Skip to main content

Full text of "The history of remarkable events in the kingdom of Ireland : exhibiting the very extraordinary transactions of Wentworth, Earl of Strafford; Charles the First; Oliver Cromwell the Great; Charles the Second; James the Second; Butler, Earl of Ormond; King William the glorious deliverer; and George Walker ..."

See other formats 


W  ■  ^.-^m 


Vc^.    f. 


^  ^  .^ 


\ 


THE 

HISTORY 

O      F 

REMARKABLE    EVENTS 

I  N    T  H  E 

KINGDOM  OF  IRELAND. 

exhibiting  the  very 
Extraordinary     Transactions 

O         F         Cl^A^'^ 

Wentworth  Earlof  StrafFord  ;  Charles  the  Firft;  Oli- 
ver Cromwell  the  Great;  Charles  the  Second; 
James  the  Second;  Butler  Earl  of  Ormond ;  King 
William  the  Glorious  Delivi?rer;  and  George  Walk- 
er, the  Miiitary  Clergyman,  and  Governor  of  London 
Derry,  who  vidloriouily  defended  that  City  for  105  Days 
againll  a  very  large  Army,  and  finally  forced  them  to  raife 
the  Siege. 


By  i:homas  leland,  d.  d. 

Senior  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  and  Prebendary  of  St.  Patrick's  Dublin. 

IN     TWO     VOLUMES. 


Volume    the    First. 


i  0  7 
LONDON:  — ^ 

Printed  for  j  A M ES   T H U C  Y D I D E S  in  the  Strand. 

M.DCC.LXXXL 


"'adams 


r  rt  E 


H       I       S       T       O      R 


O    F 


IRELAND 

FROM  'I     H    E 

r 

INVASION     of    HENRY     ll. 

B  O  O  K    V, 


C     H     A     P.       I. 

^ffeS^s  of  the  royal  graces — Temper  of  the  recu-* 
J  ants — 'I  heir  clergy. — Their  praSlices. — Procla^ 
mat  ion  aguinjl  their  hierarchy. — Removal  of  lord 
Faulkland. — Loft  us  ^  and  the  Earl  of  Cork  lords 
juftices. — Controuled  in  their  attempts  for  fup" 
preffoii  oj  -popery. — Infolence  of  the  Romijh  party » 
— Loid  Wentworth  appointed  chief  governour. 
<~—Hts  addre/s  in  procuring  a  voluntary  Jubfidy from 
the  Info. — His  arrival  in  Ireland. — His  difpof-^ 
tions — and  principles. — He  difgupls  the  Irifi  privy-* 
council. — He  gains  a  continuance  of  the  voluntary 
fuhfidy. — A  parliament  defred. — Wentworth  un^ 
der takes  to  manage  it. — His  ohjedf,  and meafurei. 
Debates  in  council  on  the  bill  of  fubfdy. — Com-^ 
phoiice  of  the  commons  — Temper  of  the  lords, — • 
Incident   in    the  houfe   of  <  peers — Earl  of  Ormond 

a  favourite — Earl  of  Ki/dare  difgraced L'jrds 

Vol,  III,  B  dijfafisjk^ 


2      HISTORY    OF   IRELAND.      B.  V 

or 

dijfatisfied — Ihey  order  the  tranfmijjhn  of  bills — 
Preteji  of  lord  IVentworth. — He  rejujts  to  confirm 
the  graces,  Subfequent  a5ts  oj  bis  parliament. — Con-' 
*v^cation. — Circumfiances  of  the  clergy. — ^ihey    are 

Jupported  by  Wtntworth. — His  care  of  the  umver- 

Jity^ — Englijh  articles,  and  canons  ejiablijhed. 

High  commiffion  court  ereSfed.  —IVentworth' sfc hemes 

Jor  improijing  tje  revenue. — Imrodudion  of  a  linen 
manuj allure. — ProjeSl  of  a  wejiern  plantation   re- 

'vived. Progrejs  of  theinquijitions  in  the  weflern 

p>rovtnce .^———Clarnour  again jt  the  proceedings . 
Wentworth' s  adminijiration   odious. — His  infohnce 
end  rigour. — Sir  Pierce  Crcfby. — Lord  Mountnor- 

ris. His  profecution  and  fentence. — Wentivorth 

repairs  to  England. His  adm'mili ration  approv^ 

ed  by  the  king. He  returns   to  Ireland. Is 

fi ill  odious  and  arbitrary. -His  contejl  with  lord 

chancellor  Loftus. Merits  cf  his  adminijiration^ 

IT  were  natural  to  expect,  that  Ireland,  *  fitua-* 
ted  as  it  now  appears,  relieved  from  the  ca- 
lamities of  inteftine  war,  wii^?  a  more  general, 
and  apparently  more  fincere  iubmil^ion  to  the 
crown  of  England,  than  former  ages  had  ex- 
perienced, (liould  proceed  in  quiet,  through  the 
courfe  of  civility  and  refinement,  without  affording 
any  incidents  confiderable  enough  to  be  recorded. 
But  that  happy  period  had  not  yet  arrived,  when  the 
turbulence  and  commotion,  which  fupply  materials 
for  the  hiftorian,  ihould  be  exchanged  for  a  peaceable 
and  profperous  obfcurity.  From  the  prefent  period, 
we  fhsill  find  the  affairs  of  this  country  more  intereft- 
ingand  important,  more  nearly  conneded  with  thofe 
of  England,  and  therefore  the  worthier,  and  more 
Jieceffary  to  be  difimdly  confidered. 

The 
A.  D.  i629« 


Ch.  I.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  3 

The  infl:ru6tions  tranfmitted  by  Charles  to  his 
lord  deputy,  which  declared  the  rights,  and  pro- 
miled  to  redrefs  the  grievances  of  his  Irirti  fubjedts, 
were,  for  the  prefent,  received  with  fatisfa(!^ion. 
The  king  ftood  engaged,  that  his  graces  (hould  be 
confirm:;d  by  a  law  of  parliament;  and  the  infin- 
cerity  of  his  profeflions  was  not  yet  completely  dif- 
covered.  The  ^  people  therefore  chearfully  fubmitted 
to  the  contribution,  by  which  thefe  graces  had  been 
purchifed.  Every  party  concurred  in  this  extraor- 
dinary lupply  :  but  the  whole  merit  was  aflumed 
by  the  recufants,  who  indeed  formed  the  majority  of 
the  nation.  They  profefT  d  the  moil  zealous  loyal- 
ty ;  but  fecretly  exulted  in  the  perluaiion,  that  the 
army,  and  of  confequence  the  authority  of  the  crown 
in  Ireland,  could  not  be  maintained  without  their 
affiftance. 

Lord  Faulkland  feems  to  have  been  more  dif- 
tinguiflied  by  his  redtitude  than  abilities.  In  a  go- 
vernment which  required  vigour  and  aufterity,  he 
was  indolent  and  gentle;  courting,  rather  than  ter- 
ryfying  the  factious.  He  was  harraffed  by  the  in- 
trigues and  clamours  of  the  king's  minifters,  whom 
he  could  not  always  gratify  to  the  full  extent  of  their 
defires;  his  adlions  were  feverely  interpreted  and 
maligned  at  the  court  of  England;  his  adminiftration 
of  confequence  v/as  cautious  and  embarrafled.  Such 
a  governour  was  little  qualified  to  awe  the  nume- 
rous and  powerful  body  of  recufants,  relying  on  their 
merits,  and  ftimulated  by  their  ecclefialUcs  to  the 
■moft  imprudent  exceifcs.  Their  religious  worlhip 
was  once  more  celebrated  with  public  foiemnity, 
and  with  the  full  parade  of  their  oftentatious  ritual. 
Churches   v/ere   feized    for    their  fervice;  their  ec- 

B  2  clefiaflical 

b  Carte  Orm. 


4      HISTORY    OF    IRELAND       B.  V. 

clefiaftical  jurifdidlion  was  avowedly  and  feverely 
executed;  new  friaries  and  nunneries  were  ereded; 
and,  even  in  the  City  of  Dublin,  under  the  imme- 
diate notice  of  the  ftate,  an  academical  body  was 
formed,  and  governed  by  an  ecclefiaftic  of  fome  note, 
fur  the  education  of  popidi  youth.  The  clerjjy,  by 
whole  influence  thc^e  violent  proceedings  were  diredl- 
ed,  were,  by  their  numbers,  and  by  their  principles, 
juitly  alarming  to  government.  They  fv^■•rmed  in- 
to the  kingdom  from  foreign  feminaries ;  where 
they  had  imbibed  the  moft  inveterate  prejudices 
againfl:  England,  and  the  moft  abjedl  and  peOilent 
opinions  of  the  papal  authority.  Seculars  and  regu- 
lars alike  had  bound  themfelves  by  folemn  oath  to 
defend  the  papacy  againil:  the  whole  world;  to  labour 
for  the  augmentation  of  its  power  and  privileges  ; 
to  execute  its  mandates,  and  to  perfecute  heretics. 
Their  whole  body  acted  in  dangerous  concert,  under 
the  diredlion  of  the  pope,  and  fubjedt  to  the  orders  of 
the  congregation  de  propaganda  fide,  lately  erevfted  at 
Home;  and  many  of  them,  by  their  education  in  the 
feminaries  of  Spain,  were  peculiarly  devoted  to  the 
intereils  of  that  monarchy  ;  habituated  to  regard  the 
injurredtions  of  the  old  lri(h,  in  the  reign  of  Eliza- 
beth, as  the  mofl:  generous  exertions  of  patriotifm, 
and  taught  to  deteft  that  power,  which  had  quelled 
this  Ipirit,  and  eAablilhed  a  dominion  en  the  ruins 
of  the  antient  dignity  and  pre-eminence  of  their 
countrymen. 

The  proteftant  party  were  nolefs  zealous  in  their 
detedation  of  popilh  idolatry.  The  inferiours  of 
their  clergy  were  poor,  and  fomctimes  fofcandaloufly 
profligate,  as  to  occafion  a  farcaflical  obfervation  of 
an  Irifhman  to  bt  recorded,  that  the  kings  p-iefts 
were  as  bad  as  thoje  of  the  pope.     But  there  were 

not 


Ch.   I.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.     /  ,5 

not  wanting,  many,  to  whom  the  purity  of  the  faith 
was  an  objed:^  of  eipecial  moment  ;  and  v/ho,  with 
the  fupport  of  fome  grave  and  rcfpediable  prelates, 
as  well  as  fome  of  the  officers  of  ftate,  of  Englifli 
birth,  and  puritanic  education,  remonftrated  warmly 
to  Faulkland,  on  the  turbulence  of  the  recufants, 
and  the  dangerous  tendencyof  their  prefent  practices. 
The  temper  of  this  deputy  difpcfed  him,  and  his 
jnftrudions  from  England  directed  him  to  modera- 
tion  and  indulgence,  in  the  affair  of  religious  con- 
troverfy.  But  the  repeated  inflances  of  his  council 
could  not  be  neglected.  He  iiUied  a  proclamation 
importing,  that  *'  the  late  intermituon  of  legal  pro- 
ceedings againft  pophh  pretended  titular  archbi- 
fhops,  biihops,  abbots,  deans,  vicars-general,  Je- 
fuits,  friars,  and  others,  deriving  their  pretended 
authority  from  the  fee  of  Rome,  in  contempt  of 
his  majefty's  royal  power  and  authority  had  bred 
fuch  an  extravagant  infolence  and  prefumptlon  in 
**  them,  that  he  was  necellitated  to  charge  and  com- 
mand them,  in  his  majefty's  name,  to  forbear  the 
*  exercife  of  their  popilh  rites  and  ceremonies." 


tt 

<( 

t( 
<c 


e 


The  proclamation  was  publilTied  and  received 
without  the  common  refpe6t  due  to  an  ad:  of  ilate  ; 
nor  did  the  deputy  think  himfelf  warranted  to  pro- 
ceed to  any_  further  feverity.  The  popiili  worfhip 
was  ftill  maintained  ;  nor  was  the  new  college,  eredt- 
ed  by  the  recufants  in  Dublin,  fupprefied  by  go- 
vernment:  for  the  chief  goverjiour  attended  minute- 
ly to  his  Inftruftions  from  London  ;  and  thefe  were 
jiot  unfavourable  to  that  party,  which  polTelTed  the 
greatefl;  Ihare  of  power  in  Ireland.  But  the  lead  re- 
Itraint  or  difcouragement  v/as  fufficieht  to  awaken 
the  refentment  of  the  recufants.  They  now  began, 
in  the  melancholy  tone  of  difcontent,  to  lament  the 

weight 


6      HISTORY    OF    IRELAND.     B.  V. 

weight  and  grievance  of  the  public  burdens.  They 
inveighed  againft  thofe  agents,  whom  they  had  late- 
ly fent  into  England,  and  complained  that,  without 
due  commitlion  or  authority,  they  had  confented  to 
a  tax,  too  grievous  to  be  fupported.  They,  who 
were  ftill  harrafTed  by  vexatious  inquifitions  into  the 
titles  of  their  eftates,  they,  who  from  any  motives 
were  flattered  with  the  hopes  of  being  relieved  from 
public  burdens,  eafily  united  in  this  clamour,  which 
foon  became  fo  violent  and  alarming,  that  the  go- 
vernment condefcended  to  a  iort  of  compromife, 
and  accepted  a  quarterly  payment  of  five  thoufand, 
inffead  of  ten  thoufand  pounds,  until  the  whole  vo- 
luntary iubfidy  fliould  be  difcharged.  The  impati- 
ence of  Charles  and  his  miniflers  at  this  murmuring 
of  the  Irhh  fubjeds,  and  this  manifeft:  reludance  tb 
fulfil  their  engagements,  made  them  readier  to  liflen 

.  to  any  complaints  againft  the  condudl  of  the  chief 
govcrnour.  Lord  Faulkland  was  recalled,  and  the 
adminillraiion  entruffed  for  the  prefent  to  two  lords 
jultices,  '^  united  by  frienddiip  and  affinity,  and  of 
coniiderable  confequence  in  Ireland,   Adam   Loftu% 

.vifcount  Ely,  lord  chancellor,  and  Richard,  earl  of 
Cork,  lord  high-trcafurer  of  this  kingdom. 

T  HE  firfl  of  thefe  chief  govcrnours  derived  his 
fortune  and  ftation  from  the  adivity  and  prudence 
of  Loftus,  archbifhop  of  Dublin,  in  the  reign  of  Eli- 
zabeth, The  earl,  head  of  the  noble  family  of 
Boyle,  had  arrived  in  Ireland  as  a  private  adventurer 
in  the  fame  reign  j  and,  by  a  fortunate  marriage,  by 
induPiry  and  judicious  condud,  by  purchafing  from 
Sir  Waiter  Raleigh  his  portion  of  the  Defmond  for- 
feitures, and  by  introducing  Englifh  colonies  into 
his  eftates,  had  rifen  gradually  to  the  firlt  degree  of 

wOniequence 

c  A.  D.  1630. 


Ch.   i.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  ^ 

coniequence.  He  had  been  knighted,  created  baron 
Boyle,  vifcount  Dungarvan,  and  earl  of  Cork,  and 
was  now  advanced  to  the  government  of  Ireland  ;  a 
progrefs  in  which  he  pofiibly  was  the  fpeedier  and 
more  fuccefsful,  as  the  heads  of  the  two  leading  fa- 
milies in  Ireland,  Kildare  and  Ormond,  were  in  the 
ftate  of  minority.  The  power  of  the  firfl  of  thcfc 
hoiifes  he  afterwards  contrived  to  connect  in  fomc 
fort  with  his  own  interefts,  by  giving  one  of  his 
daughters  in  marriage  to  the  young  earl  of  Kildare. 

T  H  2  earl  of  Cork  was  pofTelTed  with  a  fpirit  fuit- 
ed  to  his  exalted  rank  j  not  with  a  defpicable  pride 
of  family,  that  repofes  faftidioufly  on  its  advantages, 
with  a  comtemptuous  difregard  of  all  inferiours  ^  but 
with  a  liberal  and  generous  folicitude  for  the  wel- 
fare of  thofe  he  govern,ed.  On  his  own  lands  he 
had  fixed  a  numerous,  well  regulated,  and  well  de- 
fended body  of  Englifli  proteftants;  which  foon  re- 
warded him  by  the  natural  effcd:s  of  fuch  generous 
cares,  induftry,  affluence,  and  civility.  With  the 
fame  principles,  and  by  the  fame  means,  he  fludied 
to  promote  the  general  welfare  of  the  nation  in  his 
public  condudt.  With  particular  affiduity  he  la- 
boured to  execute  a  fcheme  of  tranfplanting  into  the 
remote  quarters  of  the  South  thofe  turbulent  Irifh 
fepts  of  Wicklow,  who  had  for  ages  harralTed  the 
Englifh  government,  and  filling  the  neighbourhood 
of  the  capital  with  more  peaceable  and  induftrious 
inhabitants.  The  errours  of  popery  were  ofFenlive 
to  his  religious  principles ;  and  that  barbarifm,  which 
generally  attended  it  in  Ireland,  was  equally  re- 
pugnant to  his  fchemes  of  political  improvement. 
Without  confulting  the  miniftry  of  England,  or 
waiting  for  any  inftruaions  from  the  king,  the  lords 
juflices  fell  at  once  with  great  feverity  on  the  recu- 

fanl5. 


S      HISTORY    OF    IRELAND.     B.  V. 

fants,  and  threatened  all  abfenters  from,  the  e/lablifh- 
ed  worlhip  with  the  penalties  of  the  ftatute,  enaded 
in  the  fecond  year  of  Elizabeth's  reign.  They  were 
however  foon  informed,  that  this  feverity  was  not 
acceptable  to  the  king,  nor  deemed  confident  with 
his  prefent  interefts  in  Ireland  :  and  the  recufants, 
as  ufual,  were  immoderate  in  their  triumph. 

A  FRATERNITY  of  Carmelites  appeared  in  the 
habit  of  their  order,  and  publicly  celebrated  theii" 
religious  rites,  in  one  of  the  mod  frequented  parts 
of  Dublin.  The  archbiihop  of  the  diocefe,  and  the 
chief  magiftrate  of  the  city,  whofe  indignation  was 
roufed  at  this  defiance  of  law  and  government,  led  a 
party  of  the  army  to  their  place  of  worfliip,  and  at- 
tempted to  difperic  the  alfembly.  The  friars  and 
their  congregation  repelled  the  attack  by  force,  and 
obliged  the  alTailants  to  confult  their  fafety  by  a 
precipitate  flight.  The  incident  was  reprefented  in 
England  in  the  moil  ofFenfivc  manner,  and  feemed 
to  reproach  that  miftaken  lenity,  which  had  en- 
couraged the  recufants  to  this  outrage.  It  was  deem- 
ed neither  fafe  norpolitic  to  connive  at  fuch  infolence : 
by  an  order  of  the  Engli(h  council,  fifteen  religious 
houfes  were  feizcd  to  the  king's  ufe,  and  the  popifli 
college  ere<fted  in  Dublin  was  afligned  to  the  univer-^ 
lity,  v^ho  for  the  prefent  converted  it  into  a  pro- 
teflant  feminary. 

But  the  fuppreflion  of  popifli  fuperftition  v?>'as  an 
objed:  much  lefs  interefling  to  the  Englifh  cabinet, 
than  that  of  providing  for  the  immediate  necefhties 
of  the  king's  Irifh  government.  The  time  now  ap- 
proached, when  the  voluntary  fubfidy  was  to  deter- 
mine. There  were  no  hopes  of  maintaining  the 
authority  of  the  crown  in  Ireland  without  a  com- 
petent 


V 


Ch.  I.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I. 

petent  military  force,  and  little  pror[je<5l  of  any  further 
fupply  for  the  continuance  of  luch  a  force.  To 
relieve  himfelf  from  the  additional  embarraifment, 
arifing  from  the  weaknefs,  danger,  and  diftraclions 
of  the  flate  of  Ireland,  Charles  now  determined  to 
commit  the  government  of  this  kingdom  to  Thomas, 
lord  vifcount  VVentworth,  a  (latefman  highly  favour- 
ed and  efteemed  by  his  mafter;  and  although  he 
could  not  for  the  prefent  be  fpared  to  enter  on  his 
office,  yet  his  adivity  and  intrigue  were  of  confider- 
able  alliftance  to  the  king'^,  in  the  management  of 
Irifh  affairs.  The  great  point,  now  to  be  obtained, 
was  the  renewal  of  the  voluntary  contribution  for 
fome  time,  until  the  lord  deputy  could  affume  his 
government,  and  have  leifure  to  devife  fome  perma- 
nent provifion  for  the  army^.  The  prefent  lords 
juftices,  either  from  a  fen fe  of  the  public  burdens 
and  poverty  of  Ireland,  or  from  their  zeal  againft 
popery,  objecfled  to  any  continuance  of  the  contribu- 
tion, from  which,  they  declared,  that  all  the  fub- 
jeds  of  every  denomination  were  obftinately  averfe  : 
they  advifed,  that  recufants  fhould  be  ftridly  prefent- 
ed,  a-nd  the  weekly  fines  impofed,  for  their  abfence 
from  the  eftablifhed  worlhip,  as  a  means  of  providing 
for  the  army.  Both  the  king  and  Wentworth  dif- 
approvcd  a  fcheme  of  fupply,  precarious  and  infuffi- 
cient ;  both  however  agreed  in  the  expediency  of 
alarming  the  recufants,  fo  as  to  conquer  their  reluc- 
tance to  a  new  contribution.  Charles  now  ufed  a 
new  language  to  his  Irifh  fubjeds.  If  the  fubfidy 
were  not  chearfuUy  and  thankfully  continued,  he 
threatened,  that  his  graces,  thofe  graces  which  he  had 
promifed  to  confirm  by  parliament,  fhould  be 
fireightened\  that  the  recufants*  fines  fhould  be 
univerfally  and  flriiltly  levied,  diredting  that  the  prc- 
Vgl.  III.  C  fentments 

^5  A.  D.  1632.  c  Strafford's  Lett.  Vol.  I.  p.  7U 


10     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.      B.  T. 

fentments  neccfTary  for  this  purpofe  fhould  be  made. 
He  was  careful  at  the  fame  time  to  caft  the  odium  of 
this  meafure  on  the  lords  juftices,  by  declaring  it  to 
be  the  confequence  of  their  advice.     The  juftices 
were  terrified  -,  they  could  not  venture  to  enter  the 
king's  letter,  agreeable  to  his  order,  in  the   council 
books;  left  the  infpedlion  of  it  (hould  produce  fome 
dangerous  clamour.     For  this   they   were    fcverely, 
and  even  infolently^,    reprimanded  by   Wentworth. 
He  affected  to  deride  the  difficulties  apprehended  by 
thejuflices  and  council,  in  prevailing  for  a  continu- 
ance of  the  contribution  ;  he  infmuated  S,  that  the 
earl  of  Cork  pradifed  fecretly   with   the   proteftant 
party,  to  embarrafs  the  king  in   his  neceffities ;   his 
agents  were  privately  employed  to  prevail  on  the  re- 
cufants  to  offer  half  a  yearly   fubfidy,    as   the   only 
means  of  fufpending  the  execution  of  the  penal  (la- 
tutesi    and  for  this  purpofe  to  fend  a  deputation  to 
the  king.      Although  they  objected  to  repeat  theer- 
rour  they  had  formerly  committed,    and  to  treat  by 
deputies  who  might  exceed  their  commifTion,    they 
yet  declared  a  readinefs  to  contribute  voluntarily  to 
the  fupport  of  the  army  for  fome  time  longer.  After 
fome  altercation  and  delay,  it  was  at  length  agreed, 
that  the  fum  of  twenty  thoufand  pounds  fhould  be 
added  to  the  former  contribution,  to  be  paid  by  four 
equal  quarterly  affeflments.     Thus  were  the  imme- 
diate  necefliiies    of   the  flate    fupplied;  and   Lord 
Wentworth  was  foon  after  fent  to  affume  the  admi- 
niilration'^j  a  nobleman  from  whofe  vigour  and  abi- 
lities Charles    expeifted  the  effedual  regulation   and 
improvement  of  his  Irifli  dominions. 

Few  characters  have  been  more  the  fubjed:  both 
of  cenfure  and  panegyric  than  that  of  lord   Went- 

worthj^ 

f  StrafFordj  L«tt.  vol.  I.  p.  77.    g  lb.  p.  75,  "je,    h  A.  D.  1633. 


Ch.  I.  CHARLES!.  n 

worth,  better  known  by  his  fuperlor  title  of  Straf- 
ford. His  conduct,  as  chief  governour  of  Ireland, 
forms  no  inconftderable  part  of  the  hiflory  of  his 
life;  his  enemies  and  his  admirers  have  therefore 
carefully  infpeded  it.  His  defertion  of  the  popular 
caufe  in  England  had  rendered  him  odious  to  a  par- 
ty, powerful,  implacable,  fubtile,  and  indefatigable. 
The  extraordinary  attention  and  favour  of  the  king 
were  fufficient  to  encreafe  this  odium,  even  if  he 
had  not  proved  fo  determined  a  partizan  of  preroga- 
tive. Some  of  the  leaders  of  the  party  he  had  per- 
fonally  offended;  and,  relying  on  that  protection, 
which  dcferted  him  in  his  extremity,  he  feemed  to 
defy,  and  therefore  confirmed  their  enmity.  Their 
rancour  purfued  him  into  Ireland ,-  watched  his  con- 
duct ftridlly,  and  interpreted  his  adtions  feverely; 
He  alTumed  his  government  with  a  mind  and  affec- 
tion fixed  on  one  fingle  objedt,  the  immediate  inte- 
reft  of  his  royal  mailer :  and  happily  the  fervice  of 
the  crown  obliged  him  to  ftudy  the  improvement  of 
the  realm.  He  had  heard  of  the  turbulence  and  dif- 
orders  of  this  country ;  and  hence  inferred  the  ne- 
ceility  of  that  fevere  and  rigourous  adminiflration, 
which  fuited  his  own  aufterity  and  arrogance.  Ire- 
land he  regarded  as  a  conquered  kingdom  in  the 
ftriifleft  fenfe.  He  avowed  and  defended  the  opini- 
on, under  all  the  terrours  of  impeachment,  when  it 
was  charged  againll:  him  as  a  traiterous  principle; 
and  from  this  crude  conception  he  deduced  a  confe- 
quence,  at  once  ridiculous  and  deteftable  ;  that  the 
fubjeds  of  this  country,  without  diftin^ftion,  had 
forfeited  the  rights  of  men  and  citizens;  and,  for 
whatever  they  were  permitted  to  enjoy,  depended 
folely  on  the  royal  grace.  Such  men  he  was  natu- 
rally difpofed  to  treat  with  contempt;  and  even  th« 
moft  djftinguifhed  of  the  Irilli  fubjeds  were  of  little 

C  2  confcqucnce 


12     HISTORY    OF    IRELAND.     B.  V. 

confequence  in  the  eye  of  an  imperious  nobleman, 
ufed  to  the  magnificence  of  the  Englifh  court,  dif- 
tinguiflied,  even  in  the  croud  of  exalted  perfonages, 
and  known  to  enjoy  an  extraordinary  portion  of  the 
royal  favour. 

Against  feveral  in  Ireland,  of  exalted  ftation, 
he  had  already  conceived  fome  prejudice,  or  fome 
refentment.  The  friends  of  lord  Faulkland  he  re- 
garded with  fufpicion  -,  for  he  looked  on  this  noble- 
man as  his  fccret  enemy.  The  puritans  he  abhor- 
red; for,  like  their  brethren  in  England,  they  were 
jealous  of  the  prerogative,  nor  readily  difpol'ed  to 
comply  with  every  demand  of  the  crown.  Sir 
William  Farfons,  who,  from  a  needy  adventurer, 
had,  by  the  power  of  affiduity  and  cunning,  if  not 
by  means  ilill  more  exceptionable,  acquired  an  am- 
ple fortune,  and  minifterial  ftation,  was  conlidered 
as  a  principal  agent  in  obftruding  the  king's  fchemes; 
and  to  him  therefore  Wentworth  was  particularly  ill 
difpofed.  The  earl  of  Cork  v/as  powerful  j  and 
one  favourite  fcheme  of  the  new  lord-deputy  was  to 
break  the  power  of  the  great  lords^;  which  indeed 
had  frequently  been  applied  to  the  bafefl:  purpofes. 
"Wentworth  had  been  intruded  to  pay  particular  at- 
tention to  the  intereft,  as  well  as  the  regulation  of 
the  eftabliflied  clergy  :  the  earl  had  pofTefled  himfelf 
of  lands,  which  belonged  to  the  church  j  and,  what 
the  deputy  had  learned  from  Laud  to  regard  with 
equal  abhorrence,  he  had  eredted  a  family- monu- 
ment in  the  cathedral  of  Saint  Patrick  in  Dublin, 
fo  untowardly  fituated,  that  it  took  up  the  place  of 
what  the  prelate  of  Canterbury  affedted  to  call  the 
GREAT  ALTAR.  The  fevereft  menaces  Were  alrea- 
dy denounced  againfl  the  earl's   injuflice,  and  op- 

preflivc 
i  SlrafF,  L«tt,  voh  I. 


Ch.  1.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    L  13 

prcffive  ufurpatlon,  aggravated  by  an  adl  of  fuch  fla- 
grant impiety.  The  clergy  of  the  puritanic  fpirit 
were  no  lefs  obnoxious  j  and  among  thefe  were  reck- 
oned Ulher  of  Armagh,  and  Bedel  of  Kilmore;  two 
men  eminently  diftinguifhed  by  their  learning  and 
piety.  Bedel,  with  more  of  fmiplicity  than  policy, 
had  united  with  the  inhabitants  of  his  diocele  in  a 
petition  to  the  late  lords  juftices,  reprefenting  the 
new  contribution  as  irregularly  obtained,  and  oppref- 
fively  levied.  Wentworth  therefore  landed,  full 
fraught  with  the  bittcrefl  refentmcnt  againft  his  pre- 
fumptuous  oppofition  to  the  king's  fervice.  Ulher, 
more  cautious,  as  yet  gave  no  offence  ;  but  lived  in  a 
quiet  enjoyment  of  the  confequence  derived  from  his^ 
charadter  no  lefs  than  his  flation.  To  form  a  ba- 
lance againft  this  popular  prelate,  the  deputy  came 
attended  by  Dodor  Bramhal,  whom  he  refolved  to 
advance  to  a  diltinguiilied  ftation  in  the  church  of 
Ireland;  a  man  fufficiently  endowed  with  abilities 
and  erudition,  but  whofe  ideas,  both  of  dodtrine 
and  dil'cipline,  were  fo  confonant  to  thofe  of  Laud, 
that  Oliver  Cromwell  afterwards  called  him  the 
Canterbury  of  Ireland, 

Lord  Wentworth  thus  affumed  the  reins  of  go- 
vernment, with  lively  prepofTellions,  and  paflions 
violently  enflamed :  and,  at  the  moment  of  his  in- 
auguration, difgufted  thofe  he  was  to  manage,  by 
an  incident  not  worthy  to  be  noted,  but  that  inci- 
dents, apparently  t^rifling,  ferve  to  difcover  men's 
tempers  and  difpofitions.  When  he  had  vifited  the 
late  lords  juftices^,  with  an  affcd:ed  attention,  which 
the  proudeft  are  the  moft  ready  to  fhew  to  their  im- 
mediate inferiours;  and  had  been  formally  inverted 
with  his  office,  he  fummoned  a  council 3  but,  agree- 
ably 

k  Carte,  Orm.  vol.  I.  p.  57. 


14     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

able  to  the  ufage  of  that  court,  in  which  he  had  been 
trained  to  bufinefs,  but  which  was  utterly  unknown 
in  Ireland,  he  fummoned  only  a  particular  number, 
to  the  utter  mortification  of  thofe  who  were  omittedi 
And  thofe,  who  were  collecfted,  among  whom  were 
the  late  jufticcs,  he  was  fo  carelefs,  or  fo  infolent, 
as  to  offend  by  a  wanton  indignity.  They  aflembled 
at  the  hour  appointed;  but  the  deputy,  either  from 
an  affectation  of  ftate,  or  from  a  more  agreeable 
engagement  with  a  lady,  whom  he  met  in  Dublin, 
and  had  juft  declared  to  be  his  wife,  negled:ed  them 
for  fome  hours;  and,  when  he  at  length  appeared, 
inftead  of  conferring  on  the  bufinefs,  for  which  they 
had  been  fummoned,  only  charged  the  judges  to 
reprefent  in  their  circuits  the  favour,  which  the  king 
offered  to  fuchas  would  repair  their  defed:ive  grants; 
and  to  fatisfy  the  proteftants  with  regard  to  the  new 
impofition  for  maintenance  of  the  army,  as  a  charge 
neceffary  in  itfelf,  and  intended  chiefly  for  their  de- 
fence. Thus,  with  an  air  of  carelefs  infolence,  he 
difmiffed  the  council,  declaring  that  they  fhould  be 
again  fpeedily  convened,  to  deliver  their  opinions  on 
the  means  of  fupplying  the  king's  immediate  neceffw 
ties. 

In  this  next  meeting  they  were  filent  and  fufpici- 
cus.  The  chancellor  at  length  fuggefled  l,  that  the 
king  fhould  call  an  Irifh  parliament;  in  order  to 
provide  a  regular  and  fettled  eftablilhment  for  the 
army,  to  redrefs  the  grievances,  and  fecure  the  pro- 
perties of  the  fubjecfts  againlt  thofe  litigations  of 
their  titles,  which  flill  fubfifled,  advifing,  in  the 
mean  time,  that  the  voluntary  contribution  fhould 
be  continued  for  another  year.  The  earl  of  Cork 
was  more  referved:  Parfons,  the  mailer  of  the  wards, 

utterly 

1  Straff,  Lett.  vol.  I.  p.  99, 


Ch.  I.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    r.  15 

utterly  avcrfe  from  any  new  contribution.  The 
deputy  was  provoked.  He  told  them,  that  without 
their  help,  he  would  undertake,  at  the  peril  of  his 
head,  to  make  the  king's  army  able  to  fubfift ;  that 
he  had  taken  them  to  counfel;  not  from  neceffity, 
but  to  give  them  a  fair  occafion  of  (liewing  their 
affection  and  duty  to  the  king;  and  that  the  offer  of 
another  contribution  might  move  from  the  protef- 
tant,  as  the  former  had  been  the  avfl  of  the  popifli 
party.  He  therefore  advifed  them  to  feize  the  op- 
portunity of  approving  their  loyalty  5  to  lign  an 
offer  of  the  nextyear's  contribution,  and,  at  the  fame; 
time,  to  petition  his  majefty  that  a  parliament  (hbuld 
be  aflembled  with  all  convenient  fpeed. 

A  Parliament  was,  for  feveral  reafons,  highly 
defireable.  The  voluntary  contributions  to  the  fup- 
port  of  the  army  had  been  already  fo  long  continued, 
and  fo  regularly  renewed,  that  the  fubjedls  had  rea- 
fon  to  apprehend,  that  they  would  be  converted  into 
an  hereditary  charge  upon  their  lands.  The  reve- 
nues of  the  crown  required  improvements ;  the  cir- 
cumftances  of  the  realmcalled  for  an  equitable  fettle- 
ment.  Needy  projectors,  and  rapacious  courtiers, 
ftill  continued  the  fcandalous  trafRck  of  pleading  the 
king's  title  ag^infl  the  poffefTors  of  eflates,  of  feizing 
their  lands,  or  forcing  them  to  grievous  compofitions. 
The  deputy  had  indeed  received  a  commifhon  for 
the  remedy  of  defective  titles :  but  the  ingenuity  of 
court  lawyers,  in  defeating  the  ef^ecft  of  feveral  fornaer 
commiffions,  had  imprefled  the  fubjedls  with  a  laft- 
ing  terrour,  and  left  them  no  hopes  of  quiet  and 
fecurity,  but  in  fuch  a  provifion  as  their  own  parlia- 
ment fhould  devife.  The  council  therefore  were 
readily  influenced  by  the  hopes  of  a  parliament,  to 
renew  the  contribution  for  one  year  longer.     Both 

their 


s6     HISTORY   OF  IRELAND.     B.  V, 

their  grant  and  their  petition  were  tranfmitted  to  the 
king;  the  whole  body,  of  the  realm  was  influenced 
by  their  example,  and  readily  concurred  in  both. 

Went  WORTH  thus  obtained  a  fupply  for  ihe 
immediate  occafions  of  his  government.  The  army 
was  paid,  cloathed,  ftridly  infpeded,  duly  difciplin- 
ed,  without  burden  or  offence  to  thofe  diftricfts,  in 
which  they  were  quartered  -,  and,  being  often  drawn 
out  in  bodies,  added  to  the  reputation  of  the  ftate, 
by  the  gallantry  of  their  appearance,  terrified  the  dif- 
orderly,  and  protedtcd  the  good  fubjeds.  But  the 
aiTembiing  a  parliament  was,  as  he  expreffed  it,  a 
matter  fit  to  be  weightily  confidered.  Charles  had 
an  habitual  horrour  of  fuch  afTemblies"*.  **  As  for 
that  hydra,"  faid  he  to  his  lord-deputy,  **  take  good 
heed  ,  for  you  know,  that  here  I  have  found  it  as 
well  cunning  as  malicious.  It  is  true  that  your 
grounds  are  well  laid,  and  I  afTure  you,  that  I 
have  great  truft  in  your  care  and  judgment;  yet 
my  opinion  is  that  it  will  not  be  the  worfe  for 
my  fervice,  though  their  obftinacy  make  you  to 
break  them;  for  Ifear  that  they  have  feme  ground^ 
**  to  demand  more  than  it  is  fit  for  me  to  give."  In 
efFecfl,  the  king  muft  naturally  have  apprehended, 
that  an  Irifh  parliament  would  claim  the  perfor-* 
mance  of  his  royal  promife,  and  prefs  for  a  confirma- 
tion of  the  graces,  tranfmitted  in  inftrudiion  to  lord 
Faulkland.  Some  of  thefe  were  conceived  to  be 
inconfiftent  with  the  power  neceiTary  tobe  maintain- 
ed in  Ireland  ;  others  feemed  equally  repugnant  to 
the  prefent  profit  of  the  crown.  The  fcheme  of  an 
extenfive  plantation  in  Connaught,  if  not  avowed, 
was  firmly  refolved  on ;  and  the  limitation  of  the 
king's  title  to  fixty  years,  it   was  computed,   would 

deprive 

m  Strafford's  Lett.  vol.  I.  p.  233. 


€( 
*C 

<C 

*t 

'te 
(t 


Ch.  I.  C  H  A  FL  L  E  S    I.  if 

deprive  the  crown  of  full  twenty  thoufand  pounds 
annual  revenue.  The  deputy,  however,  relying  on 
his  own  addrcfs  for  managing  a  parliament,  quieted 
the  king's  apprehenfions,  by  reminding  him,  that 
fuch  an  aflembly  in  Ireland  was  the  lefs  formidable, 
as  by  the  law  of  Poynings,  no  a(5t  eould  pafs  which 
had  not  previoufly  received  the  royal  inlpedion  and 
approbation.  It  was  refolved"  to  comply  with  the 
defircs  of  the  nation  ;  and  the  whole  delicate  affair 
Was  cntrufted  to  the  conduct  of  Lord   Wentworth. 

The  great  objedl  of  this  lord  was*',  to  prevail  on 
the  fubjedls  to  grant  a  liberal  fupply;  and  at  the 
fame  time  to  evade  the  confirmation  of  any  of  thofc 
graces  of  the  year  1628,  which  were  now  deemed 
inconfiftent  with  the  intercfts  of  the  crown.  It  was 
uncertain  what  impreffion  an  immediate  denial  of 
any  of  thefe  might  make  upon  the  houfes  of  parlia- 
ment. To  guard  againft  all  danger  he  propofcd,  that 
two  diftind:  feffionsfhould  beheld,  and  that  the  king's 
promife  fhould  be  given  for  both  :  the  firfl  for  pro- 
viding for  the  army  and  the  debts  of  the  crown  ; 
the  fecond  for  enading  laws  and  graces  for  the  be- 
nefit of  the  fubjedi  His  fuccefs  depended  in  a  great 
meafure  on  the  difpofitions  of  the  Members,  who 
were  to  compofe  the  houfc  of  commons.  Great  care 
was  ufed  in  the  nomination  of  fheriffs.  Perfdns  well 
affeded  togOvernment  were  encouraged  toftahd  can- 
didates for  particular  places,  and  lupported  in  their 
elcdions.  No  reliance  could  be  placed  either  on 
the  recufants,  or  the  puritanic  proteftants;  all  de- 
pended on  a  dexterous  management  of  their  paffions 
and  interefts.  It  was  contrived,  therefore,  that  the 
lower  houfe  fliould  be  compofed  of  both  papifts  and 
proteftants,  fo  equally  balanced,    that  neither  party 

Vol.  III.  D  fhould 

B  Strafford's  Lett.  vol.  I.  p.  183.  0  A.  D.  16344 


i8     HISTORY   OF   IRELAND.     B.  V. 

fhould  appear  predominant;  and  Wentworth  con- 
deicended  to  pradife  fecretly  with  each.  To  the 
recufantg  he  obferved,  that  ifffome  fupply  were  not 
devifed  for  the  army,  before  the  prefent  contribution 
fhould  expire,  government  muft  neceffarily  recur  to 
the  weekly  levies  on  abfenters  from  the  eftabliihed 
wor(hip.  The  proteftants  were  reminded,  that, 
until  a  regular  provifion  lliould  be  made  for  the 
neceffities  of  government,  the  king  could  not  refufe 
the  bounty  of  the  reeufants,  or  diicontent  them  by 
the  execution  of  penal  ftatutes.  Thus,  while  he 
rendered  each  more  tradable  by  their  apprehenfions 
of  the  other  party,  he  at  the  fame  time  took  care, 
that  a  fufficient  number  of  military  officers  lliould 
be  chofen  burgeffes,  who,  by  their  immediate  de^ 
pendence  on  the  crown,  would  on  every  critical  oc- 
cafion  be  direded  by  the  deputy,  and  incline  the 
balance  of  parties,  as  he  fhould  deem  necellary. 

With  this  political  addrefs  Wentworth  mixed  no 
inconfiderable  portion  of  his  pride  and  feverity.  It 
had  been  ufual  in  Ireland,  previous  to  the  holding  a 
parliament,  that  the  lords  of  the  pale  fliould  be  fum- 
moned  and  confulted,  on  the  time,  circumftances, 
and  bufmefs  of  this  afiembly.  It  was  moved  in 
council,  that  this  cuftom  fhould  be  now  obferved; 
but  the  deputy  fupprefied  the  motion  peremptorily 
and  feverefy.  Thefe  lords  deputed  one  of  their  num- 
ber, the  earl  of  Fingal  P,  to  remind  him  of  the  cuftom: 
he  treated  his  overture  with  contempt  and  difdain,. 
and  reprimanded  the  prefumption  of  it  with  an  in- 
decent acrimony.  When  the  council  hadalTembled 
to  deliberateon  thecaufes  and  confiderations,and  the 
bills  to  be  tranfmitted,  previous  to  the  feffion  ofparli- 
ament,they  at  firfl  feemed  little  inclined  to  tread  pre- 

cifely 

p  8trafF«rd's  Lett.  vol.  I.  p.  246. 

4 


Ch.   I.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    T.  19 

cifely  in  the  path, which  the  lord  deputy  pointed  out; 
they  propofed  feveral  bills  to  be  tranfmitted together 
with  the  fubfidiesj  as  good  inducements  to  content 
the  houfes:  ^  It  was  expedted  that  the  bill  of  fubli- 
diesfhould  be  fent  with  blanks, that  the  kinghimfelf 
might  prefcribc  the  number  and  manner  of  thefe  do- 
nations :  thecouncil  ontheother  handcontended,that 
the  fums  required  fhould  be  immediately  afcertained, 
and  that  they  fliould  not  exceed  the  ftridl  bounds  of 
neceffity.  The  deputy  quickly  interrupted  thefe  de- 
liberations :  he  told  them,  that  inftead  of  confulting 
what  might  pleafe  the  people  in  parliament,the  duty 
of  their  place  required  them  to  conlider  what  might 
pleafe  the  king,  and  induce  him  to  call  one ;  that 
his  majefty  deferved  and  expeded  the  confidence  of 
his  people;  that  he  would  admit  of  no  conditions, 
no  bargain  or  ftipulation,  and  no  conftraint  upon 
the  free  and  chearful  hearts  of  his  people.  A  per- 
manent provifiion  was  necelTary  for  his  armyi  not  a 
momentary  and  precarious  fupply.  "  The  king," 
faid  he,  **  defires  this  great  work  may  be  fettled  by 
parliament.  He  covets  to  walk  in  this,  as  the 
moil  beaten  path,  yet  not  more  legal  than  that  of 
his  prerogative  royal,  where  the  ordinary  way  fails 
hitn.  If  this  people  can  be  fo  unv/ife  as  to  cad 
off  his  gracious  propofals,  and  their  own  fafety, 
it  muft  be  done  without  them.  As  a  faithful 
fervant  to  my  mafter,  I  fliall  counfel  his  majefty 
to  attempt  it  firfl  by  the  ordinary  means :  difap- 
pointed  there,  where  he  may  with  fo  much  right 
expcdl  it,  I  could  not,  in  acaule  (b  juft  and  ne- 
cefiary,  deny  to  appear  for  him  in  the  head  of  that 
army;  and  there  either  perfuadc,  them  fully,  that 
his  mnjelly  had  reafon  on  his  fide,  or  die  in  the 
purfuit  of  his  commands,    fo  juftly  laid  upon  me. 

D  2  *•  Nay, 

q^.  Ibid.  p.  237, 


te 
ti 
ts 
cc 
{( 
ti 
<c 

€f 

te 
<( 
<c 
(( 
<i 
tc 


20    HISTORY    OF    IRELAND.     B.  V, 

*'  Nay,  I  do  not  hold  it  impoflible  to  effed;  his  dc- 
fires  with  the  general  confent  of  the  nation,  by 
taking  the  fupply  from  thofe  only  who    arc  beft 

^'  able  to  anfwer  it,  and  all  this  while  have  paid 
little  or  nothing." 


(( 


The  counfellors,  who  but  now  canvaiTed  every 
propofition  of  government  with  freedom,  were  in  a 
moment  fhamefully  confounded  and  filenced  by  this 
infolence.  They  trembled;  and  acquiefced  in  eve- 
ry meafure  propofed  by  the  deputy.  The  parlia- 
ment alTembled  in  extraordinary  pomp.  The  Speaker 
of  the  commons  was  chofen  on  the  recommendation 
of  lord  Wentworth.  After  fomc  fruitlefs  attempts 
of  the  recufants,  to  gain  a  majority  to  their  lide,  by 
proceeding  diredly  to  purge  the  houfe  of  members 
unduly  chofen  or  returned,  the  queflion  of  fupply 
was  propofed.  Vv^ith  one  voice  the  commons  voted 
a  grant  of  fix  fubfidics,  four  for  paying  the  (debts  of 
the  eftablifhment,  two  for  buying  in  rents  and  penfi- 
ons :  not  that  the  ufes  were  determined  by  a  formal 
appropriation  :  they  entrufted  the  management  of 
their  iupplies  folely  to  the  deputy;  requeflingonly  by 
petition,  that  it  might  be  applied  to  thefe  purpofes. 
Such  zeal  did  they  exprefs,and  fuch  delicate  concern 
for  the  honour  of  their  chief  governour,  that  •■  when 
Sir  Robert  Talbot  had  been  betrayed  in  debate  into 
fome  unguarded  refledions  on  his  conduft,  he  was 
inftantly  expelled,  and  committed  to  clofe  cuftody, 
until  he  fhould  implorc-pardpn  of  the  lord  deputy 
on  his  knees s.  With  this  prompt  compliance,  and 
this  ardour  of  afFedion,  they  feemed  to  have  imbib- 
ed a  full  portion  of  the  arbitrary  fpirit  of  the  prefent 
government  jj  for,    when  one  of  their  members  had 

been 

J  Com  Jo^rn.  Vol.  I.  p.  u5,  s  lb.  p.  ii8. 


Ch.  I.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  21 

been  affronted,  they  inftantly  commanded  the 
fherifF  of  Dublin  to  inflid:  corporal  punifhment  on 
the  offender. 

In  the  upper  houfet,  the  current  did  not  run  fa 
violently  in  favour  of  the  lord  deputy  and  his  mea- 
fures.  At  the  very  opening  of  the  feilion,  he  ex- 
perienced that  the  fpirit,  of  the  old  Englifh  nobility 
of  Ireland,  by  no  means  correfponded  with  the  con- 
temptuous ideas  he  had  formed  of  the  v^^hole  nation. 
To  guard  againfl  exceffes,  to  which  contending  par- 
ties might  be  fuddenly  tranfported,  he  revived  an 
order  iffued  in  the  late  reign  by  lord  Chichefter, 
which  forbad  the  members  to  enter  their  refpedtive 
houfes  with  their  fwords.  They  had  ufually  com^ 
plied,  without  confidering  the  infult  on  their  privi- 
leges. The  u(ber  of  the  black-rod  attended  at  the 
entrance  of  the  houfe  of  lords  to  receive  the  fwords 
of  the  peers.  The  earl  of  Ormond,  lately  come  to 
age,  with  a  fpirit  and  underflanding  fuited  to  his 
defcent,  heard  the  order  with  fcorn,  and  refufed  to 
deliver  up  the  neceffary  enfign  of  his  dignity.  Pro- 
voked at  a  rude  and  peremptory  repetition  of  the 
demand,  he  told  the  officer,  that  it  he  mufl  receive 
his  fword,  it  fhould  be  in  his  body :  and  thus 
marched  to  his  feat  with  a  ftately  indignation.  The 
lord  deputy  highly  incenfed  at  this  fingular  contempt 
.of  his  authority,  fummoned  the  earl  of  Ormond  to 
anfwer  for  his  difobedience  before  the  council.  The 
young  lord  appeared,  avowed  ^his  knowledge  of  the 
order,  and  his  own  wilful  difobedience  ;  but  added, 
that  he  had  received  the  inveftiture  of  his  earldom 
per  cindluram  gladii,  and  vi'as  both  entitled  and  bound 
.  by  the  royal  command,  to  attend  his  duty  in  parlia- 
ment, gladio  cin5fus,     Wentworth  was  abafhed  and 

confounded 
t  Qiiie  Ctra, 


42     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.       B.  V. 

■  confounded.  He  confulted  his  friends,  whether  he 
Ihould  at  once  crufli,  or  reconcile  this  daring  fpirit. 
They  reminded  him  of  the  neceffity  of  gaining  fome 

>  among  the  great  perfonages  of  Ireland  j  of  the  power, 
connexions,  and  capacity  of  the  earl ;  of  the  good 
difpofitions  he  had  already  difcovered  to  the  intereflis 
iof  the  crown  ;  of  his  influence  in  thehoufe  of  peers, 
fortified  as  he  was  by  the  proxies  of  the  lords  Caftle- 

'  haven,  Somerfet,  Baltimore,  and  Aungier;  they  ad- 
vifed,  that  the  lord  deputy  fliould,  by  all  means, 
reconcile  the  earl,  and  attach  him  to  his  intereft. 
The  advice  was  purfued  :  Ormond  foon  appeared  a 
particular  favourite  at  the  Irifh  court ;  and,  at  the 
age  of  twenty- four,  was  admitted  into  the  privy-, 
council. 

But,  as  birth  and  ftation  are  not  fufficicnt  of 
themfelves  to  fupport  their-  own  confequence,  the 
young  earl  of  Kildare  was  not  treated  with  the  fame 
attention.  Provoked  at  the  negled  of  the  lord 
deputy,  he  had  determined  to  fend  his  proxy,  and 
abfent  himfelf  from  parliament.  The  king  by  letter 
commanded  his  perfonal  attendance.  He  obeyed  ; 
but  either  from  refentment,  or  through  the  influence 
of  his  father-in-law  the  earl  of  Cork,  warmly  op- 
pofed  every  meafure  of  the  deputy.  VVentvvorth 
was  provoked;  and  his  refentment  appeared  in  his 
imperious  treatment  of  the  earl.  Impatient  of  fuch 
infolence,  he  hurried  fecretiy  to  the  court  of  Eng- 
land, without  licence  of  departure,  as  if  he  were 
determined  to  feek  redrefs  from  the  throne.  But 
Charles  had  been  efFecflually  prepoflefTed  againfl  him, 
and  his  precipitate  and  fruitlefs  adventure  ended  in 
regaining  the  royal  favour  by  a  fubmiflion  to  the  de- 
puty, and  a  promife  of  future  fervice. 

In 


Ch.   I.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  23 

I  N  the  mean  time'^,  the  peers  of  Ireland  feemed 
neither  intimidated  by  the  leverity  of  the  chief 
governour,  nor  deceived  by  his  artifices.  They 
complained  loiadly  of  pubHc  grievances ;  pre  fled  for 
the  confirmation  of  the  royalgraces;  were  particularly 
urgentTfor  eitablifhing  that  article,  which  confined 
the  kings  claims  on  their  lands,  to  a  retrofped 
of  fixty  years  J  and  frequently  mentioned  the  royal 
promife,  in  a  manner  highly  ofFenfive  to  an  admini- 
ilration,  refolved  that  it  iliould  not  be  fulfilled.  They 
debated  warmly  and  frequently  on  feveral  regulations, 
which  they  conceived  necefiTary  to  be  eftablhhed  for 
the  public  good.  They  proceeded  yet  further. 
Without  regard  to  the  provifions  of  Poynings'  flatute, 
or  confidering  themfelves  as  the  king's  hereditary 
council,  and  therefore,  particularly  entitled  to  the 
defignation,  mentioned  in  this  ftatute,  they  ordered 
the  attorney-general  to  draw  up  feveral  laws,  on 
which  they  had  debated,  into  formal  a6ts,  in  order  to 
be  tranfmitted  into  England.  No  governour  was 
more  tenacious  of  the  law  of  Poynings,  orconfidcr- 
ed  an  inviolable  adherence  to  this  lav/  in  a  light 
of  greater  confequence  to  the  crown,  than  lord 
Wentworth.  Yet,  for  the  prelent,  thefe  extraordina- 
ry proceedings  were  unnoticed.  The  warm  temper 
of  the  lords  was  Icfs  alarming,  as  the  negled:  of  a^ 
committee  of  the  commons,  in  not  attending  a  con- 
ference in  due  time,  had  occafioned  a  quarrel,  which 
prevented  any  dangerous  concert  between  the  two 
houfes.  The  bills  of  fubfidy.  were  palTed.  The 
only  other  bill,  which  the  adminiftration  intended 
fliould  be  enacted  in  this  ftiifion,  was  one  for  the 
confirmation  of  letters  patent  to  be  pafiTed  on  the 
new  commiflion,  for  remedy  of  defedive titles.  This 
alfo  was  eftablifhed  into  a  law,  and  attended  by  a 
petition  from  the  lords  to  the  chief  governour,  that 

this 

■  StrafFord's  Lett.  V.  I.  p.  290. 


24     HISTORY   OF  IRELAND.     6.  V. 

this  commiiTion  fliould  be  executed  with  fuch  fpced 
and  moderation,  that  the  royal  favour  might  be  the 
more  welcome,  and  the  fublidies  the  better  paid. 
His  anfwer  was  gracious ;  the  feffion  on  the  point  of 
cloiing;  it  was  now  the  proper  time  for  taking  notice 
of  the  power  all'umed  by  the  lords,  of  framing  and 
tranfmitting  bills  ;  and  this  was  done  by  a  formal 
proteft  againft  their  proceeding,  made  by  the  lord 
deputy  on  concluding  the  feffion,  and  which  he  re- 
quired to  be  recorded  in  the  journals  of  the  lords. 
The  protefl  recites  the  purport  of  the  law  of  Poyn- 
ings,  and  the  explanatory  law  of  Philip  and  Mary. 
It  enumerates  the  feveral  bills  drawn  up  by  order  of 
the  houfc  of  lords,  and  which  had  in  their  name 
been  prefented  to  the  lord  deputy,  in  order  for  their 
tranfmiffion  into  England.  "  All  which  proceed- 
ings of  their  lordihips.  We  the  lord  deputy,"  faith 
Wentworth,  **  taking  into  due  confideration, 
and  weighing  with  the  faid  ftatutes,  although  we 
do  not  conceive,  that  the  faid  lords,  advifedly  or 
purpofedly  intended  to  violate  or  innovate  in  any 
thing,  otherwife  than  by  the  faid  flatutes  are 
provided  -,  yet,  for  the  avoiding  of  any  mifrepre- 
**  fentation,  which,  by  reafon  of  that  manner  of 
<*  proceeding,  may  in  after-times  be  made,  to  the 
**  intrenchment  of  the  faid  ads  of  parliament,  or 
**  his  majefty's  regal  power,  whereof  we  are  and 
*'  will  be  always  mofl  tender ;  in  difcharge  of  the 
duty  we  owe  to  the  prefervation  of  his  majefty's 
honour,  and  that  the  like  miftake  in  their  lord- 
fliip's  proceedings  may  futurcly  be  avoided  : — 
We  have  therefore  thought  fit  this  day,  in  full 
parliament,  to  protest  againft  that  courfe  held 
by  their  lordfhips,  as  not  any  ways  belonging  to 
**  their  lordfliips,  to  give  order  to  the  king's  learned 
**  counfel,  or  any  other,  for  the  framing  or  drawing 

**  up 


<{ 

€t 

it 

t( 
<( 


<t 
«; 
<c 
«< 

«( 
<( 


Ch.   I.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  2$ 

*'  up  any  ad:s  to  pafs  in  parliament ;  but  that  the 
**  fame  lolely  belongs  to  us  the  lord  deputy  and 
*'  council.  We  the  lord  deputy  do  hereby  further 
**  declare,  that  their  lordfhips  have  power  only  by 
**  remonftrance  and  petition  to  reprefent  to  the  lord 
**  deputy  and  council,  for  the  time  being,  fuch 
*'  public  confiderations  as  they  fhall  think  fit  and 
*•  good  for  the  Commonwealth,  and  fo  to  fubmit 
**  them  to  be  drawn  into  ads,  and  tranfmitted  into 
"  England,  orotherwife  altered  or  rejected,  accord- 
**  ing  as  the  lord  deputy  and  council,  in  their  wif- 
**  dom,  {hall  judge  and  hold  expedient  j  and  that, 
"  in  fuch  wife  as  the  faid  ads  of  parliament,  in 
"  thefe  cafes,  have  limited  and  appointed.  And 
**  we  the  lord  deputy  do  truft,  that  their  lordfhips 
**  will  take  this  as  a  feafonable  and  neceifary  ad- 
"  monifliment,  from  us,  and  forbear  the  like  courfe 
**  hereafter."  This  proteft  was  received  without 
any  apparent  ill  temper  in  the  lords  ;  and  the  feffion 
clofed,  with  the  utmoft  triumph  on  the  part  of  the 
chief  governour,  for  the  conceflions  he  had  obtain- 
ed. 

The  fubfequent  meetings  of  this  parliament,, 
though  intended  folely  for  confulting  the  interefts  of 
the  f>eople,  yet  did  not  pafs  without  clamour  and 
diflatisfadion.  When  provifion  had  been  once  made 
for  the  neceffities  of  government,  Wentworth  fpoke 
with  greater  freedom  of  the  graces.  He  told  the 
commons  plainly,  that  fome  of  them  were  only  oc- 
cafional  and  temporary  3  not  proper  to  be  enaded 
when  the  occafion  was  removed;  that  others  were 
already  provided  for  j  feveral  difficult  to  be  regulated 
by  an  invariable  law ;  fome  indeed  fit  to  be  given  in. 
charge,  and  referred  to  the  care  and  integrity  of  the 
proper  officers.  In  two  material  points  he  abfolutely 

Vol,  III.  E  denied 


%€     HISTORY   OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 

denied  their  requeft  ;  one  for  limiting  the  king's  title 
to  fixty  years  ;  which  was  judged  inconfiftent  with 
his  lervice;  the  other  for  enrolling  former  furrendcrs, 
and  paffing  new  patents  of  eftates  in  the  province  of 
Connaught,  and  county  of  Clare;  which  would  have 
defeated  the  fcheme  of  a  weftern  plantation,  with 
which  the  king  was  totally  pofTelTed;  for  plantations 
were  now  coniidered  as  engines  of  the  crown  for 
raifing  money. 

