have received, and your larg
parcell of beaver and otter skines. Blessed be our God,
both he and it came safly to us, and we have sould it in
tow parcells ; ye skin at 14s. H. & some at 16. ; ye coate at
208. ye pound. The accounts I have not sent you them this
year, I will referr you to Mr. "Winslow to tell you ye reason
of it; yet be assured y* none of you shall suffer by ye not
having of them, if God spare me life. And wheras you say
ye 6. years are expired y' ye peopl put ye trad into your &
our hands for, for ye discharge of y4 great debte wch Mr.
Allerton needlesly & unadvisedly ran you & us into ; yet it
was promised it should continue till our disbursrnents & in-
1635.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 395
gagements were satisfied. You conceive it is done ; we feele
& know other wise, &c. I doubt not but we shall lovingly
agree, notwithstanding all y* hath been writen, on boath sids,
aboute ye Whit-Angell. We have now sent you a letter of
atturney, therby giving you power in our names (and to
shadow it ye more we say for our uses) to obtaine what may
be of Mr. Allerton towards ye satisfing of that great charge
of ye White Angell. And sure he hath bound him selfe,
(though at present I cannot find it,) but he hath often
affirmed, with great protestations, yl neither you nor we
should lose a peny by him, and I hope you shall find enough
to discharg it, so as we shall have no more contesting
aboute it. Yet, notwithstanding his "unnaturall & unkind
dealing with you, in ye midest of justice remember mercie,
and doe not all you may doe, &c. Set us out of debte, and
then let us recone & reason togeither, &c. Mr. Winslow
hath undergone an unkind imprisonment, but I am perswaded
it will turne much to all 'your good. I leave him to relate per-
ticuleres, &c.
Your loving freind,
JAMES SHERLEY.
London, Sep : 7. 1635.
This year they sustained an other great loss from ye
French. Monsier de Aulnay coming into ye harbore of
Penobscote, and having before gott some of ye cheefe
y* belonged to ye house abord his vessell, by sutlty
coming upon them in their shalop, he gott them to
pilote him in ; and after getting ye rest into his power,
he tooke possession of ye house in ye name of ye king
of France ; and partly by threatening, & other wise,
made Mr. Willett (their agente ther) to approve of
396 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
ye sale of ye goods their unto him, of which he sett
ye price him selfe [208] in effecte, and made an in-
ventory therof, (yett leaving out sundry things,) but
made no paymente for them ; but tould them in con-
venient time he would doe it if they came for it. For
ye house & fortification, &c. he would not alow, nor
accounte any thing, saing that they which build on
another mans ground doe forfite ye same. So thus
turning them out of all, (with a great deale of com-
plemente, and many fine words,) he let them have
their shalop and some victualls to bring them home.
Coming home and relating all the passages, they here
were much troubled at it, & haveing had this house
robbed by ye French once before, and lost then above
500ti. (as is before remembred), and now to loose
house & all, did much move them. So as they re-
solved to consulte with their freinds in ye Bay, and
if yey approved of it, "(ther being now many ships
ther,) they intended to hire a ship of force, and seeke
to beat out ye Frenche, and recover it againe. Ther
course was well approved on, if them selves could bear
ye charge; so they hired a fair ship of above 300.
tune, well fitted with ordnance, and agreed with ye
mr. (one Girling) to this effect : that he and his com-
pany should deliver them ye house, (after they had
driven out, or surprised ye French,) and give them
peacable possession therof, and of all such trading
comodities as should ther be found ; and give ye
1635.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 397
French fair quarter & usage, if they would yeeld. In
consideration wherof he was to have 700ti. of beaver,
to be delivered him ther, when he had done ye thing;
but if he did not accomplish it, he was to loose his
labour, and have nothing. With him they also sent
their owne bark, and about 20. men, with Captaine
Standish, to aide him (if neede weer), and to order
things, if the house was regained ; and then to pay
him ye beaver, which they keept abord their owne
barke. So they with their bark piloted him thither,
and brought him safe into ye harbor. But he was so
rash & heady as he would take no advice, nor would
suffer Captaine Standish to have time to summone
them, (who had comission & order so to«doe,) neither
would doe it him selfe ; the which, it was like, if it had
been done, & they come to affaire parley, seeing their
force, they would have yeelded. Neither would he
have patience to bring his ship wher she might doe
execution, but begane to shoot at distance like a
madd man, and did them no hurte at all ; the which
when those of ye plantation saw, they were much
greeved, and went to him & tould him he would doe
no good if he did not lay his ship beter to pass (for
she might lye within pistoll shott of ye house). At
last, when he saw his owne folly, he was pers waded,
and layed her well, and bestowed a few shott to good
purposs. But now, when he was in a way to doe
some good, his powder was goone ; for though he had
398 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
. . * peece of ordnance, it did now [209] appeare he
had but a barrell of powder, and a peece; so he could
doe no good, but was faine to draw of againe ; by
which means ye enterprise was made frustrate, and ye
French incouraged ; for all ye while that he shot so
unadvisedly, they lay close under a worke of earth, &
let him consume him selfe. He advised with ye Cap-
taine how he might be supplyed with powder, for
he had not to carie him home ; so he tould him he
would goe to ye next plantation, and doe his indeour
to procure him some, and so did ; but understand-
ing, by intelligence, that he intended to ceiase on ye
barke, & surprise ye beaver, he sent him the powder,
and brought ye barke & beaver home. But Girling
never assualted ye place more, (seeing him selfe dis-
apoyented,) but went his way; and this was ye end
of this bussines.
Upon ye ill success of this bussines, the Grovr and
Assistants here by their leters certified their freinds in
ye Bay, how by this ship they had been abused and
disapoynted, and y* the French partly had, and were
now likly to fortifie them selves more strongly, and
likly to become ill neigbours to ye English. Upon
this they thus writ to them as folloeth : —
Worthy Srs: Upon ye reading of your leters, & consid-
eration of ye waightines of yc cause therin mentioned, the
* Blank in the original.
1635.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 399
courte hath joyntly expressed their willingnes to assist you
with men & munition, for ye accomplishing of your desires
upon ye French. But because here are none of yours yl have
authority to conclude of any thing herein, nothing can be
done by us for ye presente. We desire, therfore, that you
would with all conveniente speed send some man of trust,
furnished with instructions from your selves, to make such
agreemente with us about this bussines as may be usefull
for you, and equall for us. So in hast we coinite you to
God, and remaine
Your assured loving freinds,
JOHN HAYNES, Govr.
Ri : BELLINGHAM, Dep.
Jo : WINTHROP.
THO : DUDLEY.
Jo : HUMFRAY.
WM: CODDINGTON.
WM: PlNCHON.
ATHERTON HOUGHE.
INCREAS NOWELL.
Ric : DUMER.
SIMON BRADSTRETE.
New-towne, Octor 9. 1635.
Upon the receite of ye above mentioned, they pres-
ently deputed 2. of theirs to treate witb them, giving
them full power to conclude, according to the instruc-
tions they gave them, being to this purposs : that if
they would afford such assistance as, togeather with
their owne, was like to effecte the thing, and allso
bear a considerable parte of ye charge, they would goe
on; if not, [210] they (having lost so much allready)
400 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
should not be able, but must desiste, and waite fur-
ther opportunitie as God should give, to help them
selves. But this came to nothing, for when it came
to ye issue, they would be at no charge, but sente
them this letter, and referd them more at large to
their owne messengers.
Sr: Having, upon ye consideration of your letter, with ye
message you sente, had some serious consultations aboute
ye great importance of your bussines with ye French, we
gave our answer to those whom you deputed to conferr w**1
us aboute ye viage to Penobscote. We shewed our willing-
nes to help, but withall we declared our presente condition,
& in what state we were, for our abilitie to help ; which we
for our parts shall be willing to improve, to procure you
sufflciente supply of men & munition. But for matter of
moneys we have no authority at all to promise, and if we
should, we should rather disapoynte you, then incourage you
by y4 help, which we are not able to performe. We likewise
thought it fitt to take ye help of other Esterne plantations ;
but those things we leave to your owne wisdomes. And for
other things we refer you to your owne coinitties, who are
able to relate all ye passages more -at large. We salute
you, & wish you all good success in ye Lord.
Your faithfull & loving friend,
Ri : BELLINGHAM, Dep :
In ye name of ye rest of the Comities.
Boston, Octobr 16. 1635 .
This thing did not only thus breake of, but some
of their merchants shortly after sent to trad with
them, and furnished them both with provissions, &
1635.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 401
poweder & shott ; and so have continued to doe till
this day, as they have seen opportunitie for their
profite. So as in truth ye English them selves have
been the cheefest supporters of these French ; for
besids these, the plantation at Pemaquid (which lyes
near unto them) doth not only supply them with
what yey wante, but gives them continuall intelligence
of all things that passes among ye English, (espetially
some of them,) so as it is no marvell though they
still grow, & incroach more & more upon ye English,
and fill ye Indeans with gunes & munishtion, to ye
great deanger of ye English, who lye open & unfor-
tified, living upon husbandrie ; and ye other closed up
in their forts, well fortified, and live upon trade, in
good securitie. If these things be not looked too, and
remeady provided in time, it may easily be conjectured
what they may come toe ; but I leave them.
This year, ye 14. or 15. of August (being Saturday)
was such a mighty storine of wind & raine, as none
living in these parts, either English or Indeans, ever
saw. Being like (for ye time it continued) to those
Hauricanes and Tuffons that writers make mention of
in ye Indeas. It began in yc morning, a litle before
day, and grue not by degrees, but came with violence
in ye begining, to ye great amasrnente of many. It
blew downe sundry [211] houses, & uncovered others ;
diverce vessells were lost at sea, and many more in ex-
treme danger. It caused ye sea to swell (to ye south-
402 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
ward of this place) above 20. foote, right up & downe,
and made many of the Indeans to clime into trees for
their saftie ; it tooke of ye horded roofe of a house
which belonged to the plantation at Manamet, and
noted it to another place, the posts still standing in
ye ground ; and if it had continued long without ye
shifting of ye wind, it is like it would have drouned
some parte of ye cuntrie. It blew downe many hun-
dered thowsands of trees, turning up the stronger by
the roots, and breaking the hiegher pine trees of in
the midle, and ye tall yonge oaks & walnut trees of
good biggnes were wound like a withe, very strang
& fearfull to behould. It begane in ye southeast, and
parted toward ye south & east, and vered sundry ways ;
but ye greatest force of it here was from ye former
quarters. It continued not (in ye extremitie) above
5. or 6. houers, but ye violence begane to abate. The
signes and marks of it will remaine this 100. years in
these parts wher it was sorest. The moone suffered
a great eclips the 2. night after it.
Some of their neighbours in ye Bay, hereing of ye
fame of Conightecute River, had a hankering mind
after it, (as was before noted,) and now understanding
that ye Indeans were swepte away with ye late great
mortalitie, the fear of whom was an obstacle unto
them before, which being now taken away, they be-
gane now to prosecute it with great egernes. The
greatest differances fell betweene those of Dorchester
1635.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 403
plantation and them hear; for they set their minde
on that place, which they had not only purchased of
ye Indeans, but wher they had builte ; intending only
(if they could not remove them) that they should have
but a smale moyety left to ye house, as to a single
family ; whose doings and proceedings were conceived
to be very injurious, to attempte not only to intrude
them selves into ye rights & possessions of others, but
in effect to thrust them out of all. Many were ye
leters & passages that went betweene them hear aboute,
which would be to long here to relate.
I shall here first inserte a few lines that was write
by their own agente from thence.
Sr: &c. Ye Masschuset men are coming almost dayly, some
by water, & some by land, who are not yet determined wher
to setle, though some have a great mind to ye place we are
upon, and which was last bought. Many of them look at
that which this river will not afford, excepte it be at this
place which we have, namly, to be a great towne, and have
comodious dwellings for many togeather. So as what they
will doe I cannot yet resolve you ; for this place ther is none
of them say any thing to me, but what I hear from their
servants (by whom I perceive their minds) . I shall doe what
I can to withstand them. I hope they will hear reason ; as
that we were here first, and entred with much difficulty and
danger, [212] both in regard of ye Dutch & Indeans, and
bought ye land, (to your great charge, allready disbursed,)
and have since held here a chargable possession, and kept
ye Dutch from further incroachiug, which would els long be-
fore this day have possessed all, and kept out all others, &c.
404 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
I hope these & such like arguments will stoppe them. It was
your will we should use their persons & messengers kindly,
& so we have clone, and doe dayly, to your great charge;
for ye first company had well nie starved had it not been for
this house, for want of victuals ; I being forced to supply
12. men for 9. days togeather; and those which came last,
I entertained the best we could, helping both them (& ye
other) with canows, & guids. They gott me to goe with
them to ye Dutch, to see if I could procure some of them
to have quiet setling nere them ; but they did peremtorily
withstand them. But this later company did not once speak
therof, &c. Also I gave their goods house roome according
to their ernest request, and Mr. Pinchons letter in their be-
halfe (which I thought good to send you, here inclosed).
And what trouble & charge I shall be further at I know
not ; for they are coming dayly, and I expecte these back
againe from below, whither they are gone to veiw ye couutrie.
All which trouble & charg we under goe for their occasion,
may give us just cause (in ye judgmente of all wise & un-
derstanding men) to hold and keep that we are setled upon.
Thus with my duty remembred, &c. I rest
Yours to be comanded
JOHNNATHA BREWSTER.
Matianuck, July 6. 1635.
Amongst ye many agitations that pased betweene
them, I shal note a few out of their last letters, & for
ye present omitte ye rest, except upon other occasion
I may have fitter opportunity. After their thorrow
veiw of ye place, they began to pitch them selves upon
their land & near their house ; which occasioned much
expostulation betweene them. Some of which are such
as follow.
1635.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 405
Brethren, having latly sent 2. of our body unto you, to
agitate & bring to an issue some maters in difference be-
tweene us, about some lands at Conightecutt, unto which you
lay challeng ; upon which God by his providence cast us,
and as we conceive in a faire way of providence tendered
it to us, as a meete place to receive our body, now upon
re mo vail.
We shall not need to answer all ye passages of your larg
letter, &c. But wheras you say God in his providence cast
you, &c., we tould you before, and (upon this occasion)
must now tell you still, that our mind is other wise, and
y' you cast rather a partiall, if not a covetous eye, upon
that wch is your neigbours, and not yours ; and in so doing,
your way could not be faire unto it. Looke y4 you abuse
not Gods providence in such allegations.
Theirs.
Now allbeite we at first judged ye place so free ye we might
with Gods good leave take & use it, without just offence to
any man, it being the Lords [213] wast, and for ye presente
altogeather voyd of inhabitants, that indeede minded ye im-
ploymente therof, to ye right ends for which land was created,
Gen: 1. 28. and for future intentions of any, & uncertaiue
possibilities of this or that to be done by any, we judging
them (in such a case as ours espetialy) not meete to be
equalled with presente actions (such as ours was) much less
worthy to be prefered before them ; and therfore did we
make some weake beginings in that good worke, in ye place
afforesaid.
Ans : Their answer was to this effecte. That if it
was ye Lords wast, it was them selves that found it so,
& not they ; and have since bought it of ye right
406 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
oweners, and maintained a chargable possession upon
it al this while, as them selves could not but know.
And because of present ingagments and other hinder-
ances which lay at presente upon them, must it ther-
fore be lawfull for them to goe and take "it from
them ? It was well known that they are upon a barren
place, wher they were by necessitie cast ; and neither
they nor theirs could longe continue upon ye same ;
and why should they (because they were more ready,
& more able at presente) goe and deprive them of
that which they had wth charg & hazard provided, &
intended to remove to, as soone as they could & were
able?
They had another passage in their letter; they had
rather have to doe with the lords in England, to
whom (as they heard it reported) some of them should
say that they had rather give up their right to them,
(if they must part with it,) then to ye church of
Dorchester, &c. And that they should be less fearfull
to offend ye lords, then they were them.
Ans : Their answer was, that what soever they had
heard, (more then was true,) yet ye case was not so
with them that they had need to give away their rights
& adventurs, either to ye lords, or them ; yet, if they
might measure their fear of offence by their practise,
they had rather (in that poynte) they should deal with
yc lords, who were beter able to bear it, or help them
selves, then they were.
1635.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 407
But least I should be teadious, I will forbear other
things, and come to the conclusion that was made in
ye endd. To make any forcible resistance was farr
from their thoughts, (they had enough of y* about
Kenebeck,) and to live in continuall contention with
their freinds & brethren would be uncomfortable, and
too heavie a burden to bear. Therfore for peace sake
(though they conceived they suffered much in this
thing) they thought it better to let them have it upon
as good termes as they could gett ; and so they fell to
treaty. The first thing y* (because they had made so
many & long disputs aboute it) they would have them
to grante was, yt they had right too it, or ells they
would never treat aboute it. The * which being ac-
knowledged, & yeelded unto by them, this was ye con-
clusion they came unto in ye end after much adoe :
that they should retaine their house, and have the 16.
parte of all they had bought of ye Indeans ; and ye
other should have all ye rest of ye land ; leaveing such
a moyety to those [214] of New-towne, as they re-
served for them. This 16. part was to be taken in too
places ; one towards ye house, the other towards New-
V
townes proporrtion. Also they were to pay according
to proportion, what had been disbursed to ye Indeans
for ye purchass. Thus was ye controversie ended, but
the unkindnes not so soone forgotten. They of New-
towne delt more fairly, desireing only what they could
* They in MS.
408 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
conveniently spare, from a cornpetancie reserved for
a plantation, for them selves ; which made them the
more carfull to procure a moyety for them, in this
agreement & distribution.
Amongst ye other bussinesses that Mr. Winslow had
to doe in England, he had order from ye church to
provid & bring over some able & fitt man for to
be their minister. And accordingly he had procured
a godly and a worthy * man, one Mr. Glover ; but it
pleased God when he was prepared for the viage, he
fell sick of a feaver and dyed. Afterwards, when he
was ready to come away, he became acquainted with
Mr. Norton, who was willing to come over, but would
not ingage him selfe to this place, otherwise then he
should see occasion when he came hear ; and if he liked
better else wher, to repay ye charge laid out for him,
(which came to aboute 7011.) and to be at his liberty.
He stayed aboute a year with them, after he came
over, and was well liked of them, & much desired by
them ; but he was invited to Ipswich, wher were many
rich & able men, and sundry of his aquaintance ; so he
wente to them, & is their minister. Aboute half of
ye charg was repayed, ye rest he had for ye pains he
tooke amongst them.
* Before this word in the margin appears a capital N.
1636.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 409
Anno Dom: 1636.
MR. ED : WINSLOW was chosen Grovr this year.
In ye former year, because they perceived by Mr.
Winslows later letters that no accounts would be
sente, they resolved to keep ye beaver, and send no
more, till they had them, or came to some further
agreemente. At least they would forbear till Mr.
Winslow came over, that by more full conferance with
him they might better understand what was meete to
be done. But when he came, though he brought no
accounts, yet he perswaded them to send ye beaver,
& was confident upon ye receite of yi beaver, & his
letters, they should have accounts y° nexte year ; and
though they thought his grounds but weake, that gave
him this hope, & made him so confidente, yet by his
importunitie they yeelded, & sente ye same, ther being
a ship at ye latter end of year, by whom they sente
1150*1. waight of beaver, and 200. otter skins, besids
sundrie small furrs, as 55. minks, 2. black foxe skins,
&c. And this year, in ye spring, came in a Dutch
man, who thought to have traded at ye Dutch-forte ;
[215] but they would not suffer him. He, having
good store of trading goods, came to this place, &
tendred them to sell ; of whom they bought a good
quantitie, they being very good & fitte for their turne,
as Dutch roll, ketles, &c., which goods amounted to ye
valew of 50011., for ye paymente of which they passed
410 HISTORY OF [BOOK II.
bills to Mr. Sherley in England, having before sente
ye forementioned parcell of beaver. And now this
year (by another ship) sente an other good round
parcell that might come to his hands, & be sould be-
fore any of these bills should be due. The quantity
of beaver now sent was 1809^. waight, and of otters
10. skins, and shortly after (ye same year) was sent by
another ship (Mr. Langrume maister), in beaver 0719*.
waight, and of otter skins 199. concerning which Mr.
Sherley thus writs.
Your leters I have received, with 8. hoggsheads of beaver
by Ed : Wilkinson, mr. of ye Falcon. Blessed be God for ye
safe coming of it. I have also seen & acceped 3. bills of
exchainge, &c. But I must now acquainte you how the Lords
heavie hand is upon this kingdom in many places, but cheefly
in this cittie, with his judgmente of ye plague. The last
weeks bill was 1200. & odd, I fear this will be more ; and
it is much feared it will be a winter sicknes. By reason
wherof it is incredible ye number of people y* are gone into
ye cuntry & left ye citie. I am pers waded many more then
went out ye last sicknes ; so as here is no trading, carriers
from most places put downe ; nor no receiving of any money,
though long due. Mr. Hall ows us more then would pay
these bills, but he, his wife, and all, are in ye cuntrie, 60.
miles from London. I write to him, he came up, but could
not pay us. I am perswaded if I should offer to sell ye
beaver at 8s. pr pound, it would not yeeld money; but when
ye Lord shall please to cease his hand, I hope we shall have
better & quicker markets ; so it shall lye by. Before I ac-
cepted ye bills, I acquainted Mr. Beachamp & Mr. Andrews
with them, & how ther could be no money made nor
1636.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 411
received; and that it would be a great discredite to you,
which never yet had any turned back, and a shame to us,
haveing 1800li. of beaver lying by us, and more oweiug
then ye bills come too, &c. But all was nothing ; neither
of them both will put too their finger to help. I offered to
supply my 3. parte, but they gave me their answer they
neither would nor could, &c. How ever, your bils shall
be satisfied to ye parties good contente ; but I would not
have thought they would have left either you or me at this
time, &c. You will and may expect I should write more,
& answer your leters, but I am not a day in ye weeke at
home at towne, but carry my books & all to Clapham ; for
here is ye miserablest time y* I thinke hath been known in
many ages. I have know 3. great sickneses, but none like
this. And that which should be a means to pacific ye Lord,
& help us, that is taken away, preaching put downe in many
places, not a sermone in Westminster on ye saboth, nor in
many townes aboute us ; ye Lord in mercie looke uppon
us. In ye begining of ye year was a great [216] drought,
& no raine for many weeks togeather, so as all was burnte
up, haye, at 5U. a load ; and now all raine, so as much
sommer come & later haye is spoyled. Thus ye Lord
sends judgmente after judgmente, and yet we cannot see,
nor humble our selves ; and therfore may justly fear heavier
judgments, unless we speedy ly repente, & returne unto him,
which ye Lord give us grace to doe, if it be his blessed
will. Thus desiring you to remember us in your prayers,
I ever rest Your loving friend,
JAMES SHERLEY.
Sep': 14. 1636.
This was all ye answer they had from Mr. Sherley,
by which Mr. Winslow saw his hops failed him. So
they now resoloved to send no more beaver in y* way
412 HISTOKY OF [BOOK n.
which they had done, till they came to some issue or
other aboute these things. But now came over let-
ters from Mr. Andrews & Mr. Beachamp full of com-
plaints, that they marveled y* nothing was sent over,
by which any of their moneys should be payed in ;
for it did appear by ye accounte sente in An0 1631.
that they were each of them out, aboute a leven
hundered pounds a peece, and all this while had not
received one penie towards ye same. But now Mr.
Sherley sought to draw more money from them, and
was offended because they deneyed him ; and blamed
them hear very much that all was sent to Mr. Sher-
ley, & nothing to them. They marvelled much at this,
for they conceived that much of their moneis had been
paid in, & y1 yearly each of them had received a pro-
portionable quantity out of ye larg returnes sent home.
For they had sente home since y* accounte was re-
ceived in An0 1631. (in which all & more then all
their debts, wth yi years supply, was charged upon
them) these sumes following.
is. An° 1631. By Mr. Peirce 0400*. waight of beaver, & otters 20.
July 13. An° 1632. By Mr. Griffin 1348*. beaver, & otters . . 147.
An° 1633. By Mr. Graves 3366*. bever, & otters . ' . 346.
An° 1634. By Mr. Andrews 3738*. beaver, & otters . . 234.
An° 1635. By Mr. Babb 1150« beaver, & otters . . 200.
June 24. An° 1636. By Mr. Willkinson 1809«. beaver, & otters . . 010.
Ibidem. By Mr. Langrume 0719H. beaver, & otters . . 199.
12150".* 1156.
* Not correctly cast; it should be 12530*.
1636.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 413
All these sumes were safly rceived & well sould,
as appears by leters. The coat beaver usualy at 20s.
pr pound, and some at 24s. ; the skin at 15. & some-
times 16. I doe not remember any under 14. It
may be ye last year might be something lower, so
also ther were some small furrs that are not recconed
in this accounte, & some black beaver at higer rates,
to make up ye defects. [217] It was conceived that
ye former parcells of beaver came to litle less then
10000". sterling, and ye otter skins would pay all ye
charge, & they wth other furrs make up besids if any
thing wanted of ye former sume. When ye former
accounte was passed, all their debts (those of White-
Angelle & Frendship included) came but to 4770*.
And they could not estimate that all ye supplies since
sent them, & bills payed for them, could come to
above 2000U. so as they conceived their debts had
been payed, with advantage or intrest. But it may
be objected, how comes it that they could not as well
exactly sett downe their receits, as their returnes, but
thus estimate it. I answer, 2. things were ye cause
of it ; the first & principall was, that ye new ac-
countante, which they in England would needs presse
upon them, did wholy faile them, & could never give
them any accounte ; but trusting to his memorie, &
lose papers, let things rune into such confusion, that
neither he, nor any with him, could bring things to
rights. But being often called upon to perfecte his
414 HISTORY OF [BOOK 11.
accounts, he desired to have such a time, and such
a time of leasure, and he would doe it. In ye intrhne
he fell into a great sicknes, and in conclusion it fell
out he could make no accounte at all. His books
were after a litle good begining left altogeather un-
perfect ; and his papers, some were lost, & others so
confused, as he knew not what to make of them him
selfe, when they came to be searched & examined.
This was not unknowne to Mr. Sherley ; and they
came to smarte for it to purposs, (though it was not
their faulte,) both thus in England, and also here;
for they conceived they lost some hundreds of pounds
for goods trusted out in ye place, which were lost for
want of clear accounts to call them in. Another rea-
son of this mischeefe was, that after Mr. Winslow
was sente into England to demand accounts, and to
excepte against ye Whit-Angell, they never had any
price sent with their goods, nor any certaine invoyce
of them ; but all things stood in confusion, and they
were faine to guesse at ye prises of them.
They write back to Mr. Andrews & Mr. Beachamp,
and tould them they marveled they should write they
had sent nothing home since ye last accounts ; for
they had sente a great deale; and it might rather be
marveled how they could be able to send so much,
besids defraying all charg at home, and what they
had lost by the French, and so much cast away at
sea, when Mr. Peirce lost his ship on ye coast of Vir-
1636.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 415
ginia. What they had sente was to them all, and to
them selves as well as Mr. Sherley, and if they did
not looke after it, it was their owne falts ; they must
referr them to Mr. Sherley, who had received [218]
it, to demand it of him. They allso write to Mr.
Sherley to ye same purposs, and what the others com-
plaints were.
This year 2. shallops going to Coonigtecutt with
goods from ye Massachusetts of such as removed
theither to plante, were in an easterly storme cast
away in coming into this harbore in ye night ; the
boats men were lost, and ye goods were driven all
alonge ye shore, and strowed up & downe at high-
water marke. But ye Govr caused them to be gath-
ered up, and drawn togeather, and appointed some
to take an inventory of them, and others to wash
& drie such things as had neede therof; by which
means most of ye goods were saved, and restored to
ye owners. Afterwards anotheir boate of theirs (go-
ing thither likwise) was cast away near unto Manoan-
scusett, and such goods as came a shore were preserved
for them. Such crosses they mette with in their be-
ginings ; which some imputed as a correction from
God for their intrution (to ye wrong of others) into
y{ place. But I dare not be bould with Gods judg-
ments in this kind.
In ye year 1634, the Pequents (a stoute and war-
like people), who had made warrs with sundry of
416 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
their neigbours, and puft up with many victories,
grue now at varience with ye Narigansets, a great
people bordering upon them. These Narigansets held
correspondance and termes of freindship with ye Eng-
lish of ye Massachusetts. Now ye Pequents, being con-
scious of ye guilte of Captain-Stones death, whom they
knew to be an-English man, as also those y1 were
with him, and being fallen out .with ye Dutch, least
they should have over many enemies at once, sought
to make freindship with ye English of ye Massachu-
setts ; and for y* end sent both messengers & gifts
unto them, as appears by some letters sent from ye
Govr hither.
Dear & worthy Sr: &c. To let you know somwhat of
our affairs, you may understand that ye Pequents have sent
some of theirs to us, to desire our freindship, and offered
much wampani & beaver, &c. The first messengers were
dismissed without answer ; with ye next we had diverce dayes
conferance, and taking ye advice of some of our ministers,
and seeking the Lord in it, we concluded a peace & freind-
ship with them, upon these conditions : that they should de-
liver up to us those men who were guilty of Stones death,
&c. And if we desired to plant in Conightecute, they should
give up their right to us, and so we would send to trade
with them as our freinds (which was ye cheefe thing we
aimed at, being now in warr with ye Dutch and ye rest of
their neigbours). To this they readily agreed; and that
we should meadiate a peace betweene them and the Narigan-
setts ; for which end they were contente we should give the
Narigansets parte of yl presente, they would bestow on us
1636.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 417
(for they stood [219]* so much on their honour, as they
would not be seen to give any thing of them selves). As
for Captein Stone, they tould us ther were but 2. left of
those who had any hand in his death ; and that they killed
him in a just quarell, for (say they) he surprised 2. of our
men, and bound them, to make them by force to shew him
ye way up ye river ;f and he with 2. other coming on shore,
9. Indeans watched him, and when they were a sleepe in ye
night, they kiled them, to deliver their owne men ; and some
of them going afterwards to ye pinass, it was suddainly blowne
up. We are now preparing to send a pinass unto them, &c.
In an other of his, dated ye 12. of ye first month,
he hath this.
Our pinass is latly returned from ye Pequents ; they put
of but litle comoditie, and found them a very false people,
so as they mean to have no more to doe with them. I have
diverce other things to write unto you, &c.
Yours ever assured,
Jo : WINTHROP.
Boston, 12. of ye 1. month, 1634.
After these things, and, as I take, this year, John
Oldom, (of whom much is spoken before,) being now
an inhabitant of ye Massachusetts, went wth a small
vessell, & slenderly mand, a trading into these south
parts, and upon a quarell betweene him & ye Indeans
was cutt of by them (as hath been before noted) at
an iland called by ye Indeans Munisses, but since by
* 119 in MS.
f Ther is litle trust to be given to their relations in these things.
418 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
ye English Block Hand. This, with ye former about
the death of Stone, and the baffoyling of ye Pequents
with ye English of ye Massachusetts, moved them to
set out some to take revenge, and require satisfaction
for these wrongs ; but it was done so superfitially, and
without their acquainting of those of Conightecute &
other neighbours with ye same, as they did litle good.