Some  more  equitable  defigns,  for  the  intercfts  of 
the  fubje<^s,  gave  particular  offence  to  the  recufants^. 
By  the  common  law  of  Ireland,  lands  and  tene- 
ments had  not  been  devifable  by  will ;  fo  that  no 
one  could,  in  that  manner,  legally  provide  for  his 
younger  children,  by  charging  his  real  eftate,  when 
his  perfonal  was  not  Sufficient  -,  nor  could  they  be  re- 
gularly conveyed  from  one  to  another,  unlefs  by 
folemn  livery  and  feifin,  matter  of  record,  or  wri- 
ting fufficiently  made,  without  fraud  or  artifice. 
Ways,  however,  were  invented  to  alter  the  pro- 
perty and  poffeffion  of  lands,  by  fraudulent  feoff- 
ments, and  other  affurances,  to  fecret  ufes  and  trufts, 
by  long  leafes,  for  near  a  thoufand  years ;  fometimes 
by  wills,  cither  in  writing,  or  by  words,  or  in  cafes 
of  extremity,  by  figns  and  tokens.  Such  feoffments 
and  long  leafes  were  at  firfl;  ufed  by  the  Romilh 
party,  to  defeat  the  king  of  his  wardfhips,  and  fave 
the  heirs  of  lands  held  in  capite,  from  fuing  out  their 
liveries,  which  could  not  regularly  be  obtained, 
without  taking  the  oath  of  fupremacy.  But  thefe 
artifices  were  alfo  employed  to  defeat  other  lords  of 
their  rights  and  aids,  widows  of  their  dowers,  and 
widowers  of  their  tenancies  by  courtely.  Titles 
were  thus  rendered  intricate  ;  heirs  unjuftly  difin- 

herited 

w  Carte,  Orm, 


Ch.  I.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    r.  *; 

herited,  without  knowing  whom  to  fue  for  recovery 
of  their  rights ;  and  perpetual  occaiions  offered  for 
perjury.  The  king  was  deprived  of  the  dues  inci-^ 
dent  to  the  crown  ;  the  lands  of  rebels  and  felons, 
attainted,  were  fcreened  from  his  claims ;  and  men 
were  the  lei's  deterred  from  entering  into  rebellion, 
when  they  ran  no  hazard,  but  of  their  own  perfbns. 

Fo  R  remedy  of  all,  two  adls  were  framed,  pur- 
"  porting,  "  that  all  perfons,  for  whofe  ufe  any 
*•'  others  were  feized  of  lands,  rent-charges,  &c. 
ihould  be  deemed  in  adtual  poffellion  thereof;  and 
that  no  conveyance  of  any  eftate  of  inheritance 
or  freehold,  by  bargain  and  fale,  fliould  be  valid, 
unlefs  by  writing  indented,  fealed,  and  enrolled, 
in  one  of  the  king's  courts  at  Dublin,  or  in  the 
county  where  fuch  eftate  lay,  before  the  cufloi 
rotuhruniy  twojuftices,  and  the  clerk  of  the  peace, 
**  within  fix  months  after  the  date  of  the  deeds. 
*'  Such  as  were  leized  of  eftates  in  fee-fimple,  were 
to  be  enabled  to  alienate  them  by  will  in  writing, 
or  by  any  other  ad:  lawfully  executed  :  Thofe 
who  held  of  the  king  in  chief  by  knight's  fervice, 
or  by  knight's  fervice  not  in  chief,  to  difpofe  of 
two  thirds  of  their  lands;  thofe,  who  held  by 
foccage,  of  the  whole;  referving  to  the  king,  in 
this  latter  cafe,  his  rights  and  fines  of  alienation, 
and,  in  the  former,  referving  not  only  thefe,  but 
alfo  the  wardfhip  and  cuftody  of  the  other  third: 
"  the  fine  for  alienation  being  fixed  at  a  third  part 
of  the  yearly  value  of  the  lands  devifed." 


<( 
<( 


<( 

«( 

(( 
(( 
<{ 


«( 


These  regulations  could  not  be  agreeable  to  the 
recufants ;  for  they  were  diredlly  pointed  againft 
thofe  artifices  they  had  invented  to  defeat  the  king 
©f  his  wardfhip   of  minors,  and   cuftody  of  their 

E  3  lands; 


28      HISTORY  OF   IRELAND.     B.  V. 

lands;  and  they  empowered  him  to  have  thofe  minors 
educated  from  their  early  years  in  the  communion 
of  the  eftabhfhed  church.  But  the  influence  of 
government  foon  conquered  their  oppofition.  The 
a(fts  were  pafled,  together,  with  a  third  for  vacating 
fraudulent  conveyances,  fales,  and  alienations  made 
fince  the  beginning  of  the  late  reign. 

The  other   laws    of  this    parliament  met  with 
little  obftruftion,  as  they  were  calculated  purely  for 
regulating   the  police,    or  for  promoting  the   quiet 
and  improvement  of  the  reahn,  reforming  the  bar- 
barous   cuftoms,  and   refining    the   manners  of  the 
people  ,•    abolifhing  odious   diftindions  between  the 
original   natives    and  other  fubjeds  ;   adopting  the 
moil   valuable  of  the  Englifh    ftatutes  enabled  fince 
the  reign  of  Henry  the  feventh;  regulating  the  pro- 
fecutions  on  penal  ftatutes,  fo  as  to  guard  the  fub- 
je<ft  againfi:  grievance  and  oppreflion;  preventing  the 
depauperation   of  ccclefiaftical    dignities,    colleges, 
and  hofpitals,  by    leafes  at  a  lefs  rent  than  half  the 
value  of  the  premifes;  with  other  provifions  tor  the 
fecurity  of  eftates,  and  improvement  of  lands.  Thefe, 
and  fuch  like  inftitutions,  do  honour  to  the  admini- 
flration  by  which  they  were  fupported.  But  the  fup- 
port    of  lord    Wentworth    proved  in  one    inftance 
infufficirnt.     The    two   houfcs  united  in  a  petition 
that  the  king  would  eftablifli  a  mint  in  Ireland.   The 
deputy  readily  promifed  to  enforce  the  requefl;  but 
the  Englifh  council,  whofe  views  or  judgments  were 
not  fo  favourable  to  the  Irifli  fubjedls,  defeated  their 
application,  "  thereby,"  faith  Mr.  Carte,  **  giving 
^'  them   occafion   to    refled:  on  the   unhappinefs  of 
f'  their  fituation,  in  being  under  the  controul   of  a 
<'  body  of  men  of  a  different  country,  who  have  no 

i*  UiituraJ  mlination  for  the  welfare  of  their's,  nor 

any 


Ch.  I.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  29 

'*  any  intereji  in  the  good  of  it."  An  alTertion, 
which  we  mufl  pronounce  falfe  and  precipitate,  un- 
lefs  we  confider  the  tempers  and  underftandings  of 
their  fellow-Iubjefts  of  England,  as  odious  and  con- 
temptible to  an  extraordinary  degree.  But  the  par- 
liament of  Ireland  do  not  feem  on  this  occafion  to 
have  thought  or  Ipoken  with  the  afperity  of  this 
author;  for  when  an  a6t  of  free  and  general  pardon 
was  followed  by  a  diflblution,  they  departed  with 
content  and  fatisfaftion^.  Some  few  provifions  for 
the  public  good,  which  had  been  defeated  by  the  re- 
cufant  members,  Wentworth,  in  the  high  ftrain  of 
prerogative,  determined  to  eftabiifh  by  an  ad:of  ftate. 

With  the  parliament,  fat  alfo  a  convocation  of 
the  clergy.  They  granted  eight  fubfidies  to  the 
king  J  and  at  the  fame  time  folicited  redrefs  of  feve- 
ral  grievances,  and  corre6:ion  of  feveral  diforders  in 
eccleliaftical  affairs.  The  condition  of  their  church 
was  at  this  time  deplorable-  Their  places  of  wor- 
fhip  in  ruin  ;  the  poffefTions  of  the  clergy  alienated, 
in  the  midft  of  public  confufion  and  diforders.  Ap- 
propriations, Commendams,  and  violent  intrufions, 
had  reduced  the  rural  clergy  to  contempt  and  beg- 
gary. Abfolute  grants,  and  long  ieafes,  made  by 
avaricious  incumbents,  or  extorted  from  the  timid 
and  oppreifed,  had  reduced  the  revenues  of  bifhop- 
rics  to  a  fcandalous  infufficiency.  And  even  the  pro- 
vifions made  for  the  clergy  in  the  late  reign,  on  fet- 
ling  the  plantations,  had,  in  a  great  meafure  been 
defeated  by  artful  and  fraudulent  commiffioners.  Ig- 
norance, negligence,  and  corruption  of  manners  in 
the  eftablifhed  clergy,  were  the  confequences  of  their 
poverty.  A  Romifh  hierarchy,  which  exercifed  a 
regular  jurifdiftion  in  every  quarter  of  the  kingdom, 

were 

X  Strafford's  Lett,  vol.  I.  432. 


30     HISTORY    OF    IRELAND     B.  V. 

were  fufficiently  affiduous  to  take  advantage  of  their 
abfence  or  ncgletl,  and  in  Tome  places  had  poflefled 
them i'el ves  of  ecclefiaflical  lands.  The  more  virulent 
of  the  Scottifli  preftyterians,  on  the.  other  hand, 
were  outrageouHy  zealous  for  their  own  difcipline 
and  worlhip,  offered  daily  infalts  to  the  eftablifhed 
church-government,  and  treated  even  its  rites  and 
woriliip  with  provoking  contempt. 

These  fedlaries,  as  they  were  called,  appeared  to 
lord  Wcntworth,  at  lead  equally  enemies  to  the 
truth  of  religion  with  the  popiHi  party.  A  pcrfed: 
conformity  was  the  great  work,  which  he  and  his 
friend  Laud,  were  fincerely  zealous  to  eftabliili 
thoroughly  in  Ireland,  but  which  indeed  exceeded 
the  abilities  of  both.  The  procedure  of  the  lord  de- 
puty, however,  was  fufficiently  judicious  ;  for  he 
began  with  providing  churches  to  receive,  and  able 
miniilers  to  teach  the  people.  Commiffionsfor  the 
reparation  of  churches  iffued  through  the  kingdom. 
The  example  of  the  king,  who  confented  to  fettle  the 
appropriations  poffeffed  by  the  crown  upon  relident 
clergy,  the  dehre  of  recommending  themfelves  to 
the  deputy,  and  the  apprehenfions  of  his  power  and 
feverity,  influenced  many  to  a  voluntary  concurrence 
in  the  work  of  reformation,  by  ereding  and  endow- 
ing places  of  worfhip,  and  religning  thofe  pofTeffions, 
which  had  been  ufurped  from  the  church.  The 
more  relucflant  were  either  attacked,  or  threatened 
with  rigourous  profecations;  and  from  the  earl  of 
Cork,  in  particular,  the  deputy  contrived  to  wreft 
about  two  thoufand  pounds  i.nnual  revenue  of  tythes, 
which,  from  the  want  of  incumbents,  and  the  dif- 
order  of  the  times,  he  had  gotten  into  his  pollefhon, 
and  converted  to  appropriations.  Laws  were  pro- 
cured in  the  late  parliament   for  reftitution  of  the 

rights 


Ch.  I.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  31 

rights  of  the  clergy,  and  provifions  made  to  prevent 
all  future  alienations. 

The  cares  of  lord  Wentworth  were  extended  to 
the  education  and  inftrudlion  of  the  rifing  generation 
of  Iriili  clergy.  He  infpeded  minutely  into  the  ftate 
and  circumflances  of  the  univerfity  of  Dublin ^  and 
found  them  in  confiderable  diforder,  partly  by  the 
means  of  a  weak  governour,  and  partly  by  the  defedts 
of  the  prefent  ftatutes.  The  governour  was  removed, 
and  a  perfon  conceived  to  be  more  fufficient,  fubfti- 
tuted  in  his  place.  The  ftatutes  were  fubmitted  to 
the  inlpedtion  of  the  archbilhop  of  Canterbury; 
who  was  perfuaded  to  draw  up  a  new  body  of  laws 
for  this  univerlity,  as  he  had  done  for  that  of  Oxford  j 
and  thefe  were  eftablilhed  by  the  royal  authority. 

The  great  point  for  which  the  king,  archbifliop 
Laud,  and  the  lord  deputy  were  equally  zealous,  ftill 
remained  to  be  effected;  the  complete  union  of  the 
churches  of  England  and  Ireland,  by  eftablilliing 
the  Engliih  articles  and  canons  in  this  latter  king- 
dom, as  the  rule  of  dodtrine  and  difcipline.  The 
clergy  of  the  puritanic  caft  were  by  no  means 
favourers  of  fuch  an  attempt ;  and  affected  a  zealous 
folicitude  for  what  they  called  the  independence  of 
their  churchx.  Ufher,  the  head  of  this  party,  had 
never  been  regarded  by  lord  Wentworth  with  a 
favourable  eye;  but,  on  account  of  his  ftation, 
charad:er,  and  popularity,  wa.s  to  be  treated  with 
refped  and  caution.  It  was  mortifying  to  the 
compiler  of  the  Irifh  articles  of  religion  in  the  late 
reign,  to  find  them  now  threatened  with  a  folemn 
abolition;  and  had  the  temper  of  this  learned  prelate 
difpofed  him  to  turbulence  and  oppofition,  he  might 

have 

y  Strafford's  Lett.  vol.  I  p.  381. 


32    HISTORY    OF    IRELAND.     B.  V. 

have  proved  highly  vexatious  and  embarrafling  to 
the  deputy,  fupported  as  he  was  by  the  judgments 
nnd  affed:ions  of  almoft  all  the  Irifh  clergy.  To 
reconcile  him  to  the  projeded  reformation,  it  was 
agreed,  that  no  cenfure  ihould  be  pafTed  on  any  of 
the  former  Irifh  articles,  but  that  they  (hould  be 
virtually,  not  formally  abrogated,  by  the  eftabliHi- 
ment  of  thofe  of  the  church  of  England;  and  alfo, 
that  the  Engliih  canons  Ihould  not  be  received  in  a 
body,  but  a  colledtion  made  of  fuch  as  might  be  moft 
acceptable,  to  form  a  rule  of  difcipline  for  the  Irifh 
church.  The  articles  were  received,  and  the  canons 
efiablhhed  agreeable  to  the  lord  deputy's  mind^; 
yet  more  by  the  influence  of  his  authority,  than  the 
inclinations  of  a  great  part  of  the  clergy;  although 
but  one  member  of  the  convocation  ventured  pub- 
licly to  avow  his  diffent. 

These  regulations  in  the  ecclefiaftical  fyftem  were 
followed  by  an  eftablifhment  too  odious,  and  there- 
fore too  dangerous,  to  be  attempted  during  the  fef- 
iions  of  parliament,  that  of  an  high  commiffion 
court,  which  was  ered:ed  in  Dublin  after  the  Englifh 
model,  with  the  fame  formality,  and  the  fame  tre- 
mendous powersa.  The  intentions  of  this  eftablifh- 
ment,  (as  the  deputy  explains  them  to  Laud)  were 
to  countenance  the  defpifed  flate  of  the  clergy,  to  fup- 
port  the  ecclefiaftical  courts,  and  reftrain  the  extor- 
tions of  their  officers,  to  annul  foreign  jurifdidion, 
to  punifh  polygamies  and  adulteries,  to  provide  for 
the  maintenance  and  refidence  of  the  clergy,  to  en- 
quire into  the  application  of  charitable  and  pious  dona- 
tions, to  bring  the  people  to  a  conformity  of  religion, 
**  and,  "  in  the  way  to  all  thefe,  raiie  perhaps  a 
**  good  revenue  to  the  crown." 

The 

2  lb.  p.  342.  alb.  p.  18$. 


Ch.  I.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    L  33 

The  favourite  objedl,  indeed,  of  this  chief  gover- 
nour,  which  he  ever  kept  in  view,  through  all  his 
tranfacftions,  was  this  of  improving  the  revenue,  and 
fuppiying  the  neceffities  of  his  royal  maflcrb.  And 
when  for  this  purpofe  we  find  him  protecting  and 
extendingcommerce,  guarding  the  coafts  from  piracy, 
introducing  manufadlures,  and  encouraging  a  fpirit 
of  well  directed  induftry,  we  muft  acknowledge,  that 
fuch  means  were  liberal  and  laudable.  A  fubjed:  of 
Ireland  fhould  with  gratitude  record,  that  one  fcheme 
happily  and  judicioully  devifed  by  lord  Wentworth; 
laid  the  firft  foundation  of  the  prefent  affluence  and 
profperity  of  this  country. 

H  E  found  among  the  Irlfli  little  trade  of  manu- 
factures, except  fome  fmall  beginnings  of  a  cloath- 
ing  trade,  which  promifed  to  encreafe,  and  might 
in  time  elTentialy  affeft  the  ftaple  commodity  of 
England.  Ireland  furnidied  wool  in  great  quanti- 
ties, and  its  people  could  afford  to  vend  their  cloth 
in  foreign  markets,  on  more  moderate  terms  thaa 
the  Englifh  traders.  A  governour,  particularly  jeal- 
ous of  any  diminution  of  the  king's  cuftoms,  waa 
alarmed,  at  this  profpedl  ^  he  confidered  farther, 
that  the  Iri{h  fubjeds,  if  rcftrained  from  indraping 
their  own  wool,  muft  of  neceflity  fetch  their  cloath- 
ing  from  England;  fo  as  in  fome  fort  to  be  depen- 
dent on  this  country  for  their  livelihood.  Hence^ 
the  connection  of  thefe  realms^  muft  become  firm 
and  indifibluble,  as  the  Irifh  could  not  revolt  from 
their  allegiance  to  the  crown,  without  nakednefs  to 
themfelves  and  their  families.  For  thefe  reafons  he 
laid  difcouragements  on  their  woollen  manufacture; 
but  at  the  fame  time  determined  to  eftablifh  another 
article  of  trade,  at  leaft  equally   beneficial   to    this 

Vol*  III.  F  people, 

b  Carte,  Orm,  Straff,  Lett,  vol.  I, 


^4      HISTORY   OF   IRELAND.     B.  V, 

people,  and,  which  promif^  ferviccj  rather  than 
detriment  to  England. 

It  was  judged,  that  the  foil  of  many  parts  of 
Ireland  was  well  fitted  to  the  raifing  of  flax ;  fome 
experiments  made  by  order  of  the  deputy  confirmed 
it ',  the  women  were  naturally  addidted  to  fpinning ; 
the  living,  and  confequently  the  labour  of  the  Irifh 
was  cheap;  could  they  be  trained  to  the  manufadure 
of  linen-cloth.  Wentworth,  with  the  fanguine 
hopes  of  a  projedor,  conceived  that  they  might  foon 
be  enabled  to  underfell  the  French  and  Hollanders; 
he  therefore  happily  determined  to  eftablifli  this  ma- 
nufaifture  in  Ireland.  Infant  fchemes  are  ever  at- 
tended with  an  expence,  terrible  to  men  of  cautious 
and  contracted  minds.  To  encourage  a  fpirit  of  en- 
terprize,  Wentworth  himfelf  embarked  in  his  fa- 
vourite pfojed,  even  to  an  expence  (as  he  ftated  it) 
of  thirty  thoufand  pounds.  Flaxfeed  was  imported 
from  Holland;  work-men  were  brought  from  France 
and  the  Low  Countries.  The  feed  profpered,  the 
people  were  employed ;  looms  fitted  up ;  regulati- 
ons prefcribed  for  yarn  and  cloth,  fo  as  to  fecure 
the  fale  by  the  goodnefs  of  the  commodity.  Such 
were  the  beginnings  of  the  linen  trade  of  Ireland  ; 
which,  though  fatally  interrupted  by  the  fubfequent 
diforders  of  this  country,  yet  revived  with  all  its  hap- 
py confequences  on  the  return  of  peace  and  tranquil- 
lity. 

But  fuch  fchemes  of  improvement,  how  promif=* 
ing  fo  ever,  were  yet  gradual  in  their  operation,  and 
calculated  rather  for  the  advantage  of  future  timcsc, 
than  for  fupplying  the  prefent  neceflities  of  the  crown. 
Wentworth  was  impatient  to  fignalize  ^  his  admini- 

flration 

c  A.  D.  1635.  d  Strafford's  Lett.  vol.  I. 


Ch.  I.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  35 

flration  by  a  fervlce  of  immediate  and  extenfive  emo- 
lument to  his  royal  mafter.  His  proje<5t  was  no- 
thing lefs,  than  to  fubvert  the  title  to  every  eftate  in 
every  part  of  Connaught,  and  to  eftablifh  a  new 
plantation  through  this  whole  province  :  a  project, 
which,  when  firft  propofed,  in  the  late  reign,  was 
received  with  horrour  and  amazement,  but  which 
failed  the  undifmayed  and  enterprifing  genius  of  lord 
Wentworth.  For  this  he  had  oppofed  the  confirma- 
tion of  the  royal  graces,  tranfmitted  to  lord  Faulk- 
land,  and  taken  to  himfelf  the  odium  of  fo  flagrant 
a  violation  of  the  royal  promife.  The  parliament 
was  at  an  end;  and  the  deputy  at  leifure  to  execute 
a  fcheme,  which,  as  it  was  offenfive  and  alarming, 
required  a  cautious  and  deliberate  procedure.  Old 
records  of  ftate,  and  the  memorials  of  ancient  mo- 
nafteries  were  ranfacked,  to  afcertain  the  king's  ori- 
ginal title  to  Connaught.  It  was  foon  difcovered, 
that  in  the  grant  of  Henry  the  third,  to  Richard  de 
Burgo,  five  cantreds  were  referved  to  the  crown, 
adjacent  to  the  caftle  of  Athlone  5.  that  this  grant  in- 
cluded the  whole  remainder  of  the  province,  which 
was  now  alledged  to  have  been  forfeited  by  Aedh 
O'Connor,  the  Irifh  provincial  chieftain ;  that  the 
lands  and  lordfliip  of  de  Burgo,  delcended  lineally 
to  Edward  the  fourth  j  and  were  confirmed  to  the 
Crown  by  a  ftatute  of  Henry  the  feventh.  The  in- 
genuity of  court-lawyers  was  employed  to  invalidate 
all  patents  granted  to  the  pofleflbrs  of  thefe  lands, 
from  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth.  It  was  found, 
that  the  indentures  made  between  Sir  John  Perrot, 
and  the  inhabitants  of  this  province,  were  irregular, 
and  unauthorized  by  his  commiffiouj  and  the  queen's 
patents  voided  by  the  non-performance  of  conditions; 
that  thofe,  granted  by  James,  were  obtained  on  falfe 
fuggeftions,  and  executed  without  attention  to  the 

F  ?    '  royal 


^6     HISTORY    OF    IRELAND.     B.  V. 

royal  will  and  direction.  In  fevcral  patents,  pafled 
by  commifTion  of  this  king,  there  was  referved  to 
the  crown,  without  particular  authority,  a  tenure 
by  common  knight's  fervice  :  a  kind  of  tenure  par- 
ticularly agreeable  to  the  recufants,  as  it  did  not 
oblige  them  to  do  homage,  or  take  the  oath  of  fu- 
premacy*  But  the  lawyers  were  now  confident, 
that,  as  this  was  not  particularly  warranted  by  the 
commiffion,  as  the  law  ever  implied  a  tenure  in  ca- 
fitCi  where  none  in  particular  is  expreffed,  and  as 
a  tenure  by  common  knight's  fervice,  was  lefs  bene- 
ficial to  the  crown,  the  grants  muft  be  adjudged  to 
have  been  made  in  deceit  of  the  crown,  which  was 
hereby  defrauded  of  its  wards  and  other  profits,  and, 
of  confequence,  void  and  illegal. 

Armed  with  thefe  authorities,  Wentworth,  at 
the  head  of  the  commifTioners  of  plantation,  pro- 
ceeded to  the  weftern  province.  The  inhabitants  of 
the  county  of  Leitrim,had  already  acknowledged  the 
king's  title  to  their  lands,  and  fubmitted  to  a  planta- 
tione.  It  was  now  deemed  expedient  to  begin  with 
thofe  of  Rofcommon.  The  Commiffion  was  open- 
ed in  this  countyj  the  evidences  of  the  king's  title 
produced,  examined,  and  fubmitted  to  a  jury,  form- 
ed of  the  principal  inhabitants,  p«rpofely,  (as  the 
lord  deputy  expreffed  it}  that  *  ■  they  might  anfwcr 
**  the  king  a  round  fine  in  the  caflle-chamber,  in 
*'  cafe  they  fliould  prevaricate."  They  were  told 
by  Wentworth,  that  his  majefly's  intention  in  eftab^ 

,  lilliing  his  undoubted  title,  was  to  make  them  a 
rich  and  civil  people;  that  he  purpofed  not  to  de- 
prive them  of  their  juft  pofTefTionSjbut  to  inveft  them 
with  a  confiderable  part  of  his  own  :  that  he  need- 
ed  not   their   interpofition   to    vindicate  his  right, 

•  which 

e  StrafF.  Lett.  vol.  I.  p.  44^,.  • 


Ch.   I.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  3^ 

which  might  be  eftabhfhed  by  the  ufual  courfe  of 
law,  upon  an  information  ofintrufion;  but  that  he 
wifhed  his  people  to  fhare  with  him  in  the  honour 
and  profit  of  the  glorious  and  excellent  work  he  was 
now  to  execute;  to  his  majefty  it  was  indifferent, 
whether  their  verdi6t  fhould  acknowledge  or  deny 
his  title.  If  they  were  inclined  to  truth,  and  to  their 
own  interefts,  they  were  to  find  the  title  for  the 
king;  if  to  do  that  which  was  limply  beft  for  his 
majefty,  without  regard  to  their  own  good,  the  de- 
puty advifed  them,  roughly  and  pertinacioufly  to 
deny  to  find  any  title  at  all. 

The  prefence  and  interpofition  of  a  lord  deputy, 
and  a  deputy  whofe  characfler  and  temper  were  fitted 
to  opperate  on  men's  paffions,  had  probably  their 
full  effed  on  this  occafion.  The  king's  title  was 
found  without  fcruple  or  hefitation  ;  and  the  verdidt 
attended  with  a  petition,  for  an  equitable  treatment 
of  prefent  proprietors,  and  a  due  provifion  for  the 
church.  The  deputy  not  only  promifed  ample 
fatisfadion  in  thefe  particulars,  but  publifhed  a  pro- 
clamation, whereby  all  proprietors  throughout  the 
province,  were  alTured  of  eafy  compofitions,  and  of 
new  and  indefeafible  grants.  The  counties  of  Mayo 
and  Sligo  followed  the  example  of  Rofcommon,  and 
found  the  king's  title  with  equal  chearfulnefs. 

I  T  now  remained  to  profecute  the  royal  claims 
in  the  county  of  Galway;  but  here,  as  was  fufpecft- 
ed,  the  commifiioners  found  greater  difficulties  to 
encounter.  The  inhabitants  were  almoft  wholly  of 
the  Romifli  Communion,  influenced  by  their  clergy, 
encouraged  by  recufant  lawyers,  and  fupported  by 
the  power  of  the  governour  of  their  county.  Uliac, 
earl  of  Clanricarde  and  Saint    Alban's,  a  nobleman 

of 


38     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 

of  excellent  charader,  potently  allied,  and  of  con- 
iiderable  efteem  and  confequence  at  the  court  of 
England.  There  he  now  relided,  but  held  a  con- 
llant  correfpondence  with  his  kinfmen  and  country- 
men ;  and  was  their  avowed  and  zealous  patron,  at 
a  time  when  his  own  great .  pofTeflions  were  in 
danger,  and  his  country  threatened  with  a  fudden 
and  violent  revolution  of  property.  Men  thus  in» 
fluenced,  encouraged,  and  fupported,  were  not  eafily 
intimidated  by  the  deputy.  Their  lawyers  pleaded 
boldly  and  violently  againft  the  king's  title.  The 
jury  were  deaf  to  every  argument  in  its  favour,  and 
refufed  to  find  it.  Wentworth  was  enraged  :  he  laid 
a  fine  of  one  thoufand  pounds  upon  the  {herifF^  and 
bound  the  obflinate  jurors  to  appear  in  the  caftle^ 
chamber,  and  anfvver  for  their  offence,  where  they 
were  fined  each  in  the  fum  of  four  thoufand  pounds, 
fentenced  to  imprifonmcnt,  until  it  fliould  be  paid, 
and  to  acknowledge  their  offence  in  court,  upon 
their  knees. 

The  feverity  of  this  fentence,  and  even  the 
whole  proceedings  of  the  lord  deputy,  not  in  Gal- 
way  only,  but  in  the  other  weftern  counties,  were 
rcprefentcd  in  England  with  every  circumftancc  of 
aggravation,  and  afforded  ample  matter  for  invedive 
to  the  numerous  enemies  of  lord  Wentworth.  He 
was  accufed  of  rancour  and  fcandalous  injufticeto 
the  earl  of  Clanricarde.  Every  inflance  of  his  ri- 
gourous  adminiftration  was  recalled  to  view;  and  the 
perfonal  enemies  he  hadmadein  Ireland,  werecoun-? 
tenanced  in  their  complaints.  He  had  obliged  lord 
Wilmot,  who  had  for  many  years  commanded  the 
army  in  this  country,  to  make  compenfation  for 
lands  he  had  ufurped  from  the  crown,  and  unjuftly 
alienated  -,  he  had  compelled  the  earl  of  Cork  to  re- 

fi^n 


Ch,  u  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    r.  39 

fign  his  depredations  of  the  church  ;  thefe  were  re- 
prefented  as  inftances  of  his  arbitrary  and  tyrannical 
government.  His  friend  Laud  was  alarmed  at  the 
clamours  raifed  againft  him,  and  hinted  the  propriety 
of  a  temperate  and  cautious  conduct;  but  the  temper 
of  lord  Wentworth  was  too  violent  and  headftrong, 
and  his  maxims  of  adminiftration,  too  rigourous, 
not  to  enflame,  inftead  of  allaying  the  virulence  of 
his  enemies.  In  fome  inftances,  he  feemed  to  have 
conceived,  that  the  dignity  of  his  government  could 
not  be  fupported  but  by  fuch  exertions  of  authority 
as  befpeak  an  utter  intoxication  of  power  and  great- 
nefs. 

Sir  Piers  Cro{by  had  been  diftinguifhed  as  a 
foldier  in  the  expedition  to  the  ifle  of  Re,  and  the 
principal  means  of  faving  the  Englifh  forces  in  their 
retreat.  He  commanded  a  regiment,  and  was  of  the 
privy  council  in  Ireland.  In  the  fecond  feffion  of 
the  late  parliament,  he  ventured  to  oppofe  fome 
meafures  of  adminiftration.  The  deputy  reprimand- 
ed, and  accufed  hira  of  a  violation  of  his  oath,  in 
voting  againft  bills  to  which  he  hadaflentedin  coun- 
cil, and  concurred  in  tranfmitting  them.  Crofby 
was  fequeftered  from  the  council-board.  He  com- 
plained of  this  feverity  by  petition  ;  he  defired  licence 
to  repair  to  England,  as  if  refolved  to  appeal  to  the 
king.  It  was  refufed;  and,  on  the  reprefentations  of 
Wentworth,  his  majefty  directed  him  to  be  remov- 
ed entirely  from  the  privy-council.  A  libel  appear- 
ed, containing  fevere  refledtions  on  the  condudl  of 
the  lord  deputy;  and  Crofby  was  immediately  fufpec- 
ted  as  the  author :  on  this  fufpicion  he  was  arrefted 
and  commited  to  prifon;  his  ftudy  opened  forcibly, 
his  papers  fecured  and  ranfacked;  yet  no  copy  of  the 
libel  could  be  found  to  prove  his  guilt.     But  if  he 

had 


4P    HISTORY    OF    IRELAND     B.  V, 

had  not  framed,  he  had  at  lead  erxouraged  and 
divulged  the  llander:  on  this  ground,  a  virulent 
profecution  was  commenced  againft  him  in  the  caflle- 
chamber.  Wentworth  nov^  affed:ed  to  interpofe, 
and  folicited  the  king  to  pardon  him;  but  Charles^, 
with  his  ufual  ftateUnefs  and  feverity,  commanded 
that  the  offender  (hould  be  left  to  the  cenfure  of  a 
court  compofed  of  ohfequious  minifters  and  creatures 
of  the  deputy.  The  fine  and  damages  decreed  were 
fo  excethve,  that  Crofby  found  it  neceffary  to  fave 
himfclf  from  utter  ruin  by  an  humiliating  fubmifTion 
to  lord  Wentworth.  » 

But  neither  this  infiance  of  rigour,  nor  the  im- 
perious commitment  of  the  earl  ofKildare  toprifon, 
for  hefitating  to  fubmit  his  property  <-o  the  fentencc 
of  the  privy-council,  made  fuch  an  impreffion 
either  in  England  or  Ireland,  as  the  amazing  feverity 
experienced  by  lord  Mountnorris. 

Sir  Francis  Annefly,  created  baron  of  Mount- 
norris, had  adventured  into  Ireland  in  the  late  reign,; 
and  acquired  fortune,  ftation  and  confequence.  He 
had  been  honoured  with  feveral  marks  of  favour  and 
confidence  both  by  James  and  Charles ;  and,  at  the 
arrival  of  lord  Wentworth  to  his  government,  was 
confidered,  and  reprefented  by  the  deputy,  as  par- 
ticularly attached  to  the  intereflis  of  the  crowns. 
The  noble  hiflorian  defcribes  him  as  a  man,  whofe 
ufual  courfe  was  to  infinuate  himfelf  into  the  affec- 
tion of  a  new  chief  governour,  and  to  malign  him  on 
his  departure;  and,  if  we  may  believe  the  reprefen- 
tations  of  lord  Wentworth,  his  private  eharader  was 
neither   refpedable  nor   decent h.     However   thefe 

things 

f  Strafford's  Lett.  Vol.  I.  p.  393.  g  Clarendon,  vol.  I. 

h  StrafF.  Lett,  p,  402,  403. 


Ch.  I.  CHARLES    L  41 

things  may  be,  fome  caufes  of  mutual  diflatisfadioa 
had  arifen  between  the  deputy  and  this  lord,  and 
laid  the  foundation  of  arancourous  enmity.  Mount- 
norris  had,  by  order  of  the  king,  been  abridged  of 
cerrain  fees  ufually  received  in  his  office  of  vice- 
treafurcr,  which  he  naturally  afcribed  to  the  inftances 
of  the  lord  deputy.  To  mortify  him  ftill  further, 
Wentworth  difcovered  that  a  gratuity  had  been  paid 
to  expedite  the  difcharge  of  a  fum,  granted  by  war- 
rant from  the  treafury;  and  commanded  that  it 
fhould  be  inftantly  refunded.  Mountnorris  pleaded, 
that  the  money  had  been  received  by  one  of  his 
domeftics  without  his  privity ;  fo  that  the  deputy 
could  not  enjoy  the  additional  latisfad;ion  of  remov- 
ing him  from  his  office.  He  was  impatient  for  an 
occaiion  to  make  him  feel  the  weight  of  power  j 
Mountnorris,  with  equal  impatience,  waited  for  the 
time  when  that  power  fhould  expire. 

It  is  fcarcely  to  be  fuppofed,  that  thefe  lords, 
thus  circumftanced,  fhould  be  ever  cautious  and 
guarded  in  fpeaking  of  each  other;  or,  if  Wentworth 
had  lefs  occafion  for  rcferve,  that  Mountnorris,  in 
fome  unguarded  moment  of  privacy  and  focial  con- 
fidence, fhould  not  be  furprized  into  fome  expref- 
fion  of  intemperance  or  imprudence.  A  few  days 
after  the  difTolution  of  parliament,  in  a  private  com- 
pany, at  the  table  of  the  lord  chancellor,  it  was  ob- 
served, that  the  deputy  had  jufl  now  been  much 
provoked  by  the  aukwardnefs  of  a  domeftic;  who, 
attending  him  in  an  acceffion  of  the  gout,  had  hurt 
his  foot  grievoufly  in  removing  a  flool.  One  of  the 
guefls,  turning  to  lord  Mountnorris,  obferved,  that 
the  offender  was  of  his  own  name  and  kindred.  The 
domeftic,  it  fecms,  had  formerly  experienced  the 
haughtinefs  of  the  depu^ty,  who,  at  a  review  of  fome 

Vol.  III.  G  troops^ 


42      HJSTORY   OF   IRELAND.     B.  V. 

troops,  had  threatened  him  rudely  with  his  flafF,  or 
given  him  a  flight  blow.  From  this  incident,  lord 
Mountnorris  took  occafion  to  obferve,  that  he  had 
perhaps  wilfully  offended,  in  revenge  of  that  public 
affront  he  had  once  received  from  the  lord  deputy^ 
**  but  the  gentleman  has  a  brother,"  faid  he,  who 
*'  would  not  have  taken  such  a  revenge." 

After  an  interval  of  fome  months,  this   myfle- 
rious  expreflion  was  conveyed  to  the  lord  deputy,  by 
fome  officious  creatures  of  power.     His  pride  and 
refentment  dilated    the  mofl  obnoxious  interpreta- 
tion of  it  ',    and  nothing    lefs  than  the  utter  ruin  of 
Mountnorris    was   determined,  as   the   punifhment 
adequate  to    his   indifcretion.     He   commanded  a 
company    in   the  king's   fervicej    he    was    feized, 
brought  as  a  culprit  to  be  tried  by  martial  law,  in  a 
court  where  Wcntworth  prefided  as  general,  accufed 
of  uttering  words  difgraceful  to  his  fuperiour  in  com- 
mand, of  breeding  mutiny  in  the  army,  and  **  im- 
*•  peaching  the  obeying  his  general  j"  and    his  ex- 
preflions  at  the  lord  chancellor's  were  attefled,  and 
lufEciently  proved.    In  vain  did  Mountnorris  plead, 
that  they  ought  in  juflice  to  be  interpreted   favour- 
ably }  in  vain  did  he  profefs   his  own  intentions  to 
have  been  really  refpedful  to  the  lord  deputy.     His 
judges  pronounced  the  words  to  be  incapable  of  any 
indulgent  conftrudion;  and  that,  aggravated  as  they 
were  by  the  manner  of  delivering  them,  they  render- 
ed the  fpeaker  a  delinquent  in  a  tranfcendent  man- 
ner, againfl  the  perion  of  his  genera),  and  the  king's 
authority.     The   obfequious    court  with  one  voice 
decreed,  that  lord  Mountnorris  fhould  be  Imprifon- 
ed  for  his  offence,  deprived  of  his  commillion  in  the 
army,  difarmed,  declared  incapable  of  any  military 

office. 


Ch.   I.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  43 

office,  andfhot  to  death,  or  beheaded,  at  the  pleafurc 
of  the  general. 

There  was  a  ridiculous  meanners  in  Went- 
worth's  apology  for  this  tranfadlion ;  that  the  fen- 
tence  againft  Mountnorris  was  the  adt  of  a  court  of 
officers,  in  which  he  had  neither  declared  his  own 
opinion,  nor  openly  influenced  that  of  others :  nor 
was  it  accepted  as  a  palliation  of  his  infolence  and 
malice,  that  he  had  not,  with  a  vengeance  perfedily 
diabolical,  really  intended  to  put  this  lord  to  death  ; 
that  he  and  his  council  petitioned  the  king  to  remit 
the  full  and  final  feverity  of  the  fentence ;  and  that 
Mountnorris,  harrafTed  by  a  rigourous  profccution, 
mortified  by  an  ignominious  fentence,  deprived  of 
his  offices,  and  wearied  by  the  anguiih  of  a  tedious 
<:onfinement,  at  length  obtained  his  pardon  from  the 
throne.  The  enemies  of  Wentworth  in  England 
inveighed  again  ft  this  prolecution  with  particular 
triumph;  his  friends  were  fcandalized;  and  even 
Laud,  with  all  his  imperious  violence,  trembled  at 
the  bold  excefles  of  feverity  which  his  friend  had 
hazarded.  But  Wentworth,  confiding  in  the  favour 
of  his  royal  mafter,  was  equally  unmoved  by  the 
clamour  of  enemies,  and  the  apprehenfions  of 
friends'.  In  defiance  of  popular  odium,  he  quitted 
the  reins  of  government  for  a  while,  and  appeared  in 
Londonk.  Before  the  king  and  council  he  expatia-^ 
ted  on  the  fervices  he  had  performed  in  Ireland,  his 
care  of  the  revenue,  the  army,  and  the  church,  the 
excellent  laws  he  had  procured,  and  his  fchemes  for 
the  advancement  of  commerce  and  manufavflurcs. 
He  lamented  that  the  fubjeds  of  Ireland  had  in  fome 
inftances  been  treated  as  aliens  and  foreigners;  as  in 

G  2  iha 

i  A.  D.  1636,  k  Carte.  Orm.  vol.  IIL  p,  2 — 11. 


44      HISTORY    OF    IRELAND.     B  V. 

the  impofition  of  four  fhillings  on  every  tun  of  coals, 
which  was  as  much  as  either  the  French  or  Dutch 
had  ever  paid 3  the  exceflive  rates  charged  on  horkj: 
tranfported  into  this  kingdom,  to  the  particular  in- 
convenience of  the  army,  and  the  duties  on  live  cat- 
tle fent  from  Ireland.  In  thefe  particular  grievances, 
he  prevailed  on  the  king  to  grant  an  immediate  re- 
drcfs;  and,  when  he  attempted  to  apologize  for  the 
rigour  of  his  adminiftration,  Charles  interrupted  him 
with  a  warm  approbation  of  his  condu(5t.  He  was 
defired  to  proceed  in  the  work  fo  happily  begun; 
and  afTured  that  it  muft  be  acknowledged  as  the  belt 
fervice  which  the  crown  ever  had  received  in  Ire- 
land. 

H  E  returned  to  his  government  with  the  fame 
principles,  and  purfued  the  fame  condud:.      Indivi- 
duals were  frequently  aggrieved    by  an  adminiftra- 
tion which  difdained  the  rigid  and  exad:   rcftraints 
of  law;  but  the  kingdom  in  general  experienced  the 
good  effedts  of  that   compofure   produced   by    the 
terror  of  a   fevere,  vigilant,  and  active  government. 
The  revenue  was  confiderably  encreafed  by  improve- 
ments made  in  theconftant  rents,  and  the  fums  rail- 
ed by  fines,  on  renewal  of  letters  patent,  and  grants 
for  plantations.     The  finding  the    royal  title  to  the 
poffeffions   of  the  O'Byrnes  in  Wicklow,    produced 
fifteen  thoufand  pounds.     The  city  of  London  was 
fued   for  breach   of  covenants  in  the  plantations  of 
Derry  and  Colerain,  and  their  forfeit  lands  redeemed 
by   a  fine  of  feventy  thoufand  pounds.*     But,    not- 
withftanding  all   the   pains  taken  for  the  eftablifh- 
rnent  of  the  weftern  plantation,  notwithftanding  the 
cafe  of  tenure  was  folemnly  argued,   and  judgment 
finally    pronounced  for  the  king,    yet  fuch  was    the 
clamour  raifed   againft  the  attempt,   and   fuch   the 

cncreafing 


Ch.   I.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     r.  45 

encreafmg  diforders  of  England,  that  the  fcheme 
was  laid  afidc.  The  death  of  the  earl  of  Saint 
Alban's  enflamed  the  popular  odium  againft  the  lord 
deputy  :  it  was  imputed  to  the  vexation  conceived 
by  this  nobleman,  at  the  attempts  againfthis  pro- 
perty by  an  infolent  governour,  who  pofTelled  him- 
ielf  of  the  earl's  houfe  at  Portumna,  and  in  his  hall 
held  that  court  which  impeached  his  title  to  his 
lands. 

Those  enemies  of  both  kingdoms,  who  watched 
his  condu(ft,  and  interpreted  every  adt  of  his  admi- 
niflration  with  feverity,  were  flill  farther  gratified 
by  his  rigorous  treatment  of  Loftus,  lord  chancel- 
lor of  Ireland^  One  Sir  John  Gifford  had  married  a 
•daughter  of  this  nobleman,  and  claimed  fome  fettle- 
ment  of  fortune  on  his  wife,  which  the  father  was 
not  difpofed  to  grant.  A  petition  to  the  privy  coun- 
cil was  favourably  received  from  Gifford,  his  caufe 
lieard,  and  fentence  pronounced  in  his  favour.  Ths 
illegality  of  fuch  proceedings  was  by  this  time 
generally  underftood  in  Ireland.  Loftus  refufed 
obedience  to  the  order  of  council ;  was  iniiantly 
fequeftered  from  that  board,  ordered  to  deliver  the 
great  feal  into  the  hands  of  the  lord  deputy,  and  com- 
mitted to  prifon.  He  had  not  fcrupled  to  declare, 
that  the  fentence  of  council  had  been  did:ated  by 
V/entworth,  and  to  accul'e  him  as  the  real  author  of 
his  difgrace.  His  fuggeftions  had  the  greater  weight, 
when  letters  were  divulged,  written  by  the  lord  de- 
puty to  the  wife  of  Sir  John  Gifford,  in  a  Arain  fo 
affedionate  and  gallant,  as  railed  fuipicions  of  an 
unlawful  intercourfe  between  them.  The  violence 
of  clamour  againil  the  oppreffion  and  injudlce  of  tliis 
governour  was  thus   highly  encreafcd.     Loftus  was 

encouraged 

1  Carte.  Clarcnd.  ' 


46     HISTORY    OF    IRELAND     B.  V. 

encouraged  to  appeal  to  the  throne ;  but  Charles 
was  fully  prejudiced  in  favour  of  a  man  who  adted 
agreeable  to  his  own  principles  of  government;  and 
Loftus  found  it  necellary  to  purchalehis  liberty  and 
his  former  ftation  by  an  humble  petition  to  the  lord 
deputy  xnd  council,  by  which  he  acknowledged 
his  offence  in  the  moll  mortifying  terms  of  fub- 
miflion  and  repentance. 

But,  however  individuals  were  aggrieved  by  the 
imperious  fe verity  of  the  prefent  government,  the 
nation,  which  had  never  known  a  flrid:  and  fcru- 
pulous  adminiftration  of  Englifh  law,  cleared  from 
every  thing  arbitrary  or  oppreflive,  was  abundantly 
confoled  by  the  advantages  derived  from  the  ad- 
miniftration  of  lord  Wentworth.  The  army,  which 
had  long  proved  an  odious  and  intolerable  burden 
to  the  inhabitants,  yet  fcarcely  of  eflential  fervice  to 
the  crown,  was  well  difciplined,  duely  paid,  prcferv- 
cd  in  good  condition,  inoffenfive  to  the  peaceable 
fubjeds,  and  formidable  to  the  enemies  of  govern- 
ment. The  revenue  was  unencumbered,  and  a 
large  fum  lay  ready  in  the  exchequer,  to  anfwer  any 
fudden  emergency.  The  ecclefiaftical  eftablifhment 
was  proteded,  the  revenues  of  the  church  improved, 
and  abler  and  more  refpedtable  teachers  generally 
provided  for  the  people.  The  Scottifli  puritans 
were  indeed  fometimes  offended  at  the  indulgence 
(hewn  to  recufants;  but  in  the  prefent  (ituation  of 
the  kingdom,  where  far  the  greater  number  of  inha- 
bitants, and  thefe  poffeffed  of  power  and  confe- 
quence,  were  of  the  Romiili  communion,  the  mod 
obvious  maxims  of  policy  forbad  any  rigourousexe- . 
cution  of  penal  flatutes.  It  was  fufficient  to  con- 
fine recufants  to  a  lefs  public  and  offeniive  exercife 
of  religion,  foas  topreferve  the  authority  of  govern- 
ment, 


Ch.  I*  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  47 

ment,  without  provoking  violent  and  dangerous 
difcontents.  Peace,  order,  obedience,  and  induftry, 
diftinguilhed  the  prefent  period  from  that  of  any- 
former  adminiflration  ;  the  value  of  lands  was  en- 
creafed;  commerce  extended;  the  cuftoms  amounted 
to  almoft  four  times  their  former  fum;  the  commo- 
dities exported  from  Ireland,  were  twice  as  much 
in  value  as  the  foreign  marchandize  imported  ;  and 
/hipping  was  found  to  have  encreafed  even  an  hun- 
dred fold.  Such  were  the  benefits  derived  from  the 
adminiftration  of  lord  Wentworth,  however  in  many 
inflances  juftly  unpopular,  odious,  and  opprellive. 


C  H  A'  P' 


48     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 

CHAP.  II. 

tnfmTcBlon  of  Scotland — alarmmg  to  lord  IVentworth. 
He  impofts  an  engagement  on  the  TJlfler  Scots. — He 
JuppHes  the  king  ivith  fnoney  andfoldiers. — He  de- 
feats the  attempts  of  Ar gyle, — ProjeSl  of  the  earl 
of  Antrim y-"^  DiJ approved  by  Wentworth^ —  Fa- 
"vouredby  the  king, — Vanity  andinfmcerity  oj  Antrim. 
Wentivorth  recalled  to  England. — Created  earl  of 
Strafford,  and  knight  of  tbe  Garter. — Returns  to 
T)iibiin, — Meets  a  parliament.^ — Zeal  and  liberality 
cfthe  Irijh  commons.  New  army  levied.-^Strafford 
returns  to  England. — Sudden  change  of  difpofition 
in  the  Irifi  parliament, — Caujes  of  this  change. — 
Remonjlrance  of  the  commons  againjl  the  clergy.— ^ 
^Jheir  new  regulation  of  fubficlies.  Strafford  re- 
turns to  Ireland. — Preparations  for  invading  Scot- 
land. — 'Treaty  of  Rippon^  Orders  Jor  difbanding 
ihe  Irijlj  army. — Encreafmg  /pirit  of  oppo/ttion  in 
the  Irijh  parliament. — Injudicious  complaints. — Or- 
der for  the  affeffment  of  fubfidies — torn  from  the 
commons  fournals  by  the  king  s  command.  — R  e  m  o  n  - 
STRANGE  of  grievances  voted  hajiily  by  the  com- 
mons— tranfnitted  to  England, — Irifi  agents  in 
London, — Earl  of  Strafford  impeached. — Death  of 
IVandesford. — The  king  yields  to  the  IriJJ:)  agents. 
Lords  jujlices  appointed. — Further  compliances  of  the 
king. — The  Irifi  agents  prefent  the  rcmonjlrance  to 
the  throne.'— 'Anfwer  of  Sir  George  Rat  cliff e. — The 
agents  decline  to  reply  particularly. — iNew  feffion. 
of  the  Ir  iff  parliament. — Demands  of  the  commons. 
TJjC  protef,  againfi  th€  preamble  of  the  firjl  fuhfdy- 
hill, — Lords  prepare  apetitioJi  of  grievances. — Mo- 
lion  of  the  Bifljop  of  Meat  h. — Lords  jealous  of  their 
privilege. — Qu  e  R  i  e  %  prefent  ed  by  the  comtnons  to  the 

upper 


Ch.  ^.  C  PI  A  R  L  E  S     I.  4r> 

upper  houfe  for  the  opinion  of  the  judges.  —Tranfinitted 
to  the  parliament  of  England.— Impeachments  inlre^ 
land. —A  prorogation.  —  A6l  of  attainder  pajjed  ^- 
gainjl  the  earl  of  Straff  or  d.—  'EffeSl  s  of  this  event  on. 
Ireland.— Concejfions  of  the  king  to  the  Irijh  agents^ 

'Their  further  demands, Important  quejlton 

arifingjrom  the  impeachments  of  the  commons — un^ 
decided.— Arbitrary  proceedings  of  the  commons  a^ 
gainji  the  clergy— againfi  the  univerfty.—QvERiES 
refumed.— Anjwer  of  the  judges  unfatisfaSlory  to  the 
commons —Their  decifions  on  the  fever  al  queries^ 
They  recede  from  the  impeachments, — They  oppofe 
the  defign  offending  the  dijhanded  army  into  foreign 

fervicCy — fujpicious  attempt  to   examine  the  kings 

fores.— Return  of  the  Irijh  agents  4 

THE  commotions  of  Scotland  had  by  this  timei 
grown  violent  and  alarming ;  and  the  perplex- 
ities of  Charles  became  every  day  more  inex- 
tricable"^. His  attempts  to  reform  the  difcipline  and 
worfhip  of  the  Scottifli  church  had  awakened  the  dif- 
contents,  and  fhocked  the  religious  fentiments  of  a 
fullcn, determined,  and  intractable  people,  agitated  by 
the  fervour  of  religious  zeal,cven  to  a  degree  of  def- 
perate  fanaticifm.  The  introduction  of  his  liturgy  had 
been  oppofed  with  rage  and  execration;  tumults, 
infurredtions,  formidable  combinations,  an  univer- 
fal  fpirit  of  oppofition,  at  once  deliberate  and  ffcre- 
nuous,  could  not  fhake  the  purpofe  of  the  king, 
nor  check  the  violence  of  his  pailion  for  religious 
conformity.  His  proclamation,  which  attempted 
to  allay  the  rifing  commotions,  by  promifes  of  par- 
don, and  exhortations  to  fubmifTion,  was  anfwered 
by  a  proteftation,  encouraged  and  prefented  by  men 
Vol.  III.  H  of 

m  A  D.  1633. 


so    HISTORY    OF    IRELAND.    B.  V. 

of  power  and  confequence.  The  male -con  tents, 
with  a  formidable  regularity,  affembicd  at  Edin- 
burgh, ifTued  their  orders,  and  framed  the  famous 
Covenant.  It  was  received  with  enthufiartic 
rapture,  and  declared  to  be  equally  dear  and  facred 
to  the  people  with  their  baptifmal  vow.  Their 
infurredtion,  fupported  by  able  and  powerful 
nobles  of  their  own  nation,  and  fecretly  fo- 
mented by  the  French  minifter,  evidently  threat- 
ned  fome  terrible  con vulfion.  The  conceffions  which 
Charles  at  length  deemed  it  ncceflary  to  propofe, 
only  ferved  to  difcover  his  weaknefs,  and  to  animate 
thefe  fhubborn  Northerns.  They  imported  arms, 
they  recalled  their  officers  from  the  continent ;  they 
chofe  a  general,  and  feized  the  king's  forts  j  while 
Charles,  on  his  part,  advanced  to  Berwick,  and  pre- 
pared to  encounter  this  defperate  commotion. 

From  the  beginnings  of '  thefe  diforders,  lord 
Wentworth  naturally  and  juftly  apprehended  that 
they  might  fcon  extend  to  Ireland ;  or,  to  ufe  his 
own  cxpreflions,  that  **  the  ilcirts  of  the  great  rain, 
**  if  not  fome  part  of  the  thundering  and  lightening, 
**  might  fall  on  this  kingdom."  The  Scots  fettled 
in  the  northern  counties,  generally  agreed  with  thofe 
of  their  original  country  in  religious  doftrine  and 
difcipline;  and  though  morecontrouled,  were  really, 
no  lefs  inveterate  enemies  to  the  efbablifhed  mode  of 
church  government  and  worfhip.  Several  of  them 
had  taken  the  covenant,  and  pafTed  fecretly  into 
Scotland  to  fhare  in  the  glorious  caufe  now  fo  hap- 
pily advanced  :  the  lefs  adlive  were  perluadcd  that  the 
hour  was  at  hand",  when  their  own  difcipline  (hould 
be  fully  eftabli{hed  -,  and  boldly  refifted  the  attempts 
at  this  time  ufually  made  to  reduce  them  to  confor- 
mity.    They  were  ftill  further  encouraged  by  thofe 

from 
n  Strafford's  Lett.  vqI,  II.  p.  219. 


Ch.  2.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  51 

from  Scotland  who  traded  with  the  northern  coun- 
ties. Thefe  men  boafted  that  they  had  taken  the 
covenant;  they  magnified  the  zeal  and  fpirit  of  their 
countrymen;  they  affected  to  defpife  thofe  who  could 
entertain  a  doubt  of  their  fuccefs,  or  fcruple  to  unite 
warmly  in  their  caufe, 

Wentworth  was  juftly  alarmed.  He  knew 
thatfeveral  of  great  confequence  and  high  ftation  in 
Ireland,  were  favourers  of  the  puritanic  caufe°;  he 
could  not  be  infenlible,  nor  did  his  friends  fail  to 
remind  him,  that  the  original  natives  might  be 
tempted  to  take  fome  dangerous  advantage  of  the 
prefent  diforders.  His  royal  mafter,  to  whofe  fcrvice 
he  was  particularly  devoted,'  was  reduced  to  a  per- 
plexed and  perilous  lituation;  he  therefore  determin- 
ed to  ad  with  redoubled  vigilance  and  affiduity. 

A  NEW  engagement  was  prefcribed  to  the  Ulfter 
Scots  p,  whereby  they  promifed  allegiance  to  the 
king,  and  fubmillion  to  his  commands,  with  an  ab- 
horrence of  the  proceedings  of  their  countrymen, 
and  an  abjuration  of  all  covenants  contrary  to  the 
tenour  of  this  prefent  oath.  While  this  engagement 
was  framing  at  the  council-board,  fome  principal  in- 
habitants of  the  northern  province  arrived  at  Dublin 
to  petition  for  fuch  a  ted  of  their  loyalty,  and  re- 
ceived it  with  alacrity.  It  was  impofed  on  all  ages, 
fexes,  and  conditions ;  thofe  who  refufed  it  were  fined 
and  imprifoned,  in  fome  cafes,  with  (hocking  cir- 
cumftances  of  barbarity,  as  the  enemies  of  Went- 
worth alledged.  Charles  was  fo  pleafed  with  this 
precaution,  that  he  imitated  it  in  England, 

H  2 

o  lb.  p.  240.  p.  StrafF.  Lett.  vol.  H,  p.  344. 


5?     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 

N  o  fituatlon  of  affairs^    demanded  greater  vigour 
and  circumfpcdion  in  a  chief  governour  of  Ireland  ; 
and  no  governour  could  have  been  more  attentive  to 
his  immediate  department,  as   well  as  the  general 
intereft  of  his  royal  mafter  than  lord  Wentworth.    At 
the    firft  alarm  of  the  ScottiHi  infurredion,  thirty 
thoufand  pounds  were  remitted  to  the   king  from 
the  Irjfli  exchequer,  to  which  the  deputy  added  fome 
confiderable   donations    from    his    private   fortune. 
The  IriHi  army  was  reviewed, regulated, and  ftrength- 
ened  by  an  augmentation   of  four  hundred   cavalry. 
A  body  of  five  hundred  men  carefully  difciplined,  and 
gallantly  appointed,  were  at  the  king's  dcfire  tranf- 
ported  into  England,    under  the  command  of  Wil- 
loughby,  an  experienced  officer,  to  form  a  garrifon 
for  Carlifle.     Three  hundred  more  were  deflined  to 
.fccure  the  caftle  of  Dunbarton,  but  prevented  by  the 
activity  of  the  covenanters  in  feizing  this  important 
poft.     The  care  of  thofe   parts   of  Scotland,    which 
lay  contiguous  to  the  province  of  Ulfter,    had    been 
entruftcd  by  the  male-contents  to  the  earl  of  Argyle, 
their  powerful  and  zealous  partizan.     To  alarm  him 
"with  the  fears  of  an  invafion,  and  at  the  fame  time  to 
awe  thofe  Ulfter  Scots,  who  favoured  the  caufeof  their 
covenanting   brethren,  the  main   body  of  the    Irifli 
army  was  ordered  to   rendezvous    at   Carricfcrgus ; 
and  reports  induftrioufly  fpread  that  the  deputy  was 
fpeedily  to  take    the  command   in  perfon.     When 
Argyle,  with  equal    vigilance,  had  opened   a  com- 
munication with  the  Scots  of  Ulfter,    and  fent  his 
jemiflaries  to  excite  them  to  take  arms,  his  (hips  were 
feized ;  a  plot  to  deliver  up  the  caftle  of  Carricfergus 
to  the  Scots,  was  inftantly  difcovered,  and  the  prin- 
cipal agent  executed    without   mercy.     The  caftle 
V/iis  reinforced  ;  detachments  were  ftationsd  in  every 

place 
^  Carte,  Orm. 


Ch.  2.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  cj 

place  of  danger;  and  magazines  provided  with  arms 
and  ammunition  for  ten  thoufand  foot,  and  one 
thoufand  horfe. 

The  king  exprefled  the  high  eft  approbation  of 
the  condudt  of  lord  Wentworth  in  his  government, 
and  no  lefs  fatisfadlion  in  the  free,  candid,  and  judici- 
ous advice  he  frequently  received  from  him  relative 
to  his  own  condudl.  Yet  the  fecrct  councils  by 
which  this  unhappy  prince  was  too  much  influenc- 
ed, were  not  without  their  effcd:  even  in  Ireland, 
and  created  fome  embarralTment  to  the  chief  govern- 
our''.  Randal  Mac-Donnel,  earl  of  Antrim,  was 
defcended  from  thofe  Scottifli  illanders  who  had  fet- 
tled in  Ulfter,  and  proved  fuch  peftilent  infurgents 
in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  On  the  fubmiffion  of 
his  family  and  their  fervices  to  government,  his 
father  received  a  large  trad:  of  lands  in  the  northern 
province,  was  created  vifcount  Dunluce  by  king 
James,  and  by  Charles  advanced  to  the  dignity  of  an 
earl.  The  young  lord  was  bred  in  England,-  and 
by  marrying  with  the  dutchefs  of  Buckingham, 
dowager  to  the  great  favourite,  appeared  at  court 
with  fome  fplendour,  and  Teems  to  have  rendered 
himfelf  particularly  acceptable  to  the  queen.  With 
a  very  moderate  portion  of  underftanding,  and  fully 
pofTelTed  with  the  importance  of  claniliip  and  family 
power,  he  was  naturally  a  great  undertaker,  as  the 
noble  hiftorian  expreffes  it,  and  folicitous  that  the 
king  fliould  conceive  highly  of  his  power  and  interelt 
in  Ireland.  He  fpake  magnificently  of  the  ftrength 
and  attachment  of  his  adherents  in  the  northern 
province  -,  of  thefe  he  freely  offered  to  levy  and  main- 
tain a  conliderable  army  at  his  own  expence,  and  to 
inake  a  defcent  upon  the  Scottidi  ifles,  where  he  had 

alfo 

r  Carte.  Straff.  Lett,  • 


54    HISTORY    OF    IRELAND     B.  V. 

alfo  a  numerous  clan  ready  to  affift  him,  where  he 
made  no  doubt  of  effeding  a  lafting  fettlement,  fo 
as  to  give  Argyle  fufficient  employment  in  his  own 
country,  and  poiiibly  to  hem  in  the  covenanters  be- 
tween an  Englifli  and  an  Iriih  army.  , 

The  projed: feemed  plaufiblc  and  well  conceived; 
the  king   determined  to  fend  Antrim  into  Ireland ; 
Antrim^,    flattered  by  the  favourable    acceptance  of 
his  fervices,  talked  openly  of  his  vaft  defigns,    and 
thus  warned  Argyle  to  take  the  necelTary  precauti- 
ons  againft  invafion.      But   Wentworth   cautioully 
weighed  the  circumftances  of  Ireland,  the  charadler 
of  the  undertaker,     the  nature  and  confequences  of 
his  defign.     The  earl  he  knew  was  grandfon  by  the 
female  line  to  the  famous  rebel   Tirone,  conneded 
in  alliance  and  affedion  with   thofe   Irifh    clans    of 
Ulfter,  which  had  formerly  exprefled,  and  were  ftill 
fuppofed  to  retain  an  averfion  to  Englifh  government. 
Numbers  of  thefe  could  be  eafily  raifed,  but  not  fo 
eafily  paid  and   maintained  ;  a  neceffitous  rabble  of 
armed   followers,    without    difcipline  or    reftraint, 
might  give  material  interruption  to  the  public  peace. 
At    this  time,  it  muft  prove  a  dangerous    caufe    of 
offence,  if  the    king  fliould  employ  a   popifh  army, 
commanded  by  a  popifli  general.     To  the   Scots  of 
Ulfterit  might  afford  a  plaufiblc  pretence  of  arming 
to  defend  themfelves  from  outrage ;  they  might  be 
ready  to    unite  with    the    covenanters   of  Scotland, 
ihould  they  defeat   their  invaders,  and  purfue  them 
into    Ireland.     Such   confiderations    had    their  full 
weight  with   lord  Wentworth  ;   and  to  confirm  his 
prejudice  againft  the  undertaking,    he   found  on  his 
iirit  conference  with  Antrim  that  the  earl  was  totally 
ignorant  of  war,  and  that  he  had  not  once  attended 

to 

f  StrafF.  Lett. 


Ch.  2.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  5J 

to  the  commoneft  provifions  and  precautions  necef- 
fary  for  any  military  operation.  He  repreiented 
thefe  matters  to  the  king  and  his  minifters;  he  urg- 
ed his  objections  both  to  the  man  and  his  defign 
freely  and  fully;  yet  fuch  was  the  poffeflion  which 
the  queen  and  her  partizans  had  gained  of  Charles, 
that  he  was  perfuaded  repeatedly  to  direct,  and  even 
folicit  the  lord  deputy,  that  Antrim  Ihould  be  em- 
ployed. Preparations  were  even  made  for  his  ex- 
pedition; officers  were  appointed  toafllfthim;  an 
agent  fent  to  pradtife  with  his  friends  and  kinfmen, 
the  Mac-Donalds  of  the  Ifles,  and  a  fliip  freighted 
with  one  thoufand  arms  for  their  ufe.  But  it  foon 
appeared  that  the  earl  of  Antrim  had  not  that  exten- 
five  following  which  he  boafled,  either  in  Scotland 
or  Ireland;  that  he  himfelf  was  not  only  vain,  but 
infincere;  had  made  a  forward  tender  of  fcrvices, 
which  he  conceived  would  not  be  needed  or  accept- 
ed; and  was  neither  able  nor  difpofed  to  perform  his 
promifes. 

In  the  mean  time  the  king's  affairs  grew  more 
and  more  embarraffed.  An  injudicious  and  difreput- 
able  pacification  with  the  Scots  was  followed  by  a 
difbanding  of  his  army,  and  an  ungracious  difmif- 
fion  of  the  gentry,  who,  at  their  own  expence,  had 
attended  him  in  his  expedition.  The  Scots,  on  the 
other  hand,  kept  their  troops  in  readinefs  to  re-af- 
femblc  at  the  (horteft  notice;  thsy  held  a  correfpon- 
dence  with  fome  of  the  Englifh  nobility,  and  were 
encouraged  to  proceed  in  their  oppofition  to  the 
king.  They  continued  to  hold  their  feffions,  they 
protefted  againft  the  articles  of  pacification;  they 
retained  the  forts  which  they  were  bound  to  reftore ; 
refufed  to  demolifh  others  agreeably  to  the  treaty  ; 
perfecuted   thofe.  who  adhered   to  the  king,  made 

vigourous 


SG     HIStORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 

vigourous  preparations  for  war,   and  even  folicited 
the  king  of  France  for  fuccours. 

Charles  newfound  his  EngliOi  dominions  evi- 
dently threatned  with  an  invalion,  from  an  enemy 
obftinate  and  enflamed  ;  and  feeretly,  if  not  avow- 
edly, favoured  by  numbers  of  his  Englifli  fubjeds. 
A  new  army  was  to  be  raifed ;  his  finances  were  to-^ 
tally  exhaufied,  his  reputation  was  impaired  by  his 
late  conceilions  to  the  Scots ;  and  even  in  his  coun- 
cils he  had  reafon  to  fufpe»ft  treachery.  In  this 
diftrefsful  fituation,  lord  Wentworth  was  thought 
too  necelTary  to  the  king's  fervice  to  remain  in  Ire- 
land. He  was  direded  to  commit  the  adminiftration 
to  two  lords  juflices,  and  to  repair  to  the  king^  He 
had  frequently  lolicited  Charles  to  juftify  him  againil 
the  clamour  of  his  enemies,  and  to  blail  their  hopes 
of  fupplantinghiminthe  royal  favour  by  granting  him 
fome  new  honours.  Charles  had  hitherto  denied 
the  requeft;  but  was  now  more  condefcending.  He 
confirmed  him  in  his  prefent  flation,  by  the  more 
honourable  title  of  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  ad- 
vanced him  to  the  dignity  of  an  earl,  by  the  title  of 
Strafford,  and  created  him  a  knight  of  the  garter. 

The  new  earl  of  SiraiFord  was  now  confefledly 
the  firll:  in  confidence  with  the  king,  and  fuppofcd 
to  be  the  great  director  of  his  mealures;  a  fituation 
which  in  the  prefent  juncture  could  not  fail  to  expofe 
him  to  odium  and  danger.  He  had  formerly  recom- 
mended to  the  king  not  to  exafperate  the  Scots,  as 
they  were  his  natural  though  rebellious  fubjedts ;  to 
be  careful  that  hoflilities  fliould  not  begin  on  his 
part,  but  to  wait  until  they  fliould  juftify  his  arms, 
by  commencing  hoflilities  in  fome  part  of  England. 

But 

t  StraiF.  Lett, 


Ch.  2.  CHARLES    I.  5^ 

But  now,  when  concetllons  were  demanded  which 
Charles  deemed  repugnant  to  his  confcience  and  his 
honour,  when  their  hoftile  intentions  were  avowed, 
and  a  war  inevitable,  he  recommended  more  vigour- 
ous  meafures,  and  urged  the  neceffity  of  firmly  repel- 
ling, and  efFediually  profecuting  the  Scottifh  infur- 
gents.  They  were  provoked  at  this  zeal, and  breath- 
ed vengeance  again  ft  the  mahgnant  enemy  of  their 
nation* 

To  raife  a  new  army,  money  was  abfolutely  ne- 
ceiTary  ";  and  Strafford  had  the  credit  of  advifing  his 
mafterto  recur  to  the conftitutional method  of  fupply, 
by  convening  a  parliament.  The  meafure  was  of 
neceffity  embraced  :  but  to  provide  in  fome  fort  for 
the  immediate  occafions  of  the  king,  a  loan  was  foli- 
cited  from  the  peers  and  officers  of  ftate,  to  which 
Strafford  liberally  contributed ;  and  the  queen,  by 
her  agents,  obtained  confiderable  fums  from  th-s 
Roman  catholics  of  England.  To  demonftrate  ftill 
greater  zeal  for  the  royal  fervice,  the  earl  aflured  the 
king  that  no  inconfiderable  refources  might  be  found 
in  Ireland;  he  recommended  that  a  new  parliament 
ihould  be  immediately  fummoned  in  this  kingdom  j, 
where  he  was  affured  of  obtaining  large  fupplies  ~ 
that  the  bounty  of  the  Irilli  fubjeds  would  prove 
an  ufeful  example  and  incentive  to  an  Englifh 
houfe  of  commons,  and  enable  the  king  to  raife 
a  gallant  army  in  Ireland,  ready  to  be  tranfported 
into  Scotland  at  his  command,  with  fairer  hopes  o£ 
fuccefs  than  could  poffibly  be  grounded,  on  the  wild 
and  futile  project  of  the  earl  of  Antrim.  The  fcheme 
was  eagerly  adopted ;  and  the  indefatigable  earl  arri- 
ved at  Dublin  two  days  after  the  parliament  had  af- 

Vol.  III.  I  fembkd 

It  Whitloek, 


58     HISTORY    OF    IRELAND     B.V, 

fembled  under  the  juftices,  lord  Dillon  and  fir  Chrif- 
topher  Wandesford,  mafter  of  the  rolls. 

The  popifh  party  of  Ireland^,  whatever  were  their 
grievances  and  complaints,     by  no   means  favoured 
the  caufe  of  the  covenanters,  and,  like  their  brethren 
of  England,    afFeded  the  moft  zealous   loyalty  and 
attachment  to  the  king.     The  puritans  were  nume- 
rous, but  not  as  yet  encouraged  by  their  friends   in, 
England  to  avow  their  difcontents    nor  freed  from 
the  terrour  of  an  haughty  and  rigourous  adminiftra- 
tion.     Thofe  who  by  their  ftations  or  emoluments 
were  particularly  bound  to  the  fervice  of  the  crown, 
formed  no  inconfiderable  party  in  the  Iriih  parliament. 
The  evils  that  were  to  avert,  the  advantages  they  ex- 
pe<fl:ed,  the  fear  of  pov/er,   the  confequence  afTumed 
from  being  thought  necelTary  to  the  king's  affairs,all 
confpired,  with  fome  lefs  interefled  motives,  to  pro- 
duce an  unufual  unanimity  in  this  aflembly.     Straf- 
ford reprefented  the  ungrateful  return  made  by  the 
Scots  to  the  clemency  of  his  royal  mafter,  in  the  late 
pacification,    and    recommended  to  them  to  grant  a 
iupply  adequate  to  his  occaiions.     The   commons 
even  outran  his  wifhes^.     They  granted  four  entire 
fubfidies,with  an  elevated  encomium  on  his  majefty's 
goodnefs  in  conflituting  the  earl  of  Strafford  lord 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,    who  had  endeared  himfelf  to 
this  kingdom  by  an  upright  adminiftration  ofjuftice 
without  partiality;  by  encreafing  the  revenue  with- 
out grievance;   by  the  benefits  received  or    expedted 
fromhis  majefly's  com.million  for  remedy  of  defedive 
titles,  procured  by   his  lordfhip;    by  the  refloration 
of  the  church,  the  regulation  of  the  army ;  by  the 
vigorous  fupport  of  law,  the  due  punishment  of  its 

contemners^ 

V  A.  D.  1640.  w  Corm.  Journ.  Ir.  A.  D.  1640. 


Ch.  2.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  59 

contemners,  and  a  benevolent  relief  and  redrefs  of 
the  opprefled  and  indigent. 

The  zeal  and  affedion  of  the  Irifli  commons 
were  not  yet  exhaufted.  The  king,  in  a  letter  to 
the  two  houfes,  expreffedhis  apprehenfions,  that,  if 
the  Scots  did  not  fuhmit,  he  ihould  find  it  neceffary 
to  demand  two  additional  fubfidies:  they  declared, 
with  equal  unanimity,  that  they  were  ready  to  fup- 
port  his  majefty  in  all  his  great  occafions  with  their 
perfons  and  eftates,  which  they  prayed  their  govern- 
our  to  reprefent  to  the  king,  that  it  might  be  record- 
ed as  an  ordinance  of  parliament,  and  publifhed  as  a 
teftimony  to  thfeworld,  that,  as  the  kingdom,  had  the 
happinels  to  be  governed  by  the  beft  of  kings,  fo  they 
were<3efirous  to  be  accounted  the  beft  of  fubjeds. 

The  Irrfh  lords  quickly  caught  the  fame  fpiritof 
ioyaltyx.  At  the  motion  of  the  earl  ofOrmondit 
was  refolved  to  congratulate  the  commons  on  their 
bountiful  and  chearful  grant,  to  fignify  the  lords* 
defire  to  join  in  their  intended  declaration,  and  to 
appoint  a  conference  for  fettling  fome  common  form 
to  be  made  the  joint-ad  of  both  houfes.  But  here 
the  jealoufy  of  priviledge  intervened.  It  was  the  fole 
right  of  the  commons  to  grant  money;  and  neither 
the  right  nor  merit  of  granting  was  to  be  communi- 
cated to  the  upper  houfe.  They  refufed  their  con- 
currence in  any  common  form.  The  lords,  how- 
ever, determined  that  their  zeal  and  affedion  ihould 
be  equally  confpicuous.  They  publifhed  a  feparate 
declaration  of  their  abfolute  attachment  and  devotion 
to  the  king,  in  fubftance  the  fame  with  that  of  the 
commons.  I  2 

They 

X  Carte,  Orm.  Jour,  of  H.  of  Lords.  MS.  Trln,  Col.  Dub. 


(5o      HISTORY  OF  IRELAND,    B,  V, 

They  proceeded  yet  further  in  expreffing  their 
(ieteftation  of  the  Scottifli  difloyalty.  Archibald 
Adair,  a  native  of  Scotland,  had  been  tempted  to 
conformity  by  the  profpedl  of  gain,  and  advanced  to 
the  blihopric  of  Killalla,  a  ftation  little  fuited  to  his 
puritanic  principles.  The  wretch  was  not  fo  guard- 
ed or  confirmed  in  his  hypocrify,  as  to  fupprefs  his 
indignation  at  a  clergyman  of  his  own  country,  who 
had  written  with  feverity  againfl  the  Covenanters  5 
he  reproached  him  for  his  condu6t,  and  was  even 
provoked  to  juftify  their  condudt,  with  a  warmth 
and  acrimony  utterly  indecent.  The  lords  determin- 
ed that  no  writ  of  fummons  fhould  be  vouchfafed 
to  an  avowed  favourer  of  the  covenant.  It  was  even 
propofed  to  cenfure  him  ftill  farther.  But  the  ri- 
gour of  adminiftration  rendered  it  unneceflary.  The 
Scottifh  prelate  was  feized,  lined,  and  formally  de- 
prived. 

I  N   thcfe  favourable  and  afTedionatc  difpofitions 
both  of  lords  and   commons,  Strafford  had  nothing 
inore  to  do,   but  iffue  the  neceffary  orders  for  levying 
the  parliamentary  grants,  and  raifing  and  regulating 
a  new  army.     The  prefling  occafions  of  the  king  re- 
quired his  immediate  return  to  England.     To  Wan- 
desford  his  friend  and  deputy,  the  charge  of  raifing 
the  fubfidies  was  committed  :  the  affairs  of  the  army 
"were  entrufled  chiefly  to  the  earl  of  Ormond.     The 
new  levies  were  raifed  with  furprifing  expedition. 
Ireland   afforded  numbers   of  idle  anjd  able-bodied 
Bienj  and  the  commifiioners,  appointed  for  affeffing 
|he   fublidies,  had  authority   to  prefs  them  into  the 
fervice.     Cloathing  and  provifions  occafioned  fomc 
delay,'    yet   before   the  king's   Englifh  forces  could 
meet  at  Berwick,  the  whole  body  of  eight  thoufand 

foot 


Ch.  2.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  61 

foot  and  one  thoufand  horfe  appeared  at  Carricfer- 
gus,  their  deftined  place  of  repdezvous,  in  gallant 
order  and  condition.  Their  officers  were  proteftants, 
together  with  one  thoufand  of  the  private  men,  who 
had  been  drafted  from  the  old  army;  all  the  refl 
were  of  neceflity  Roman  catholics,  a  circumftance 
fufficient  to  raife  a  violent  clamour  againfl  the  king 
and  Strafford,  who  armed  legions  of  popifh  ruffians, 
to  glut  their  malice  with  the  blood  of  the  godly. 

But,  to  the  aftoriiOiment  of  thofe  who  had  fecn 
the  late  loyal  difpofitions  of  the  Iriih  commons,  who 
had  relied  on  the  liberality  of  their  grants,  and  the 
zeal  of  their  profeffions,  the  fubfidies,  by  which' 
this  army  was  to  be  fupported,  were  relud:antly  and 
fcantily  fuppliedx.  A  new  fpirit  feemed  to  have  fud- 
deniy  adtuatcd  the  fubjedts  of  Ireland.  They  who 
had  but  juft  now  devoted  their  lives  and  pofleffions 
to  the  fervice  of  the  Sejl  of  kings,  grew  cold,  fufpi- 
cious,  and  querulous  j  they  complained  of  the  griev- 
ous weight  of  thofe  four  fubfidies,  which  they  had 
declared  was  but  the  earneft  of  their  beneficence ; 
they  obje(5ted  to  the  rates  of  affeffineiit,  the  fame 
which  had  been  ufed  in  the  late  parliament.  A  ge- 
neral combination  was  formed  through  the  kingdom, 
to  prevent  the  levying  any  money  until  a  new  man- 
ner of  taxation  fhould  be  fettled  by  the  prefent  par- 
liament, or,  in  other  words,  until  they  fhould  ut- 
terly annul  and  refcind  the  late  money-bill,  enaded 
with  fuch  remarkable  zeal  and  unanimity. 

T  o  account  for  this  fuddeii  change  of  fentiment 
and  difpofition,  it  is  to  be  obferved,  that  Charles 
had  by  this  ^ime  convened  his   Englifh   parliament, 

experienced 

y  Carte. 


62     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 

experienced  their  averfion  to  fupply  his  neceffities* 
and  fuddenly  diiTolved  them.  The  Iv'ifh  fubjecls 
found  that  an  attachment  to  the  king  was  unfafliion- 
able  and  unpopular  in  England  j  that  favour  and  ap- 
plaufe  attended  thofe  who  Vv^crc  moft  violent  and 
fpirited  in  opposing  his  mcafures ;  and  a  paflion  for 
imitating  the  people  of  England  has  been  ever  known 
to  have  con iiderable  influence  on  their  politics.  The 
puritan  party,  which  every  day  grew  more  and  more 
powerful  and  confident,  held  a  freer  correfpondence 
with  their  brethren  of  Ireland,  and  laboured  to  at- 
tach them  to  the  common  caufe.  The  vigilant  chief 
governour  was  abfent;  and,  to  encreafe  the  confi- 
dence of  his  fecret  enemies  in  Ireland,  reports  were 
indulfrioufly  fpread  of  his  dangerous  fickncfs,  and 
his  death.  Popifh  agents  were  afiiduous  in  encou- 
raging their  party  to  feize  the  favourable  opportuni- 
ty of  forcing  fome  attention  and  indulgence  to  their 
claims,  civil  and  religious.  Puritans  and  recufants 
alike,  freed  from  the  refcraint  of  that  adminiftration 
which  had  kept  both  in  awe,  and  encouraged  by 
thofe  diforders  which  had  already  grown  formidable 
in  Britain,  and  threatened  to  flame  out  with  fiill 
greater  violence,  formed  a  determined  and  regular 
fcheme  of  oppofition. 

Such  was  the  temper  of  the  Irifli  parliament  on 
their  fecond  meeting.  The  principal  lords  and  offi- 
cers of  Hate  were,  many  of  them,  puritanically  dif- 
pofcd.  In  the  old  mode  of  voluntary  contribution, 
they  had  contrived  to  i1:iift  the  public  burden  on 
their  inferiours;  but  in  the  afiefiment  of  the  parlia- 
mentary grants,  they  had  been  rated  in  proportion 
to  their  luperiour  fortunes:  and  therefore,in  the  midft 
of  all  their  afFed:ed  folicitude  for  the  king's  fervice, 
were  really   enemies  to  the  new  taxation.     Several 

ab  fen  ted 


Ch.  2.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     r,  6j 

abfented  themfelves  from  parliament,  on  whofe  fer- 
vices  the  crown  relied.  Thole  military  members, 
who  were  deflined  to  keep  the  balance  between  the 
popifh  and  paritan  parties,  were  now  neceffavily  at 
their  refpedtive  pofts.  Thefe  parties,  therefore,  had 
full  liberty  to  exert  themfelves,  and  by  forming  a 
kind  of  union  of  political  fentiments  and  difpofiti- 
ons,  bore  down  irrefiilibly  upon  a  feeble  government. 

Several  conciliating  and  popular  bills  had  been 
tranfmitted^,  and  recommended  from   the  throne  ; 
among  others  readily  accepted,   one  was  enadcd  for 
conformation  of  letters  patent  granted  on  any  com- 
mitlions  of  grace  for   remedy   of  defective  titles;  an 
adt  much  magnified,  and  faid  to  be  worth  many  mil- 
lions to  the  fubjedt.     But  the  commons  v/ere   not 
to  be   allured  from  their  prefent   favourite   objedt, 
Grievances  had  been  the  popular  topic  in  the  Eng- 
lifli  Icgiflature  j  and  the  clamour  of  grievances  was 
faithfully  echoed   in   Ireland.     The  Irifh  commons 
had  as  yet  no   leifure  to  examine  into   thofe  feveral 
particulars,   in  v/hich  the  regular  courfe  of  law  had 
been  interrupted,  and  the  nation  governed  with  an 
arbitrary  fway.  They  fixed  at  once  upon  a  grievance 
of  an  inferiour  nature,  but.fuch  as  was  ftriking  and 
obvious,  and  equally  offenfive  to  each  of  the  prevail- 
ing parties^.     They   inveighed   againft  the  condudt 
of  the  ecclefiaftical  courts,  their  ftes,  their  commu- 
tation-money, the  demands  of  the  eflablifhed  clergy 
forchriftenings,  marriages,  herfe-cloaths,  mortuaries, 
and  other  claims  introduced  in  times  of  popery,  and 
as  yet  not  fufficiently  regulated  and  reformed.  They 
prefented  a    bold  remonftrance  to  the   lord    deputy 
Wandesford    on   this  fubjedt;   and   they  wer.e  too 

formidable, 

z  Carte.  -  a  Comm.  Journ.  1640. 


64    HISTORY    OF    IRELAND.     B.  V, 

formidable,  and  their  demands  in  general  too  reafon- 
able,  to  meet  with  any  difcouragement. 

Bu^T  their  attack  was  not  confined  to  the  income 
of  the  clergy.  A  committee  was  appointed  to  con- 
fider  of  the  manner  in  which  the  fubfidies  (hould  be 
ailelTed.  On  their  reports,  a  declaration  was  drawn 
up,  againfl:  any  afcer taining  of  fubfidies,  condemning 
the  inflrudiion  ifiaed  by  the  deputy  and  council  for 
raifing  the  firft  fubfidy,  expreffing  their  apprehen- 
sions, left  thefe  inftru6tions  fhould  be  deemed  the 
continuance  of  a  precedent  eftablifhed  in  a  former 
parliament,  and  protefting  that  neither  this  prece- 
dent, nor  the  late  inftrudlions  fhould  be  regarded  as 
a  diredicn  or  warrant  for  any  future  afiGfiments.  In 
compliment  to  the  deputy,  and  regard  to  the  king's 
weighty  occafions,  they  indeed  appoint  the  firft  fub- 
fidy to  be  levied  agreeably  to  the  inftrudions,  but 
declare  that  the  three  others,  and  all  future  fubfidies, 
fhall  be  raifed  in  what  they  call  a  moderate  and 
parliamentary  way.  The  declaration  was  ordered 
to  be  entered  among  the  ordinances  of  their  houfe, 
and  copies  furniflied  to  all  who  fhould  defire  them. 
They  even  had  the  courage  to  demand,  and  the  fuc- 
cefs  to  prevail  on  Wandesford,  to  direct  that  it  fhould 
be  enrolled  in  the  council-books,  the  court  of  chan- 
cery, the*  ofiices  of  the  auditor-general,  and  of  the 
chief  remembrancer. 

In  this  zeal  for  reformation,  they  forgot  their  own 
privileges,  and  the  folicitude  they  had  lately  ex- 
prefi^ed  for  preferving  them^.  They  became  fuitors 
to  the  lords  to  unite  in  their  favourite  declaration, 
and  to  enter  it  as  an  ordinance  of  their  houfe.  But 
the  lords  were  now  fearful  of  the  lead  interference 

-  in 

h    Cart5,  • 


Ch.  2.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  6$ 

in  matters  relative  to  the  granting  money.  They 
confulted  the  judges  :  the  judges  declared,  that  an 
ordinance  of  the  commons  refpcifting  the  alTefTment 
of  fubfidies,  could  not  of  right  be  entered  in  their 
journals.  The  anfwer,  therefore,  to  the  commons, 
was,  that  they  had  taken  time  until  the  next  feflion 
to  confider  whether  their  declaration  fhould  be  en- 
tered in  the  journals  of  the  upper  houfe,  or  not. 

But  while  the  commons  alTedled  all  this  regard 
for  the  eafe  of  the  fubje6ts,  this  patriotic  oppolition. 
to  exorbitant  and  oppreffive  grants  (nor  can  it  be 
denied  that  they  were  exorbitant  and  oppreffive, 
when  we  are  affiired  that  one  year's  afleflmcnt  on 
the  earl  of  Cork  amounted  to  three  thoufand  fix 
hundred  pounds)  they  at  the  fame  time  felt  con- 
fiderable  embarraffment  from  recolledion  of  their 
former  zealous  conceffions  and  declarations:  nor 
could  the  partizans  of  government  fail  to  urge  them 
with  the  fhameof  inconliftency,  a  charge  fo  obvious, 
and  at  the  fame  time  fo  mortifying^.  To  efface 
this  reproach, and  **  to  the  end,"  as  they  expreiTed  it, 
that  no  ill-afFe(fled  perfons,  in  envy  to  their  loyal 
and  chearful  proceedings  to  his  majefty,  might 
fpread  any  falfe  rumours,  as  though  they  had  not 
a  continued  refolution  to  further  his  majefty's 
fervice,"  they  entered  a  fecond  ordinance  in  their 
Journals,  whereby  they  declared  to  the  world,  that 
*'  by  nothing  contained  in  their  late  declaration,  it 
**  was  intended  to  vary  from  any  of  their  former 
**  chearful  expreffions  ufed  in  the  beginning  of  the 
"  parliament,  for  the  furtherance  of  his  maj-efty's 
**  fervice  againft  the  prefent  diftemper  in  Scotland." 

Such  formal  profeffions  of  attachment  were  but 

K  •    ^  weak 

c  C<jra,  Joiirn,  Yi  Lp^  254. 


it 
ft 

(( 

(C 


66    H  I S  T  O  R  Y  O  F  I R  E  L  A  N  D.     B.  V, 

a  weak  apology  for  whatever  feemed  exceptionable 
in  their  condudt.  They  Oiewed  that  the  IrKh  par- 
liament had  ftudied  the  example  of  thofe  in  Eng- 
land, and  learned  to  convey  the  moft  determined 
oppofition  in  terms  of  apparent  duty  and  loyalty. 
Strafford  was  the  only  man  likely  to  check  this  rifmg 
fpirit.  It  was  refolved  that  he  fhould  immediately 
reaffume  the  reins  of  iri(h  government.  He  was 
made  captain-general  of  all  the  Irifh  forces,  with 
power  to  lead  them  into  Scotland^.  He  tranfmitted 
the  orders  necefTary  for  this  expedition;  hediredtd 
the  earl  of  Ormond  to  repair  to  Carricfergus,  and  to 
put  himfelf  at  the  head  of  the  forces;  preparations 
were  made  for  his  own  voyage  ;  when,  on  the  ill- 
nefs  of  the  earl  of  Northumberland,  Charles  found 
it  neceiTary  to  detain  him  in  England,  in  order  to 
V  lead  his  armyagainfl  the  Scots,  as  his  lieutenant-ge- 
neral. Strafford,  who  fmcerely  ftudied  the  honour 
and  intereft  of  his  mafler,  was  folicitous  for  emplr^'- 
ing  the  Irifh  army ;  and  even  when  the  Scots  had 
feized  Newcaille,  wifhed  to  tranfport  it  into  Cum- 
berland, fo  as  to  cut  off  their  communication  with 
their  own  country.  But  as  thefe  infurgents  had 
particularly  excepted  againfl  him,  he  deemed  it  im- 
prudent to  encreafe  their  rancour,  by  propofmg  this 
meafure  di redly  to  the  king.  The  unhappy  Charles 
adopted  other  counfels,  and  other  meafurcs.  .  The 
treaty  begun  at  Rippon,  and  concluded  in  London, 
was  followed  by  a  ceflation  of  arms,  highly  accept- 
able to  thofe  who  favoured  the  Scots,  and  avowed 
their  dilTatisfadion  at  marching  to  fight  for  prelacy. 
They  who  petitioned  for  this  ceffation,  and  for  fum- 
moning  a  new  parliament,  at  the  fame  time  expref- 
fed  their  abhorrence  and  apprehenfions  of  the  popifh 
army  raifed  in  Ireland.     Orders  were  tranfmitted  for 


difbanding 


d  Carte, 


Ch.  2.  CHARLES    I.  (ij 

difbandini?  it:  but  thefe  orders  could  not  beimme- 
diately  executed.  Money  was  wanting  to  difcharge 
the  arrears  of  the  foldiers. 

In  the  mean  time  the  commons  of  Ireland  in  their 
fucceeding  feffion,  afTembled  with  paffions  ftill  more 
violent  and  undifguifed,  and  with  a  more  fettled  and 
iyftematic  fcheme  of  oppofition.  The  puritans,  en- 
couraged fecrelly  by  their  friends  in  England,  and 
animated  by  the  example  of  the  Scots,  the  recufants, 
fmarting:  with  the  remembrance  of  their  mortifica- 
tions,  and  grievances  real  or  pretended,  thofe  who 
had  experienced  the  feverity  of  the  adminiftration  of 
Strafford,  who  were  impatient  to  revive  the  pomp  of 
popery,  or  to  eftablifh  the  rueful  fimplicity  of  the 
prefbyterian  model,  who  had  adopted  the  prefent 
popular  fentiments  of  civil  liberty,  or  been  infeded 
by  the  contagion  of  factious  turbulence,  all  united 
in  the  fcheme  of  oppofition  to  the  king  ;  and  had  all 
imbibed  the  fafliionable  inveteracy  againft  their 
chief  governour. 

They  began  with  complaints  againft  thofe  very 
afrs  which  he  had  procured  for  reforming  and  civi- 
lizing the  nation.  Such  were  the  laws  which  enjoin- 
ed the  general  ufe  of  Englilh  apparel,  which  forbad 
ploughing  by  the  tail,  burning  corn  in  the  ftraw, 
or  tearing  wool  from  living  fheep.  The  lords  were 
prevailed  on  to  concur  in  a  reprefentation  of  the  ac- 
cidental grievances  attending  the  execution  of  fuch 
ftatutes.  And  fo  little  were  the  moft  obvious  prin- 
ciples of  liberty  regarded,  in  the  violence  of  faction, 
that  the  deputy  was  moved  to  exercife  a  difpeniing 
power,  and  to  fufpcnd  the  penalties  annexed  to  thefe 
laws. 

K  2  The 


68    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND^    B.  V. 

The  commons,  who  every  day  grew  more  con- 
fident, in  their  own  flrength,  proceeded  to  explain 
diftindtly  their  declaration  of  the  former  feffion,  rela- 
tive to  the  alTelTment  of  fubfidies^.  They  refoJved 
that  no  fubject  fliould  be  taxed  for  more  than  a  tenth 
part  of  his  eftate,  real  orperfonalj  which  they  called 
a  moderate,  parliamentary,  eafy  and  equal  rate.  This 
refolution  they  entered  as  the  order  of  the  houfe,  and 
the  rule  by  which  the  three  fubfequent  fublidies 
fhould  be  aiTelTed.     **  Shame,"  faith  Mr.  Carte,  *'  is 

a  great  reftraint  from  ills  of  a   fcandalous   kind  ; 

but  it  affeds  only  particular  perfons :  it  never 
**  enters  into  bodies  ot  men."  The  fentimentis  re- 
futed by  the  condud:  of  this  houfe  of  commons. 
They  ftill  retained  a  painful  recolledion  of  their 
former  profefTions  of  loyalty.  They  knew  that  by 
their  prefent  refolution,  three  of  the  fublidies  were 
reduced  to  a  fum  fcarcely  worth  colleding;  and  a- 
midft  all  their  prefent  violence,  not  yet  diverted  of 
fhame,  they  affe<5ted  a  ferious  attention  to  the  kind's 
manifold  and  urgent  occafions;  and  as  it  might  con- 
duce to  the  advancement  of  his  lervice  to  haften  the 
payment  of  the  third  fubfidy,  they  ordered  that  it 
ihould  be  paid  together  with  the  fecond,  on  the  firft 
day  of  December,  1 640,  fix  months  earlier  than  it 
had  been  made  payable  by  the  original  grant.  But 
fuch  ridiculous  affedation  ferved  only  to  provoke, 
inftead  of  reconciling  the  king  to  an  unprecedented 
order,  made  only  by  the  commons,  revoking  their 
own  grant,  in  oppofition  to  a  ftatute  enaded  by  the 
whole  legillature,  and  a  legiflature  ftill  in  being. 
With  a  peevifh  impatience  at  this  infolent  procedure, 
he  ordered  the  leaf  in  which  their  refolution  was 
inferted,  to  be  torn  from  their  Journals. 

T  |i  E 

e  Com.  Jown,  i6.|o. 


Ch.  2.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  69 

The  Commons   were  not   to  be  Intimidated  by 
this  ungracious  and  irregular  exertion  of  royal  power. 
They  had   friends,   and  partizans    in  England,  who 
obferved  their  difpofitions  with  pleafure,  and  cherifli- 
ed  that  fpirit  which  promifed  to  advance  their  own 
prefent  purpofes.     The  ruin  of  the  earl  of  Strafford 
was  the  favourite  objedl  of  the  popular  party.     He 
was   already  accufed;   meafures   were  concerted  for 
fupporting    the  accufation^    Ireland   was  the  fcenc 
where  this  obnoxious  nobleman  had  been  principally 
diftinguilhed;    his    profecutors    therefore   naturally 
looked  to  this  kingdom.    Here  they  found  a  nume- 
rous party  ready  to  fecond  their  defigns,   and  eager 
to   receive  their   inftrudions    for  this   purpofe.     A 
remonftrance  of  grievances    fuftained    by  the  Irifh 
fubjedis  during    the  adminiftration  of  the   earl,  was 
haftily  prepared,  and  prefented  to  the  houfe  of  com- 
mons/. It  began  with  an  acknowledgment,  that  lince 
the  happy  fubjedlon  of  the  kingdom  to  the  imperial 
crown  of  England,,  it  had  been  the  princely  care  of 
his  majefty  and  his  nobleprogenitors,  that  theirduti- 
ful  people  of  the  land  of  Ireland,  being  now  for  the 
moil  part  defcended  of  Britifh  anceftors,  ihould   be 
governed  according  to  the  laws  of  England;  that  the 
ftatute  of  Magna  Charta,  and  other  laudable  ftatutes, 
were  by  fevcral  Irilh  parliaments  enaded  and  declar- 
ed, whereby  the  kingdom  hath,  until  of  late,  grown 
to  a  fiourifhing  ftate,     and  been  enabled  to   comply 
with  his  majelly's  occafions,    by  repeated   benevo- 
lences and  fubfidies    .The  late  grievances  were  enu- 
merated, by  which  the   kingdom  was  faid  to  be  re- 
duced to  extreme  and  univerfal  poverty.— -The  gene- 
ral decay  of  trade,   occafioned  by  a  new   and  ilieo-al 
rainng  the  book  of  rates  and  impofitions, — The  ar- 
bitrary 

f  Com.  Journ.  vol.  I.  p.  179. 


70      HISTORY   OF   IRELAND.     B.  V, 

bitrary  decifions  of  caufes  and  controverfies  by  paper 
petitions  before  the  chief  governour,  and  the  pro- 
ceedings in  civil  caufes  at  the  council  board,  con- 
trary to  the  lav/ and  great   charter. The   denial 

of  the  princely  graces,  and  llatute  of  limitations 
granted  by  his  majefty,  together  with  the  extra- 
judicial avoiding  of  letters  patent  of  eftates,  by 
private  opinions  delivered  at  the  council  board,  con- 
trary to  law,  and  without  precedent  or  example. — 
The  unufual  and  unlawful  encreafe  of  monopolies, 
efpecially  of  tobacco. — The  extreme  and  cruel  ufage 
of  the  inhabitants  and  tenants  of  the  plantation  of 
London-Derry. — The  eredion  and  proceedings  of 
the  court  of  high  commiiFionfor  caufes  ecclefiafticalj 
and  the  exorbitant  fees  and  cuftoms  exacted  by  the 
clergy. — The  mifapplication  of  the  revenue. — The 
reftraint  laid  on  men  of  quality  and  eftates  from  re- 
pairing to  England  without  licence  of  the  chief  go- 
vernour.— Quo  warrantos  ilfued  againft  boroughs. 
— The  unconftitutional  influence  of  certain  mini- 
ilers  of  ftate,  by  which  the  parliament  was  depriv- 
ed of  its  natural  freedom.— Exorbitant  foes  taken  in 
courts  of  juftice. — Extreme  prelTures  laid  on  mer- 
chants and  other  fubjeds,  to  the  enriching  of  far- 
mers of  cuftoms,  waiters,  fearchers,  purfuivants, 
gaolers,  and  fundry  others. 

H  A  D  the  feveral  articles  of  this  remonftrance  re- 
ceived a  diftind;  and  temperate  difcuffion,  many 
might  have  proved  groundlefs  or  vague,  and  many 
by  no  means  chargeable  to  the  chief  governour,  at 
whom  they  were  pointeds.  But  the  proceeding  on 
this  occafion  dilcovered  more  of  zeal  than  candour. 
It  was  prefented  abruptly  to  the  houfe,  required  to 
be  twice  read;  no  objedion  was -admitted  -,  no  mem- 
ber 

g  Carte. 


Ch.  2.  CHAR  L^E  S    I.  71 

ber  allowed  to  fpeak  to  it  -,  no  qiieftion  was  put  up- 
on the  feparate  articles;   but  all  the  feveral  particu- 
lars colleded  into  one  queftion,  and  all  voted  to  be 
grievances,  in  the   midft  of  tumult  and   diforder. 
The  remonftrance  concluded  with  a  petition  to  the 
lord  deputy,  that  if  he  fliould  not  think  fit  to  afford 
relief,  he  would  admit  a  feledl  committee  of  the 
commons  to  repair  to  the  king  in  England,  in  order 
to  obtain  fitting  remedies    for  their  juft  grievances 
and  oppreffions.      Before  an  anfwer  could  be  obtain- 
ed, the  commons  proceeded  to  nominate  this  com- 
mittee^.    Wandesford,  the  lord   deputy,   was   per- 
plexed and  intimidated  :   he  made  a  faint  attempt  to 
evade  an  anfwer  to  their  remonftrancey    by  recom- 
mending a  conference  with  a  committee  of  the  lords 
on  the  articles  contained  in  it.      The  commons  had 
already  experienced  the   temper  of  the  upper  houfe, 
which  had  originally  refufed  to  concur  with  them  in 
their  application  j   they   rejecled  the  overture   with 
difdain ;  and   while  their  committee,   compofed  of 
virulent  papifls  and  rigid  puritans,  prepared  to  em- 
bark fecretly   for  England,    and    their    agents  John 
Bellew  and    Oliver   CaOiel,    were    on  their  way   to 
London,  the  deputy  was  left  to  the  ufual  method  of 
prorogation,  to  give  fome  check  to  the  fpirlt  of  the 
Irifli  commor.s. 

I  N  the  mean  time,  the  Iri/h  committee  were  re- 
ceived in  London  with  particular  favour  by  the  po- 
pular party,  who  expedted' confiderable  affiftance 
from  them,  in  the  great  defign  now  in  agitation, 
that  of  the  deO  ru6lion  of  the  earl  of  Strafford^.  Their 
public  inftrudions  were  to  addrefs  themfelves  to  the 
king  ;  but  they  feem  to  have  been  privately  direded 
to  apply  to  a  power  greater  than  the  king's,  that  of 

tb.« 

h  Cora.Jeurn,  vol.  I,  287,  i  Cans. 


72     HISTORY    OF    IRELAND.     B.  V. 

the  Engliih  houfe  of  commons.  To  prepare  the 
way  for  their  favourable  reception,  Mr.  Pym,  with 
the  affiftance  of  Sir  John  Clotworthy,  a  gentleman 
of  Ireland,  whofe  attachment  to  the  popular  party, 
and  enmity  to  the  earl  of  Strafford,  had  gained  him 
a  feat  in  the  Englifh  parliament,  obtained  a  com- 
mittee to  take  into  confideration  the  grievances  of 
Ireland.  To  this  committee  the  agents  readily  com- 
municated their  remonftrance,  which,  with  a  peti- 
tion from  feveral  of  the  knights,  citizens,  and  bur- 
geifes  of  the  Irifli  parliament,  was  prefented  to  the 
houie. 

Thus  was  the  firfl  alarm  of  danger  conveyed  to 
the  earl  of  Strafl'ord.  Contrary  to  his  own  fenti- 
ments,  and  the  urgent  admonitions  of  his  friends,  he 
fatally  relied  on  the  king's  promifc  of  prote6:ion,  he 
repaired  to  London,  and  refigned  himfelf  to  the 
power  of  an  incenl'ed  parliament.  To  deprive  him 
of  the  ferviccs  of  an  able  and  faithful  friend,  whofe 
evidence  mufl  have  proved  elTentially  favourable  to 
his  caufe.  Sir  George  RatclifFe  was  accufed  of  high 
trcafon,  and  conveyed  a  prifoner  from  Ireland.  The 
earl  himfelf  was  impeached,  fequefi:ered  from  par- 
liament and  committed  to  cudody.  His  numerous 
enemies  of  the  three  kiniidoms  were  railed  to  the 
utmoft  pitch  of  exultation,  and  waited  with  impa- 
tience the  event  of  this  bold  and  well  concerted  at- 
tack. 

The  fudden  death  of  Wandesford,  lord  deputy  of 
Ireland,  is  imputed  to  the  violent  impretlion  on  his 
mind,  made  by  the  profecution  of  Strafford,  and  the 
vexations  of  his  government^.  It  was  an  event  at- 
tended with  momentous  confequences  to  this  king- 
dom; I 

k  Cart?. 


Ch.  2.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  73 

dom:  for  the  prefent,  it  afforded  the  Irifli  commit- 
tee, refidentia  London,  a  fair  occalion  of  proving 
and  dilplaying  their  power.  Soon  after  the  proro- 
gation of  the  Irilh  parliament,  they  were  joined  by 
fome  lords  of  Ireland,  not  delegated  by  the  upper 
houfe,  but  by  a  number  of  the  Irifh  nobility,  mod 
unfriendly  to  Strafford,  and  direded  to  unite  with 
the  agents  of  the  commons,  in  rcprefenting  the 
grievances  of  the  nation.  The  popular  leaders  ia 
the  Engliih  parliament  were  not  fcrupulous  to  ex- 
amine the  validity  of  their  commiffion.  They  re- 
ceived them  with  open  arms ;  and  induftriouflyaf- 
fedted  the  utmoft  deference  and  attention  to  the  de- 
legates of  both  houfes  of  the  Iridi  legiflature,  who 
came  •to  explain  the  injuries  of  their  nation,  and  to 
prove  the  iniquity  of  their  chief  governour.  Such 
was  the  confequence  they  had  gained,  that  the  king 
himfelf^deemed  it  neceffaryto  court  them,  and  la- 
boured to  foften  their  refentments  againil  his  fa- 
vourite by  fome  incautious  condefcenfions. 

The  appointment  of  a  fucceiTor  to  Wandesford 
became  an  immediate  object  of  deliberation  K  The 
earl  of  Strafford,  who  knew  the  circumftances  of  Ire- 
land, and  fmcerely  fludied  the  interefts  of  the  king, 
recommended  with  particular  earneflnefs  tha,t  the 
earl  of  Ormond  (liould  be  nominated  lord  deputy;  a 
nobleman  of  vigour  and  abilities,  of  powerful  con- 
nections, zealous  in  the  royal  caufe,  an  enemy  both 
to  the  RomiHi  and  puritan  fadioiis,  and  already  fuc- 
cefsful  in  opoofin-J  the  violences  of  both.  But  the 
Iriih  committee,  in  the  fulnefs  of  pride  and  pov/er, 
had  the  hardinefs  to  remonftrate  againd:  this  nomi- 
nation, and  by  the  affiftance  of  the  earl  of  Arundel, 
(who  claimed   fome   lands  of  which  Orraond    was 

Vol.  III.  L  poffcffed, 

1  Ibid. 


74    HISTORY    OF    IRELAND     B.  V. 

pofTefTed,  and  hence  became  his  mortal  enemy)  were 
£o  fuccefsful,that  the  king  relinquilhed  the  defign  of 
employing  the  earl  of  Ormond,  and  declared  his 
refolution  of  committing  the  Irifh  government  to 
two  lords  juflices,  equally  chofen  for  the  contend- 
ing parties,  lord  Dillon  of  Kilkenny-weft,  a 
nobleman  of  approved  affedtion  to  the  royal  fervice, 
and  Sir  William  Parfons,  diftinguifhed  for  his  at- 
tachment to  the  popular  and  puritanic  fadlion. 

But  the  Irifh  committee  were  too  well  inftru6led, 
and' had  imbibed  the  fpirit  of  the  times  too  deeply, 
not  to  take  advantage  of  this  condefcenfion,  and  to 
prefs  the  king  with  new  demands.  They  proceed- 
ed to  remonftrate  againft  lord  Dillon  as  a  perfon 
unfit  to  be  entrufted  with  the  adminiftration  of  Iriih 
government.  Charles  liftened  to  their  frivolous  ob- 
je(ftions.  With  an  impatience  to  be  relieved  from 
a  conteft  of  an  inferiour  nature,  and  which  interrupt- 
ed his  attention  to  matters  more  urgent  and  impor- 
tant, he  revoked  the  nomination  of  lord  Dillon,  and 
abandorred  the  government  of  Ireland  to  Sir  William 
Parfons  and  Sir  John  Borlafe,  two  puritan  lords  juf- 
tices  without  abilities  or  character,  and  full  fraught 
with  that  party  virulence  which  is  readily  imbibed 
by  men  of  mean  underftandings  and  illiberal  princi- 
ples. 

In  proportion  to  the  king's  conceffions,  the  com- 
mittee rofe  in  their  demands:  and  Charles  having 
already  ftooped  to  fuch  extraordinary  condefcenlions, 
felt  lefs  reludtance  in  granting  their  additional  re- 
quefts.  He  confented  to  fend  orders  to  Ireland,  that 
they  fhould  not  be  profecuted  for  departing  with- 
out licence  j  that  the  leaf  which  had  been  torn  from 

the 


Ch.  2.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  75 

the  Journals  of  the  Irifh  commons  fliould  be  replac- 
ed; that  the  fubfidies  fhould  be  aflefled  in  the  man- 
ner prefcribcd  by  their  houfe ;  that  all  the  king's 
correfpondence  with  his  miniflers  of  Ireland  fhould 
be  entered  in  the  fignet  office,  open  to  be  infpecfted 
or  copied,  by  every  fubjed: ;  and  that  all  thofe,  who 
complained  of  any  order  or  decree,  fhould  have 
copies  of  records,  certificates,  orders  of  council, 
"public  letters,  or  other  entries  neceffary  for  declara- 
tion of  their  grievances. 

Having  thus  far  experienced  the  compliance  of 
the  king,  they  at  length  prefented  their  remonftrance 
in  due  form™.  An  anfwer  prepared  by  Sir  George 
Ratcliffe,  was  foon  after  read  in  council;  and  a  copy 
delivered  to  the  committee.  They  were  alarmed; 
they  protefted  againft  the  king's  confulting  on  their 
affairs  either  with  the  earl  of  Strafford,  Ratcliffe,  or 
Sir  Philip  Main  waring,  another  of  his  zealous  friends. 
They  were  called  to  make  their  reply;  the  difcuffion 
of  particulars  was  difficult  and  hazardous,-  they 
agreed  to  entrench  themfelves  in  a  general  declara- 
tion of  the  fenfe  of  the  Iri/h  houfe  of  commons,  con- 
cerning the  grievances  alledged.  It  was  prepared: 
Strafford,  on  his  part,  folicited  a  commiffion  of  en- 
quiry into  every  particular  of  their  remonftrance, 
feverally  and  diftindlly:  the  committee  were  not 
without  their  apprehenfions  of  fuch  a  difcuffionj 
they  declined  prefenting  their  declaration  to  the 
king. 

The  Iriffi  parliament  in  the  mean  time  again 
aflembled,  and  with  fpirits  ftill  more  elevated.  That 
formidable  power  which  the  ruling  party  in  the 
EngUfh    legiflature  had  acquired  by    firmnefs  and 

L  2.  perfeverance. 


76     HISTORY    OF    IRELAND.     B.  V. 

perkverance,  that  applaufe  and  popularity  which  at- 
tciidod  their  proceedings,  the  cmbarraffment  of  the 
king's  affairs,  the  weaknefs  and  dejedtion  of  his 
party,  the  attention  fhewn  to  ihe  Irilh  committee, 
and  the  furprifing  fuccefs  of  tJieir  applications  to  the 
throne,  were  all  powei:fuI  incentives  to  the  Iri(h 
houfes,  to  exert  themfclves  vigouroufly  on  an  occa- 
lion  fo  favourable  to  the  popular  intereft.  Not  con- 
tented with  demanding  a  redrefs  of  former  grievan- 
ces, they  afpired,  in  imitation  of  their  neighbours, 
to  new  privileges,  new  advantages  and  fecurities. 
Having  provided  for  the  fupport  of  their  agents  in 
London,  by  a  public  afleffment,  they  proceeded  to  in- 
ilruO.  them  to  apply  to  the  throne  fornew  laws  and 
regulations,  calculated  to  encreafe  their  own  power 
no  lefs  than  to  advance  the  public  intereft.  Among 
other  particulars,  they  were  direded  to  move  his 
majefty  for  a  bill  for  the  further  explanation  of  Poyn- 
ings'  law,  in  fuch  parts  as  had  occafioned  any  doubts 
of  the  manner  of  certifying  bills  into  England,  or 
any  other  matter  concerning  the  further  explanation 
of  the  law^  which  they  fhall  think  fit  :  and,  that 
the  houfe  of  commons,  during  the  parliament,  may 
draw  up  bills  by  their  own  committee,  and  tranf- 
mit  them. 

,  I  N  all  their  endeavours  for  reformation,  rt  w^as 
their  purpofe  (and  it  was  a  purpofe  particularly  ac- 
ceptable to  their  friends  in  England)  to  reprefent  the 
earl  of  Strafford  as  the  great  author  of  all  national 
grievances  ".  But  in  the  preamble  to  the  bill  of 
fubfidies  in  their  fir  ft  fcftion,  a  magnificent  encomi- 
um had  been  beftowed  on  this  chief  governcur  and 
his  adminiftration.  It  was  the  united  and  unani- 
mous declaration  of  both  houfes,  attended  with  ex- 

prcffions 

n  Con%  Jcurn.   1640. 


Ch.  2.  C  H  A  x^  L  E  S     I.  .     77 

prefiions  of  uncommon  latisfAfllon  and  attachment. 
The  tranfadtion  was  too  remarkable  and  too  recent 
to  be  forgotten.  To  evade  its  force,  and  obviate 
the  difficulty  it  might  create  to  the  profccutors 
of  this  earl,  they  now  inveighed  againll  the  fe- 
cret  contrivers  of  this  claufe;  they  enquired,  with 
an  affeded  wonder  and  indignation,  into  the 
authors  of  it  J  they  drew  up  a  prcteitation  to  be 
tranfmitted  to  their  committee,  in  which  they 
declared  that,  it  had  been  furreptiticufly  inferted  in 
their  bill,  either  by  the  earl  of  Strafford  or  his  agents; 
that,  conftrained  by  reprefentations  of  the  king's  ne- 
cefhties,  they  had  net  cppofed  the  fraud,  left  his 
majefty  fhould  fufFer  by  a  rejedion  of  the  bill  thus 
fophiflicated ;  that  the  matter  of  this  preamble  was 
entirely  falfci  and  that  the  nation  had  really  been 
oppreltcd  and  impoverilhed  by  the  adminiftration  of 
the  earl.  The  committee  were  dired:cd  to  petition 
his  majefty  for  a  bill  to  erafe  this  preamble  from  their 
records;  and  that  neither  the  earl  nor  his  minifters 
or  advifers  might  have  any  lliare  in  conduding  the 
affairs  of  Ireland.  The  upper  houfe  were  prevailed 
on  to  join  in  this  proteftation,  notwithftanding  the 
oppofition  of  Ormond,  Digby,  and  other  zealous 
royaiifls. 

The  lords  had  by  ,this  time  caught  the  fplrit  of 
the  other  houfe,  and  adopted  all  the  fcntiments  and 
palhons  of  the  popular  party  ®.  They  nominated 
the  peers,  already  refident  in  London,  a  committee 
of  their  houfe,  for  the  purpofe  of  conveying  their 
grievances  to  the  throne,  adding:  another  of  their 
body  to  the  number.  A  catalogue  of  thofe  grievan- 
ces was  prepared  and  prefented  to  the  lords.  It  con- 
fifted  of  eighteen  articles  j  wherein  they  complained 

that 

o  Jour,  cf  11.  of  Lords.  MS.  Trin.  Col.  Cub.  Carte. 


78     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 

that  the  nobility  were  over-rated  in  the  fubfidies, 
fome  of  them  detained  in  prifon,  though  not  im- 
peached of  any  capital  offence,  and  none  allowed 
to  be  abfent  from  the  houfe,  without  leaving  a  proxy 
with  lonie  lord  of  the  chief  governour's  nominati- 
on ;  that  noblemen  voted  in  their  houfe  in  confe- 
quence  of  new  titles  of  honour,  without  polTefiing 
any  lands  or  property  in  the  kingdom;  that  they 
could  not,  without  fpecial  licence,  repair  to  Eng- 
land, to  prefent  their  petitions  to  the  throne.  \x\ 
other  articles  they  echoed  the  remonftrance  of  the 
commons  j  fuch  were  their  complaints  of  the  grie- 
vous difcouragement  of  trade  by  heavy  impofitions, 
of  monopolies,  of  the  deciiion  of  civil  caufes  and 
vacating  letters  patent  by  extrajudicial  opinions,  at 
the  council  board;  the  benefits  of  the  a(fl  of  limi- 
tation denied  to  the  fubjcds,  the  unconrtitutional 
influence  of  minifters  in  parliament.  Others  were 
added  in  the  form  of  petitions  to  the  throne,  that 
fundry  of  the  graces,  granted  in  the  fourth  year  gf 
the  king's  reign,  might  pafs  into  adts  of  parliament; 
that  a  general  pardon  might  be  granted,  unincum- 
bered by  captious  provifoes;  and  that  the  nobility  of 
the  kingdom  might  be  preferred,  in  all  promotions 
to  offices  of  trufc  and  honour. 

These  feveral  articles  engaged  the  peers  in  a 
long  and  accurate  difcuffion;  nor  was  it  without 
confiderable  oppofition  that  they  at  length  received 
the  fandion  of  their  houfe  P.  At  a  time  when  the 
popular  clamour  was  fo  violent  againft  prelacy;  and 
that  there  was  a  general  inclination,  and  even  a  con- 
certed defign  to  deprive  bilhops  of  the  right  of  fuf- 
frage  in  parliament,  a  bifhop  of  Meath  was  fo  in- 
cautious as  to  move,  that  in  the  refolution  of  thefe 

grievances 

p  Carte, 


Ch.   2.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  y^ 

grievances  the  name  of  the  lords  fpiritual  might  be 
omitted,  as  they  had  unanimoufly  declared  againll 
it.  In  England  the  propoiition  would  poffibly  have 
been  received  with  eagernefs  and  applaufe.  In 
Ireland,  the  enemies  of  the  hierarchy  were  not  fo 
powerful  or  inveterate.  The  judges  declared  that 
the  ad;  of  the  majority  mud  be  confidered  as  the  ad: 
of  all  the  orders  which  compofed  the  houfe  of  peers* 
The  motion  was  rejeded  without  any  confequencesj 
and  the  reprefentation  of  grievances  tranfmitted  in 
due  form  to  the  lords  of  the  committee,  to  be  by 
them  prefented  to  the  throne. 

They  had  foon  occafion  to  enlarge  their  In- 
ftrudionsP.  The  Englidi  commons  were  now  con- 
fidered as  the  centre  of  authority  and  power.  Not 
only  national  grievances,  but  thofe  of  private  per- 
fons,  were  referred  to  their  tribunal ;  and  from  Ire- 
land particularly,  numbers  of  petitioners  befet  their 
houfe,  praying  relief  againft  the  deciiions  of  the 
king's  courts.  One  of  thefe  appellants  complained 
of  a  fentence  given  in  favour  of  a  billiop  of  Ardagh, 
with  whom  he  had  a  fuit.  The  commons,  not 
difpleafed  to  mortify  a  prelate,  fummoned  the  bi- 
lliop to  appear  before  them.  He  applied  to  the 
Irilh  houfe  of  lords  for  diredion^  the  lords  refented 
the  infringement  of  their  privileges;  Lentha!,  i^i^^ 
Engliih  fpeaker,  was  informed  that  they  did  not 
think  it  fit  to  licence  the  bifliop's  departure  into 
England,  and  ''  that  they  v/cre  confident  that  the 
houfe  of  commons  in  England  would  not  pro- 
ceed to  any  determination  of  a  caufe  in  which  a 
member  of  their  houfe  was  concerned,  but  rather 
remit  the  fame  to  the  parliament  of  Ireland." 
Not  contented  with  oppoling  the  attempt  of  the 
^  Engliih 


(t 
t( 


<( 
(( 

<t 
it 

€( 

If 


80     II  I  S  T  O  R  Y  O  F  I  R  E  L  A  N  D.     B.  V, 

Englifh  commons  in   this    particular  inftance,   the 
lords   refolved,  that  **  being   informed    that    fome 
**  members  and  attendants  of  their  houfe  have  been 
"  fummoncd  to  appear  in  the  parUament  of  Eng- 
•*  land,  and  before  committees  of  the  houfe  of  com- 
mons, upon  private  men's  faits,   and  their  eftates 
alfo  there  queflioned;   and  having  duly  confidered 
thereof,    and  the  evil  confequences  which    may 
arife   thereby — the  committee  of  the  houfe  nov/ 
attending  the  king  be  ordered  to  reprefcnt  the 
fime  to  his  majelly,    and  become  humble  fuitors 
*'  unto  him  for  preventing  the  like  hereafter." 

The  commons,  at  the  fame  time  were  engaged 
with  dill  greater  warmth  on  objects  more  important 
than  their  own  privileges <  The  time  was  favourable 
to  reformation  ;  and  every  attempt  to  eftabliih  the 
rights  of  fubjeds, was  received  with  popular  applaufe. 
They  critically  examined  into  various  inftances  of 
illegal  pradtices,  during  the  adminifliration  of  the 
carl  of  Strafford,  and  fevercly  cenfured  every  devia- 
tion from  the  exa6t  line  of  conilitutional  liberty,  to 
which  he  had  been  encouraged'  by  the  practice  of 
former  governours,  or  hurried  by  his  own  pafhons. 
To  condemn  them  with  the  greater  folemnity  r,  the 
houfe  formed  a  num.ber  of  queftions  to  be  conlider- 
ed  and  decided  by  the  judges,  relative  to  the  power 
and  authority  of  the  chief  governour  and  privy  coun- 
cil, in  hearing  and  determining  civil  caufes,  the  le- 
gality of  monopolies,  and  of  the  punidmients  in- 
flid:ed  on  thofe  who  infringed  them ;  the  legal  force 
of  proclamations,  or  ad:s  of  ftate  ;  the  execution  of 
martial  law  in  time  of  peace  ;  the  jurifdidion  of  the 
exchequer,  cafHe  chamber,  and  other  courts;  the 
collation  and  powers  of  deans  and  other  dignitaries, 

th» 

Ccm  Journ.   1640^ 


(< 

<< 

it 
tc 
<t 
<t 
t( 


Ch.  i.  CHARLES!.  '  8i 

the  cenfures  and  fevere  punifhments  of  jurors  ;  the 
legality  of  quo  warranto,  and  other  articles  of  grie- 
vance. 