But their neigbours had more hurt done, for some
of ye murderers of Oldome fled to ye Pequents, and
though the English went to ye Pequents, and had
some parley with them, yet they did but delude
them, & ye English returned without doing any thing
to purpose, being frustrate of their oppertunitie by ye
others deceite. After ye English were returned, the
Pequents tooke their time and oppertunitie to cut of
some of ye English as they passed in boats, and went
on fouling, and assaulted them the next spring at
their habytations, as will appear in its place. I doe
but touch these things, because I make no question
they will be more fully & distinctly handled by them
selves, who had more exacte knowledg of them, and
whom they did more properly concerne.
This year Mr. Smith layed downe his place of min-
istrie, partly by his owne willingnes, as thinking it
too heavie a burthen, and partly at the desire, and
by ye perswasion , of others ; and the church sought
out for [220] * some other, having often been disap-
* 120 in MS.
1637.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 419
pointed in their hops and desires heretofore. And it
pleased the Lord to send them an able and a godly
man,* and of a meeke and humble spirite, sound in
ye truth, and every way unreproveable in his life &
conversation ; whom, after some time of triall, they
chose for their teacher, the fruits of whose labours
they injoyed many years with much comforte, in
peace, & good agreemente.
Anno Dom: 1637.
IN ye fore parte of this year, the Pequents fell
openly upon ye English at Conightecute, in ye lower
parts of ye river, and slew sundry of them, (as they
were at work in ye feilds,) both men & women, to
ye great terrour of ye rest ; and wente away in great
prid & triumph, with many high threats. They allso
assalted a fort at ye rivers mouth, though strong and
well defended ; and though they did not their pre-
vaile, yet it struk them with much fear & astonish-
mente to see their bould attempts in the face of
danger; which made them in all places to stand
upon their gard, and to prepare for resistance, and
ernestly to solissite their freinds and confederats in ye
Bay of Massachusets to send them speedy aide, for
they looked for more forcible assaults. Mr. Yane,
being then Govr, write from their Generall Courte
to them hear, to joyne with them in this warr ; to
* Mr. John Reinor.
420 HISTOKY or [BOOK n.
which they were cordially willing, but tooke oppor-
tunitie to write to them aboute some former things,
as well as presente, considerable hereaboute. The
which will best appear in ye Govr answer which he
returned to yc same, which I shall here inserte.
Sr: The Lord having so disposed, as that your letters to
our late Govr is fallen to ray lott to make answer unto,
I could have wished I might have been at more freedome
of time & thoughts also, that I might have done it more to
your & my owne satisfaction. But what shall be wanting
now may be supplyed hereafter. For ye matters which from
your selfe & counsell were propounded & objected to us, we
thought not fitte to make them so publicke as ye cognizance
of our Generall Courte. But as they have been considered
by those of our counsell, this answer we thinke fitt to re-
turne unto you. (1.) Wereas you signifie your willingnes
to joyne with us in this warr against ye Pequents, though
you cannot ingage your selves without ye consente of your
Generall Courte, we acknowledg your good affection towards
us, (which we never had cause to doubt of,) and are will-
ing to attend your full resolution, when it may most season-
ably be ripened. (2ly.) Wheras you make this warr to be
our peopls, and not [221] to conceirne your selves, otherwise
then by consequence, we do in parte consente to you therin ;
yet we suppose, that, in case of perill, you will not stand
upon such terms, as we hope we should not doe towards
you ; and withall we conceive that you looke at ye Pequents,
and all other Indeaus, as a comone enimie, who, though he
may take occasion of ye begining of his rage, from some
one parte of ye English, yet if he prevaile, will surly pursue
his advantage, to ye rooting out of ye whole nation. Ther-
fore when we desired your help, we did it not without
1637.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 421
respecte to your owne saftie, as ours. (3ly.) Wheras you
desire we should be ingaged to aide you, upon all like occa-
sions ; we are perswaded you doe not doubte of it ; yet as
we now deale with you as a free people, and at libertie, so
as we cannot draw you into this warr with us, otherwise
then as reason may guid & provock you ; so we desire
we may be at ye like freedome, when any occasion may
call for help from us. And wheras it is objected to
us, that we refused to aide you against ye French; we con-
ceive ye case was not alicke ; yet we cannot wholy excuse
our failing in that matter. (4ly.) Weras you objecte that
we began ye warr without your privitie, & managed it con-
trary to your advise ; the truth is, that our first intentions
being only against Block Hand, and ye interprice seeming
of small difficultie, we did not so much as consider of taking
advice, or looking out for aide abroad. And when we had
resolved upon ye Pequents, we sent presently, or not long
after, to you aboute it ; but ye answer received, it was not
seasonable for us to chaing our counsells, excepte we had
seen and waighed your grounds, which might have out wayed
our owne.
(5ly.) For our peoples trading at Kenebeck, we assure
you (to our knowledge) it hath not been by any allowance
from us ; and what we have provided in this and like cases,
at our last Courte, Mr. E. "W. can certifie you.
And (6ly) ; wheras you objecte to us yl we should hold
trade & correspondancie with ye French, your enemise ; we
answer, you are misinformed, for, besids some letters which
hath passed betweene our late Govr and them, to which we
were privie, we have neither sente nor incouraged ours to
trade with them ; only one vessell or tow, for yc better con-
veace of our letters, had licens from our Govr to sayle
thither.*
* But by this means they did furnish them, & have still continued to doe.
422 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
Diverce other things have fyeen privatly objected to us, by
our worthy freind, wherunto he received some answer ; but
most of them concerning ye apprehention of perticuler dis-
curteseis, or injueries from some perticuler persons amongst
us. It concernes us not to give any other answer to them
then this ; that, if ye offenders shall be brought forth in a
right way, we shall be ready to doe justice as ye case shall
require. In the meane time, we desire you to rest assured,
that such things are without our privity, and not a litle
greeveous to us.
Now for ye joyning with us in this warr, which indeed
concerns us no other wise then it may your selves, viz. :
the releeving of our freinds & Christian [222] breethren,
who are now first in ye danger; though you may thinke us
able to make it good without you, (as, if ye Lord please
to be with us, we may,) yet 3. things we offer to your
consideration, which (we conceive) may have some waight
with you. (First) y* if we should sinck under this burden,
your opportunitie of seasonable help would be lost in 3.
respects. 1. You cannot recover us, or secure your selves
ther, with 3. times ye charge & hazard which now ye may.
2ly. The sorrowes which we should lye under (if through
your neglect) would much abate of ye acceptablenes of your
help afterwards. 3ly. Those of yours, who are now full of
courage and forwardnes, would be much damped, and so
less able to undergoe so great a burden. The (2.) thing is
this, that it concernes us much to hasten this warr to an
end before ye end of this somer, otherwise ye newes of it
will discourage both your & our freinds from coming to us
next year ; with what further hazard & losse it may expose
us unto, your selves may judge.
The (3.) thing is this, that if ye Lord shall please to
blesse our endeaours, so as we end ye warr, or put it in a
hopefull way without you, it may breed such ill thoughts
in our people towards yours, as will be hard to entertaine
1637.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 423
such opinione of your good will towards us, as were fitt to
be nurished among such neigbours & brethren as we are.
And what ill consequences may follow, on both sids, wise
men may fear, & would rather prevente then hope to re-
dress. So with my harty salutations to you selfe, and all
your cbunsell, and other our good freinds with you, I rest
Yours most assured in ye Lord,
Jo : WINTHROP.
Boston, ye 20. of ye 3. month, 1637.
In ye mean time, the Pequents, espetially in ye win-
ter before, sought to make peace with ye Narigansets,
and used very pernicious arguments to move them
therunto : as that ye English were stranegers and be-
gane to overspred their countrie, and would deprive
them therof in time, if they were suffered to grow
& increse ; and if ye Narigansets did assist ye English
to subdue them, they did but make way for their
owne overthrow, for if they were rooted out, the
English would soone take occasion to subjugate them ;
and if they would harken to them, they should not
neede to fear ye strength of yc English; for they
would not come to open battle with them, but fire
their houses, kill their katle, and lye in ambush for
them as they went abroad upon their occasions ; and
all this they might easily doe without any or litle
danger to them selves. The which course being held,
they well saw the English could not long subsiste, but
they would either be starved with hunger, or be forced
to forsake the countrie ; with many ye like things ; in-
424 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
sonauch that ye Narigansets were once wavering, and
were halfe minded to have made peace with them, and
joyed against ye English. But againe when they con-
sidered, how much wrong they had received from the
Pequents, and what an oppertunitie they now had by
ye help of ye English to right them selves, revenge
was so sweete unto them, as it prevailed above all ye
rest ; so as they resolved to joyne with ye English
against them, & did. [223] The Court here agreed
forwith to send 50. men at their owne charg; and
wth as much speed as posiblie they could, gott them
armed, and had made them ready under sufficiente
leaders, and provided a barke to carrie them provisions
& tend upon them for all occasions ; but when they
were ready to march (with a supply from ye Bay)
they had word to stay, for ye enimy was as good as
vanquished, and their would be no neede.
I shall not take upon me exactly to describe their
proceedings in these things, because I expecte it will
be fully done by them selves, who best know the car-
rage & circumstances of things ; I shall therfore but
touch them in generall. From Connightecute (who
were most sencible of ye hurt sustained, & ye pres-
ent danger), they sett out a partie of men, and an
other partie mett them from ye Bay, at ye Narigansets,
who were to joyne with them. Ye Narigansets were
ernest to be gone before ye English were well rested
and refreshte, espetially some of them which came last.
1637.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 425
It should seeme their desire was to come upon ye
enemie sudenly, & undiscovered. Ther was a barke
of this place, newly put in ther, which was come from
Conightecutte, who did incourage them to lay hold of
ye Indeans forwardnes, and to shew as great forward-
nes as they, for "it would incorage them, and expedi-
tion might prove to their great advantage. So they
went on, and so ordered their march, as the Indeans
brought them to a forte of ye enimies (in which most
of their cheefe men were) before day. They ap-
proached ye same with great silence, and surrounded
it both with English & Indeans, that they might not
breake out ; and so assualted them with great courage,
shooting amongst them, and entered ye forte with all
speed ; and those y* first entered found sharp resist-
ance from the enimie, who both shott at & grapled
with them ; others rane into their howses, & brought
out fire, and sett them on fire, which soone tooke in
their matts, &, standing close togeather, with ye wind,
all was quickly on a flame, and therby more were
burnte to death then was otherwise slain ; it burnte
their bowstrings, and made them unservisable. Those
y* scaped ye fire were slaine with ye sword ; some
hewed to peeces, others rune throw with their rapiers,
so as they were quickly dispatchte, and very few es-
caped. It was conceived they thus destroyed about
400. at this time. It was a fearful I sight to see
them thus frying in ye fyer, and ye streams of blood
426 HISTORY or [BOOK ii.
quenching ye same, and horrible was ye stinck &
sente ther of; but ye victory seemed a sweete sacri-
fice, and they gave the prays therof to God, who had
wrought so wonderfuly for them, thus to inclose their
enimise in their hands, and give them so speedy a
victory over so proud & insulting an enimie. The
Narigansett Indeans, all this while, stood round aboute,
but aloofe from all danger, and left ye whole [224]
execution to ye English, exept it were ye stoping of
any y* broke away, insulting over their enimies in this
their ruine & miserie, when they saw them dancing in
ye flames, calling them by a word in their owne lan-
guage, signifing, O brave Pequents ! which they used
familierly among them selves in their own prayes, in
songs of triumph after their victories. After this ser-
vis was thus happily accomplished, they marcht to the
water side, wher they mett with some of their vesells,
by which they had refreishing with victualls & other
necessaries. But in their march ye rest of ye Pe-
quents drew into a body, and acoasted them, thinking
to have some advantage against them by * reason of
a neck of land; but when they saw the English pre-
pare for them, they kept a loofe, so as they neither
did hurt, nor could receive any. After their refreish-
ing & repair to geather for further counsel! & direc-
tions, they resolved to pursue their victory, and follow
ye warr against ye rest, but ye Narigansett Indeans
* Be in manuscript.
1637.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 427
most of them forsooke them, and such of them as they
had with them for guids, or otherwise, they found
them very could and backward in ye bussines, ether
out of envie, or y* they saw ye English would make
more profite of ye victorie then they were willing
they should, or els deprive them of such advantage as
them selves desired by having them become tributaries
unto them, or ye like.
For ye rest of this bussines, I shall only relate ye
same as it is in a leter which came from Mr. Win-
throp to ye Govr hear, as folio weth.
Worthy Sr: I received your loving letter, and am much
provocked to express my affections towards you, but strait-
nes of time forbids me ; for my desire is to acquainte you
with ye Lords greate mercies towards us, in our prevailing
against his & our enimies ; that you may rejoyce and praise
his name with us. About 80. of our men, haveing costed
along towards ye Dutch plantation, (some times by water,
but most by land,) mett hear & ther with some Pequents,
whom they slew or tooke prisoners. 2. sachems they tooke,
& beheaded ; and not hearing of Sassacous, (the cheefe
sachem,) they gave a prisoner his life, to goe and find
him out. He weute and brought them word where he was,
but Sassacouse, suspecting him to be a spie, after he was
gone, fled away with some 20. more to ye Mo wakes, so our
men missed of him. Yet, deviding them selves, and rang-
ing up & downe, as ye providence of God guided them (for
ye Indeans were all gone, save 3. or 4. and they knew not
whither to guid them, or els would not), upon ye 13. of this
month, they light upon a great company of them, viz. 80.
strong men, & 200. women & children, in a small Indean
428 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
towne, fast by a hideous swamp, which they all slipped into
before our men could gett to them. Our captains were not
then come togeither, but ther was Mr. Ludlow and Captaine
Masson, with some 10. [225] of their men, & Captaine
Patrick with some 20. or more of his, who, shooting at ye
Indeans, Captaine Trask with 50. more came soone in at
ye noyse. Then they gave order to surround ye swampe, it
being aboute a mile aboute ; but Levetenante Davenporte &
some 12. more, not hearing that comand, fell into ye swampe
among ye Indeans. The swampe was so thicke kwith shrub-
woode, & so boggie with all, that some of them stuck
fast, and received many shott. Levetenant Davenport was
dangerously wounded aboute his armehole, and another shott
in ye head, so as, fainting, they were in great danger to
have been taken by ye Indeans. But Sargante Rigges, &
'Jeffery, and 2. or 3. more, rescued them, and slew diverse
of ye Indeans with their swords. After they were drawne
out, the Indeans desired parley, & were offered (by Thomas
Stauton, our interpretour) that, if they would come out,
and yeeld them selves, they should have their lives, all
that had not their hands in ye English blood. Wherupon
ye sachem of ye place came forth, and an old man or 2. &
their wives and children, and after that some other women
& children, and so they spake 2. howers, till it was night.
Then Thomas Stanton was sente into them againe, to call
them forth; but they said they would selle their lives their,
and so shott at him so thicke as, if he had not cried out,
and been presently rescued, they had slaine him. Then our
men cutt of a place of ye swampe with their swords, and
cooped the Indeans into so narrow a compass, as they could
easier kill them throw ye thickets. So they continued all
ye night, standing aboute 12. foote one from an other, and
ye Indeans, coming close up to our men, shot their arrows
so thicke, as they pierced their hatte brimes, & their sleeves,
1637.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 429
& stockins, & other parts of their cloaths, yet so miracu-
lously did the Lord preserve them as not one of them was
wounded, save those 3. who rashly went into ye swampe.
"When it was nere day, it grue very darke, so as those of
them which were left dropt away betweene our men, though
they stood but 12. or 14. foote assunder ; but were presenly
discovered, & some killed in ye pursute. Upon searching of
ye swampe, ye next morning, they found 9. slaine, & some
they pulled up, whom ye Indeans had buried in ye mire, so
as they doe thinke that, of all this company, not 20. did
escape, for they after found some who dyed in their flight
of their wounds received. The prisoners were devided, some
to those of ye river, and the rest to us. Of these we send
ye male children to Bermuda,* by Mr. William Peirce, & ye
women & maid children are disposed aboute in ye townes.
Ther have been now slaine & taken, in all, aboute 700.
The rest are dispersed, and the Indeans in all quarters so
terrified as all their friends are affraid to receive them. 2.
of ye sachems of Long Hand came to Mr. Stoughton and
tendered them selves to be tributaries under our protection.
And 2. of ye Neepnett sachems have been with me to seeke
our frendship. Amonge the prisoners we have ye wife &
children of Mononotto, a womon of a very modest counte-
nance and behaviour. It was by her mediation that thef
2. English [226] maids were spared from death, and were
kindly used by her ; so that I have taken charge of her.
One of her first requests was, that the English would not
abuse her body, and that her children might not be taken
from her. Those which were wounded were fetched of soone
by John Galopp, who came with his shalop in a happie
houre, to bring them victuals, and to carrie their wounded
men to ye pinass, wher our cheefe surgeon was, wth Mr.
* But yey were carried to ye West-Indeas.
t They in the manuscript.
430 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
Willson, being aboute 8. leagues off. Our people are all in
health, (ye Lord be praised,) and allthough they had marched
in their armes all ye day, and had been in fight all ye night,
yet they professed they found them selves so fresh as they
could willingly have gone to such another bussines.
This is ye substance of that which I received, though I am
forced to omite many considerable circomstances. So, being
in much straitnes of time, (the ships being to departe within
this 4. days, and in them the Lord Lee and M*. Vane,) I
hear breake of, and with harty saints to, &c., I rest
Yours assured,
Jo : WINTHROP.
The 28. of ye 5. month, 1637.
The captains reporte we have slaine 13. sachems ; but Sas-
sacouse & Monotto are yet living.
That I may make an end of this matter : this Sassa-
couse (ye Pequents cheefe sachem) being fled to y*
Mowhakes, they cutt of his head, with some other
of ye cheefe of them, whether to satisfie ye English, or
rather ye Narigansets, (who, as I have since heard,
hired them to doe it,) or for their owne advantage,
I well know not ; but thus this warr tooke end. The
rest of ye Pequents were wholy driven from their
place, and some of them submitted them selves to ye
Narigansets, & lived under them ; others of them be-
tooke them selves to ye Monhiggs, under Uncass, their
sachem, wth the approbation of ye English of Conigh-
tecutt, under whose protection Uncass lived, and he
and his men had been faithful to them in this warr,
& done them very good service. But this did so vexe
1637.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 431
the Narrigansetts, that they had not ye whole sweay
over them, as they have never ceased plotting and
contriving how to bring them under, and because they
cannot attaine their ends, because of ye English who
have protected them, they have sought to raise a
generall conspiracie against ye English, as will appear
in an other place.
They had now letters againe out of England from
Mr. Andrews & Mr. Beachamp, that Mr. Sherley neither
had nor would pay them any money, or give them any
accounte, and so with much discontent desired them
hear to send them some, much blaming them still, that
they had sent all to Mr. Sherley, & none to them
selves. Now, though they might have justly referred
them to their former answer, and insisted ther upon,
& some wise men counselled them so to doe, yet be-
cause they beleeved that [227] they were realy out
round sumes of money, (espetialy Mr. Andrews,) and
they had some in their hands, they resolved to send
them what bever they had.* Mr. Sherleys letters were
to this purpose : that, as they had left him in ye
paiment of ye former bills, so he had tould them he
would leave them in this, and beleeve it, they should
find it true. And he was as good as his word, for
they could never gett peney from him, nor bring him
to any accounte, though Mr. Beachamp sued him in ye
Chancerie. But they all of them turned their com-
* But staid it till y° next year.
432 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
plaints against them here, wher ther was least cause,
and who had suffered most unjustly; first from Mr.
Allerton & them, in being charged with so much of
y* which they never had, nor drunke for; and now
in paying all, & more then all (as they conceived), and
yet still thus more demanded, and that with many
heavie charges. They now discharged Mr. Sherley from
his agencie, and forbad him to buy or send over any
more goods for them, and prest him to come to some
end about these things.
Anno Dom: 1638.
THIS year Mr. Thomas Prence was chosen Govr.
Amongst other enormities that fell out amongst them,
this year 3. men were (after due triall) executed for
robery & murder which they had committed ; their
names were these, Arthur Peach, Thomas Jackson, and
Eichard Stinnings ; ther was a 4., Daniel Crose, who
was also guilty, but he escaped away, and could not
be found. This Arthur Peach was ye cheefe of them,
and ye ring leader of all ye rest. He was a lustie
and a desperate yonge man, and had been one of ye
souldiers in ye Pequente warr, and had done as good
servise as ye most ther, and one of ye forwardest in
any attempte. And being now out of means, and loath
to worke, and falling to idle courses & company, he
intended to goe to ye Dutch plantation ; and had alured
these 3., being other mens servants and apprentices,
1638.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 433
to goe with him. But another cause ther was allso
of his secret going away in this maner ; he was not
only rune into debte, but he had gott a maid with
child, (which was not known till after his death,) a
mans servante in ye towne, and fear of punishmente
made him gett away. The other 3. complotting with
him, rane away from their maisters in the night, and
could not be heard of, for they went not ye ordinarie
way, but shaped such a course as they thought to
avoyd ye pursute of any [228]. But falling into ye way
that lyeth betweene ye Bay of Massachusetts and the
Narrigansets, and being disposed to rest them selves,
struck fire, and took tobaco, a litle out of ye way,
by ye way side. At length ther came a Narigansett
Indean by, who had been in ye Bay a trading, and
had both cloth & beads aboute him. (They had meett
him ye day before, & he was now returning.) Peach
called him to drinke tobaco with them, and he came
& sate downe with them. Peach tould ye other he
would kill him, and take what he had from him. But
they were some thing afraid; but he said, Hang him,
rogue, he had killed many of them. So they let him
alone to doe as he would ; and when he saw his time,
he tooke a rapier and rane him through the body once
or twise, and tooke from him 5. fathume of wampam,
and 3. coats of cloath, and wente their way, leaving
him for dead. But he scrabled away, when they were
gone, and made shift to gett home, (but dyed within
434 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
a few days after,) by which means they were dis-
covered ; and by subtilty the Indeans tooke them. For
they desiring a canow to sett them over a water,
(not thinking their facte had been known,) by ye
sachems comand they were carried to Aquidnett Hand,
& ther accused of ye murder, and were examed &
comitted upon it by ye English ther. The Indeans sent
for Mr. Williams, & made a greeveous complain te ; his
freinds and kinred were ready to rise in armes, and
provock the rest therunto, some conceiving they should
now find ye Pequents words trew : that ye English
would fall upon them. But Mr. Williams pacified
them, & tould them they should see justice done upon
ye offenders ; & wente to ye man, & tooke Mr. James,
a phisition, with him. The man tould him who did it,
& in what maner it was done; but ye phisition found
his wounds mortall, and that he could not live, (as he
after testified upon othe, before ye jurie* in oppen
courte,) and so he dyed shortly after, as both Mr.
Williams, Mr. James, & some Indeans testified in
courte. The Govrt in ye Bay were aquented with it,
but refferrd it hither, because it was done in this
jurisdiction ; * but pressed by all means y* justice
might be done in it ; or els ye countrie must rise &
see justice done, otherwise it would raise a warr. Yet
some of ye rude & ignorante sorte murmured that any
* And yet afterwards they laid claime to those parts in ye controversie
about Seacunk.
1638.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 435
English should be put to death for ye Indeans. So at
last they of ye iland brought them hither, and being
often examened, and ye evidence prodused, they all in
the end freely confessed in effect all y* the Indean
accused them of, & that they had done it, in ye maner
afforesaid; and so, upon ye forementioned evidence,
were cast by ye jurie, & condemned, & executed for
the same. And some of ye Narigansett Indeans, & of
ye parties freinds, were presente when it was done,
which gave them & all ye countrie good satisfaction.
But it was a matter of much sadnes to them hear,
and was ye 2. execution which they had since they
came ; being both for wilfull murder, as hath bene
before related. Thus much of this mater.
[229] They received this year more letters from
England full of reneued complaints, on ye one side,
that they could gett no money nor accounte from Mr.
Sherley; & he againe, y1 he was pressed therto, saying
he was to accounte with those hear, and not with
them, &c. So, as was before resolved, if nothing came
of their last letters, they would now send them what
they could, as supposing, when some good parte was
payed them, that Mr. Sherley & they would more
easily agree aboute ye remainder.
So they sent to Mr. Andrews and Mr. Beachamp, by
Mr. Joseph Yonge, in ye Mary & Anne, 1325*. waight
of beaver, devided betweene them. Mr. Beachamp re-
turned an accounte of his moyety, that he made 400*.
436 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
starling of it, fraight and all charges paid. But Mr.
Andrews, though he had ye more and beter parte, yet
he made not so much of his, through his owne indis-
cretion ; and yet turned ye loss * upon them hear, but
without cause.
They sent them more by bills & other paimente,
which was received & acknowledged by them, in
money f & ye like ; which was for katle sould of Mr.
Allertons, and ye price of a bark sold, which belonged
to ye stock, and made over to them in money, 434*.
sterling. The whole sume was 1234U. sterling, save
what Mr. Andrews lost in ye beaver, which was other-
wise made good. But yet this did not stay their
clamors, as will apeare here after more at large.
It pleased God, in these times, so to blesse ye cuntry
with such access & confluance of people into it, as it
was therby much inriched, and catle of all kinds stood
at a high rate for diverce years together. Kine were
sould at 20K. and some at 25ti. a peece, yea, some
times at 2811. A cow-calfe usually at 10H. A milch
goate at 3U. & some at 4*. And femall kids at 30s.
and often at 40s. a peece. By which means ye anciente
planters which had any stock begane to grow in their
estats. Corne also wente at a round rate, viz. 6s. a
bushell. So as other trading begane to be neglected;
and the old partners (having now forbidden Mr. Sherley
to send them any more goods) broke of their trade at
* Being about 40*. f And devided betweene them.
1638.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 437
Kenebeck, and, as things stood, would follow it no
longer. But some of them, (with other they joyned
with,) being loath it should be lost by discontinuance,
agreed with ye company for it, and gave them aboute
ye 6. parte of their gaines for it; [230] * with ye first
fruits of which they builte a house for a prison ; and
the trade ther hath been since continued, to ye great
benefite of ye place ; for some well fore-sawe that these
high prises of corne and catle would not long continue,
and that then ye comodities ther raised would be much
missed.
This year, aboute ye 1. or 2. of June, was a great
& fearfull earthquake ; it was in this place heard be-
fore it was felte. It came with a rumbling noyse, or
low murmure, like unto remoate thunder; it came from
ye norward, & pased southward. As ye noyse aproched
nerer, they earth begane to shake, and came at length
with that violence as caused platters, dishes, & such
like things as stoode upon shelves, to clatter & fall
downe ; yea, persons were afraid of ye houses them
selves. It so fell oute y* at ye same time diverse of
ye cheefe of this towne were mett together at one
house, conferring with some of their freinds that were
upon their removall from ye place, (as if ye Lord
would herby shew ye signes of his displeasure, in their
shaking a peeces & removalls one from an other.)
How ever it was very terrible for ye time, and as
• 130 in MS.
438 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
ye men were set talking in ye house, some women
& others were without ye dores, and ye earth shooke
with yl violence as they could not stand without
catching hould of ye posts & pails y* stood next
them ; but ye violence lasted not long. And about
halfe an hower, or less, came an other noyse &
shaking, but nether so loud nor strong as ye former,
but quickly passed over ; and so it ceased. It was
not only on ye sea coast, but ye Indeans felt it
within land; and some ships that were upon ye coast
were shaken by it. So powerfull is ye mighty hand of
ye Lord, as to make both the earth & sea to shake,
and the mountaines to tremhle before him, when he
pleases ; and who can stay his hand ? It was observed
that ye somers, for divers years togeather after this
earthquake, were not so hotte & seasonable for ye
ripning of corne & other fruits as formerly ; but
more could & moyst, & subjecte to erly & untirnly
frosts, by which, many times, much Indean corne
xjame not to maturitie ; but whether this was any
cause, I leave it to naturallists to judge.
Anno Dom: 1639. & Anno Dom: 1640.
THESE 2. years I joyne togeather, because in them
fell not out many things more then ye ordinary pas-
sages of their comone affaires, which are not need-
full to be touched. [231] Those of this plantation
having at sundrie times granted lands for severall
1639, 1640.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 439
townships, and amongst ye rest to ye inhabitants of
Sityate, some wherof issewed from them selves, and
allso a large tracte of land was given to their 4.
London partners in y* place, viz. Mr. Sherley, Mr.
Beacham, Mr. Andrews, & Mr. Hatherley. At Mr.
Hatherley's request and choys it was by him taken
for him selfe and them in y* place ; for the other
3. had invested him with power & trust to chose
for them. And this tracte of land extended to their
utmoste limets that way, and bordered on their neig-
bours of ye Massachusets, who had some years after
seated a towne (called Hingam) on their lands next
to these parts. So as now ther grue great difierance
betweene these 2. townships, about their bounds, and
some meadow grownds that lay betweene them. They
of Hingam presumed to alotte parte of them to their
people, and measure & stack them out. The other
pulled up their stacks, & threw them. So it grew
to a controversie betweene the 2. goverruents, & many
letters and passages were betweene them aboute it ;
and it hunge some 2. years in suspense. The Courte
of Massachusets appointed some to range their line
according to ye bounds of their patente, and (as they
wente to worke) they made it to take in all Sityate,
and I know not how much more. Againe, on ye
other hand, according to ye line of ye patente of
this place, it would take in Hingame and much more
within their bounds.
440 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
In ye end boath Courts agreed to chose 2. comis-
sioners of each side, and to give them full & absolute
power to agree and setle ye bounds betwene them ; and
what they should doe in ye case should stand irrevo-
cably. One meeting they had at Hingam, but could
not conclude ; for their comissioners stoode stiffly on
a clawes in their graunte, That from Charles-river,
or any branch or parte therof, they were to extend
their limits, and 3. myles further to ye southward;
or from ye most southward parte of ye Massachusets
Bay, and 3. mile further. But they chose to stand
on ye former termes, for they had found a smale
river, or brooke rather, that a great way with in
land trended southward, and issued into some part
of y1 river taken to be Charles-river, and from ye
most southerly part of this, & 3. mile more south-
ward of ye same, they would rune a line east to ye
sea, aboute 20. mile ; which will (say they) take in
a part of Plimoth itselfe. Now it is to be knowne
y* though this patente & plantation were much the
ancienter, yet this inlargemente of ye same (in which
Sityate stood) was granted after theirs, and so theirs
were first to take place, before this inlargmente. Now
their answer was, first, that, however according to their
owne plan, they could noway come upon any part of
their ancieante grante. [232] 2ly. They could never
prove y* to be a parte of Charles-river, for they knew
not which was Charles-river, but as ye people of this
1639, 1640.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 441
place, which came first, imposed such a name upon
y* river, upon which, since, Charles-towne is builte
(supposing y* was it, which Captaine Smith in his
mapp so named). Now they y* first named it have
best reason to know it, and to explaine which is it.