The  I R  queftions  were  prefented  to  the  upper 
houfe,  with  the  following  fpirited  declaration.  **  In- 
afmuch  as  the  fubjecfts  of  this  kingdom  are  free, 
loyal,  and  dutiful  iubjeds  to  his  moft  excellent 
majefly,  their  natural  liege  lord  and  king,  and  to 
be  governed  only  by  the  common  laws  of  Eng- 
land and  ftatutes  in  force  in- this  kingdom,  in  the 
fame  manner  and  form  as  his  majefty's  fubjedts 
of  the  kingdom  of  England  are,  and  ought  to  be 
governed  by  the  fame  common  laws  and  ftatutes 
of  force  in  that  kingdom,  which  of  right  the 
fubjeds  of  this  kingdom  do  challenge,  and  make 
their  proteflation  to  be  their  birth-right  and  befk 
inheritance  j  yet  inafmuch  as  the  unlawful  adions 
and  proceedings  of  fome  of  his  majefty's  officers 
and  minillers  of  juftice,  of  late  years  introduced 
and  praclifed  in  this  kingdom,  did  tend  to  the  in- 
fringing and  violation  of  the  laws,  liberties  and 
freedom  of  the  faid  fubje(fts  of  this  kingdom, 
contrary  to  his  majefty's  royal  and  pious  intenti- 
ons ;  therefore  the  knights,  citizens,  and  burgef- 
fes  in  parliament  affembled,  not  for  any  doubt 
or  ambiguity  which  may  be  conceived  or  thought 
of,  for,  or  concerning  the  premiiTeSj  nor  of  the 
enfuing  queftions,  but  for  manifeftation  and  de- 
claration of  a  clear  truth,  and  of  the  faid  laws 
and  flatutes  already  planted,  and  for  m^ny  ages 
part  fettled  in  this  kingdom,  the  faid  knights,  ci- 
tizens, and  burgefTes  do  therefore  pray  that  the 
houfe  of  lords  may  be  pleafed  to  command  the 
judges  of  this  kingdom,  forthwith  to  declare  in 
Vol.  III.  M  "  writing 


€{ 
ti 


tt 
<( 
<t 
(( 
tt 
tt 
tt 
€t 
tt 
tt 
tt 


82     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND;    B.  T. 

**  writing  their  refolutions  of,  and  unto  the  enfuing 
"  queftions,  and  fubfcribe  the  lame." 

Although  the  lords  were  moved,  and  confent- 
cd  to  add  one  queflion  more  to  thoie  of  the  com- 
mons, yet  they  difcovered  no  great  alacrity  in  refer- 
ring them  to  the  judges.  The  earl  of  Ormond  in 
particular  was  zealous  for  prerogative,  attached  to 
lord  Strafford,  and  alarmed  at  the  violence  of  the 
commons.  He  took  advantage  of  a  matter  of  pri- 
vilege, in  difpute  between  the  houfes,  to  fufpend 
the  confideration  of  the  queries.  The  judges  de- 
fired  time  to  confider  them^  he  urged  the  propriety 
of  their  requeft.  He  prevailed  on  the  lords  to  re- 
folve,  that  the  judges  Hiould  not  be  compelled  to  an- 
fwer  fuch  of  the  queries  as  concerned  his  majefly's 
prerogative,  or  were  contrary  to  their  oath  of  Otficei 
and  that  they  fhould  have  time  till  Eafter-term  to 
give  anfvver  to  the  reft.  The  commons,  who  look- 
ed for  a  fpeedy  prorogation,  were  impatient,  and  of- 
fended at  this  coldnels  of  the  lords.  Inftead  of  being 
embarrafled  at  their  affeded  delay,  they  feized  the 
advantage  of  it  to  add  to  the  odium  of  the  earl  of 
Strafford.  They  tranfmitted  the  queries  to  their 
committee  in  England,  diredting  them  to  be  pre- 
fented  with  all  convenient  fpeed  to  the  parliament  of 
England,  and  praying  that  they  fliould  make  a  de- 
claration of  the  law  in  the  feveral  particulars  con- 
tained in  thefe  queries^. 

The  Irifh  committee  was  flattered  and  care/Ted,  by 
the  popular  leaders, as  ufeful  agents  in  their  profecu- 
tioR  of  lord  StrafFord,and  a  neceffary  channel  for  con- 
veying their  inftrudions  to  his  enemies  of  the  Irifli 
legiflature.  This  body  had  adopted  the  paf^ions  of  the 
Englifh  houfe,and  feemed  to  glory  in  imitating  their 

procedurCc 
f  Com.  Jowrn.  vol,  I,  341. 


Ch.  2.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     r.  83 

procedure.     Whether  in  the  ferment  of  their  own 
zeal, or  in  compliance  with  inftrud:ions  received  from 
England,  the  commons  proceeded   to  an  impeach- 
ment of  Sir  Richard  Bolton  the    chancellor,  doftor 
Bramhal  bilhop    of  Derry,   Sir    Gerrard    Lowther 
chief  juitice  of  the  common   pleas,  and   Sir  George 
Radcliffe,  men  of  known  attachment  to  the  earl  of 
Srra/ford  ;  the  laft  already  accufed  by  the  commons 
of  Engiard,  and  rendered  incapable  of  giving    evi- 
dence in  favour  of  his  friend.     To  reduce  the  others 
to  a  like  incapacity,  the  charge  of  high   trealon  was 
profccuted    againft    them   with  the  utmort  vigour^ 
Audiey  Mervyn,  an  active  puritan,   appeared  at  the 
bar  of  the  upper  houfe;  and  with    an    harangue    of 
tedious  pomp  and  futility,  introduced  the  articles  of 
high  ,  treaibn  prepared   by    the    commons.       They 
charged  Bolton,  Bramhal,  Lowther,    and  Ra^cliffe, 
with  traiteroully  contriving  and  exercidng  an  illegal 
and  tyrannical  government  in  Ireland,   by  the  coun- 
tenance and  affillance  of  Thomas  earl  of  Strafford  ; 
afTummg  a  regal  power  over  the  properties,  perfons, 
and  liberties  of  the  fubjeds,  pronouncing  unjuft  de- 
crees, and  extrajudicial    opinions,   and   illegally  and 
traitcroufly  ruining  his  majelty's  liege  people  by  in- 
famous and  cruel  punilTiments;  and  laftly,  with  fub- 
verting  the  rights   of  parliament,    and   the    antient 
courfe  of  parliamentary  proceedings.      They   prayed 
that  all  might  be  obliged  to  anfwer  to  the  charges, 
and  that  thofe  now  in  the  upper  houfe  might  be  fe- 
queftered  from   their  places  of  judicature,  and  from 
the  council  board,  and  committed  to  clofe  cuftody. 

A  VAGUE  and  general  charge,  however  conform- 
able to  the  proceedings  in  England  againft  the  earl 
of  Straffurd,  was  not  univerfally  well  received  in  the 

M  2  houfe 

t  Ruflnvonh,  vol,  IV, 


84    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 

houfe  of  lords",  A  variety  of  queftions  and  points 
of  difficulty  were  fuggefted,  little  fuited  to  the  im* 
petuofity  of  the  commons  and  their  friends.  Whe- 
ther the  fpeaker  of  the  lords  could  "be  fequellered  and 
committed  without  a  diiTolution  of  their  houfe  ; 
whether  he  or  the  other  perfons  impeached  might 
be  admitted  to  hail;  whether  it  were  fufficient  that 
the  houfe  be  anfwerable  for  their  Ipeaker,  as  no  par- 
ticular charge  had  as  yet  been  exhibited  ;  whether 
the  lord  chancellor  could  be  committed  while  the 
feals  were  in  his  cuftody  ?  Such  were  the  queftions 
long  and  violently  agitated  in  the  lords.  The  com- 
mons were  impatient,  and  even  clamourous^  for  a 
full  compliance  with  their  demand.  It  was  at  length 
refolved,  that  Bramhal  and  Lowther  (liould  be  con- 
fined;  and  that  the  lords  jullices  fhould  be  inform- 
ed that  the  houfe  held  it  alfo  meet  that  the  chancel- 
lor fliould  be  committed  to  cuftody,  and  therefore 
requeued  that  their  lordfliips  might  appoint  fome 
other  perfon  for  their  fpeaker.  They  were  anfwer- 
ed,  that  the  chancellor  and  chief  juftice  were  at  this 
time  peculiarly  neceffary  at  the  council  board,  and 
that  the  lordsjuftices  wilhed  the  houfe  would  entrull: 
them  with  the  difpofal  of  thefc  perfons  i  that  their 
defire  of  a  new  fpeaker  fhould  be  tranfmitted  to  the 
king,  and  that  they  dc{ired,a  mcflage  from  the  houfe 
to  bail  the  parties  acculed,  if  their  lordfhips  faw 
caufe.  The  lords  complied;  and  the  contefi:  be- 
tween the  houfes  was  for  the  prefent  fufpended  by  a 
prorogation. 

But  the  difcontented  party  foon  enjoyed  a  con- 
fummate  triumph, in  the  trial  of  the  earl  of  Strafford, 
and  the  ad:  of  attainder  paiTed  againif  this  unhappy 
lord.     This  important  tranfadion  is  too  well  known 

to 

u  Journal  of  ihe  Houfe  of  Lords.    Carte, 


Ch.  2.  CHARLES     I.  S^ 

to  need  any  new  detail;  efpecialiy  as  the  mod  ob- 
noxious particulars  of  his  Irifh  adminiftration  have 
been  already  pointed  out.  Inftead  of  difcuiTing  the 
feveral  articles  of  accufation  which  his  Irilh  enemies 
fupplied,  in  which  the  malice  of  his  profecutors  was 
fometimes  too  confpicuous,  but  in  v/hich  the  moft 
candid  and  indulgent  mart:  difcover  his  pride,  info- 
lence,  and  tyranny,  it  feem#  more  pertinent  to  the 
prefent  defign  to  trace  the  effects  of  this  great  event 
on  Ireland, 

T  o  have  been  difcountenanced,  difplaced,  or 
treated  with  any  feverity  by  the  earl  of  Strafford, 
was  now  confidered  as  the  higheft  merit,  and  moft 
effs(5tual  recommendation  to  honours  and  employ- 
ments w.  Sir  Piers  Crolby,  his  accufer,  was  reftor- 
ed  to  his  place  in  council.  Archibald  Adair,  the 
wretched  ScottiOi  prelate,  who  had  been  deprived 
of  the  fee  ofKillalla  for  his  declarations  in  favour  of 
the  covenant,  v^as  recommended  by  a  puritanic  go- 
vernment to  the  bilhopricof  Waterford.  The  lords 
juftices  cautioufly  declined  to  hear  any  fuits,  or  to 
decide  any  caufes  in  council ;  terriiied  by  the  remon- 
flrances  againft  paper  petitions,  as  they  were  called. 
The  high  commiflion,  and  the  prefidential  courts  of 
Munfter  and  Connaught,  were  afraid  to  exercife 
their  wonted  jurifdiilion.  The  judges  in  the  law 
courts  were  terrified  j  and  a  fcrupulous  adherence  to 
the  exad  line  of  law  and  conlHtutional  liberty,  had 
a  different  effect  in  Ireland  frorn  what  might  be  ex- 
peded  from  the  theory  of  politics :  here  it  ferved  to 
render  the  adminilfration  contemptible  to  a  people 
who  had  been  ufed  to  a  governmeiit  of  rigour  and 
feverity. 

3  o  M  E  particular  members  in  both  hcufes  of  the 

Irilh 

w  Carte, 


S6     HISTORY   OF    IRELAND.     B.  V. 

Irjfh  parliament  had  already  entertained  deep  and 
dangerous  dcfigns,  not  yet  diicovered,  nor  perhaps 
fufficiently  matured.  But  the  coalition  of  puritan 
and  popilh  partizanswas  made  for  no  other  purpofe, 
nor  can  their  party  be  iuipcded  of  any  other  dehi>i1, 
but  that  of  feizing  the  advantage  of  the  confulioas 
in  England,  the  tall  of  Strafford  and  the  embarrafs- 
ments  of  the  crown,  to  aggrandize  their  own  power, 
and  to  extort  fome  concetTions  from  the  king,  fa- 
vourable to  their  interefts.  Every  ftep  towards  the 
ruin  of  lord  Strafford  encreafed  the  confidence  of  the 
Iriff)  committees  ftill  refident  in  London.  They 
repeatedly  folicited  the  king  to  grant  an  anfwer  to 
the  remonftrances  of  the  Irifh  parliament,  and  to  re- 
drefs  the  grievances  v/hich  had  been  conveyed  to 
the  throne.  Charles,  in  his  humiliation,  at  length" 
conlented  that  they  fliould  be  conlidered  in  the  pri- 
vy council ;  and  to  moil  of  the  articles  gave  a  fa- 
vourable anfwer.  He  confented  that  the  afleffment 
of  the  nobility  fhould  be  moderated;  he  agreed  to 
confirm  their  rights  and  privileges  by  acffc  of  parlia- 
ment J  to  deprive  thofe  peers  of  their  votes  who 
iliould  not  purchafe  eilates  in  Ireland  within  a  limit- 
ed time;  to  allow  all  Iriih  fubjedts  to  repair  to  any 
part  of  his  dominions  without  rellraint ;  to  prohi- 
bit the  chief  governours  and  council  from  deciding- 
property,  or  avoiding  letters  patent;  to  revoke  mo- 
nopolies; to  fufpend  the  high  commiffion  court; 
to  refer  the  demand^  of  the  clergy  to  the  Irifh  coun- 
cil, in  order  to  frame  an  a6t  for  an  equitable  regula- 
tion of  their  claims  and  courts.  In  like  manner  he 
confented  that  the  graces  (liould  be  confidered  by 
the  lords  juflices  and  council,  and  a  bill  prepared 
for  the  eftablilhment  of  fuch  as  appeared  moft  con- 
ducive to  the  interefts  of  the  kingdom.  Such  con- 
defcenfion  did  he  difcovcr  to  their  pafficns,  that  he 

eve» 


Ch.  2.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  2j 

even  promifed  to  pafs  an  adt  for  repeal  of  the  pream- 
ble in  the  bill  of  fubfidies,  relative  to  lord  Strafford. 
He  agreed  to  reform  the  abufes  of  quo  warrantos, 
and  to  reftrain  the  execution  of  martial  law.  In  thefe, 
and  iome  other  lefs  material  articles,  his  council  re- 
commended a  compliance.  A  few  points  of  their 
petition  were  rejeded  -,  and  in  particular  he  refufed 
to  confent,  that  any  part  of  the  law  of  Poyning's 
fhould  be  repealed. 

B  u  T  his  conceffions  were  not  fatisfadlory  to  the 
committee.  Inftead  of  depending  on  the  royal 
favour,  they  demanded  the  fecurity  of  a  legal  and 
formal  declaration  of  the  rights  they  claimed  3  the 
powers  which  Charles  promifed  not  to  exercife^ 
they  required  to  be  utterly  annulled  j  and  with  rc- 
fped  to  Poynings'  law,  they  contended  that  this  law 
did  aot  preclude  the  two  houfes  of  parliament  from 
concurring  with  the  council  in  preparing  and  tranf- 
mitting  bills.  Replies,  explanations,  difpatches 
fent  to  Ireland,  and  anfwers  from  the  council  of  this 
kingdom,  were  attended  with  inconvenient  delay. 
The  time  to  which  the  Irifh  parliament  had  been 
prorogued  was  already  elapfed,  before  the  king's 
order  for  a  further  prorogation  had  been  received. 
It  was  neceffary,  by  a  fnort  bill,  to  declare  the  legal 
continuance  of  this  alTembly,  and  to  render  their  pro- 
ceedings valid  ;  and  for  this  purpofe  the  king's  letter 
was  tranfmitted.  It  was  equally  neceffary  by  fome 
a6t  of  favour  to  conciliate  the  Irifli  houfes,  and  to 
allay  that  violence  which  they  had  difcovcred  in  the 
former  feffion.  Without  waiting  the  proceedings 
of  the  Irilh  committee,  Charles  addreffed  a  letter  to 
the  lords  j  unices,  declaring  his  pleafure  that  the 
Irifh  fabjeds  ihould  enjoy  the  benefit  of  all  his  Gra- 
'CES/  and  direding  that  bills  fhould  be  tranfmitted 

for 


88    HISTORY    OF    IRELAND     V.  B ' 

• 

for  eftablifliing  fome  more  material  articles,  cfpecial- 
]y  for  fecuring  their  eftates,  for  limiting  the  crown's 
title  to  fixty  years,  for  annulling  all  proceedings  a- 
gainft  the  proprietors  of  Connaught,  which  had  been 
attended  with  popular  odium  and  clamour,  and  for 
fecuring  the  eflates  of  this  province  from  all  claims 
of  the  crown. 

Formal  thanks  were  returned  to  the  throne; 
but  in  expreflin^  thefe  thanks,  both  lords  and  com- 
mons fhewed  that  they  were  dill  firm  and  determin- 
ed. They  prayed  that  all  the  graces  (hould  be 
eftablifhed  by  law;  and  that  the  prefent  parliament 
fhould  not  be  prorogued  or  difTolved,  until  laws  v/ere 
prepared  for  the  efiablifliment  of  all,  and  the  redrefs 
of  every  grievance.  And  the  proceedings  of  parlia- 
ment correfponded.  with  this  beginning.  The  im- 
peachments of  the  laft  feffion  had  produced  a  (|uefli- 
on  of  fuch  importance  as  juftified  the  vehemence  ex- 
preiTed  on  that  occafion.  The  chancellor,  in 'an- 
fwering  the  charge  againd:  him,  had  infinuated  a 
doubt,  whether,  fince  the  enading  of  Poynings'  law, 
the  houfe  of  lords  had  power  of  judicature  in  capi- 
tal cafesx.  The  fuggeftion  was  received  not  with- 
out refentment  and  indignation;  and  among  the  firfi; 
proceedings  of  the  prefent  feffion,  we  find  both 
houfes  joining  in  a  foiemn  proteftation,  that  the 
court  of  parliament  ever  was  and  is  the  fupreme  ju- 
dicatory of  the  realm,  and  always  had  and  ought  to 
have  full  authority  to  determine  in  cales  of  treafon 
and  other  offences.  This  proteflation  they  commu- 
nicated to  the  king  :  but  by  prefenting  it  alio  to  the 
Englifh  houfe  of  lords,  they  appealed  to  a  tribunal 
not  fo  favourable  as  they  expected.  The  queftion 
was  ferioufly  debated  both  in  that  houle  and  in  the 

Englifh 

X  Journal  of  the  Houfe  of  Lords,   Carte« 


^.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    i.  8() 

EngUfh  council,  and  the  king  perfuaded  to  fufpend 
the  ads  of  grace  and  favour  to  his  fri(h  fubjedts,  un- 
til this  weighty  point  fhould  be  determined.  The 
fubfequent  diforders  in  both  kingdoms  feem  to  have 
prevented  the  formal  deternaination* 

The  Irifh  houfe  of  commons,  in  the  mean  tlme^ 
adled   with  that  violent  fpirit  of  reformation,  which 
the  example  of  their  neighbours  had  infpiredy.     By 
a  folemn  declaration  they  afferted  their  antient  right 
of  repairing  at  all  times   to  his   majefty,   by   their 
agents,  without  the  intervention  of  a  chief  governour. 
The  proclamations  for  regulating  linen  yarn,    how- 
ever judicioufly  devifed  for  improving    this   manu- 
facture, were  yet  the  acts  of  lord  Strafford's  govern- 
ment, and  were    now   declared    grievances  by   the 
houfe.      The    high   commiffion   court     they    pro- 
nounced a  great  and  univerfal  grievance,   tending  to 
fubvert  the  fundamental  laws  of  the  kingdom.  Not 
fatisfied  with  the  reftraints  of  martial  law  prefcribed 
by  the  king,  they  refolved  to  limit  the  execution  of 
it,  even  in  times  of  war  and  rebellion.    Every  quef- 
tionable    demand    of  the    clergy  was  at  once   pro- 
nounced a  grievance,    and   this,  with  fuch   feverity, 
that  their  maintenance  was  rendered  precarious  j  fo 
that  the  houfe  was  afterwards  obliged  to  qualify  the 
rigour  of  their  former  refolutions. 

An  affemblyz  which  fcorned  the  limits  of  its  own 
conftitutional  privileges,  which  affumed  a  power  of 
deciding  property,  and  controuling  the  courts  of  laWj^ 
found  a  convenient  objed:  of  arbitrary  power  in  the 
eftabli(hed  clergy,  a  body  equally  obnoxious  to  the 
popifh  and  puritanic  leaders.  A  furious  zeal  for 
particular  modes  and  fyftems,  had  in  thefe  days"  the 

Vol.  III.  N  fame 

y  Com.  Journ.  1461*  a  Ibid* 


90    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

fame  effed:  which  hath  lince  been  experienced  from 
a  profligate  indifference  to  religion.  Not  contented 
with  refcinding  decrees  made  in  favour  of  the  clergy, 
and  involving  particulars  of  this  order  in  vexatious 
difficulties,  the  houfe  proceeded  to  ftrike  at  the  very 
vitals  of  the  religious  cftabli(hment,  by  harraffing 
the  univerfity.  The  regulations  eftahlifhed  in  this 
feminary  by  archbifliop  Laud,  excluded  non-con- 
formifts  of  every  kind  from  its  advantages  and  pre- 
ferments. The  houfe  examined  them  with  feverity ; 
difcovered  dangers  never  experienced,  and  fuggefl- 
ed  objections  which  time  hath  abundantly  confuted. 
So  earneft  were  the  prevailing  fadlions  to  condemn 
the  late  ftatutes,  that  the  committee  of  the  com- 
mons appointed  to  infpedt  the  college,  accepted  the 
grofleft  mifmformation  and  difgraced  their  report  by 
palpable  falfehoods.  From  a  claufe  in  one  ftatute 
not  rightly  underftood ,  they  were  perfuaded  that 
every  member  of  the  college  was  prevented  from  di- 
vulging the  grievances  or  mifgovernment  of  the  fo- 
ciety  to  any  but  the  govcrnours,  under  pain  of  ex- 
pulfion.  They  exclaimed  againft  the  fuppofed  pro- 
hibition as  an  infamous  contrivance  to  conceal  and 
fupprefs  the  truth  :  and  it  was  voted  null  and  void. 
They  accufed the  late  provoft,  by  this  time  advanced 
to  the  bishopries  of  Cork  and  Rofs,  of  clandeftinely 
accepting  the  new  body  of  ilatutes,  with  the  con- 
currence af  two  members  only  of  the  body;  a  fa£t 
evidently  falfe,  and  eafy  to  bedifproved:  his  govern- 
ment, his  procuring  the  new  charter,  his  acceptance 
of  the  new  regulations,  were  voted  fubverfive  of  the 
antient  foundation,  and  a  grievous  dilcouragement 
to  natives  of  the  kingdom,  before  this  charter  was 
infpeded,  or  thefe  regulations  weighed.  They  pro- 
ceeded to  a  frivolous  impeachment  of  the  bifhop  in 
the  houfe  of  lords,  and  foon  found  it  impoffible   to 

be 


Ch.  2.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  91 

be  fupported.  In  the  plenitude  of  their  power  they 
forbad  any  ele(ftions  to  be  held,  or  any  leafes  execut- 
ed, in  the  college,  until  the  houfc  of  commons 
{hould  give  further  orders  therein ;  and  to  complete 
the  triumph  over  royal  prerogative,  the  committee 
was  empowered  to  infpcd:  the  old  and  new  ftatutes, 
and  to  make  fuch  a  compilation  of  laws  from  both, 
as  they  fliould  judge  neceflaryfor  the  government  of 
the  college.  In  the  next  feffion,  which  was  to  com- 
plete this  fcheme  of  reformation,  public  diforders 
became  too  violent  to  admit  of  any  attention  to  the 
government  of  a  college. 

We  may  naturally  cxpedl  to  find  anhoufe  of  com- 
mons of  fo  inflamed  a  fpirit,  refuming  the  confide- 
ration  of  thofe  queries  which  were  to  afcertain  the 
conftitutional  rights  of  the  Irifli  fubjedls,  and  pro- 
ceeding on  thofe  impeachments  which  were  to  pu- 
ni(h  the  violations  of  thcfe  rights^.  The  firft  were 
indeed  refumed  with  particular  ardour;  and  the 
judges  were  again  demanded  to  give  explicit  an- 
Iwers  to  the  feveral  queftions  propofed.  Th^y  re- 
prefcnted  the  hardihip  impofed  on  them  of  pro- 
nouncing extrajudicial  opinions  on  points  already 
decided  by  the  commons,  already  tranfmitted  to  the 
king  as  grievances,  and  before  the  fentence  of  his 
majefty  could  be  known,  on  queftions  too  general  ,• 
on  points  which  concerned  the  high  courts  of  the 
kingdom,  and  which  judges  of  inferiour  courts  could 
not  decide  without  the  royal  licence.  They  ex- 
preffed  their  apprehenfions  of  being  cenfured  or  im- 
peached, {hould  their  anfwers  prove  not  exadlly  con- 
fonant  to  the  declared  fentiments  of  the  commons. 
They  were  however  commanded  to  anfwer  the  que- 
ries, fo  far  as  might  confift  with  the  duties  of  their 

N  2  ftation^ 

a  Com.  Journ.  1641. 


92     HISTORY    OF    IRELAND     B.  V. 

ftation,  and  a  juft  attention  to  the  royal  prerogative,' 
Their  anfwtrs  were  temperate  and  guarded:  the 
commons  voted  them  unfatisfajflory.  Patrick  Dar- 
cy,  an  eminent  lawyer,  who  had  felt  the  feverity  of 
lord  Strafford's  admmiltration,  and  now  flood  forth  a 
zealous,  irritated,  and  adive  partizan  in  the  com- 
mons, was  appointed  prolocutor,  at  a  conference 
with  the  lords,  to  explain  the  reafons  of  the  feveral 
queftions  propofed,  and  the  infufficiency  of  the  an- 
fwers  returned  by  the  judges.  The  conteft  was 
clofed,  by  a  folemn  determmation  of  the  houle  of 
commons,  on  every  feparatearticle,in  which  the  rights 
of  Irifli  fubjedis  were  ftated  and  affirmed  with 
flrength  and  precilion,  and  all  the  powers  affumed 
by  the  late  adminiftration,  all  irregular  or  illegal 
pradices  introduced  by  pubHc  confulions  and  fancli- 
iicd  by  cuftom,  were  condemned  explicitly  and  fe- 
verely. 

In  the  irnpeachments,  the  houfe  proceeded  with 
lefs  violence.  Strafford  had  been  deprived  of  any 
advantage  to  be  derived  from  the  evidence  of  the 
impeached  lords.  An  a6t  of  attainder  had  been  paf- 
fed  againft  him,  and  he  had  been  already  executed. 
The  vengeance  of  his  enemies  in  the  Irilh  commons 
was  not  (o  infatiate  as  to  require  more  vidlims.  For 
the  lake  of  form,  and  not  immediately  to  relinquifli 
their  former  proceedings,  they  appointed  a  commit- 
tee to  confider  Sir  George  Ratcliffc's  anfwers  to  their 
rcmonflranceb  :  they  received  petitions  againft  the 
bilhop  of  Derry,  and  defired  that  the  lords  might 
not  admit  him  to  bail  ;  the  prelate,  confcious  of  his 
innocence,  petitioned  the  houfe  of  commons,  that 
they  would  vouchfafe  to  hear  his  defence  on  one, 
tv7o^  or  more  of  the  foulefl  articles  alledged  againft 

him 

b  Carte» 


Ch.  2.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  ,93 

him,  which  fhould  convince  them  that  the  refl 
were  unworthy  of  their  audience  i  but  they  decUned 
this  mode  of  proceeding.  Though  Bolton,  the 
chancellor,  and  bir  Gerald  Lowther,  ftill  kept  their 
feats  in  council  and  in  their  courts,  yet  a  new  fpeaker 
had  been  appointed  for  the  houfe  of  lords;  and  each 
of  the  accufed  perfons  exhibited  an  aniWer  to  the 
articles  of  their  impeachment.  But  the  fury  of  the 
commons  wasexhauftedj  no  replication  was  prepar- 
ed, no  further  profecution  attempted. 

The  general  proceedings  of  this  Irifh  parliament, 
when  candidly  and  impartially  confidered,  dilcover 
no  more  exceptionable  motives  than  an  averiion  to 
lord  Strafford,  provoked  by  an  adminiftration,  in 
many  inltances  imperious  and  fevere ;  a  refentment 
againft  the  agents  of  his  arbitrary  meafures ;  a  paffi- 
on  for  reformation  j  an  eagernefs  to  take  advantage 
of  the  embarraffed  and  diftrelTed  circumftances  of 
the  king,  to  circumfcribe  the  royal  prerogative,  and 
to  fupport  the  popular  rights  and  interefts.  One  or 
two  particulars  of  their  condu<ft  admit  of  a  lefs  fa- 
vourable conftrudion.  ' 

The  Irifh  forces,  raifed  by  lord  Strafford  for  the 
fervice  of  Scotland^,  had  long  continued  an  ufelels 
and  grievous  burden  to  the  ftate  of  Ireland,  and  an 
odious  and  alarming  objed  to  the  Englifh  commons. 
Money  was  wanting  to  difcharge  their  arrears;  to 
difband  them  unpaid  were  highly  dangerous.  The 
urgent  and  repeated  remonflrances  of  the  Englifh 
parliament  made  it  neceffary  to  difbawd  them  ;  and 
to  prevent  the  danger,  Charles  refolved  to  fend  them 
into  fome  foreign  lervice.  France  lay  too  near,  too 
conveniently  fituated   with  regard  to  Ireland ;  and 

Richelieu 

c  Com.  Journ,  1641, 


/^HISTORY    OF    IRELAND.     B.  V. 

Kichelieu  was  fuppofed  as  well  inclined  to  raife  com- 
motions   in  this  kingdom  as  in  Scotland  :    the  com- 
mons too,  at  this   time,  affefted  fears  of  an  invafion 
from  Franced.     The  king  therefore  refolved  to  fend 
thefe  forces  into  Spain,  and  for  this  purpofe  had  ac- 
tually entered   into  treaty  with   the  Spanifh  ambaf- 
fador.   Orders  were  tranfmitted  for  dilbandin?  them ; 
and  the  flate  of  Ireland  was  left  to  provide  the  money 
neceffary  for  this^  purpofe.     By  the  addrels  and  dili- 
gence of  the  king's  friends,  a  fum  was  raifed  not  fuf- 
ficient  to  difchargethe  arrears,  but  fuch  as  at  prefent 
fatisfied  the  foldiery.    The  regulations  for  difmilling 
them  were  fo  providently  made,  and    the   orders  fo 
exadtly  executed,  that  the  whole  body  was  diffo-ived 
without   any  immediate  inconvenience  or  diforder. 
Preparations    were   now  made    for  tranfpc'rting  the 
forces  into  Spain  ;  and  confiderahle  fums  of  money 
expended  for  this  purpofe  by  the  Spanifh  Ambafla- 
dor ;  when  on  a  fudden,  both  the  Irilh  committee  m 
London,    and  the  commons  in  Ireland,    clamoured 
paffionately  againfl:  this  meafurc.     They  urged,  with 
a  plaufible   and  affeded  tendernefs   for  the  interefts 
of  the  crown,  that    thefe   forces  might  be  fent  back 
from  Spain  to  raife  infurredtions  in  Ireland  ;  that  al- 
though the  prefent  king  of  Spain  was  in  amity  with 
his  majefty,  yet   his  grandfather  had   meditated  the 
conqueft  of  this  kingdom,  and  had  been  too  fuccefs- 
ful  in   exciting    the  Irilli    to  rebellion  ;  that  feveral 
heads  of   families,  attainted  in   the  late  reign,  were 
now  entertained  at  the  Spanifh  court,  and  honoured 
with  titles  taken  from  places  in  Ireland,  where  their 
anceflors   had  flouriflied.      They  might  hereafter  be 
appointed  to  command  the  Irifh  troops;  they  might 
lead  them  back    to   alTert   their  antient  claims,  and 
regain  their  forfeited  inheritance. 

If. 

d  Carte, 


Ch.  2.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  g^ 

If  we  may  judge  from  the  event,  it  feems  not  Im- 
probable that  this  clamour  was  induftrioufly  railed, 
and  thele  fpecious  arguments  artfully  fuggefted,  by 
fome  leaders  who  entertained  malignant  defigns 
againll:  the  Englilh  government.  It  was  at  leaft 
highly  favourable  to  the  purpofes  of  fuch  men,  that 
a  number  of  idle,  indigent  fwordfmen,  fhould  be  re- 
tained in  Ireland,  enflamed  with  religious  bigotry 
and  the  pride  of  family,  poflefTed  with  the  barbarous 
ideas  of  chieftainry  and  its  ties ;  with  an  habitual 
averlion  to  the  Englifh  power  j  diftraded  by  the 
clamour  of  public  grievances,  and  ready  for  any  pur-^' 
pofe  of  innovation,  how  defperate  foever.  The 
Englifh  parliament,  infenfible  or  indifferent  to  the 
confequences,  earneftly  adopted  the  fentiments  of  the 
Iri(h  commons,  and  echoed  their  affedted  apprehen- 
fions  of  an  invafion  from  Spain.  They  well  knew 
that  the  king  of  Spain,  even  if  his  prefent  amity 
with  England  were  ever  fo  diffembled,  had  neither 
leifure  nor  power  to  projedt  an  invafion  of  its  domi- 
nions, reduced  as  he  was  by  a  long  war  with  France, 
and  the  late  revolt  of  Portugal  and  Catalonia.  But 
they  mortified  the  king,  and  difplayed  their  own 
power,  by  declaring  that  they  held  it  unfit  to  allow 
any  levies  in  Ireland  for  the  fervice  of  the  king  of 
Spain.  They  flopped  the  tranfports  provided  by 
the  Spanifh  amballador  ;  he  complained  of  the  dif* 
appointment,  and  expence  incurred  by  a  reliance  on 
the  royal  promife  ;  Charles  addreffed  himfelf  to  the 
houfe  of  lords ;  but  parliament  was  inexorable. 
Merchants  were  obliged  to  give  fecurity  that  they 
would  not  tranfport  forces  from  any  part  of  the  king's 
dominions.  The  IrifJi  foldiers  were  left  to  prey  up- 
on their  country,  and  to  be  made  the  inftruments  of 
rebellion. 

\  '  Another 


96    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

Another  particular,  apparently  of  lefs  moment, 
could  not  bat  raife  fome  fulpicion  of  defigns  ao:ainil: 
the   public    peace.     The   popular  fpirit  in  England 
had  been  confiderably  enflamed  by  rumours  of  plots, 
and  extravagant  fuggeftions  of  fome  fudden   danger. 
The  fame  artifice  was  pradtifed  in  Ireland,  and  with 
the   fame  fuccefs.     It  was  rumoured  that  fome  fcr- 
vants  or  dependants  (>f  the  late  earl  of  Strafford  had 
confpired  to  revenge  his  fall,  by  deftroying  the  whole 
Irifh  parliament  at  one  blow  ;   and  for  this  purpofe 
had  lodged  a  magazine   of  gunpowder  under   their 
place  of  fcflion.     Some  leaders  of  both  houfes  affect- 
ed   an  alarm    at   this   intelligence,  and  procured  an 
order   for    a  committee    to  infpedt  the  chambers  of 
the  caftle  of  Dublin,    and  to  fearch  for  powder  and 
ammunition.     Every    place   adjacent  to  the  apart-^ 
ments   occupied    by  the   two  houfes  was   ranfacked 
with   an  extraordinary   care;   but  no  fufpicious  cir- 
cumftance    was    difcovered^     Lord  Macguire,   the 
head  of  this  committee,   a  nobleman,   of  whom  we 
Jliall  have  immediate  occafion  to  fpeak  fully,  was  yet 
unfatisfied  ;  he  difcovered  an  extraordinary  folicitude 
to  be  made  acquainted  with    the  fituation   and  cir- 
cumftances  of  the  ftorcs;  he  lavifhed  his  money  on 
the  officers   and   fervants   to  purchafe  information  : 
yet  without   prevailing:  he  addrelied  himfelf  to  Sir 
John  Borlafe,  one  of  the  lords  juftices  and  mafter  of 
the  ordnance.      He  furprifed  him  with  a  demand  to 
be  admitted  to  the  royal  magazines,  by  virtue  of  an 
order  of  parliament,  and  to  inlpcdt  the  flores.      Bor- 
lafe, in  the  open  honefty  of  a  military  man,  did  not 
poffibly  lufped  any  dtfign   of  feizing  thele    ftores; 
but    the     pretence   for   this    order  was    manifeftly 
groundiels,    and  this  extraordinary    folicitude  to  in- 

^  fped 

e  Dr.  Jcnes' Narrat.  MS.  Trin.  Col.  Dub. 


Ch.  2*  C  H  A  Tl  L  E  S     T.  ^7 

inlpect  the  magazines  wherever  they  were  (ituated, 
did  not  even  correfpond  with  the  pretence.  M  ic- 
gaire  was  mortified  with  a  peremptory  denial. 
*'  The  (tores, "  faid  Borlafe,  **  are  his  majefty's 
**  precious  jewels,  and  not  to  be  expol'ed  to  view 
**  without  ipecial  cauie." 

A  SESSION  of  conliderable  heat  and  violence 
was  protravtled,  in  expectation  of  the  Irifh  commit- 
tees at  length  returning  to  Ireland  with  the  bills 
promifed  by  the  king f.  The  d-jlay  grew  inconve- 
nient and  alarming  tj  the  chief  governours,  who 
dreaded  fome  new  adts  of  violence  from  the  parlia- 
ment. The  foiicitude,  which  this  alTembly  exprefs- 
ed  for  a  continuance  of  their  feilion,  ferved  but  to 
confirm  the  lords  juftices  in  theit  earneftncfs  for  a 
recefs.  The  houfes  adjourned,  in  full  expe*flatioa 
of  profecuting  their  fchemes  of  reformation  in  a  fu- 
ture meeting,  and  apparently  with  a  determined 
purpofe  of  riling  in  their  demands,  and  extorting 
new  concefTions  from  the  throne.  The  time  was 
moft  favourable  to  fuch  defigns  -,  the  Irifh  houfes 
had  difcovered  a  fpirit  and  difcernment  to  embrace 
the  favourable  opportunity.  To  animate  their  hopes, 
the  committees  at  length  arrived,  laden  with  fa- 
vour and  honour.  They  brought  thofe  bills  for 
which  the  parliament  had  repeatedly  and  Orenu- 
oufly  petitioned,  by  which  the  pofTeflions  of  the  fub- 
jedts  were  enfured,  and  all  their  capital  grievances 
redreffed  :  fo  as  to  leave  the  moft  factious  without 
reafonable  excufe ;  to  give  real  fatisfaction  to  thofe 
who  had  afferted  the  rights  of  Irifh  fubjedts  with 
fincerity  and  integrity,  and  to  open  a  fair  profpedl 
of  public  tranquillity  and  national  improvement. 

ToL.  III.  O  C  H  A  P« 

f  Carle. 


98    HISTORY    OF    IRELAND     B.  T, 

CHAP.      III. 

Peace  of  Ireland  fatally  interrupted. — Caufes  and  OC" 
cajions  of  rebellion. — Temper  of  the  mere  Irijlj — and 
eld  'Engliflo. — Their  provocations. — Influence  of  re- 
ligion.— Spirit  and  principles  of  Romijh  ecclefiajiics. 
— Their   pradlices   on   the  continent. — Schemes  of 
infurretiion  difcovered  by  Heber  Mac- Mahon.-- In- 
fluence of  the   Scottip^   infurreBion. — CharaBer  of 
Roger  Moore. — His  connexion   with  young  Tirone, 
— His  praBices  with  Plunket  and  Macguire. — He 
engages    other    Northerns. — -Their    conferences. — 
Their  hopes  of  foreign  Juccours. — They  are  enjiamed 
by  intelligence  from  England. — Propojal  for  feizing 
the  cajlle  of  Dublin. — Sir  Phelim  C/Nial. — Plan  of 
the   con  {piracy. — The  whole    defgn  on  the  point  of 
being   laid  afide. — Zeal  of  Moore  to  revive  it.--' 
Scht-me  of  proceeding  in  Dublin — and  in  the  coun- 
try.— Fantajlical  projeBs    of  fome  confpirators. — 
Affembly   at  the  abbey  of  Multijerna?n. — Confpira- 
tors repair   to  Dublin. — Their    confultation  on  the 
twenty -fecond  of  OBober.  —  Supinefs  of  government. 
Information  of  Sir  William  Cole   negleBed  --Owen 
O Connolly.     His  conference  with  Mac-Mahon. — 
His  i? format  ion  to  Sir   William   Parjons.-- Council 
cfjembled  at  the  houfe  of  Sir  John  Borlafe.-- Mac- 
Mahon  feized  and  examined,— Lord  Macguire  de- 
teBed  and  fecured.  -  -  Efcape  of  their  affociates.  -  -  Sir 
Francis  Willoughby.—His  advice.— His  zeal  and 
affiduity. — Corfu fion  in  Dublin. --Falfe  rumours. — 
Stratage?n  of  Sir  John  Temple.— Meafures  for  the 
public  defence.— Lords  of  the  Pale  apply  for  arms. — 
Anfwer  ofthejujiices  and  council. —  The  proclama- 
tion of  governrnent  offenfive  to  the  lords  of  the  Pale. 
Second  Proclamation, '^'Difpatches  to  the  king,  and 

to 


Ch.  3-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  99 

to  the  earl  of  Leice/ier.—Succeffes  of  the  rebels  in 

Uljier. — Proceedings  in  Cavan  and  Longford.- -Er- 

rour  of  the  Englijh, — Their  calamities. — Rancour ous 
fpirit  of  the  rebels. — Their  pretended  commi/Jion  from 

the  king .  -  -  Theirfubfequent  manifejlo .  -  -  Remonjl  ranee 
from  Longford' —Oppoftion  given   to  the  rebels. — 

Difpatches  and  Jupplies  from  the  king.--0'Nial 
foiled  and  dijgraced— Defeat  ojtherebels  at  Li/burn. 

Horrid  cruelties  of  the  rebels.  —Mafacre  z«  Is  land 

Magee, 

TH  E  Interval  of  that  recefsS,  to  which  ths 
Irifh  parliament  had  reludantly  fubmitted, 
proved  an  important  period;  diftinguiflied  by 
a  defperate  confpiracy  and  infurredlion.  The  hopes 
conceived  from  a  peace  of  forty  years,  from  the  gra- 
dual improvement  of  the  nation,  from  the  adivity  of 
its  parliament,  from  the  favourable  difpofition  of  the 
king,  from  the  temper  of  the  Englifh  parliament, 
were  in  an  inftant  confounded  j  and  the  calamities  of 
former  times  revived  in  all  their  bitternefs. 

It  is  difficult,  if  not  impoffible,  for  a  fubje6t  of 
Ireland  to  write  of  the  tranfadions,  now  to  be  ex- 
plained, without  offending  fome,  or  all  of  thofe  dif- 
cordant  parties,  who  have  been  habituated  to  view 
them  through  the  medium  of  their  paffions  and  pre- 
pofleffions.  The  fufferings  of  their  anceftors  may 
have  been  (hockingly  aggravated,  or  their  offences 
fallacioufly  extenuated.  But  it  is  not  to  be  expect- 
ed from  the  hiflorian,  that  the  allegations  of  their 
feveral  partizans  Ihould  be  minutely  ftated,  difcuffed 
and  confuted.  It  is  his  part  to  form  a  general  narra- 
tive upon  the  befl  information  to  be  obtained,  with 

O  2  an 

%  g  A.  D.   i64u 


100    H  T  S  T  O  R  Y  O  F  T  R  E  L  A  N  D.     B.  V. 

an  attention  fteadily  confined  to  truth,  without  flat- 
tering the  prejudices,  or  fearing  the  relentments  of 
fed^s  or  parties.  A  rapturous  encomium  on  the  pre- 
sent happinefs  and  tranquilHty  of  the  nation,  might 
\>e  afFecftingly  contrafted  by  fome  animated  descrip- 
tion of  Succeeding  miferies  and  enormities.  But 
it  will  be  lefs  dangerous,  and  pothbly  more  candid, 
to  confine  ourlelves  within  the  fober  bounds  of  hif- 
tory;  and  firft  to  trace  the  caufes  and  occafions  of  a 
rebellion,  whofe  efted-s  have  been  important  and 
permanent  ;  and  do  not  ceafe  to  operate  even  at  this 
day,  alter  a  laple  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  years. 

The  victories  of  Elizabeth  in  Ireland  left  her  fuc- 
cefl^or  to  the  exercife  of  his  political  and  legiflative 
abihtiesin  this  part  of  his  dominions.  But  neither 
arms  nor  policy  can  at  once  form  men's  pafilons  and 
fentiments  by  a  new  model,  or  extinguifli  every 
fpark  of  national  prejudice  and  animofity.  Through 
the  beft  governed  and  moft  civilized  parts  of  Ireland, 
they  produced  an  exteriour  of  peace  and  reformation. 
Yet  even  thefe  parts  harboured  numbers  of  the  old 
Irifh  race,  attached  to  the  remains  of  their  refpec- 
tive  tribes,  Smarting  with  remembrance  of  their 
Sufferings,  and  habituated  to  regard  the  Englifli  go- 
vernment as  an  injurious  uSurpation.  In  remoter 
dii^ricl:s,  the  old  inhabitants  retained  their  original 
manners  more  avowedly,  and  were  leSs  careful  to 
diffcmble  their  reSentments. 

Their  averfion  extended,  though  with  leSs   in- 
veteracy, to  the  old  Englifh  race  Settled    for  feveral 
centuries  in  their  country ;  and   in    their  profperity  ' 
^hey  made  little  Scruple  to  exprefs  it.     Of  this  r^ce, 
numbers  had  united  with   the  rebel- earl  of  Tirone. 

In 


Ch.  3-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  loi 

In  the  pride  of  vidory  he  boafted,  that  every  man  of 
Enghlh  birth  ihould  be  exterminated  from  every 
part  of  Ireland  hi  and  to  the  aftoniihment  of  his  old 
Englith  confederates,  he  infolently  afliired  them,  that 
they  alio  were  to  expedf  the  lame  fate ;  or  if  any  of 
them  fhould  be  fuffered  f:o  remain,  they  were  to  be- 
come menial  fervants  to  the  Iri£h,  the  only  rightful 
inheritors  of  the  land. 

But  fuch  occafional  effufions  of  infolence  v/ere 
not  fufficient  to  eftrange  the  old  Engli/h  from  the  o- 
riginal  natives,  or  to  po/fefs  them  with  that  detefta- 
tion  of  the  mere  IrifL,  "which  they  who  treat  of  the 
prefent  period  fometim.es  afcribe  to  them.  They 
for  the  molt  part  fpake  the  Irifh  language  j  they 
had  all,  in  fome  degrt^e,  adopted  Iriih  manwers. 
Both  races  were  intermixed  by  marriages  ;  they  were 
united  by  religion  ;  and  they  complained  of  the  fame 
grievances.  By  the  new  adventurers,  employed  in 
the  fervi'ce  of  ihe  crown,  both  were  regarded  indif- 
criminateiy  as  one  people  equally  dilaffedted,  and 
dangerous  to  the  Eng'liili  intereft.  Thefe  men, 
who  had  raifed  large  fortunes  in  Ireland,  and  fre- 
quently upon  the  ruin  of  the  old  natives,  aited:ed 
to  be  confidered  as  the  only  loyal  fubje<fl:s  of  the 
realm  j  and  artfully  contrived  that  even  the  mod  re- 
fpedable  of  the  old  Engliih  families  £liould  be  re- 
garded by  the  crown  with  fufpicion,  and  excluded 
from  every  oiHce  of  truil;  or  honour.  The  earl  of 
Strafford  proceeded  yet  further,  ft  was  his  prufefTsd 
policy  to  break  all  fadfious  combinations,  to  mortify 
•all  popular  leaders,  arjd  to  convince  the  proudell 
amonglT:  them,  that  no  power  in  Ireland  ihould 
(land  in  competition  with  the  king's  vice-gerent. 
But  he   purfu^d  this   policy  without   temper  or  dif- 

cretion, 
|i  Chicheller's  State  Papers,  MS.  Trin  Col.  Dub, 


102    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  Vj 

cretion.  He  was  ever  impatient  to  exprefs  his  (corn 
of  the  old  Englifh  race  j  he  ftudioufly  denied  their 
nobles  that  relped:  and  attention,  to  which  they  had 
been  ufed  in  former  times^ ;  he  told  thofe  men, 
whofe  anceftors  had  acquired  the  dominion  of  Ire- 
land by  their  blood,  that  they  were  a  conquered 
people,  diverted  of  all  political  rights,  and  dependent 
folely  on  the  royal  pleafure. 

The  profefTed  policy  of  James  was  to  unite 
the  inhabitants  of  Ireland,  and  for  ever  to  aboliili  all 
odious  diftin^tions.  The  real  policy  of  his  minif- 
ters,  and  their  fucceflbrs,  was  to  dilHnguifli  them 
into  two  parties,  that  of  loyal  and  affeftionate 
fubjedts,  containing  only  the  late  adventurers  and 
fervants  of  the  crown  ;  and  that  of  the  diflaffedted 
and  dangerous,  including  all  the  reft  of  the  in- 
habitants. The  people  thus  infulted,  were  fpi- 
rited  and  proud ;  and  there  was  an  inf^.tuated  folly, 
as  well  as  a  barbarous  iniquity,  in  provoking 
them  yet  further  by  injuftice  and  oppreffion. 
The  northern  plantation,  however  juftified,  and 
well  devifed,  was  an  objedt  neceffarily  offcnfive  to 
the  pride  and  prejudices  of  the  old  Irifh  ;  and  thofe 
among  them  who  fubmitted  and  accepted  their  por- 
tion of  lands,  complained  that  in  many  inftances 
they  had  been  fcandaloufly  defrauded.  The  revival 
of  obfolete  claims  of  the  crown,  harraffing  of  pro- 
prietors by,  fictions  of  law,  difpoffeffing  them  by 
fraud  and  circumvention,  and  all  the  various  artifices 
of  iuterefted  agents  and  minifters,  were  naturally 
irritating;  and  the  public  difcontents  muft  have  been 
further  enflamed  by  the  infincerity  of  Charles,  in 
evading  the  confirmation  of  his  graces, the  infolence 
of  Strafford  in  openly  rcfufing  it ,-  together  with  the 

nature 

iRulhwonh.  Trial  of  Strafford. 


Ch.  3-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  103 

nature  and  manner  of  his   proceedings   againfl  the 
proprietors  of  Connaught. 

To  the  influence  of  national  prejudices  and  grie- 
vances in  eilranging  the  people  from  Englifh  govern- 
ment, we  are  to  add  the  powerful  operation  of  reli- 
gious principles  and  prepoiTeffions.  Far  the  greater 
number  of  inhabitants  were  obftinately  devoted  to 
popery,  provoked  and  mortified  by  the  penal  ftatu- 
tes  of  Elizabeth,  and  impatient  of  the  odious  difqua- 
lifications  impofed  upon  them.  Thefe  ftatutes  indeed 
had  not  been  generally  enforced  in  their  full  rigour. 
Sometimes,  however,  the  infolence  of  popifh  eccle- 
fiaftics  provoked  the  execution  of  them ;  fometimes 
the  terrour  of  them  was  ufed  as  a  political  engine  to 
extort  conceflions  from  the  popifh  party j  and  in 
either  cafe,  there  was  pretence  fufficient  for  exciting 
popular  clamour.  The  Romifh  clergy  had  that  in- 
fluence even  over  the  gentry  of  their  communion, 
with  which  they  are  invefted  by  the  tenets  of  their 
religion  -,  the  ignorant  herd  of  papifts  they  governed 
at  their  pleafure.  They  had  received  their  educa- 
tion, and  imbibed  their  principles  in  foreign  femi- 
naries,  particularly  of  France  and  Spain.  Hence 
they  returned  to  Ireland,  bound  folemnly  to  the 
pope  in  an  unlimited  fubmiffion,  without  profeffion, 
or  bond  of  allegiance  to  the  king  ;  full  fraught  with  ■ 
thofe  abfurd  and  pefl:ilent  doctrines,  which  the 
moderate  of  their  own  communion  profefled  to 
abominate  j  of  the  univerfal  monarchy  of  the  pope, 
as  well  civil  as  fpiritual ;  of  his  authority  to  excom- 
municate and  depofe  princes,  to  abfolve  fubjedts 
from  their  oaths  of  allegiance,  and  to  difpenfe  with 
every  law  of  God  and  man;  to  fandify  rebellion  and 
murder,  and  even  to  change  the  very  nature  and 
eflential  differences  of  vice  and  virtue.     Witt  this, 

and 


104    HISTORY    OF    IRELAND.    B.  V^: 

and  other  impious  ^rumpery  of  Tchools  and  councils, 
they  filled  their  fuperftitious  votaries,  "  contrary," 
faith  WaKh,  the  lri(h  Francircan,^  **  to  the  letter, 
*'  {enk,  and  defi^?^n  of  the  Gofpel,  the  writings  of 
**  the  apoftks,  and  the  commentaries  of  their  fuc- 
**  ceflbrs,  to  the  belief  of  the  Christian  church  for 
**  ten  ages,  and  moreover,  to  the  ciearelt  dictates  of 
**  nature." 

Ecclesiastics  of  fuch  a  fpirit  and  fuch 
principles  were  fuffered  to  ere6l  a  fpiritual  jurifdic- 
tion  in  Ireland*,  exerciled  under  the  papal  authority, 
generally  with  connivance,  fometimes  under  the 
proted:ion  of  popiili  magiftrates,  (for  fuch  men  had 
in  fome  inftances  been  admitted  tr  magi (1  nicies,  with- 
out taking  the  oath  of  fupremacy).  But  thib  jurifdic- 
tion  was  precarious,  fubjed:  to  the  reftraint  and  ani- 
madverfion  of  the  civil  power,  and  therefore  little 
fuited  to  the  ideas  of  clerical  authority  formed  in 
countries,  where  popery  was  legally  eilablifhed.  The 
ftate  connived  at  the  private  exercife  of  their  reli- 
gious rites  and  devotions.  But  their  imaginations 
were  forcibly  imprcffed  with  that  pomp  of  religion, 
which  they  had  feen  in  foreign  countries.  They  had 
been  witnelTes  of  the  grandeur  of  foreign  prelates, 
the  reverence  paid  to  all  orders  of  their  clergy,  their 
noble  endowments,  and  comfortable  revenues.  They 
were  mortified  at  their  own  fituation,  the  difguife 
and  fecrecy  to  which  they  were  reduced,  the  icanty 
and  dependent  fubfiftence,  which  they  were  impa- 
tient to  exchange  tor  the  eftablifhed  income  of  the 
proteftant  clergy.  Small  as  it  was  at  this  timfe,  yet 
in  their  hands  it  might  be  ccnfiderably  improved  by 
the  fuperllition  of  the  laity,  and  the  tcrrour  of  ec- 
clefiaftical  cenfures. 

It 

k  Walfh's  Irllh  RemonftrancQ,  DedicaW.  1    Carte.  Orcae, 


CL  3:  C  FI  A  R  L  E  S    I.  105 

I  T  were  frultlefs  and  abfurd  to  attempt  tlie  grati- 
fication of  their  defires  in  any  way  but  that  of  arms  and 
infurredion.  In  foreign  countries  they  found  num- 
bers of  their  countrymen,  the  offspring  or  followers 
of  rebel  chieftains,  who  werecarefTed  and  employed. 
They  had  little  difficulty  in  inflaming  fuch  men 
with  the  remembrance  of  their  family  grandeur,  the 
brave  efforts  of  their  fathers  in  the  caule  of  religion 
and  liberty,  (for  fuch  was  the  language  obvious  to 
be  ufed)  their  prefent  (late  of  deprellion,  and  the 
hopes  of  executing  an  effedual  vengeance  on  their* 
Englifh  oppreiTors.  By  the  affiflance  of  thefe  their 
countrymen,  or  by  the  merit  of  being  fufferers  for 
religion,  feveral  of  them  gained  accefs  to  miniflers 
I  of  flate.  To  thefe  they  magnified  the  ftrength  of 
the  Irifh  catholics,  reprefented  them  as  impatient  to 
take  arms  for  the  faith,  folicited  fuccours  for  the 
pious  undertaking,  and  fometimes  received  no  un- 
favourable anfwers.  Elevated  by  any  marks  of  atten- 
tion, and  conceiving  fanguine  hopes  from  the 
flightefl  intimations  of  favour  and  encouragement, 
they  difpatched  their  emiffaries  into  Ireland,  to  prac- 
tife  with  the  old  Irifh.  The  old  Irifh,  proud,  querul- 
ous, violent,  unemployed,  difdainingevery  profeffion 
but  that  of  arms,  were  eafily  roufed  to  any  defperate 
attempt.  Confultations  were  held,  correfpondencies 
condudled  and  carried  on,  fchemes  of  infurredtion 
formed ;  and  fo  early  as  the  year  1634,  Heber  Mac- 
Mahon,  a  Romifh  ecclefiaflic,  gave  information  to 
lord  Strafford  of  a  general  infurredion  intended  in 
Ireland,  to  be  affifted  from  abroad  ;  and  that  he 
himfelf  had  been  long  employed  in  foreign  courts, 
foliciting  fupplies  for  fuch  an  undertaking.  Strafford 
was  contented  with  taking  the  neceffary  precautions 

for 

Vol.  III.  P 


106   HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

for  fecurity,  without  alarming  the  nation ;  and  pro- 
viding that  the  practices  of  the  Irifh  in  foreign 
courts  (hould  be  flridly  watched,  and  faithfully 
reported.  Rumours  of  confpiracy  lightly  propagat- 
ed, and  attended  by  no  apparent  confequences,  ferv- 
ed  to  confirm  the  confidence  of  Irifh  government, 
and  to  render  it  infenfible  to  real  danger.  The  fpirit 
of  rebellion  was  reftrained,  but  not  fuppreffedby  the 
vigilance  of  Strafford  ;  the  feverity  of  his  adminiflra- 
tion  encreafed  its  acrimony. 

While  the  paffions  of  the  Irifh  were  thus 
dangcroufly  agitated,  the  male-contents  of  Scotland, 
by  their  fpirited  and  determined  efforts  in  the  caufe 
of  religion,  and  for  the  redrefs  of  civil  grievances, 
by  their  refolution  in  taking  arms,  by  the  progrefs 
and  fuccefs  of  their  irruption  into  England,  feemed 
to  reproach  the  fupinenefs  of  their  neighbours,  and 
to  challenge  them  to  a  bold  emulation  of  their  con- 
duct. }f  the  Scots  were  fuffered  to  eflablifh  a  new 
religion,  the  Irifh  deemed  it  more  meritorious,  and 
lefs  offenfive,  to  labour  for  the  reftoration  of  an 
ancient  model;  if  the  Scots  complained  of  temporal 
grievances,  thofe  of  the  Irifli  were  more  affliding; 
if  the  valour  of  the  Scots  had  extorted  the  amplcll: 
conceffions,  it  was  fhameful  for  the  Iriih  to  refign 
the  palm  of  valour.  Such  were  the  fentiments  which 
popifh  emiffaries  were  now  remarkably  induflrious 
to  propagate.  They  held  their  confultations,  and 
formed  their  fchemes  of  infurredion  on  the  cour  j 
tinent ;  their  ecclefiaflical  agents  were  poured  into  i 
Ireland  ,•  and  fo  unguarded  was  their  zeal,  that  their 
motions  were  not  unnoticed"*.  The  Englifh  minif- 
ters  foon  preceived  an  unufual  ferment  among  the 
Irifh  in  foreign  countries,  they  received  fecret  inti- 
mations 

aa  Carte,  vol.  III.  Xiett.  xviii.^ 


Ch.  3-  CHARLES    I.  107 

mations  of  fome  confpiracy  now  forming,  they  con- 
veyed the  intelligence  to  their  court ;  and  Vane,  the 
fecretary,  was  direded  to  acquaint  the  Irilh  lords 
juflices  "  that  there  had  pafTed  from  Spain,  and 
**  other  parts,  an  unfpeakable  number  of  Irifh 
**  churchmen  for  England  and  Ireland ;  and  fomc 
"  good  old  foldiers,  under  the  pretext  of  railing 
*<  levies  for  the  king  of  bpain  ;  and  that  it  was  whif- 
*'  pered  by  the  Iriih  friars  in  that  kingdom,  that  a 
•■**  rebellion  was  fhortly  expeded  in  Ireland,  particu- 
'**  larly  in  Connaught."  It  doth  not  appear  that 
any  meafures  were  taken  by  the  juflices  in  confc- 
quence  of  this  precaution  ;  although  the  danger  was 
approaching  to  their  very  door  :  the  enemies  of  go- 
vernment were  now  giving  fome  form  to  their  de- 
sign ;  and  the  addrefs  and  abilities  of  one  man  con- 
ducing it  to  the  point  of  final  execution. 