But they only tooke it to be Charles river, as fare
as it was by them navigated, and y1 was as farr as
a boate could goe. But y* every runlett or small
brooke, y* should, farr within land, come into it, or
mixe their stremes with it, and were by ye natives
called by other & difierente names from it, should
now by them be made Charles-river, or parts of it,
they saw no reason for it. And gave instance in
Humber, in Old England, which had ye Trente, Ouse,
and many others of lesser note fell into it, and yet
were not counted parts of it ; and many smaler rivers
& broks fell into ye Trente, & Ouse, and no parts
of them, but had nams aparte, and divisions & nom-
inations of them selves. Againe, it was pleaded that
they had no east line in their patente, but were to
begine at ye sea, and goe west by a line, &c. At
this meeting no conclution was made, but things dis-
cussed & well prepared for an issue. The next year
ye same comissioners had their power continued or re-
newed, and mett at Sityate, and concluded ye mater,
as folio weth.
442 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
The agreemente of ye bounds betwixte Plimoth and Massa-
chusetts.
Wheras ther were tow comissiones granted by ye 2. juris-
dictions, ye one of Massachsets Goverrnente, granted unto
John Endecott, gent : and Israeli Stoughton, gent : the other
of New-Plimoth Govermente, to William Bradford, Govr, and
Edward Winslow, gent: and both these for ye setting out,
setliug, & determining of ye bounds & lirnitts of ye lands
betweene ye said jurisdictions, wherby not only this presente
age, but ye posteritie to come may live peaceably & quietly
in y4 behalfe. And for as much as ye said comissioners on
both sids have full power so to doe, as appeareth by ye
records of both jurisdictions ; we therfore, ye said comissioners
above named, doe hearby with one consente & agreemente
conclude, detirmine, and by these presents declare, that all
ye marshes at Couahasett y4 lye of ye one side of ye river
next to Hingam, shall belong to ye jurisdition of Massa-
chusetts Plantation ; and all ye marshes y4 lye on ye other
side of ye river next to Sityate, shall be long to ye jurisdiction
of New-Plimoth; excepting 60. acers of marsh at ye mouth
of ye river, on Sityate side next to the sea, which we doe
herby agree, conclude, & detirmine shall belong to ye juris-
dition of Massachusetts. And further, we doe hearby agree,
determine, and conclude, y4 the bounds of ye limites betweene
both ye said jurisditions are as followeth, viz. from ye mouth
of ye brook y4 runeth into Chonahasett marches (which we
call by ye name of Bound-brooke) with a stright & directe
line to ye rnidle of a great ponde, y4 lyeth on ye right hand
of ye uper path, or commone way, y4 leadeth betweene
Waimoth and Plimoth, close to ye path as [233] we goe
alonge, which was formerly named (and still we desire may
be caled) Accord pond, lying aboute five or 6. myles from
Weimoth southerley ; and from thence with a straight line to
1639, 1640.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 443
ye souther-most part of Charles-river,* & 3. miles southerly,
inward into ye countrie, according as is expresed in ye patente
granted by his Matie to ye Company of ye Massachusetts Plan-
tation. Provided allways and never ye less concluded &
determined by mutuall agreemente betweene ye said comis-
sioners, y4 if it fall out yl the said line from Accord-pond
to ye sothermost parte of Charles-river, & 3. myles southerly
as is before expresed, straiten or hinder any parte of any
plantation begune by ye G-overt of New-Plimoth, or hereafter
to be begune within 10. years after ye date of these j>snts,
that then, notwithstanding ye said line, it shall be lawfull
for ye said Govrt of New-Plimoth to assume on ye northerly
side of ye said line, wher it shall so intrench as afforesaid,
so much land as will make up ye quantity of eight miles
square, to belong to every shuch plantation begune, or to
[be] begune as afforesaid ; which we agree, determine, &
conclude to appertaine & belong to ye said Grovrt of New-
Plimoth. And wheras ye said line, from ye said brooke which
runeth into Choahassett saltmarshes, called by us Bound-
brooke, and ye pond called Accord-pond, lyeth nere ye lands
belonging to ye touuships of Sityate & Hingam, we doe ther-
fore hereby determine & conclude, that if any devissions
allready made and recorded, by either ye said townships, doe
crose the said line, that then it shall stand, & be of force
according to ye former intents and purposes of ye said townes
granting them (the marshes formerly agreed on exepted).
And y* no towne in either jurisdiction shall hereafter ex-
ceede, but containe them selves within ye said lines expressed.
In witnes wherof we, the comissioners of both jurisdictions,
doe by these presents indented set our hands & scales ye
ninth day of ye 4. month in 16. year of our soveraine lord,
king Charles ; and in ye year of our Lord, 1640.
WILLIAM BRADFORD, Govr. Jo: ENDECOTT.
ED : WINSLOW. ISRAELL STOUGHTON.
Which is Charles River may still be questioned.
444 HISTORY OF [BOOK ii.
Wheras ye patente was taken in ye name of William
Bradford, (as in trust,) and rane in these termes : To
him, his heires, and associate & assignes ; and now ye
noumber of free-men being much increased, and diverce
tounships established and setled in severall quarters of
ye govermente, as Plimoth, Duxberie, Sityate, Tanton,
Sandwich, Yarmouth, Barnstable, Marchfeeld, and not
longe after, Seacunke (called afterward, at ye desire
of ye inhabitants, Eehoboth) and Nawsett, it was by
ye Courte desired that William Bradford should make a
surrender of ye same into their hands. The which he
willingly did, in this maner following.
Wheras William Bradford, and diverce others ye first in-
struments of God in the begining of this great work of
plantation, togeather with such as ye allordering hand of God
in his providence soone added unto them, have been at very
great charges to procure ye lands, priviledges, & freedoms
from all intanglments, as may appeare by diverse & sundrie
deeds, inlargments of grants, purchases, and payments of
debts, &c., by reason wherof ye title to ye day of these
presents [234] remaineth in ye said William Bradford, his
heires, ussociats, and assignes : now, for ye better setling
of ye estate of the said lands (contained in ye grant or
pattente), the said William Bradford, and those first instru-
ments termed & called in sondry orders upon publick recorde,
Ye Purchasers, or Old comers; witnes 2. in spetiall, the one
bearing date ye 3. of March, 1639. the other in Des : the
1. An0 1640. wherunto these presents have spetiall relation
& agreemente, and wherby they are distinguished from other
ye freemen & inhabitants of ye said corporation. Be it
knowne unto all men, therfore, by these presents, that the
1639, 1640.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 445
said William Bradford, for him selfe, his heires, together with
ye said purchasers, doe only reserve unto them selves, their
heires, and assignes those 3. tractes of land mentioned in ye
said resolution, order, and agreernente, bearing date ye first
of Des : 1640. viz. first, from ye bounds of Yarmouth, 3. miles
to ye eastward of Naemschatet, and from sea to sea, crose
the neck of land. The 2. of a place called Acoughcouss,
which lyeth in ye botome of ye bay adjoyning to ye west-side
of Pointe Perill, and 2. myles to ye westerne side of ye said
river, to an other place called Acushente river, which entereth
at ye westerue end of Nacata, and 2. miles to ye eastward
therof, and to extend 8. myles up into ye countrie. The
3. place, from Sowansett river to Patucket river, (with Caw-
sumsett neck,) which is ye cheefe habitation of ye Indeans,
& reserved for them to dwell upon,) extending into ye laud 8.
myles through ye whole breadth therof. Togeather with such
other small parcells of lands as they or any of them are per-
sonally possessed of or intressed in, by vertue of any former
titles or grante whatsoever. And ye said William Bradford
doth, by ye free & full consente, approbation, and agreemente
of ye said old-planters, or purchasers, together with ye liking,
approbation, and acceptation of ye other parte of ye said
corporation, surrender into ye hands of ye whole courte, con-
sisting of ye free-men of this corporation of New-Pliinoth, all
yl other right & title, power, authority, priviledges, immu-
nities, & freedomes granted in ye said letters patents by ye
said right Honble Counsell for New-England ; reserveing his
& their personall right of freemen, together wth the said old
planters afforesaid, excepte ye said lands before excepted,
declaring the freemen of this corporation, togeather with all
such as shal be legally admitted into ye same, his associats.
And ye said William Bradford, for him, his heiers, & assignes,
doe hereby further promise and grant to doe & performe
whatsoever further thing or things, acte or actes, which in
him lyeth, which shall be needfull and expediente for ye better
446 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
confirming and establishing the said premises, as by counsel
lerned in ye lawes shall be reasonably advised and devised,
when he shall be ther unto required. In witness wherof, the
said William Bradford hath in publick courte surrendered
the said letters patents actually into ye hands & power of ye
said courte, binding him selfe, his heires, executors, admin-
istrators, and assignes to deliver up whatsoever spetialties are
in his hands that doe or may concerne the same.
[235] In these 2. years they had sundry letters out
of England to send one over to end the buissines and
accounte with Mr. Sherley ; who now professed he
could not make up his accounts without yc help of
some from hence, espetialy Mr. Winslows. They had
serious thoughts of it, and ye most parte of ye partners
hear thought it best to send ; but they had formerly
written such bitter and threatening letters as Mr. Wins-
low was neither willing to goe, nor y* any other of ye
partners should ; for he was perswaded, if any of them
wente, they should be arested, and an action of such
a sume layed upon them as they should not procure
baele, but must lye in prison, and then they would
bring them to what they liste ; or other wise they
might be brought into trouble by ye arch-bishops
means, as ye times then stood. But, notwithstand-
ing, they weer much inclined to send, & Captaine
Standish was willing to goe, but they resolved, see-
ing they could not all agree in this thing, and that
it was waighty, and ye consequence might prove dan-
gerous, to take Mr. Winthrops advise in ye thing,
1639, 1640.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 447
and ye rather, because Mr. Andrews had by many
letters acquaynted him with ye differences betweene
them, and appoynted him for his assigoe to receive
his parte of ye debte. (And though they deneyed to
pay him any as a debte, till ye controversie was ended,
yet they had deposited 110". in money in his hands
for Mr. Andrews, to pay to him in parte as soone
as he would come to any agreement with ye rest.)
But Mr. Winthrop was of Mr. Winslows minde, and
disswaded them from sending ; so they broak of their
resolution from sending, and returned this answer:
that the times were dangerous as things stood with
them, for they knew how Mr. Winslow had suffered
formerley, and for a small matter was clapte up in
ye Fleete, & it was long before he could gett out,
to both his & their great loss and damage ; and
times were not better, but worse, in y* respecte.
Yet, that their equall & honest minds might appeare
to all men, they made them this tender : to refferr ye
case to some gentle-men and marchants in ye Bay of
ye Massachusetts, such as they should chuse, and were
well knowne unto them selves, (as they perceived
their wer many of their aquaintance and freinds ther,
better knowne to them then ye partners hear,) and
let them be informed in ye case by both sids, and
have all ye evidence yl could be prodused, in writ-
ing, or other wise ; and they would be bound to
stand to their determination, and make good their
448 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
award, though it should cost them all they had in
ye world. But this did not please them, but they
were offended at it, without any great reasone for
ought I know, (seeing nether side could give in clear
accountes, ye partners here could not, by reason they
(to their smarte) were failed by ye accountant e they
sent them, and Mr. Sherley pretened he could not
allso,) save as they conceived it a disparagmente
to yeeld to their inferiours in respecte of ye place
and other concurring circomstances. So this came to
nothing ; and afterward Mr. Sherley write, y4 if Mr.
Winslow would mett him in France, ye Low-Coun-
tries, or Scotland, let ye place be knowne, and he
[236] come to him ther. But in regard of yc troubles
that now begane to arise in our owne nation, and
other reasons, this did not come to any effecte. That
which made them so desirous to bring things to an
end was partly to stope ye clamours and aspertions
raised & cast upon them hereaboute ; though they
conceived them selves to sustaine the greatest wrong,
and had most cause of complainte ; and partly because
they feared ye fall of catle, in which most parte of
their estats lay. And this was not a vaine feare ;
for they fell indeede before they came to a conclu-
sion, and that so souddanly, as a cowe that but a
month before was worth 20y., and would so have
passed in any paymente, fell now to 5M. and would
yeeld no more; and a goate that wente at 3a. or 50s.
1641.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 449
would now yeeld but 8. or 10s. at most. All men
feared a fall of catle, but it was thought it would
be by degrees ; and not to be from ye highest pitch
at once to ye lowest, as it did, which was greatly
to ye damage of many, and ye undoing of some. An
other reason was, they many of them grew aged,
(and indeed a rare thing it was that so many part-
ners should all live together so many years as these
did,) and saw many changes were like to befall; so
as they were loath to leave these intanglments upon
their children and posteritie, who might be driven to
remove places, as they had done ; yea, them selves
might doe it yet before they dyed. But this bussi-
nes must yet rest ; ye next year gave it more rip-
nes, though it rendred them less able to pay, for
ye reasons afforesaid.
Anno Dom: 1641.
MR. SHERLEY being weary of this controversie, and
desirous of an end, (as well as them selves,) write to
Mr. John Atwode and Mr. William Collier, 2. of ye
inhabitants of this place, and of his speatiall aquaint-
ance, and desired them to be a means to bring this
bussines to an end, by advising & counselling the
partners hear, by some way to bring it to a composi-
tion, by mutuall agreemente. And he write to them
selves allso to y1 end, as by his letter may apear ; so
much therof as concernse ye same I shall hear relate.
450 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
Sr. My love remembered, &c. I have writte so much con-
cerning ye ending of accounts betweexte us, as I profess I
know not what more to write, &c. If you desire an end,
as you seeme to doe, ther is (as I conceive) but 2. waise ;
that is, to parfecte all accounts, from ye first to ye last, &c.
Now if we find this difficulte, and tedious, haveing not been
so stricte & carefull as we should and oughte to have
done, as for my owne parte I doe confess I have been some-
what to remisse, and doe verily thinke so are you, &c. I
fear you can never make a perfecte accounte of all your
pety viages, out, & home too & againe, &c.* So then ye
second way must be, by biding, or [237] compounding ; and
this way, first or last, we must fall upon, &c. If we must
warr at law for it, doe not you expecte from me, nether
will I from you, but to cleave ye heare, and then I dare say
ye lawyers will be most gainers, &c. Thus let us set to ye
worke, -one way or other, and end, that I may not allways
suffer in my name & estate. And you are not free ; nay,
ye gospell suffers by your delaying, and causeth ye professors
of it to be hardly spoken of, that you, being many, & now
able, should combine & joyne togeather to oppress & bur-
den me, &c. Fear not to make a faire & reasonable offer ;
beleeve me, I will never take any advantage to plead it
against you, or to wrong you ; or else let Mr. Winslow come
over, and let him have such full power & authority as we may
ende by compounding ; or else, ye accounts so well and fully
made up, as we may end by reconing. Now, blesed be God,
ye times be much changed here, I hope to see many of you
returne to your native countrie againe, and have such free-
dome & libertie as ye word of God prescribs. Our bishops
were never so near a downfall as now ; God hath miracu-
lously confounded them, and turned all their popish &
* This was but to pretend advantage, for it could not be done, neither did
it need.
1641.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 451
Machavillian plots & projects on their owne heads, &c.
Thus you see what is fitt to be done concerning our per-
ticulere greevances. I pray you take it seriously into consid-
eration ; let each give way a litle that we may me4ete, &c.
Be you and all yours kindly saluted, &c. So I ever rest,
Your loving friend,
JAMES SHERLEY.
Clapham, May 18. 1641.
Being thus by this leter, and allso by Mr. Atwodes
& Mr. Colliers mediation urged to bring things to an
end, (and ye continuall clamors from ye rest,) and by
none more urged then by their own desires, they tooke
this course (because many scandals had been raised
upon them). They apoynted these 2. men before men-
tioned to meet on a certaine day, and called some
other freinds on both sids, and Mr. Free-man, brother
in law to Mr. Beachamp, and having drawne up a col-
lection of all ye remains of ye stock, in what soever it
was, as housing, boats, bark, and all implements be-
longing to ye same, as they were used in ye time of
ye trad, were they better or worce, with ye remaines
of all comodities, as beads, knives, hatchetts, cloth, or
any thing els, as well ye refuse as ye more vendible,
with all debts, as well those y* were desperate as
others more hopefull ; and having spent diverce days
to bring this to pass, having ye helpe of all bookes and
papers, which either any of them selves had, or Josias
Winslow, who was their accountante ; and they found
ye sume in all to arise (as ye things were valued) to
452 HISTOEY OF [BOOK IT.
aboute 1400H. And they all of them tooke a volun-
tary but a sollem oath, in ye presence one of an
other, and of all their frends, ye persons abovesaid y*
were now presente, that this was all that any of them
knew of, or could remember ; and Josias Winslow did
yc like for his parte. But ye truth is they wrongd
them selves much in ye valuation, for they reconed
some catle as they were taken of Mr. Allerton, as for
instance a cowe in yc hands of one cost 2511. and so
she was valued in this accounte ; but when she came
to be past away in parte of paymente, after ye agree-
mente, she would be accepted but at 4M. 15s. [238]
Also, being tender of their oaths, they brought in all
they knew owing to ye stock ; but they had not made
ye like diligente search what ye stocke might owe to
any, so as many scattering debts fell upon afterwards
more then now they knew of.
Upon this they drew certaine articles of agreemente
betweene Mr Atwode, on Mr. Sherleys behalfe, and
them selves. The effecte is as folloeth.
Articles of agreemente made and concluded upon y6 15. day of
October, 1641. &c.
Im|?: Wheras ther was a partnership for diverce years
agreed upon betweene Jarnes Sherlej7, John Beacham, and
Richard Andrews, of London, marchants, and William Brad-
ford, Edward Winslow, Thomas Prence, Myles Standish,
William Brewster, John Aldon, & John Howland, wth Isaack
Allerton, in a trade of beaver skines & other furrs arising
1641, ] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 453
in New-England ; the terme of which said partnership being
expired, and diverse sanies of money in goods adventured
into New-England by ye said James Sherley, John Beachamp,
& Richard Andrews, and many large returnes made from
New-England by ye said William Bradford, Ed: Winslow,
&c. ; and differance arising aboute ye charge of 2. ships, the
one called ye White Angele, of Bristow, and ye other ye
Frindship, of Barnstable, and a viage intended in her, &c. ;
which said ships & their viages, ye said William Bradford,
Ed : W. &c. conceive doe not at all appertaine to their ac-
counts of partnership ; and weras ye accounts of ye said
partnership are found to be confused, and cannot orderley
appeare (through ye defaulte of Josias Winslow, ye booke
keeper) ; and weras ye said W. B. &c. have received all
their goods for ye said trade from the foresaid James Sher-
ley, and have made most of their returnes to him, by con-
sente of ye said John Beachamp & Richard Andrews ; and
wheras also ye said James Sherley hath given power &
authoritie to Mr. John Atwode, with ye advice & consente
of William Collier, of Duxborow, for and on his behalf e, to
put such an absolute end to ye said partnership, with all
and every accounts, reconings, dues, claimes, demands, what-
soever, to ye said James Sherley, John Beacham, & Richard
Andrews, from ye said W. B. &c. for and concerning ye said
beaver trade, & also ye charge ye said 2. ships, and their
viages made or pretended, whether just or unjuste, from ye
worlds begining to this presente, as also for ye paimente
of a purchas of 1800li. made by Isaack Allertou, for and on
ye behalfe of ye said W. B., Ed: W., &c., and of ye joynt
stock, shares, lands, and adventurs, what soever in New-
England aforesaid, as apeareth by a deede bearing date ye
6. Novbr. 1627; and also for and from such sume and sumes
of money or goods as are received by William Bradford,
Tho : Prence, & Myles Standish, for ye recovery of dues, by
accounts betwexte them, ye said James Sherly, John Bea-
454 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
champ, & Richard Andrews, and Isaack Allerton, for ye ship
caled ye White Angell. Now ye said John Attwode, with ad-
vice & counsell of ye said William Collier, having had much
comunication & spente diverse days in agitation of all ye
said differances & accounts with ye said W. B., E. W.,
&c. ; and ye said W. B., E. W., &c. have also, with ye said
book-keeper spente much time in collecting & gathering
togeither ye remainder of ye stock of partnership for ye said
trade, and what soever hath beene received, or is due by ye
said attorneyship before expresed, and all, and all manner
of goods, debts, and dues therunto belonging, as well those
debts that are weake and doubtfull [239] and desperate, as
those y* are more secure, which in all doe amounte to ye
sume of 1400H. or ther aboute ; and for more full satisfac-
tion of ye said James Sherley, John Beachamp, & Richard
Andrews, the said W. B. and all ye rest of ye abovesaid
partners, togeither with Josias Winslow ye booke keeper,
have taken a voluntarie oath, y* within ye said sume of
140011. or theraboute, is contained whatsoever they knew, to
ye utmost of their rememberauce.
In consideration of all which matters & things before ex-
pressed, and to ye end y* a full, absolute, and finall end
may be now made, and all suits in law may be avoyded,
and love & peace continued, it is therfore agreed and con-
cluded betweene ye said John Attwode, with ye advice &
consent of ye said William Colier, for & on ye behalfe of
ye said James Sherley, to and with ye said W. B., &c. in
maner and forme following: viz. that ye said John Attwode
shall procure a sufficieute release and discharge, under ye
hands & seals of ye said James Sherley, John Beachamp, &
Richard Andrews, to be delivered fayer & unconcealed unto
ye said William Bradford, &c., at or before ye last day of
August, next insuing ye date hereof, whereby ye said William
Bradford &c., their heires, executors, & administrators, &
1641.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 455
every of them shall be fully and absolutly aquited & dis-
charged of all actions, suits, reconings, accounts, claimes, and
demands whatsoever concerning ye generall stock of beaver
trade, paymente of ye said 1800H. for ye purchass, and all
demands, reckonings, and accounts, just or unjuste, con-
cerning the tow ships Whit-Angell and Frendship aforesaid,
togeather with whatsoever hath been received by ye said
William Bradford, of ye goods or estate of Isaack Allerton,
for satisfaction of ye accounts of ye said ship called ye
Whit Angele, by vertue of a Ire of attourney to him, Thomas
Prence, & Myles Standish, directed from ye said James Sher-
ley, John Beachamp, & Richard Andrews, for yl purpose as
afforesaid.
It is also agreed & concluded upon betweene the said
parties to these presents, that the said W. B., E. W., &c.
shall now be bound in 2400li. for paymente of 1200li. in full
satisfaction of all demands as afforesaid ; to be payed in
maner & forme following ; that is to say, 400ti. within 2.
months next after ye receite of the aforesaid releases and
discharges, one hundred and ten pounds wherof is allready
in ye hands of John Winthrop senior of Boston, Esquire, by
the means of Mr. Richard Andrews afforesaid, and 80h.
waight of beaver now deposited into ye hands of ye said
John Attwode, to be both in part of paimente of ye said
400li. and ye other 800li. to be payed by 200H. pr anume, to
such assignes as shall be appointed, inhabiting either in
Plimoth or Massachusetts Bay, in such goods & comodi-
ties, and at such rates, as the countrie shall afford at ye
time of delivery & paymente ; and in ye mean time ye said
bond of 2400li. to be deposited into ye hands of ye said John
Attwode. And it is agreed upon by & betweene ye said
parties to these presents, that if ye said John Attwode shall
not or cannot procure such said releases & discharges as
afforesaid from ye said James Sherley, John Bachamp, &
456 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
Richard Andrews, at or before ye last day of August next
insuing ye date hear of, yl then ye said John Attwode shall,
at ye said day precisely, redeliver, or cause to [240] be de-
livered unto ye said W. B., E. W., &c. their said bond of
2400li. and ye said 80li. waight of beaver, or ye due valew
therof , without any fraud or further delay ; and for perform-
ance of all & singuler ye covenants and agreements hearin
contained and expressed, which on ye one parte and behalf e
of ye said James Sherley are to be observed & performed,
shall become bound in ye sume of 2400U. to them, ye said
"William Bradford, Edward Winslow, Thomas Prence, Myles
Standish, "William Brewster, John Allden, and John How-
laud. And it is lastly agreed upon betweene ye said parties,
that these presents shall be left in trust, to be kepte for
boath parties, in ye hands of Mr. John Reanour, teacher of
Pliinoth. In witnes wherof, all ye said parties have here-
unto severally sett their hands, ye day and year first above
writen.
JOHN ATWODE, WILLIAM BRADFORD, EDWARD WINSLOW, &c.
In ye presence of EDMOND FREEMAN,
WILLIAM THOMAS,
WILLIAM PADY,
NATHANIELL SOUTHER.
The nexte year this long and tedious bussines came
to some issue, as will then appeare, though not to a
finall ende with all ye parties ; but this much for ye
presente.
I had forgoten to inserte in its place how ye church
here had invited and sent for Mr. Charles Chansey,* a
* Mr. Chancey came to them in ye year 1638. and staid till y« later part of
this year 1641.
1641.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 457
reverend, godly, and very lamed man, intending upon
triall to chose him pastor of ye church hear, for ye
more comfortable performance of ye ministrie with Mr.
John Reinor, the teacher of ye same. Bat ther fell
out some differance aboute baptising, he holding it
ought only to be by diping, and putting ye whole body
under water, and that sprinkling was unlawfull. The
church yeelded that immersion, or dipping, was law-
full, but in this could countrie not so conveniente.
But they could not nor durst not yeeld to him in
this, that sprinkling (which all ye churches of Christ
doe for ye most parte use at this day) was unlawfull,
& an humane invention, as ye same was prest ; but
they were willing to yeeld to him as far as yey could,
& to ye utmost ; and were contented to suffer him to
practise as he was perswaded ; and when he came to
minister that ordnance, he might so doe it to any y*
did desire it in y* way, provided he could peacably
suffer Mr. Reinor, and such as desired to have theirs
otherwise baptised by him, by sprinkling or powering
on of water upon them ; so as ther might be no dis-
turbance in ye church hereaboute. But he said he
could not yeeld herunto. Upon which the church pro-
cured some other ministers to dispute ye pointe with
him publikly ; as Mr. Ralfe Partrich, of Duxberie, who
did it sundrie times, very ablie and sufficently, as allso
some other ministers within this govermente. But he
was not satisfied ; so ye church sent to many other
458 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
churches to crave their help and advise in [241] this
mater, and, with his will & consente, sent them his
arguments writen under his owne hand. They sente
them to ye church at Boston in ye Bay of Massachu-
sets, to be comunicated with other churches ther.
Also they sent the same to ye churches of Conighte-
cutt and New-Haven, with sundrie others ; and re-
ceived very able & sufficent answers, as they con-
ceived, from them and their lamed ministers, who all
concluded against him. But him selfe was not satis-
fied therwth. Their answers are too large hear to
relate. They conceived ye church had done what was
meete in ye thing, so Mr. Chansey, having been ye most
parte of 3. years here, removed him selfe to Sityate,
wher he now remaines a minister to ye church ther.
Also about these times, now y* catle & other things
begane greatly to fall from their former rates, and
persons begane to fall into more straits, and many
being allready gone from them, (as is noted before,)
both to Duxberie, Marshfeeld, and other places, &
those of ye cheefe sorte, as Mr. Winslow, Captaine
Standish, Mr. Allden, and many other, & stille some
dropping away daly, and some at this time, and many
more unsetled, it did greatly weaken ye place, and by
reason of ye straitnes and barrennes of ye place, it sett
ye thoughts of many upon removeall ; as will appere
more hereafter.
1642.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 459
Anno Dom: 1642.
MARVILOUS it may be to see and consider how some
kind of wickednes did grow & breake forth here, in a
land wher the same was so much witnesed against, and
so narrowly looked unto, & severly punished when it
was knowne ; as in no place more, or so much, that
I have known or heard of; insomuch as they have
been somewhat censured, even by moderate and good
men, for their severitie in punishments. And yet all
this could not suppress ye breaking out of sundrie no-
torious sins, (as this year, besids other, gives us too
many sad presidents and instances,) espetially drunk-
ennes and unclainnes ; not only incontinencie betweene
persons unmaried, for which many both men & women
have been punished sharply enough, but some rnaried
persons allso. But that which is worse, even socl-
omie and bugerie, (things fearfull to name,) have broak
forth in this land, oftener then once. I say it may
justly be marveled at, and cause us to fear & tremble
at the consideration of our corrupte natures, which are
so hardly bridled, subdued, & mortified ; nay, cannot
by any other means but ye powerfull worke & grace of
Gods spirite. But (besids this) one reason may be,
that ye Divell may carrie a greater spite against the
churches of Christ and ye gospell hear, by how much
ye more they indeaour to preserve holynes and puritie
amongst them, and strictly punisheth the contrary
460 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
when it ariseth either in church or comone wealth ;
that he might cast a [242] blemishe & staine upon
them in ye eyes of [ye] world, who use to be rash in
judgmente. I would rather thinke thus, then that
Satane hath more power in these heathen lands, as
som have thought, then in more Christian nations, es-
petially over Gods servants in them.
2. An other reason may be, that it may be in this
case as it is with waters when their streames are
stopped or damed up, when they gett passage they
flow with more violence, and make more noys and dis-
turbance, then when they are suffered to rune quietly
in their owne chanels. So wikednes being here more
stopped by strict laws, and ye same more nerly looked
unto, so as it cannot rune in a comone road of liberty
as it would, and is inclined, it searches every wher,
and at last breaks out wher it getts vente.
3. A third reason may be, hear (as I am verily per-
swaded) is not more evills in this kind, nor nothing
nere so many by proportion, as in other places ; but
they are here more discoverd and seen, and made pub-
lick by due serch, inquisition, and due punishment;
for ye churches looke narrowly to their members, and
ye magistrats over all, more strictly then in other
places. Besids, here the people are but few in com-
parison of other places, which are full & populous,
and lye hid, as it were, in a wood or thickett, and
many horrible evills by y4 means are never seen nor
1642.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 461
knowne ; wheras hear, they are, as it were, brought
into ye light, and set in y° plaine feeld, or rather on
a hill, made conspicuous to ye veiw of all.
But to proceede ; ther came a letter from ye Govr
in ye Bay to them here, touching matters of ye fore-
mentioned nature, which because it may be usefull
I shall hear relate it, and ye passages ther aboute.
Sr: Having an opportunitie to signifie ye desires of our Gen-
erall Court in toow things of spetiall importance, I willingly
take this occasion to imparte them to you, y4 you may imparte
them to ye rest of your magistrats, and also to your Elders,
for counsell ; and give us your advise in them. The first is
concerning heinous offences in point of uncleannes ; the per-
ticuler cases, with ye circomstances, and ye questions ther
upon, you have hear inclosed. The 2. thing is concerning
ye Ilanders at Aquidnett ; yl seeing the cheefest of them are
gone from us, in offences, either to churches, or comone welth,
or both ; others are dependants on them, and ye best sorte
are such as close with them in all their rejections of us.
Neither is it only in a faction y* they are devided from us,
but in very deed they rend them selves from all ye true
churches of Christ, and, many of them, from all ye powers
of majestracie. We have had some experience hereof by some
of their underworkers, or emissaries, who have latly come
amongst us, and have made publick defiance against magis-
tracie, ministrie, churches, & church covenants, &c. as anti-
Christian ; secretly also sowing ye seeds of Familisme, and
Anabaptistrie, to ye infection of some, and danger of others ;
so that we are not willing to joyne with them in any league
or confederacie at all, but rather that you would consider &
advise with us how we may avoyd them, and keep ours from
being infected by them. Another thing I should mention
462 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
to you, for ye maintenance of ye trad of beaver ; if ther be
not a company to order it in every jurisdition among ye
English, which companies should agree in generall of their
way in trade, I supose that ye trade will be overthrowne, and
ye Indeaus will abuse us. For this cause we have latly put
it into order amongst us, hoping of incouragmente from you
(as we have had) yl we may continue ye same. Thus not
further to trouble you, I rest, with my loving remembrance
to your selfe, &c.
Your loving friend,
Ri : BELLINGHAM.
Boston, 28. (1.) 1642.
The note inclosed follows on ye other side.*
[244] Worthy & beloved Sr:
Your letter (with ye questions inclosed) I have comunicated
with our Assistants, and we have refered ye answer of them
to such Reved Elders as are amongst us, some of whose
answers thertoo we have here sent you inclosed, under their
owne hands ; from ye rest we have not yet received any. Our
farr distance hath bene ye reason of this long delay, as also
y* they could not conferr their counsells togeather.
For our selves, (you know our breedings & abillities,) we
rather desire light from your selves, & others, whom God
hath better inabled, then to presume to give our judgments in
cases so difficulte and of so high a nature. Yet under cor-
rection, and submission to better judgments, we propose this
one thing to your prudent considerations. As it seems to us,
in ye case even of willfull murder, that though a man did
smite or wound an other, with a full pourpose or desire to kill
him, (wch is murder in a high degree, before God,) yet if he
* A leaf is here wanting in the original manuscript, it having been cut out.
1642.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 463
did not dye, the magistrate was not to take away ye others
life.* So by proportion in other grosse & foule sines, though
high attempts & nere approaches to ye same be made, and
such as in the sight & account of God may be as ill as ye
accomplishmente of ye foulest acts of y* sine, yet we doute
whether it may be safe for ye magistrate to proceed to death ;
we thinke, upon ye former grounds, rather he may not. As,
for instance, in ye case of adultrie, (if it be admitted yt it is
to be punished wth death, which to some of us is not cleare,)
if ye body be not actually defiled, then death is not to be
inflicted. So in sodomie, & beastialitie, if ther be not pene-
tration. Yet we confess foulnes of circomstances, and fre-
quencie in ye same, doth make us rernaine in ye darke, and
desire further light from you, or any, as God shall give.
As for ye 2. thing, concerning ye Ilanders? we have no con-
versing with them, nor desire to have, furder then necessitie
or humanity may require.
And as for trade? we have as fair as we could ever therm
held an orderly course, & have been sory to see ye spoyle
therof by others, and fear it will hardly be recovered. But
in these, or any other things which may concerne ye comone
good, we shall be willing to advise & concure with you in
what we may. Thus wth my love remembered to your selfe,
and ye rest of our worthy friends, your Assistants, I take
leave, & rest,
Your loving friend,
W. B.
Plim: 17. 3. month, 1642.
Now follows ye ministers answers. And first Mr.
Reynors.
* Exod: 21. 22. Deu : 19. 11. Nura : 35. 16. 18.
464 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
Qest : What sodmiticall acts are to be punished with death,
& what very facte (ipso facto) is worthy of death, or, if ye
fact it selfe be not capitall, what circomstances concurring
may make it capitall?
Ans : In ye judiciall law (ye moralitie wherof concerneth us)
it is manyfest yl carnall knowledg of man, or lying wth man,
as with woman, cum penetratione corporis, was sodomie, to
be punished with death ; what els can be understood by Levit :
18. 22. & 20. 13. & Gen: 19. 5? 2ly. It seems allso y* this
foule sine might be capitall, though ther was not penitratio
corporis, but only contactus & fricatio us£ ad effusionem
seminis, for these reasons : [245] 1. Because it was sin to be
punished with death, Levit. 20. 13. in ye man who was lyen
withall, as well as in him y4 lyeth with him ; now his sin is
not mitigated wher ther is not penitration, nor augmented
wher it is ; wheras its charged upon ye women, y1 they were
guilty of this unnaturall sine, as well as men, Rom. 1. 26. 27.
Ye same thing doth furder apeare, 2. because of y* proportion
betwexte this sin & beastialitie, wherin if a woman did stand
before, or aproach to, a beast, for y* end, to lye downe therto,
(whether penetration was or not,) it was capitall, Levit : 18.
23. & 20. 16. 3ly. Because something els might be equivalent
to penetration wher it had not been, viz. ye fore mentioned
acts with frequencie and long continuance with a high hand,
utterly extinguishing all light of nature ; besids, full intention
and bould attempting of ye foulest acts may seeme to have
been capitall here, as well as coming presumptuously to slay
with guile was capitall. Exod : 21. 14.
Yet it is not so manyfest y1 ye same acts were to be pun-
ished with death in some other sines of uncleannes, wch yet
by ye law of God were capitall crimes ; besids other reasons,
(1.) because sodomie, & also beastialitie, is more against ye
light of nature then some other capitall crimes of unclainnes,
which reason is to be attended unto, as y* which most of all
1642.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 465
made this sin capitall ; (2.) because it might be comited with
more secrecie & less suspition, & therfore needed ye more to
be restrained & suppresed by ye law ;- (3ly) because ther was
not ye like reason & degree of sining against family & pos-
teritie in this sin as in some other capitall sines of uncleannes.
2. Quest: How farr a magistrate may extracte a confession
from a delinquente, to acuse him selfe of a capitall crime,
seeing Nemo tenetur prodere seipsum.
Ans : A majestrate cannot without sin neglecte diligente
inquision into ye cause brought before him. Job 29. 16.
Pro: 24. 11. 12. & 25. 2. (2ly.) If it be manifest y* a capitall
crime is committed, & y* comone reporte, or probabilitie,
suspition, or some complainte, (or ye like,) be of this or y*
person, a magistrate ought to require, and by all due means
to procure from ye person (so farr allready bewrayed) a naked
confession of ye fact, as apears by y* which is morall & of
perpetuall equitie, both in ye ease of uncertaine murder, Deut :
21. 1. 9. and slander, Deut: 22. 13. 21; for though nemo
tenetur prodere seipsum, yet by that wch may be known to ye
magistrat by ye forenamed means, he is bound thus to doe,
or els he may betray his countrie & people to ye heavie dis-
pleasure of God, Levit: 18. 24. 25. Jos: 22. 18. Psa : 106.
30 ; such as are inocente to ye sinfull, base, cruell lusts of
ye profane, & such as are delinquents, and others with them,
into ye hands of ye stronger temptations, & more bouldness,
& hardnes of harte, to comite more & worse villany, besids
all ye guilt & hurt he will bring upon him selfe. (3ly.) To
inflicte some punishmeute meerly for this reason, to extracte
a conffession of a capitall crime, is contrary to ye nature of
vindictive justice, which always hath respecte to a know crime
comitited by ye person punished ; and it will therfore, for any
thing which can before be knowne, be ye provocking and
forcing of wrath, compared to ye wringing of ye nose, Pro :
30. 33. which is as well forbiden ye fathers of ye countrie as
466 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
of ye family, Ephe. 6. 4. as produsing many sad & dangerous
effects. That an oath (ex officio) for such a purpose is no
due means, hath been abundantly proved by ye godly learned,
& is well known.
Q. 3. In what cases of capitall crimes one witnes with
other circomstances shall be sufflciente to convince? or is ther
no conviction without 2. witneses?
Ans : In taking away ye life of man, one witnes alone
will not suffice, ther must be tow, or y* which is instar ;
ye texts are manifest, Numb: 35. 30. Deut : 17. 6. & 19. 15.
2ly. Ther may be conviction by one witnes, & some thing
y' hath ye force of another, as ye evidencie of ye fact done
by such an one, & not an other ; unforced confession when
ther was no fear or danger of suffering for ye fact, hand
writings acknowledged & confessed.
JOHN REYNOR.
[246] Mr. Partrich his writing, in ans: to y* questions.
What is yl sodomiticall acte which is to be punished with
death?
Though I conceive probable yl a voluntary effusion of seed
per modum concubitus of man with man, as of a man with
woman, though in concubitu ther be not penetratio corporis,
is yl sin which is forbiden, Levit : 18. 22. & adjudged to be
punished with death, Levit: 20. 13. because, though ther be
not penetratio corporis, yet ther may be similitude concubitus
muliebris, which is y* the law specifieth ; yet I dar not be
con-* (1.) because, Gen: 19. 5. ye intended acte of ye Sodo-
mits (who were ye first noted maisters of this unnaturall act
of more then brutish filthines) is expressed by carnall copu-
lation of man with woman : Bring them out unto us, y* we
may know them; (2ly.) because it is observed among ye
nations wher this unnaturall unclainnes is comitecl, it is w411
penetration of ye body; (3ly.) because, in ye judiciall pro-
* "Confident"?
1642.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 467
ceedings of ye judges in England, ye indict: so rune (as
I have been informed) .
Q. How farr may a magistrat extracte a confession of
a capitall crime from a suspected and an accused person?
Ans. I conceive y* a magistrate is bound, by carfull ex-
amenation of circomstances & waighing of probabilities, to
sifte ye accused, and by force of argumente to draw him
to an acknowledgment of ye truth ; but he may not extracte
a confession of a capitall crime from a suspected person by
any violent means, whether it be by an oath imposed, or
by any punishmente inflicted or threatened to be inflicted,
for so he may draw forth an acknowledgmente of a crime
from a fearfull inocente ; if guilty, he shall be compelled to
be his owne accuser, when no other can, which is against
ye rule of justice.
Q. In what cases of capitall crimes one witnes with other
circomstances shall be sufficente to convicte ; or is ther no
conviction without two witnesses?
Ans : I conceive y4, in ye case of capitall crimes, ther can
be no safe proceedings unto judgmente without too witnesses,
as Numb: 35. 30. Dent: 19. 15. excepte ther can some evi-
dence be prodused as aveilable & firme to prove ye facte as
a witnes is, then one witnes may suffice ; for therin ye end
and equitie of ye law is attained. But to proceede unto
sentence of death upon presumptions, wher probably ther
may subesse falsum, though ther be ye testimony of one
wittnes, I supose it cannot be a safe way ; better for such a
one to be held in safe custodie for further triall, I conceive.
RALPH PARTRICH.
The Answer of Mr. Charles Chancy.
An contactus et fricatio usq, ad seminis effusioem sine
penetratione corporis sit sodomia morte plectenda?
Q. The question is what sodomiticall acts are to be pun-
468 HISTORY or [BOOK ir.
ished wth death, & what very facte comitted, (ipso facto,)
is worthy of death, or if ye facte it selfe be not capitall,
what circomstances concuring may make it capitall. The
same question may be asked of rape, inceste, beastialitie,
unnaturall sins, presumtuous sins. These be ye words of ye
first question.
Ans : The answer unto this I will lay downe (as God
shall directe by his word & spirite) in these following con-
clusions: (1.) That ye judicials of Moyses, that are appen-
dances to ye morall law, & grounded on ye law of nature,
or ye decalogue, are imutable, and ppetuall, wch all orthodox
devines acknowledge ; see ye authors following. Luther,
Tom. 1. Whitenberge: fol. 435. & fol. 7. Melancthon,
in loc: com loco de conjugio. Calvin, 1. 4. Institu. c. 4.
sect. 15. Junious de politia Moysis, thes. 29. & 30. Hen:
Bulin : Decad. 3. sermo. 8. Wolf : Muscu. loc : com : in 6.
precepti explicaci: Bucer de regno Christi, 1. 2. c. 17.
Theo: Beza, vol : 1. de hereti : puniendis, fol. 154. Zanch :
in 3. praecept : Ursin : Pt. 4. explicat. contra John. Piscat :
in Aphorismi Loc. de lege dei aphorism. 17. And more
might be added. I forbear, for brevities sake, to set downe
their very words ; this being ye constante & generall oppinion
of ye best devines, I will rest in this as undoubtedly true,
though much more might be said to confirme it.
2. That all ye sines mentioned in ye question were pun-
ished with death by ye judiciall law of Moyses, as adultry,
Levit: 20. 10. Deut : 22. 22. Esech : 16. 38. Jhon. 8. 5.
which is to be understood not only of double adultrie, when
as both parties are maried, (as some conceive,) but who-
soever (besids her husband) lyes with a married woman,
whether ye man be maried or not, as in ye place, Deut : 22.
22. or whosoever, being a maried man, lyeth with another
woman (besids his wife), as P. Martire saith, loc: com:
which in diverce respects maks ye sine worse on ye maried
1642.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 469
mans parte ; for ye Lord in this law hath respect as well to
publick honesty, (the sin being so prejudicall to ye church
& state,) as ye private wrongs (saith Junious). So incest
is to be punished with death, Levit: 20. 11. 22. Beastiality
likwise, Lev: 20. 15. Exod : 22. 19. Raps in like maner,
Deut: 22. 25. ' Sodomie in like sort, Levit: 18. 22. & 20»
13. And all presumptuous sins, Numb: 15. 30. 31.
3. That ye punishmente of these foule sines wth death is
grounded on ye law of nature, & is agreeable to the morall
law. (1.) Because ye reasons anexed shew them to be per-
petuall. Deut. 22. 22. So shalt thou put away evill. Incest,
beastiality, are caled confusion, & wickednes. (2.) Infamie
to ye whole humane nature, Levit: 22. 12. Levit: 18. 23.
Raps are as murder, Deut: 22. 25. Sodomie is an abomi-
nation, Levit: 22. 22. [247] No holier & juster laws can
be devised by any man or angele then have been by ye
Judg of all ye world, the wisdome of ye Father, by whom
kings doe raigne, &c. (3.) Because, before ye giving of ye
Law, this punishmente was anciently practised, Gen: 26. 11.
38. 29. 39. 20. & even by the heathen, by ye very light of
nature, as P. Martire shews, (4ly.) Because ye land is de-
filed by such sins, and spews out ye inhabitants, Levit: 18.
24, 25. & that in regard of those nations y* were not ac-
quainted wth the law of Moyses. 5. All ye devins above
specified consent in this, that ye unclean acts punishable
with death by ye law of God are not only ye grose acts of
uncleannes by way of carnall copulation, but all ye evidente
attempts therof, which may appeare by those severall words
y* are used by ye spirite of God, expressing ye sins to be
punished with death ; as ye discovering of nakednes, Levit :
18. 20. which is retegere pudenda, as parts pr euphemismum
(saith Junius), or detegere ad cubandum (saith Willett), to
uncover ye shamefull parts of ye body (saith Ainsworth),
which, though it reaches to ye grose acts, yet it is plaine it
470 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
doth comprehend ye other foregoing immodest attempts, as
contactum, fricationem, &c. ; likwise ye phrase of lying with,
so often used, doth not only signifie carnall copulation, but
other obscene acts, ^ceding ye same, is implyed in Pauls
word dptisvoKoiraiy 1. Cor: 6. 9. & men lying with men,
1. Tim: 1. 9. men defiling them selves wth mankind, men
burning with lust towards men, Rom: 1. 26. & Levit: 18.* 22.
sodom) & sin going after strange flesh, Jud : v. 7. 8. and
lying with mankind as with a woman, Levit: 18. 22. Abu-
lentis says yl it signifies omnes modos quibus masculus mas-
culo abutatur, changing ye naturall use into y* which is against
nature, Rom: 1. 26. arrogare sibi cubare, as Junius well
translats Levit: 20. 15. to give consente to lye withall, so
approaching to a beast, & lying downe therto, Levit : 20. 16.
ob solum conatu| (saith Willett) or for going about to doe
it. Add to this a notable speech of Zepperus de legibus
(who hath enough to end controversies of this nature).
L. 1. he saith: In crimine adulterii voluntas (understand-
ing manifeste) sine effectu subsecuto de jure attenditur;
and he proves it out of good laws, in these words : Solici-
tatores j alienum nuptiam itemq, matrimonium interpellatores,
etsi effectu sceleris potiri non possunt, propter voluntatem
tamen perniciosse libidinis extra ordinem puniuntur ; nam
generale est quidem affectu sine effectu [non] puniri, sed
contrarium observatur in atrocioribus & horum similibus.
5. In concluding punishments from ye judiciall law of
Moyses y* is perpetuall, we must often prceed by analogicall
proportion & interpretation, as a paribus similibus, minore
ad ma jus, &c. ; for ther will still fall out some cases, in
every comone-wealth, which are not in so many words ex-
taute in holy write, yet ye substance of ye matter in every
kind (I conceive under correction) may be drawne and con-
cluded out of ye scripture by good consequence of an equeva-
* 8 in MS. f Contic in MS. J Solicitations in MS.
1642.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 471
lent nature ; as, for example, ther is no express law against
destroying conception in ye wombe by potions, yet by anologie
with Exod : 21. 22, 23. we may reason y* life is to be given
for life. Againe, ye question, An contactus & fricatio, &c.,
and methinks yl place Gen : 38. 9. in ye punishmeute of
Onans sin, may give some cleare light to it ; it was (saith
Pareus) beluina crudelitas quam Deus pari loco cum parri-
cidio habuit, nam semen corrumpere, quid fuit aliud quam
hominem ex semine generandum occidere? Propterea juste
a Deo occisus est. Observe his words. And againe, Disca-
mus quantopere Deus abominetur omnem seminis genitalis
abusum, illicita effusionem, & corruption*}, &c., very perti-
nente to this case. That allso is considerable, Deut : 25.
11, 12. God comanded y*, if any wife drue nigh to deliver
her husband out of ye hand of him y4 smiteth him, &c., her
hand should be cutt off. Yet such a woman in y* case might
say much for her selfe, y' what she did was in trouble &
perplexitie of her minde, & in her husbands defence ; yet
her hand must be cutt of for such impuritie (and this is
morall, as I conceive). Then we may reason from ye less
to ye greater, what greevous sin in ye sight of God it is,
by ye instigation of burning lusts, set on fire of hell, to
proceede to contactum & fricationem ad emissionem seminis,
&c., & y{ contra naturam, or to attempte ye grosse acts of
unnaturall filthines. Againe, if y* unnaturall lusts of men
with men, or woman with woman, or either with beasts, be
to be punished with death, then a pari naturall lusts of men
towards children under age are so to be punished.
6. Circumstantise variant vis e actiunes, (saith ye lawiers,)
& circomstances in these cases cannot possibly be all recked
up ; but God hath given laws for those causes & cases that
are of greatest momente, by which others are to be judged
of, as in ye differance betwixte chanc medley, & willfull
murder ; so in ye sins of uncleannes, it is one thing to doe
472 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
an acte of uncleannes by sudden temptation, & another to
lye in waite for it, yea, to make a comune practise of it;
this mightily augments & multiplies ye sin. Againe-, some
sines of this nature are simple, others compound, as yl is
simple adultrie, or inceste, or simple sodomie ; but when
ther is a mixture of diverce kinds of lust, as when adultery
& sodomie & prditio seminis goe togeather in ye same acte
of uncleannes, this is capitall, double, & trible. Againe,
when adultrie or sodomie is comited by |>fessors or church
members, I fear it corns too near ye sine of ye preists daugh-
ters, forbidden, & comanded to be punished, Levit : 21. 9.
besids ye presumption of ye sines of such. Againe, when
uncleannes is comited with those whose chastity they are
bound to $serve, this corns very nere the incestious copula-
tion, I feare ; but I must hasten to ye other questions.
[248] 2. Question ye second, upon ye pointe of exami-
nation, how fair a magistrate may extracte a confession
from a delinqueute to accuse him selfe in a capitall crime,
seeing Nemo tenetur prodere seipsum.
Ans : The words of ye question may be understood of
extracting a confession from a delinquente either by oath or
bodily tormente. If it be mente of extracting by requiring
an oath, (ex officio, as some call it,) & that in capitall
crimes, I fear it is not safe, nor warented by Gods word,
to extracte a confession from a delinquente by an oath in
matters of life and death. (1.) Because ye practise in ye
Scripturs is other wise, as in ye case of Achan, Jos: 7. 19.
Give, I pray ye, glorie to ye Lord God of Israll, and make
a confession to him, & tell me how thou hast done. He
did not compell him to sweare. So when as Johnathans life
was indangered, 1. Sam. 14. 43. Saule said unto Johnathan,
Tell me what thou hast done ; he did not require an oath.
And notable is y*, Jer: 38. 14. Jeremiah was charged by
Zedechias, who said, I will aske the a thing, hide it not
1642.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 473
from ine ; & Jeremiah said, If I declare it unto ye, wilt
thou not surely put me to death? impling y4, in case of
death, he would have refused to answer him. (2.) Reason
shews it, & experience ; Job : 2. 4. Skin for skin, &c. It
is to be feared y' those words (whatsoever a man hath) will
comprehend also ye conscience of an oath, and ye fear of
God, and all care of religion; therfore for laying a snare
before ye guiltie, I think it ought not to be donn. But
now, if ye question be mente of inflicting bodyly torments
to extracte a confession from a mallefactor, I conceive y*
in maters of higest consequence, such as doe conceirne
ye saftie or mine of stats or countries, magistrats may
proceede so fan* to bodily torments, as racks, hote-irons,
&c., to extracte a couffession, espetially wher presumptions
are strounge ; 'but otherwise by no means. God sometims
hids a sinner till his wickednes is filled up.
Question 3. In what cases of capitall crimes, one witnes
with other circumstances shall be sufficente to convicte, or
is ther no conviction without 2. witneses?
Deut : 19. 25. God hath given an express rule y' in no
case one witness shall arise in judgmente, espetially not in
capitall cases. God would not put our lives into ye power
of any one toungue. Besids, by ye examination of more
wittneses agreeing or disagreeing, any falshood ordenarilly
may be discovered ; but this is to be understood of one
witnes of another ; but if a man witnes against him selfe,
his owiie testimony is sufficente, as in ye case of ye Amala-
kite, 2. Sam: 1. 16. Againe, when ther are sure & certaine
signes & evidences by circumstances, ther needs no witnes
in this case, as in ye bussines of Adoniah desiring Abishage
ye Shunamite to wife, that therby he might make way for
him selfe unto ye kingdome, 1. King: 2. 23, 24. Againe,
probably by many concurring circumstances, if probability
may have ye strength of a witnes, somthing may be this
474 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
way gathered, me thinks, from Sallomons judging betweexte
ye true mother, and ye harlote, 1. King. 3. 25. Lastly, I
see no cause why in waighty matters, in defecte of witneses
& other proofes, we may not have recourse to a lott, as in
ye case of Achan, Josu : 7. 16. which is a clearer way in
such doubtfull cases (it being solemnely & religiously per-
formed) then any other that I know, if it be made ye last
refuge. But all this under correction.
The Lord in mercie directe & prosper ye desires of his
servants that desire to walk before him in truth & right-
eousnes in the administration of justice, and give them wis-
dome and largnes of harte.
CHARLES CHANNCT.
Besids ye occation before mentioned in these writ-
ings concerning the abuse of those 2. children, they
had aboute ye same time a case of buggerie fell out
amongst them, which occasioned these questions, to
which these answers have been made.
And after ye time of ye writig of these things
befell a very sadd accidente of the like foule nature
in this govermente, this very year, which I shall
now relate. Ther was a youth whose name was
Thomas Granger ; he was servant to an honest man
of Duxbery, being aboute 16. or 17. years of age.
(His father & mother lived at the same time at
Sityate.) He was this year detected of buggery (and
indicted for ye same) with a mare, a cowe, tow goats,
five sheep, 2. calves, and a turkey. Horrible [249]
it is to mention, but ye truth of ye historic requires
it. He was first discovered by one y{ accidentally
1642.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 475
saw his lewd practise towards the mare. (I forbear
perticulers.) Being upon it examined and comitted,
in ye end he not only confest ye fact with that beast
at that time, but sundrie times before, and at sev-
erall times with all ye rest of ye forenamed in his
indictmente ; and this his free-confession was not only
in private to ye magistrats, (though at first he strived
to deney it,) but to sundrie, both ministers & others,
and afterwards, upon his indictmente, to ye whole
court & jury ; and confirmed it at his execution.
And wheras some of ye sheep could not so well be
knowne by his description of them, others with them
were brought before him, and he declared which were
they, and which were not. And accordingly he was
cast by ye jury, and condemned, and after executed
about ye 8. of Sept1', 1642. A very sade spectakle
it was; for first the mare, and then ye cowe, and
ye rest of ye lesser catle, were kild before his face,
according to ye law, Levit : 20. 15. and then he him
selfe was executed. The catle were all cast into a
great & large pitte that was digged of purposs for
them, and no use made of any part of them.
Upon ye examenation of this person, and also of a
former that had made some sodomiticall attempts upon
another, it being demanded of them how they came
first to ye knowledge and practice of such wickednes,
the one confessed he had long used it in old England ;
and this youth last spoaken of said he was taught it
476 HISTOEY or [BOOK n.
by an other that had heard of such things from some
in England when he was ther, and they kept catle
togeather. By which it appears how one wicked per-
son may infecte many; and what care all ought to
have what servants they bring into their families.
But it may be demanded how came it to pass that
so many wicked persons and profane people should
so quickly come over into this land, & mixe them
selves amongst them? seeing it was religious men y*
begane ye work, and they came for religions sake.
I confess this may be marveilled at, at least in time
to come, when the reasons therof should not be
knowne ; and ye more because here was so many
hardships and wants mett withall. I shall therfore
indeavor to give some answer hereunto. And first,
according to y* in ye gospell, it is ever to be remem-
bred that wher ye Lord begins to sow good seed,
ther ye envious man will endeavore to sow tares.
2. Men being to come over into a wildernes, in
which much labour & servise was to be done aboute
building & planting, &c., such as wanted help in y*
respecte, when they could not have such as yey would,
were glad to take such as they could; and so, many
untoward servants, sundry of them proved, that were
thus brought over, both men & women kind; who,
when their times were expired, became families of
them selves, which gave increase hereunto. 3. An
other and a maine reason hearof was, that men, find-
1642.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 477
ing so many godly disposed persons willing to come
into these parts, some begane to make a trade of it,
to transeport passengers & their goods, and hired
ships for that end ; and then, to make up their
fraight and advance their profite, cared not who ye
persons were, so they had money to pay them. And
by this means the cuntrie became pestered with many
unworthy persons, who, being come over, crept into
one place or other. 4. Againe, the Lords blesing
usually following his people, as well in outward as
spirituall things, (though afflictions be mixed with-
all,) doe make many to adhear to ye people of
God, as many followed Christ, for ye loaves sake,
John 6. 26. and a mixed multitud came into ye
willdernes with ye people of God out of Eagipte
of old, Exod. 12. 38 ; so allso ther were sente by
their freinds some under hope y* they would be made
better ; others that they might be eased of such bur-
thens, and they kept from shame at home y1 would
necessarily follow their dissolute courses. And thus,
by one means or other, in 20. years time, it is a
question whether ye greater part be not growne ye
worser.
[250] I am now come to yc conclusion of that long
& tedious bussines betweene ye partners hear, & them
in England, the which I shall manifest by their owne
letters as followeth, in such parts of them as are per-
tinente to ye same.
478 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
Mr. Slierleys to Mr. Attwood.
Mr. Attwood, my approved loving freind : Your letter of ye
18. of October last I have received, wherin I find you have
taken a great deall of paines and care aboute y4 trouble-
some bussiues betwixte our Plimoth partners & freinds, &
us hear, and have deeply iugaged your selfe, for which
complements & words are no reall satisfaction, &c. For
ye agreemente you have made with Mr. Bradford, Mr. Wins-
low, & ye rest of ye partners ther, considering how honestly
and justly I am pers waded they have brought in an accounte
of ye remaining stock, for my owne parte I am well satis-
fied, and so I thinke is Mr. Andre wes, and I supose will
be Mr. Beachampe, if most of it might acrew to him, to
whom ye least is due, &c. And now for peace sake, and
to conclud as we began, lovingly and freindly, and to pass
by all failings of all, the conclude is accepted of; I say this
agreemente y* you have made is condesended unto, and Mr.
Andrews hath sent his release to Mr. Winthrop, with such
directions as he conceives fitt ; and I have made bould to
trouble you with mine, and we have both sealed in ye pres-
ence of Mr. Weld, and Mr. Peeters, and some others, and
I have also sente you an other, for the partners ther,
to seale to me ; for you must not deliver mine to them,
excepte they seale & deliver one to me ; this is fitt and
equall, &c.
Yours to comand in what I may or can,
JAMES SHERLEY.
June 14. 1642.
His to y6 partners as followeth.
Loving freinds,
Mr. Bradford, Mr. Winslow, Mr. Prence, Captaine Stan-
dish, Mr. Brewster, Mr. Alden, & Mr. Howland, give me
leave to joyne you all in one letter, concerning ye finall end
1642.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 479
& conclude of yf tedious & troublsome bussiues, & I thinke
I may truly say uncomfurtable & unprofitable to all, &c. It
hath pleased God now to put us upon a way to sease all suits,
and disquieting of our spirites, and to conclude with peace
and love, as we began. I am contented to yeeld & make
good what Mr. Attwood and you have agreed upon ; and for
y* end have sente to my loving freind, Mr. Attwood, an abso-
lute and generall release unto you all, and if ther wante any
thing to make it more full, write it your selves, & it shall be
done, provided y4 all you, either joyntly or severally, seale
ye like discharge to me. And for y* end I have drawne one
joyntly, and sent it to Mr. Attwood, with y' I have sealed to
you. Mr. Andrews hath sealed an aquitance also, & sent
it to Mr. Winthrop, whith such directions as he conceived
fitt, and, as I hear, hath given his debte, which he maks 544li.
unto ye gentlemen of ye Bay. Indeed, Mr. Welld, Mr. Peters,
& Mr. Hibbens have taken a great deale of paines with Mr.
Andrews, Mr. Beachamp, & my selfe, to bring us to agree,
and to y' end we have had many meetings and spent much
time aboute it. But as they are very religious & honest
gentle-men, yet they had an end yl they drove at & laboured
to accomplish (I meane not any private end, but for ye gen-
erall good of their patente). It had been very well you had
sent one over. Mr. Andrew wished you might have one 3.
parte of ye 1200li. & ye Bay 2. thirds; but then we 3. must
have agreed togeather, which were a hard mater now. But
Mr. Weld, Mr. Peters, & Mr. Hibbens, & I, have agreed, they
giving you bond (so to compose with Mr. Beachamp, as) to
procure his generall release, & free you from all trouble &
charge yl he may put you too ; which indeed is nothing, for
I am perswaded Mr. Weld will in time gaine him to give them
all that is dew to [251] him, which in some sorte is granted
allready ; for though his demands be great, yet Mr. Andrewes
hath taken some paines in it, and makes it appear to be less
then I thinke he will consente to give them for so good an
480 HISTORY or [BOOK 11.
use ; so you neede not fear, that for taking bond ther to save
you bar rales, you be safe and well. Now our accord is, y4
you must pay to ye gentle-meu of ye Bay 900M. ; they are to
bear all chargs y* may any way arise concerning ye free
& absolute clearing of you from us three. And you to have
ye other 300li. &c.