.  RogerMoore  was  thehead  of  a  once  power- 
-ful  Irifh  family  of  Leinfter".  His  anceftprs,  in  the 
reign  of  Mary,  had  been  expelled  from  their  princely 
pofTeffions,  by  violence  and  fraud ;  and  their  fept 
harraffed  and  almoft  extirpated  by  military  execu- 
tion. Their  remains  were  diftinguifhed  by  an  here- 
ditary hatred  of  the  Enghfh,  which  O'Moore  of 
queen  Elizabeth's  reign,  exprelTed  by  the  violence 
and  obftinacy  of  his  hoftilities.  The  refentment  of 
Roger  was  equally  determined  ;  irritated,  as  he  was, 
by  the  fufFerings  of  his  anceftors,  his  own  indigence 
and  deprefiion,  and  the  mortifying  view  of  what  he 
called  his  rightful  inheritance  pofTcfTed  by  ftrangers, 
rioting  in  the  fpoils  of  his  family.  But  his  con- 
duit was  cautious  and  deliberate  j  for  he  had  judg- 
ment, penetration,  and  a  refinement  of  manners  un- 
known to  his  predecefTors.     He  was  allied  by  inter- 

P   2  marriagcf 

n  Carte.  Ann.  MS. 


loS    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND;    B.  V. 

marriages  to  fevcral  of  the  old  Englifli,  and  lived  in 
intimacy  with  the  moft  civilized  and  nobleft  of  their 
race.  Some  part  of  his  youth  had  been  fpent  on 
the  continent,  where  his  manners  were  ftill  further 
poliflied,  and  his  hatred  of  the  Englifh  power  con- 
iirmed,  by  an  intercourfe  with  his  exiled  country- 
men. He  attached  himfelf  particularly  to  the  fon 
of  the  rebel  earl  of  Tirone,  Vv'ho  had  obtained  a 
regiment  in  Spain,  and  who  was  carefTed  at  the  court. 
Jt  was  natural  for  fuch  companions  to  dwell  on  the 
calamities  of  their  fathers,  their  brave  efforts  in  the 
caufd  of  their  countrymen,  and  the  hopes  of  ftill  re- 
viving the  antient  fplendour  of  their  families.  With 
fuch  men,  in  fuch  a  place,  an  averfion  to  that  power, 
which  had  fubverted  all  the  old  eftabiilhments  in 
Ireland,  was  heroic  patriotifm.  The  fpirit  of  Moore 
was  on  fire.  He  vowed  to  make  one  brave  effort 
for  the  reftoration  of  his  brethren,  was  applauded 
by  his  affociate,  and  returned  to  Ireland,  totally 
engaged  by  the  bold  defign. 

From  the  moment  that  the  idea  had  firft  dawn- 
ed in  his  mindo,  Moore  wifely  contrived  by  every 
poffible  m.eans  to  conciliate  the  efteem  and  affedion 
of  the  native  Irifh  :  he  had  the  qualities  mofl  effec- 
tual for  this  purpofe  ;  a  perfon  remarkably  graceful, 
an  afped;  of  dignity,  a  courteous  and  infinuating  ad- 
drefs,  a  quick  difcernment  of  men's  characters,  and 
a  pliancy  in  adapting  himfelf  to  their  fentiments  and 
paffions.  The  old  Irifli  beheld  the  gallant  reprefen- 
tative  of  one  of  their  diflinguifhed  families,  with  an* 
extravagance  of  rapture  and  affection  ;  they  regarded 
him  as  their  glory  and  their  protediion  ;  they  celebrat- 
ed him  in  their  fongs  ;  and  it  became  a  proverbial 
expretlion,  that  their  dependence  was  on  Gcd,  our 
I^ady,  and  Roger  Moore.  H  -- 

e  Carte. 


p 


Ch.,  3.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  109 


He  proceeded  to  pra6tire  cautioufly  with  his 
friends  and  kinfmen,  and  by  fomenting  their  difcon- 
tents  and  alarming  their  fears,  to  lead  them  gradual- 
ly into  his  defign.  Among  thefe  was  Richard  Plun- 
ket,  younger  fon  of  that  Sir  Chriilopher  Plunket, 
who,  in  the  government  of  Chichefter,  was  a  diilin- 
o-aifhed  leader  of  oppoiition  in  the  Irifh  parliame.nt; 
a  man  well  defccnded  and  alHed.  He  had  been  bred 
,  in  England,  obtained  a  military  command  in  Flan- 
■  ders,  was  diftinguiflied  and  advanced;  he  had  a 
politenefs  which  recommended  him  to  his  numerous 
connediions,  and  a  plaufibility  which  enabled  him  to 
influence  and  govern  them.  Vain  in  his  temper, 
indigent  in  his  fortune,  and  bigoted  in  religion,  he 
was  a  fit  inftrument  for  Moore.  The  artful  con- 
fpirator  exaggerated  the  infults  which  the  whole 
nation  had  fuilained  from  the  oppreffive  government 
!i  of  Strafford,  enumerated  all  the  public  grievances, 
I'  lamented  the  tedious  and  ineffectual  mealures  taken 
for  redrefs,  extolled  the  gallantry  of  the  Scots,  who 
had  at  once  eftablifhed  their  religion  and  liberties, 
condemned  the  fupinenefs  of  his  own  countrymen, 
who  inftead  of  making  a  brave  effort  worthy  of  their 
valour,  at  a  juncture  the  mofl  favourable  to  fuch  a 
purpofe,  waited  with  fubmiflion,  until  the  puritanic 
party  of  England  and  Scotland  fhould  utterly  extir- 
pate the  Roman  catholic  religion  from  every  quarter 
of  the  king's  dominions.  Such  fuggcflions  had  an 
inllant  effedt  on  the  mind  of  Plunket :  he  reiigned 
himfelf  to  the  direction  of  his  kinfman,  and  became 
an  adtive  agent  in  his  confpiracy. 

N  o  great  difnculty  wasappreherded  in  gaining  the 
leaders  oftheUiiler  IriOip,  who  had  been  to  fevere- 

ly 

p  Carte. 


no    HISTORY   OF    IRELAND.   B.  V.- 

ly  chaftifed  by  the  arms  of  Elizabeth,  and  fo  gricv- 
oufly  delpoiled  by  the  plantations  of  James. — Of 
thefe,  Moore  firft  applied  to  Connor  Macguire,  ba- 
ron of  Innifkillen.  This  lord  was  regarded  as  chief- 
tan,  by  the  remains  of  his  fept  ftill  left  in  the  county 
of  Fermanagh.  His  anceftor  had  forfeited  in  the 
rebellion  uf  Tirone  ;  part  of  the  forfeited  lands  had 
been  reftored  to  his  grand-father  for  good  fervices, 
and  deicended  to  the  prefent  lord,  a  youth  of  mean 
underftanding,  and  a  licentious  and  expenfive  life, 
already  overwhelmed  with  debts,  proud  and  impatient 
of  his  diftrefs.  Moore  reminded  him  of  the  antient 
afflutnce  and  fplendour  of  his  family,  pathetically  la- 
mented his  prefent  difficulties,  inveighed  againftthat 
power  which  had  defpoiled  the  old  and  rightful  poflef- 
ffors  of  the  ifland,  andplanted  a  race  of  aliens  and  fore- 
ignerson  their  patrimony.  The  Englifh  government, 
heobferved  was  now  become  univerfally  odious;  that 
all  the oldinhabitantsof  Ireland,  as  wellof  theEnglifh 
as  Jrifhrace,  wereimpatientof  theirnumerousoppref- 
fions;  and  furely  no  juncture  could  bemore  favourable 
than  the  prefent,  for  a  brave  attempt  to  affert  their  liber- 
ties and  regain  their  inheritance*'  When  fuch  ge- 
neral intimations  proved  infuffiicient,  he  demanded 
an  oath  of  fecrecy  from  Maguire;  q  and  under  this 
feal  aflured  him  that  he  had  conferred  with  feveral 
of  the  beft  quality  in  Leinfter,  as  well  as  with  num- 
bers in  Connaught,  on  the  fcheme  of  a  general  in- 
furredion;  that  he  found  them  ready  to  engage, 
provided  the  Irifh  of  Uliler  would  unite  in  the  de- 
iign  ;  a  defign  which  would  reflore  him  to  the  pof- 
feffions,  and  eftablifli  the  religion  ot  his  ancef- 
tors,  unlefs  he  fliould  meanly  lubmit  to  his  prefent 
diftrefs,  and  fuffer  the  Englifh  parliament  to  extend 
their  perfecution  of  the  Catholics   into  Ireland,  and 

exterminate 


Ch.  3-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  m 

exterminate  every  profelTor  of  the  Romifli  faith.  His 
artifice  at  length  prevailed;  and  with  ftill  greater 
eafe,  he  wrought  to  his  purpofes  three  other  Iiirhmen 
of  the  northern  province,  Mac-Mahon,  Philip  Reily, 
and  Torlagh,  brother  of  Sir  Phelim  O'Nial  the  moft 
confiderable  of  his  name  and  lineage  now  refidcntm 
Ulfter. 

I  N  his  conferences  with  thefe  new  afTociates,  ^  he 
obferved,  that  a  general  infurredlion  might  be  eafily 
efFcded,  in  the  prefent  difordered  ftate  of  England 
and  Scotland,  and  when  fuch  numbers  of  their 
kinfmen  and  followers  were  in  arms,  and  wotild 
gladly  revolt  to  their  natural  leaders;  thac  the  time 
of  execution  fliould  be  chofen  at  the  approach  of 
winter,  when  no  fuccours  could  be  fent  from  Eng- 
land ',  that  each  iLould  pradlife  with  his  own  friends; 
and  as  there  was  no  doubt  of  receiving  aid  from 
abroad,  they  fhould  notify  their  refolutions  to  the 
Irifli  on  the  continent.  The  northern  confpirators 
cautioudy  infifted  on  the  necefllty  of  being  fully  and 
particularly  afTured  of  foreign  fuccours  before  any 
meafures  (hould  be  hazarded  on  their  part,  except 
that  of  founding  the  difpofitions  of  their  countrymen. 
Moore,  who  was  impatient  of  delay,  laboured  to 
convince  them  of  the  futility  of  a  tedious  application 
to  individuals,  all  friends  to  their  deiign,  and  ready 
to  rife  in  arms  on  the  firft  alarm.  Even  the  inhabi-' 
tants  of  the  Pale,  he  obferved,  would  readily  follow 
the  example  of  the  native  Irifli,  or  at  leaft  would 
ftand  neuter  in  the  public  commotion;  that  the 
fcheme  had  been  already  communicated  to  fcveral 
perfdns  of  power ;  that  one  leader  was  engaged  who 
could  command  an  extenlive  diftridt  :  and  when 
urgently  prefled  to  declare   him,    he  named  lord 

Mayo, 
r  Nalfon, 


JI2     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND     B.  V. 

Mayo,  defcended  from  a  branch  of  the  degenerate 
De  Burghs,  and  of  an  extenfive  following  in  the 
weftern  province. 

To  quicken  the  rcfolutions  and  animate  the  hopes 
of  thele  conipirators.  there  now  arrived  opportunely 
ifrom  Spain  an  emiffary  from  the  earl  of  Tirone,  as 
he  vj'AS  called,  with  affurances,  to  all  of  his  name 
and  kindred,  of  arms,  money,  and  ammunition, 
from  Cardinal  Richelieu,  and  inftrudtions  to  hold 
themfclves  in  readinefs  for  an  inlurrecftion.  He  was 
directed  to  inform  the  earl  that  the  month  of  Odo- 
ber  was  fixed  for  the  timeofrifmg,  and  to  defire 
that.all  the  foreign  fuccours  mieht  then  be  in  readi- 
nefs.  In  their  preientagitation,  they  were  not  damped 
by  a  Hidden  rumour  of  the  death  of  young  Tirone. 
They  ini^ruded  their  meffenger,  that  if  the  report 
fhould  be  confirmed, he  fliould  addrefs  himfelf  to 
another  of  the  fame  family  in  the  Low  Countries, 
colonel  Owen  O'Nial,  to  acquaint  him  with 
the  meafures  concerted  in  Ireland,  and  to  defire 
his  afliftance  and  diredlion  ;  and  particularly  that  he 
would  continue  the  negociation  with  the  cardinal  of 
France,    and  fecure  the  fuccours  he  had   promifed. 

The  fpirits  of  the  male-contentsf,  even  of  thofe 
not  ad:ually  engaged  in  the  confpiracy,  were  fi:ill  fur- 
ther enflamed  by  new  intelligence  received  about 
this  time,  of  terrible  proclamations  ilTued  againfl 
the  catholics  of  England,  and  the  denunciations  of 
the  Scots  againft  all  of  their  communion.  Fears  of 
extirpation  by  the  fanatic,  fury  of  the  puritans, 
were  lerioufly  conceived  bv  fome,  and  afFed:ed  and 
propagated  by  the  more  defigning.  They  pofiefi'ed 
mens  minds   with    the  imagination   of  a   Scottirti 

army, 

f  Nalfoa. 


iCL  j;  c  h  a  r  l  e  s  I.  113 

army,  In  all  the  phrenfy  of  religious  zeal,  ready  to 
iland  on   the  Irifli  fhores,    and  to  perfecute  the  Ro- 
man ifts  with  Iword  and  fire.     Even  the  loyal  catho- 
lics were  alarmed  at  the  thought  of  fending  the  dif- 
banded   [rilh  army  into  foreign   fervice,    when    the 
regal  authority,  as  well  as  their  religion,  was  in  dan- 
ger. The  confpirators  had  obvious  reafons  for  infill— 
ing  on  the  detention   of  thefe  troops.      Hence    the 
violent   clamours  of  the  Irifh  commons,  and  the  re- 
monftrance  againil  fending  them  to  Spaing   On  intel- 
ligence of  the  king's    permillion   to  levy    troops  in 
Ireland  for  the  Spanish  fervice,  Plunket,  the  alTociate 
of  Moore,    Hugh  Byrne,  a  defperate  male-content, 
whofe  father  had  been  opprefled  and  deprived  of  his 
lands  by  Parfons  the  lordjuflice,  and  a  third  officer 
of  the  name  of  O'Nial,  undertook  to  levy  and  tran- 
fport  fome  forces  for  this  purpofe ;  and,  though  un- 
authorized by   the  king,  were  unnoticed,  or  at  lead 
unreftrained  by  Irhh  government.   Sir  James  Dillon, 
a  man  of  honourable  family  of  the  old  Englifli  race, 
pretended  to  be  engaged  in  the  fame  fervice.     Thefe 
officers  were  already  involved  in  the  general  fcheme 
of  infurred:ion  -,  and  being  all  zealous  catholics,  ex- 
prefled   the   utmoft    horrour  and  deteftation  at  the 
ieverities  denounced  againft   their  religion   in  Eng- 
land   and    Scotland.     In    their   fecret  confultations 
they  laboured  to  animate  their  affociates:    they  pro- 
pofed  to  employ  the  forces  they  fhould  raife  in  the 
caufe  of  their  brethren,  and  defence  of  their  religion; 
and  promifed  to  feize  the  caftle  of  Dublin,   with  all 
the  king's  (lores,    arms,    and  ammunition,  provided 
•that  the  infurredion  fl:iould  be  general,  and  efpecially 
that  the  Iridi  of  Ulder   Ihould    fupport  them  by   a 
fpirited  concurrence. 

Vol.  IlL  Q_        A  desperate 

i  Carte. 


114    HISTORY   OF    IRELAND.    B.  V. 

A  DESPERATE  and  dangerous  partizan,  of  the 
northern  province,  was  about  this  time  engaged  in 
the  confpiracyn;    Sir  Phelim  O'Nial  of  Kinnard 
in  the  county  of  Tirone.      He  had  been  educated  in 
Lincoln's  Inn,  and  in  his  youth  profefled  the  protef- 
tant  reHgion  i  but  returned  to  popery,  and  the  rude- 
nefs  of  an  Iriih  life,  on  fettling  in  his  native  country. 
His  family    had   been  treated   w^ith  no  fe verity   by 
government;  nor  deprived  of  any  of  their  polTeirions. 
On   the  contrary,    their    lands  had  been  fecured  to 
them  by  their  loyalty  and  good  fervices,    and  by  a 
new  patent  were  confirmed  to  Sir  Phelim.      With  a 
mean    underftanding,  and  a  fenfual  and  brutal  tem- 
per, he  took  pofTeffion  of  his  eilate,    before   he  had 
acquired  judgment  or  difcretion  to  condud:  himfelf, 
and  of  confeqUence  was  foon  involved  in  all  the  dif- 
ficulties arifing  from  a  licentious  and  diffipated  life* 
His  name  and  family,  however,  gave  him  a  confider- 
able  influence  over   the  mere  Irifli  of  his  province  ; 
ti'hich   was    encreafed    by  the  death  of  the  young 
Tirone,  of  Spain,   at  firft  lightly  reported,  but  foon 
confirmed.     This  event  left  him  in  an  uncontefted 
rank  of  cdnfequence  among  his  kindred  and  depen- 
dents,'chieftain  of  the  extenfive  and  powerful  fept  of 
O'Nial.     He  entertained  his  imagination  with  the 
profpedl   of  exchanging  his  prefent  indigence   and 
inferiority,  for  the  vafl  domains  and  princely  power 
annexed  to   this  title,    in  old  times.     With    thefc 
hopes,  he  plunged  eagerly  into  theconfpiracy  againll 
Englifh   government.     He  entered   into  correfpon- 
dence    with   Owen  O'Nial,    the  Irifli   oflicer  of  the 
Low  Countries;' he  liflened  to  his  affurances  of  fo- 
reign fuccours;  he  affcded  to  appear  the  leader  of  the 
northern  Irifli;  and,  under  pretence  of  levying  forces 

for 

«  Ibid, 


Ch,  3-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  115 

for  the  king  of  Spain,  coUeded  all  the  indigent  and 
profligate,  the  barbarous,  the  violent,  or  the  dilcon- 
tented,  and  kept  them  in  readinefs  to  obey  the  orders 
of  their  fuperiour. 

The  acquifition  of  fuch  a  partizan  gave  new 
confidence  to  thofe  officers,  Plunket,  Byrne,  and 
Dillon,  who  had  undertaken  to  feize  the  caftle  of 
Dublin.  Theyhadafair  proipedl  of  a  powerful 
northern  infurreclion  to  co-operate  with  their  at- 
tempts. They  continued  their  private  confultations, 
and  dilcuffed  every  particular  relative  to  the  under- 
taking, calmly  and  diftindtly  ^  To  pay  their  fol- 
diers  (for  a  civil  war  of  fome  length  was  necelTarily 
expected)  they  refolved  to  feize  all  the  rec-ts  of  the 
kingdom,  without  diftindlion  of  perfons  ;  and  the 
pope,  it  was  expeded  would  fend  them  an  additi- 
onal fupply.  They  required  fome  affurance  of  foreign 
fuccours.  Byrne  affected  to  flight  the  doubts  of  his 
aflbciates  :  he  told  them  that  Owen  O'Nial  had  re- 
ceived the  moft  folemn  promifes  of  aid  from  cardinal 
Richelieu i  and,  particularly,  v/ould  be  enabled  ta 
furnhh  them  inftantly  with  a  conliderable  quantity  of 
arms  ;  that  he  himfelf  had  conferred  with  the  Spanifli 
ambaifadour,  and  doubted  not  of  affiftance  from  his 
court;  that  they  were  engaged  in  defence  of  the  catholic 
religion ;  that  every  catholic  pov^ermuil  therefore  ne-^ 
ceiTarily  efpoufe  their  caufe.  As  to  the  gentlemen 
of  the  Pale,  Plunket  boldly  undertook  to  procure  their 
concurrence  :  feveral  of  them,  he  declared,  he  had 
already  founded,  and  found  vviUing  to  engage;  that 
he  had  even  opened  the  defign  of  aninfurredion  to  lord 
Gormanfionj  and  others  of  the  iriOi  committees 
in  London,  who  approved  and  commended  it;  fo 
that  he  had  a  moral  certainty  of  eiieclual  afnfiance 

Q_  2  from 

w  Narrative  of  I..  Ivlxc^uif^i 


ii6    HI  S  TO  RY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

from  the  Pale.  Thefe  vague  expedations  were  fuf- 
ficient  to  confirm  the  conTpirators  in  their  purpofe. 
The  fifth  of  Oi5tober  was  fixed  for  the  time  of  riling. 
It  was  refolved  that  Plunket  and  Byrpe  fliould  fei^e 
the  caflle  of  DubJin,  with  one  hundred  men;  that 
^ir  James  Dillon  fhould  march  to  their  fupport  with 
one  thoufand,  and  that,  while  the  Uliter  leaders 
were  employed  in  fecuring  London-Derry,  and  all 
the  forts  and  garrifons  of  the  North,  they  would  de- 
tach one  thoufand  more  to  the  affiflance  of  their 
friends  in  Dublin. 

Hitherto,  Roger  Moore  beheld  with  fecret 
pleafurc  the  progreis  of  that  conflagration  which  he 
had  lighted  upx  :  he  had  of  late  kept  himfelf  retired, 
'employing  lord  Macguire  as  agent  and  emifiary,  to 
carry  on  the  correfpondence  between  the  different 
conipirators.  But  now,  he  was  necefHirily  called 
forth  to  a  more  adtive  part,  as  his  whole  favourite 
fcheme  feemed  on  the  point  of  ruin.  Sir  Phelim 
O'Nial,  who  ail'umed  a  fort  of  confequence  and  au- 
thority, infifled  that  the  inrurre(ition  ihould  bedofer- 
rcd  to  a  later  day  ;  for  that  he  could  not  commence 
his  operations  lb  early  as  the  fifth  of  October:  nor 
did  he  appear  fufficiently  determined,  or  decided  Iq 
his  method  of  procedure.  What  v/as  flill  more 
alarming,  the  vanity  of  Plunket,  in  anfwering  for 
the  gentlemen  of  the  Pale,  began  to  be  fufpedted  by 
his  aflbciates.  It  feems  highly  improbable  that 
Plunket,  knowingly  and  purpofedly,- gave  falfe  af- 
furances  :  men  of  his  temoer  deceive  themfelves. 
He  might  have  difcourfed  with  feveral  of  the  Pale 
on  a  fcheme  of  infurreftion  ;  and  they  might,  in 
general,  have  approved  the  deiign  of  imitating  Scot- 
land^ taking  advantage  of  the  diforders  of  England, 

and 

'   ;s  Narrative  of  L,  Macguire, 


Ch.  3-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  117. 

.and  eftablifning  their  religion  by  a  military  enter- 
prize.  But  their  fortunes  were  not  fo  dcfperate, 
nor  their  paflions  fo  inflamed,  as  thofe  of  the  mere 
Irifh.  They  were  generally  undsr  the  influence  of 
lawyers  (for  the  fons  of  their  nobleil  families  had 
been  bred  to  the  profeflion  of  law).  And  thefe  are 
,,  a  fe£  of  men,"  faith  Mr.  Carte,  '*  always  averfe  to 
war,  in  which  their  profetnon  is  of*' little  ufe." 
They  had  conducted  an  oppofition  in  parliament 
with  remarkable  fuccefs  j  they  had  gained  many 
conceffions  from  the  crown  ;  and  had  not  their  pro- 
grefs  been  fatally  interrupted,  they  might  have  taken 
further  advantage  of  the  diilreflcs  and  abafcment  of 
the  king,  and  extorted  further  provifions  for  ths 
rights  and  interefts  of  fridi  fubjedts.  The  more 
moderate  of  the  Pale  were  contented  to  proceed  in 
this  manner  :  the  mofl:  provoked  and  violent,  deter- 
mined rather  to  take!  advantage  of  a  fuccelsfui  com- 
motion, than  engage  in  a  precarious  and  dangerouj 
attempt  to  raife  it. 

•They,  y  on  the  other  hand,  who  had  already 
engaged  in  the  more  defperate  part  were  offended  and 
alarmed  at  the  coldnefs  of  the  Pale.  They  expededto 
have  been  already  joined  by  fome  leaders  of  this  dif- 
trid:  they  complained  toPlunket  of  their  diillippoint- 
mcnt;  and  Plunket,  afhamed  of  the  confidence  he 
had  formerly  exprelTed,  was  now  obliged  to  confefs, 
.  that  his  friends  were  not  prepared  to  join  in  the  com- 
mencement of  the  enterprize,  thougii  well  difpofed 
to  fecond  it.  His  alfociates  reminded  him,  that  their 
engagement  to  attempt  the  caille  of  Dublin,  was 
made  on  condition  of  a  general  concurrence:  fince 
this  could  not  be  obtained,  they  were  refolved  to  a- 
bandoii  an   enterprize,  in  which  they  alone  were  to 

be 

y  Narrative  of  L.  Macguire 


ii8     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND     B.  V. 

be  expofed  to  danger,  without lany  reafonable  hopcs^ 
of  fuccefs. 

The  undaunted  fpirit  of  Moore  was  irritated  and 
mortified.  Heftepped  out  of  his  retreat ;  he  conferred 
with  Sir  PheHm  O'Nial;  he  conjured  him  not  to  be 
deterred,  by  the  levity  of  Plunket,  or  the  timidity  of 
Dillon,  from  an  enterprize  which  v/as  to  reftore  the 
antient  grandeur  of  his  houfe.  HeaddreiTed  himfclfto 
colonel  Byrne  ;  enflamed  his  refentment  of  the  inju- 
ries of  his  family,  and  reproached  his  inglorious  cau- 
tion and  reludlance.  He  lamented  the  dilappoint- 
ment  of  their  friends  on  the  continent,  who  impa- 
tiently expected  fome  gallant  effort  on  their  parts, 
and  were  ready  to  pour  their  foreign  fuccours  into 
Ireland.  By  his  affiduity;  by  his  addrefs  and  artifice, 
he  fo  wrought  on  O'Nial,  Byrne,  and  Macguire, 
that  they  grew  alhamed  of  their  fears,  and  refumed 
their  purpofe  of  taking  arms,  notwithftanding  the 
defccftion  of  fome  few  of  their  confederates.  The 
confpiracy  thus  revived,  produced  frequent  conferen- 
ces in  different  places,  tocoliediafTociates,  and  regu-^ 
late  the  order  and  method  of  procedure.  ' 

I  T  was  finally  refolved  to  furprize  the  caflle  of 
Dublin  on  the  twenty  third  day  of  October^.  Moore 
was  the  firfl:  to  undertake  this  bold  enterprize;  and 
to  him,  together  with  Byrne,  Macguire,  and  captain 
Brian  O'Nial,  it  was  principally  committed;  while 
Sir  Phelim  O'Nial  engaged  to  lead  the  northern  in- 
furredion.  In  the  attempt  on  the  caille  two  hundred 
men  Were  to  be  employed,  compofed  equally  of  their 
followers  from  Ulfter  and  Leinfter.  From  the 
former  province  Sir  Phelim  and  Brian  O'Nial,  Mac- 
Mahcn,    Reily,  and   Macguire  engaged  to  detach 

their 

9.  Narr^itivc  of  I*.  Macguire. 


Ch.  3.  CHARLES!.  119 

their  refpe6llve  parties,  under  able  and  faithful  lea- 
ders. That  their  march  might  be  lefs  fufpicious, 
it  was  contrived  that  they  fl^ould  be  taken  for  new 
levies  intended  for  the  fervice  of  Spain  j  and  as  the 
day  appointed  for  their  arrival  in  Dublin,  was  that 
on  which  a  weekly  market  was  ufually  held,  it  was 
f>refumed,  that  the  extraordinary  concourfe  would 
pafs  unnoticed.  The  leaders  had  their  different 
flations  appointed :  they  of  Ulfter  were  to  make 
their  attack  on  the  great  gate  of  the  caftle,  while 
thofe  of  Leinfter  fhould  force  the  fmaller. 

As  to  the  proceedings  in  the  country,  b  it  was  re- 
folved  that  the  rifing  fliould  be  on  the  fame  day, 
and  as  general  as  poffible ;  that  all  forts  and  gar- 
rifons  fliould  be  feized,  and  all  the  gentry  made 
prifoners,  for  the  better  fecurity  of  the  confpirators 
againft  any  adverfe  fortune.  For  the  fame  reafon  it 
was  determined,  that  the  enterprize  {hould  be  con- 
duced, in  every  quarter,  with  as  little  bloodfhed  as 
poffible.  Sir  Phelim  O'Nial  vvas  appointed  to  feize 
London-Derry,  Sir  Henry  O'Nial,  hid  kinfman,  en- 
gaged to  Turprize  Carricfergus;  and  the  feizure  of 
Newry  was  entrulled  to  Sir  Conn  Macgenis  his 
brother-in-law  and  dependent.  When  this  fhould 
be  effeded,  the  Ulfter  chieftains  promifcd  to  march 
to  Dublin  to  the  affiftance  of  Moore  and  his  affoci- 
ates,  that  the  poft  of  greateil  confequence  might  be 
cffedually  fecured. 

I  T  was  apprehended  that  the  Scottish  fettlcrs,  who 
Were  numerous  and  powerful  in  the  northern  pro- 
vince, might  embarrafs  their  defigns  by  a  ftrenuous 
and  dangerous  oppofition.  To  obviate  this  incon- 
venience, it  was  rcfolved  to  leave  them  totally  un- 
molefled,  as  if  with  peculiar  favour  and  indulgence  to 

the' 
b  Narrativ?  ©f  L,  MacguUc 


120    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND    B.V:. 

the  old  allies  and  kinfmen  of  the  Iriili.  If  this  treat- 
ment {liould  not  keep  them  quiet,  it  was  fuggefted, 
that  their  attention  might  be  diverted  to  their  own. 
country,  by  railing  fome  difturbances  in  Scotland, 
under  favour  of  the  earl  of  Argyle,  who  had  for- 
merly entered  into  a  treaty  of  mutual  affiftance  with 
young  Tirone,  and  had  fometimts  intimated  that  he 
could  raife  a  dangerous  flame  in  Ireland. 

Such  were  the  fchemes,  the  profpedis,  the  pro- 
grefs,  and  the  m^otives  of  thefe  leaders  of  the  con- 
fpiracy.  The  memoirs  of  one  Plunket,  which  lie 
among  the  manufcnpts  of  the  Bodleian  library,  afTure 
Uo,  with  confummate  gravity,  that  the  earl  of  Ormond 
had  received  private  inftrudtions  from  the  king  to 
feize  the  perfons  of  the  two  puritan  lords  juftices  of 
Ireland;  that  the  Irilli  leaders  had  difcovered  this 
fecret ;  and  that  the  foie  objed:  of  their  defign  was, 
orisiinally,  nothing  more  than  to  run  foremoft  in 
loyalty,  and  to  fnatch  the  merit  of  this  fervice  from 
the  earl.  The  falfehood  has  been  fometimes  fliame- 
fully  adopted  by  popifli  zealots,  and  fometimes  dif- 
graced  their  foreign  publications.  But  from  the 
minute  and  artlefs  narrative  of  a  principal  accom- 
plice, deeply  engaged,  through  the  whole  progrefs  , 
of  the  confpiracy,  and  admitted  to  the  fecret  counfels 
of  the  great  leaders,  it  appears  (with  the  utmoA: 
clearnefs  which  can  reafonably  be  requelled  in  hif- 
torical  evidence)  that  the  defign  was  nothing  lels  . 
important,  than  the  utter  fubverfion  of  all  the  late  ^ 
eftablifhments  of  property  j  reftoring  the  native  Irifii 
to  all  that  they  had  loft,  by  the  rebellions  of  their 
anceftors,  or  the  decifions  of  law;  and  procuring 
an  edablifhment  for  the  Romiili  religion,  with  all 
the  fplendour  and  affluence  of  its  hierarchy. 

It  -. 


Ch.  3-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    r.  121 

It  is  not  indeed  to  be  expedled  that  all  the  dif- 
ferent perlbns  engaged  in  this  defign  had  precifely 
the  fame  views  and  purpofcs.  Some  might  have 
ruilied  wildly  into  a  fchcme  of  inrurred;ion,  which 
flattered  their  paffions,  without  any  premeditated 
plan  of  condadl,  in  cafe  of  fuccefs.  Nor  were  the 
more  delibcTate  agreed  in  their  particular  objects  and 
purfaiti.  The  moderate  among  them  are  laid  to 
have  been  contented  with  a  reform  of  government, 
without  renouncing  their  allegiance  to  the  crovva 
of  England.  They  deemed  it  meritorious  to  relieve 
the  fubject,  by  confining  (he  king's  revenue  wichia 
fomc  reafonable  and  certain  bounds  ^-y  they  determi- 
ned to  require  that  the  adminiftratlon  of  Irifh  go- 
vernment (hould  be  committed  to  two  lords  juflices, 
one  of  the  antlent  Irifli,  the  other  of  the  old  British 
race,  and  both  of  the  Romlfh  profefJionj  that  the 
law  of  Poyning's  (liould  be  utterly  repealed,  as  well 
as  every  penal  ilatute  enacted  againft  popery;  that 
the  Romifh  prelates  fliould  be  admitted  to  par- 
liament, and  the  Romifli  religion  only  eflablifhed 
throughout  the  kingdom.  Some  werecontented  with 
expelling  the  Britilh  fettlers,  and  re-invefl:ing  all  the 
old  proprietors  with  their  eftates ;  others  were  for 
drivino;  out  the  new  created  lords,  and  even  thofe 
of  the  old  nobility  who  (liould  not  conform  to  po- 
pery :  others  again  poffefTed  their  imaginations  with 
fchemes  the  moft  abfurd  and  fantaftical :  they  com- 
puted that  two  hundred  thoufand  able  men  might 
be  found  in  Ireland,  entirely  at  their  devotion;  of 
thefe  they  propofed  to  arm  thirty  thoufand,  by 
means  of  thofe  llipplies  expefted  from  the  continent  ; 
they  were  to  transport  this  army  into  England ;  they 
were  to  be  aflifted  by  France  and   Spain;  they  were 

Vol.  III.  R  10 

c  Dr.  Jones's  Exam.  Ongi  MS  Trin.  Col.  Dab. 


122    HISTORY  OF    IRELAND.    B.  V. 

to  reduce-the  whole  illand  of  Britain  to  an  obedience 
to  the  pope  i  and  when  tliis  glorious  work  {hould  be 
affedted,  they  were  to  afli.t  their  good  ally  the  Spa- 
niard againil  the  Hollanders,  and  to  challile  their 
rebellion. 

Such  extravagances  are  faid  to  have  gained  parti- 
cular poffctHon  of  the  Romifh  clergy.  Hcber  Mac- 
Mahon  had  been  admitted  into  many  fecret  conlul- 
tations  of  the  leading  confpirators  j  and  in  the  pro- 
grefs  of  their  defign*,  it  was  neceflarily  comnrfunicat- 
ed  to  many  other  ecclcfiaftics.  Men  of  this  order, 
when  engaged  in  any  factious  purpofe,  are,  in  pro- 
portion to  their  ignorance  and  inexperience,  wild, 
infolent,  and  prefumptuousd.  We  are  told,  that  early 
in  the  month  of  October  a  confiderable  meeting  of 
the  principal  Romiih  clergy,  together  with  fome 
laymen  of  their  faction,  was  held  at  the  abbey  of 
Multifernam,  in  the  county  of  Weftmeath.  They 
confultcd  in  the  fulnefs  of  arrogance  and  vanity,  as 
if  they  were  already  mafters  of  the  kingdom,  and 
abfolute  diredtors  of  the  intended  war.  Among  o- 
ther  queftions,  it  was  debated  what  courfe  fliould  be 
taken  with  the  Englifh,  and  other  proteftants  of  the 
kingdom,  when  they  fhould  be  at  the  mercy  of  the 
infurgents.  The  more  moderate  advifed  that  they 
(hould  be  fimply  banidied.  The  king  of  Spain,  they 
obferved,  in  expelling  the  Moors  from  Granada,  and 
,  other  parts  of  his  dominions,  had  fufFcred  them  to 
depart  unmolefted,  and  even  with  fome  of  their  ef- 
fects. They  recommended  the  like  honourable  lenity 
towards  the  Englilh,  to  whom  they  acknowledged  I 
themfelves  indebted  for  fome  advantages,  and  whofe 
countrymen  bf  Britain  would  thus  be  the  lefs  incen- 
fed.  Others  exclaimed  againfl  the  indulgence  grant- 
ed 

d  Ibid. 


Ch.  3.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  123 

granted  to  the  Moors,  as  contrary  to  the  exprefs 
opinion  of  the  Spanish  council,  and  in  the  event 
highly  detrimental  not  to  Spain  only,  but  all  Chrif- 
tendom :  they  contended,  that  to  dilmifs  the  EngHfli 
unmolefted  were  but  to  give  them  the  opportunity 
of  returning  v^^ith  double  fury,  to  regain  their  polTef- 
fions,  and  execute  their  revenge;  that  a  general  maf- 
facrc  was  therefore  the  fafeft  and  moft  efFedlual  me- 
thod of  freeing  the  kingdom  from  fuch  fears.  Others 
again  declared  againft  thele  extremes  of  lenity  and 
cruelty,  and  fuggefted  fchemes  of  procedure,  neither 
fo  indulgent,  nor  fo  abhorrent  to  humanity.  Such 
is  the  account  of  this  afTembly  given  by  a  Francifcan, 
who  alledged  that  he  was  prefent,  and  a  fharer  in 
thofe  deliberations, 

B  u  T  if  the  clergy  indulged  fuch  hopes  from  the 
fuccefs  of  the  conlpiracy,  the  leaders  were  more 
cautious  and  folicitous  to  lecure  this  fuccefs.  When 
the  time  of  execution  had  been  finally  fettled,  an 
emiffary  was  difpatched  to  Owen  O'Nial  j  and  re- 
turned wit^i  afTurance  that  in  fourteen  days  after  he 
would  arrive  to  their  fupporte.  As  the  day  approach- 
ed, they  gradually  drew  towards  Dublin,  in  all  the 
anxiety  of  men  confcious  of  their  momentous  enter- 
prize.  On  the  evening  of  the  tvventy-fecond  day  of 
Odober  they  afTembled,  in  expedation  of  the  detach- 
ments deftined  to  affault  the  caltle;  of  thefe  eighty 
only  were  arrived;  neither  Sir  Phelim  O'Nial's,  nor 
Mac-Mahon's  followers  appeared.  Colonel  Byrne 
was  alarmed  at  the  abfence  of  Sir  Morgan  Cavenagh, 
a  confpirator  of  fome  confequence  in  Leinfter.  But 
thefe  difappointments  were  not  fufficient  to  deter 
the  leaders.  They  encouraged  each  other  with  the 
afTurance  that  every  hour  would  encreafe  their  num- 

R  2  bers 

e  Narrative  of  L.  Macguire. 


?24    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

numbers.  They  perfevered  in  their  refolution  j  and 
to  give  time  for  the  arrival  of  their  parties,  reiolved 
that  the  aflault  fhould  be  made  on  the  evening  of  the 
enfuing  day. 

Even  to  this  moment  the  chief  governours  of  Ire- 
land feemed  to  (leep  in  full  fecurity.      On  the  death 
of  Strafford,    the  earl  of  Lcicefler,    delcended  from 
Sir  Henry  Sidney,  fo  famous  In   Irebnd,  had  been 
nominated  lord  lieutenant  of  this  kingdom  ;    but  his 
commiliion   was  delayed,    and  the  adminiAratiun  of 
government  ftill  continued  in  the  hands  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Parfons,   and  Sir  John  Borlafe.     The  firfl  was 
vigilantonly  to  encreaie  hisfortuneandconfequcncc; 
the  latter  an  ?iged  foldier,  indolent,  and  ignorant,  ex- 
cept in   the  bufinefs  of  his  profcllion.      The  temper' 
and  principles  of  Parfons,    the  progrefs  of  his  for- 
tune, and  the  meafures  he  had  already  taken  to  ad- 
vance it,     made   it  by  no  means  incredible  that  he 
might  artfully  connive  at  a  wild  fcheme  of  rebellion, 
to  enrich  his  coffers  by  new  forfeitures.     His  known 
attachment  to  the  popular  party  of  England    might 
have   alfo   given    him    fome   degree  of  fecret  latis- 
fadion  in  a  public  commotion,  which  would  prove 
embarrafling  to  the  crown.      However  this  may  be, 
both  the  lords  juflices  were  equally  deficient  in  their 
vigilance   and   their  affcdion    to    the    king.      They 
owed    their  flation  to    the  Englifli  commons  f,    and 
their  partizans   in    the   privy  council ;   and  their  at- 
tention and  attachment  were  confined  wholly  to  the 
prevailing  power.     Confident  of  iupport,    they   dif- 
obeyed  the  orders,  and    deipifed  the  inlfrudtions    of 
the  king.     The  caution  tranfmitted  by    Sir   Henry 
Vane  feems    to  have  been  received  with  total  diire-- 
gard.     On  the  eleventh  day  of  Odober,  an  exprefs 

fron^ 

f  Carte. 


Ch.  3.  CHAR  L  E  S     I.  125 

from  Sir  William  Cole  a  gentleman  cf  Ennlfl^LilJen, 
informed  them  of  an  unuliaal  and  fufpicious  relbrt  of 
various  lri(h  to  the  houfe  of  Sir   Pheiim  O'Nial ;   of 
many  private  journeys  made  by  lord  Macguire  :    of 
dil'patches  fent  to  their  different  friends;  an  extraor- 
dinary lolicitude  for  levying  men,    as  if  for  the  fer- 
vJce  of  Spain,    and  other  circumllances  alarming  to 
the  friends  of  government.     The  lords  juflices  Ifill 
continued  infenfible  to  their  danger.      On  the  twen- 
ty-firfl:.     Cole  diipatched  a  full  account  of  the  con- 
fpiracy,  which  had  by  this  time  been  revealed  to  him 
by  two  accomplices.      Yet  this   inflance  of  his  zeal 
proved  equally  ineffedlual;  for  his  letter  to    thejuf- 
tices  was  either  intercepted  or  fupprclTcd. 

But  accident  at  length  obtruded  a  difcovery  on 
the  lords  juflicesS,  when  the  conlpirators  had  already 
agreed  hnally  on  their  operations,  and  but  waited 
the  hour  of  execution.  Owen  O'ConnoUy,  a  fervant 
of  Sir  John  Clotworthy,  and  educated  in  the  pro- 
felTion  of  a  proteftant,  was  confidered  by  Hugh  Mac- 
Mahon,  one  of  the  confpirators,  as  an  agent  likely 
to  engage,and  to  prove  ufeful,  in  their  defign  ;  v/he- 
ther  from  fuppofition  of  his  fecret  attachment  to  the 
religion  of  his  anceftors,  or  that  his  family  had  been 
deipoiled  by  the  plantations.  Mac-Mahon  fummon- 
ed  him  to  his  houfe  in  the  county  of  Monaghan; 
but  before  his  arrival  had  removed  to  Dublin. 
Hither  he  was  followed  by  O'ConnolIy;  and  their 
firft  interview  was  on  the  evening  of  the  twenty-fe- 
cond  day  of  Odtober,  when  the  leaders  had  clofed 
their  fecret  confultationh,  by  falling  on  their  knees, 
and  drinking  to  the  fucccfs  of  their  enterprize. 

In  thefulnefs  of  exultation  and  confidence,  Mac- 

Malion 

g  Temple.  Irilh  rebellion,  h  Borlafe. 


126     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND     B.  V; 

Mahondifclofed  the  whole  defign  tohis  allbciate;  and 
dwelt  with  particular  triumph  on  the  glorious  acti- 
on of  to-morrovvi.  He  introduced  him  to  lord  Mac- 
guirr;  and  in  his  prefence  entered  into  a  full  detail  of 
the  intended  enterpri^^  From  Macguire,  he  again 
conduced  him  to  his  own  lodgings,  again  enlarged 
on  the  gallantry  of  the  attempt,  the  effedual  pre- 
cautions already  taken,  and  the  fair  profpecfl  of  fuc- 
cefs  ;  peremptorily  infifting  on  his  concurrence.  A 
defign  of  (b  much  danger,  fo  fuddenly  dilclofed,  fo 
fpeedily  to  be  executed,  opprelfed  the  imagination  of 
O'Connolly.  He  attempted  to  convince  Mac-Ma- 
hon  of  his  perilous  fituation;  but  was  anfwered  with 
tremendous  denunciations  of  vengeance  fhould  he 
prefume  to  betray  the  leafl;  particle  of  the  fecret. 
Mac-Mahon  iniiRed  on  detaining  him  to  the  very 
hour  of  the  aifault  ,•  O'Connolly  found  it  neceflary 
to  afFedl:  compliance ;  he  was  at  once  converted  in- 
to a  determmed  confpirator  ;  but  pleading  fome 
cafaai  necellity  of  retiring,  and  leaving  his  fword  in 
Mac-Mahon's  chamber,as  if  he  were  inflantly  to  re- 
turn, he  ruflied  out  in  conrternation,  and,  intoxicat- 
ed as  he  was  by  a  caroufal  with  his  friend,  prefented 
himfelf  to  Sir  William  Parfons, 

V/iTH  evident  marks  of  diforder  and^  confufion, 
he  informed  the  lord  Juftice  of  the  defperate  defign 
to  be  immediately  executed,  of  his  author,  and  the 
principal  allociates.  Parlous,  prejudiced  againli  his 
appearance,  and  the  manner  of  his  dilcovery,  coldly 
recommended  to  him  to  return  to  xMac-Mahon,  and 
to  inform  himfelf  more  particularly  of  the  intended 
treafon.  On  his  departure,  the  lord  juftice  was  fud- 
denly recalled  to  a  fenfe  of  danger.  He  ordered 
the  caille  and  city  to   be   guarded  ;  he  fought   his 

colleague, 

i  Tempi? 


C!h.  3*  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  127 

colleague,  and  informed  him  of  the  extraordinary 
incident.  Borlafe  was  more  deeply  afFeded  j  he 
Condemned  him  for  dilmifTi.ig  the  dilcoverer  ;  fum- 
moned  the  privy  counfellors;  difpatched  fervants 
through  the  city  in  fearch  of  0'ConnolIy>  they 
found  him  in  the  hands  of  the  town  watch  ;  for  as 
he  had  fufficient  recoUeclion  not  to  return  to  Mac- 
Mahon,  he  was  feized  in  the  ilreets  as  a  fufpicious 
perfon.  He  was  ftill  difordered  by  his  terrour  and 
excefs;  he  was  permitted  to  take  repofe,  and  then 
i  gave  his  information  clearly  and  particularly.  Mac- 
i  Mahon  was  firft  feized  ;  lord  Macguire  was  dete<ft- 
ed  in  his  concealment  ;  Moore,  Byrne,  and  the  o- 
I  ther  leaders,  received  timely  intimation  of  their 
danger,  and  efcaped.  MacMahon*,  after  fome  he^ 
fitation,  freely  confefTed  the  dcfign  in  which  he  had 
engaged;  boafted  that  the  infurredion  of  that  day 
was  too  mighty  and  too  general  to  be  fubdued;  and 
exprelTedhis  fatisfadion,  that  although  he  had  fal- 
len into  the  power  of  his  enemies,  his  death  would 
be  feverely  revenged. 

Happily  for  the  ftate  of  Ireland,   fir  Francis 
Willoughby'^,  governourof  thefort  of  Galway,  a  pri- 
1  vy  counfellor,  a  fpirited  and  experienced  foldier,  ar- 
rived at  Dublin  on  this  itnportant   evening.      Find- 
ing the  gates  fhut  againft  him,  and  an  unufual  agita- 
tion 

'^  Tt  was  obferved,  that  this  confpirator,  while  he  waited  in    a  hall, 
I    until  the  council   (houM  examine  him,  with  great  appearence  of  com- 
I    pofure,  amufed  himfelf  with  chalking  out  the  figures  of  men  hano-ing- 
on  gibbets,  or  grovelling  on  the  ground.     It   feems  not  unreafonable 
to  fuppofe.that  this  might  have  arifen  from  a  fudden  recolleftion  of  that 
fate  which  he  and  his   afToc'iates  were  to    expedl,  on  the  diicovery  of 
their  plot.     But  men  interpreted   the  frivolous  incident  agreeably   to 
their  paffions.     They  looked  with  horror  on  the  confpirator,  who  could 
wantonly  indulge  his  imagination  with  the  cruelties  to  be  exerciied  b/ 
his  alTociates,  and  the  horrid  excefles  of  the  rebellion, 
k  k  Caite  irom  MS,  Memoirs, 


21^    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND      B.V.- 

tion  in  the  fuburbs,  and  being  infornaed  that  the 
juftices  and  council  were  now  aflcnibled  at  Chichef- 
ter  houfL*:,  on  the  Green,  leadino;  to  the  college  (for 
in  this  houfe  Borlal'e  now  relided)  he  hadened  thi- 
ther, and  learned  the  occafion  of  their  unfeafonablc 
meetinii.  He  comforted  the  council  with  an  aflu- 
ranee,  that  through  his  whole  journey  from  Galway 
the  country  leem:rd  in  profound  compofure,  nor  had 
he  difcovered  the  lead  indication  of  hofUlity.  He 
informed  them,  however,  that  an  unulual  number  of 
flrange  horfemcn  had  all  the  night  been  pouring  in- 
to the  fuburbs ;  and  though  denied  admittance,  flill 
hovered  round  the  city.  He  obferved  the  infecurity 
of  their  prefent  lituation,  and  recommended  to  them 
to  remove  immediately  to  the  caflle.  They  obeyed. 
On  entering  the  council  chamber,  they  appointed 
Willoughby  to  the  cuftody  both  of  the  caiHe  and 
the  city  J  and  drew  up  a  proclamation,  notifying  the 
difcovery  of  a  dangerous  confpiracy  formed  by  iome 
evil  aftc;d:ed  Irilh  papifls,  recommending  to  all  good 
fubjeds  to  provide  for  defence,  and  to  difplay  their 
loyalty  ;  and  forbidding  any  levies  to  be  made  for 
foreign  fervice. 

Such  was  the  defencelefs  {late  of  the  caflle  of 
Dublin',  that,  although  the  confpirators  had  been 
prevented  from  furpriling  it,  they  might  have  eafily 
taken  it  by  force,  had  they  not  been  difmayed  by 
the  fudden  difcuvcry  of  their  defign.  The  king's 
army,  coniifting  of  about  two  thoufand  foot,  and 
nine  hundred  horfe,  was  divided  into  fmall  parties, 
flationed  in  diftant  garrilons.  The  citizens  of  Dub- 
lin had  objed-d  to  lord  Strafford,  that  in  violation 
of  their  charter  he  had  billettifd  foldiers  in  their  city. 
The  preient  juiHces  had  ever  afFedted  to  adminifter 

their 

1  Carte  from  MS.  Memoir*. 


Ch.  3.  CHARLES,!.  12^ 

their  government  on  popular  principles.  They  had 
quartered  no  Ibldiers  in  Dublin.  The  caftle,  ia 
which  was  depofited  fifteen  hundred  barrels  of  pow-» 
der,  with  a  proportional  quantity  of  match  and 
bullet,  arms  for  ten  thoufand  men,  thirty  five  pieces, 
of  artillery,  with  all  their  equipage,  was  defended 
by  eight  infirm  warders,  and  forty  halberdiers,  thes 
ufual  guard  of  the  chief  governours  on  all  occafions 
of  parade.  Willoughby  loft  not  a  moment  in  fe- 
curing  a  place  of  fuch  confequence  againft  any  fud- 
den  attempt.  The  council  table  was  his  only  couch. 
He  could  not  venture  to  let  down  his  drawbridge;^ 
without  the  attendance  of  his  whole  infignificanfc 
guard,  until  the  arrival  of  a  part  of  his  dilbanded 
regiment  from  Carliile,  enabled  him  to  arm  two 
hundred  men,  for  defence  of  the  caftle ;  a  body,  foom 
reinforced  by  thofe  who  fled  for  (helter  to  the  capitalj,, 
and  by  Ibme  detachments  of  the  army  recalled  from 
their  quarters  by  the  lords  juftices. 

In  the  mean  time  the  citizens  of  Dublin  wer6 
without  defence"!,  alarmed  at  midnight  with  the  cla- 
mour of  treafon  and  infurredion ;  confirmed  in  their 
fears,  by  thofe  exprelfes  which  arrived  on  the  fuc-» 
ceeding  day,  notifying  the  fuccefsful  progrefs  of  the 
rebels;  diitracled  by  falfe  rumours,  and  tales  of  im- 
aginary danger".  Some  affirmed  that  the  Iriih  were 
collected  at  Tarah  to  the  number  of  ten  thoufand, 
and  in  a  few  hours  would  florm^  the  city.  Othersj 
infifted  that  they  were  on  their  march,  and  actually 
in  view.  Some  of  the  privy  council  mounted  ths 
platform  of  the  caftle  to  dilcover  the  approaching 
enemy ;  fome  fancied  that  they  preceived  the  motions 
of  an  army  exifling  only  in  their  fears.     Thofe  pro- 

VoL.  III.  S  teftanfi 

m  Carte,  from  MS.  Memoirs,  a  Tempi©. 


130    HISTORY  OF    IRELAND.     B.  V. 

teflant  inhabitants,  who,  by  their  weaknefs,  their 
age,  or  their  fex,  were  molt  fufceptible  of  terrour, 
fwelled  the  crowds  that  waved  tumuituoufly  through 
the  ftrcets,  in  fcarch  cf  intelhgence,  and  by  their 
fhrieks  and  clamours,  encreafed  the  general  confter- 
nation.  A  few  fwords  were,  by  feme  accident,  drawn 
in  the  midft  of  a  diflradled  populace.  A  perfon  of 
fome  confequence  faw  the  glitter  at  a  didance  :  he 
flew  to  the  caftle-gate,  haftily  ordered  the  bridge  to 
be  drawn  up,*  and  with  a  tone  and  afpedt  of  dcfpair, 
afTured  the  juftices  that  the  rebels  had  entered  the 
city,  and  were  furiDufly  rufhing  through  the  ftrects 
leading  to  the  caflle.  Willoughby  foon  difcovcred 
the  miflake. 

A  PROCLAMATION,  iitucd  by  the  lords  juflices, 
commanding  all  ftrangers  to  depart  from  the  city, 
on  pain  of  death,  had  not  allayed  the  general  com- 
motiono.  Many  of  the  Engliili  inhabitants  abandon- 
ed all  hopes  of  defence,  and  fuddenly  prepared  to 
cfcape  to  their  native  country.  Some,  who  had  al- 
ready embarked,  were  detained  by  contrary  winds, 
and  chofe  rather  to  endure  the  extremities  of  diftrefs 
and  tempeftuous  weather,  on  fhipboard,  than .  to 
venture  aihore  into  the  power  of  a  barbarous  enemy. 
A  fleet  of  Scottifh  filhermen  offered  to  detach  five 
hundred  of  their  crew  to  the  fervice  cf  the  ftate  ;  but 
fcarcely  had  the  overture  been  accepted,  when  a  falfe 
alarm  of  danger  drove  them  from  the  coaft.  Four 
hundred  foldiers,  embarked  for  the  fervice  of  Spain, 
but  detained  in  the  harbour  by  orders  of  the  Englifh 
parliament,  were  prohibited  from  landing,  until  they 
were  on  the  point  of  perifhing  by  famine ;  and  then 
were  fuffered  to  difperfe  through  the  country,  to  be 
cnlifted  by  the  rebel-leaders. 

The 

•  Carte. 


Ch.  7.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  r 


^ 


I 


Th2:  ftate,  however,  derived  fomc  advantage 
from  the  public  alarm.  Sir  John  Temple,  mafter 
of  the  rolls,  colle(5ted  the  principal  proteftant  mer- 
chants of  the  cityj  he  advifed  them  for  their  better 
fecurity,  in  this  time  of  danger  and  diforder,  ,to  de- 
pofit  their  effects  within  the  caftlc,  engaging  to  an- 
swer for  the  value  of  whatever  fliould  be  applied  to 
the  public  fervice.  Thus  was  a  feafonable  fupply  of 
provilions  obtained,  at  a  time  when  the  treafury  was 
totally  exhaufted,  and  the  magiflrates  of  Dublin  un- 
able or  unwilling  to  advance  any  money  to  the  ftate. 

A    FEW  days  allayed  the  confufion  of  the  capital, 
and  enabled  the  chief  governours  to  take  their  mea- 
fures,  and  ilTue  their  orders  with  more  compofurc. 
No  intelligence  of  hoftilities  had  been  received   but 
from  the  northern    countiesP.      Yet  difpatches  were 
fent  to  the  lords  prcfidentsof  Munfter  and  Connaught 
(for  thefe  offices  were  ftill  continued)  direding  them 
to  provide  for  defence.     The   earl  of  Ormond  was 
required  to  repair  to  Dublin  with  his  troop.     Com- 
miffions  were  fent  by  fea  to  feveral  loyal  gentlemen 
of  Ulfter,  empowering  them  to  profecute  the  rebels, 
and  to  receive  thofe  who  ihould  fubmit  to  the  king's 
mercy.     To  prevent  any  dangerous  concourfe  in  the 
city,  the  parliament  appointed    to  ailemble  in  No- 
vember was  ftill  further   prorogued,  and  the  courts 
of  law   adjourned,    except    that,  oi    the  exchequer, 
which   was  left  open  for  receiving  the  king's  rents. 
The  fheriffs  of  thofe  counties   which  compofed  the 
Englilh  Pale,  were  ordered  to  provide  for  the  fecurity 
of  this   diftricfl,  where  the  power  and  numerous  de- 
pendents of  great  lords,  attached  to  the  Romiili  caufe, 
were  evident'y  fufpeded  and  dreaded  by  government 


D  2  Nor 


p  Temple, 


«32    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND     B.V,- 

Nor  were  thefe  apprehenfions  quieted,  when  the  • 
lords  Gormanflon,  Nettervil,  Fitz- William,  Howth, 
Kildare,  Fingal,  Dunfany,  Slane,  appeared  before 
the  council,  expreffing  their  furprize  and  abhorrence 
of  the  confpiracy.  All,  Romifli  and  proteftant 
alike,  gave  folemn  affurances  of  their  loyalty,  declar- 
ed their  readinefs  to  concur  in  the  defence  of  the 
realm;  but  as  they  were  entirely  deftitute  of  arms, 
required  to  be  provided,  for  their  own  fecurity,  as 
well  as  the  annoyance  of  the  enemy.  The  juftices, 
in  their  puritanic  hatred  of  popery,  in  a  time  of  dan- 
ger and  fecret  treafon,  when  all  the  enemies  of  go- 
vernment, and  all  the  extent  of  their  defigns  were 
not  yet  difcovered,  naturally  regarded  mofl  of  thefe 
lords  with  jealoufy  and  diftrull.  To  arm  them, 
might  be  to  enable  them  to  join  the  rebels  with 
greater  flrength.  To  deny  them  arms,  were  to  avow 
a  fufpicion  of  their  loyalty,  which  might  provoke 
the  wavering,  and  drive  the  determined  to  an  imme- 
diate infurredion.  in  this  embarraffment,  a  middle 
way  was  deemed  the  fafefl.  The  council  afTured 
them,  that  they  had  an  entire  reliance  on  their  zeal 
and  loyalty;  that  they  would  gladly  fupply  them 
with  arms,  but  were  not  yet  aflured  that  a  fufficienf 
number  could  be  fpared  from  the  neceflary  defence 
of  the  caflle  and  city;  thatfome,  however,  fliould  be 
ipjjired.  They  accordingly  delivered  out  a  fmall 
quantity  of  arms  and  ammunition  to  fomecfthofe 
lords  who,  by  their  fituation,  feemed  moft  expofed 
to  danger;  refolving,  at  the  fame  time,  not  to  arm 
the  Fale  efFedlually,  unlefs  the  infurredlion  fhould 
become  fo  general,  as  to  oblige  them  to  hazard  every 
expedient  for  defence,  however  doubtful  or  preca- 
rious. 

Tf  HE  lords  of  the  Pale  probably  had  fufficient  dif- 

cernment 


Ch.  3-  CHARLES    I.  133 

?Iifcernment  to  difcover,  or  fufpedt,  the  real  difpofiti- 
ons  of  the  ftate,  and  the  real  motive  for  fupplying 
them  fo  fparingly  with  arms.  They  could  not  dif- 
prove  the  allegations  of  the  council ;  yet  their  diffa- 
tisfadion  appeared  in  that  readinefs  with  which  they 
caucrht  at  the  (lighted  occafion  of  complaint.  In  a 
few  days  they  again  appeared  before  the  council; 
they  exprefled  a  deep  concern  at  a  proclamation  ilTa- 
ed  by  the  (late,  and  now  publilhed  through  the  king- 
dom. It  purported,  that  a  deteftable  confpiracy  had 
been  formed,  fy  fome  e^oil- affected  Irish  papijls. 
They  apprehended  that  this  expreffion  might  be  foin- 
terpreted  as  to  extend  to  their  own  perfons,  and  to 
(Contain  an  injurious  refledtion  on  their  loyalty.  It 
was  deemed  necefHiry  to  condefcend  to  this  affcded 
delicacy.  By  a  fecond  proclamaion  it  was  declared, 
that  the  words  Irish  Papists  were  only  intended 
to  include  the  mere  Irifh  of  Ulfter,  not  to  convey 
the  lead  refledion  or  imputation  of  difloyalty  on  the 
old  Englifh,  either  of  the  Pale  or  any  other  parts  of 
Ireland. 

It  was  at  the  fame  time  neceiTary,  to  fend  intelli- 
gence to  the  neighbouring  kingdom  of  allthefe  extra- 
ordinary events<l.  Sir  Henry  Spotfwcod  was  charged 
with  difpatches  to  the  king,  now  refident  in  Edin- 
burgh; O'Ccnnoly  was  the  bearer  of  a  letter  lo  the 
earl  of  Leicefter,  who  attended  the  parliament  in  Lon- 
don. It  contained  a  diftindl;  account  of  the  difcovery^ 
the  apprehenfion  of  Mac-Mahon  and  Macguire,  the 
fucceeding  incidents,  and  the  meafures  taken  for 
public  defence.  The  jiiftices  and  council  declare, 
that,  as  the  lives  and  fortunes  of  his  majefty's  fub- 
jedls  in  Ireland,  as  well  as  his  regal  authority,  are  at 
..ftakc,  they  mull  deviate  from  ordinary  proceedings, 

not 

^   «|  Temple. 


134    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

not  only  in  executing  martial  law,  but  in  putting 
thofe  to  the  rack,  who  might  not  othcrwife  difcover 
their  treafon  and  accomplices:  They  point  out  the 
extreme  danger  of  their  fituation,  fuppofing  the  in- 
furredion  to  become  lb  general  as  Mac-Mahon  had 
declared,  and  the  necefilty  of  fpeedy  and  effectual  aid 
from  England,  unprovided  as  they  were  with  money, 
unable  to  maintain  their  incom.petent  and  fcattered 
forces,  and  furrounded  with  fecret  enemies.  They 
urge  the  neccfTity  of  the  lord  lieutenant's  prefence  in 
Ireland  ;  or  if  this  could  not  be  obtained,  that  he 
jLould  appoint  a  lieutenant-general  to  command  the 
army.  But  above  all  things,  they  defire  that  the 
Englifh  parliament  (liould  be  moved  to  grant  an 
immediate  fupply  of  money  for  the  fervice  of  Ireland, 
the  only  means  to  prevent  the  expence  of  blood  and 
treafure,  in  a  long  continued  war. 

The  letter  was  clofec^  by  a  poflfcript,  figned  by 
Sir  William  Parfons,  recommending  O'Connolly, 
as  a  perfon  who,  by  his  faith  and  loyalty,  had  de- 
ferved  fuch  a  mark  of  royal  bounty  as  might  extend 
to  iiim  and  his  pofterity. 

I  N  the  mean  time,  the  mofl  affeding  Intelligen- 
ces v/ere  hourly  received  of  the  progrefs  of  the  north- 
ern rebels.  Their  operations  had  been  duly  concert- 
ed, their  dcfign  concealed  -,  and  the  confederates, 
faithful  to  their  engagements,  rofe  at  the  appointed 
time,  in  difFerent  quarters.  Sir  Phelim  O'Nial  led 
the  way!" :  on  the  evening  of  the  twenty-fecond  of 
OGober  he  furprized  the  caftle  of  Charlemont,  a 
place  of  confcquence  in  thefe  days.  Lord  Caulfield,a 
brave  oflicer,  grown  old  in  the  royal  fervice,  had 
been   made  govcrnour  of  this  fortf.     With  the  fim- 

plicity 

r  Depnfitlcn  of  Miij.  Dory,  MS.  Tiln.  Col.  Dub.         f  Rot.  Cane.  H. 


Ch.  3.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  135 

plicity  and  love  of  eafe  natural  to  a  veteran,  he  de- 
clined the  honour  of  an  earldom,  when  offered  by- 
king  James,  contented  himfelf  with  an  hofpitable 
refidence  on  his  eftate,  and  lived  with  his  Iri(h  neigh- 
bours in  unfufpeding  confidence.  Sir  Phelim  invit- 
ed himfelf  to  fup  with  this  lord  j  he  and  his  fol- 
lowers were  received  ;  on  a  fignal  given,  they  feized 
the  whole  family,  made  the  garrifon  prifoners,  and 
ranfacked  the  caflle'.  Hence  O'Nial  flew  to  Dun- 
gannon  and  feized  the  fort,  while  fome  of  his  ad- 
herents poffefled  themfelves  of  the  town  and  caftle 
of  Mountjoy.  Tandragee  was  furpriled  by  the  fept 
of  O'Hanlan  :  Newry,  betrayed  to  Sir  Conn  Ma- 
gsnnis  and  his  train  ;  and  though  the  governour.  Sir 
Arthur  Tyringham  efcaped,  yetfeveral  Englifh  gen- 
tlemen were  made  prifoners  -,  and,  what  was  of  llill 
greater  confequence  to  the  infurgents,  they  pofTciled 
themfelves  of  a  confiderable  quantity  of  arms  and 
ammunition.  AlmoPc  all  Fermanagh  yielded  to  the 
fury  of  Ro^er,  brother  to  lord  Macguire.  Every- 
place of  ffrength  in  Monaghan  was  leized  by  the 
fept  of  M-ac-Mahon.  Derry,  Colerain,  Lifnegarvey, 
or  Liiburn,  and  Carricfergus,  were  maintained  againfl 
the  boiflerous  affaults  of  the  rebels 3  Ennifkillen  was- 
fecured  by  Sir  William  Cole. 

I  N  the  cqunty  of  Cavan,  both  the  reprefentatlvc 
in  parliament,  6'Reily,  and  the  fherifF  his  brother, 
were  deeply  engaged  in  the  rebellion.  They  pro- 
ceeded with  unufual  regularity.  The  fiTerift  fum- 
moned  the  popifii  inhabitants  to  arms;  they  march- 
ed under  his  command  with  the  appearance  of  dif- 
eipline;  forts,  towns,  and  cadles,  were  furrendered 
to  them.  Bedel,  biihop  of  Kilmore,  was  compelled 
to  draw   up  their  remonftrance   of  grievances,  to  be 

prefented 
t  Carte. 


136      HISTORY  OF  IRELAND    B,  V. 

prefented  to  the  chief  governours  and  council ;  in 
which  they  dechire  their  apprehenlions  of  perfecution 
on  account  of  religion,  exprefs  their  regret  at  being 
forced  to  feize  the  king's  forts  for  his  majeOy's  fer- 
vice,  and  profefs  their  readinefs  to  make  reftitution 
for  any  outrages  ccm.mitted  by  their  inferiour  fol- 
lowers. In  the  county  of  Longford,  the  fept  ofO- 
'Ferghal  had  been  p.'articulary  injured  by  the  planta- 
tions of  James;  and  were  now  impatient  to  avenge 
their  injuries.  The  county,  like  that  of  Cavan, 
v/as  fummonedto  arms  by  the  popidi  TherifFj  every 
caftle,  houle,  and  plantation  of  the  Britidi  inhabi- 
tants was  feized.  Leitrim,  another  planted  county, 
followed  this  example;  fo  that  within  the  fpace  of 
eight  days  the  rebels  were  abfokite  mafters  of  the 
entire  counties  of  Tirone,  Monaghan,  Longford, 
Leitriai,  Fermanagh,  Cavan,  Donnegal,  and  Derry 
(except  of  the  places  already  mentioned,  and  fome 
inferiour  caftles)  together  with  lom^e  parts  of  the 
counties  of  Armas;h  and  Downe, 

Through  the  whole  open  country  of  thefe  dif- 
trids,the  Engliih  inhabitants, who  were  ail  induflri- 
ou3  and  rich,  found  themfelves  fuddenly  involved  in 
the  molf  deplorable  calamities".  They  fcarcely  be- 
lieved the  firll  reports  of  an  infurredionj  and  the 
beginnings  of  hoUilities  ferved  rather  to  confound, 
than  to  excite  them  to  any  reafonable  meafures  of 
defence.  Inilead  of  flying  to  places  of  flrength,  or 
colleding  into  confiderable  bodies,  each  made  fome 
feeble  efforts  for  defending  his  own  habitation  ;  and 
thus  fell,  iingle  and  unfupported,  into  the  power  of 
a  ruthlefs  enemy.  The  alarm  of  war,  and  hopes  cf 
plunder,  quickly  allured  the  lri(L  fepts  to  the  fervice 
of  O'Nial  ;    fo  that  in   one  week  he  is  faid  to  have 

become 
u  Carte.  Temple. 


Ch.  3.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.        '     t^f 

become  the  leader  of  thirty  thoufand  men.  Parties 
of  plunderers  multiplied ;  by  force  or  artifice  they 
polTelTed  themlelves  of  the  houfes  and  properties  of 
their  Englifh  neighbours^.  Refiftance  produced 
fome  bloodfhed ;  and  in  fome  inftances  private  re- 
venge, religious  hatred,  and  the  fufpicion  of  fome 
valuable  concealment,  enraged  the  triumphant  rebels 
to  infolence,  cruelty  and  murder.  So  far  however* 
was  the  original  fcheme  of  the  confpiracy  at  firfl: 
purfued,  that  few  fell  by  the  fword,  except  in  open 
war  and  affault;  no  indifcriminatc  maffacre  was  as 
yet  committed.  The  Engli£h  were  either  confined 
in  prifons,  in  perpetual  terrour  of  deftrudion  -,  or 
driven  from  their  habitations,  naked,  deftitute,  ex- 
pofed  to  the  rigour  of  a  remarkably  fcvere  feafon^ 
fainting  and  dying  in  the  highways,  or  crawling  to 
fome  place  of  refuge,  in  the  ghafllinefs  of  fear  and 
famine. 

The  leaders  of  rebellion  as  yet  confined  their  at- 
tack to  the  Englilh  fettlemcnts,  and,  agreeably  to 
their  fcheme,  left  the  Scottilli  planters  unmolefted* 
The  EngliOi  were  the  objeds  of  their  deteftaiion, 
and  the  meafures  of  a  puritanic  government  the  per- 
petual fubjedt  of  their  complaint.  Their  ignorant 
followers  were  adured,  that  the  lords  juftices  and 
council  in  Dubhn,  in  conjuncflion  with  their  friends 
of  England,  breathed  the  moft  defperate  vengeance 
againfl:  the  Romi(h  religion'^;  that  a  confultation 
had  a(5lually  been  held  at  Chichcfter-houfe  for  ex- 
tirpating all  of  this  communion  from  Ireland.  Such 
fuggcftions  gave  new  edge  to  the  fury  of  the  Irifh. 
Every  maurauding  party  thundered  out  their  detef- 
tation  of  England,  and  EngHih  tyranny.  They  vow- 

VoL.  Ill  T  ed 

w  Various  Depof.  MS.  Trin.  Col.  Dub. 
X  Various.  Depof.  MS.  Trin.  Col.  Dub. 


r3^     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND    B.  T; 

vowed  not  to  leave  one  Englifliman  in  their  country; 
that  they  would  have  no  king  but  one  of  their  own    ] 
nation  -,  that  they  would  deilroy  Charles,  were  he  in 
their  power;  and  hoped  to  drive  out  him    and  his, 
children  to  wander  in  a  foreign  land  for  ever. 

This  rancourous  fpirit  was  kept  alive  by  falfc 
hopes  of  affiftance  and  fupport.  The  rebels  were 
fometimes  affured  that  the  Scots  had  really  concurred 
in  the  defign  of  extirpating  the  Englifh.  Sometimes 
their  leaders  boafled  that  they  had  rifen  by  inftruc- 
tions  and  commiffion  from  the  queeny.  In  feizing 
Charlemont,  O'Nial  declared  that  he  aded  by  au- 
thority'of  the  Engliih  parliament.  But  thefe  pre- 
tences were  inftantly  laid  afide  as  dangerous  to  their 
caufe.  On  the  fucceeding  day  the  Irilh  leader  pro- 
fcfled  that  he  had  the  king's  commiffion  for  taking 
arms.  He  produced  a  parchment,  with  a  great  feal 
appending,  which  he  affirmed  to  be  this  commiffion  ; 
and  though  he  would  not  fuffer  it  to  be  infpeded, 
the  bold  affertion  difmayed  thole  proteftants  of  the 
,  puritanic  party,  who  entertained  no  favourable  fen- 
timents  of  Charles,  and  who  at  fight  of  the  great 
feal  declared,  at  once,  that  they  were  a  sold  peo- 
ple'^. The  commiffion  foon  appeared,  drawn  up 
in  due  form,  and  was  notified  vvith  great  folcmnity 
to  the  Iriili  confederates. 

In  this  inflrument  the  king  is  made  to  declare  to 
his  Catholic  fubjects  of  Ireland^  that  for  the  prefer- 
vation  of  his  perfon,  he  had  long  been  obliged  to  take 
his  refidence  in  Scotland  3  occafioned  by  the  difobe- 
dience  of  the  Englifli  parliament,  which  had  depriv- 
ed him  of  his  royal  power  and  prerogative,  and  af- 
fumed   the   government   and   adminiftration  of  the 

realm . 

y  Ibid.         a  Depofuion  of  Jane  Baer,  &c.        a  Nalfon,  Rufhwonb. 


Ch.  3.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  139 

realm  3  that  as  thcCeJlorms  6/ow  aloft^  and  are  likely 
to  be  carried  into  Ireland  b)'  the  vehemency  of  the 
PROTESTANT  party,  he  hath  given  full  power  to 
his  catholic  fubjedts  to  afTemble  and  confult,  to  feize 
all  places  of  ftrength,  except  thofe  of  the  Scots,  und 
to  arrefl;  the  goods  and  perfons  of  all  Engiifli  Pro- 
testants within  the  kingdom  of  Ireland. — The 
firft  report  of  this  commiflion  was  inftantly  encoun- 
tered by  a  proclamation  of  the  lords  juilices,  in 
which  they  warn  the  fubjed:s  againft  the  delulion  of 
falfe  and  feditious  rumours,  derogatory  to  the  honour 
of  the  crown;  declare  that  they  have  full  authority  to 
profecute  the  rebels;  in  the  king's  name  command 
thofe  who  have  been  feduced  to  forfake  all  traiterous 
counfels;  and  denounce  all  the  terrour  of  authority 
againft  thole  who  iliall  refufe  to  accept  the  royal 
mercy. 

At  this  day,  when  the  virulence  of  party  has  fub- 
fidcd,  and  men  can  difpaffionately  review  the  charac- 
ters both  of  Charles  and  his  opponents,  the  very 
terms, in  which  this  inftrument  is  conceived,  may  be 
fufficient  to  difcredit  it  ;  and  in  indeed  prove  it  to 
be  a  forgery,  and  a  forgery  precipitately  and  unjudi- 
cioufly  devifed^.  At  the  end  of  this  unhappy  war, 
the  rebel  leaders,  their  clergy,  their  agents,  all  uni- 
formly declared  that  they  had  no  commifficn  from 
the  king,  but  had  invented  the  tale  to  colled:  and 
animate  their  followers'-".  The  dying  declaration  of 
lord  Macguire  difclaimed  any  commiflion  from  the 
king.  Sir  Fhelim  O'Niai  on  his  trial,  and  at  his 
death,  was  tempted  to  confefs  that  he  had  aded  by 
authority  of  Charles,  and  to  produce  the  proof  of 
his  commifrion.  On  his  trial,  he  peremptorily  de- 
clared that  be  never  had  recejved  any  commijjicn.   He 

T  2  explained 

^DcroHtions,  MS.  e  Carte.  Nclfon, 


I40    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND      B.V.. 

explained  the  means  by  which  his  Irifh  followers 
were  deceived  i  he  declared,  that  in  ranfacking  the 
caftle  of  Charlemont,  he  found  a  patent  of  lord 
Caulfield's,  from  which  he  took  the  great  feal  and 
affixed  it  to  a  forged  commitlion.  At  the  hour  of 
his  execution  he  perilled  in  a  folemn  difavowal  of 
ever  having  received  any  commiffion  from  the  king, 
for  levying  or  profecuting  the  war  of  Ireland*. 

Thfse  pofitive  evidences  are  corroborated  by  fome 
incidents  already  mentioned,  though  hitherto  unno- 
ticed by  any  hiftoriaui  the  declaration  of  O'Nial,  on 
ihe  furprizal  of  Charlemont,  that  he  aded  by  autho- 
jity  of  the  Englifli  parliament  -,  the  fudden  change  on 
the  enfuing  morning,  and  the  new  pretence  of  a 
royal  commiflionj  a  parchment  dii'played,  but  no 
infpedion  fuffered;  a  lapfe  of  fcven  days  before  the 
publication  of  an  inllrumeut  fo  efiential  to  the  inte- 
feft  of  the  infurgents.  Another  circumftance  has 
efcaped  the  obfervation  of  the  moll:  zealous  partir* 
zans  of  Charles,  and  yet  feems  not  unworthy  of  no- 
tice. Scarcely  had  this  pretended  commiffion  been 
promulged,  when,  as  if  it  had  been  confidered  as  a 
mere  temporary  expedient  for  operating  on  the  igno- 
rant Northerns,  another  manife/lo  appeared,  in 
which  there  is  not  the  leaft  mention  of  a  point  fo 
material  as  a  commiffion  from  the  king;  and  which 

is 

*  It  feems  fcarcely  necefiary  to  ftrengthen  this  pofitive  evidence, 
by  an  incident  mentioned  by  Mr.  Carte. — That  about  fix  years  before 
the  publication  of  his  Life  of  Ormotjd,  the  very  patent  from  which  the 
great  feal  was  torn,  and  which  contained  a  gr."4nt  of  fome  lands  in  the 
county  of  Tirone,  was  produced  en  a  fuit  of  law,  at  the  aCizcs  of  Ti- 
Tone,  by  the  late  lord  Charlemont,  having  on  it  evident  marks  cf  the 
deal  being  torn  off,  and  an  end»rfement  proving  the  faft  ;  and  v>/as  al- 
lowed by  the  judges  as  authentic. — The  memory  of  this  tranfaclion  is 
only  prcferved  in  the  general  and  uncontefted  tradition  cf  the  county. 
I  have  not  been  able  to  procure  any  pofuive  evidence  of  it.  Wy  dear 
and  honoured  friend,  the  prelent  eail  of  Charlemont,  has  no  patent  ia 
}jis  poffelTioii  anAvering  to  this  defcription. 


Ch.  3-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  141 

is  conceived  in  fuch  terms  as  feem  purpofedly  calcu- 
lated to  corred  the  errors  of  the  former  publication. 
It  is  fo  different  from  the  Erft  declaration  of  the  re- 
bels, "  that  it  feems,"  faith  Mr.  Carte,  "  to  be  the 
**  work  of  Roger  Moore,  who,  having  cfcapedfrora 
**  Dublin,  and  fledinto the  county  of  Wicklow,  made 
**  all  the  hafle  he  could  from  thence  to  Sir  Phelim, 
**  who,  he  knew,  wanted  judgmeni  to  condudt  an 
'*  enterprize  of  fuch  confequence." 

In  this  manifefto  the  rebels  complain  of  opprefli- 
ons  fuffered  by  the  Roman  catholics i  profefiing,  at 
the  fame  time,  an  inviolable  loyalty  to  the  king. 
While  they  acknowledge  to  have  enjoyed  feme  in- 
dulgence by  his  princely  goodnefs,  they  reprefent 
the  parliament  of  England  as  wrefiing  the  king's 
prerogative  from  his  hands,  denouncing  utter  extir- 
pation againfl  the  catholics  of  Ireland,  encouraging 
petitions  againfl  the  papifts,  and  Protefiant  prelates 
of  this  realm,  to  root  out  the  one,  and  to  depofc  the 
other.  They  complain  that  the  government  of  Ire- 
land has  been  fucceflivtly  committed  to  the  hands  of 
indigent  aud  rapacious  minifters,  who,  by  inventi- 
ons of  fraud  and  opprefiion,  had  pillaged  every  order 
of  fubjedis;  fo  that  their  eftates  and  confciences  v/ere 
expofed  to  the  fame  tyrafiny.  They  declare,  that  as 
they  have  no  hopes  from  his  majefty,  oppreiTed  and 
defpoiled  as  he  was,  by  the  arrogancy  ot  faithlefs  and 
difloyal  fubjeds,  they  had  of  neceffity  taken  arms, 
in  defence  of  themfcives  and  of  the  royal  preroga- 
tive y  they  had  feizcd  the  Itrongefi  forts  of  the  king- 
dom, to  be  enabled  to  fcrve  his  majefty,  and  to  le- 
cure  thernfelves  againlf  the  tyrannous  refolutions  of 
their  enemies;  proieihng  that  they  were  ready  to 
yield  up  tholeplaces  at  hismajedy'^  command,  when 
a  couris  Ihoi^ld  be  taken  to   Rcurc  them,   and  the 

Pro- 


142    HISTORY  OF    IRELAND.     B.V. 

Protestants  of  the  kingdom,  his  only  true  and 
obedient  lubjeds,  againll:  the  fadious  and  feditious 
puritans. 

This  manifefto  was  evidently  calculated  to  caft 
that  fpecious  colouring  on  their  caufe,  which  might 
ftrike  the  more  intelligent  and  lei's  violent  of  the 
difcontented  party.  In  their  pretended  commiffion 
from  the  king,  they  cenfure  the  condud  of  proteft- 
ants,  and  declare  that  they  had  taken  arms  againfl 
the  proteftant  party.  But  this  was  foon  difcovered  to 
be  precipitate  and  injudicious;  for  the  lri(h  catho- 
lics of  thofe  days  affeifled  toconfider  the  word  Pro- 
testant as  a  defignation  peculiar  to  the  members 
of  the  cftabliilied  church.  They  deigned  not  to  call 
the  puritans  by  this  title.  So  that  in  their  firft  de- 
claration, publiflied  in  the  king's  name,  no  mention 
was  at  all  made  of  thofe  whom  it  was  their  inter- 
eft  to  confider  as  their  only  enemies.  In  their  ma- 
nifeilo  the  errour  is  correQed.  They  rcprefent  their 
own  religion,  and  that  of  the  eftabiihed  communi- 
on, expofed  to  equal  danger;  and  as  they  had  for- 
merly united  with  the  puritans  in  their  parliamenta- 
ry tranfadions,  and  practices  in  London,  fo  they 
now  iiffcd:  to  form  a  new  union  againfl  them,  and  to 
open  their  arms  to  every  friend  of  prelacy  and  pre- 
rogative. The  infurgents  of  Longford  proceeded  yet 
further'^.  Inflead  ot  conhnin?  themfelves  to  formal 
exprefiions  of  loyalty,  they  tranfmitted  to  the  ftate 
an  oath  of  allegiance  which  they  had  taken,  together 
with  their  lift  of  grievances,  and  their  propcfitions 
for  redrcfs.  They  compkined  of  the  penal  laws; 
the  feverity  of  inquifitions,  and  avoiding  of  letters 
patent;  the  reftraint  upon  the  mere  Irifti  of  purcha- 
iing  lands  in  the  efcheated  counties;  and  the  odious 

incapacity 

,  ■  i  Carte.  Nalfon. 


Ch.  3,  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  143! 

incapacity  impofed  on  papifts,  ot  enjoying  the  ho- 
nours and  immunities  of  free  lubje6ts,  without  vio- 
lence to  their  confciences.  They  propofed  that  a 
general  adt  of  oblivion  fhould  pafs  vs^ithout  any  relti- 
tution,  or  account  of  goods  taken  in  the  preJent  com- 
motion j  that  the  penal  laws  of  Elizabeth  Ihould  be 
repealed  by  parliament,  and  an  ample  charter  of  deni- 
zation granted  to  the  mere  Irilh.  Their  demands, 
however  unreafonable,  were  explicit  and  defined; 
while  the  Ulfter  rebels  made  no  particular  propoH- 
tions,  but  left  themfelves  at  liberty  to  prolong  their 
war,  by  a  perpetual  fuggeftion  of  new  dangers,  fears, 
and  jealoufies.  The  immediate  objecSts  of  their  foli- 
citude  was  to  procure  foreign  fuccours,  and  to  engage 
the  Pale  in  their  rebellion.  Richelieu  amufedthem 
with  magniiScent  promifes  of  afiiftance.  The  nego- 
tiations of  Roger  Moore,  and  his  practices  with  the 
inhabitants  of  the  Pale,  were  as  yet  without  cfFed:. 

Nor  did  the  progrefs  of  their  northern  war  cor- 
refpond  with  the  rapidity  oftheir  firfl:  fuccelTes^  .The 
English  gentlemen  in  different  parts  of  Ulfter  quickly 
recovered  from  the  iirft  violent  furprize,  and  took 
the  neceflary  meafures  for  defence.  Carricfergus 
was  the  great  northern  afylum  for  thofe  wretched 
fugitives  who  efcaped  the  fury  of  the  rebels,  or  were 
driven  from  their  habitations.  Chichefter,  thego- 
vernour,  coiledted,  encouraged,  and  armed  them.  In- 
other  towns,  not  furprifed  by  the  rebels,  meafures 
were  taken  for  defence  ;  and  the  friends  of  goverr.- 
ment,  though  not  as  yet  regularly  authorifed  to 
command  thofe  forces  they  had  raifed,  yet  ventured 
\to  march  outagainft  the  enemy.  At  Lifburne,  or 
Lifnegarvy  as  it  was  then  called,  a  body  of  one  thou- 
fand  wa;  collected;   and  though  not  fuffieiently  dif- 

ciplined 

c  Carte. 


144    ins  TO  RY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V-^ 

ciplmed  or  obedient,  ferved  to  terrify  the  fcattered 
parties  of  the  rebels.  They  were  defeated  in  Ibme 
ikirminies  at  Dromore;  but  wreaked  their  brutal 
vengeance  on  the  inhabitants  when  the  Englifli  were 
obhged  to  abandon  this  town.  A  commiffion,  re- 
ceived irom  the  lords  juftices,  empowered  colonel 
Ghichefter  and  Sir  Arthur  Tyringham  to  command 
in  the  county  of  Antrim.  They  appointed  a  gover- 
nour  and  garrifon  for  Bclfaft;  they  ftationed  a  party 
at  Lilburn;  they  fupplied  Sir  William  Brcwnlow 
with  ammunition  for  the  defence  of  his  cadle  and 
the  town  of  Lurgan,-  they  llrengthencd  Derry,  and 
Rationed  agsrrifon  in  the  caille  of  Augher,  which 
gallantly  fuilained  a  dorm,  and  repelled  the  rebels. 

A  MESSENGER,  difpatced  by  Chichefler  to  the 
king,  arrived  before  the  cxprefs  of  the  lords  juftices, 
and  returned  with  alTurances  of  fpeedy  relief.  Char- 
les had  immediately  communicated  his  intelligence 
from  Ireland  to  the  Scottilh  parliament,  in  expe(5ta- 
tion  that  their  zeal  for  religion,  and  abhorrence  of 
popery,  would  at  once  roufe  them  to  the  defence  of 
their  afirlidted  brethern  in  the  neighbouring  king- 
dom. But  in  this  cafe,  their  zeal  was  not  enlivened 
by  interefl  or  fadion.  Their  general  profeflions 
were  fajr  and  plaufible,  but  attended  with  pretences, 
of  delay  and  doubt.  They  required  more  particu- 
lar information  of  the  Irifh  commotions:  they  af- 
ie<fted  to  apprehend,  that  the  Englifh  parliament 
might  be  offended  at  their  forwardnefs,  fhould  they 
prepare  for  the  relief  of  Ireland  witliout  their  know- 
ledge and  concurrence;  and  therefore  determined, 
in  the  firft  place,  to  treat  with  the  parliament  in 
London,  Charles,  however  mortified  at  this  cold- 
nefs,  contrived,  by  the  afliftancc  of  fome  experi- 
enced  ofTlcers   lately   dilbanded;    to  colle(5t   fifteen 

hundred 


eh.  3-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    r.  141 

hundred  of  their  old  foldieis.  Thefe  were  inftantiy 
dilpatched  to  his  loyal  commanders  of  Ulfler,  toge-*- 
th^r  with  arms,  ammunition,  and  fome  money  pro-* 
cured  by  the  atliilance  of  the  duke  of  Lennox. 

Even  this  fmall  fupply  ferved  to  animate  the 
northera  gentry.  They  had  received  commitlions 
from  the  king  j  fo  that  they  were  now  doubly  au-» 
thorifed  to  command  thofe,  whom  at  firft  they  could 
but  exhort  to  defence.  Wherever  the  Eiiglifh  in^ 
habitants  were  embodied*  their  fuccefs  difcovered 
the  fatal  errour  of  their  conduction  the  firft  furprize. 
In  Fermanagh,  the  rebels  were  forced  to  raife  the 
fiegc  of  Enniikillen;  and  lord  Macguire's  own  caftle 
was  taken  by  ftorm.  In  Tirone,  Sir  Phelim  O'Nial 
was  driven  with  difgrace  and  (laughter  from  the 
fiege  of  Caftle-Derrick.  In  Donnegal,  he  received 
another  defeat;  his  forces  were  repelled  in  various 
attempts,  and  their  leaders  returned,  in  the  vexation 
of  repeated  difappointment,  to  his  camp  at  Newry* 

Yet,  not  humbled  by  thefe  petty  defeats,  and 
confident  in  the  number  of  thofe  barbarous  fol- 
io wers^,  whom  the  hopes  of  plunder  were  daily  al- 
luring to  his  fervice,  he  ftill  determined  to  ftrike  at 
the  very  head  of  northern  loyahy,  by  inverting  Car-» 
ricfergus.  For  this  purpofe,  it  was  previoufly  necef-* 
fary  to  reduce  Lifburn,  a  powerful  Scotti(h  fettle-* 
ment,  (for  the  pretence  of  leaving  the  Scottish  fet- 
tiers  unmolefted,  was  foon  forgotten).  Hither  he 
detached  a  well  appointed  body  of  four  thoufand* 
The  town  had  already  fuftained  a  violent  aifaultj 
but,  relying  on  the  ftrength  of  his  party,  and  his  in- 
telligence with  the  IrilTi  inhabitants,.  O'Nial  was 
now  confident  of  fuccefs.     Happily  Sir  Arthur  Ty- 

VoL.  III.  U  ringham 

f  ^$,  Relation  of  the  fight  at  Lifncgarvy, 


146    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND;    B.V. 

Tyringham  had  brought  a  feafonable  reinforcement 
to  the  garrifonj  and  at  the  very  moment  of  danger 
was  affifted  in  his  difpofitions  by  the  arrival  of  Sir 
George  Rawdon,  an  eminent  Englifh  fettler  and 
gallant  officer.  The  attack  was  violent;  it  v^^as  fuf- 
tained  and  repelled  with  fteadinefs  and  vigour;  the 
repeated  efforts  of  the  beiiegers  but  encreafed  their 
confufion,  and  fwclled  the  numbers  of  their  iiain  : 
and  this  body  of  rebels,  the  lirft  that  bore  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  regularly  formed  army,  was  finally 
put  to  ftiameful  flight,  and  with  fo  great  a  flaugh- 
ter,  that  the  Englifli  boafted  that  the  number  flain 
in  the  aflault  trebled  that  of  the  whole  garrifon. 

But  fuch  fuccefTes  were  attended  with  confe- 
quences  truly  horrible.  The  Irifh,  incenfed  at  re- 
Cftance,  carried  on  their  hoftilities  without  faith  or 
humanity.  Lurgan  was  iurrendcred  by  Sir  William 
Brownlow,  on  terms  of  fecurity  to  the  inhabitants, 
and  permiilion  of  marching  out  unmolefted  with  his 
family,  goods,  and  retinue.  All  were  inftantly  feized, 
and  the  whole  town  given  up  to  plunder.  But  fuch 
inftances  of  perfidy  are  fcarcely  to  be  regarded,  when 
the  mpre  enormous  barbarities  of  the  rebels  obtrude 
themfelves  on  our  view.  At  every  inftance  of  his 
ill-fuccefs.  Sir  Phe'im  O'Nial  was  either  tranfported 
to  the  utmoft  pitch  of  malicious  phrenfy,  or  fo 
alarmed  at  the  well-known  inftability  of  his  follow- 
ers, that  he  determined,  with  an  infernal  policy,  to 
plunge  them  fo  deep  in  blood  as  to  render  their  re- 
treat or  reconciliation  with  government  utterly  im- 
pradicable.  On  the  repulfe  of  his  forces  at  the 
caftle  of  Augher,  he  ordered  his  execrable  agent, 
Mac-Donnel,  to  maflacre  all  the  Britifli  proteftants 
'in  three  adjacent  parifhes.  The  defeat  at  Lilhurn 
provoked  this  favage  and  his  barbarous  followers  to  a 

degree 


Ch.  3-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  14^ 

degree  of  rage   truly  diabolical^.     Lord   Caulfield, 
who  had  been  conveyed   to  one   of  the   houfes  of 
O'Nial,  was  wantonly  and  bafely  murdered.     Fifty 
others,    in   the  fame   place,  fell  by  the  poinards  of 
the  Irifh.     Their  miferable  prifoners,  confined   in 
different   quarters,  were  now  brought   out,    under 
pretence  of  being  conduced  to  the  nextEnglifli  fet-' 
tlements.     Their  guards  go  ided  them  forward  like 
beafts,  exulting  in  their  fufferings,  and  determined 
on  the  deflrudlion  of  thofe  who  had  not  already  funk 
under  their  tortures.     Sometimes  they  enclofed  them 
in  fome  houfe  or  caflle,  which  they  fet  on  fire,  with 
a  brutal  indifference  to  their  cries,  and  a  hellifh  tri- 
umph over  their  expiring  agonies.     Sometimes  the 
captive  Englilh  were  plunged  into  the  firfl  river,  to 
which   they  had   been  driven  by  their  tormentors. 
One  hundred  and  ninety  were,  at  once,  precipitated 
from   the   bridge  of  Portadown.     Irifh  ccclcfiaflics 
were   feen  encouraging  the  carnage.      The  women 
forgot  the  tendernefs  of  their  fex;  purfued  the  Eng- 
lifh   with  execrations,  and  embrucd  their  hands  in 
blood:  even  children,  in  their  feeble  malice,  lifted  the 
dagger  againfl  the  helplefs  prifoners. 

They,  who  efcaped  the  utmoft  fury  of  the  re- 
bels, languifhed  in  miferies  horrible  to  be  defcribed. 
Their  imaginations  were  overpowered  and  difordered 
by  the  recollcdion  of  tortures  and  butchery.  In 
their  diflradtion,  every  tale  of  horrour  was  eagerly 
received,  and  every  fuggeflion  of  phrenfy  and  me- 
lancholy believed  implicitly.  Miraculous  efcapes 
from  death,  miraculous  judgments  on  murderers, 
lakes  and  rivers  of  blood,  marks  of  {laughter  indeli- 
ble by  every  human  effort,  vifions  of  fpirits  chaunt- 

U  2  ing 

^  MS.  Depcficlons. 


148    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND    B.  V.- 

ir.g  hymns,  ghofts  rifing  from  rivers  and  flirieking 
out  Revenge 3  ihefe,and  fuch  like  fancies  w6re pro- 
pagated and  received  as  inconteftible. 

An  enthufiaflic  hatred  of  thelrifli  was  the  natural 
and  necefTary  confcquence.  The  Britiili  fettlers, 
who  were  fheltered  in  places  of  fecurity,  forgot  that 
their  fuifering  brethren  had,  in  feveral  inHances, 
betn  refcucd  from  deftruftion,  and  protected  by 
the  old  natives.  Their  abhorrence  was  violent  and 
indifcriminate  :  and  it  tranfported  them  to  that  very 
brutal  cruelty  which  had  provoked  this  abhorrence. 
The  Scottilh  foldiers,  in  particular,  who  had  rein- 
forced the  garriibn  of  Carricfcrgus,  were  poflclTed 
with  an  habitual  hatred  of  popery,  and  enflamed  to 
an  implacable  deteftation  of  the  iri{h  by  multiplied 
accounts  of  their  cruelties,  horrible  in  themlelves, 
and  exaggerated,  not  only  by  the  fufferers,  but  by 
thofc  who  boafted  and  magnified  their  barbarities. 
In  one  fatal  ni<j:ht  they  ifTued  from  Carrickfergus  into 
an  adjacent  dillrict  call-d  Island-Magee,  where 
9  number  of  the  poorer  Infli  refided,  unoffending, 
and  untainted  by  the  rebellion.  If  we  may  believe 
one  of  the  leaders  of  this  party,  thirty  families  were 
flffailed  by  them  in  their  beds,  and  malTacred  with 
calm  and  deliberate  cruelty.  As  if  the  incident  were 
Tiot  fufliciently  hideous,  popilTi  writers  have  repre- 
iented  it  with  ihocking  aggravation.  They  make 
the  number  of  the  flaughtercd,  in  a  fmall  and  thinly 
inhabited  ncck  of  land,  to  amount  to  three  thoufand; 
a  wjidners  and  abfurdity  into  which  other  writers  of 
fuch  tranfadions  have  been  betrayed.  They  afTert, 
that  this  butchery  was  committed  in  the  beginning 
pf  November ;  that  it  was  the  firft  mailacre  com- 
puted in  Ulfter,  and  the  great  provocation  to  all  the 

outrages 


Ch.  3-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  149 

outrages  of  the  Irifh  in  this  quarter.  *Mr.  Carte 
feems  to  favour  this  alTertion.  Had  he  carefully 
perufed  the  colicdion  of  original  depofitions  now  ia 
pofleilion  of  the  univerfity  of  Dublin,  he  would  have 
found  his  doubts  of  fad:s  and  dates  cleared  moft  fa- 
tisfaCtoiily  j  and  that  the  mallacre  of  liland-Magcc 
(as  appears  from  feveral  unfufpicious  evidences)  was 
really  committed  in  the  beginning  of  January,  when 
the  followers  of  O'Nial  had  almoft  exhaufted  their 
barbarous  malice. 


•  His  words  are  thefe — "  Whether  the  flaughter  made  by  a  party 
*<  from  Carricfergus,  in  the  territory  ot  Mage e,  a  long  narrow  ifland 
*'  running  from  liiat  town  up  to  Olderfleet,  (in  which  it  is  affirmed 
**  that  near  three  thoufand  harmlefs  Iiifhmen,  women,  and  children, 
*'  were  cruelly  maflacred)  happened  before  the  fun ender  of  Loargan, 
•*  is  hard  to  be  deiermined  :  the  relations  publijhed  of  fa£ls  in  thofe  times 
*'  being  very  indijiind  ana  uncertain  with  regard  to  the  time  when  the 
*'  were  committed  ;  though  it  is  confidently  ajjerted,  that  the   iaid  maf- 

«'  facte  happened  in  this  month    of  November." The  reader 

of  Ireland,  who  may  have  cnriofity  to  enquire  after  thofe  auth'^rities, 
on  which  I  have  Hated  this  tranfaftion  differently  and  with  more  preci- 
fion,  will  find  them  among  the  depofitions  of  the  county  of  Antrim, 
from  the  middle  to  the  latter  part  of  the  volume.  MSS.  Trin.  Cci, 
Dub. 


CHAP. 


150     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND    B.  V. 

C  H  A  P    IV. 

ConiiiB  of  the  lords  juftices. — Intelligence  of  the  rebeU 
lion  received  by  the  Englijh  parliament. — Their  re- 
folutions. — Mode  and Jpirit  of  their  porcedure,-^ 
Flame  of  rebellion  extended. — State  of  Munjler.^^ 
Services  of  the  Earl  of  Clanricarde  in  Connaught.-^ 
The  lords  juftices  recall  the  arms  they  had  diftri" 
butedy — repeat  their  proclamation  againfl  any  re-^ 
fort  to  Dublin. — Their  inftdious  manner  of  offering 
pardon  to  the  rebels. — They  oppofe  the  meeting  of  a 
parliament. — Allow  a  fejfton  oj  one  day. — Tranj ac- 
tions of  the  parliament . — Agents  J ent  to  the  king, 
-—Private  reprefentations  of  the  lords  juftices.-—' 
The  agents  and  their  papers  feized  by  order  of  the 
Englijh  commons. — Rebels  elated. — RejeSi  over- 
tures  of  accommodation, — Directed  by  Roger  Moore, 
— Frame  their  oath  of  ajjociation. — F revoked  by  the 
cruelties  of  Sir  Charles  Coot. — March  to  inveft 
Drogheda. — Animated  by  their  vi5lory  at  fultans 
Town  Bridge. — Moors  p radices  in  the  Pale  at 
length  fuccefsful — Meeting  and  interview  at  the 
Flill  of  Crofty . — Seven  noblemen  and  their  adhe- 
rents of  the  Pale  declare  for  war- — Lords  of  the 
Pale  fumf none d  by  the  Jlate. — Their  anfwer, — Re- 
plies.— Addreffesofthe  lords  to  the  king  and  queen, 

They  concert  their  operations. Proclamation 

^  figned  by  the  king. — Infur  reel  ion  in  Munfter. — 

The   leader Sy their  procedure^ — fuccfsy — and 

difenfion. — Drogheda  invefted — Defence  oJ  Drog- 
heda negleSfed  by  the  ft  ate . — Unfuccefsful  atte  mp  ts 
to  furprife  the  town. — Skirmijh  at  Swords. — Or- 
tnond  inarches  to  Naas. — His  Jpirit ed  anfwer  to 
lord  Gormanfton  s  menace.  —  Reinforcements  from 
England, — Difrefj'es  of  the  army. — Ormond  com- 

mijftoned 


€h.  4.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  1^1 

mij/ioned  to  march  to  the  Boyne, — Siege  of  Drog- 
heda  raifed, — Ormond forbidden  to  purfue  the  re- 
bels. — General  difpofition  of  the  Pale  to  be  recon^ 
died  to  government, — Difpleafng  to  the  lords juf- 
tices. — Their  prijoners  racked. — Motives  and  con- 
fequences  of  this  procedure. — In  fur  gents  of  the 
Pale  driven  to  defperation. — Battle  ofKilruJh, 

DURING  the  progrefs  of  thefe  northern  com- 
motions,  the   lords  juftices   confined  their 
attention    to  their  own  fecurity,  and  that  of 
the  capital'i.      Xhe  numbers  of  wretched  fugitives, 
who  fought  ihelter  in  Dublin,  from   their  mercilefs 
enemies,    exhibited  a  fpcdtacle  of  affedting   diftrefs, 
and  feemed  to  demand  fome  vigourous  meafures  for 
fuppreffinga  rebellion  conduded  with  fuch  virulence. 
The  earl  of  Ormond,  who  was  appointcdlieutenant- 
general  of  the  army,  declared  for  marching  inftantly 
againft   the   rebels,    with   fuch  forces  as   might  be 
fpared  from  the  defence  of  Dublin'.    A  confiderable 
part  of  the  army  was  affembled  -,  new  regiments  and 
companies    were   raifed;   the   royal   magazines  fuf- 
ficiently  fupplied  j  the  main  body  of  the  rebels,  which 
lay  in  the  county  of  Louth,  wretchedly  provided  and 
difpirited.     Yet    the   lords  juftices  contented  them- 
felves  with  difpatching  Sir  Henry  Tichburnc,  with 
his  regiment  to   fecure  Drogheda  from  any  attempt 
of  the  rebels,  who,  to  the  number  of  four  thoufand, 
lay  at  Athirdec,  feven  miles  diftant  from  this  garri- 
fon. 

Irish  infurredions  had  been  frequently  fupprefTed 
by  fuch  numbers  as  Ormond  now  propofed  to  em- 
ploy, when  the  danger  was  encountered  with  fpirit 
and    alacrity.     But   the   prefent    chief  governours 

were 

h  Temple.  i  Carte's  Ormond,  and  Letters, 


152       HISTORY  OFIRELAND.     B.V. 

were  determined  againft  every  fpirited  meafure.  The/ 
pleaded  a  want  of  arms  to  furnifli  the  loldiery;  a 
pretence  fo  falfe  and  frivolous,  that  every  military 
man  flood  aftoniHiedat  their  Jupinenefs.  Si  me  im- 
puted it  to  timidity,  and  a  foliciiude  for  protcdling 
their  pofTclTicns  in  the  capital.  Others  imagined, 
that  they  envied  the  earl  of  Ormond,  and  dreaded 
that  his  fuccefs  might  be  rewarded  with  the  lieute- 
nancy of  Ire-land.  They,  who  looked  more  nearly 
into  their  characters  and  principles,  conceived,  and 
not  without  reafon,  that  they  by  no  means  wished 
to  cruOi  tlie  rebellion  in  its  beginnings,  but  were 
fecretly  defirous,  that  themadnefsof  the  Irifh  might 
take  its  free  courfe,  fo  as  to  gratify  their  hopes  of 
gain,  by  new  and  extenfive  forfeitures.  Nor  did  the 
deeper  politicians  fcruple  to  infinuate,  that  thefe 
cold  and  referved  governours  a6led  by  diredtions 
from  the  reigning  fadion  of  England. 

Their  chief  dependence  indeed  was  on  the  Eng- 
lifh  parliamentk.  Owen  O'Connolly  had  delivered 
his  difpatches  to  the  earl  of  Leicefler  on  the  lad  day 
of  Odober  :  they  were  communicated  with  great 
folemnity  to  the  commons  ,-  and  received  with  an 
affed:ation  of  terrour  and  aftonifliment.  A  mefTage 
from  the  king  recommended  the  affairs  of  Ireland  to 
his  parliament ;  an  expreffion  which  they  determined 
to  accept  in  the  mofl:  extentive  fenfe.  The  impor- 
tant charge  of  fuppreffing  a  popifh  rebellion  they 
afTumed  to  themfelvcs  ;  in  the  firfl  ardour  of  zeal, 
they  refolved  to  fupport  the  Irilh  war,  by  a  fupply 
of  two  hundred  thoufand  pounds.  Fifty  thouland 
cf  this  fum  were  borrowed  from  the  city  of  London ;. 
and  out  of  this  loan  twenty  thoufand  pounds  allign- 
cd  for  the  immediate  fervice  of  Ireland.  The  com- 
mons 

k  Rufliworih,      NaWbn. 


Ch.  4.  CHARLES    r.  i^3 

mons  farther  refolved,  firfl:,  that  fix  thoufand,  after-* 
wards,  that  ten  thoufand,  infantry  and  two  thoufand 
horfe  Ihould  be  raifed  for  the  ln(h  war.      Leicefter 
was  empowered  to  grant  commiilions  for  the  imme- 
diate levy  of  a  part  of  this  force  :  but  the  commons 
jnfifted,    that   the  Hft  of  officers  to    be    employed, 
Ihould  be  firft  laid  before  the  houfe  for  their  appro- 
bation.    They  refolved,  diat  a    convenient   number 
of  fhips  of  war  fhould  be  Rationed   on  the  coafts  of 
Ireland  ;  magazines   formed  ;  and  tranfports    pro- 
vided for  the  conveyance  of  men,  arms,    and  ammu- 
nition.    To    the  king's  council  it   was   referred   to 
confider  of  fomc  fit  way  foe  publication   of  rewards 
to  thofe,  who  fhould  do  fervice  in  the  Irifh  expedi- 
tion ;  of  pardon  .to  thofe  rebels,  who  fhould  fubmit 
within  a  limited  time,   and  of  fums  of  money  to  be 
given  for  the  heads  of  fuch  of  their  leaders  as  fhould 
be  nominated.    At  the  fame  time,  they  direded  that 
all  papifts  of  diftindion  in  England  fliould  be  fecured; 
that  ambaifadours  fhould  give  up  thofe  of  their  po- 
pilh  priefts  who  were  fubjeds  of  the  king  :  that  an. 
account  fliould  be  taken  of  thofe  attendant    on  the 
queen ;  and  that  all  Grangers,  not  of  the   proteflant 
religion,  fliould  immediately  return  their  names,  and 
time  of  their  intended  refidence,  or  elfe  depart  from 
the  kingdom. 

But,  inftead  of  minutely  detailing  the  proceed- 
ings of  this  famous  aflembly,  it  feems  fufficient  for 
the  prefent  purpofe  to  mark  their  temper,  the  gene- 
ral mode  and  fpirit  of  their  procedure,  and  the  in- 
fluence of  thefe  upon  the  affairs  of  Ireland. 

Fifteen  memorable  years  of  contefl  between 
the  unhappy  Charles  and  his  fubjedls,  had  gradually 
reduced  the  flate  of  England  to  a  fitvjation  the  mofl 

Vol.  III^  X  critical 


154     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND    B.  V. 

critical.  The  popular  leaders  had  triumphed  over 
theweaknefs  and  inllability,  and  even  the  obftinacy  of 
the  king.  If  grievances  were  redrefled,  ^hey  had 
experienced  his  infincerity.  If  their  own  tneafures 
of  oppofition  had  been  irregular,  or  ftridlly  illegal, 
they  might  hereafter  feel  the  weight  of  power.  They 
determined  to  feek  their  own  fecurity  by  poifeffing 
themfelves  of  the  fovereignty  of  the  ftate :  they  plead- 
ed the  neceffity  of  efFed:ually  fecuring  the  fubjedt, 
not  by  circumfcribing,  but  abolilhing  the  royal  au- 
thority. An  enthufiailic  paffionfor  the  preibyterian 
difcipline  was  countenanced  and  encouraged,  diffufed 
through  all  orders  of  the  nation,  mixed  with  all  their 

•  •  •       n 

concerns,  and  had  an  efpecial  and  violent  influence 
on  their  political  purfuits.  The  king,  who,  from 
inclination  and  neceflity,  fupported  the  hierarchy, 
became  doubly  odious  j  and  the  religious  abhorrence 
of  the  hierarchy  was  encreafed  by  that  fupport  which 
it  afforded  to  the  royal  authority.  Both  were  now 
deftined  to  defl:rud:ion  -,  and  they,  who  were  more 
moderate  politicians,  or  had  not  fully  imbibed  the 
fafhionable  fpirit  of  the  religion,  were  to  be  feduced 
to  a  concurrence  with  defigning,  artful,  or  fanatical 
leaders. 

Every  device  was  pradlifed  to  confirm,  and  en- 
ilame  the  fufpicions  entertained  of  the  king.  The 
famous  Remonstrance  was  prepared,  in  which 
the  whole  feries  of  mifcondudt,  the  long  detail  of 
unconflitutional  meafures  adopted  by  Charles,  were 
colleded  into  one  ofFenfive  view.  Rumours  of  danger, 
ofconfpiracy,  of  invafion,  were  induflrioully  propa- 
gated. Pretended  plots  were  difcovered,  and  the 
jTiofl  extravagant  fuggellions  of  fraud  or  credulity  ac- 
cepted and  encouraged.  A  virulent  abhorrence  of 
popery,   a  Lreadful  apprehcniion  of  popiih  agents, 

\  and 


Ch.  4-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    r.  ij^ 

and   their  defigns,    refounded  from  every  quarter. 
At  the  very  moment  when  the  more  moderate  part 
of  the  nation  grew  difgufted  at  ii(5titious  plots,    and 
fenfelefs  rumours,intelligcnce  was  received  of  a  popifli 
rebellion  in  Ireland:  it  was  fpread  abroad  with  hide- 
ous aggravation,    and  feemed  to  realize  the  wildefl 
fufpicions  and  reports  of  danger.     The  peculiar  guilt 
of  fome  Irilli  Catholics  was  attributed  to  th«  whole 
fe(5t  in  both  kingdoms.    The  people,  ever  accuftom-' 
ed  to  join  the  prelatical  with  the  popiHi  party,  were 
eafily  perfuadcd,  that  this    horrid  infurredlion    was 
the  refult  of  their  united  counfels.     They  heard  that 
the  Irifh  rebels  pleaded  the  king's   commiffion   for 
their  violences.     Bigotry,   ever   credulous  and  ma- 
lignant, affented  without  fcruple  to  the  grofs  impof- 
ture,   and  loaded  the  unhappy  king  with  the  whole 
enormity  of  the  contrivance.    Jf  the  more  fober  and 
confiderate  could  not,    at  once,  be    perfuaded,  that 
Charles  had    adtually  given  a  commiiTion  to   defpoil 
^  and  murder  his  fubje(3:s,yet  fuch  were  their  unfavour- 
able fentiments    of  this  prince,  that   they  fufpe(5led 
that  a  rebellion,  raifed  at  fuch  a  jun<flure,    was  not 
wholly   owing  to  the  difcontents  of  the  Irifli,    but 
had  fecretely  been  excited  or  encouraged  by  the  king 
to  find  the  parliament  employment,  and  divert  them 
from  their  defigns   againll  his   power.     With  fuch 
impreffions   upon    their  minds,  |hey  faw  danger   in 
every  propofition  made    by  Charles   for  fuppreiiing 
the   rebellion    of  Ireland.     His  folicitude   for   the 
welfare  of  his  loyal  fubjeds  of  this  kingdom,  was 
converted   into  an   infidious    fcheme    of  exhaufting 
England  of  its  arms  and  treafure,  and  involving  the 
parliament  in  a  war,  expenfive  and  embarrafiing. 

The  commons  had  frequently  encroached  on  the 

executive  power  of  the  crown;    but  with  regard  to 

'  X  2  Ireland, 


1^6    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND      B.  V. 

ireland,  they  afTumed  it  at  once^  by  virtue  cf  that 
expreflion  whereby  the  king  reccinmended  to  them 
the  care  of  this  kingdom.  Had  Charles  been  able 
to  conteft  this  ufurpation,  it  mufl  have  expofed  him 
to  the  reproach  of  favouring  the  progrefs  of  the 
odious  rebellion.  .  '  " 

When    the   leaders  had  once  formed  their  pro- 
ject of  farther   innovations,    it   became  a  neceffary 
confequence,    that  their   operations  with  rclpcdl  to 
Ireland    fhould  be  conlidercd  as   fuboidinate  to  that 
great   defign  on  which    their   power,  their  fecurity, 
and  their  very  being  entirely  depended.     They  af- 
fected the   utmoft  zeal  againil  the  Irifh  infurgents  : 
but  the  IriOi  infurgents  ferved  as  a  pretence  for  fecur- 
ing  to  themfelves  afuperiority  in  thofe  commotions, 
which  they  forefaw  mufi;  loon  be  excited  inEngland. 
If  any  violent  point   was  to  be  gained,  the  Irifli  re- 
bellion was  a  ready  inftrument  of  their  purpoles.     If 
they  were    oppofed   in  any  favourite  delign,  it  was 
imputed  to  the  influence  of  the  malignant  party,  en- 
couraged by  the  popidi  rebellion  of  Ireland.     If  re- 
cufants  were  to  be  feized,    if  they  were  to  continue 
guards  about  the  houfe  of  commons,  the  Irifli  rebel- 
lion was  the  caufe.      It  was  the  burden  of  every  pe- 
tition, for  new  modelling  of  religion,  for  fubverting 
^pifcopacy,  for  putting  the  nation  in  a  ftateofdefence, 
for  removing  evil   counfellors,  for  guarding  againft 
papifts  and  their  adherents. 

In  the  extremity  of  that  contempt,  which  the 
popular  leaders  entertained  for  the  natives  of  Ireland, 
they  conceived,  that  it  would  beeafy,  at  any  time, 
to  Yupprefs  their  rebellion,  and  recover  that  king- 
domj  nor  were  they  willing  to  relinquiflj,  by  too 
liafty  afuccefs,  the   advantage,  which  that  rebellion 

\vould 


Ch.  4.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  157 

would  afford  them  in  their  intended  encroachments 
on  the  prerogative.  By  affuming  the  total  manage- 
ment of  the  war,  they  acquired  the  dependence  of 
every  man,  who  had  any  connexion  with  Ireland,  or 
was  dcfirous  of  lerving  in  this  kingdom.  They  le- 
vied money,  under  pretext  of  the  lri(h  expedition; 
but  they  rcferved  it  for  purpoies  which  concerned 
them  more  nearly.  They  took  arms  from  the  royal 
magazines,  but  with  a  fccret  ^purpofe  of  employing 
thqm  againfl  the  king.  Whatever  law  they  deemed 
requilite  for  aggrandizing  themfclves,  was  voted 
under  colour  of  enabling  them  to  recover  Ireland, 
If  Charles  withheld  his  affeijt,  the  refufal  was  imput- 
ed to  thofe  pernicious  counfels,  which  had  at  firfc 
excited  the  popiOi  rebellion,  and  Rill  threatened  to- 
tal dellrudion  to  -the  proteftant  intereft  throughout 
the  king's  dominion?;  And  though  no  forces  were 
for  a  long  time  fent  to  Ireland,  and  little  money  re- 
mitted during  the  extreme  diftrefs  of  this  kingdom, 
yet  fuch  was  the  general  attachment  to  the  commons, 
that  the  fault  was  never  once  imputed  to  thofe  pious 
zealots, whofe  votes  breathed  nothing  but  deflrudtion 
to  the  Jrifh  rebeh'.  ' 

I  N  the  mean  timei,  the  lords  judices  of  Ireland 
waited  within  their  walls,  in  expectation  of  fup- 
plies  from  England;  while  the  flame  of  infurredtion 
began  to  fpread  more  widely.  The  Iri(h  inhabitants 
of  the  county  of  Leitrim,  provoked  at  the  extenlivs 
Englidi  plantation  formed  on  their  lands,  had  fooii 
followed  the  example  of  the  Northerns.  The  fept 
of  O'Byrne  in  the  county  of  Wisklow,  ftill  fmarting 
with  remembrance  of  the  horrid  injuftice  and  per- 
fecutlon  they  had  fuftained  from  Parfons,  united 
with  their  Iriih  neighbours  in  the  adjoining  coun- 
ties 
1  Carte  Crm, 


15S    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V.^ 

ties  of  Wexford  and  Carlow.  They  feized  forts, 
drove  the  EnglijTi  proteftants  from  their  dwellings, 
and  extended  their  ravages  to  the  walls  of  Dublin. 
The  juftices  had  thus  an  additional  pretence  for  de- 
nying any  affiftance  to  the  diftant  provinces.  In 
Munfter,  Sir  William  Saint  Leger,  the  lord  prefi- 
dent,  a  foldier  of  activity  and  experience,  and  pof- 
felTed  pven  with  an  inveteracy  againft  the  Irifh, 
could  not  obtain  either  arms  or  foldiers  fufficient  for 
a  time  of  peace,  much  lefs  for  a  juncture  of  diftrac- 
tion  and  diforder.  Yet  the  ftrength  of  the  Engliih 
proteOants,  and  the  loyalty  of  the  Irilh  gentry,  as 
yet  preferved  this  province  from  any  material  difor- 
der. * 

The  peace  and  fecurity  of  Connaught    were  e- 
qaally  negleded  by  the  chief  governours,    although 
the  Engliih  power  was   inconfiderable    in  this  pro- 
vince, and  the  Irifh  natives  kept  in  continual  alarm 
for  twenty-five  years,    by   the  projeft  of  a  general 
plantation,  which,  though  fufpended,   bad  not  been 
formally   relinquifhed.     Yet   here   too  the  good  af- 
fei^tions  of  the  principal  inhabitants  ftemmed  the  tor- 
rent of  rebellion.      Jones  lord  Ranelagh,  the  prefi- 
dent  of  Connaught,  was  effedually  aflifted  by  lord 
Dillon  of  Coflello,and  lord  Mayo,  whom  the  rebels, 
in  their fird  ccnfpiracy  had  claimed  as  their  partizan"*. 
But  the    mod  refpeded,  moft   powerful,   and  mofl 
eftedual   friend    to  government  in  the  weftern  pro- 
vince, was  Uliac,  earl  of  Clanricard   and   Saint    Al- 
ban's;  who,  with  the  eld   inhabitants,   enjoyed    the 
confequence  of  a  chieftain,  and  with  the  Englifl), 
all  the    reverence   and    dignity   of  a  great   Englifh 
nobleman,  dillinguiihed  by  his  illuftrious   connexi- 
ons, by  the  favour  of  the  king,  but  chiefly    by  his 
own  excellent  and  exalted   endowments.     He  had 
opportunely  retired  to  his  Iriili  manfion  of  Portum- 

na, 

m  Carte.  Orm, 


Ch.  4.      /CHARLES!.  159 

na,  at  the  firft  rife  of  the  rebellion  -,  and,  pofTeffed 
with  the  mofl  delicate  fentiments  of  honour  and 
loyalty,  and  particularly  attached,  by  perfonal  af- 
fection to  the  king,  he  exerted  himfelf  with  efpeci- 
al  zeal  to  preferve  the  peace  of  his  own  county, 
Galway,and  of  the  neighbouring  di{l:rid:s.  He  found 
the  inhabitants poiTefTed  with  dreadful  apprehenfions, 
that  the  prefent  commotions  of  the  realm  might  be 
Afed  as  a  pretence  for  with-holding  the  king's  graces, 
and  depriving  them  of  that  legal  confirmation  of 
their  eflates,  which  they  had  Co  long  expedted  from 
the  royal  promife.  He  laboured  to  diflipate  thefe 
apprehenfions,  which  might  have  a  dangerous  in- 
fluence. He  procured  a  declaration  from  the  king, 
that  all  his  former  promifes  (hould  be  fully  perform- 
ed to  every  loyal  fubjed:.  He  raifed  troops,  lirength- 
ened  the  fort  of  Galway,  made  a  progrefs  through 
the  county,  infpeclcd  every  poft,  encouraged  the 
loyal,  terrified  the  difaffeded.  But  the  earl  of  Cianri- 
carde,  with  all  this  zeal  and  adivity,  with  all  the 
exalted  qualities  which  form  a  diftinguiflied  charac- 
ter, was  a  Roman  catholic,  and  therefore  hated  and 
fufpeded  by  the  ftate.  Every  afTiflance  was  denied 
him,  and  every  occafion  feiz:d  to  mortify  and  difgufl 
him 

The  lords  juflices,  and  their  puritanic  adherent?, 
were  the  more  encouraged  to  rejed  the  afiiftance  of 
all  thofe  who  were  not  of  their  own  party,  by  the 
fpirited  affiirances  of  fupport,  which  they  received 
from  England.  The  declaration  of  the  Englifli 
commons  for  maintaining  the  war  of  Ireland,  was 
received  with  joy,  as  an  earneft  of  immediate  fuc- 
cours,  and  fpread  triumphantly  through  the  king- 
dom. In  the  infolence  of  their  expecftations,  the 
juftices    immediately    recalled   thofe   arms    which 

they 


>6o      HISTORY  OFIRELAND.     B.V. 

they  had  entrufled  to  the  nobles  and  inhabitants  of 
the  Pale.  While  they  thus  left  them  defcncclefs, 
they  deprived  the  befl  affecfled  of  all  hopes  of  refuge 
from  the  violence  of  the  rebels  and  robbers;  for 
they  illued  anew  proclamation,  whereby  all  perfons 
except  the  ordinary  inhabitants,  v/ere  commanded, 
on  pain  of  death,  to  depart  from  Dublin  within 
tweiity-four^hours,  and  not  to  prefume  to  approach 
within  two  miles  of  the  city^  The  pretence  for  thi# 
rigourous  prohibition  was,  that  by  the  great  con- 
courfc  to  the  capital,  the  country  was  deprived  of 
defence  J  its  operation,  if  not  indended, could  fcarce- 
ly  be  unforefeen.  It  forced  the  inhabitants  of  the 
neighbouring  diftrids  to  a  perpetual  intercourfe  with 
the  rebels,  to  fupport  them  by  contributions,  and 
fometimes  to  unite  with  them,  in  order  to  avert 
their  cruelty. 