Upon ye receiving of my release from you, I will send you
your bonds for ye purchass money. I would have sent them
now, but I would have Mr. Beachamp release as well as I, be-
cause you are bound to him in them. Now I know if a man
be bound to 12. men, if one release, it is as if all released,
and my discharge doth cutt them of ; wherfore doubte you not
but you shall have them, & your comission, or any thing els
that is fitt. Now you know ther is tow years of ye purchass
money, that I would not owne, for I have formerley certified
you yl I would but pay 7. years ; but now you are discharged
of all, &c.
Your loving and kind friend in what I may or can,
JAMES SHERLEY.
June 14. 1642.
The coppy of his release is as folio weth.
Wheras diverce questions, differences, & demands have
arisen & depended betweene William Bradford, Edward Wins-
low, Thomas Prence, Mylest Stand ish, William Brewster, John
Allden, and John Rowland, gent : now or latly inhabitants or
resident at New-Plimoth, in New-England, on ye one party,
and James Sherley of London, marchante, and Bothers, in th'
other parte, for & concerning a stocke & partable trade of
beaver & other comodities, and fraighting of ships, as ye
White Angell, Frindship, or others, and ye goods of Isaack
Allerton which were seazed upon by vertue of a leter of
atturney made by ye said James Sherley and John Beachamp
and Richard Andrews, or any other maters concerning ye said
1642.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 481
trade, either hear in Old-England or ther in New-England or
elsewher, all which differences are since by mediation of
freinds composed, compremissed, and all ye said parties
agreed. Now know all men by these presents, that I, the
said James Sherley, in performance of ye said compremise &
agreemente, have remised, released, tand quite claimed, & doe
by these presents remise, release, and for me, rnyne heires,
executors, & Administrators, and for every of us, for ever
quite claime unto ye said William Bradford, Edward Winslow,
Thomas Prence, Myles Standish, William Brewster, John
Allden, & John Rowland, and every of them, their & every
of their heires, executors, and administrators, all and all
maner of actions, suits, debts, accounts, rekonings, comissions,
bonds, bills, specialties, judgments, executions, claimes, chal-
linges, differences, and demands whatsoever, with or against
ye said William Bradford, Edward Winslow, Thomas Prence,
Myles Standish, William Brewster, John Allden, and John
Rowland, or any of them, ever I had, now have, or in time
to come can, shall, or may have, for any mater, cause, or
thing whatsoever from ye begining of ye world uutill ye day
of ye date of these presents. In witnes wherof I have here-
unto put my hand & seale, given ye second day of June, 1642,
and in ye eighteenth year of ye raigne of our soveraigne lord,
king Charles, &c.
JAMES SHERLEY.
Sealed and delivered
in ye presence of THOMAS WELD,
HUGH PETERS,
WILLIAM HIBBINS.
ARTHUR TIRREY, Scr.
THO : STURGS, his servante.
Mr. Andrews his discharg was to ye same effecte ; he
was by agreemete to have 500*. of ye money, the which
482 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
he gave to them in ye Bay, who brought his discharge
and demanded ye money. And they tooke in his re-
lease and paid ye money according to agreemete, viz.
one third of the 500fl. they paid downe in hand, and
ye rest in 4. equall payments, to be paid yearly,
for which they gave their bonds. And wheras 44H.
was more demanded, they conceived they could take
it of with Mr. Andrews, and therfore it was not in the
bonde. [252] But Mr. Beachamp would not parte with
any of his, but demanded 400M. of ye partners here, &
sent a release to a friend, to deliver it to them upon
ye receite of ye money. But his relese was not per-
fecte, for he had left out some of ye partners names,
with some other defects ; and besids, the other gave
them to understand he had not near so much due. So
no end was made with him till 4. years after; of which
in it plase. And in y* regard, that them selves did not
agree, I shall inserte some part of Mr. Andrews letter,
by which he conceives ye partners here were wronged,
as folio weth. This leter of his was write to Mr.
Edmond Freeman, brother in law to Mr. Beachamp.
Mr. Freeman,
My love remembred unto you, &c. I then certified ye part-
ners how I found Mr. Beachamp & Mr. Sherley, in their per-
ticuler demands, which was according to mens principles, of
getting what they could ; allthough ye one will not shew any
accounte, and ye other a very unfaire and unjust one ; and
both of them discouraged me from sending ye partners my
accounte, Mr. Beachamp espetially. Their reason, I have
1642.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 483
cause to conceive, was, yl allthough I doe not, nor ever
intended to, wrong ye partners or ye bussines, yet, if I gave
no accounte, I might be esteemed as guiltie as they, in some
degree at least; and they might seeme to be ye more free
from taxation in not delivering their accounts, who have both
of them charged ye accounte with much intrest they have
payed forth, and one of them would likwise for much intrest
he hath not paid forth, as appeareth by his accounte, &c.
And seeing ye partners have now made it appear y4 ther is
1200li. remaining due between us all, and that it may appear
by my accounte I have not charged ye bussines with any in-
trest, but doe forgive it unto ye partners, above 200U. if Mr.
Sherley & Mr. Beachamp, who have betweene them wronged
ye bussines so many 100li. both in principall & intrest likwise,
and have therin wronged me as well and as much as any of
ye partners ; yet if they will not make & deliver faire & true
accounts of ye same, nor be coutente to take what by com-
putation is more then can be justly due to either, that is, to
Mr. Beachamp 150H. as by Mr. Allertons accounte, and Mr.
Sherleys accounte, on oath in chancerie ; and though ther
might be nothing due to Mr. Sherley, yet he requirs 100li.
&c. I conceive, seing ye partners have delivered on their
oaths ye sume remaining in their hands, that they may justly
detaine ye 650*1. which may remaine in their hands, after I am
satisfied, untill Mr. Sherley & Mr. Beachamp will be more fair
& just in their ending, &c. And as I intend, if ye partners
fayrly end with me, in satisfing in parte and ingaging them
selves for ye rest of my said 544H. to returne back for ye poore
my parte of ye land at Sityate, so likwise I intend to re-
linquish my right & intrest in their dear patente, on which
much of our money was laid forth, and also my right &
intrest in their cheap purchass, the which may have cost me
first & last 350li.* But I doubte whether other men have not
* This he means of ye first adventures, all which were lost, as hath before
been shown; and what he here writs is probable at least.
484 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
charged or taken on accounte what they have disbursed in ye
like case, which I have not charged, neither did I conceive
any other durst so doe, untill I saw ye accounte of the one
and heard ye words of ye other ; the which gives me just cause
to suspecte both their accounts to be unfaire ; for it seeuieth
they consulted one with another aboute some perticulers
therin. Therfore I conceive ye partners ought ye rather to
require just accounts from each of them before they parte
with any money to either of them. For marchants understand
how to give an acounte ; if they mean fairley, they will not
deney to give an accounte, for they keep memorialls to helpe
them to give exacte acounts in all perticulers, and memoriall
cannot forget his charge, if ye man will remember. I desire
not to wrong Mr. Beachamp or Mr. Sherley, nor may be
silente in such apparente probabilities of their wronging ye
partners, and me likwise, either in deney ing to deliver or shew
any accounte, or in delivering one very unjuste in some per-
ticulers, and very suspitious in many more ; either of which,
being from understanding marchants, cannot be from weaknes
or simplisitie, and therfore ye more unfaire. So comending
you & yours, and all ye Lord's people, unto ye gratious pro-
tection and blessing of ye Lord, and rest your loving friend,
RICHARD ANDREWES.
Aprill 7. 1643.
This leter was write ye year after ye agreement, as
doth appear ; and what his judgmente was herein, ye
contents doth manifest, and so I leave it to ye equall
judgmente of any to consider, as they see cause.
Only I shall adde what Mr. Sherley furder write in
a leter of his, about ye same time, and so leave this
bussines. His is as folio weth on ye other side.*
* Being the conclusion, as will be seen, of page 252 of the original.
1642.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 485
[253] Loving freinds, Mr. Bradford, Mr. "Winslow, Cap:
Standish, Mr. Prence, and ye rest of ye partners wth you ; I
shall write this generall leter to you all, hoping it will be
a good conclude of a generall, but a costly & tedious bussines
I thinke to all, I am sure to me, &c.
I received from Mr. Winslow a letter of ye 28. of Sept : last,
and so much as concernes ye generall bussines I shall answer
in this, not knowing whether I shall have opportunitie to
write perticuler letters, &c. I expected more letters from you
all, as some perticuler writs,* but it seemeth no fitt oppor-
tunity was offered. And now, though ye bussines for ye
maine may stand, yet some perticulers is alltered ; I say my
former agreemente with Mr. "Weld & Mr. Peters, before they f
could conclude or gett any grante of Mr. Andrews, they
sought to have my release ; and ther upon they sealed me a
bond for a 110li. So I sente my acquittance, for they said
without mine ther would be no end made (& ther was good
reason for it). Now they hoped, if yey ended with me, to
gaine Mr. Andrews parte, as they did holy, to a pound, (at
which I should wonder, but y* I observe some passages,) and
they also hoped to have gotten Mr. Beachamps part, & I did
thinke he would have given it them. But if he did well
understand him selfe, & that acounte, he would give it; for
his demands make a great sound. J But it seemeth he would
not parte with it, supposing it too great a sume, and y* he
might easily gaine it from you. Once he would have given
them 40b. but now they say he will not doe that, or rather
I suppose they will not take it; for if they doe, & have Mr.
Andrewses, then they must pay me their bond of 110li.
3 months hence. Now it will fall out farr better for you,
y' they deal not with Mr. Beachamp, and also for me, if you
* Perhaps write, for wrote. f The in the manuscript.
t This was a misterie to them, for they heard nothing hereof from any
side ye last year, till now ye conclution was past, and bonds given.
486 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
be as kind to me as I have been & will be to you ; and y*
thus, if you pay Mr. Andrews, or ye Bay men, by his order,
544li. which is his full demande ; but if looked into, perhaps
might be less. The man is honest, & in my conscience would
not wittingly doe wronge, yett he may forgett as well as other
men ; and Mr. Winslow may call to minde wherin he for-
getts; (but some times it is good to buy peace.) The gentle-
men of ye Bay may abate 10011. and so both sids have more
right & justice then if they exacte all, &c. Now if you send
me a 150li. then say Mr. Andrews full sume, & this, it is nere
700li. Mr. Beachamp he demands 40011. and we all know
that, if a man demands money, he must shew wherfore, and
make proofe of his debte ; which I know he can never make
good proafe of one hunderd pound dew unto him as principall
money ; so till he can, you have good reason to keep ye
500y. &c. This I proteste I write not in malice against
Mr. Beachamp, for it is a reall truth. You may partly see it
by Mr. Andrews making up his accounte, and I think you
are all perswaded I can say more then Mr. Andrews con-
cerning that accounte. I wish I could make up my owne as
plaine & easily, but because of former discontents, I will
be sparing till I be called ; & you may injoye ye 500li. quietly
till he begine ; for let him take his course hear or ther, it shall
be all one, I will doe him no wronge ; and if he have not on
peney more, he is less loser then either Mr. Andrews or I.
This I conceive to be just & honest ; ye having or not having
of his release matters not; let him make such proafe of his
debte as you cannot disprove, and according to your first
agreemente you will pay it, &c.
Your truly affectioned freind,
JAMES SHERLEY.
London, Aprill 27. 1643.
1643.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 487
Anno Dom: 1643.
I AM to begine this year whith that which was a
mater of great saddnes and mouring unto them all.
Aboute ye 18. of Aprill dyed their Eeved Elder, and
my dear & loving friend, Mr. William Brewster; a
man that had done and suffered much for ye Lord
Jesus and ye gospells sake, and had bore his parte in
well and woe with this poore persecuted church above
36. years [254] in England, Holand, and in this
wildernes, and done ye Lord & them faithfull service
in his place & calling. And notwithstanding ye many
troubls and sorrows he passed throw, the Lord upheld
him to a great age. He was nere fourskore years
of age (if not all out) when he dyed. He had this
blesing added by ye Lord to all ye rest, to dye in his
bed, in peace, amongst ye mids of his freinds, who
mourned & wepte over him, and ministered what help
& comforte they could unto him, and he againe re-
comforted them whilst he could. His sicknes was not
long, and till ye last day therof he did not wholy
keepe his bed. His speech continued till somewhat
more then halfe a day, & then failed him ; and aboute
9. or 10. a clock that eving he dyed, without any
pangs at all. A few howers before, he drew his
breath shorte, and some few minuts before his last,
he drew his breath long, as a man falen into a sound
slepe, without any pangs or gaspings, and so sweetly
departed this life unto a better.
488 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
I would now demand of any, what he was ye worse
for any former sufferings? What doe I say, worse?
Nay, sure he was ye better, and they now added to
his honour. It is a manifest token (saith ye Apostle,
2. Thes : 1. 5, 6, 7.) of y6 righeous judgmente of God
y' ye may be counted worthy of ye kingdome of God,
for which ye allso suffer; seing it is a righteous thing
with God to recompence tribulation to them y* trouble
you: and to you who are troubled, rest with us, when
ye Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven, with his
mighty angels. 1. Pet. 4. 14. If you be reproached
for y* name of Christ, hapy are ye, for ye spirite
of glory and of God resteth upon you. What though
he wanted ye riches and pleasurs of ye world in this
life, and pompous monuments at his funurall? yet ye
memoriall of ye just shall be blessed, when ye name
of ye wicked shall rott (with their marble monuments).
Pro: 10. 7.
I should say something of his life, if to say a litle
were not worse then to be silent. But I cannot wholy
«
forbear, though hapily more may be done hereafter.
After he had attained some learning, viz. ye knowledg
of ye Latine tongue, & some insight in ye Greeke, and
spent some small time at Cambridge, and then being
first seasoned with ye seeds of grace and vertue, he went
to ye Courte, and served that religious and godly gentl-
man, Mr. Davison, diverce years, when he was Secre-
tary of State ; who found him so discreete and faithfull
1643.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 489
as he trusted him above all other that were aboute
him, and only imployed him in all matters of greatest
trust and secrecie. He esteemed him rather as a sonne
then a servante, and for his wisdom & godlines (in
private) he would converse with him more like a freind
& familier then a inaister. He attended his mr. when
he was sente in ambassage by the Queene into ye Low-
Countries, in ye Earle of Leicesters time, as for other
waighty affaires of state, so to receive possession of the
cautionary townes, and in tokeh & signe therof the
keyes of Flushing being delivered to him, in her matls
name, he kepte them some time, and comitted them
to this his servante, who kept them under his pilow,
on which he slepte ye first night. And, at his returne,
ye States honoured him with a gould chaine, and his
maister comitted it to him, and comanded him to wear
it when they arrived in England, as they ridd thorrow
the country, till they came to ye Courte. He afterwards
remained with him till his troubles, that he was put
from his place aboute ye death of ye Queene of Scots ;
and some good time after, doeing him manie faithfull
offices of servise in ye time of his troubles. Afterwards
he wente and lived in ye country, in good esteeme
amongst his freinds and ye gentle-men of those parts,
espetially the godly & religious. He did much good
in ye countrie wher he lived, in promoting and further-
ing religion, not only by his practiss & example, and
provocking and incouraging of others, but by procuring
490 HISTORY or [BOOK n.-
of good preachers to ye places theraboute, and drawing
on of others to assiste & help forward in such a worke ;
he him selfe most comonly deepest in ye charge, &
some times above his abillitie. And in this state he
continued many years, doeing ye best good he could,
and walking according to ye light he saw, till ye Lord
re veiled further unto him. And in ye end, by ye tir-
rany of ye bishops against godly preachers & people,
in silenceing the one & persecuting ye other, he and
many more of those times begane to looke further into
things, and to see into ye unlawfullnes of their callings,
and ye burthen of many anti-christian corruptions, which
both he and they endeavored to cast of; as yey allso
did, as in ye begining of this treatis is to be scene.
[255] After they were joyned togither in comunion,
he was a spetiall stay & help unto them. They ordi-
narily mett at his house on ye Lords day, (which was
a manor of ye bishops,) and with great love he enter-
tained them when they came, making provission for
them to his great charge. He was ye cheefe of those
that were taken at Boston, and suffered ye greatest
loss ; and of ye seven that were kept longst in prison,
and after bound over to ye assises. Affter he came
into Holland he suffered much hardship, after he had
spente ye most of his means, haveing a great charge,
and many children ; and, in regard of his former breed-
ing & course of life, not so fitt for many imployments
as others were, espetially such as were toylesume &
1643.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 491
laborious. But yet he ever bore his condition with
much cherfullnes and contentation. Towards ye later
parte of those 12. years spente in Holland, his outward
condition was mended, and he lived well & plentifully;
for he fell into a way (by reason he had ye Latine
tongue) to teach many students, who had a disire
to lerne ye English tongue, to teach them English ;
and by his method they quickly attained it with great
facilitie ; for he drew rules to lerne it by, after ye
Latine maner; and many gentlemen, both Danes &
Germans, resorted to him, as they had time from other
studies, some of them being great mens sones. He
also had means to set up printing, (by ye help of some
freinds,) and so had imploymente inoughg, and by
reason of many books which would not be alowed
to be printed in England, they might have had more
then they could doe. But now removeing into this
countrie, all these things were laid aside againe, and
a new course of living must be framed unto ; in which
he was no way unwilling to take his parte, and to bear
his burthen with ye rest, living many times without
bread, or corne, many months together, having many
times nothing but fish, and often wanting that also;
and drunke nothing but water for many years togeather,
yea, till within 5. or 6. years of his death. And yet
he lived (by ye blessing of God) in health till very old
age. And besids y*, he would labour with his hands
in ye feilds as long as he was able; yet when the
492 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
church had no other minister, he taught twise every
Saboth, and y* both powerfully and profitably, to ye
great contentment of ye hearers, and their comfortable
edification ; yea, many were brought to God by his
ministrie. He did more in this behalfe in a year, then
many that have their hundreds a year doe in all their
lives. For his personall abilities, he was qualified
above many ; he was wise and discreete and well
spoken, having a grave & deliberate utterance, of a
very cherfull spirite, very sociable & pleasante amongst
his freinds, of an humble and modest mind, of a peace-
able disposition, under vallewing him self & his owne
abilities, and some time over valewing others; inoffen-
cive and inocente in his life & conversation, wch gained
him ye love of those without, as well as those within;
yet he would tell them plainely of their faults & evills,
both publickly & privatly, but in such a maner as usu-
ally was well taken from him. He was tender harted,
and compassionate of such as were in miserie, but
espetialy of such as had been of good estate and ranke,
and were fallen unto want & poverty, either for good-
nes & religions sake, or by ye injury & oppression
of others ; he would say, of all men these deserved
to be pitied most. And none did more offend & dis-
please him then such as would hautily and proudly
carry & lift up themselves, being rise from nothing,
and haveing litle els in them to comend them but a few
fine cloaths, or a litle riches more then others. In
1643.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 493
teaching, he was very moving & stirring of affections,
also very plaine & distincte in what he taught; by
which means he became ye more profitable to ye hearers.
He had a singuler good gift in prayer, both publick
& private, in ripping up ye hart & conscience before
God, in ye humble confession of sinne, and begging ye
mercies of God in Christ for ye pardon of ye same.
He always thought it were better for ministers to pray
oftener, and devide their prears, then be longe & te-
dious in ye same (excepte upon sollemne & spetiall
occations, as in days of humiliation & ye like). His
reason was, that ye harte & spirits of all, espetialy
ye weake, could hardly continue & stand bente (as it
were) so long towards God, as they ought to doe
in y* duty, without nagging and falling of. For
ye govermente of ye church, (which was most [256]
proper to his office, ) he was carfull to preserve good
order in ye same, and to preserve puritie, both in
ye doctrine & comunion of ye same; and to supress
any errour or contention that might begine to rise
up amongst them ; and accordingly God gave good
success to his indeavors herein all his days, and he
saw ye fruite of his labours in that behalfe. But
I must breake of, having only thus touched a few,
as it were, heads of things.
I cannot but here take occasion, not only to men-
tion, but greatly to admire ye marvelous providence
of God, that notwithstanding ye many changes and
494 HISTORY OF [BOOK u.
hardships that these people wente throwgh, and ye
many enemies they had and difficulties they mette with
all, that so many of them should live to very olde age !
It was not only this reved mans condition, (for one
swallow maks no summer, as they say,) but many
more of them did ye like, some dying aboute and
before this time, and many still living, who attained
to 60. years of age, and to 65. diverse to 70. and
above, and some nere 80. as he did. It must needs
be more then ordinarie, and above naturall reason, that
so it should be ; for it is found in experience, that
chaing of aeir, famine, or unholsome foode, much drink-
ing of water, sorrows & troubls, &c., all of them are
enimies to health, causes of many diseaces, consumers
of naturall vigoure and ye bodys of men, and shortners
of life. And yet of all these things they had a large
parte, and suffered deeply in ye same. They wente
from England to Holand, wher they found both worse
air and dyet then that they came from ; from thence
(induring a long imprisonmente, as it were, in ye ships
at sea) into New-England; and how it hath been with
them hear hath allready beene showne ; and what crosses,
troubls, fears, wants, and sorrowes they had been lyable
unto, is easie to conjecture ; so as in some sorte they
may say with ye Apostle, 2. Cor: 11. 26, 27. they
were in journey ings often, in perils of waters, in per ills
of robers, in perills of their owne nation, in perils among
ye heathen, in perills in y6 willdernes, in perills in ye sea,
1643.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 495
in perills among false breethern ; in wearines & painfidl-
nes, in watching often, in hunger and thirst, in fasting
often, in could and nakednes. What was it then that
upheld them? It was Gods vissitation that preserved
their spirits. Job 10. 12. Thou hast given me life
and grace, and thy vissitation hath preserved my spirite.
He that upheld ye Apostle upheld them. They were
persecuted, but not forsaken, cast downe, but perished
not. 2. Cor: 4. 9. As unknowen, and yet knowen;
as dying, and behold we live; as chastened, and yett
not kiled. 2. Cor: 6. 9. God, it seems, would have
all men to behold and observe such mercies and works
of his providence as these are towards his people, that
they in like cases might be incouraged to depend upon
God in their trials, & also blese his name when they
see his goodnes towards others. Man lives not by
bread only, Deut : 8. 3. It is not by good & dainty
fare, by peace, & rest, and harts ease, in injoying
ye contentments and good things of this world only,
that preserves health and prolongs life. God in such
examples would have ye world see & behold that he
can doe it without them; and if ye world will shut
ther eyes, and take no notice therof, yet he would
have his people to see and consider it. Daniell could
be better liking with pulse then others were with
ye kings dainties. Jaacob, though he wente from one
nation to another people, and passed thorow famine,
fears, & many afflictions, yet he lived till old age, and
496 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
dyed sweetly, & rested in ye Lord, as infinite others
of Gods servants have done, and still shall doe, (through
Gods goodnes,) notwithstanding all ye malice of their
enemies ; when y* branch of ye wicked shall be cut of
before his day. Job. 15. 32. and ye bloody and deceitfull
men shall not live out halfe their days. Psa : 55. 23.
By reason of ye plottings of the Narigansets, (ever
since ye Pequents warr,) the Indeans were drawne into
a generall conspiracie against ye English in all parts,
as was in part discovered ye yeare before; and now
made more plaine and evidente by many discoveries
and free-conffessions of sundrie Indeans (upon severall
occasions) from diverse places, concur ing in one ; with
such other concuring circomstances as gave them suffis-
sently to understand the trueth therof, and to thinke
of means how to prevente ye same, and secure them
selves. Which made them enter into this more nere
union & confederation following.
[257] Articles of Confederation betweene ye Plantations un-
der ye Govermente of Massachusets, ye Plantations under
ye Govermente of New-Plimoth, ye Plantations under ye
Govermente of Conightecute, and ye Govermente of New-
Haven, with ye Plantations in combination therwith.
Wheras we all came into these parts of America with one
and ye same end and airne, namly, to advance the kingdome
of our Lord Jesus Christ, & to injoye ye liberties of ye Gospell
in puritie with peace ; and wheras in our setling (by a wise
providence of God) we are further disperced upon ye sea
1643.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 497
coasts and rivers then was at first intended, so yl we cannot,
according to our desires, with conveniencie comunicate in one
govermente & jurisdiction ; and wheras we live encompassed
with people of severall nations and strang languages, which
hereafter may prove injurious to us and our posteritie ; and
for as much as ye natives have formerly comitted sundrie inso-
lencies and outrages upon severall plantations of ye English,
and have of late combined them selves against us ; and
seeing, by reason of those distractions in England (which
they have heard of) and by which they know we are hindered
from ye humble way of seeking advice or reaping those com-
furtable fruits of protection which at other times we might
well expecte ; we therfore doe conceive it our bounden duty,
without delay, to enter into a presente consociation amongst
our selves, for mutuall help & strength in all our future
concernments. That as in nation and religion, so in other
respects, we be & continue one, according to ye tenor and
true meaning of the insuing articles. (1) Wherfore it is
fully agreed and concluded by & betweene ye parties or
jurisdictions above named, and they joyntly & severally
doe by these presents agree & conclude, that they all be
and henceforth be called by ye name of The United Colonies
of New-England.
2. The said United Collonies, for them selves & their pos-
terities, doe joyntly & severally hereby enter into a firme
& perpetuall league of frendship & amitie, for offence and
defence, mutuall advice and succore upon all just occasions,
both for preserving & propagating ye truth of ye Gospell, and
for their owne mutuall saftie and wellfare.
3. It is further agreed that the plantations which at
presente are or hereafter shall be setled with [in] ye limites
of ye Massachusets shall be for ever under ye Massachusets,
and shall have peculier jurisdiction amonge them selves in all
cases, as an intire body. And y* Plimoth, Conightecutt, and
498 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
New-Haven shall each of them have like peculier jurisdition
and govermente within their limites and in refference to ye
plantations which allready are setled, or shall hereafter be
erected, or shall setle within their limites, respectively; pro-
vided y4 no other jurisdition shall hereafter be taken in, as
a distincte head or member of this confederation, nor shall
any other plantation or jurisdiction in presente being, and
not allready in combination or under yc jurisdiction of any
of these confederats, be received by any of them ; nor shall
any tow of ye confederats joyne in one jurisdiction, without
consente of ye rest, which consete to be interpreted as is
expresed in ye sixte article ensewing.
4. It is by these conffederats agreed, y* the charge of all
just warrs, whether offencive or defencive, upon what parte
or member of this confederation soever they fall, shall, both
in men, provissions, and all other disbursments, be borne by
all ye parts of this confederation, in diffe rente proportions,
according to their differente abillities, in maner following:
namely, y* the comissioners for each jurisdiction, from time
to time, as ther shall be occasion, bring a true accounte and
number of all their males in every plantation, or any way
belonging too or under their severall jurisdictions, of what
qualitie or condition soever they be, from 16. years old to
60. being inhabitants ther ; and y1 according to ye differente
numbers which from time to time shall be found in each
jurisdiction upon a true & just accounte, the service of men
and all charges of ye .warr be borne by ye pole ; each juris-
diction or plantation being left to their owne just course &
custome of rating them selves and people according to their
differente estates, with due respects to their qualities and
exemptions amongst them selves, though the confederats take
no notice of any such priviledg. And y4 according to their
differente charge of each jurisdiction & plantation, the whole
advantage of ye warr, (if it please God to blesse their
1643.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 499
indeaours,) whether it be in lands, goods, or persons, shall be
proportionably devided amonge ye said confederats.
5. It is further agreed, that if these jurisdictions, or any
plantation under or in combynacion with them, be invaded
by any enemie whomsoever, upon notice & requeste of any
3. [258] magistrats of y4 jurisdiction so invaded, ye rest
of ye confederats, without any further meeting or expostu-
lation, shall forthwith send ayde to ye confederate in danger,
but in differente proportion ; namely, ye Massachusets an
hundred men slifflcently armed & provided for such a service
and journey, and each of ye rest forty five so armed & pro-
vided, or any lesser number, if less be required according to
this proportion. But if such confederate in danger may be
supplyed by their nexte confederates, not exeeding yc number
hereby agreed, they may crave help ther, and seeke no further
for ye presente ; ye charge to be borne as in this article is
exprest, and at ye returne to be victuled & suplyed with
powder & shote for their jurney (if ther be need) by y* juris-
diction which imployed or sent for them. But none of ye
jurisdictions to exceede these numbers till, by a meeting
of ye comissioners for this confederation, a greater aide
appear nessessarie. And this proportion to continue till upon
knowlege of greater numbers in each jurisdiction, which shall
be brought to ye nexte meeting, some other proportion be
ordered. But in such case of sending men for presente
aide, whether before or after such order or alteration, it is
agreed y* at ye meeting of ye comissiouers for this confeder-
ation, the cause of such warr or invasion be duly considered ;
and if it appeare yl the falte lay in ye parties so invaded,
y4 then that jurisdiction or plantation make just satisfaction
both to ye invaders whom they have injured, and beare all ye
charges of ye warr them selves, without requiring any allow-
ance from ye rest of ye confederats towards ye same. And
further, y* if any jurisdiction see any danger of any invasion
500 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
approaching, and ther be time for a meeting, that in such
a case 3. magistrats of yl jurisdiction may sumone a meeting,
at such conveniente place as them selves shall thinke meete,
to consider & provid against ye threatened danger, provided
when they are mett, they may remove to what place they
please ; only, whilst any of these foure confederats have but
3 magistrats in their jurisdiction, their requeste, or sum-
mons, from any 2. of them shall be accounted of equall
force with ye 3. mentioned in both the clauses of this arti-
cle, till ther be an increase of majestrats ther.
6. It is also agreed y*, for ye managing & concluding of
all affairs propper, & concerning the whole confederation,
tow comissioners shall be chosen by & out of each of these
4. jurisdictions ; namly, 2. for ye Massachusets, 2. for Plim-
oth, 2. for Conightecutt, and 2. for New-Haven, being all
in church fellowship with us, which shall bring full power
from their severall Generall Courts respectively to hear, ex-
amene, waigh, and detirmine all affairs of warr, or peace,
leagues, aids, charges, and numbers of men for warr, divis-
sions of spoyles, & whatsoever is gotten by conquest ; re-
ceiving of more confederats, or plantations into combination
with any of ye confederates, and all things of like nature,
which are ye proper concomitants or consequences of such
a confederation, for amitie, offence, & defence ; not inter-
medling with ye govermente of any of ye jurisdictions,
which by ye 3. article is preserved entirely to them selves.
But if these 8. comissioners when they meete shall not all
agree, yet it concluded that any 6. of the 8. agreeing
shall have power to setle & determine ye bussines in ques-
tion. But if 6. doe not agree, that then such propositions,
with their reasons, so farr as they have been debated, be
sente, and referred to ye 4. Generall Courts, viz. ye Massa-
chusets, Plimoth, Conightecutt, and New-haven ; and if at
all ye said Generall Courts ye bussines so referred be con-
1643.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 501
eluded, then to be prosecuted by ye confederats, and all
their members. It was further agreed that these 8. comis-
sioners shall meete once every year, besids extraordinarie
meetings, (according to the fifte article,) to consider, treate,
& conclude of all affaires belonging to this confederation,
which meeting shall ever be ye first Thursday in September.