In  another  inilance,  the  condud  of  thefe  wretch^ 
ed  governours  was  ftill  more  lufpicious"^.  The  par- 
liament of  England  had  recommended  the  offer  of  a 
general  pardon  to  fuch  rebels  as  fluould  fubmit 
'  within  a  certain  time,  to  be  limited  by  the  lords 
jufiices.  No  proclamation  was  publidicd,  no  pardon 
offered,  in  conlequence  of  thefe  inftrudtions.  To 
palliate  this  omiffion,  they  pleaded  the  incfficacy  of 
their  former  proclamations;  the  firft  of  which  only 
called  on  the  king's  fubjeds  to  abandon  the  rebels, 
without  any  pofitive  affurance  of  mercy;  the  other 
offered  a  pardon,  not  to  the  rebels  of  UKler,  where 
the  infurrediori  chiefly  raged,  but  to  thofe  of  Long- 
ford and  Louth,Meath  and  Weft-Meath.  In  the  two 
lafi counties  no  body  of  rebels  had  appeared.  And, 
if  any  outrages  or  infurredions  were  to  he  fuppreffed, 
the  lords  juliices  contrived  to  defeat  the  effed  of 
their  pardon^  by   exceptions   and   conditions.     All 

freeholders 

n  Carte,  Orm, 


Ch.  4.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  161 

freeholders  of  thefe  four  counties,  all  who  had  flied 
'blood  in  any  adion,  all  who  were  in  prifon  for  fpoil 
or  robbery,  were  exprefslyexcludedfrom  mercy.  To 
others,  it  was  tendered  oh  condition  of  their  fubmit- 
ting  within  ten  days  after  the  proclamation,  and  of 
reftoring  all  the  property  they  had  leized,  which  had 
quickly  been  difperled  through  various  hands.  Such 
a  proclamation  was  evidently  abfurd  and  infidious. 
A  pardon,  offered  in  the  name  of  the  Englifh  parli- 
ament, muft  have  had  greater  influence  than  any  ad: 
of  an  Iriih  miniftry,  defpifed  and  fufpeded  by  the 
body  of  the  nation.  But  the  chief  governours  and 
their  creatures  were  conrident  of  fupport,  and  expe- 
rienced in  the  art  of  converting  forfeitures  to  their 
own  advantage. 

Agreeably  to  the  general  tenour  of  their  con- 
dud,  they  obftinately  oppofed  the  fentiments  of  the 
wifeft  and  moft  moderate  of  all  parties  in  the  king- 
dom, in  one  particular  of  efpecial  moment  0.  On  the 
commencement  of  the  rebellion,  the  Iriih  parliament, 
formerly  adjourned  to  November,  had  been  prorogued 
to  the  twenty-fourth  day  of  February;  a  meafure 
highly  dilpleafing  to  the  Catholics.  They  were 
impatient  for  thole  laws  which  were  to  confirm  them 
in  their  lands,  and  dreaded  that  this  delay,  and  the 
ftill  encreafing  power  of  the  popular  party  in  Eng- 
land, might  defeat  the  graciaus  intentions  of  the 
king.  For  this  the  Iriih  infurredion  might  afford  a 
plaufible  pretence.  All  of  their  communion  were 
confidered  by  the  Irifli  parliament  as  involved  in  the 
guilt  of  rebellion.  It  was  their  intereft  to  feize  the 
earlieft  opportunity  of  making  fome  folemn  declara- 
tion of  their  loyalty  and  foUcitude  for  the  peace  of 
Ireland  :  and   whether  they  were  fmcere  or  not,    it 

Vol,  m.  Y  was 

o  Carte,  Orm, 


j62    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V.^ 

was  both  equitable  and  politic  to   allow  them    this 
opportunity.     They  urged,  that  in  a  time  of  danger, 
the  national  afTembly  fliould  be  immediately  convened. 
Their  lawyers    luggefted,  that    the  prorogation  was 
illegal,    and    that   unlefs   the  houfcs  /hould   hold  a 
meeting  on  the  day  to  which  they  had  been  adjourned, 
the  parliament  would  be  really  dilTolved.    The  judges 
feemed  to  favour  this  opinion  :   the  earl  of  Ormond, 
lord  Dillon  of  Coflello,  and  others  of  approved  loy- 
alty,   though  no  favourers  of  the  juftices  and  their 
fadlion,  contended  for  an  immediate  feffion  and  con- 
tinuance of  the  parliament.     They  urged  the  danger 
of  enflaming  the  public   difcontents,  and  of  driving 
numbers  into   rebellion  by  any  farther  fufpenfion  of 
the  royal  graces  j  the  eafe  and    fecurity  with   which 
the  parliament  might  be  affembied  in  a  city  now   fo 
well  provided  with  forces  as  Dublin  i  the  mortifica- 
tion and  difcountenance    which    the  rebels  muft  re- 
ceive from  any  zealous  declarations  againft  their  Out- 
rages,   and  any  fpirited  refolutions  to  oppoCe  them; 
but  above  all,  the  effential  fervice  to  the  flate,  from 
the  fupplies  which  loyal  fubjeds  muft  chearfully  grant 
on  an  emergency  fo  critical,  and  which  even  the  fe- 
cretly  difaffeded  would  not  venture    to  oppofe,  left 
they   fhould  betray  their    principles  at  the    moment 
when  they  were  adually  in  cuflody  of  the  ftate. 

Such  remonftrances  had  little  weight  with  an  ad- 
miniilration  indifferent  to  public  jealoufies  and  com- 
plaints, and,  if  not  averfe  to  fuppreffing  the  rebellion, 
at  lealt  averfe  to  fuppreffing  it  by  any  refources  which 
Ireland  might  fupply.  They  declared  obftinately 
for  adhering  to  the  prorogation:  yet  the  doubts  ex- 
preffed  by  the  judges,  and  the  force  with  which  the 
oppofite  opinion  was  defended,  at  length  extorted  a 

con- 


Ch.  4.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  i6j 

conceffion,  that  the  parliament  fhould  be  fuffered  to 
meet  immediately,  for  one  day,  on  condition  of 
publifhing  a  proteflation  againft  the  rebels  j  and  that 
they  fliould  have  liberty  to  depute  fome  of  their 
members  to  treat  about  an  accommodation  with  the 
rebels,  to  receive  their  grievances,  and  to  tranfmit 
them  to  his  Majefty. 

Such  members  of  both  houfes  as  could  be  imme- 
diately collcdted,  were  admitted  into  the  caflle  of 
Dublin,  when  the  lords  juftices  had  firft  drawn  out 
their  guards,  and  taken  every  fcrupulous  precaution 
to  allay  their  own  fears.  The  houfes  proceeding 
diredly  to  coniidertheflateof  the  nation  and  to  frame 
their  proteftation  againft  the  rebels.  The  leaders 
of  the  infurre^ion  afFcded  the  utmoft  indignation 
and  dirdain  at  this  odious  appellation.  Thofe  mem- 
bers, whofe  eilates  lay  moft  expofed  to  their  dcpra- 
dation?,  were  not  willing  to  exafperate  them  :  they 
W'ho  fecretly  favoured  their  cnterprize,  and  they 
who  were  originally  conlulted,  and  had  affi-iled  in 
concerting  it,  all  fpoke  with  lenity  and  caution  :  they 
declared  againft  defcribing  the  inlurgents  by  any 
more  offenfive  defignation,  than  that  of  the  Discon- 
tented GENTLEMEN;  and  by  this  fufpicious  ten- 
dernefs  and  indulgence,  redoubled  the  terrour  of  the 
chief  governoursP.  But  the  proteftant  party  was 
fpirited  and  pov/erfui,  and  by  their  interpofition  and 
fupport,  the  declaration  of  parliament  was  drawn  up 
with  fufficient  force  and  precilionl.  It  declared, 
**  their  abhorrence  of  the  disloyal  and  rebelli- 
**  ous  proceedings  of  per  Tons  ill-affected  to  the  peace 
*'  and  tranquillity  of  the  realm;  who,  contrary  to 
"  their  duty  and  loyalty  to  his  Majeity,  arid  againfl 

Y  2  **  the 

p  Borlafe.    p.  50.  Dub.  Ed.    q  Journ.  Coin.  Irel.  Append.  Boilafe. 


tt 


<t 

it 


164      HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.Vt 

**  the  laws  of  God  and  of  the  realm  have  traite- 
*'  RoiisLY  and  REBEL Liou SLY  railed  arms, -feized 
**  his  Majefty's  forts  andcaftles,  difpoffefled,  fpoiled, 
**  and  ilain  his  fubjeds,  and  committed  other  cruel 
**  and  inhuman  outrages:"  together  with  theirrefclu- 
tion  of  maintaining"  the  rights  of  his  Majcily's  crown 
**  and  government  of  the  realm,  againft  the  perfons 
aforefaid,  and  their  adherents;  as  alio,  again  ft  all 
foreign  princes  and  potentates,  and  other  perfons 
and  attempts  whatfoever;  and  in  cafe  the  perfons 
**  aforefaid  do  not  lay  down  their  arms,  and  fue  for 
mercy,  in  fuch  time  and  manner  as  by  his  majef- 
ty  and  the  chief  governours  and  council  of  the 
realm,  fhall  be  fct  down,  that  they  will  take  arms, 
*'  and  with  their  lives  and  fortunes  fupprefs  them 
**  and  their  attempts,  in  fuch  a  way  as  by  his  ma- 
**  jefty's,  or  the  chief  governour's  approbation,  fliall 
*'  be  thought  mod  effedual." 

Hence  they  proceeded  to  nominate  fom.e  members 
of  each  houfe  to  treat  with  the  infurgents.  They 
were  authorifed,  (diredions  from  the  king  or  the  ftate 
of  Ireland  being  firft:  received)  to  confer  with  the 
rebels  of  Ulftcr,  and  other  parts,  touching  the  caufes 
of  their  taking  arms;  to  report  all  matters  to  the 
king,  the  council,  or  the  parliament,  and  to  pro- 
ceed therein  according  to  the  king's  pleafure,  or 
directions  of  the  council.  Thefe  proceedings  could 
not  be  compleated  in  one  dayj  a  fecond  was,  with 
difficulty,  allowed:  they  petitioned  for  a  longer  fcf- 
iion,  but  the  lords  juftices  were  inexorable.  They 
promifed  indeed,  that  the  term  of  prorogation  fliould 
be  fiiortened :  but  determined,  by  pradiling  in  Eng- 
land,, to  elude  the  performance  even  of  this  prom-iie. 
The  parliament  was  provoked  3  men  of  every  order 

and 


Ch.  4.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  16^ 

and  party  clamoured  againft  this  obftinacy,  which 
difcovered  a  general  lufpicion  ot  all  Irifli  iubjecls, 
and  a  contempt  and  diidain  of  their  lervices.  It  was 
refolved  to  aiVid  the  gcvernours  even  againft  their 
will.  The  parliament  empowered  them  to  cuile(!± 
forces,  and  to  a-fTeis  and  levy  money  for  their  fupport. 

At  the  fame  time,  a  confiderable  party,  well  af- 
fected to  the  king,  fenfible  that  the  prefent  infur- 
redion,  however  unwarrantable,  had  not  been 
entirely  unprovoked,  and  convinced  that  it  might  be 
fpeedily  fuppreff^d  by  a  timely  exertion  of  that  force 
which  Ireland  could  fupply,  rcf.-lved  to  convey  their 
fcntiments  to  the  royal  ear,  without  the  intervention 
of  chief  governours,  whom  they  dcfpikd  and  fuf- 
pedted.  The  lord  Dillon  of  Cottello  was  commifli- 
oned  to  prefent  their  memorial  to  the  king,  contain- 
ing grievous  complaints  againft  the  lordsjuftices,and 
recommending,  that  the  earl  of  Ormond  fliould  be 
fubftituted  in  their  place;  a  meafure  mod  effedual 
to  allay  the  fears  and  jealoufies  of  the  nation,  and  to 
fupprefs  the  rebellion,  though  no  affiilance  fhould 
be  fent  from  England.  They,  alfo,  probably  re- 
commended a  fpeedy  contirmation  of  thofe  graces 
which  were  to  fecure  the  civil  interefts  of  the  Irifh 
fubjedts,  with  other  m.eafures  for  reftoring  public 
peace,  not  entirely  agreeable  to  the  views  of  their 
prefent  governours,  or  the  pailions  of  the  popular 
party  in  England. 

The  crafty  Parfons,  and  his  pliant  colleague,  v^ere 
alarmed  at  this  defign,  and  determined  to  counterad: 
itr.  Their  agent  was  difpatched  to  the  leaders  in 
the   EngliHi   commons.     In   a  private  letter  to  the 

earl 
r  Carte,  vol.  I.  p.  227, 


r65    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND     B.  V; 

carl  of  Leicefter,  figned  only  by  themfelves  and  their 
junto,  they  declared,  that  they  could  not  depend  on 
the  other  members  of  the  council,  nor  open  them- 
felves before  them  v/lth  that  freedom  which  fuited 
their  flation  and  duty.  They  defired  that  no  atten- 
tion lliould  be  paid  to  the  inflrudions  or  reprefenta- 
tions  of  lord  Dillon,  or  to  any  counfels  tending  to 
pofTcfs  the  king  with  a  perfuafion,  that  his  fridi  fub- 
jcdis  were  fufficient  to  reduce  the  rebels,  a  work  ordy 
to  be  efFetll:edby  Englifh  forces.  They  exprefled  their 
hopes  that  the  ilate  of  England  would  not  be  deterred 
by  the  expence  ot  an  armament  neceflary  to  the  very 
being  of  an  Englifh  government  in  Iieland;  an  ex- 
pence  which  would  be  fully  repaid  not  only  by  the 
peace  and  reformation  of  this  kingdom,  but  by  the 
great  encreafe  of  revenue  ariiing  from  the  eflates  of 
thofe  who^  were  adlors  in  the  prefent  milchiefs. 
Thefe  reprefentations  determined  the  fate  of  lord 
Dillons'  embaffay.  He  embarked  together  with  lord 
Taafe  J  was  driven  by  florm  to  thecoaft  of  Scotland; 
hafted  tov/ards  London  j  and  was  feized  at  Ware, 
by  order  of  the  commons,  his  papers  taken  away, 
and.  induiiTioudy  fupprefied.  The  two  lords  v/ere 
committed  to  cuftody,  till  it  was  of  no  confequenceto 
reflrain  them  any  longer  ;  when,  being  negligently 
guarded,  they  contrived  to  efcape,  and  attended  the 
king  at  York,  too  late  to  offer  their  propolitions. 

The  rebel  leaders  quickly  difcerned  the  advantage 
they  derived  from  the  prorogation,  and  were  induf- 
trious  to  improve  itC  Ro';er  Moore,  who,  with 
Brian  Mac-Mahon,  an  Irilh  commander  of  fome 
note,  lay  near  Dundalk,  at  the  head  of  about  two 
thoufand  five  hundred  ill-armed  men,'  was  particu- 
larly 

f  Carte,  vol.  I.  p.  232. 


jCh:  4.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  167 

larly  elevated  at  the   profpc^l  of  general  dlfcontent 
and  clatnour,  arifing  from  this  repeated  difappuint- 
ment  of  a   people,  impatient  for  a  confirmation   of 
the    king's  graces.     The   deputation  of  parliament 
addreifed  themielves  to  him  and  his  affociatcs.     He 
received  them   with  coldnefs  and  difdain  :   the  order 
of  the  hollies  for  their  treaty  with  the  rebels  he  tore 
to  pieces,  with  an  affeCled  indignation  at  the  injuri- 
ous terms  in  which  it   was    exprelled  j  and  proudly 
rejeifled  every  overture  to  an  accommodation.      The 
flate  even  deigned  to  employ  fome  Romilh  priefts  to 
mediate   a   peace;    but,    as   they  probably  forefaw, 
without    any  'good  efFed.     Moore,  the  great  agent 
and   diredlor  of  the  rebels,     redoubled  his  afiiduity.' 
He  cautioully  advifed  them  to  fupprefs   allnational 
diftindlions,  all  declarations  againft  the  Englifh ;  to 
reft  the  whole  merits  of  their  caule  on  the  civil  and 
religious    rights   of  the    king's    fubjects  of  Ireland, 
which  were  to    be  defended  againft  their    numerous 
enemies  only    by   force  of  arms.      He  pointed   out 
the  danger  which  cfpecially  threatned  their  religion. 
The  virulence  expreffed  againft  popery  by  the  Eng- 
lifti  parliament,    their  fanguinary  profecution  of  po- 
pifti  ecclefiaftics,  their  paSionate  declarations  againft 
any    tolerance   of  popifti  error,   in  any  part  of  the 
king's  dominions,    the  terrible  denunciations  againft 
all  of.  this  communion    by  particular  zealots,  their 
intemperate  menaces  of  periecution  and  extirpation, 
all  ferved  to  av/aken  the  fears,  and  to   enflamc  the 
refentments  of  the  Irilh,  and  were  all  pleaded  in  de- 
fence of  their  hoftilities.    Moore  nov^^  dignified   his 
followers  by  the   name  of  the  Catholic    Army: 
and  publiflied   an  oath  of  alTociation  to  be  taken  by- 
all    infurgents,    purpofely   calculated  to  pofTefs   the 
nation  with   favourable  fentirnents    of  their   caufe, 
their  motives,  and  purfuits. 

Nor 


i68     HISTORY  OF  ITvELAND.     B.  V. 

Nor  were  the  rebels  lefs  encouraged  by  the  delay 
of  Englilh  Aiccour,  and_  the  fcandalous  tirnidity  of 
the  chief  governours.  They  had  Ihrunk  within  their 
walls,  and  q-iietly  beheld  thofe  dv^predations  which 
had  been  committed  through  the  whole  vicinity  of 
the  capital.  They  were  at  length  forced  to  fome 
exertion  of  their  powers,  by  repeated  infults.  Sir 
Charles  Coc;te  was  a  fcldier  of  fortune,  trained  in 
the  wars  of  Elizabeth,  morofe,  infolent,  and  cruel, 
provoked,  particularly  by  the  ravages  made  in  his 
eflates,  which  he  acquired  by  various  projeds,  and 
impatient  to  avenge  them  on  the  Irifli,  againft  whom 
he  had  imbibed  the  moft  illiberal  and  inveterate 
prejudices.  This  man  was  employed  by  the  chief 
governours  to  drive  fome  of  the  infurgents  of 
Leinfter  from  thecafile  of  VVicklow,  which  they  had 
invefled.  He  executed  his  commiilion  ;  repelled  the 
Iridi  to  their  mountains ;  and,  in  revenge  of  their 
depredations,  committed  fuch  unprovoked,  fuch 
ruthlels,  and  indifcriminate  carnage  in  the  town,  as 
rivalled  the  utmoft  extravagances  of  the  Northerns. 
The  wanton  cruelty,  inftead  of  terrifying  ferved  to 
exafperate  the  rebels,  and  to  provoke  them  to  fe- 
vere  retaliation. 

Undismayed,  confident,  and  exulting,  not- 
vvithilanding  their  difgraces  in  the  northern  pro- 
vince, ihcy  drew  down  a  confiderable  force,  in  order 
to  form  the  liege  of  Drogheda^  Their  numbers  (truck 
a  general  terror,  and  were  encrcafed  by  thofe  who 
were  compelled  to  unite  with  them,  in  order  to 
avert  their  outrages".  A  fmall  body  of  fix  hundred 
foot  and  fifty   hprfe,    compofed  prijicipally   of  the 

defpoilcd 

t  Carte,  voL  i.  p.  239.  w  243,  Temple, 


Ch.  4.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  i60 

defpoiled  Englllli,  undifclplincd  and  inexperienced, 
was  detached  from  Dublin  to  reinforce  the  garrifoa 
at  Drogheda.  About  three  miles  from  the  town, 
they  were  fuddenly  encountered  by  two  thoufand 
five  hundred  of  the  rebels^,  and  defeated  with  an 
inconiiderable  lofs,  except  of  arms  and  ammunition.' 
The  incident  feems  fcarcely  worthy  of  being  record- 
ed. Yet  the  defeat  of  JuHan's-Town-Bridge,  as  it 
was  called,  had  no  inconfiderable  effed:.  It  gave  re- 
putation to  the  rebels,  and  added  greatly  to  their 
numbers.  They  no  longer  doubted  of  reducing 
Drogheda,  and  marching  with  their  united  forces  to 
inveit  the  capital.  Whole  companies  and  regiments 
of  the  royal  army  deferted,  and  joined  their  ftandards* 
The  Engli/h  inhabitants  of  Dublin  were  in  confter- 
nationj  the  difafFe(fled  party  inlolent  and  elevated 5 
men  of  i'peculation  contended,  that  if  the  rebels  had 
colle(fted  their  forces,  and  marched  dired:ly  to  Dub- 
lin, they  muft,  in  the  prefent  confternation,  have 
been  fpeedily  maders  both  of  the  city  and  caflie. 
But  they  amufed  themfelves  with  inverting  the 
town  of  Drogheda;  while  the  juflices,  in  their  ter- 
rour,  recalled  Sir  Charles  Coote  from  his  expediti- 
on into  Wicklow.  He  forced  his  way  through  one 
thoufand  of  the  fept  of  O'Toole,  who  oppoftd 
his  march,  returned,  was  created  governour  of  Dub- 
lin, and  applied  himfelf  to  fecure  this  city  againil 
every  poffible  attempt,  ^ 

Hitherto,  the  rebellion,  however  formidable^ 
was  confined  to  the  province  of  Ulfi:er,  fome  few 
counties  in  Leinfter,  and  that  of  Leitrim  in  Con- 
naught;  and  carried  on,  entirely,  by  the  mere  Irifh. 
The  beginning  of  the  month  of  December  opened  a 
more  extenfive  and  alarming  fcene,  by  the  defedion 

Vql.  III.  Z  of 

w  Nov.  29, 


170     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 

of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Englifli  Pale,  as  it  was  cal^ 
led. 

If  the  old  Englifli  race  fettled  in  this  diAricH:  had 
not  entirely  difapproved  the  original  fcheme  of  tak- 
ing arms,  they  v>'ere  more  retined,  and  therefore  leis 
violent  than  the  mere  Irilh  :  they  were  under  the 
more  immediate  infpedion,  and  more  acccljible  to 
the  power  of  government  ;  they  were  poflefTed  of 
valuable  eftates,  and,  therefore,  the  more  cautious  of 
engaging  in  any  cnterprife  of  violence  and  hazard. 
But  they  had  their  prejudices  and  difcontents.  The 
lords  juftices  regarded  them  with  fufpicion,  as  Irifli- 
men  ;  with  abhorrence,,  as  Romanifis.  The  man- 
ner in  which  they  had  granted  them  fome  arms  was 
ungracious;  the  recalling  thele  arms  provoking: 
and  by  excluding  them  from  Dublin,  they  left  their 
peifons  and  polfefilons  defencelefs  againff  the  re- 
bels; and,  at  the  fame  time,  deprived  them  of  re- 
fuse. To  determine  them  to  take  arms'f,  little  more 
was  neceffary  than  to  exafperate  and  enfiame  their 
refentments;  and,  for  this  purpofe,  Roger  Moore 
was  a  powerful,  an  iniinuating,  and  indefatigable 
agent. 

He  addrefTed  himfelf particularly  to  lord  Gorman- 
ilon,a  nobleman  ofefpeci.il  power  and  influence,  and 
not  unacquainted  with  the  iirfl:  conlpiracy.  He  had 
artifice  to  give  the  faireft  and  mod  captivating  colour 
to  the  caufe  in  which  he  was  engaged.  He  repre- 
fented  the  danger  which  threatened  all  their  civil 
and  religious  rights :  the  obflinate  determination  of 
a  puritanic  fadlion  to  fruftrateall  the  king's  gracious 
intentions  of  indulgence  to  the  religion,  and  fecuri- 
ty  to  the   pofTeffions,   of  his  Iriili  fubjeds ;  the  flill 

encueafing 

X  Tcmpk,  Carte. 


Ch.  4-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  171 

cncreafing  power  of  this  fadion  in  England,  and  their 
gradual  inroads  on  the  royal  authority  ;  the  invete- 
racy they  cxpreiTed  againft  ail  Catholics;  the  info- 
lent  and  injurious  excluiion  of  Irifh  ftudents  from 
the  inns  of  court,  by  virtue  of  the  late  edid;  againfl 
foreign  Catholics ;  the  horrid  feverities  exerciied  on 
their  clergy  in  England  ;  the  imminent  danger  of 
fome  fanguinary  fcheme  to  extirpate  all  of  their  com- 
munion. Fie  inveighed,  with  a  well-afFeftcd  dif- 
dain,  againll  the  infolence  and  tyranny  of  the  lords 
jullices,  thofe  wretched  creatures  of  the  king's  ene- 
mies, who  had  filled  their  coffers  by  iniquity,  were 
capricioufiy  and  wantonly  vefled  with  power,  and 
prelumed  to  look  down  with  fcorn  upon  the  old  no- 
bility of  Ireland.  He  enlarged  on  the  juRicc,  the 
glory,  the  necefilty  of  riling  in  defence  of  the  king's 
prerogative,  and  the  rights  of  the  people  ^  the  fair 
profped:  of  fuccefs,  from  the  cncreafing  diforders  of 
England,  which  muft  deprive  the  puritanic  juftices 
ot  all  fuccours,  and  from  the  general  difcontent  fo 
^uftly  conceived  by  all  the  Irifli  iubjeds. 

S  uc  H  reprefentations,  urgently  and  repeatedly 
enforced,  at  length  made  their  full  impreffion.  The 
inhabitants  of  the  P.ile  had  already  rendered  them- 
felves  obnoxious  to  thefeveritypf  the  law,  by  receiv- 
ing and  entertaining  rebels  :  however  they  might 
plead  the  necetlity  arifing  from  their  fituationand 
circumdanccs,  yet  they  deemed  the  prefent  chief 
governours  capable  of  feizing  every  rigourous  advan- 
tage j  and  perfuaded  themfelves,  that  their  own  fafety 
required  an  immediate  concurrence  with  the  infur- 
gents.  The  defeat  of  the  Engliili  convoy  near 
Drogheda  was  an  event  fufficient  to  confirm  and 
haften  their  rcfolution)'.     Lord  Gormanfion,  who 

Z  2  took 

V  Temple.  Cai'tc. 


172    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND     B.  V. 

took  the  lead  in  their  proceedings,  iflued  an  order 
to  the  fherifFof  Meath  to  colledt  the  inhabitants  of 
his  county.  The  lords  Fingal,  Gormanfton,  Slane, 
JLiOuth,  Dunfany,  Trimblefton,  Netterville,  together 
with  about  one  thoufand  principal  gentlemen,  alTem- 
blcd  on  an  eminence  called  the  hill  of  Crofty.  Here 
they  were  met,  agreeably  to  the  plan  concerted, 
by  Roger  Moore,  and  other  rebel  leaders,  attended 
by  a  detachment  of  their  forces.  TheMeathians  ad- 
vanced; and  Gormanfton  with  great  folemnity  de- 
manded, for  what  purpofe  they  had  entered  the  Pale 
inarms.  Moore  replied,  that  they  had  taken  arms 
for  maintainance  of  the  king's  prerogative,  and  to 
make  the  fubjeds  of  Ireland  as  free  as  thofe  of  Eng- 
land. He  was  again  required  to  declare,  whether 
thefe  were  their  real  motives,  without  any  private 
or  fmifler  views.  On  his  earnelt  afleveration  of 
lincerity;  Gormanfton  and  his  party  declared,  that 
they  would  unite  with  them  for  thefe  purpofes,  and 
,  profecute  all  thofe  as  enemies  who  Ihould  refufe  to 
afTift  their  righteous  caufe.  The  interview  was 
clofedby  the  appointment  of  another  meeting  to  be 
held  at  the  Hill  of  Tarah. 

Thus  did  the  addrefs  and  afliduity  of  Roger 
Moore  prevail  over  the  weak  counfels  of  the  lords 
juftices,  and  at  length  effedled  this  important  union, 
at  the  moment  when  the  flate  deigned  to  concert 
fome  meafures  for  preventing  it.  About  the  time 
pf  this  alTembly,  letters  were  difpatched  from  the 
juftices  and  council  to  the  nobles  of  the  Pale,  requir- 
ing their  fpeedy  attendance  in  Dublin,  to  confer 
upon  the  ftate  of  the  kingdom^  in  this  time  of  dan- 
gcr,andyor  no  other  end ;  (as  they  added  in  their  let- 
ters, with  a  manifeft  confcioufnefs  of  being  fufped- 

cd.) 

2  Temple. 


Ch.  4.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  173 

ed.)    The  juftices,  in  their   difpatches  to  England, 
afiign  a  reafon  for  this   fummons  ;  that,  on  the  en- 
creafing  power  of  the  rebels,  and  the  general  weak- 
nefs  and  confternation  of  the  loyaliits,  they  hoped, 
that   being  for  a  while  affiiied  by  thefe  noblemen, 
they   might  gain   fome  refpite,  until  the  arrival  of 
their   Englilh  fuccours.      That  they  really  intended 
to  employ  them  feems  fcarcely  reconcileable  to  their 
former  conduct.     If,  at  luch  a  jund:ure,  they  meant 
to    feize    their    perlons   upon     bare  fufpicion,    the 
confequence     was    obvious,    and    muft   have    been 
intended.     The    whole    Romifli    party  would  have 
taken  fire  at  once,  and  rulhed  into  the  moft  defperate 
courfes.      Potlibly   they  adted  with  the  inconfiftency 
and  inftabiiity  of  perfons  who  had  no  fettled  fcheme 
of  condudt.      But  whatevcrr  were   their  motives,  the 
catholic  lords  had  already  taken  their  party;  and  af- 
fected  to  put  the  moft   malignant    conftrudion   on 
this    fummons.     The  principal    bufmefs    of    their 
fecond  meeting  was  to  return  an  anfwer  to  the  ftate. 
They  declared,  that  their  advice  for  the  fafety  of  the 
kingdom  had  been  heretofore  received  lb  unfavour- 
ably,  that  they  had  reafon  to  conceive  their  loyalty 
was    fufpe(5ted  :    that  they  were  now  deterred  from 
waiting    on  the  lords  juftices  and  council,  by  infor- 
mation of  certain  fpeeches   uttered  at  their  board  by 
Sir  Charles  Coote,  tending  to  a  defign  of  executing 
a  general  maffacre  on  the  catholics,  which  determin- 
ed   them  to   (land  on  their  guard,  until  they  might 
have  alTurance  of  protedion ;   protelling,   however, 
that    they    would   continue    faithful    advifers,    and 
rciolute  iurtherers  of  his  Majefty's  fcrvice. 

This  anfwer  was  followed  by  a  proclamation, 
utterly  denying  that  any  expreflion  had  been  heard, 
of  this  horrid  import,  from  Coote  or  any  othe  per- 

foH; 


174      HISTORY  OFIRELAND.     B.V. 

fon  ;  dilclaiming  a  defign  Co  odious,  Co  impious,  as 
that  of  rnaffacre  ;  repeating  the  fummons  to  the 
lords,  to  repair  to  the  council-board  ^  and  affuring 
them  of  fafety  and  protedion. 

But  thefe  lords  had  already  proceeded  too  far  to 
retreat;  and,  tor  theintereft  of'their  caufe,  it  was 
Dcctila-ry  to  charge  the  lords juftices  with  infidious 
deiigns,  and  to  inveigh  againft  the  inhumanity  of 
•Cuotc,  their  favourite  agent.  A  detachment  had 
been  fent  to  quell  fome  ravagers  at  bantry,  a  village 
on  the  north  of  Dublin  ;  they  executed  their  orders 
with  feverity  ;  and  killed  fome  few,  without  dif- 
liuction  of  the  innocent  and  criminal  ;  the  cruelty 
Was  imputed  to  Coote.  To  chaftife  fome  plunder- 
ers at  Clontarffe,  he  ravaged  and  burned  the  whole 
neighbourhood ;  and  particularly  fet  fire  to  the 
manfion-houfe  of  one  King,  at  the  very  time  he  was 
fummcned  to  appear  before  the  ftate,  with  an  aflur- 
ance  cf  protcdlion.  It  is  ridiculous  to  compare  fuch 
feveri:ies  with  the  barbarous  executions  of  the 
iiortbern  rebels  ;  yet  their  new  allies  of  the  Pale  ex- 
claimed, in  fuch  pathetic  terms,  againft  thefe  ads  of 
cruelty,  that  the  Rzte  deemed  it  neccflary  to  publifh 
a  proclamation,  to  juftify  their  condiid,  and  refute 
malicious  calumnies. 

The  Catholic  lordsa,  having  thus  renounced  the 
authority  of  government,  and  determined  to  recur  to 
arm?,  thoaght  it  neceffary,  in  the  firft  place,  to  pre- 
pare an  apology  for  their  revolt,  to  be  tranfmitted  to 
the  king.  In  this  they  enlarj^ed  on  all  the  injuries 
they  had  received  from  his  Irifh  governours,  who 
had  compelled  them  to  unite  with  the  Ulfter  forces, 
a  body  of  fubjeds,  who,    they  were  convinced,  had 

taken 

a  Carte. 


Ch.  4:  CHARLES       T.  175 

taken  arms  only  for  defence  of  the  royal  prerogative, 
and  the  prefevation  of  the  liberties,  religion,  eftates, 
and  perfonsof  his  faithful  fubje(fts,  the  CathoHcs  of 
Ireland.  To  this  they  added  a  petition,  that  his 
Majefty  would  make  no  worfe  conftrudion  of  their 
conduct,  than  their  afiedion  merited,  no  worfe  than 
that  of  other  fubjedts,  who  had  taken  the  fame  mea- 
fures,  on  occafions  lefs  preffing  and  abiding.  They 
entreated  him  to  grant  them  a  free  parliament,  in 
which  their  oppreJfions  might  be  manifefted  and  re- 
drefled  :  and,  in  the  mean  time,  to  command  a  cef- 
lation  of  hoftilities  on  either  fide.  By  another  letter 
to  the  queen,  tliey  implored  her  mediation  and  good 
offices, for  obtaining  their  juft  requeii:.  They  were, at 
the  fame  time,ob]iged  to  take  fome  notice  oi  the  lad 
proclamation  iiTued  by  the  chief  governours.  Their 
nianifefto  expreffed  the  utmoft  refpedl  to  the  llate. 
They  acquielced  in  the  declaration,  that  Coote  had 
not  been  heard  to  exprefs  any  intentions  of  maffacre  j 
but  ir^fifted,  that  they  had  the  utmoft  reafon  to  ap- 
prehend the  moft  dreadful  confequences  from  his 
cruelty.  They  declared  their  readinefs  to  attend 
fuch  commiiiioners  as  the  lords  juftices  fhould  ap- 
point, (at  any  place  fufficiently  removed  from  the 
power  of  Sir  Charles  Coote,)  with  whom  they  would 
chearfully  confer,  on  the  means  for  advancing  his 
Majefty's  fervice,  and  reftoring  the  peace  of  the  king- 
dom. Hence  they  proceeded  to  raife  their  forces. 
Without  deigning  to  march  under  the  ftandards  of 
the  Ulfter  Irilh,  they  levied  troops  for  their  own  pur- 
pofes,  and  chofe  their  own  commanders.  Lord 
Gormanfton  was  declared  their  general  in  chiefs  the 
carl  of  Fingal  general  of  horfe ;  every  barony  of 
Meath  was  charged  with  levying  and  maintaining  a 
number  of  foldiers  j  captains  were  chofen  for  each 
diftridt ;  applotments  fettled  for  corn  and  cattle  to 
be  furnifhed  to  the  army,  the  avenues  to  the  capital 

were 


r/(i    HI  S  TO  RY  OF  IRELAND;    B.  V.^ 

were  blocked  up,  and  the  farmers  ftridtly  forbiddieii 
to  carry  their  corn  to  Dublin. 

The  lords  juftices,  in  their  dlfpatebes  to  the  earl 
of  Leicefterb,  expreifcd  the  utmoft  contempt  of  this 
defedion  of  the  Lords  of  the  Pale,  as  an  event  which 
only  added  feven  perfons  to  the  rebels,  and  who  by 
this  open  avowal  of  diiloyalty  were  become  lefs 
dangerous  than  they  might  have  proved  by  diffimu- 
lation,  and  fecrct  correfpondence  with  the  Northerns, 
Yet,  as  the  rebels  had  originally  pleaded  the  king's 
commidion,  and  as  their  affociates  now  profelTed 
fuch  zeal  for  his  fupport  and  authority*,  they  propol- 
ed  that  a  proclamation  ihould  be  iifued  againft  the 
rebels  immediately,  in  the  king's  name,  but  couched 
in  fuch  terms  as  might  not  at  once  wipe  away  their 
offence,  by  laying«dovvn  their  armsj  and  that  twenty 
copies  of  this  proclamation  figned  with  his  Majefty's 
name,  and  fealed  with  his  privy  fignet,  might  be 
tranfmitted,  in  order  to  be  difperfed  through  Ireland. 
The  proclamation,  in  the  moll:  explicit  terms,  pro- 
nounced the  infurgents  to  be  rebels  and  traitors 
againft  the  king,  and  enemies  to  the  royal  crown  of 
England  and  Ireland;  and  twice  the  number  requir- 
ed by  the  juftices  were  figned  and  fealed  by  the  kingc, 
and  returned  to  Ireland  without  any  confiderable  de- 
lay*. 

B  tJ  T 

b  Carte.  Dec.  14.  c  Jan.   i. 

*  The  real  nature  of  this  tranfaftion,  which  occafioned  fuch  a  cla- 
mour in  England, is  here  dated  plainly  and  truly.  The  number  of  copies 
required  by  the  lords  juftices,  and  even  the  number  tranfmitted  by  the 
king,  could  by  no  means  have  anfwered  the  purpofe  of  a  general  notifi- 
cation through  the  kingdom  of  Ireland.  This  the  juftices  muft  have 
known  :  and  the  extraordinary  care  which  Charles  expreffed,  that  not 
one  copy  more  than  forty  fhould  be  printed,  was  a  circumftance  fuf- 
ficient  to  raife  fufpicions  in  the  minds  of  the  Rnglifh,  even  if  they  had 
not  been  fo  enflamed  as  at  this  junfture,  and  fo  difpofed  to  thick  un- 
favourably of  the  king's  fecrct  defigns. 


,  Ch.  4.  C  tl  A  R  L  E%    t  lyf 

But  however  the  chief  governours  afFeded  to 
defpife  the  defedion  of  thefe  feven  lords  of  the 
Pale,  it  was  an  event  of  moment.  They  did  not, 
indeed,  at  once  rufh  into  the  exccfs  and  outrage  of 
the  northern  infurredlion  ,  they  did  not  even  join 
the  ftandard  of  Roger  Moore,  and  his  lefs  barbarous 
alTociates:  on  the  contrary,  they  laboured  to  retain 
their  followers  under  the  fole  guidance  of  lord  Gor- 
manfton.  They  profelTed  to  take  arms  only  in  felf- 
dcfence  -,  to  wi(h,  and  to  folicit  a  fpeedy  and  effectual 
accomodation.  But  by  this  apparent  temper  and  dig- 
nity of  condud:,  by  their  fair  declarations  of  loyalty, 
by  the  zeal  which  they  affe<ftcd  for  the  redrefs  o£ 
grievances,  they  made  a  dangerous  impreflion  on 
all  the  Catholics  of  Ireland.  Their  manifeftos  were 
fent  into  Munfter,  and  Connaught,  to  all  the  trading 
towns  and  fea-ports.  Chiefly  they  infilled  on  the 
dangerous  conjundion  of  the  Irifh  governours  with 
the  popular  party  of  England  j  and  the  dreadful 
fcheme  of  extirpation  formed  againft  all  thofe  who 
lliould  refufe  to  abandon  the  Romifh  communion. 
Indifcreet  and  virulent  expreffions  uttered  by  the 
juftices  and  their  creatures,  were  induftrioully  pro- 
pagated, and  made  a  violent  impreflion  in  the  remote 
quarters  of  the  kingdom. 

The  contagion  of  rebellion  was  by  thefe  means 
quickly  fpread  through  Connaught^;  fo  that  it  re- 
quired all  the  credit  and  power  of  the  earl  of  Clan- 
ricarde  to  preferve  his  county  of  Galway  untainted. 
In  Munfter,  the  firft  fymptoms  of  commotion,  ap- 
peared in  fome  petty  ravages  and  robberies,  which, 
were  punifhed  by  the  lord  preiident.  Sir  William 
Saint  Leger,    with  a  barbarous   feverity.     The  dif- 

VoL.  III.  A  a  affeded 

cl  Carte. 


ijZ     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND     B.  V, 

afFedted  remonftrated  to  Saint  Leger  on  the  rigour  of 
his  executions;  were  received  with  difdain  and  in- 
folence;  pleaded  the  neceffity  of  felf-defence,  and 
declared  for  war.  Lord  Mountgarret  feized  the  city 
of  Kilkenny:  Waterford  was  yielded  to  his  fon : 
almofl  all  the  relations  of  the  earl  of  Ormond  were 
involved  in  the  torrent  of  rebellion;  and  a  report 
was  induftrioufly  propagated,  that  the  earl  himfelf 
only  waited  a  fair  opportunity  of  declaring  for  the 
infurgentsS  and  had  already  taken  their  oath  of  alTo- 
ciation.  Almoil:  every  fort  and  caftle  in  the  counties 
of  Kilkenny,  Waterford,  and  Tipperary,  were  in  a 
few  days  reduced,  while  the  county  of  Clare  was  o- 
ver-run  by  the  O'Briens,  in  defiance  of  their  chief- 
tain, the  earl  of  Thomond. 

I N  this  fudden  and  violent  commotion,  the 
fouthern  leaders*,  however  provoked  by  the  cruelties 
of  Saint  Leger,  yet  expreffed  a  laudable  folicitude  to 
preferve  both  the  perfons  and  the  fortunes  of  the 
English  from  any  outrage.  Yet  the  barbarity  of 
their  followers  was  not  always  effectually  reArained  : 
in  the  fury  of  revenge,  in  the  rage  of  rapine,  or  the 
inveteracy  of  fuperllitious  prejudice,  fome  flaughters 
were  committed.  But  neither  the  vices  nor  the  vir- 
tues of  humanity  v/ere  confined  to  one  party,  or  one 
profetlion.  The  fanatic  fury  of  Saint  Leger  and  his 
train  was  no  lefs  horrid  than  the  moft  brutal  out- 
rages of  the  rude  Irirti.  If,  in  the  execution  of  mar- 
tial law,  he  fpared  neither  fex  nor  age ;  his  country- 
men frequently  exprelTed  a  generous  indignation  and 
horrour  at  his  barbarity.  If  thofc  of  better  conditi- 
on among  the  infurgents  fometimes  joined  in  the 
rapine  of  their  followers.  Lord  Mountgarret  (hot  his 

friend 

e  Aphorifmlcal  Difcovery,  MSS.  Trin,  Col.  Dub.  f  Carte. 


Ch.  4-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  179 

friend  to  death,  wJien  he  could  not  otherwlfe  re- 
train him  from  plundering.  If  fome  popifh  eccle- 
fiaftics  preached  their  horrid  dodrines  of  blood  and 
maffacre,  others  were  known  equally  zealous  to  mo- 
derate the  excefles  of  war,  to  prote<5l  the  Englifli, 
and  to  conceal  them  from  the  fury  of  the  enemy, 
even  in  their  places  of  woriliip,  and  under  their  al- 
tars. 

While  the  Irifli  forces  over- ran  almoft  the 
whole  province  of  Munftcrf,  and  their  leaders  were 
providing  for  a  regular  and  permanent  war,  the  lord 
prefident  was  abandoned  to  his  own  refources.  He 
was  indeed,  commiOioned  to  raife  a  new  regiment  of 
foot,  and  two  troops  of  horfe:  but  he  was  not  fup- 
plied  either  with  arms,  or  provifions.  He  kept  at 
wary  diftance,  without  attempting  to  interrupt  the 
progrefs  of  the  enemy.  Cork,  Youghal,  Kinfale,  and 
all  the  richefl  and  moft  important  places  of  the  fouth, 
lay  open  to  receive  them.  With  the  moft  flattering 
profpecft,  and  animated  hopes  of  fuccefs,  they  prepar- 
ed to  complete  the  redudion  of  Munder  :  when, 
happily  for  the  Englifh  intcreft,  their  leaders  were 
feized  with  a  fudden  fpirit  of  difunion  and  difcon- 
tent.     Maurice  lord  vifcount  Roche  and  Fermov,  a 

0 

nobleman  of  power  in  the  county  of  Cork,refufed  to 
be  commanded  by  Mountgarret,  infifled  that  his 
county  fhould  have  its  particular  general,  and  was 
fupported  in  the  demand  by  his  numerous  partizans. 
Lord  Mountgarret  retired  in  difcontent  to  the  county 
of  Kilkenny.  The  nobility  of  Munfter,  left  to  their 
own  conduct,  continued  their  competitions  and  dif- 
union, till  Saint  Leger  gained  time  to  arm  and  dif- 
cipline  his  men,  to  collevft  and  encourage  the  Eng- 
lith,  and  thus  to  draw  out,  early  in  the  ipring,  fuch 

A  a  2  a  body 


g  Carte, 


i8o      HISTORY  OFIRELAND.     B.  V, 

a  body  as  oppofed  the  enemy  in  the  field,  and  faved 
the  province. 

During  thefe   tranra(fHons   of  the  fouth,  the 
Ulfter  rebels^,    and  thofc  who  had  united  with  them, 
from  Leinfter,  were  engaged    wholly  in  the  fiege  of 
Drogheda.     The   fuccel's    of  this   enterprize  was  to 
open  them  a  way  to  the  walls  of  Dublin,  and  of  con- 
fequence,  to  decide  the  fate  of  Ireland.     The  town 
was  by  no  means  ftrong,  or  well  provided.     O,^.  the 
firft  alarm  from  the  North,  the  governour,  Sir  Faith- 
ful  Fortefcuc,    had  received  a   fmall  reinforcement 
from  lord  vifcount  Moore  j  he  prepared  for  dc:fence, 
xeprefented  to  the  ftate  the  neceiTity  of  an  additional 
fuccour,  and  offered  even  to  raife  foldiers  at  his  own 
expence.'     His   zeal    was    applauded,  but  he   found 
his  ferviccs  by  no  means  acceptable.     Difcouraged, 
and   difappointed  of  fupplies,  he  refigncd  his  com- 
mand ;  and  Sir  Henry  Tichburne,  a  more  adventur- 
ous  officer,  was  fent  to  fucceed   him.     The  forces 
which  attended  the  new  governour,  thofe  raifed  in 
the  town,   and  thole  which   efcaped  from  the  defeat 
of  Julian's-Town-Bridge,  were  f^ill  thought  incom- 
petent  for  the  defence  of  Drogheda.      Lord  Moore 
propofed  to  raife  and  maintain  fix  hundred  men,  un- 
til money  fhould  be  received  from  England,  on  con- 
dition  that   they  fhould   be  afterwards  incorporated 
into  a  regiment  under  his  command.     Orraond  ap- 
proved   the   propofal,  but    the  lords  juflices  rejeded 
it;  and  Tichburne  was  left  to  maintain  this  impor- 
tant nation  as  he  might. 

Happily,  the  Irifh  army  commenced  theie 
enterprize  in  a  feafon  of  feverity.  Neither  their 
ikill  nor   provifions   were  fufficient  for  the  regular 

conduct 

h  Carte, 


Ch.  4.  CHARLES       I.  181 

condudl  of  a  fiege.  They  wanted  artillery,  ammuni- 
tion, and  all  the  necelTary  inftruments  of  war :  they 
had  no  tents  to  covertheir  men  from  the  inclemency 
of  winter;    they  were,  therefore,  forced,  inftead  of 
making  an  encampment,    to  quarter  their  army   in 
the  neighbouring  villages,  and  there  to  wait  any  op- 
portunity, which  accident  or  treachery  might  afford 
them,    to    furprife    the    town.      This    difpofition, 
how    rude    foever,     was   fufficient    to    reduce   the 
garrifon    to    the  mofl:  afBiding    diltrefs.       Twenty 
thoufand   men,    encompafling   the  city,    cut  off  ail 
communication  and  fupplies,  at  a  feafon  when  an  ex- 
traordinary  provifion    was    required    to  qualify  the 
foldiery  for  the  hardships  of  their  duty.     The  men 
deferted;    the  officers   were  difcontented.     A   fmall 
fupply  of  victuals  and  ammunition  was  at  length  fcnt 
from  Dublin,  and  received  with  fuch  an  extravagance 
of  joy,  that  a  party  of  the  beliegers,  after  fome  rruit- 
lefs  efforts, was  admitted  into  the  town, by  tiie  treach- 
ery of  fome  inhabitants.     Had  they  proceeded  with 
the  neceffary   vigour,    they  might  have  ealily  over- 
powered   a   carelefs   and    intoxicated  garrifon :    but 
their  own  irrefolution  gave  time  to  Sir  Henry  Tich- 
burne  to  colled:  his  men,    and  to  expel  the  enemy. 
A  fecond    attempt  was  repelled  with  equal  vigour : 
and  the  fuperlor  numbers  of  the  befiegers  were  foon 
found  to  be  lefs  formidable,  than  the  profpedl  of  fa- 
mine, and  thofe  numerous  difeafes  arifing  from  un- 
natural and   unv^holefome  fuftenance.     Sir   Phelim 
O'Nial  conceived  the  utmon:  hopes  from  the  diilreffes 
of  the  garrifon, and  haftened  to  the  North  to  provide 
forces  and  artillery  for  a  dorm  ;  Tichburne  was   rc- 
folute   to  endure  the  utmoft  diilrefs ;  a<^tive   in  fkir- 
mifliing  with  the  enemy,  fuccefsful  in  his  excurfions 
for  forage   and  proviiions  j    fo  as  to  be  enabled  to 

maintain 


i82.    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 

maintain  the  town,  until  afrefh  lupply  of  bread,  and 
four  companies  of  foot  were  fent  to  his  reHef. 

The  lords  juftices,  In  the  mean  time,  were  en- 
gaged by  an  object,  to  them  more  interefting  than 
the  relief  of  Drogheda*;  the  legal  conviction  of  the 
lords  and  gentlemen  engaged  in  the  infurredilon ;  a 
meafure  previoufly  neceffary  to  the  forfeiture  of  their 
eftates.  The  arrival  of  Sir  Simon  Harcourt  from 
England,  with  a  regiment  of  eleven  hundred  men, 
encouraged  them  to '  a  little  more  adivity  in 
their  military  operations.  Coote  was  difpatched 
to  difpoffefs  a  party  of  rebels  ftationed  in  the  vil- 
lage of  Swords.  His  jTcirmlfh  was  diftinguifhed  by 
the  fall  of  Sir  Lorenzo  Cary,  younger  fon  to  lord 
Falkland,  formerly  the  chief  governour  of  Ireland. 
The  rebels  were  routed,  and  the  whole  adjacent 
country  waded  by  fire  and  fword.  Coote  fulfilled 
the  commands  of  ftate,  to  pillage,  burn,  and  deftroy, 
with  an  unfeeling  rigour;  and, -in  the  execution  of 
martial  law,  confulted  his  refentments  more  than 
the  neceffity  of  the  public  fcrvice.  Ormond  was 
detached  with  two  thoufand  foot,  and  three  hundred 
horfe,  againft  the  town  of  Naas,  where  the  rebels  of 
Kildare,  and  the  adjacent  counties,  colle(fted  their 
chief  force,  and  held  their  councils.  He  executed 
his  orders  with  more  humanity  and  prudence,  yet 
with  a  feverity  fufficient  to  afford  the  rebel  leaders 
a  pretence  for  complaint.  Lord  Gormsnfton  re-* 
monflrated  by  letter,  againft  the  cruelty  of  his  pro- 
cedure: if  continued,  he  threatened  the  earl,  that  his 
wife  and  children  Ihould  anfwer  it.  The  reply  ot 
Ormond  is  worthy  to  be  recorded.  By  permifTion 
of  the  council  he  wrote  to  Gormanfton  :  he  reproach- 
ed him  with  his  diiloyalty  ;  vindicated  his  own  con- 

i  Carte, 


(i 

it 


Ch.  4.-  CHARLES     I.  183 

dii(ft  from  falfe  afperlions  ;  boldly  declared  his  refo- 
lution  of  profecuting  the  rebels  at  the  hazard  of  e<^ery 
thing  dear  to  him,,  and  never  to  be  terrified  into  any 
mean  difavowal  of  whatever  he  fhould  ad,  in  pur- 
luance  of  his  Majefty's  commands.  "  My  wife  and 
"  children,"  faid  he,  "  are  in  your  power.  Should 
they  receive  any  injury  from  men,  I  fhall  never 
revenge  it  on  women  and  children.  This  would 
be  not  only  bafe  and  unchriftian,  but  infinitely 
beneath  the  value  at  which  1  rate  my  wife  and 
"  children." 

A  Second  reinforcement  from  England,  of  fif- 
teen hundred  foot,  and  four  hundred  horfe,  at 
length  arrived  in  Dublin,  after  a  tedious  interval  of 
expedtation.  The  commanders.  Sir  Richard  Gren- 
ville  and  colonel  George  Monk,  brought  neither 
money  nor  provifions :  fo  that  the  encreafe  of  the 
army  aggravated  the  diflrefles  of  the  ftate j  diftreffes 
which  the  lords  juftices  had  partly  occafioned,  by  the 
havock  made  through  all  the  diilrids  adjoining  to 
the  capital.  The  EngliOi  loldiers,  unufed  to  feve- 
rities,  opprefTcd  with  want,  and  difeafe,  the  confe- 
quence  of  unwholefome  diet,deferted  inconliderable 
numbers  ;  the  more  patient  and  robuft  fupplied  their 
necellities  by  robbery  and  plunder.  To  prevent  a 
dangerous  mutiny,  it  was  determined  to  employ 
them.  Ormond  was  again  commifTioned  to  drive 
the  rebels  from  a  ftation  within  feven  miles  of  Dub- 
lin, called  Kilfalaghen.  His  orders  were  to  burn  and 
dertroy  their  haunts, and  to  kill  all  the  inhabitants  ca- 
pable of  bearing  arms:  but  his  proceeding  was  more 
moderate :  nor  were  thefe  petty  excurfions  deemed 
by  military  men  fufiicientlyinterefting,when  the  gal- 
lant forces  ofDrogheda  were  furrounded  by  enemies, 

and 


184    HI  S  TO  RY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V/ 

iand  expofed  to  the  utmofl  feverities   of  toil  and   fa- 
mine. 

The  army  was  now  deemed  ftrong  enough  to 
raife  the  blockade  of  Drogheda ;  and  the  difgrace 
and  danger  of  fulfering  the  rebels  to  reduce  this 
city  were  urgently  enforced*^.  The  lords  jufticcs, 
ilill  avcrfe  to  any  vigorous  operations,  afFeded  to 
dread  the  numbers  of  the  enemy,  not  compofed  of 
ordinary  ormercenary  men,  but  of  noblemen,  gentle- 
men, their  tenants  and  dependents,  all  engaged  vo- 
luntarly  and  zealoufly  in  the  infurred-ion.  Such  re- 
prefentations  were  plaufible  to  the  Englifh  officers, 
not  fo  well  acquainted  as  the  chief  governours  with 
the  real  charader  of  the  lri(h,  their  inftability,  and 
'readinefs  to  abandon  their  leaders,  on  the  leaft  reverfe 
of  fortune..  And  if  the  attempt  fcemed  dangerous, 
the  confequences  of  a  mifcarriage  were  highly  alarm- 
ing. Thejuftices,  however,  could  not  deny  the 
neceffity  of  fending  the  foldiers  from  Dublin,  to  feek 
provifion  in  the  quarters  of  the  enemy.  It  was  re- 
iblved,  inftead  of  making  a  formal  attempt  to  relieve 
Drogheda,  to  try  the  cffedt  of  a  diverfion.  The  earl 
of  Ormond  was  commitlioned  to  lead  three  thoufand 
foot,and  five  hundred  horfe  towards  the  river  Boyne, 
and  to  profecute  the  rebels  with  fire  and  fword. 
Eight  days  only  were  allowed  for  this  expedition  ; 
and  he  was  fvridly  enjohied,  on  no  account,  to  pafs 
the  river.  Scarcely  had  the  jufcices  granted  this 
commiflibn,  limited  wich  fuch  abundant  caution, 
when  they  repented  ;  and  employed  their  agent, 
but  in  vain,  to  perfuade  the  earl  to  relinquifh  the 
enterprize,  and  commit  the  foldiers  to  the  guidance 
of  Sir  Simon  Harcourt. 

What  ever 

k  Carte. 


Gh,  4.  CHARLES    I; 

Whatever  were  the  profeffions  of  the  cbief 
goveriiours,  the  only  danger  they  really  apprehended^ 
was  that  of  a  too  fpeedy  fupprefHon  of  the  rebels. 
The  futility  of  their  pretences  and  affecled  fears  was 
inftantly  difcovered.  Sir  Phelini  O'Nial  had  been 
repeatedly  foiled  in  his  attacks^  by  the  vigour  of  Sir 
Henry  Tichburrie:  numbers  of  his  men,  and  fome 
of  his  braveft  officers,  had  been  loft  by  the  fpirited 
failles  of  the  garrifon  :  his  hopes  were  confounded  t 
his  adherents  difmayed :  and  the  very  firft  intelli- 
gence of  Ormond's  march  determined  him  to  raife 
the  fiege,  and  retire  precipitately  to  the  northern 
province^.  This  extraordinary  event  was  conveyed 
by  Ormond  to  the  lords  juftices.  He  reprcfented 
the  neceffity  of  purfuing  the  rebels  vigouroufly  in 
this  their  confternation ;  defiring,  for  this  purpofe, 
that  his  commiffion  might  be  enlarged,  and  that  he 
might  be  permitted  to  continue  his  march  to  New-» 
ry.  The  juftices  and  their  creatures  received  the  in- 
telligence with  evident  vexation  and  difappointment.^ 
They  were  provoked  at  the  overture  of  the  earl  o( 
Ormond :  they  repeated  the  injundlion^  that  h6 
fhould  not  pafs  the  Boyne,  without  deigning  to  of- 
fer any  reafon  for  this  unaccountable  reftridiori.  Oii 
his  arrival  at  Drogheda,  he  conferred  with  the  of- 
ficers of  the  garrifon :  with  their  concurrence,  he 
made  another  effort  to  be  permitted  to  confirm  the 
total  overthrow  of  the  rebels,  and  to  crufli  their  eh- 
terprize  at  once,  by  a  vigourous  purfuit :  but  the 
chief  govefnours  were  inexorable.  The  rebels  foon 
Recovered  from  their  confternation,  coUedlcd  theie 
men,  regained  the  places  they  had  abandoned;  fo  that 
Sir  Henry  Titchburnc  was  obligeid,  ori  the  returii 
of  Ormond,  to  exert  his  utmoft  vigour  to  prevent 

Vol.  III.  B  b  Drogheda 

1  March  5,  1642,  N«  S. 


1^6    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND    B.  V. 

Drogheda  from  being  again  invefted.  He  defeated 
a  confiderable  party  of  the  enemy  near  Athirdee  ; 
and,  as  no  pofitive  reftriction  had  been  laid  on  his 
^ondudt,  he  marched  to  Dundalk,  and  drove  the  re- 
bels from  this  town.  The  juftice  condefcended  to 
permit  the  earl  to  furnifh  him  on  this  occafion  with 
£ve  hundred  men  :  but  denied  him  the  provifions 
neceffary  for  purfuing  his  advantage. 

This  fudden flight  of  the  northern  rebels  was  at- 
tended by  a  circumftance  highly  difpleafing  to  the 
lords  juftices,  and  repugnant  to  the  private  fchemes 
and  wiflies  of  their  partym.  The  infurgents  of  the  Pale 
had,  for  the  moft  part,  affedted  to  fland  feparate  from 
the  Irifli  of  Ulfter:  they  were  offended  at  their  in- 
folence,  and  fliocked  at  their  barbarities.  Their 
daftardly  retreat,  at  the  very  firfl  alarm  of  danger, 
confirmed  the  fulpicions  entertained  of  thefc  allies. 
Several  gentlemen  of  the  Pale  were  fuddenly  a- 
wakened  by  this  incident,  to  a  fenfe  of  their  own 
temerity ;  refolved  to  fubmit,  and  folicited  to  make 
their  peace  with  government.  They  addreffed  them- 
felves  to  Ormond,  on  his  march  to  Drogheda.  The 
earl  in  his  difpatches  defired  inftrudions,  in  what 
manner  he  was  to  treat  thofe  who  furrendered  : 
and  as  the  jujfliccs,  in  the  proclamation  whereby 
they  declared  certain  perfons  to  be  rebels,  had  fpr- 
borne  to  mention  the  names  of  any  peers,  he  re- 
quired a  particular  dire(5tion  as  to  the  execution  of 
his  orders  for  burning  and  deftroyingj  and  whether 
he  was  to  fhew  the  fame  deference  to  the  feats  and 
poireffions  of  thefe  lords,  as  the  (late  had  already 
vouchsafed  to  their  perfons. 