And y* the next meeting after the date of these presents,
which shall be accounted ye second meeting, shall be at
Boston in ye Massachusets, the 3. at Hartford, the 4. at
New-Haven, the 5. at Plimoth, and so in course succes-
sively, if in ye meane time some midle place be not found
out and agreed on, which may be comodious for all ye
jurisdictions.
7. It is further agreed, y4 at each meeting of these 8.
comissioners, whether ordinarie, or extraordinary, they all
6. of them agreeing as before, may chuse a presidente out
of them selves, whose office & work shall be to take care
and directe for order, and a comly carrying on of all pro-
ceedings in ye present meeting; but he shall be invested
with no such power or respecte, as by which he shall hin-
der ye propounding or progress of any bussines, or any
way cast ye scailes otherwise then in ye precedente article
is agreed.
[259] 8. It is also agreed, y4 the comissioners for this
confederation hereafter at their meetings, whether ordinary
or extraordinarie, as they may have comission or oppor-
tunitie, doe indeaover to frame and establish agreements
& orders in generall cases of a civill nature, wherin all
ye plantations are iriteressed, for ye preserving of peace
amongst them selves, and preventing as much as may be
all occasions of warr or difference with others ; as aboute
yc free & speedy passage of justice, in every jurisdiction,
to all ye confederats equally as to their owne ; not receiving
those y* remove from one plantation to another without due
502 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
certificate ; how all ye jurisdictions may carry towards ye
Indeans, that they neither growe insolente, nor be injured
without due satisfaction, least warr breake in upon the con-
federate through such miscarriages. It is also agreed, y*
if any servante rune away from his maister into another
of these confederated jurisdictions, that in such case, upon
ye certificate of one magistrate in ye jurisdiction out of
which ye said servante fledd, or upon other due proof e, the
said servante shall be delivered, either to his maister, or
any other yl pursues & brings such certificate or proof e.
And y* upon ye escape of any prisoner whatsoever, or fugi-
tive for any criminal! cause, whether breaking prison, or
getting from ye officer, or otherwise escaping, upon ye cer-
tificate of 2. magistrats of ye jurisdiction out of which ye
escape is made, that he was a prisoner, or such an offender
at ye time of ye escape, they magistrats, or surne of them of
yl jurisdiction wher for ye presente the said prisoner or fugi-
tive abideth, shall forthwith grante such a warrante as ye
case will beare, for ye apprehending of any such person, &
ye delivering of him into ye hands of ye officer, or other
person who pursues him. And if ther be help required, for
ye safe returning of any such offender, then it shall be
granted to him y* craves ye same, he paying the charges
therof.
9. And for y4 the justest warrs may be of dangerous
consequence, espetially to ye smaler plantations in these
United Collonies, it is agreed yl neither ye Massachusets,
Plimoth, Conightecutt, nor New-Haven, nor any member of
any of them, shall at any time hear after begine, under-
take, or ingage them selves, or this confederation, or any
parte therof, in any warr whatsoever, (sudden* exegents,
with ye necessary consequents therof excepted, which are
also to be moderated as much as ye case will permitte,)
* Substituted for sundry on the authority of the original MS. Records.
1643.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 503
without ye consente and agreemente of ye forementioned 8.
comissioners, or at ye least 6. of them, as in ye sixt article
is provided. And yl no charge be required of any of they
confederats, in case of a defensive warr, till ye said comis-
sioners have mett, and approved ye justice of ye warr, and
have agreed upon ye sume of money to be levied, which
sume is then to be paid by the severall confederats in pro-
portion according to ye fourth article.
10. That in extraordinary occasions, when meetings are
summoned by three magistrates of any jurisdiction, or 2. as
in ye 5. article, if any of'ye comissioners come not, due
warning being given or sente, it is agreed y4 4. of the
comissioners shall have power to directe a warr which can-
not be delayed, and to send for due proportions of men out
of each jurisdiction, as well as 6. might doe if all mett ;
but not less then 6. shall determine the justice of ye warr,
or alow ye demands or bills of charges, or cause any levies
to be made for ye same.
11. It is further agreed, y4 if any of ye confederats shall
hereafter breake any of these presente articles, or be any
other ways injurious to any one of ye other jurisdictions,
such breach of agreemente or injurie shall be duly consid-
ered and ordered by ye comissioners for ye other jurisdic-
tion ; that both peace and this presente confederation may
be intirly preserved without violation.
12. Lastly, this perpetuall confederation, and ye severall
articles therof being read, and seriously considered, both by
ye Generall Courte for ye Massachusets, and by ye comis-
sioners for Plimoth, Conigtecute, & New-Haven, were fully
alowed & confirmed by 3. of ye forenamed confederats,
namly, ye Massachusets, Conightecutt, and New-Haven ;
only ye comissioners for Plimoth haveing no comission to
conclude, desired respite till they might advise with their
Generall Courte ; wher upon it was agreed and concluded
504 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
by ye said Courte of ye Massachusets, and the comissioners
for ye other tow confederats, that, if Plimoth consente, then
the whole treaty as it stands in these present articls is, and
shall continue, firme & stable without alteration. But if
Plimoth come not in, yet ye other three confederats doe by
these presents [260] confeirme ye whole confederation, and
ye articles therof ; only in September nexte, when ye second
meeting of ye comissioners is to be at Boston, new consid-
eration may be taken of ye 6. article, which concerns num-
ber of comissioners for meeting & concluding the affaires
of this confederation, to ye satisfaction of ye Courte of ye
Massachusets, and ye comissioners for ye other 2. confed-
erats, but ye rest to stand unquestioned. In ye testimonie
wherof, ye Generall Courte of ye Massachusets, by ther
Secretary, and ye comissioners for Conightecutt and New-
Haven, have subscribed these presente articles this 19. of
ye third month, comonly called May, Anno Dom : 1643.
At a meeting of ye comissioners for ye confederation held
at Boston ye 7. of Sept : it appearing that the Generall Courte
of New-Plimoth, and ye severall towneshipes therof, have
read & considered & approved these articles of confederation,
as appeareth by comission from their Generall Courte bearing
date ye 29. of August, 1643. to Mr. Edward Winslow and
Mr. William Collier, to ratine and confirme ye same on their
behalfes. We, therfore, ye Gomissioners for ye Massachusets,
Conightecutt, & New Haven, doe also, for our severall gover-
ments, subscribe unto them.
JOHN WINTHROP, Govr. of ye Massachusest.
THO : DUDLEY. THEOPH : EATON.
GEO : FENWICK. EDWA : HOPKINS.
THOMAS GREGSON.
These were ye articles of agreemente in ye union and
confederation which they now first entered into ; and in
1643.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 505
this their first meeting, held at Boston ye day & year
abovesaid, amongst other things they had this matter
of great consequence to considere on : the Narigansets,
after ye subduing of ye Pequents, thought to have ruled
over all ye Indeans aboute them; but ye English, espe-
tially those of Conightecutt holding correspondencie &
frenship with Uncass, sachem of ye Monhigg Indeans
which lived nere them, (as ye Massachusets had done
with ye Narigansets,) and he had been faithful! to them
in ye Pequente warr, they were ingaged to supporte
him in his just liberties, and were contented y* such of
ye surviving Pequents as had submited to him should
remaine with him and quietly under his protection.
This did much increase his power and augniente his
greatnes, which ye Narigansets could not indure to see.
But Myantinomo, their cheefe sachem, (an ambitious
& politick man,) sought privatly and by trearchery
(according to ye Indean maner) to make him away,
by hiring some to kill him. Sometime they assayed to
poyson him ; that not takeing, then in ye night time to
knock him on ye head in his house, or secretly to shoot
him, and such like attempts. But none of these taking
effecte, he made open warr upon him (though it was
against ye covenants both betweene ye English & them,
as also betweene them selves, and a plaine breach of ye
same). He came suddanly upon him with 900. or 1000.
men (never denouncing any warr before). Ye others
power at y* presente was not above halfe so many ;
506 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
but it pleased God to give Uncass ye victory, and he
slew many of his men, and wounded many more ; but
ye cheefe of all was, he tooke Miantinomo prisoner.
And seeing he was a greate man, and ye Narigansets
a potente people & would seeke revenge, he would doe
nothing in ye case without ye advise of ye English ;
so he (by ye help & direction of those of Conightecutt)
kept him prisoner till this meeting of ye comissioners.
The comissioners weighed ye cause and passages, as
they were clearly represented & sufficently evidenced
betwixte Uncass and Myantinomo ; and the things being
duly considered, the comissioners apparently saw y*
Uncass could not be safe whilst Miantynomo lived, but,
either by secrete trechery or open force, his life would
still be in danger. Wherfore they thought he might
justly put such a false & bloud-thirstie enimie to death ;
but in his owne jurisdiction, not in ye English plan-
tations. And they advised, in ye maner of his death
all mercy and moderation should be showed, contrary
to ye practise of ye Indeans, who exercise torturs and
cruelty. And, [261] Uncass having hitherto shewed
him selfe a freind to ye English, and in this craving
their advise, if the Narigansett Indeans or others shall
unjustly assaulte Uncass for this execution, upon notice
and request, ye English promise to assiste and protecte
him as farr as they may agaiste such violence.
This was ye issue of this bussines. The reasons and
passages hereof are more at large to be seene in ye acts
1644.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 507
& records of this meeting of ye comissioners. And
Uncass follewd this advise, and accordingly executed
him, in a very faire maner, acording as they advised,
with due respecte to his honour & greatnes. But what
followed on ye Narigansets parte will appear hear after.
Anno Dom: 1644.
MR. EDWARD WINSLOW was chosen Govr this year.
Many having left this place (as is before noted) by
reason of ye straightnes & barrennes of ye same, and
their finding of better accommodations elsewher, more
sutable to their ends & minds ; and sundrie others
still upon every occasion desiring their dismissions,
the church begane seriously to thinke whether it were
not better joyntly to remove to some other place, then
to be thus weakened, and as it were insensibly dis-
solved. Many meetings and much consultation was held
hearaboute, and diverse were mens minds and opinions.
Some were still for staying togeather in this place,
aledging men might hear live, if they would be con-
tente with their condition ; and yl it was not for wante
or necessitie so much y* they removed, as for ye enrich-
ing of them selves. Others were resolute upon removal!,
and so signified y* hear yey could .not stay; but if ye
church did not remove, they must ; insomuch as many
were swayed, rather then ther should be a dissolution,
to condescend to a removall, if a fitt place could
be found, that might more conveniently and comforta-
508 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
blie receive ye whole, with such accession of others
as might come to them, for their better strength &
subsistence ; and some such like cautions and limita-
tions. So as, with ye afforesaide provissos, ye greater
parte consented to a removall to a place called Nawsett,
which had been superficially veiwed and ye good will
of ye purchassers (to whom it belonged) obtained, with
some addition thertoo from ye Courte. But now they
begane to see their errour, that they had given away
already the best & most comodious places to others,
and now wanted them selves; for this place was about
50. myles from hence, and at an outside of ye countrie,
remote from all society; also, that it would prove so
straite, as it would not be competente to receive
ye whole body, much less be capable of any addition
or increase ; so as (at least in a shorte time) they
should be worse ther then they are now hear. The
which, with sundery other like considerations and in-
conveniences, made them chaing their resolutions ; but
such as were before resolved upon removall tooke advan-
tage of this agreemente, & wente on notwithstanding,
neither could yc rest hinder them, they haveing made
some begining. And thus was this poore church left,
like an ancieute mother, growne olde, and forsaken of
her children, (though not in their affections,) yett in
regarde of their bodily presence and personall help-
fullness. Her anciente members being most of them
worne away by death ; and these of later time being
1644.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 509
like children translated into other families, and she like
a widow left only to trust in God. Thus she that had
made many rich became her selfe poore.
[262] Some things handled, and pacified by y° comissioner
this year.
Wheras, by a wise providence of God, tow of ye jurisdic-
tions in ye westerne parts, viz. Conightecutt & New-haven,
have beene latly exercised by sundrie insolencies & outrages
from ye Indeans ; as, first, an Englishman, runing from his
mr. out of ye Massachusets, was murdered in ye woods, in or
nere ye limites of Conightecute jurisdiction; and aboute 6.
weeks after, upon discovery by an Indean, ye Indean saga-
more in these parts promised to deliver the murderer to ye
English, bound ; and having accordingly brought him within
ye sight of Uncaway, by their joynte consente, as it is
informed, he was ther unbound, and left to shifte for him
selfe ; wherupon 10. Englishmen forthwith coming to ye place,
being sente by Mr. Ludlow, at ye Indeans desire, to receive
ye murderer, who seeing him escaped, layed hold of 8. of ye
Indeans ther presente, amongst whom ther was a sagamore
or 2. and kept them in hold 2. days, till 4. sagamors ingaged
themselves within one month to deliver ye prisoner. And
about a weeke after this agreemente, an Indean came pre-
sumtuously and with guile, in ye day time, and murtherously
assalted an English woman in her house at Stamford, and
by 3. wounds, supposed mortal 1, left her for dead, after he
had robbed ye house. By which passages ye English were
provoked, & called to a due consideration of their owne
saftie ; and ye Indeans generally in those parts arose in an
hostile maner, refused to come to ye English to carry
on treaties of peace, departed from their wigwames, left
their corne unweeded, and shewed them selves tumultuously
510 HISTORY or [BOOK ir:
about some of ye English plantations, & shott of peeces
within hearing of ye towne ; and some Indeans came to ye
English & tould them ye Indeans would fall- upon them.
So y* most of ye English thought it unsafe to travell in those
parts by land, and some of ye plantations were put upon
strong watchs and ward, night & day, & could not attend
their private occasions, and yet distrusted their owne strength
for their defence. Wherupon Hartford & New-Haven were
sent unto for aide, and saw cause both to send into ye weaker
parts of their owne jurisdiction thus in danger, and New-
Haven, for convenience of situation, sente aide to Uncaway,
though belonging to Conightecutt. Of all which passages
they presently acquainted ye comissioners in ye Bay, & had
ye allowance & approbation from ye Generall Courte ther,
with directions neither to hasten warr nor to bear such iriso-
lencies too longe. Which courses, though chargable to them
selves, yet through Gods blessing they hope fruite is, & will
be, sweete and wholsome to all ye collonies ; the murderers
are since delivered to justice, the piiblick peace preserved for
ye presente, & probabillitie it may be better secured for ye
future.
Thus this mischeefe was prevented, and ye fear of
a warr hereby diverted. But now an other broyle was
begune by ye Narigansets ; though they unjustly had
made warr upon Uncass, (as is before declared,) and
had, ye winter before this, ernestly presed ye Gove1'
of ye Massachusets that they might still make warr
upon them to revenge ye death of their sagamore, wch,
being taken prisoner, was by them put to death, (as
before was noted,) pretending that they had first received
and accepted his ransome, and then put him to death.
1644.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 511
But ye Gover refused their presents, and tould them
y* it was them selves had done ye wronge, & broaken
yc conditions of peace ; and he nor ye English neither
could nor would allow them to make any further warr
upon him, but if they did, must assiste him, & oppose
them ; but if it did appeare, upon good proofe, that
he had received a ransome for his life, before he put
him to death, when ye comissioners mett, they should
have a fair hearing, and they would cause Uncass
to returne ye same. But notwithstanding, at ye spring
of ye year they gathered a great power, and fell upon
Uucass, and slue sundrie of his men, and wrounded
more, and also had some loss them selves. Uncass
cald for aide from ye English; they tould him what
ye Narigansets objected, he deney the same ; they tould
him it must come to triall, and if he was inocente, if
ye Narigansets would not desiste, they would aide &
assiste him. So at this meeting they [263] sent both
to Uncass & ye Narrigansets, and required their saga-
mors to come or send to ye comissioners now mete
at Hartford, and they should have a faire & inpartiall
hearing in all their greevances, and would endeavor
y* all wrongs should be rectified wher they should be
found ; and they promised that they should safly come
and returne without any danger or molestation ; and
sundry ye like things, as appears more at large in
ye messengers instructions. Upon wch the Narigansets
sent one sagamore and some other deputies, with full
512 HISTORY or [BOOK 11.
power to doe in ye case as should be meete. Uncass
came in person, accompanyed with some cheefe aboute
him. After the agitation of ye bussines, ye issue was
this. The comissioners declared to ye Narigansett depu-
ties as folio weth.
1. That they did not find any proof e of any ransome
agreed on.
2. It appeared not ye any wampam had been paied as a
ransome, or any parte of a ransome, for Myantinomos life.
3. That if they had in any measure proved their charge
against Uncass, the comissioners would have required him
to have made answerable satisfaction.
4. That if hereafter they can make satisfing profe, ye Eng-
lish will consider ye same, & proceed accordingly.
5. The comissioners did require yl neither them selves nor
ye Nyanticks make any warr or injurious assaulte upon
Unquass or any of his company untill they make profe
of ye ransume charged, and y* due satisfaction be deneyed,
unless he first assaulte them.
6. That if they assaulte Uncass, the English are engaged
to assist him.
Hearupon ye Narigansette sachim, advising with ye other
deputies, ingaged him selfe in the behalfe of ye Narigansets
& Nyanticks that no hostile acts should be comitted upon
Uncass, or any of his, untill after ye next planting of corne ;
and y' after that, before they begine any warr, they will give
30. days warning to ye Gover of the Massachusets or Con-
ightecutt. The comissioners approving of this offer, and
taking their ingagmente under their hands, required Uncass,
as he expected ye continuance of ye favour of the English,
to observe the same termes of peace with ye Narigansets
and theirs.
1645.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 513
These foregoing conclusions were subscribed by ye comis-
sioners, for ye severall jurisdictions, ye 19. of Sept: 1644.
EDWA : HOPKINS, Presidente.
SIMON BRADSTREETE.
WILLM. HATHORNE.
EDW: WINSLOW.
JOHN BROWNE.
GEOR : FENWICK.
THEOPH : EATON.
THO : GREGSON.
The forenamed Narigansets deputies did further promise, that
if, contrary to this agreemente, any of ye Nyantick Pequents
should make any assaulte upon Uncass, or any of his, they
would deliver them up to ye English, to be punished accord-
ing to their demerits ; and that they would not use any means
to procure the Mowacks to come against Uncass during this
truce.
These were their names subscribed with their marks.
WEETOWISH. CHINNOUGH.
PAMPIAMETT. PUMMUNISH.
[264] Anno Dom: 1645.
THE comissioners this year were caled to meete to-
gither at Boston, before their ordinarie time ; partly in
regard of some difierances falen betweene ye French and
ye govermente of ye Massachusets, about their aiding
of Munseire Latore against Munsseire de Aulney, and
partly aboute ye Indeans, who had broaken ye former
agreements aboute the peace concluded ye last year.
This meeting was held at Boston, ye 28. of July.
514 HISTORY OF [BOOK ri.
Besids some underhand assualts made on both sids,
the Narigansets gathered a great power, and fell upon
Uncass, and slew many of his men, and wounded
more, by reason y* they farr exseeded him in number,
and had gott store of peeces, with which they did him
most hurte. And as they did this withoute ye knowl-
edg and consente of ye English, (contrary to former
agreemente, ) so they were resolved to prosecute ye same,
notwithstanding any thing ye English said or should doe
against them. So, being incouraged by ther late vic-
torie, and promise of assistance from ye Mowaks, (being
a strong, warlike, and desperate people,) they had all-
ready devoured Uncass & his, in their hops ; and surly
they had done it in deed, if the English had not timly
sett in for his aide. For those of Conightecute sent
him 40. men, who were a garison to him, till ye comis-
sioners could meete and take further order.
Being thus mett, they forthwith sente 3. messengers,
viz. Sargent John Davis, Benedicte Arnold, and Francis
Smith, with full & ample instructions, both to ye Nari-
gansets and Uncass ; to require them y* they should
either come in person or send sufficiente men fully
instructed to deale in ye bussines ; and if they refused
or delayed, to let them know (according to former
agreements) y* the English are engaged to assiste
against these hostile invasions, and y* they have sente
their men to defend Uncass, and to know of ye Nari-
gansets whether they will stand to ye former peace,
1645.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 515
or they will assaulte ye English also, that they may
provid accordingly.
But ye messengers returned, not only with a sleight-
ing, but a threatening answer from the Narigansets
(as will more appear hereafter). Also they brought
a letter from Mr. Roger Williams, wherin he assures
them that ye warr would presenly breake forth, & ye
whole country would be all of a flame. And y* the
sachems of ye Narigansets had concluded a newtrality
with ye English of Providence and those of Aquidnett
Hand. Wherupon ye comissioners, considering ye great
danger & provocations offered, and ye necessitie we
should be put unto of making warr with ye Narigan-
setts, and being also carfull, in a matter of so great
waight & generall concernmente, to see ye way cleared,
and to give satisfaction to all ye colonies, did thinke
fitte to advise with such of ye magistrats & elders of
ye Massachusets as were then at hand, and also with
some of ye cheefe millitary comanders ther ; who being
assembled, it was then agreed, —
First, y4 our ingagmente bound us to aide & defend
Uncass. 2. That this ayde could not be intended only
to defend him & his forte, or habitation, but (according
to ye comone acceptation of such covenants, or ingag-
ments, considered with ye grounds or occasion therof)
so to ayde him as he might be preserved in his liberty
and estate. 3ly. That this ayde [265] must be speedy,
least he might be swalowed up in ye mean time, and
516 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
so come to late. 4ly. The justice of this warr being
cleared to our selves and ye rest then presente, it was
thought meete y* the case should be stated, and ye
reasons & grounds of ye warr declared and published.
5ly. That a day of humilliation should be apoynted,
which was ye 5. day of ye weeke following. 6ly. It was
then allso agreed by ye comissioners that ye whole num-
ber of men to be raised in all ye colonies should be 300.
Wherof from ye Massachusets a 190. Plimoth, 40.
Conightecute, 40. New-Haven, 30. And considering
y* Uncass was in present danger, 40. men of this num-
ber were forthwith sente from ye Massachusets for his
sucoure; and it was but neede, for ye other 40. from
Conightecutt had order to stay but a month, & their
time being out, they returned ; and ye Narigansets, hear-
ing therof, tooke the advantage, and came suddanly
upon him, and gave him another blow, to his further
loss, and were ready to doe ye like againe ; but these
40. men being arrived, they returned, and did nothing.
The declaration which they sett forth I shall not
transcribe, it being very larg, and put forth in printe,
to which I referr those y* would see ye same, in which
all passages are layed open from ye first. I shall only
note their prowd carriage, and answers to ye 3. mes-
sengers sent from ye comissioners. They received them
with scorne & contempte, and tould them they resolved
to have no peace without Uncass his head; also they
gave them this further answer : that it mattered not
1645.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 517
who begane ye warr, they were resolved to follow it,
and that ye English should withdraw their garison from
Uncass, or they would procure ye Mo wakes against
them; and withall gave them this threatening answer:
that they would lay ye English catle on heaps, as high
as their houses, and y4 no English-man should sturr out
of his dore to pisse, but he should be kild. And
wheras they required guids to pass throw their countrie,
to deliver their message to Uncass from ye comissioners,
they deneyed them, but at length (in way of scorne)
offered them an old Pequente woman. Besids allso
they conceived them selves in danger, for whilst ye in-
terpretour was speakeing with them about ye answer
he should returne, 3. men came & stood behind him
with ther hatchets, according to their murderous maner ;
but one of his fellows gave him notice of it, so they
broak of & came away ; with sundry such like affrontes,
which made those Indeans they carryed with them to
rune away for fear, and leave them to goe home as
they could.
Thus whilst ye comissioners in care of ye publick
peace sought to quench ye fire kindled amongst ye
Indeans, these children of strife breath out threatenings,
provocations, and warr against ye English them selves.
So that, unless they should dishonour & provoak God,
by violating a just ingagmente, and expose ye colonies to
contempte & danger from ye barbarians, they cannot but
exerciese force, when no other means will prevaile to
518 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
reduse ye Narigansets & their confederats to a more
just & sober temper.
So as here upon they went on to hasten ye prepa-
rations, according to ye former agreemente, and sent to
Plimoth to send forth their 40. men with all speed,
to lye at Seacunke, least any deanger should befalle
it, before yc rest were ready, it lying next ye enemie,
and ther to stay till ye Massachusetts should joyne with
them. Allso Conigtecute & Newhaven forces were to
joyne togeather, and march with all speed, and ys
Indean confederats of those parts with them. All which
was done accordingly; and the souldiers of this place
were at Seacunk, the place of their rendevouze, 8. or
10. days before ye rest were ready ; they were well
armed all with snaphance peeces, and wente under
ye camand of Captain [266] Standish. Those from
other places were led likwise by able comanders,* as
Captaine Mason for Conigtecute, &c. ; and Majore
Gibons was made generall over ye whole, with such
comissions & instructions as was meete.
Upon ye suden dispatch of these souldiears, (the
present necessitie requiring it,) the deputies of ye
Massachusetts Courte (being now assembled imediatly
after ye setting forth of their 40. men) made a ques-
tion whether it was legally done, without their comis-
sion. It was answered, that howsoever it did properly
belong to ye authority of ye severall jurisdictions (after
* Comander in the MS.
1645.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 519
ye warr was agreed upon by ye comissioners, & the
number of men) to provid ye men & means to carry
on ye warr ; yet in this presente case, the proceeding
of ye comissioners and ye comission given was as suffi-
ciente as if it had been done by ye Grenerall Courte.
First, it was a case of such presente & urgente necessitie,
as could not stay ye calling of ye Courte or Counsell. 2ly.
In ye Articles of Confederation, power is given to ye comis-
sioners to consult, order, & determine all affaires of warr,
&c. And ye word determine comprehends all acts of author-
ity belonging therunto.
3ly. The comissioners are ye judges of ye necessitie of the
expedition.
4ly. The Generall Courte have made their owne comis-
sioners their sole counsell for these affires.
5ly. These counsels could not have had their due effecte
excepte they had power to proceede in this case, as they
have done ; which were to make ye comissioners power, and
ye maine end of ye confederation, to be frustrate, and that
mearly for observing a ceremony.
6ly. The comissioners haveing sole power to manage ye
warr for number of men, for time, place, &c., they only
know their owne counsells, & determinations, and therfore
none can grante comission to acte according to these but
them selves.
All things being thus in readines, and some of ye
souldiers gone forth, and the rest ready to march,
the comissioners thought it meete before any hostile
acte was performed, to cause a presente to be re-
turned, which had been sente to ye Gover of the Mas-
sachusetts from ye Narigansett sachems, but not by
520 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
him received, but layed up to be accepted or refused
as they should carry them selves, and observe ye cove-
nants.. Therfore they violating the same, & standing
out thus to a warr, it was againe returned, by 2. mes-
sengers & an interpretour. And further to let know
that their men already sent to Uncass (& other wher
sent forth) have hitherto had express order only to
stand upon his & their owne defence, and not to
attempte any invasion of ye Narigansetts country ; and
yet if they may have due reperation for what is past,
and good securitie for ye future, it shall appear they
are as desirous of peace, and shall be as tender of
ye Narigansets blood as ever. If therefore Pessecuss,
Innemo, with other sachemes, will (without further
delay) come along with you to Boston, the comis-
sioners doe promise & assure them, they shall have
free liberty to come, and retourne without molesta-
tion or any just greevance from ye English. But
deputies will not now serve, nor may the prepara-
tions in hand be now stayed, or ye directions given
recalled, till ye forementioned sagamors come, and
some further order be taken. But if they will have
nothing but warr, the English are providing, and will
proceede accordingly.
Pessecouss, Mixano, & Witowash, 3. principall sa-
chems of ye Narigansett Indeans, and Awasequen, dep-
utie for ye Nyanticks, with a large traine of men,
within a few days after came to Boston.
1645.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 521
And to onritte all other circomstances and debats y*
past betweene them and the comissioners, they came
to this conclusion following.
[267] 1. It was agreed betwixte ye comissioners of ye
United Collonies, and ye forementioned sagamores, & Nian-
tick deputie, that ye said Narigansets & Niantick sagamores
should pay or cause to be payed at Boston, to ye Massa-
chusets comissioners, ye full sume of 2000. fathome of good
white wampame, or a third parte of black wampampeage,
in 4. payments ; namely, 500. fathorne within 20. days,
500. fathome within 4. months, 500. fathome at or before
next planting time, and 500. fathome within 2. years next
after ye date of these presents; which 2000. fathome ye
comissioners accepte for satisfaction of former charges ex-
pended.
2. The foresaid sagamors & deputie (on ye behalf e of ye
Narigansett & Niantick Indeans) hereby promise & cove-
nante that they upon demand and profe satisfie & re-
store unto Uucass, ye Mohigan sagamore, all such cap-
tives, whether men, or women, or children, and all such
canowes, as they or any of their men have taken, or as
many of their owne canowes in ye roome of them, full as
good as they were, with full satisfaction for all such come
as they or any of theire men have spoyled or destroyed, of
his or his mens, since last planting time ; and ye English
comissioners hereby promise y1 Uncass shall doe ye like.
3. Wheras ther are sundry differences & greevances be-
twixte Narigansett & Niantick Indeans, and Uncass & his
men, (which in Uncass his absence cannot now be detir-
mined,) it is hearby agreed y4 Nariganset & Niantick saga-
mores either come them selves, or send their deputies to ye
next meeting of ye comissioners for ye collonies, either at
* New-Haven in Sep* 1646. or sooner (upon conveniente warn-
522 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
ing, if ye said comissioners doe meete sooner), fully instructed
to declare & make due proofe of their injuries, and to sub-
mite to ye judgmente of ye comissioners, in giving or receiv-
ing satisfaction ; and ye said comissiouers (not doubting but
Uncass will either come him selfe, or send his deputies,
in like maner furnished) promising to give a full hearing
to both parties with equall justice, without any partiall
respects, according to their allegations and profs.
4. The said Narigansett & Niantick sagamors & deputies
doe hearby promise & covenante to keep and maintaine a
firme & perpetuall peace, both with all ye English United
Colonies & their successors, and with Uncass, ye Monhegen
sachem, & his men; with Ossamequine, Pumham, Sokanoke,
Cutshamakin, Shoanan, Passaconaway, and all other Indean
sagarnors, and their companies, who are in freindship with
or subjecte to any of ye English ; hearby ingaging them
selves, that they will not at any time hearafter disturbe ye
peace of ye cuntry, by any assaults, hostile attempts, inva-
sions, or other injuries, to any of ye Unnited Collonies, or
their successors ; or to ye afforesaid Indeans ; either in their
persons, buildings, catle, or goods, directly or indirectly ; nor
will they confederate with any other against them ; & if
they know of any Indeans or others yl conspire or intend
hurt against ye said English, or any Indeans subjecte to or in
freindship with them, they will without delay acquainte & give
notice therof to ye English comissioners, or some of them.
Or if any questions or differences shall at any time here-
after arise or grow betwext them & Uncass, or any Endeans
before mentioned, they will, according to former ingagments
(which they hearby confirme & ratine) first acquainte ye
English, and crave their judgments & advice therin ; and
will not attempte or begine any warr, or hostille invasion,
till they have liberty and alowance from ye comissioners of
ye United Collonies so to doe.
1645.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 523
5. The said Narigansets & Niantick sagamores & depu-
ties doe hearby promise y* they will forthwth deliver & re-
store all such Indean fugitives, or captives which have at
any time fled from any of ye English, and are now living
or abiding amongst them, or give due satisfaction for them
to ye comissioners for ye Massachusets ; and further, that
they will (without more delays) pay, or cause to be payed,
a yearly tribute, a month before harvest, every year after
this, at Boston, to ye English Colonies, for all such Peqtients
as live amongst them, according to ye former treaty &
agreemente, made at Hartford, 1638. iiamly, one fathome
of white wampam for every Pequente man, & halfe a
fathume for each Pequente youth, and one hand length
for each mal-child. And if Weequashcooke refuse to pay
this tribute for any Pequents with him, the Narigansetts
sagamores promise to assiste ye English against him And
they further covenante yl they will resigne & yeeld up the
whole Pequente cuntrie, and every parte of it, to ye Eng-
lish collonies, as due to them by conquest.
6. The said Narigansett & Niautick sagamores & deputie
doe hereby promise & covenante y{ within 14. days they will
bring & deliver to ye Massachusetts comissioners on ye be-
half e of ye collonies, [268] foure of their children, viz.
Pessecous his eldest son, the sone Tassaquanawite, brother
to Pessecouss, Awashawe his sone, and Ewangsos sone, a
Niantick, to be kepte (as hostages & pledges) by ye English,
till both ye forementioned 2000. fathome of wampam be payed
at ye times appoynted, and ye differences betweexte themselves
& Uncass be heard -& ordered, and till these artickles be
under writen at Boston, by Jenemo & Wipetock. And fur-
ther they hereby promise & covenante, yl if at any time
hearafter any of ye said children shall make escape, or be
conveyed away from ye English, before ye premisses be fully
accomplished, they will either bring back & deliver to ye
524 HISTORY or [BOOK n.
Massachusett comissioners ye same children, or, if they be not
to be founde, such & so many other children, to be chosen
by ye comissioners for ye United Collonies, or their assignes,
and y1 within 20. days after demand, and in ye mean time,
untill ye said 4. children be delivered as hostages, ye Nari-
gansett & Niantick sagamors & deputy doe, freely & of their
owne accorde, leave with ye Massachusett comissioners, as
pledges for presente securitie, 4. Indeans, namely, Witowash,
Pumanise, Jawashoe, Waughwamino, who allso freely con-
sente, and offer them selves to stay as pledges, till ye said
children be brought & delivered as abovesaid.
7. The comissioners for ye United Collouies doe hereby
promise & agree that, at ye charge of ye United Collonies,
ye 4. Indeans now left as pledges shall be provided for, and y*
the 4. children to be brought & delivered as hostages shall
be kepte & maintained at ye same charge ; that they will
require Uncass & his men, with all other Indean sagamors
before named, to forbear all acts of hostilitie againste ye Nari-
gansetts and Niantick Indeans for ye future. And further,
all ye promises being duly observed & kept by ye Narigansett
& Niantick Indians and their company, they will at ye end
of 2. years restore ye said children delivered as hostiages,
and retaine a firme peace with ye Narigansets & Nianticke
Indeans and their successours.
8. It is fully agreed by & betwixte ye said parties, y* if
any hostile attempte be made while this treaty is in hand,
or before notice of this agreemente (to stay further prepara-
tions & directions) can be given, such attempts & ye conse-
quencts therof shall on neither parte be accounted a violation
of this treaty, nor a breach of ye peace hear made & con-
cluded.
9. The Narigansets & Niantick sagamors & deputie hereby
agree & covenante to & with ye comissiouers of ye United
Collonies, y1 henceforth they will neither give, grante, sell,
or in any maner alienate, any parte of their countrie, nor
1645.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 525
any parcell of land therin, either to any of ye English or
others, without consente or allowance of ye comissioners.
10. Lastly, they promise that, if any Pequente or other be
found & discovered amongst them who hath in time of peace
murdered any of ye English, he or they shall be delivered to
just punishmente.
In witness wherof ye parties above named have inter-
chaingablie subscribed these presents, the day & year above
writen.
JOHN WINTHROP, President.
HERBERT PELHAM.
THO : PRENCE.
JOHN BROWNE.
GEO : FENWICK.
EDWA : HOPKINS.
THEOPH : EATON.
STEVEN GOODYEARE.
PESSECOUSS his mark £/
MEEKESANO his mark ) ^
WITOWASH his mark C C C
/ f the Niantick
AUMSEQUEN hlS mark \^J deputy
ABDAS his mark 0
PUMMASH his mark
CUTCHAMAKIN his mark
This treaty and agreemente betwixte the comissioners of ye
United Collonies and ye sagamores and deputy of Narrigansets
and Niantick Indeans was made and concluded, Benedicte
Arnold being interpretour upon his oath ; Sergante Callicate
& an Indean, his man, being presente, and Josias & Cut-
shamakin, tow Indeans aquainted with ye English language,
assisting therin; who opened & cleared the whole treaty, &
every article, to ye sagamores and deputie there presente.
And thus was ye warr at this time stayed and pre-
vented.
526 HISTORY OF [BOOK n.
[269] .^71710 Dom: 1646.
ABOUT ye midle of May, this year, came in 3. ships
into this harbor, in warrlike order ; they were found to
be men of warr. The captains name was Crumwell,
who had taken sundrie prizes from ye Spaniards in ye
West Indies. He had a comission from ye Earle of
Warwick. He had abord his vessels aboute 80. lustie
men, (but very unruly,) who, after they came ashore,
did so distemper them selves with drinke as they be-
came like madd-men; and though some of them were
punished & imprisoned, yet could they hardly be re-
strained ; yet in ye ende they became more moderate
& orderly. They continued here aboute a month or
6. weeks, and then went to ye Massachusets ; in which
time they spente and scattered a great deale of money
among ye people, and yet more sine (I fear) then
money, notwithstanding all ye care & watchfullnes that
was used towards them, to prevente what might be.
In which time one sadd accidente fell out. A des-
perate fellow of ye company fell a quarling with some
of his company. His captine comanded him to be quiet
& surcease his quarelling ; but he would not, but
reviled his captaine with base language, & in ye end
halfe drew his rapier, & intended to rune at his captien ;
but he closed with him, and wrasted his rapier from
him, and gave him a boxe on ye earr ; but he would
not give over, but still assaulted his captaine. Wher-
1646.] PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 527
upon he tooke ye same rapier as it was in ye scaberd,
and gave him a blow with ye hilts; but it light on his
head, & ye smal end of ye bar of ye rapier hilts peirct
his scull, & he dyed a few days after. But ye captaine
was cleared by a counsell of warr. This fellow was
so desperate a quareller as ye captaine was faine many
times to chaine him under hatches from hurting his
fellows, as ye company did testifie ; and this was his
end.
This Captaine Thomas Cromuell sett forth another
vioage to the Westindeas, from the Bay of the Massa-
chusets, well maned & victuled ; and was out 3. years,
and tooke sundry prises, and returned rich unto the
Massachusets, and ther dyed the same somere, having
gott a fall from his horse, in which fall he fell on his
rapeir hilts, and so brused his body as he shortly after
dyed therof, with some other distempers, which brought
him into a feavor. Some observed that ther might be
somthing of the hand pf God herein ; that as the fore-
named man dyed of ye blow he gave him with ye rapeir
hilts, so his owne death was occationed by a like means.
This year Mr. Edward Winslow went into England,
upon this occation : some discontented persons under
ye govermente of the Massachusets sought to trouble
their peace, and disturbe, if not innovate, their gover-
mente, by laying many [270] scandals upon them ;
and intended to prosecute against them in England, by
petitioning & complaining to the Parlemente. Allso
528 HISTORY OF PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. [BOOK II.
Samuell Gorton & his company made complaints against
them; so as they made choyse of Mr. Winslovv to be
their agente, to make their defence, and gave him
comission & instructions for that end; in which he so
carried him selfe as did well answer their ends, and
cleared them from any blame or dishonour, to the
shame of their adversaries. But by reason of the great
alterations in the State, he was detained longer then
was expected; and afterwards fell into other imploy-
ments their, so as he hath now bene absente this
4. years, which hath been much to the weakning of
this govermente, without whose consente he tooke these
imployments upon him.
Anno 1647. And Anno 1648.
APPENDIX.
APPENDIX.
No. I.
[Passengers of the flay flower.]
The names of those which came over first, in ye year 1620.
and were by the blessing of God the first beginers and
(in a sort) the foundation of all the Plantations and
Colonies in New-England ; and their families.
Mr. John Carver ; Kathrine, his wife ; Desire Minter ;
& 2. man-servants, John Rowland, Roger Wilder ; Wil-
O»
Ham Latham, a boy ; & a maid servant, & a child y*
was put to him, called Jasper More.
Mr. William Brewster; Mary, his wife; with 2. sons,
whose names were Love & Wrasling ; and a boy was
6. put to him called Richard More ; and another of his
brothers. The rest of his children were left behind, &
came over afterwards.
Mr. Edward Winslow ; Elizabeth, his wife ; & 2. men
servants, caled Georg Sowle and Elias Story ; also a litle
girle was put to him, caled Ellen, the sister of Richard
More.
William Bradford, and Dorothy, his wife; having but
one child, a sone, left behind, who came afterward.
Mr. Isaack Allerton, and Mary, his wife ; with 3. chil-
6. dren, Bartholmew, Remember, & Mary; and a servant
boy, John Hooka.
532 APPENDIX.
Mr. Samuell Fuller, and a servant, caled William But-
2. ten. His wife was behind, & a child, which came after-
wards.
2. John Crakston, and his sone, John Crakston.
2. Captin Myles Standish, and Rose, his wife.
Mr. Christopher Martin, and his wife, and 2. servants,
4.
Salamon Prower and John Laugemore.
Mr. William Mullines, and his wife, and 2. children,
Joseph & Priscila; and a servant, Robart Carter.
Mr. William White, and Susana, his wife, and one
sone, caled Resolved, and one borne a ship-bord, caled
6.
Peregriene ; & 2. servants, named William Holbeck &
Edward Thomson.
Mr. Steven Hopkins, & Elizabeth, his wife, and 2. chil-
dren, caled Giles, and Constanta, a doughter, both by
•8. a former wife ; and 2. more by this wife, caled Damaris
& Oceanus ; the last was borne at sea ; and 2. servants,
called Edward Doty and Edward Litster.
Mr. Richard Warren ; but his wife and children were
lefte behind, and came afterwards.
John Billinton, and Elen, his wife ; and 2. sones, John
& Francis.
Edward Tillie, and Ann, his wife ; and 2. children that
4.
were their cossens, Henery Samson and Humillity Coper.
John Tillie, and his wife ; and Eelizabeth, their
3.
doughter.
Francis Cooke, and his sone John. But his wife &
other children came afterwards.
APPENDIX. 533
Thomas Rogers, and Joseph, his sone. His other chil-
dren came afterwards.
3.* Thomas Tinker, and his wife, and a sone.
2. John Rigdale, and Alice, his wife.
James Chilton, and his wife, and Mary, their dougter.
3. They had an other doughter, yl was maried, came after-
ward.
3. Edward Fuller, and his wife, and Samuell, their sonne.
John Turner, and 2. sones. He had a doughter came
some years after to Salem, wher she is now living.
Francis Eaton, and Sarah, his wife, and Samuell, their
Q
sone, a yong child.
Moyses Fletcher, John Goodman, Thomas "Williams,
Digerie Preist, Edmond Margeson, Peter Browne, Richard
Britterige, Richard Clarke, Richard Gardenar, Gilbart
Winslow.
John Alden was hired for a cooper, at South-Hampton,
wher the ship victuled ; and being a hopfull yong man,
was much desired, but left to his owne liking to go or
stay when he came here ; but he stayed, and maryed here.
John Allerton and Thomas Enlish were both hired, the
later to goe mr of a shalop here, and ye other was reputed
2. as one of ye company, but was to go back (being a sea-
man) for the help of others behind. But they both dyed
here, before the shipe returned.
* Written 2 in MS.
534 APPENDIX.
There were allso other 2. seamen hired to stay a year
2. here in the country, William Trevore, and one Ely. But
when their time was out, they both returned.
These, bening aboute a hundred sowls, came over in
this first ship ; and began this worke, which God of his
goodnes hath hithertoo blesed ; let his holy name have
ye praise.
And seeing it hath pleased him to give me to see 30. years
eompleated since these beginings ; and that the great
works of his providence are to be observed, I have
thought it not unworthy my paines to take a veiw of the
decreasings & increasings of these persons, and such
changs as hath pased over them & theirs, in this thirty
years. It may be of some use to such as come after ;
but, however, I shall rest in my owne benefite.
I will therfore take them in order as they lye.
Mr. Carver and his wife dyed the first year; he in ye
spring, she in ye somer; also, his man Roger and ye litle
boy Jasper dyed before either of them, of ye commone in-
fection. Desire Minter returned to her freinds, & proved
not very well, and dyed in England. His servant boy
Latham, after more then 20. years stay in the country,
went into England, and from thence to the Bahamy Hands
in ye West Indies, and ther, with some others, was starved
for want of food. His maid servant maried, & dyed
a year or tow after, here in this place.
His servant, John Rowland, maried the doughter of
John Tillie, Elizabeth, and they are both now living,
and have 10. children, now all living ; and their eldest
15.
daughter hath 4. children. And ther 2. daughter, 1. all
living ; and other of their children mariagable. So 15.
are come of them.
APPENDIX. 535
Mr. Brewster lived to very old age ; about 80. years he
was when he dyed, having lived some 23. or 24. years
here in ye countrie ; & though his wife dyed long before,
yet she dyed aged. His sone Wrastle dyed a yonge man
4. unmaried; his sone Love lived till this year 1650. and
dyed, & left 4. children, now living. His doughters
which came over after him are dead, but have left sundry
children alive ; his eldst sone is still live ing, and hath 9.
2. or 10 children; one maried, who hath a child or 2.
Richard More his brother dyed the first winter ; but he
4;.
is maried, and hath 4. or 5. children, all living.
Mr. Ed : Winslow his wife dyed the first winter ; and he
2. maried with the widow of Mr. White, and hath 2. children
living by her marigable, besids sundry that are dead.
One of his servants dyed, as also the litle girle, soone
8. after the ships arivall. But his man, Georg Sowle, is still
living, and hath 8. childre.
William Bradford his wife dyed soone after their arivall ;
4. and he maried againe ; and hath 4. children, 3. wherof are
maried.
Mr. Allerton his wife dyed with the first, and his ser-
vant, John Hooke. His sone Bartle is maried in England,
but I know not how many children he hath. His doughter
Remember is maried at Salem, & hath 3. or 4. children
living. And his doughter Mary is maried here, & hath 4.
O •
children. Him selfe maried againe with ye doughter of
Mr. Brewster, & hath one sone living by her, but she
is long since dead. And he is maried againe, and hath
left this place long agoe. So I account his increase to
be 8. besids his sons in England.
Mr. Fuller his servant dyed at sea ; and after his wife
2. came over, he had tow children by her, which are living
and growne up to years ; but he dyed some 15. years agoe.
536 APPENDIX.
John Crakston dyed in the first mortality ; and about
some 5. or 6. years after, his sone dyed ; having lost him
selfe in ye wodes, his feet became frosen, which put him
into a feavor, of which he dyed.
* Captain Standish his wife dyed in the first sicknes,
4. and he maried againe, and hath 4. sones liveing, and
some are dead.
Mr. Martin, he & all his, dyed in the first infection
not long after the arivall.
Mr. Molines, and his wife, his sone, and his servant,
dyed the first winter. Only his dougter Priscila survied,
15. and maried with John Alden, who are both living, and
have 11. children. And their eldest daughter is maried,
& hath five children.
Mr. White and his 2. servants dyed soone after ther
landing. His wife maried with Mr. Winslow (as is be-
7. fore noted). His 2. sons are maried, and Resolved hath
5. children, Perigrine tow, all living. So their increase
are 7.
Mr. Hopkins and his wife are now both dead, but they
lived above 20. years in this place, and had one sone and
4. doughters borne here. Ther sone became a seaman, &
dyed at Barbadoes ; one daughter dyed here, and 2. are
maried; one of them hath 2. children; & one is yet to
mary. So their increase which still survive are 5. But
4. his sone Giles is maried, and hath 4. children.
His doughter Constanta is also maried, and hath 12.
children, all of them living, and one of them maried.
Who dyed 3. of Octob. 1655.
APPENDIX. 537
Mr. Richard Warren lived some 4. or 5. years, and had
his wife come over to him, by whom he had 2. sons
before dyed ; and one of them is maryed, and hath 2.
children. So his increase is 4. But he had 5. doughters
more came over with his wife, who are all maried, &
living, & have many children.
John Billinton, after he had bene here 10. yers, was
executed for killing a man ; and his eldest sone dyed
before him; but his 2. sone is alive, and maried, & hath
8. children.
Edward Tillie and his wife both dyed soon after their
arivall ; and the girle Humility, their cousen, was sent for
into England, and dyed ther. But the youth Henery
Samson is still liveing, and is maried, & hath 7. children.
John Tillie and his wife both dyed a litle after they
came ashore ; and their daughter Elizabeth maried with
John Rowland, and hath issue as is before noted.
Francis Cooke is still living, a very olde man, and hath
scene his childrens children have children ; after his wife
8. came over, (with other of his children,) he hath 3. still
living by her, all maried, and have 5. children ; so their
encrease is 8. And his sone John, which came over with
him, is maried, and hath 4. chilldren living.
Thomas Rogers dyed in the first sicknes, but his sone
Joseph is still living, and is maried, and hath 6. children.
The rest of Thomas Rogers [children] came over, & are
maried, & have many children.
Thomas Tinker and his wife and sone all dyed in the
first sicknes.
And so did John Rigdale and his wife.
538 APPENDIX.
James Chilton and his wife also dyed in the first infec-
tion. But their daughter Mary is still living, and hath 9.
children ; and one daughter is maried, & hath a child ; so
their increase is 10.
Edward Fuller and his wife dyed soon after they came
4. ashore ; but their soiie Samuell is living, & maried, and
hath 4. children or more.
John Turner and his 2. sones all dyed in the first
siknes. But he hath a daugter still living at Salem, well
maried, and approved of.
Francis Eaton his first wife dyed in the generall
sicknes ; and he maried againe, & his 2. wife dyed, &
4. he maried the 3. and had by her 3. children. One of
them is maried, & hath a child ; the other are living,
but one of them is an ideote. He dyed about 16. years
agoe. His sone Samuell, who came over a sucking child,
is allso maried, & hath a child.
Moyses Fletcher, Thomas Williams, Digerie Preist,
John Goodman, Edmoud Margeson, Richard Britteridge,
Richard Clarke. All these dyed sone after their arivall,
in the generall sicknes that befell. But Digerie Preist
had his wife & children sent hither afterwards, she being
Mr. Allertons sister. But the rest left no posteritie here.
Richard Gardinar became a seaman, and died in Eng-
land, or at sea.
Gilbert Winslow, after diverse years aboad here, re-
turned into England, and dyed ther.
Peter Browne maried twise. By his first wife he had
2. children, who are living, & both of them maried, and
6.
the one of them hath 2. children ; by his second wife he
had 2. more. He dyed about 16. years since.
APPENDIX. 539
Thomas English and John Allerton dyed in the generall
siknes.
John Alden maried with Priscila, Mr. Mollines his
doughter, and had issue by her as is before related.
Edward Doty & Edward Litster, the servants of Mr.
Hopkins. Litster, after he was at liberty, went to Vir-
ginia, & ther dyed. But Edward Doty by a second wife
hath 7. children, and both he and they are living.
Of these 100. persons which came first over in this
first ship together, the greater halfe dyed in the generall
mortality ; and most of them in 2. or three monthes time.
And for those which survied, though some were ancient
& past procreation, & others left ye place and cuntrie,
yet of those few remaining are sprunge up above 160.
persons, in this 30. years, and are now living in this
presente year, 1650. besids many of their children which
are dead, and come not within this account.
And of the old stock (of one & other) ther are yet
living this present year, 1650. nere 30. persons. Let the
Lord have ye praise, who is the High Preserver of men.
*Twelfe persons liveing of the old stock this present
yeare, 1679.
Two persons liveing that came over in the first shipe
1620, this present yeare, 1690. Resolved White and Mary
Chusman,t the daughter of Mr. Allerton.
And John Cooke, the son of Frances Cooke, that came
in the first ship, is still liveing this present yeare, 1694;
& Mary Cushman is still living, this present year, 1698.
* The following memoranda are in a later hand,
f Obviously intended for Cushman.
540 APPENDIX.
No. II.
[Commission for Regulating Plantations.]
Charles by ye grace of God king of England, Scotland, France,
and Ireland, Defender of ye Faith, &c.*
To the most Reved father in Christ, our wellbeloved & faith-
full coimsellour, William, by devine providence Archbishop
of Counterbery, of all England Primate & Metropolitan ;
Thomas Lord Coventry, Keeper of our Great Seale of
England ; the most Reverente father in Christ our wellbe-
loved and most faithful Counselour, Richard, by devine
providence Archbishop of Yorke, Primate & Metropolitan ;
our wellbeloved and most faitbfull coussens & Counselours,
Richard, Earle of Portland, our High Treasurer of Eng-
land ; Henery, Earle of Manchester, Keeper of our Privie
Seale ; Thomas, Earle of Arundalle & Surry, Earle Mar-
shall of England ; Edward, Earle of Dorsett, Chamberline
of our most dear consorte, the Queene ; and our beloved &
faithfull Counselours, Francis Lord Cottington, Counseler,
and Undertreasurour of our Eschequour ; Sr: Thomas Ed-
monds, knight, Treasourer of our houshould ; Sr: Henery
Vane, Knight, controuler of ye same houshould ; Sr: John
Cooke, Knight, one of our Privie Secretaries ; and Francis
Windebanck, Knight, another of our Privie Secretaries,
Wheras very many of our subjects, & of our late fathers
of beloved memory, our sovereigne lord James, late king
of England, by means of licence royall, not only with
* See page 381. This document was written on the reverse of folio 201
et seq. of the original manuscript, and for the sake of convenience is trans-
ferred to this place.
APPENDIX. 541
desire of inlarging ye teritories of our empire, but cheefly
out of a pious & religious affection, & desire of propagat-
ing ye gospell of our Lord Jesus Christ, with great Industrie
& expences have caused to be planted large Collonies of
ye English nation, in diverse parts of ye world alltogether
unmanured, and voyd of inhabitants, or occupied of ye bar-
barous people that have no knowledg of divine worship.
We being willing to provid a remedy for ye tranquillity &
quietnes of those people, and being very confidente of your
faith & wisdom, justice & providente circomspection, have
constituted you ye aforesaid Archbishop of Counterburie,
Lord Keeper of ye Great Scale of England, ye Archbishop
of Yorke, &c. and any 5. or more, of you, our Comission-
ers ; and to you, and any 5. or more of you, we doe give
and comite power for ye govermente & saftie of ye said
collonies, drawen, or which, out of ye English nation into
those parts hereafter, shall be drawne, to make lawes, con-
stitutions, & ordinances, pertaining ether to ye publick state
of these collonies, or ye private profite of them ; and con-
cerning ye lands, goods, debts, & succession in those parts,
and how they shall demaine them selves, towards foraigne
princes, and their people, or how they shall bear them
selves towards us, and our subjects, as well in any foraine
parts whatsoever, or on ye seas in those parts, or in their
returne sayling home ; or which may pertaine to ye clergie
govermente, or to ye cure of soules, among ye people ther
living, and exercising trad in those parts ; by designing out
congruente porcions arising in tithes, oblations, & other
things ther, according to your sound discretions, in politi-
call & civill causes ; and by haveing ye advise of 2. or 3.
bishops, for ye setling, making, & ordering of ye bussines,
for ye designeing of necessary ecclesiasticall, and clargie
porcions, which you shall cause to be called, and taken to
you. And to make provission against ye violation of those
542 APPENDIX.
laws, constitutions, and ordinances, by imposing penealties
& mulcts, imprisonmente if ther be cause, and y* ye quality
of ye offence doe require it, by deprivation of member, or
life, to be inflicted. With power allso (our assente being
had) to remove, & displace ye governours or rulers of those
collonies, for causes which to you shall seeme lawfull, and
others in their stead to constitute ; and require an accounte
of their rule & govermente, and whom you shall finde cul-
pable, either by deprivation from their place, or by imposi-
tion of a mulcte upon ye goods of them in those parts to
be levied, or banishmente from those provinces in wch they
have been gover or otherwise to cashier according to ye
quantity of ye offence. And to constitute judges, & magis-
trats politicall & civill, for civill causes and under ye power
and forme, which to you 5. or more of you shall seeme ex-
pediente. And judges & magistrats & dignities, to causes
Ecclesiasticall, and under ye power & forme which to you
5. or more of you, with the bishops vicegerents (provided
by ye Archbishop of Counterbure for ye time being), shall
seeme expediente ; and to ordaine courts, pretoriane and
tribunall, as well ecclesiasticall, as civill, of judgmentes ;
to detirmine of ye formes and maner of procceedings in
ye same ; and of appealing from them in matters & causes
as well criminall, as civill, personall, reale, and mixte, and
to their seats of justice, what may be equall & well ordered,
and what crimes, faults, or exessess, of contracts or injuries
ought to belonge to ye Ecclesiasticall courte, and what to ye
civill courte, and seate of justice.
Provided never ye less, yl the laws, ordinances, & consti-
tutions of this kinde, shall not be put in execution, before
our assent be had therunto in writing under our signet,
signed at least, and this assente being had, and ye same
publikly proclaimed in ye provinces in which they are to
be executed, we will & comand y* those lawes, ordinances,
and constitutions more fully to obtaine strength and be ob-
APPENDIX. 543
served* shall be inviolably of all men whom they shall con-
cerne.
Notwithstanding it shall be for you, or any 5. or more
of you, (as is afforsaid.) allthough those lawes, constitu-
tions, and ordinances shalbe proclaimed with our royall
assente, to chainge, revocke, & abrogate them, and other
new ones, in forme afforsaid, from time to time frame and
make as afforesaid ; and to new evills arissing, or new
dangers, to apply new remedyes as is fitting, so often
as to you it shall seeme expediente. Furthermore you shall
understand that we have constituted you, and every o. or
more of you, the afforesaid Archbishop of Counterburie,
Thomas Lord Coventrie, Keeper of ye Great Seale of Eng-
land, Richard, Bishop of Yorke, Richard, Earle of Portland,
Henery, Earle of Manchester, Thomas, Earle of Arundale
& Surry, Edward, Earell of Dorsett, Francis Lord Cottin-
ton, Sr Thomas Edmonds, f knighte, Sr Henry Vane, knight,
Sr Francis Windebanke, knight, our comissioners to hear,
& determine, according to your sound discretions, all maner
of complaints either against those collonies, or their rulers,
or govenours, at ye instance of ye parties greeved, or at
their accusation brought concerning injuries from hence, or
from thence, betweene them, & their members to be moved,
and to call ye parties before you ; and to the parties or to
their procurators, from hence, or from thence being heard
ye full complemente of justice to be exhibted. Giving unto
you, or any 5. or more of you power, y4 if you shall find
any of ye collonies afforesaid, or any of ye cheefe rulers
upon ye jurisdictions of others by unjust possession, or
usurpation, or one against another making greevance, or
in rebelion against us, or withdrawing from our alegance,
or our comandments, not obeying, consultation first with us
in y* case had, to cause those colonies, or ye rulers of them,
* A superfluous and comes after "observed" in the manuscript.
f Edwards in the manuscript.
544 APPENDIX.
for ye causes afforesaid, or for other just causes, either
to returne to England, or to comand them to other places
designed, even as according to your sounde discretions it
shall seeme to stand with equitie, & justice, or necessitie.
Moreover, we doe give unto you, & any 5. or more of you,
power & spetiall comand over all ye charters, leters patents,
and rescripts royall, of ye regions, provinces, ilands, or
lands in foraigne parts, granted for raising colonies, to
cause them to be brought before you, & ye same being
received, if any thing surrepticiously or unduly have been
obtained, or y* by the same priviledges, liberties, & preroga-
tives hurtfull to us, or to our crowne, or to foraigne princes,
have been prejudicially suffered, or granted ; the same being
better made knowne unto you 5. or more of you, to comand
them according to ye laws and customs of England to be
revoked, and to doe such other things, which to ye profite
& safgard of ye afforesaid collonies, and of our subjects
residente in ye same, shall be necessary. And therfore
we doe comand you that aboute ye premisses at days &
times, which for these things you shall make provission,
that you be diligente in attendance, as it becometh you ;
giving in precepte also, & firmly injoyning, we doe give
comand to all and singuler cheefe rulers of provinces into
which ye colonies afforesaid have been drawne, or shall
be drawne, & concerning ye colonies themselves, & concern-
ing others, y* have been interest therein, y4 they give atend-
ance upon you, and be observante and obediente unto your
warrants in those affaires, as often as, and even as in our
name they shall be required, at their perill. In testimoney
wherof, we have caused these our letters to be made pat-
tente. Wittnes our selfe at Westminster the 28. day of
Aprill, in ye tenth year of our Raigne.
By write from ye privie scale,
WILLIES.
Anno Dom : 1634.
INDEX.
INDEX.
Abdas, an Indian, 525.
Accord Pond, 442.
Acoughcouss, 445.
Adventurers. See Merchant Adventur-
ers.
Alden, John, arrested in Massachusetts,
379. Party to contract, 452, 458. Set-
tlement with, 478, 481. Family, 533,
536, 539.
Alden, Robert, 256.
Allerton, Bartholomew, 531, 535.
Allerton, Isaac, 62. Assistant, 121, 242.
Goes to England, 252, 267, 274, 313,
328 . Agreement with , 254 et seq.,271,
272. Brings over Mr. Rogers, 292.
Marries Elder Brewster's daughter,
305. Discharged, 329, 333, 358. Dis-
ciplined by church, 349. Disregards
his bond, 357, 362. Referred to, 276,
278-280, 294, 296, 297, 300-303, 305-
312, 318-327, 335, 336, 340-350, 357-
359, 361, 363-369, 375, 394, 432, 436,
452. Family, 531.
Allerton, John, 533, 539.
Allerton, Mary, 531, 535.
Allerton, Remember, 531, 535.
Alltham, Emanuel, 256.
Amsterdam, 23, 66, 70, 73.
Anabaptistry, 461.
Andrews, Richard, adventurer, 256.
Undertaker, 275, 279, 296, 307, 333,
342, 343, 394. Beaver sent to, 431,
435. Takes land at Scituate, 439.
Settlement with, 452. Letter to Free-
man, 482. Referred to, 410, 412, 414,
436, 447.
Andrews, Thomas, adventurer, 256.
Ann. See Cape Ann.
Anne, ship, 168, 171, 177, 215.
Anthony, Lawrence, 256.
Aquidnett Island, 434, 461, 515.
Argoll, Captain, 47, 48.
Arminians, 27, 28.
Arnold, Benedict, 514, 525.
Ashley, Edward, 307. His patent and
business, 308 et seq. Sends beaver
home, 318, 326. Trades with Indians,
327. Referred to, 333, 335, 337, 339,
346, 349. His death, 328.
Assistants at Plymouth, 121, 187.
Atwood, John, agent for Sherley, 449
et seq. Sherley's letter to, 478.
Aulney, Monsieur d.', captures Penob-
scot, 395, 513.
Aurelius, Marcus, 24.
Awasequin, chief, 518,f525.
Awashawe, Indian, 523.
Babb, Mr., 412.
Baker, master of the Charity, 202.
Baptism, differences respecting, 457,
461.
Barnstable, 444.
Bass, Edward, 255, 256.
Beastliness, 459 et seq.
Beauchamp, John, 133, 141, 255, 256,
275, 276, 296. Patent in his name,
307. Referred to, 333, 342, 343, 368,
394, 412, 414, 431, 435, 439, 451. Set-
tlement with, 452.
Bellingham, Richard, deputy governor
of Massachusetts, 399. Letters from,
400, 461.
Billirike (Billerica), Pilgrims came from,
69.
Billington, Elen, 532.
Billington, Francis, 532.
Billington, John, 218. Loses himself,
123. Tried for murder and executed,
329. Family, 532, 537.
Billington, John, Jr., 532.
548
INDEX.
Blackwell, Sir Francis, 47-50, 54.
Block Island, 418, 421.
Blossom, Thomas, 374.
Boston in England, 16.
Boston in New England, 342, 354, 383,
417, 501, 518.
Bound Brook, 442.
Bradford, Dorothy, 531, 535.
Bradford, Wm., begins writing, 9. W.
B , 62. Chosen governor, 121. Ill-
ness, 111, 121. Letter to Weston, 131.
Letter from Weston, 142 Letter from
Pickering and Greene, 144, 272. With
others appoints Sherley and Beau-
champ agents, 278. Patent at Ken-
nebec, 376. Surrenders patent, 444.
Letter from, 462. Family, 531, 535.
Bradstreet, Simon, 399, 513.
Brewer, Thomas, 60, 256. _
Brewster, Jonathan, letter from, 403.
Brewster, Love, 531, 535.
Brewster, Mary, 531.
Brewster, Wm., Elder, 14. Goes to
Holland, 22. Assistant to Kobinson,
24. Correspondence with Sandys and
Worstenholme, 40-45. As to going to
America, 53. Labors for sick, 111.
Letters from Pickering, Greene and
Weston, 144-146. Letter from Robin-
son, 198. Letter from Roger White,
248. Referred to, 153, 205, 208, 278,
380, 452. Dies, 487. Character, 488
et seq. Family, 531, 535.
Brewster, Wrestling, 531, 535.
Bristol, England, 320, 333, 338, 340, 347,
359.
Britteridge, Richard, 535, 538.
Brook, Lord, 378.
Brown, John, 513, 525.
Brown, Peter, 533, 538.
Browning, Henry, 256.
Brownists, 238.
Button, Wm., dies, 93. Family, 532.
Callicote, Sergeant, 525.
Calvin, John, 7.
Capawack, 117, 125, 148.
Cape Ann, patent for, 192. Mentioned,
202, 204, 237, 265.
Cape Cod, 90. Arrive at, 93. Explore
bay of, 101. French ship lost on, 118.
Mentioned, 97, 123, 127, 132, 148, 153,
154, 186, 231, 261, 266.
Carter, Robert, 532.
Carver, John, agent to England, 40.
Deacon, 40. Letter from Staresmore,
50; from Robinson, 58; from S. F.
et al., 61; from Cushman, 69; from
Robinson, 77; from Weston, 128, 137,
140. Keeps letter, 66. Chosen gov-
ernor, 109. Mentioned, 50, 54, 58, 61,
63, 67-70, 76, 131. At Southampton,
74. Dies, 121. Family, 531, 534.
Carver, Kathrine, 531, 534.
Cattle, first arrival of, 189.
Cawsumsett Neck, 445.
Charity, ship, 190, 207.
Charles I., commission by, for regulat-
ing plantations, 249, 540.
Charles River, 440.
Charlestown, 441.
Charlton, 116.
Chauncey, Charles, invited to Plymouth,
456, 558. Letter from, 467.
Chilton, James, 533, 538.
Chilton, Mary, 533, 538.
Chinnough, an Indian, 513.
Christmas at Plymouth, 134.
Church covenant, 331.
Clapham, 411, 451.
Clarke, pilot of the Mayflower, 67.
Clarke, Richard, 533, 538.
Clifton, Rev. Richard, 14.
Cobiseconte, 376.
Coddington, Wm., 332, 399.
Cohasset, 442.
Collier, Wm., 256, 340, 367. Sherley's
agent, 449.
Colonies of New England, confederation
of, 496.
Commissioners for the plantation, 540.
Winslow petitions the, 390.
Compact of the Pilgrims, 109.
Connecticut, 371, 386, 387, 391, 402, 405,
415, 419, 424, 425, 430, 506, 509.
Cooke, Francis, 532, 537, 539.
Cooke, John, 532, 537, 539.
Cooke, Lord, 50.
Cooper, Humility, 532, 537.
Coppin, Robert, Mayflower pilot, de-
ceived, 104
Corbitant takes Squanto, 124, 136.
Corn. See Indian Corn.
Cotton, Rev. John, 332.
Coventry, Thomas, 256.
Crabe, Rev. Mr., 71.
Crackston, John,' family, 532, 536.
INDEX.
549
Cromwell, Thomas, Captain, and his
crew, 526, 527.
Grose, Daniel, murderer, escapes, 432.
Cushman, Mary, 539.
Cushman, Robert, agent to England,
40. Letters from, 46-49. Letter from
S. F. et al., 61, 62. Letters to S F.
et al., 63-68 ; to John Carver, 69 ; to
Ed. S., 86-90. Comes in the Fortune,
126. Condemns Weston's colonists,
147. Letters from, 172, 191. Men-
tioned, 49, 50, 54, 58, 60, 69, 74-76, 85,
137. His death, 249.
Cutshamakin, 522, 525.
Damariscove Islands, 137, 187, 228, 251.
Dartmouth, England, 83, 86, 90.
Davenport, Lieutenant, 428.
Davidson, Wm., 488.
Davis, John, Sergeant, 514.
Delft-Haven, 72.
Dennison, Wm , 343.
Dermer, Captain, 115, 118.
Dorchester, 402, 406.
Doty, Edward, 532, 539.
Dudley, Thomas, 232, 342. Letter from,
379. Mentioned, 384, 399, 504.
Dumer, Richard, 399.
Dutch, 54, 196. Send letters, 281. Men-
tioned, 370, 372-374, 388.
Dutch letter, 268.
Dutchman at Hull, 17, 18, 409.
Duxbury, 362, 444, 457, 458, 474.
Earthquake in 1638, 437.
Eaton, Francis, 533, 538.
Eaton, Samuel, 533, 538.
Eaton, Sarah, 533, 538.
Eaton, Theoph., 504, 513, 525.
Elizabeth, Queen, 7.
Ely, seaman of Mayflower, 533.
Endicott, John, arrival of, with patent
for Massachusetts, 286-314. Letter to
Governor Bradford, 315, 442.
English, Thomas, seaman on the May-
flower, 533, 539.
Episcopius, 28.
Ewangsos, an Indian, 523.
Exeter jail, 303.
Falcon, ship, 410.
Familism, 461.
Farrar, Sir George, 63.
Fast, in Holland, 52 ; in Plymouth, 170.
Fells, Mr., 264, 265.
Fenwick, George, 504, 513, 525.
Fitcher, Lieutenant, at Merry-Mount,
284, 285.
Fleet Prison, 328, 393, 447.
Fletcher, Moses, 533, 538.
Fletcher, Thomas, 256.
Florida, 37.
Fogg, 339.
Fort Orange, now Albany, 282.
Fortune, arrival of the, 126. Departs,
133, 142.
France, 147, 148, 448.
Freeman, Edmund, 451, 456.
French robbery at Penobscot, 350.
French ship lost on Cape Cod, 118, 137.
Friendship, ship, 320, 328, 329, 333, 336,
338, 342, 343, 346, 347, 358, 360, 413,
455.
Fuller, Edward, and family, 533, 538.
Fuller, Samuel, letter from, 61. Letters
from Cushman, 63-68. Mentioned, 93,
220, 315. His death, 374. Family,
532, 535.
Furnival's Inn, 284.
Galopp, John, 429.
Gardenar, Richard, 533, 538.
Gardiner, Sir Christopher, 352 et seq.
Gibbons commands, 518.
Gibbs, Mr., mate of the Sparrow, 275.
Girling, expedition of, to recover Penob-
scot, 396.
Glover, Rev. Mr., 408.
Goffe, Thomas, 256, 275.
Goodman, John, 533, 538.
Goodyeare, Stephen, 525.
Gorges, Sir Ferdinand, 115, 180, 300, 329,
355, 391.
Gorges, Robert, grant to, 178. Meets
Mr. Weston, 179. Arrests him, 183.
Returns to England, 184.
Gorton, Samuel, 528.
Gosnold, Captain, names Cape Cod,
94.
Gott, Charles, 316.
Granger, Thomas, 474.
Graves, Mr., 412.
Greene, Wm., 143, 144.
Green's harbor, 362.
Gregson, Thomas, 504, 513.
Greville, Sir Fulke, 46.
Griffin, Mr., 412.
Grimsbe and Hull, 18.
Gudburn, Peter, 256.
Guiana, 36, 55.
550
INDEX.
Hall, Mr., 410.
Hampton, 332.
Hanson, Captain, 183.
Hartford, 501, 510.
Hatherly, Timothy, 256, 296, 307, 309.
Arrives in Massachusetts Bay, 319-
329, 334, 335, 340. Affirms by oath,
342,343,345. At Bristol, 347. Again
comes to America, 360, 439.
Hathorne, Wm., 513.
Haynes, John, governor of Massachu-
setts, 399.
Heath, Thomas, 256.
Hedgehog, fable of the, 211.
Hendrick, Prince, 249.
Hibbins, Wm., 479.
Higginson, Francis, 317.
Hingham, 439. Boundaries of, 440, 442.
Hobbamok, an Indian, 123-125, 135-
137.
Hobson, Wm., 256.
Hocking, killed at the Kennebec, 377-
384.
Holbeck, Wm., 532.
Holland, 15, 22, 30, 34, 42, 69, 71, 374,
393, 490.
Holland, Robert, 243, 256.
Hooke, John, 531, 535.
Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 234.
Hopkins, Constanta, 532, 536.
Hopkins, Damaris, 532.
Hopkins, Edward, 504, 513, 525.
Hopkins, Elizabeth, 532, 536.
Hopkins, Giles, 536.
Hopkins, Oceanus, born at sea, 532.
Hopkins, Stephen, 122. Visits Massa-
soit, 122. Family, 532, 536.
Houghe, Atherton, 399.
Howland, Elizabeth, 534.
Howland, John, falls overboard, 92,
452. Family, 531, 534.
Hubbard, Wm., historian, 329.
Huddleston, John, letter from, 150,
151.
Hudson, Thomas, 256.
Hudson's Bay, 196.
Hudson's River, 13.
Hull, 17, 18.
Humber River, 441.
Humfray, John, 399.
Hunt, Thomas, Captain, captor of
Squanto, 115, 116.
Hunter, Rev. Joseph, 151, 197.
Hurricane at Plymouth, 401.
Indian corn, 100. Pilgrims take, and
later pay for, 100, 123. Squanto
teaches how to plant, 120. Indians
raise more, 122. Pilgrims do not yet
know how to raise, 152. Several hogs-
heads secured, 155. Each man to plant
for himself, 162. Women and children
set, 162. Fear about supply, 176.
Indians, expected danger from, 34, 95.
First seen, 98. Their corn found, 99.
About a grampus ,101. First alarm of,
102-104, 106. Skulking, 113. Men-
tioned, 119, 123, 127, 134, 136, 156, 157.
Resolve to destroy western people, 158.
Mentioned, 232, 253, 262. Value of
wampum, 282. Taught by Morton,
286.
— Long Island, sachems of, 428.
- Mohawks, 427. Kill Sassacus, 430.
Mentioned, 514.
— Monhiggs beat the Narragansetts,
430.
— Narragansetts, 123, 133, 135, 136, 148,
152, 186, 282, 416, 423, 424, 426, 430,
433, 496, 505. Agreement with, 521.
— Neepnetts, 429.
— Nyanticks, 512, 518. Agreement
with, 521.
— Pequots, 232, 282, 371, 415, 416, 418.
Attack English, 419, 420, 423-426, 430,
496, 505.
Innemo, Indian chief, 518.
Irish servants, 264.
Isle of Shoals, 291.
Jackson, Thomas, executed, 432.
James, a physician, 434.
James I., 13. Dies, 249. Named, 356.
James, ship, 192.
Jeffrey, Sergeant, 328.
Jenemo and Wipelock, 523.
Johnson, Rev. Francis, 48, 49.
Johnson, Mr., 330, 332.
Johnsone, alderman, 47.
Jonas, 525.
Jones, captain of the Discovery, 153.
Jones, captain of the Mayflower, 83.
Kean, Robert, 255, 256.
Kennebec, load of corn sent up the, 246.
Mentioned, 267, 280, 282, 293, 300, 311,
326, 348, 379, 407, 421, 437. Patent at,
376.
Kent, 70.
INDEX.
551
King, Wm., 89.
Knight, Eliza, 256.
Knight, John, 256.
Knowles, Myles, 256.
Land's End, 84.
Langemore, John, 532.
Langrume, master of a ship, 410, 412.
Latham, Wm., 531,534.
LaTour, French governor, 513.
Laud, Wm., archbishop, 391, 392.
Lee, Lord, 430.
Levett, Christopher, 179.
Leyden, 23, 54, 56, 66, 70. Departure
thence, 71. Mentioned, 85, 96, 130,
143, 148, 189, 216, 249, 271, 293, 314.
Lincoln, Countess of, 51.
Lincolnshire, 13, 16.
Ling, John, 256.
Lister, Edward, 532, 539.
London, 69, 72, 73, 84, 86, 115, 195, 244.
Plague in, 246, 357, 410.
London bridge, fire on, 367.
Low countries, 22, 26, 121, 296, 448,
489.
Ludlow, Mr., 428, 509.
Lyford, John, arrives, 204. Letters in-
tercepted, 207, 208. Sets up a public
meeting, 209. Cited before the court,
210. Mentioned, 213, 215, 219, 238, 292.
His acknowledgment, 220. Writes to
adventurers, 221. Their opinion of
him, 223 et seq , 227, 229, 230. Cen-
sured, 232. Facts concerning, 232 et
seq. Goes to Nantasket, 236. Dies,
237.
Lyon, ship, 363.
Maggner, Mr., 47.
Mahue, Mr., 360.
Malabar, Cape, 94.
Manamoick (Chatham), 117, 125, 155,
262.
Manoanscussett, 281, 415.
Manomet (Sandwich) , 123. Pinace built
at, 266. Mentioned, 281, 402.
Margeson, Edmond, 533, 538.
Marriage, first, at Plymouth, 121. By
magistrates, 393.
Marshfield, 444, 458.
Martin, Christopher, 69, 70, 76, 87, 88,
532, 536.
Martyr, Peter, 164.
Mary, Queen, 7, 352.
Mary, Queen of Scots, 489.
Mary and Anne, 435.
Mason, Captain, with Gorges, 355, 391,
392.
Mason, John, Captain, and the Pequots
428, 518.
Massachusetts, location of, 117. Bay,
149, 232, 265, 295. Gorges arrives in
Bay, 178, 181. Arrival of Ralfe Smith,
314. Mr. Pierce and Mr. Hatherley
come, 319, 320, 330, 342. Gardiner
in, 352, 361. Roger Williams comes,
369. Mentioned, 371, 372, 382, 383, 403,
416, 419, 433. Boundaries between
Massachusetts and Plymouth, 447.
Massasoit visits Plymouth, 114. Treaty
with, 114. Embassy to, 122. Sends
word concerning Billington, 123-125,
134, 136. Seeks Squanto's life, 137.
Is sick, 158.
Masterson, Richard, 50, 374.
Maurice, Grave, dies, 249.
Mayflower, 296.
May-pole at Merry -Mount, 285, 286.
Meekesano, 525.
Merchant adventurers, agreement with,
70, 76. Weston and the, 138, 143.
As to Lyford, 234. Broken up, 237.
Names of, 256.
Merrimac River, 160.
Merry-Mount, 284.
Miantonimo, 505, 512.
Milford-Haven, 348.
Millsop, Thomas, 256.
Minter, Desire, 531, 534.
Mixano, 518.
Monhegan, 148, 185, 251.
Mononotto, an Indian, and his wife, 429,
430.
More, Ellen, 531.
More, Jasper, 531, 534.
More, Richard, 531, 533.
Morrell, Wm., Rev , comes with Robert
Gorges, 185.
Morton, George, 59.
Morton, Thomas, at Mount Wollaston,
284 et seq. Arrested, 291, 302. Im-
prisoned in Boston, 303, 392.
Mott, Thomas, 256.
Mount Wollaston, 284 et seq.
Mullines, Joseph, 532, 536.
Mullines, Priscila, 532, 536, 539.
Mullines, Wm., 76. Family, 532, 536.
Nacata, 445.
552
INDEX.
Naemschatet, 445.
Namasket, 116.
Namassakett, 124.
Namskeket Creek, 263.
Nantasket, 236, 289.
Narragan setts. See Indians.
Nash, Mr., 61, 62.
Natawanute, 373.
Naumkeag (Salem), 235, 316.
Naunton, Sir Robert, 38.
Nauset (Eastham), 116, 123, 444.
Nequamkeck, falls of, 376.
Newbald, Fria, 256.
New-comin, John, killed by Billington,
330.
New England, 108, 115. Grant from
council of, 167, 169, 178, 245. Confed-
eration of plantations of, 496.
Newfoundland, 115.
New Haven, 458, 500-502, 509, 521.
Newtown, 399, 407.
Norton, Captain, 386.
Norton, Rev. John, 408.
Norway, 19.
Nottinghamshire, 13.
Novatians, 9.
Nowell, Increase, 399.
Nyanticks. See Indians.
Old-comers, 444.
Oldham, John, 206, 208. Resists Captain
Standish, 209. Cited before the court,
210. Named, 216, 218, 219. Comes
again, 229. Sent away, 230. Con-
. fesses, 231. Killed, 232. Mentioned,
237, 417, 418.
Oporto, 327, 343.
Orania (Orange) fort, 282.
Ossamequine, 522.
Ouse River, 441.
Paddy, Wm., 456.
Pampiamett, 513.
Paragon, ship, sent out by John Peirce,
166-168.
Partridge, Ralph, discusses baptism with
Chauncey, 457. Letter from, 466.
Passaconaway, 522.
Passengers in the Mayflower, 531 et
seq.
Patrick, Captain, 328.
Patucket River, 445.
Patuxet (Plymouth), 116.
Peach, Arthur, executed for murder,
432.
Peirce, Wm., master of Paragon, 169.
Master of the Anne, 171, 186, 202, 207,
216. Comes from England, 230, 232,
234, 308, 319, 333, 361, 363. Letter
from Virginia, 365-367, 412, 414. Car-
ries Indians to West Indies, 429.
Pelham, Herbert, 525.
Pemaquid, 401.
Pemberton, John, 208.
Pennington, Wm., 256.
Penobscot, 116, 309, 326, 333, 349, 350,
382, 395, 400.
Pequots. See Indians.
Perkins, Mr., 9.
Perrin, Wm., 256.
Pessecuss, an Indian, 520, 524, 52&.
Peters, Hugh, 479 et seq.
Pickering, Edward, 58, 60, 138, 140, 143.
Letter to Bradford and Brewster, 144,
145.
Pierce, John, 76, 143. Likes not Wes-
ton's company, 148. Sends the Para-
gon, 166 et seq. Charter taken in name
of, 167.
Pilgrims resolve to go to the low coun-
tries, 14. Fate of families left behind,
20. Remove to Ley den, 23. Obtain
patent from Virginia company, 50, 51.
Agreement with Weston and merchant
adventurers, 56, 70. Their vessels, 71,
72. Choose governor and assistants,
83. Sail, 83. Put back, 83. Dismiss
the Speedwell, 84. List of the, in the
Mayflower, 531 et seq. Descry Cape
Cod, 93. Give thanks, 94. First see
Indians, 98. Find kettle and Indian
corn, 99. First encounter with In-
dians, 102. Lay out house lots, 107.
Their compact, 109. Choose John Car-
ver governor, 109. Visited by Samo-
set, 113; by Squanto and Massasoit,
114. Treaty with Massasoit, 114.
Harvest, 1622, 152. Their meeting
house, 152.
Pinchon, 399, 404.
Piscataqua River, 160, 251, 267, 377,
383.
Plague in London, 246, 357.
Plantations, commission for regulating,
249, 540.
Pliny, 201.
Plymouth, Eng., Pilgrims put into, 84,
244.
INDEX.
553
Plymouth, N. E., 1, 90, 116, 117, 127,
160, 251, 314, 332, 349, 363, 380.
Bounds between, and Massachusetts,
442.
Pocock, John, 256.
Point Care, 94.
Point Peril, 445.
Pokanokets, 116.
Poliander, John, 28.
Portsmouth, 169, 244, 246.
Pory, John, secretary, 153.
Powows, 118.
Poynton, Daniel, 256.
Preist, Digerie, 533, 538.
Prince, Thos., chosen governor, 375, 432.
Mentioned, 380, 381, 452, 525.
Prices of live stock, 436.
Providence, 515.
Prower, Salamon, 532.
Punham, 522.
Pummunish, 513, 525.
Puritans, name, 8.
Quarles, Wm., 256.
Rasdell, Mr., at Mt. Wollaston, 284.
Rasieres, Isaac de,'269. Reply to his
letter, 270, 281.
Rayner, John, Rev., 419, 457. Letter
from, 464.
Rehoboth, 444.
Re veil, John, 256.
Reynolds, 67. Captain of the Speed-
well, 83. Puts back twice, 83, 84.
Referred to, 147, 208.
Rigdale, Alice, 533, 537.
Rigdale, John, 533, 537.
Riggs, Sergeant, 328.
Robinson, John, Rev., 14. Goes to
Holland, 22-24, 27. Disputes with
Arminius, 28. Correspondence with
Sir Edwin Sandys, 40-43; with Sir
John Worstenholm, 43-46, 48, 54.
Letters to John Carver, 58-61, 77,
78; to Pilgrims, 78-82, 88, 130, 153.
Letter to Governor Bradford, 197; to
Wm. Brewster, 198, 216, 238. Dead,
247 et seq.
Rogers, Mr., at Plymouth, 292.
Rogers, Joseph, 533, 537.
Rogers, Thomas, 533, 537.
Rome, 25, 66.
Rookes, Newman, 256.
Sagadahoc, wreck at, 251.
Salem, 235, 295, 316, 317, 330, 370, 383.
Salt-making, 191, 192, 203.
Saly (Sailer) , 245.
Samoset visits Plymouth, 113.
Samson, Henry, 532, 537.
Sanders, John, chief of Weston's men
155.
Sandwich, 444.
Sandys, Sir Edwin, letter from, 40-43,
46. Governor of Virginia company,
Sassacus, sachem, 427. Killed, 430.
Satucket, 116.
Say, Lord, 378, 384.
Scituate, 440-444, 458.
Scotland, 448.
Scott, false, 351.
Scurvy, Pilgrims suffer from, 110.
Seekouk, 434, 444, 518.
Seneca, 94, 200.
Sharpe, Samuel, 256.
Sheriver, Mr.,50.
Sherley, James, letters to Pilgrims, 189
et seq., 193, 300, 302, 304, 321, 333.
Letters to Governor Bradford, 275 et
seq., 295. Letters from, 335 et seq.,
346, 359, 367 et seq., 381, 394, 410, 412,
450. Settlement with, 452. Letters to
Atwood, 478; to partners, 478, 485.
His release, 480. Mentioned^ 249, 255,
256, 278, 279, 293, 304, 306, 307, 309,
313, 318, 340, 342, 344, 347-350, 357,
360, 363, 375, 414, 415, 431, 435, 439,
446.
Shoanan, sachem, 522.
Sibsie, Mr., 220.
Skelton, Samuel, 317.
Small-pox among Indians on the Con-
necticut, 388.
Smith, Francis, 514.
Smith, John, 23, 94. His map, 441.
Smith, John, Rev., 14, 23.
Smith, Ralph, Rev., 314. Resigns his
ministry, 418.
Smith, Sir Thomas, 47.
Sodomy, 459 et seq.
Sokanoke, 522.
Southampton, 67. Arrive at, 71. Men-
tioned, 73, 87, 88, 533.
Souther, Nathaniel, 456.
Southworth, Edward, letter from Robt.
Cushman, 86-90.
Sowams, 115.
Sowansett River, 445.
554
INDEX.
Sowle, George, 531, 535.
Spain, 115, 358.
Sparrow, ship, 145.
Speedwell, ship, 71, 72, 84.
Squanto, history of, 113-117. Teaches
corn planting, 120. With embassy
to Massasoit, 122. Mentioned, 124,
125, 130, 135, 148. Seeks his own
ends, 136, 137. Dies, 155.
Stamford, 509.
Standish,Myles, leads a party up Cape
Cod, 98. Labors for sick, 111. Goes
with party about Cape Cod, 155. Res-
cues some of Weston's people, 159.
Lyford's opinion of, 217. Sent to Eng-
land, 245. Comes home, 247, 252, 272,
278. Arrests Morton, 291, 379-381.
Goes to the Penobscot, 397. Men-
tioned, 446, 452, 458, 518, 532, 536.
Standish, Rose, 532, 536.
Stanton, Thomas, interpreter, 428.
Staresmore, Sabin (S. B.), 46. Letter
to Carver, 50, 51.
Stinnings, Richard, executed for mur-
der, 432.
Stone, Captain, influences governor of
Dutch plantation, 385. Killed, 386.
Mentioned, 416, 418.
Story, Elias, 531.
Stoughton, Israel, commissioner, 442.
Stoughton, Mr., 429.
Straton, 339.
Sturgs, Thomas, 481.
Taborites, 25.
Talbut, ship, 296.
Tarantines, 125.
Tassaquanawite, 523.
Taunton, 444.
Thanksgiving, first, 126.
Thomas, Wm., 565.
Thompson, David, at the mouth of the
Piscataqua, 185, 251, 252.
Thompson, Edward, 532.
Thorned, Thomas, 256.
Thornhill, Matthew, 256.
Tilden, Joseph, 256.
Tillie, Ann, 532, 537.
Tillie, Edward, 532, 537.
Tillie, Elizabeth, 532, 534, 537.
Tillie, John, 532, 534, 537.
Tinker, Thomas, 533, 537.
Tirrey, Arthur, 481.
Trask, Captain, 328.
Trent, River, 441.
Trevore, Win., 148, 533.
Trumball, Wm.f 357.
Tucker's Terror, 94.
Turkeys, wild, 126.
Turner, John, 66, 67, 533, 538.
Uncas, Monhigg chief, 430, 505, 510 et
seq., 514, 521, 523.
Uncaway, 509.
Union of the New England colonies, 496.
Vane, Sir Harry, 419, 430.
Vines, Richard, 338.
Virginia, 36, 37, 41, 49, 55, 67, 86, 108,
117, 127, 138, 149, 150, 152, 153, I/O,
181. Ship bound for, 261, 265, 266.
Mentioned, 364, 385, 414.
Virginia company, 38, 39, 46, 47, 54,
108.
Virginia court and council, 46.
Walloons, 27.
Wampum, value of, 282.
Ward, Thomas, 256.
Warren, Richard, 532, 537.
Warwick, Earl of, 300, 526.
Water, first drink of, in New England,
99.
Waughwamino, 524.
Weequashcooke, 523.
Weesagascussett, 289.
Weetowish, 513, 518, 525.
Weld, Thomas, 479 et seq.
West, Francis, admiral for New Eng-
land, 169, 178.
Weston, Andrew, 144.
Weston, Thos., 52, 54-56, 59, 60, 62, 63,
67, 69, 74, 88. Writes Governor Car-
ver, 128, 129. Sends fishing vessel,
137. Letters to Mr. Carver, 137-140.
Letter to Governor Bradford, 142-144.
Remarks in letter of Pickering and
Greene, 145. Mentioned, 141, 146,
149, 1-50, 166, 178, 186, 189. His
people in trouble, 154 et seq. Comes
in disguise, 160. His ingratitude, 161.
Arrives with smalt ship, 179. Cited
before Robert Gorges, 179 et seq. Ar-
rested, 183. Dies, 184.
Westminster, 411.
Wey mouth, 442.
White, Mr., counsellor, 234.
White, John, Rev., 256.
White, Peregrine, 532, 536.
White, Resolved, 532, 536, 539.
INDEX.
555
White, Roger, letter from, 248.
White, Susannah, 532, 535.
White, Wm., 532, 535, 536. .
White Angel, ship, 320, 321, 326, 328,
329, 333-335, 337, 338, 343, 344, 346,
350, 361, 364, 390, 394, 395, 413, 455.
Wilder, Roger, 531, 534.
Wilkinson, Ed., master of the Falcon,
410, 412.
Willett, Thomas, agent at Penobscot,
395.
Williams, Roger, 369 et seg. Pacifies
Indians, 434, 515.
Williams, Thomas, 533, 538.
Willson, Mr., surgeon, 430.
Wilson, John, 332.
Wincot, Jacob, 51.
Winnisimmet, 289.
Winslow, Edward, 62. Visits Massa-
soit, 122. Visits Captain Huddleston,
151. Brings cattle, 189 Comes from
England, 230. Calls Lyford a knave,
236. Goes up the Kennebec, 247.
Mentioned, 134, 177, 191, 208,216,234,
242, 244, 251, 278, 300, 312, 319, 329,
333, 336, 337, 344, 346, 350, 357, 380,
384, 392-394, 408, 442, 446, 452, 513,
527. Chosen governor, 366, 409, 507.
In England, 389. Petition of, 390.
Family, 531, 535.
Winslow, Elizabeth, 531.
Winslow, Gilbert, 533, 538.
Winslow, Josias,' 452.
Winthrop, John, 330-332, 342. Letters
from, 354, 417, 420, 427. Mentioned,
382-384, 399, 446, 504, 525.
Wollaston, Captain, 283. His ventures,
284.
Worstenholme, Sir John, 43, 45, 47.
Wraight, Henry, 256.
Yarmouth, 444, 445.
Yeardley, Sir Geo., 47.
Yonge, Joseph, 435.
Yorkshire, 13.
Zealand. 17.
Ziska, 25.
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