Extensive  forfeitures  were  the  favourite  objedl 

of 


Ch.  4.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  1S7 

of  the  chief  governours  and  their  friends.  The  com- 
mons of  England  had  very  early  petitioned,  that  the 
king  would  not  alienate  any  of  the  efcheated  lands, 
that  might  accrue  to  the  crown  from  the  rebellion 
of  Ireland ;  and  they  had  lately  proceeded  in  a  fcheme 
for  railing  money  from  the  lands  thus  expelled  to 
cfcheate.  A  bill  was  framed  for  repaying  thofe  who 
fhould  advance  certain  fums,  for  fuppreffing  of  the 
rebels,  (as  was  pretended)  by  vefting  them  with 
proportional  eftates  in  Ireland,  on  terms  highly  ad- 
vantageous to  a  new  Englifli  plantation.  It  evident- 
ly tended  to  exafperate  the  male-contents,  and  to 
make  all  accommodation  defperate :  but  it  was  not 
on  this  account  lefs  acceptable  to  the  popular  lead- 
ers. The  king  forefaw,  and  regreted  thefe  confe- 
quences ;  but  he  was  reduced  to  an  humiliating 
ftate  of  fubmiffion;  and  confented  to  a  bill  which 
gave  ftrength  to  his  opponents.  Their  creatures  in 
the  adminiflration  of  Ireland  proceeded,  at  the  fame 
time,  indefatigably,  in  procuring  indidlments,  not 
only  againft  open  rebels,  but  thofe  whofe  condudt 
had  been  at  all  fufpicious:  and  the  fury  of  their  pro- 
fecutions  fell  principally  upon  the  gentlemen  of  the 
Pale*. 

B  b2  They 

•  Tf  this  feverity  was  not  diflated  by  the  popular  leaders  in  the  Rng- 
li(h  commons,  it  was  at  leaft  highly  acceptable  to  them,  and  favourable 
to  their  defign.  Some  rccifons,  however,  were  to  be  afligned  for  it, 
and  thefe  are  induftrionfiy  collefted,  in  a  letter  of  thejuftices  to  the  earl 
of  Leicefter,  lord  Lieutenant.  They  are  drawn  from  confideration  c£ 
the  miflaken  lenity  of  the  Hate  on  former  rebellions  ;  the  extent  and 
inveteracy  of  the  prefent ;  the  averfion  of  the  Irilh  to  the  nation  and 
religion  of  the  Englifh  ;  the  neceffity  of  eflablilhing  the  Britifh  power 
in  Ireland  upon  a  firm  bafis,  and  of  pcrfefting  fuch  a  general  plantati- 
on through  the  whole  kingdom,  a«  had  been  eflablifiied  by  the  late  king 
in  Ulrter.  The  letter,  however  addreffed  to  the  lord  lieutenant,  was 
really  intended  for  the  Englilh  commons,  and  contained  their  favour- 
ite principles  and  topics  with  refpeft  to  Ireland.  Thefe  zealous  reform- 
ers had  formerly  accufed  lord  Stafford  of  advancing  that  traiterous  po- 
fitiorij  that  Ireland  was  a  <;onq[uered  country,    Now,   it  is  urged  and 

accepted 


i88    HISTOHY  OF  IRELAND.   B.  V.- 

They  who  had  not  engaged  in  a6tual  hoftillties, 
they  who  were  onlyaccufed  of  harbouring",  or  pay- 
ing contributions  to  the  rebels,  crowded  to  the  earl 
of  Ormond,  and  claimed  the  advantage  of  the  royal 
proclamation.  The  lords  juftices,  who  not  only  fa- 
voured the  defigns  of  their  friends  in  England,  but 
expelled  to  have  their  own  ferviccs  rewarded  by  a 
large  portion  of  forfeitures,  refolved  to  difcourage 
thefe  pacific  difpoiitions,  Ormond  was  diredted  to 
make  no  diftindion  between  noblemen  and  other 
rebels,  to  receive  thofe  who  fhould  furrender  only  as 
prifoners  of  war,  and  to  contrive  that  they  fhould  be 
icized  by  the  foldiers,  without  admitting  them  to 
his  prefence.  They  who  were  fent,  in  cuftody,  to 
Dublin,  though  men  of  refpedable  chara(fters  and 
families,  engaged  in  no  aftion  with  the  rebels,  fome, 
fufferers  by  their  rapine,  averfe  to  their  proceedings, 
known  protedlors  of  the  Engifh,  were  all  indifcri- 
minatcly  denied  accefs  to  the  juftices,  clofely  impri- 
foned,  and  threatened  with  the  utrr^oft  feverity  of 
law. 

Th  ER  E  is  little  doubt,  but  that  Parfons  atleafl, 
the  more  adtive  and  intriguing  governour,  held  a 
regular  correfpondence  with  lome  popular  leaders 
3n  the  Englilh  commons,  by  means  of  atrufly  agent 
difpatched  for  this  purpofe  to  London.  The  war 
between  Charles  and  his  parliament  was  on  the  point 
of  flaming  out  in  all  its  violence.  His  adverfaries 
Redoubled  theif  affiduity  to  alie|ia|e  the  affections  of 

the 

accepted,  as  an  heinous  charge  againft  the  Trilh  infurgents,  that  to  ex- 
tenuate their  rebellion,  they  had  prefumed  to  a/Tert  that  Ireland  was 
aiOT  a  conquered  country.  Such  is  the  eafe  with  which  flatefmen 
?an  affirm  or  deny  the  fame  general  pofitions  juft  as  their  iramediaxfi 
yurpofc  reciuifci  I 

R  pan?* 


Ch:^,  CHARLES       T.  1S9 

the  people  from  this  unhappy  prince.  He  had  re- 
peatedly expreffed  the  utmoft  ardour  for  the  fervice 
of  Ireland :  he  had  propoied  to  march  in  perfon 
againft  the  Irifh  rebels^.  But  what  the  nobie  hif- 
torian  acknowledges,  did  not  efcape  the  fagacity  of 
his  enemies,  that  this  overture  was  nothing  more 
than  **  a  ftraiagem,  to  compofe  the  houfcs  to  a 
**  better  temper,  upon  the  appiehenfion  of  the  king's 
"  abfence,  and  thcinconveniencies  that  might  thence 
**  enfue".  To  efface  the  imprefiions  made  by  his 
dt:clarations  of  zeal,  a  bold  effort  was  to  be  made, 
to  revive  the  rumour  of  fome  comsniffion  or  allow- 
ance clandeitinely  granted  10  the  rebels. 

The  Iriih    chief  governours    were   the   willing 

agents  in  this  defign.     They  were  at  the  fame  time, 

impatient  for  fome  interefting  dilcoveries  relative  to 

the  extent  '.;f  the  original  conlpiracy,  and,  ifpoffible, 

to  involve  the  principal  families  of   the  Pale  in  the 

guilt  of  firll:  contriving  and  concerting  the  infurrec- 

•tion.    For  thele  purpofes,  they  refolved  to  fupply  the 

want  of  legal  evidence,  by  putting  fome  prilbners  to 

the  rack.     They  be;an    with   Hugh  Mac-Mahon, 

who  had  been  feized  on  the  information  of  O'Con- 

noly,  and  from  whom  they  expedted  Ibine  important 

difcoveriesP.     But  torture  could  force  nothing  from 

him  effential  to  their  great  purpofe.      "  He  had  been 

**  told  that  application    was  to  be  made  to  the  king 

**  for  a  commiffion  :  he  had  been  promifed,  that  fuch 

•**  a   commiffion    rtionld  be  produced  j    but  he  had 

**  never    (ctn   any    commiffion :"     fuch    were    the 

nature  and  fubftance  of  his  anfwers.     Sir  John  Read 

was  then  racked^.     He  had  been  gentleman  of  the 

privy-chamber  to  the  king,  "and  a  lieutenant-colonel 

jn  the  army  raifed  agamft  the  Scots.     He  had  been 

chofen 

o  Clarendon.  Beb.  vol.  I.  p.  193.  p  MS.  CIoghcE.  Trin, 

gol.  Pub.  q  Carte, 


I90    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V, 

chofen  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  Pale,  on  their  taking 
arms,  to  convey  their  remonftrance  to  the  king  ;  had 
given  notice  of  his  intended  journey  to  the  lords  juf- 
tices,  was  invited  by  them  to  repair  to  Dublin,  and 
confer  with  the  council ;  was  the  firft  to  inform  Or- 
mond  of  the  flight  of  the  Northerns  from  Drogheda  ; 
had  been  conduded  by  his  order  to  Dublin  ;  but  was 
inftantly  imprilbned  :  the   letters   addreffed    to   his 
Majefty   were  feized,  and   carefully  fuppreiTed  :  and 
now  he   was  importuned  on  the    rack,  with   fuch 
interrogatories  as  tendedto  criminate  his  royal  maftcr. 
The   malice  of  the  juftices  was  again  difappointed  5 
but    not    yet    exhaufted    or    difcouraged.     Patrick 
Barnewal  was  their  next  vidim ;  a  gentleman  vener- 
able   for  his  age,    and   refpecftable  in  his    character. 
His  only  guilt  was,  that  he  had  attended  the  meet- 
ing at  the  Hill  of  Crofty,  and  been  appointed  by  the 
infurgents  to  a  command,    without  ever   adling,    or 
uniting  with    the  rebels.     He  endured  the  torture 
with  fo  fteady  an  avowal  of  his  innocence,  and  fuch 
abundant   evidence   was   offered  in  his  favour,  that 
the  juftices    were  afhamed  of  their  cruelty  :  and,  to 
make    fome  amends    to  the  unhappy  gentleman,  he 
was    permitted  to  refide   in  Dublin,  and   his  eftate 
protected  from  the  general  havock  of  the  foldiery. 

Although  the  king's  charader  and  condud:  had 
not  been  materially  impeached  by  thefe  fevere  pro-, 
ceedings,  yet  the  popular  partizans  of  England  de- 
rived fome  advantage  from  them.  The  examinations 
of  the  piifoners,  or  fuch  parts  of  them  at  leaft  as  the 
juftices  thought  fit  to  be  feleded,  were  carefully 
tranfmitted  to  the  Englifti  parliament.  Rumours 
were  fpread  abroad,  that  they  contained  intelligence 
of  great  moment,  and  highly  refieding  on  the  king's 
honour.     But  no  particulars  were  divulged.     None 


Ch.  4.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  191 

of  the  king's  friends  in  either  kingdom  could  be  ad- 
mitted to  a  view  of  thefe  examinations.  His  fecre- 
tary  applied  in  his  name  to  the  lords  juftices  for  co- 
pies: but  they  were  totally  devoted  to  his  enemies, 
and  forbore  to  communicate  them  to  the  king.  The 
people  were,  in  general,  too  violent,  and  too  prejudi- 
ced, to  perceive,  that  this  extraordinary  referve  was 
really  a  proof  that  no  charge  of  authoriling  or  coun- 
tenancing the  rebels  had  been  ellablilhed  againfl 
Charles. 

I  T  was  natural  for  the  king,  on  fuch  an  occafion, 
to  exprefs  the  greater  zeal  for  the  ferviceof  his  good 
fubjeds  of  Ireland.  By  a  meffage  to  the  two  houfesof 
parliament^,  he  formally  declared  a  firm  refolution 
of  going  with  all  convenient  fpeed  to  Ireland,  to  chaf- 
tifc  thole  deteftable  rebels;  of  raifing  a  guard  for  his 
perfon,  and  even  of  felling  or  pledging  his  parks  and 
houfes,  if  neceffary,  for  this  fervice.  The  lords 
juftices  were  alarmed:,  they  fent  the  moH:  diibourag- 
ing  reprefentations  to  his  Majefty  of  the  weaknefs 
and  diftreifes  of  the  army  of  Ireland,  and  the  exhauf- 
ted  flate  of  the  country,  where,  they  plainly  infinuat- 
ed,  that  the  king  could  not  appear  with  fafety  to  his 
perfon,  comfort  to  his  fubjeds,  and  terrour  to  his 
enemies.  But  the  peremptory. and  infulting  anfwer 
of  the  EngU(h  parliament,  and  the  menaces  with 
which  they  infifted  that  his  defign  fhould  be  relin- 
quifhed,  had  a  flill  greater  effedl.  The  king's  de- 
clarations of  marching  againft  the  rebels  were  no 
longer  heard,  but  in  his  replies  to  the  parliament. 

The  lafl:  hopes,  which  the  gentlemen  of  the  Pale 
conceived  of  an  equitable  accomodation  with  govern- 
ment,  were  from  the  expectation  of  the  king's  pre- 

fence 

■       t  Husband's  Coileft. 


192      HISTORY  OFIRELAND.     B.V. 

fence  in  Ireland.  Thefe  hopes  were  now  defeated. 
.  They  had  precipitately  involved  themfelves  in  the 
guilt  of  rebellion.  Every  poffibility  of  retreat  was 
rendered  defperate  by  the  treatment  of  thole  who 
had  already  furrendered.  The  favourite  obje(ft  both 
of  the  Irilh  governours  and  theEnglifh  parliament, 
was  the  utter  extermination  of  all  the  catholic  inha-^ 
bitants  of  Ireland.  Their  eflates  were  already  mark- 
ed out,  and  allotted  to  their  conquerours:  fo  ♦^  lat 
they  and  their  pofterity  were  configned  to  inevitable 
ruin^.  Lord  Gormanfton  was  lb  affedtcd  by  the 
melancholy  ftate  to  which  he  had  principally  reduc- 
ed himfelf,  his  family  and  friends,  that  grief  foon 
put  a  period  to  his  life.  His  alTociates  grew  defpe- 
rate and  violent,  abandoned  all  thoughts  of  treaty  of 
pardon,  and  relied  folely  on  their  arms. 

Their  tJlfter  confederates  had  abandoned  them: 
they,  therefore,  united  with  the  lord  Mountgarret 
and  his  alTociates,  and  foon  brought  the  courage  of 
the  royal  forces  to  a  tryal  feemingly  dangerous  and 
defperate. 

The  carl  of  Ormond,  with  three  thoufand  foot, 
five  hundred  horfe,  and  five  field  pieces^  was  de- 
tached into  the  county  ofKildsre,  to  deflroy  the 
pofTelljoDS  of  rebels  ;  to  relieve  the  caftles  ftill  en- 
compaffed  by  their  fcattered  parties  -,  and  to  ftrength- 
cn  tiie  loyal  garrifons.  Such  were  the  petty  expe- 
ditions which  fuited  the  getfius  and  views  of  the 
chief  governours.  On  his  return  to  Athy,  he  receiv- 
ed intelligence  that  Mountgarret,  attended  by  the 
lords  Dunboyne  and  Ikerrin,  Roger  Moore,  Hugh 
Byrne,  and  other  rebel-leaders  of  Leinfter,  lay  at 
the  head  of  eight  thouland  foot,  and  fomc  troops  of 

horfe, 

f  Carte.  t  Ibid, 


Gh:  4.  CHARLES       t  T93 

horfe,  ported  to  advantage,  at  a  diftance  of  four 
miles.  It  was  refolved  in  a  council  of  war,  that, 
as  their  numbers  were  diminifhed  by  garrifons,  har- 
raffed,  encumbered,  and  ill-provided,  they  (hould  by 
no  means  hazard  an  engagement,  unlefs  the  enemy 
iliould  oppofe  their  march  to  Dublin,  They  pro- 
ceeded on  their  march  with  the  necefl'ary  precautions, 
and  were  fo  ciofely  preffed  by  the  rebels,  that  an 
engagement  became  unavoidable.  But  the  fpirit  of 
the  Iriih  ieemed  exhaufted  in  the  boldnefs  of  their 
attdl'k.  Their  left  wing  was  broken  by  the  firfl 
charge:  their  right,  animated  by  their  principal 
leaders,  maintained  the  conteft  for  fome  time,  re- 
tired in  good  order  to  a  neighbouring  eminence,  but 
here  broke  at  once,  and  fled  precipitately.  Seven 
hundred  of  their  number  were  killed,  with  an  in- 
confiderable  lofs  on  the  part  of  the  Englifh.  The 
The  victory  was  rendered  of  confequence,  by  the  to- 
tal ditperfion  of  the  rebel-forces:  but  Ormond  had 
neither  provifions  nor  ammunition  neceilary  for  im- 
proving it. 

A  N  account  of  this  adion,  called  the  battle  of 
kilrufh,  was  tranfmitted  to  the  Englifli  commons, 
and  publiflied  with  great  folemnity.  Their  enco- 
miums on  the  earl  of  Ormond  were  fpeedily  follow- 
ed by  an  order  of  their  houfe,  that  five  hundred 
pounds  (hould  be  expended  on  a  jewel  to  be  beftow- 
ed  on  his  lord(hip ;  and  that  the  lords  fhould  be 
moved  to  unite  with  them  in  a  petition  to  the  king, 
that  his  majefty  would  be  pleafed  to  create  him  a 
knight  of  the  Garter. 


Vol.  IIL  Ge  C  H  A  ?^ 


194    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND     B,  V. 


CHAP     V. 

Difirefs  of  the  kingdom. — ^tate  of  Leinfter, — of  Con' 
naught, — of  Munjler. — Death  of  Saint  Leger. — 
He  isfucceeded  by  lord  Inchiquin. — hord  Forbes. — 
His  procedure — Battle  of  LifcarroL — Monroe  and 
his  Scottijh  forces  arrive  in  JJlfter. — Cruelty  and 
conjiernation  of  the  rebels.  InaBivity  of  Monroe.— ^ 
Earl  of  Antrim  feized — Sir  Phelim  O'Nial  defeat- 
ed.— Loyalijis  of  Uljler  refrained  by  the  earl  of 
Leven,-— Rebels  di/irejfed. — They  prepare  toaban- 
don  Ireland. — Prevented  by  the  arrival  of  Owen 
0"Nial. — Arrival  of  the  earl  of  Leven. — His  fud- 
den  return  to  Scotland. — Superiority  of  the  rebels. — 
Arrival  of  P  reft  on  and  his  forces. — Synods  of  the 
Romijh  clergy. — Their  ordinances. — Supreme  coun- 
cil, and  general  A IJembly  of  Kilkenny. — Their  order 

of  government,   and  oath  of  ajjociation. They 

chife  provincial  generals. — They  petition    the  king 
and  queen. — Dijcontent  and  death  oj  Roger  Moore. 

'     •    Loyalty  of  the  earl  of  Clanricarde. Earl 

of  C aft le haven  unites  with  the  confederate  Iriflo. — 
PraBices  of  the  Knglifh  parliament  with  the  army  of 
Ireland.— —Defeated  by  the  earl  of  Ormond,   who 

is  created  a  marquis. Pradiices  of  the  lords  juf- 

tices, of  Reynolds  and  Goodwin. D  if  con  tents 

ef  the  military  officers. — Iheir  complaints  conveyed 
to  the  king— Situation  of  Charles. — He  is  difpofed 
to  an  acconimodati(^i  with  the  rebels. — His  commif- 
fonfor  receiving  their  propofitions .  Oppofed  by  the 
lords  juftices.—' Spirited  orders  of  the  king. — Or- 
mond  declines  the  poft  of  lord  lieutenant. — His  fir  ft 
treaty  with  the  confederate  Lrijh. — Their  pride. — 
'ihey  are  made  more  tradable*— A  ms^ting  appoint- 
ed 


Ch.  5-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    r.  195 

ed  at  I'rim.'-Progrefs   of  the  treaty  difpleajing  ta 

the  lords  juftices.—^hey  projeB  an  >expeditton. 

Ormond  takes  the  command  of  it.- —Bat  tie  of  Rofs, 
— Diftrefs  of  Dublin. — Interview  at  Trim.--" 
Complaints  and  demands  of  the  Irijh. — Their  re- 
vionjlrance  tranfmitted  to  the  king. — Oppofed  by  the 
lords  ju flic es.— Their  violences. -—Sir  William  Paf- 
fons  removed  from  the  government. —The  king  orders 
a  treaty  of  cefjation. — Circumflances  of  the  king-^ 
dom  jullify  this  meafure. — Expedient  of  the  new 
jujiices  for  (upport  of  the  army. — Progrefs  of  the 

treaty  with  the  Irifld. Cautious  procedure   of  the 

marquis  of  Ormond. — He  ?V  <.i^gujled  with  the  pride 
of  the  Irifh. — Sufpe?ids  the  treaty. — Endeavours  to 
come  to  an  engagement  with  Prefofty — but  ifz  vain^ 
—-The  king  renews  his  orders  for  a  treaty  of  cejfa- 

tion. — Parfons  and  his  afjociates  imprijoned. The 

old  Iriflj  aver fe  to  any  treaty. — The  more  moderate 
of  the  confederacy  prevail,— Treaty  of  cejfation  figned, 
•—-odious  to  many  in  Ireland  and  England. — Decla-* 
ration  of  the  Englijld  parliament  againjl  the  cefjation, 

EVERY  part  of  Ireland  was  now  expofed  to 
the  miferies  of  a  wafting  war,  carried  on  in 
the  ufual  courfe  of  Irifli  wars,  in  times  more 
remote  and  barbarous".  The  infurgents  in  different 
quarters  followed  their  refpedlive  leaders,  without 
any  general  union,  command,  or  diredion,  or  any 
fcheme  of  general  enterprise.  Wc  are  obliged  to 
view  them  leparately  in  the  different  provinces;  nor 
Ihall  we  find,  in  any  of  thefe  fuch  extenfive  and  im- 
portant operations  as  merit  a  particular  detail, 

I  N  Leinfter,  the  loyal  inhabitants  were  ftillharafs- 
ed   by  detached  parties  of  the  rebels^,  who  ravaged 

C  c  2  their 

u  A.  D.  1642.  w  Borlsfr, 


S96    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V- 

their  pofTeffions,  and  befieged  their  caftles.  The 
arrival  of  lord  Lifle,  fon  to  the  earl  of  Leicefter, 
with  nine  hundred  men,  encouraged  the  chief  go- 
vernours  to  make  fome  effort  toreprefs  thefe  outrages. 
The  lady  Offaly*  was  relieved,  in  her  caftle  of  Gea- 
fellj  Sir  John  Gifford  in  Caftle- Jordan;  the  rebels 
were  driven  from  Trim  :  the  ftate  reluctantly  con- 
fented  to  ftation  an  infufficient  garrifon  in  this  town, 
which  was  attacked  by  a  numerous  body  of  the 
rebels.  In  repelling  them  Sir  Charles  Coote,  their 
inveterate  enemy,  was  flain  ;  an  incident  not  difpleaf- 
ing  to  the  chief  governours,  who  dreaded  his  enter- 
prizing  fpirit,  and  were  dill  anxious  to  prevent  a  too 
vigourous  profecution  of  the  rebels^  The  extreme 
caution  of  their  proceedings  again  ft  a  neceffitous  and 
frequently-defeated  enemy,  was  encreafed,  and  in 
fome  lort  juftified,  by  the  prefent  circumftances  of 
their  army.  Every  petty  detachment  fent  from 
England  lerved  to  aggravate  the  diftrcffes  of  the  fol- 
diery,  by'  lelfening  their  fcanty^  proviiions.  The 
officers  clamoured  for  their  arrears;  the  men,  with- 
out pay  or  cloathing,  weakened  by  unwholefome 
diet,  marching  through  hard  and  craggy  roads,  with 
their  feet  bare  and  bleeding,  funk,  in  great  nurr.bers, 

under 

*  This  lady  was  a  daughter  of  the  houfe  of  Kildare,  and  rclift  of 
Sir  Robert  Digby.  The  title  of  OfFaly  properly  belonged  to  the  dde^ 
ion  of  the  earls  of  Kildare ;  but  {he  afTumed  it  by  fpecial  favour  of 
jking  James.  Her  anfwer  to  the  fummons  cf  the  rebels  was  conveyed 
an  a  letter  not  unworthy  to  be  recorded. 

*'  I  received  your  letter,  wherein  you  threaten  to  fack  this  my  cafi'e 
f'  by  his  ipajefty's  authority.  1  am,  and  ever  have  been,  a  loyal  fub- 
*'  jeft,  aTid  a  good  neighbour  among  you,  and  therefore,  cannot  but 
**  wonder  at  fuch  an  affault.  I  thank  you  for  your  offer  ol'  a  convoy, 
•*  wherein  I  hold  little  fafety.  And,  therefore,  my  refolution  is,  that 
f  being  free  from  offending  his  majeily,  or  doing  wiong  to  any  of 
*'  you,  I  will  live  and  die  innocently  ;  and  will  do  my  bell  to  defend 
**  my  ov/n,  leaving  the  iffue  to  God.  Though  I  have  been,  and  flill 
«'  am  defirpus  to  avoid  the  Ihcddlng  ofChrilUan  blood,  yet,  being 
^l  ptQVoked,  your  threats  fhall  no  whit  dilaiay  me. 

*  '"'  Lettice  Offalia." 

%  Carts.  Ornio 


Cb.  5.  CHARLES    IL  197 

under   their  mlfery  and  fatigue.     The  more  roburt: 
furvivors  grew  mutinous.      The  troops  lately  arrived 
fhared  the  common  diftrefs,  but  with  greater  impa- 
tience.    In  the  peevijlinefs  of  difappointment,   they 
infulted   the    old.  army  ;    they  reproached   them  as 
Iriflimen  and  rebels;  and  fuch  vulgar  pride  frequently 
produced  alarming  quarrels.      But  as  the  ftate  coufd 
not  pay  their  fcldiers,    it  was  impofTible   to  reftraiii 
them  v^ithin  the  bounds  of  difcipline.      In  this  fitu- 
atlon  of  affairs,   an  Irifli  parliament  fat  for  three  days 
in  Dublin.      By  expelling  the  members  adually  in 
'rebellion,    and  by   excluding   thofe   wno  refufsd  to 
take  the  oath  of  fupremacy,  they  were  reduced  to  an 
inconfiderable  number.  Yet  thev  breathed  the  utmofl: 
fury  againft  the  Romifh  party, declared  for  a  rigour- 
ous    execution  of  penal  ftatutcs,  and  urged,  both  to 
the  king  and   Engliih    parliament,   the  neceffity  of 
new  and  fevere  laws  againft  recufants.    The  Englifli 
parliament  echoed  thefe  fentiments.     The  bills  were 
prepared  for  tranfmiOion,  and  the  utmoil:  vengeance 
denounced  againft  popery;    as  if   their  loie  purpofe 
were  to  exalperate  the  infurgents  to  the  utmoft,  or 
gs  if  they  had  been  already  completely  reduced. 

Con  NAUGHT  had  been  kept  tolerably  quiet,  by 
the  prudence  of  Lord  Ranelagh  the  prcfidenty,  and 
the  authority  and  diligence  of  the  earl  of  Clanri- 
carde,till  the  defed:ion  of  the  Pale  enflamed  the  dif- 
contented  fpirits  of  this  provence.  Mayo  and  Rof- 
common  were  now  infefted  by  infurgents;  a  body 
of  lavage  Irifh  ilTued  from  a  mountanicus  trad', 
called  Ire-Connaueht,  and  harraifed  the  loyal  dil- 
trids :  even  the  town  of  Galway  betrayed  its  difaf- 
fection,  and,  under  pretence  of  injuries  received  from 
|he  governour,    befieged  the  fort,  and   reduced  the 

*  Engliili 

y  Carte  Orm, 


198      HISTORY  OFIRELAND.     B.V. 

Englifh  garrifon  to  dillrefs.    The  earl  of  Clanricarde 
haftcned  to  their  relief;    and  although  his  force  was 
utterly  unequaHo  that  of  the  citizens   and  their  af- 
fociates,    he   yet   contrived    to  terrify  them  into  an 
accommodation.     It  was  agreed,  that  all  hoftilities 
fhould    be  fufpended,    and  that  the  town  fhould  be 
taken  under  his  majefty's  protection,  until  his  royal 
pleafure  fliould  be  known.    This  event  ferved  to  dif- 
courage   the    weftern   rebels,    and  difpofed  them    to 
defire  a  like  cefTation  ;  which  was  recommended  by 
Clanricarde  as  a  means  of  giving  them  fome  leifure 
torefledl  on  their  precipitate  condud",   to  recal  them  > 
to  their  allegiance,  and    to  prevent  the  defolation  of 
the  kingd(;m.      But  the  chief  governours  were  adla- 
ated  by  different  motives.     They  feverely  condemn- 
ed the  protediion   granted  to    Galway  :   their  orders 
were  exprefs  and  peremptory,   that   the    earl  fhould  / 
receive  no  more  fubmiilions:  every  commander    of 
every  garrifon  was   ordered  not  to  prefume  to    hold 
ar,y  correlpondence  with  Irifh  orpapifts;    to  give  no 
proted:ions,  but  to  profecute  all  rebels  and  their  har- 
bourers  with  fire  and  fword.     In    the   execution   of 
thefe  orders,  the  jufiices  declare,    that   the    foldiers 
ilewall  perronspromircuouily,notlparing  the  women, 
and  fomctimes    not  the   children*.     A   violent   and 
poiiuve  agent,  of  the  parliamentary  fa<ftion,  labour- 
ed, by  inlirudion,  or  at  lead  with  the  connivance  of 
government,   to  break  the  late   pacification  of  Gal- 
way, and  to  provoke  the  citizens  to  renew  their  hof- 

tilities,' 

*  By  fucli  fe^rcrities,  the  names  of  Grenvi'le,  Sir  Frederic  Hamilton, 
?nd  others,  became  as  odious  to  the  Irifh,  (and  wich  equal  reaion)  a& 
-.hale  of  O'lieiiy,  M:icwire,  ar  O'Nial  had  been  to  the  Englifh.  A- 
mdng  the  A'veral  afcs  of  public  fervice  performed  by  a  regiment  of 
Sir  VVihiam  Cole,  confiding  of  five  hundred  foot  and  a  troop  ofhorfc, 
we  fjnd  the  following  hideous  article  recorded  by  the  hiftorian  Borlafe, 
with  particular  fatisfadliun  and  triumph. 

Starved  and  famiflied  of  the  vulgar  fort,  whofe  goods  were  ftized  on 
by  this  regimen:—"— — -Seven  thoufand. 


Ch.  5-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  igg 

tilities.  Clanricarde  was  irritated,  but  his  diligence 
in  the  fervice  of  the  crown  by  no  means  relaxed. 
The  infargents  grew  defperate,  and  threatened  the 
whole  province  with  their  tumultuous  numbers* 
The  lord  prefident  was  beiieged  in  the  city;  of  Ath- 
lone.  But  a  fmall  fum  of  money,  and  fome  additi- 
onal forces  lent  from  England,  emboldened  the  lords 
jufliccs  to  difpatch  the  earl  of  Ormond  to  his  relief. 
At  his  approcah  the  enemy  retired  :  the  juftices,  who 
dreaded  that  the  earl  might  proceed  to  feme  exploits 
of  real  moment,  recalled  him  haftily  to  Dublin. 

In  Munder,  Sir  William  S.iint-Leger,  the  lord 
prefident,  was  reduced  to  the  mod  alarming  difficul- 
ties:  without  arms  or  provifions  for  his  foldiers;  anil 
his  foldiers,  even  if  well-appointed,  yet  utterly  in- 
fufficient  to  defend  the  province.  The  rebel  leaders 
had  been  reconciled,  and  joined  by  lord  Mufkerry, 
a  branch  of  the  noble  Iriih  family  of  Clancarthy. 
The  prefident,  notwithftanding  a  reinforcement  of 
one  thoufand  men  received  from  England,  was 
obliged  to  feek  flielter  in  Cork,  was  beiieged,  and  on 
the  point  of  being  overwhelmed,  when  the  adioii 
of  Kilrulh  ferved  to  weaken  and  difpirit  his  afTiilantS; 
He  fallied  out,  and  routed  the  beliegers;  but  fcarcely 
could  provide  fubfiftence  for  his  Ibldiers,  far  from 
being  enabled  to  lead  them  againft  a  flying  enemy. 
He  heard  of  the  redudlion  ot  the  fort  of  Limerick 
by  the  rebels,  a  ftation  of  the  firilconfequence  in  the 
kingdom.  Mortified,  difappcinted,  and  deferted,  h^ 
fuffered  his  vexations  to  prey  too  violently  upon  hii 
fpir'it.  A  lingering  malady,  the  effedl:  of  anguilh,  at 
length  put  a  period  to  his  life  ;  and  the  command  of 
the  provinces  devolved  on  lord  Inchiquin,  a  noble- 
man of  the  illullrious  houfc  of  O'Brien, 

Inchiquin 


goo     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B. 


I  N  c  H  I  Q^u  I  N    had    the    fame    difficulties   to 
encounter^,    and  the  fame  zeal  for  the  royal  fervice.  - 
He  repeatedly  Iblicited  the   Engliili  parliament  for 
fupplies ;  and  at  length  received  ten  thoufand  pounds, 
a  lum  juil  f^^Bcient  to   keep  his  forces  from  perill- 
ing,   without  enabling  them  to  take  the  field.    The 
arrival  of  lord  Forbes  at  Kinfale  with  twelve  hundred 
men,  feemed  to  promife  fome  aufpicious  events.    He 
had  been  appointed  bytheEnglifh  parliament,  with- 
out participation    of   the  king,  to   command    fome 
forces    raifed  by  contributions   of  the    adventurers. 
Fully  poiTc^fTed  with  the  puritanic  fpirit,  and  influenc- 
ed   by  the   fanaticifm    of  his  chaplain,    the   famous 
Hugh    Peters,  he  difdained   to  unite    with  the  Irifli, 
however  loyal, or  with  any,  not  of  the  godly.   After 
fome  depredatioR»s,   in  which  he  made  no  diftindtioii 
between    rebels    and  royalifls,   and  after    fuflaining 
fome  lofs  and  difgrace  in  his  excurfions,    he  re-em- 
barked, and  proceeded  to  the  bay  of  Galway.    With 
the  utmofl  intemperance  and  extravagance   of  con- 
dud:,  he  pointed  his  hoftilities  chiefly  againfl:   thofe 
who  were  moil:   diflinguKhed   by    their  loyalty  ;  he 
laboured  to  break  the  late   pacification    of  Galway, 
and  to    reduce   the  citizens  to  a  new  fpecies  of  fub- 
miiTion  :  to  acknowledge  themfelves  rebels,  and  to 
befeech  his  Majefty  to  intercede  with  the  parlia- 
ment OF  England  for  their  pardon,  and  to   ad- 
mit no  governours  but  fuch  as  the   king  and   the 
STATE  OF  England   fl^iould  appoint.      But  neither 
bis  intrigues  nor  his  military  operations  were    fuc- 
cefsful.      Without   performing   any   fervice    againfl 
the  rebels,  or  dei^nin<j    to  act:  in   concert    with  the 
loyal  commanders,  he   again    retired     having    firff, 
faith  Mr.  Carte,  defaced  bt.  Mary's  church,  dug  up 

the 

7.  Carte,  Orra? 


Ch.  5-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    t  idi 

the  graves,  and  burned  the  coffins  and  bones  of  thofc 
who  lay  interred,  with  a  fenfelefs  fury,  fit  only  ta 
make  his  own  memory  detefted,  and  afford  occafioa 
for  feditious  fpirits  to  enflame  the  people. 

In  the  mean  time,  Inchiquin  lay  at  Cork,  ftrug-* 
gling  with  his  difficulties,  and  fcarcely  able  to  pro— ^ 
cure  lubiiftence  for  his  garrifon  J  as  the  enemy  pro- 
ceeded to  reduce  the  forts  and  caftles  of  the  pro- 
vince, he  found  himfelf  in  danger  of  being  fpeedily 
blocked  up,  and  flarved  in  his  quarters.  To  pre- 
vent it,  he  refolved  to  hazard  an  engagement  with 
the  rebels,  notwithftanding  their  fuperiority.  With 
the  troops  of  the  earl  of  Cork,  commanded  by  his 
fons  the  lords  Kynalmeaky  and  Broghill,  and  the 
forces  raifed  by  the  earl  of  Barrymore,  he  contrived 
to  form  a  little  army  of  about  two  thoufand ;  and, 
although  his  men  were  coniiderably  weakened  by 
their  diftrefles,  yet  relying  on  that  want  of  fkill  and 
difcipline  which  generally  prevailed  in  an  Irifh  ar-^ 
my,  he  ventured  to  march  againft  the  rebels.  He 
found  them  ported  advantageoully  near  a  caftle  cal- 
led Lifcarrol,  which  they  had  juft  reduced,  to  the 
number  of  feven  thoufand  foot,  and  five  hundred 
horfe.  The  conteft  was  for  fome  time  fupported 
with  fpirit,  but  at  length  decided  in  favour  of  thei 
royalifts.  Their  lofs  was  inconfiderable,  though 
embittered  by  the  fall  of  lord  Kynalmaeky.  Th^ 
rebels  were  purfued  without  mercy;  and,  in  their 
flight,  I'pread  a  general  conflernation  through  all 
their  adherents.  The  only  advantage  which  lord 
^Inchiquin  gained  by  this  fucccfs,  was  that  of  dividing 
'  his  forces  into  feveral  garrifons,  and  procuring  theta 
a  miferable  fubfiflence. 

We  are  now  tQ  return  to  the  northern  provinccj,' 
Vol.  III.  Pd  the 


202     HISTORY  OF  IREEAND.     B.  V; 

the  firft  fcene  of  commotiona,  and  where  the  power 
of  the  rebels  was  ftill  confiderable.  The  contefls  be- 
tween the  king  and  commons,  the  differences  be- 
tween the  two  houfcs  of  parliament,  and,  poffibly, 
the  artifice  of  popular  leaders  who  wifhed  to  foment 
the  Irifh  infurredion,  protradled  the  treaty  for  fend- 
ing Scottifh  forces  into  Ireland.  At  length,  how- 
ever, it  was  refolved  to  accept  the  affiftance  of  Scot- 
land. Two  thoufand  five  hundred  men  were  def- 
tined  for  the  immediate  fervicc  of  Ulfter.  On  their 
arrival,  the  town  and  caftle  of  Carricfergus  were  to 
be  furrendered  into  their  hands,  and  when  the  re- 
fidue  of  ten  thoufand  men,  the  number  flipulated 
with  the  Scottifh  commifHoners,  fhould  land  in  Ul- 
jfter,  they  were  to  be  inverted  alfo  with  the  town  and 
caftle  of  Colerain.  To  thefe  conditions  the  kinof 
reludlantly  fubmitted  :  and  to  do  the  greater  honour 
to  thofe  auxiliaries,  the  fole  and  uncontrouled  con- 
du(5t  of  the  northern  war  was  committed  to  the  Scot- 
tifh generals. 

About  the  middle  of  April,  the  firft  detach- 
ment landed  at  Carricfergus.  Their  commander, 
Robert  Monroe,  was  inftantly  joined  by  fome  of  the 
provincial  forces,  amounting  to  eighteen  hundred 
foot  and  feven  troops  of  cavalry.  The  whole  body 
advanced  to  Newry :  at  their  approach  the  rebels  a- 
bandoned  the  town;  and  the  redudion  of  the  caftle 
was  fpeedily  effected.  That  of  Carlingford  was  de- 
livered up  to  Sir  Henry  Tichburnc.  .The  tumultu- 
ary followers  of  the  rebel-leaders  flirunk'^,  with  their 
ufual  inftability,  from  the  firft  appearance  of  danger. 
Sir  Phelim  O'Niel  finding  it  neceflary  to  abandon 
Armagh,  in  the  rage  of  difappointment  fet  fire  to 
the  town,  while  his  brutal  train  wrecked  their  bar-  . 

barity 
fCwte.  Orm.  b  Dcpofitions,  MS.  Trin,  CqI.  Pub. 


Ch.  5-  CHARLES    I.  203 

barity  on  thofe  wretched  Engllfh  who  were  in  their 
powers  For  the  prefent,  O'Nial  retired  to  Charle- 
mont,  though  with  Httle  hopes  of  maintaining  this 
poft,  as  he  was  deftitute  of  ammunition.  Many  of 
his  followers  fled  to  the  faftneffes  of  Tirone;  and  e- 
ven  fcveral  diftingui(hed  rebels  abandoned  their 
houfes,  and  concealed  themfelves  in  different  re- 
treats. 

Monroe  was  earneilly  prefled  to  feize  the  advan- 
tage of  this  general  confternation  of  the  rebels,  to 
purfue  them  vigouroufly  before  they  {hould  recover 
from  their  terrour,and  receive  fuppliesfrom  abroad. 
The  fpeedy  and  effedlual  fupprefllon  of  the  northera 
rebels  mufl  have  enabled  the  loyalifts  of  Ulfter  to 
relieve  the  other  provinces,  where  the  forces  of  go- 
vernment were  weak  and  diftrefled,  and  the  rebels 
better  armed  and  ordered  than  in  the  North.  It 
was  an  enterprize  fuited  to  the  military  genius  of  his 
nation.  But  Monroe  had  his  fecret  inftrudions. 
Having  put  fixty  men  and  eighteen  women  to 
death  at  Newry,  he  left  three  hundred  men  to  gar- 
rifon  the  town,  and  returned  to  Carricfergus.  Hence 
he  again  made  an  excurfion  into  the  county  of  An- 
trim. No  enemy  appeared:  but  the  carl  of  Antrim, 
though  zealous  againft  the  rebels,  was  a  papift  and  a 
cavalier  ;  reafons  fuffieient  for  wafting  his  lands,  and 
feizing  his  perfon.  The  latter  was  affeded  in  a 
manner  not  unufual  in  the  earlier  and  more  barba- 
rous times.  Monroe,  with  an  appearance  of  amity 
and  refpe(ft,  vifited  the  earl  at  his  caftle  of  Dnnlace  ; 
was  hofpitably  received  j  but,  at  the  conclufion  of 
an  entertainment,  gave  the  fignal  to  his  followers. 
The  carl  was  made  prifoner,  his  caftle  feized,  and  all 
his  houfes  committed  to  the   cuftody  of  the  Scottifh 

forces.  D  d  2 

Tv/0 

*  c  Cart€  Om* 


204    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND     B.  V. 

Two  months  wafted  in  total  inadion^,  or  the  mod 
frivolous  enterprizes,  revived  the  fpirit  of  the  rebels, 
recalled  them  from  their  retreats,  and  enabled  them 
once  more  to  collect  their  forces.  The  charge  of 
oppofing  them  now  devolved  on  the  Englifti  forces 
of  Ulfterj  for  the  Scots  were  totally  employed  in 
ravaging  the  adjacent  diftrids,  and  exporting  vaft 
herds  of  cattle  into  Scotland.  Sir  Phelim  O'Nial 
appeared  once  more  at  the  head  of  an  army  ;  but  was 
bravely  encountered  by  Sir  Robert  and  Sir  Wiliam 
Stewart,  two  Englifh  commanders.  After  a  ftiarper 
action  than  had  hitherto  been  fought  in  Ulfter,  the 
rebels  were  driven  to  flight,  with  the  lofs  of  five  hun- 
dred flain,  many  wounded,  and  a  number  of  pri- 
foners.  It  was  propofed  to  profecute  this  advantage, 
but  the  Englifh  were  diftreiTed  and  neceflitous,  and 
Monroe  refufed  his  afliftance.  Some  loyal  Englifh 
officers,  provoked  at  this  unaccountable  reludance, 
lefolved  to  ftruggle  with  their  difficulties,  and  to  try 
what'might  be  effedted  by  their  own  efforts.  They 
reduced  fome  forts  occupied  by  the  rebels,  and  were 
preparing  to  extend  their  operations,  when  their 
ardour  was  effi:(ftually  reprefTed  by  a  mandate  from 
^he  earl  of  Levcn,  now  preparing  to 'embark  with 
the  main  body  of  Scottiffi  auxiliaries :  his  orders 
"were,  that  no  man  (hould  befiegeany  place,  or  ftation 
a  garrifon  in  any  town  of  Ulfter,  but  by  permiffion 
pf  the  Scottifti  commanders. 

This  apparent  horrour   of  putting  too  fpeedy  a 

conclufion    to  the  war,  muft  immediately  have  been 

attended  with  themoft  pernicious  confequences,  had 

not  the   rebels  been   difpirited  by  ill  fucpefs,  and  in 

^^ant  of  every  neceffary  for  the  profecution  of  their 

enterprize 
d  Ibido  e  Carte.  Orm. 


Ch.  5-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  205 

enterprize.  Such  was  their  dejedlion,  that  when 
Monroe,  in  the  month  of  Julyf,  at  length  (hewed 
fome  diipofition  to  proceed  more  vigourouily,  the 
Irilli  chieftains  held  their  council,  and  refolved  to 
abandon  a  caule  rendered  utterly  hopelefs  by  repeated 
defeats  and  difappointments,  and  to  fly  to  foreign 
countries,  from  the  rage  of  their  victorious  enemy. 
In  this  moment  of  defperation,  intelligence  was 
received  that  Owen  O'Nial,  whole  arrival  had  been 
fo  long  and  fo  anxioufly  expected,  after  a  tedious 
voyage  from  Dunkirk,  was  landed  in  the  county  of 
Donnegal,  with  one  hundred  otlicers,  and  a  ponfide- 
rable  fupply  of  arms  and  ammunition.  Their  hopes 
inftantly  revived;  a  body  of  forces  wa§  appointed  to 
attend  their  favourite  general,  and  conduded  him 
triumphantly  to  the  fort  of  Charlemont. 

Owen  O'Nial,  had  ferved  in  the  Imperial  and 
fpaniili  armies,  with  reputation?.  He  wasgovernour 
of  Arras,  when  the  French  beiieged  this  town  in 
1040;  and,  though  obliged  to  furrendcr  upon  ho- 
nourable terms,  yet  his  defence  gained  him  the  re- 
fpe(fl  even  of  his  enemy.  Experience  had  formed 
him  to  an  able  and  fkilful  foldier;  quick  in  difcern- 
ing,  diligent  in  im^proving  any  advantage  offered  by 
the  enemy;  more  rircumfpe(5l  than  enterprizing  ;  of 
a  genius  peculiarly  fuited  to  defence,  and  excellent 
at  protrc'iding  a  war;  qualities  orefpecial  ufe  in  that 
fervice  which  he  was  now  to  undertake.  His  know- 
ledge of  the  world,  his  prudence,  his  fobricty  and 
caution,  appeared  to  greater  advantage,  as  they  were 
contrafted  by  the  ignorance  and  rudenefs,  the  intem- 
perance and  levity  of  Sir  Phelim.  To  the  fecret 
mortification  of  this  his  kinfman,  Owen  was  unani- 

mouily 

f  Carte.  Orm.  g  Carte.  Orm« 


2o6      HISTORY  OFIRELAND.     B.V. 

moufly  declared,  by  the  northern  Irifh,    head    and 
leader  of  their  confederacy. 

The  newgeneral  began  with  expreffing  his  dctefta- 
tion  of  thofe  barbarities  exercifed  by  firPhelimO'Nial 
and  his  brutal  followers.     The  remains  of  their  pri- 
foners  he  difmiffed  in  fafety  to  Dundalk  ;  he  inveigh- 
ed with  unufual  warmth  againft  thofe,  who  had  dif- 
graced  their  caufe  by   murder  and  maflacre ;  he  fet 
fire  to  the  houfes  of  fome  more   notorioufly   guilty, 
and  declared,  that  he  would  join  with   the  Englifh 
rather  than  fuffer  any  fuch  wretches  toefcape  their 
jull  punifliment.    As  he  expelled  to  be  fpeedily  be- 
fieged  in  Charlemont,  he  proceeded    to  make  every 
preparation  necelTary  for  defence.     But  the   Scottifh 
forces  lUll  lay  inactive,  and   the  Englifh    were    not 
permitted  to  attack  him  ;  fo  that  he  had  full  leifure 
to  colledl  and  difcipline  his    men.     At   length   the 
earl  of  Leven  arrived   in  the  month  of  Auguft,  and 
encreafed  the  ScottiOi  army    to  ten   thoufand  men. 
The  whole  force  of  the  province  amounted  to  twen- 
ty thoufand   foot,    and  one  thoufand  horfe  :  fo  that 
Leven,  who  had   the   fole  command  of   this  body, 
feemed  to  have  nothing    more  to  do^   but  march  a- 
gainft  an  enemy  unable  to  refift  him,  to  crufli  them 
at  once,  and  hunt  their  miferable  remains  from  every 
part  of  Ulfter.     He  paffed  the  Bann,  and  advanced 
into  the  county  of  Tyrone.     Hence  he    addreffed   a 
letter  to  Owen  O'Nial,  expreffing  his  concern,    that 
a  man  of  his  reputation  fliould  come   to   Ireland   for 
the  maintenance  of  fo  bad  a  caufe.     Owen  replied^, 
that  he  had  better  reafons  to  come  to  the  relief  of  his 
country,  than  his  lord(hip  could  plead  for  marching 
into  England  againft  his  king :  and,  as  if  this  fhort 
correfpondence  had  been  the  fole  objecft  of  his  march. 
Leven  again  retired,  and  delivering  up  the  army   to 

Monroe 


Ch.  5-  CHARLES       I.  207 

Monroe,  whom  he  warned  to  expert  a  total  over- 
throw, if  Owen  Q'Nial  fliould  once  coiled  an 
army,  he  returned  to  Scotland.  A  condad  fo  ex- 
traordinary was  by  the'  Iri/h  naturally  imputed  to 
cowardice,  and  infpired  them  with  contempt  of  the 
Scottilli  enemy.  Monroe  remained  inactive;  O'Nial 
continued, to  form  his  forces  j  while  the  army  which 
fhouldoppofe  him,  Scottifh  and  Englifli,  the  troops 
raifed  by  parliament,  and  thofe  commilTioned  by 
the  king,  were  all  alike  negleded  by  England,  and 
foon  obliged  to  ftruggle,  in  their  refpedive  quar- 
ters, with  the  miferies  of  nakcdnefs  and  famine. 

Thus  were  the  rebels  in  every  province  of  Ireland 
fufFered  to  colledt  and  encreafe  their  force,  to  poffefs 
ftations  of  ftrength  and  coniequ;.'nceh,  in  fome  places 
to  confine  the  Englifh  within  narrow  bounds,  while 
they  themfelves  ranged  at  large,  and  had  free  pofTef- 
iion  of  the  open  country.  The  defeats,  which  their 
parties  received  from  the  loyalifts,  were  of  lefs  pre- 
judice to  their  caufe,  as  the  enemy  could  not  improve 
their  advantage,  but  fuffered  them  to  re-aiTemble  and 
repair  their  loiTes.  To  encreafe  their  confidence,  a 
fecond,  and  more  important,  embarkation  was  made 
for  their  fupport  at  Dunkirk.  Wexford  was  in  their 
pofi^efiion.  Two  veffels  firft  arrived  in  the  port  laden 
with  arms  and  ammunition.  Colonel  Thomas  Pref- 
ton,  brother  of  lord  Gormanfton,  a  foldier  of  expe- 
rience, and  reputation,  foon  followed  in  a  lliipcfwar, 
attended  by  two  frigates,  and  fix  other  veiTcls  laden 
with  ordnance  for  battery,  field  pieces,  and  other 
warlike  provifions,  five  hundred  officers,  and  a  con- 
fiderable  number  of  engineers.  Twelve  other  vefi^els 
fitted  out  at  Nantes,  St.  Maloes,  and  Rochelle,  foon 
arrived  with  artillery,  arms,  and  aummunition,  to- 
gether 
h  Carte.  Orm. 


^o8    HI  S  TO  RY  OF  IRELAND;    B.  V* 

gether  with  a  confiderable  number  of  Irifli  officers 
and  veteran  foldiers,  difcharged  form  the  French 
fervice  by  cardliic-l.  Richelieu,  and  fent  into  Ireland, 
thus  amply  provided,  and  affured  of  farther  fuccours. 

The  Engliili  were  jufily  alarmed.  While  they 
laboured  under  various  wants  and  diftrefTes,  the  ene- 
my was  abundantly  fupplied  with  every  neccffary  for 
war.  They  were  mafters  of  the  fea  ;  and  by  inter- 
cepting feveral  (l^ips  laden  with  provifions,  as  they 
pafTed  through  St.  George's  channel,  gave  a  fatal  in- 
terruption to  the  commerce  between  Chefter  and 
Dublin,  and  encreafcd  the  fcarcity  already  felt  fe- 
verely  in  the  capital.  It  was  expeded,  that  the  re- 
bels would  immediately  proceed  to  fome  vigourous 
operations  j  and  fupplies  were  inftantly  difpatched  to 
fome  forts  more  immediately  expofed  to  danger. 
But  the  Irifh  were,  for  the  prefent,  engaged  in  the 
execution  of  a  fcheme  fome  time  fince  concerted,  to 
give  a  form  of  authority  to  their  procedure,  fo  as  to 
unite  their  afTociates  in  the  feveral  provinces,  and  to 
enforce  obedience  and  fubmifhon.  The  autliority  of 
their  clergy  had  been  already  employed.  The  po- 
pifh  prelate  of  Armagh  nrffc  fummoned  his  clergy  to 
a  fynod.  They  declared  the  war  of  the  Irifh  to  be 
lawful  and  pious,  and  exhorted  all  perfons  to  unite 
in  their  righteous  caufe  :  at  the  fame  time,  they 
made  conftitutions  againfl  plunderers  and  murderers. 
But  it  was  foon  deemed  neceflary  to  proceed  yet  far- 
ther. A  general  fynod  was  convened  of  all  the  Ro- 
miih  clergy  of  Ireland,  which  fat  at  Kilkenny  in  the 
month  of  May. 

The  a6Vs  of  this  aflembly  were  more   numerous 
and  folemn  K     They  began  with  the  war  maintained 

by 


Ch.  S'  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    L  20^ 

b^  the  Catholics  againft  fedaries  and  puritans,  for 
defence  of  the  Catholic  religion,  the  prerogative  of 
the  king,  the  honour  and  fafety  of  the  queen  and 
roval  iflue,  the  confervation  of  the  rights  and  liber- 
ties of  Ireland,  and  of  their  own  lives  and  fortunes, 
to  bejuft  and  lawful.  They  difclaim  all  belief  of 
acceptance  of  any  letters  or  proclamations  published 
in  the  king's  name,  until  their  own  agents  (hould 
be  afl'ured  of  his  real  will  and  intentions.  They 
diredl,  that  all  their  confederates  fhould  be  united  by 
an  oath  of  ailbciation,  and  denounce  fentence  of  ex- 
communication on  all  who  fhould  refufe  to  take  it, 
againft  all  neuters,  againft  all  who  aftifted  the  enemy, 
againft  all  who  lliould  invade  the  pofTeftions  of  any 
Catholic,  or  any  Irifti  proteftant,  fiot  adverfary  to 
their  caufe.  They  forbid  all  diftinftions  and  com- 
parifons  between  the  old  and  new  Irifh  ;  direcSl,  that 
exadl  regifters  be  kept  in  every  province,  of  the 
cruelties  and  murders  committed  by  the  puritans, 
(for  under  this  odious  denomination  they  included 
all  the  loyalifts)  and  denounced  their  ecclefiaftical 
cenfures  on  thofc  of  their  own  people  who  (hould 
commit  the  like  exceftes.  They  ordain,  that  pro- 
vincial councils  ftiould  be  compofed  of  clergy  and 
laity,  and  a  general  national  council  formed,  to 
which  the  others  ftiould  be  fubordinate  -,  that  embaf- 
fies  fliould  be  fent  from  this  aflembly  to  foreign 
potentates  -,  and  that  the  emperour,  the  king  of 
France,  and  the  pope  fhould  be  particularly  foiicited 
to  grant  afilftance  to  rheir  caufe.  Thefe  were  the 
principal  ads  of  the  clergy.  The  nobility  and 
gentry,  then  refidene  in  Kilkenny,  united  with  them 
in  framing  the  oath  of  aftbciation,  in  naming  the 
members  of  the  fupreme  council^^,  of  which  lord 
Mountgarret  was  chofen  prefident,  and  in  appointing 
Noh,  III,  E  e  a  genera^ 

k  Carte.  Orin, 


210      HISTORY  OFIRELAND.     B.V. 

a   general  afTembly  of  the  whole  nation,  to  meet  in 
that  city  in  the  enfuing  month  of  Odtober. 

The  time  for  this  convention  was  now  arrived'. 
The  popifh  lords,  prelates,  and  clergy,  popifli  depu- 
ties from  the  feveral  counties  and  principal  towns  of 
every  province,  aflembled  at  Kilkenny.  With  an 
affedted  humility  they  protefted,  that  their  afTembly 
was  by  no  means  to  be  confidered  as  a  parliament, 
which  the  king's  writ  alone  could  convene,  but  a 
general  meeting  for  the  regulation  of  their  affairs, 
until  his  Majefty's  wifdom  fhould  fettle  the  prefent 
troubles.  It  was,  however,  formed  on  the  plan  of  a 
parliament,  conlifting  of  two  houfcs  ;  one  compofed 
of  temporal  peers  and  prelates,  the  other  of  reprefen- 
tatives  deputed  by  counties  and  cities.  Both  fat  in 
the  fame  chamber.  Patrick  Darcy,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  already  diflinguifhed  by  his  adivity  in  parlia- 
ment, took  his  place,  bare-headed,  on  a  ftool,  as  a 
fubftitute  to  the  judges.  Nicholas  Plunket,  another 
dillinguifhed  partizan  of  the  recufant  fadion,  was 
appointed  fpeaker  of  the  afTembly.  The  lords  had 
their  place  of  retirement  for  private  confultation; 
and  Darcy  communicated  their  refolutions  to  the 
commons.  Thofe  of  the  clergy,  who  were  not  ad- 
mitted to  fit  among  the  lords,  formed  a  convocation, 
in  which  they  treated  about  the  reftoration  and  fct- 
tlement  of  church  poffeflion.  The  arrogance  of 
their  demands  was  treated  by  the  lay-impropriators 
with  contempt  and  ridicule,  even  while  they  profefs- 
cd  to  be  the  zealous  champions  of  the  church. 

In    the  firfl  place,    however,  they  declared  their 
tefolution  to  maintain  the  rights  and  immunities  of  | 
the  Roman  catholic  church,  agreeably  to  the  great i 

charter 


Gh.  5.  CHARLES      I.  an 

charterm.  The  common  law  of  England  and  ftatutes  of 
Ireland  they  profefTed  to  accept  as  their  rule  of  govern- 
ment, fo  far  as  they  were  not  contrary  to  the  Roman 
religion,  or  inconfiftent  with  the  liberties  oflreland. 
They  commanded  all  perfons  to  bear  faith  and  al- 
legiance to  the  king,  and  to  maintain  hisjuft  prero- 
gatives :  at  the  fame  time,  they  utterly  denied  and 
renounced  the  authority  of  his  Irifh  government, 
adminiftred  in  Dublin,  by  a  "  malignant  party,  to 
"  his  highnefs's  great  differvice,  and  in  compliance 
**  with  their  confederates  the  malignant  party  of 
**  England."  The  adminiftration  of  public  juftice 
theyaffumed  to  themfelves.  To  each  county  they  ' 
affigned  a  council,  confifting  of  twelve  perfons,  who 
were  to  decide  all  matters  cognizable  by  ju  ft  ices  of 
the  peace,  pleas  of  the  crown,  fuits  for  debts  and 
perfonal  acSiions,  and  to  name  all  county  officers  ex- 
cept the  high  fheriff.  From  thefe  there  lay  an  ap- 
peal to  the  provincial  councils,  confifting  of  two  de- 
puties out  of  each  county,  who  were  to  meet  four 
times  in  a  year,  to  decide  fuits  like  judges  of  aflizc, 
with  fome  particular  limitations  of  their  jurifdidion. 
From  thefe  again  there  lay  an  appeal  to  what  was  called 

THE    SUPREME    COUNCIL    OF    THE  CONFEDERATE 

CATHOLICS  OF  IRELAND  ;  an  aflembly  confifting  of 
twenty-four  perfons,  chofen  by  the  general  conven- 
tion. Of  thefe,.  twelve  were  to  refide  at  Kilkenny, 
or  in  fome  other  convenient  town  :  no  fewer  thaa 
nine  were  to  compofe  a  council;  and  of  the  fitting 
members,  two-thirds  were  to  decide  on  every  mea- 
fure.  This  council  W«  to  ehufe  ftierifFs  out  of  three 
nominated  by  the  county-council ;  to  command  all 
military  officers  and  civil  magiftrates;  to  determine 
all  matters  left  undecided  by  the  general  aflembly  5 
%q  hear  and  judge  all  caufes  criminal  and  civil,  ex- 
cept 
m  Borlafet, 


^12     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V; 

cept  titles  to  lands;  to  direcfl  the.condu6t  of  war 
and  every  matter  relative  to  the  intereft  of  the  con- 
federacy. For  the  greater  honour  and  fccurity  of 
this  important  aflembly,  a  guard  was  afjigned,  con- 
filting  of  five  hundred  loot,  and  two  hundred  horfe. 

As  this  fcheme  of  a  fupreme  council  had  beeri 
adopted  from  the  ec'lcfiaftical  fynod"  ,  fo  alfo  was 
the  oath  of  afTociation  taken  from  their  form;  with 
a  retrenchment  of  one  part  only,  in  which  tlie  clergy 
bound  their  votaries  never  to  confent  to  peace,  until 
the  church  fliould  be  amply  invefted,  not  only  with 
all  its  powers  and  privileges,  its  fplendour  and  mag- 
riificence,  but  with  all  its  antient  ppiTeffions,  which 
no  zeal  for  religion  could  induce  the  pre(ent  pof- 
felfors  to  reflore.  The  aflembly  were  contentedwith 
(diredling,  that  all  perfons  fliould  fwear  allegiance  to 
the  king,  fliouid  engage  to  defend  his  prerogative, 
the  power  and  privilege  of  the  parliament  of  Ireland, 
the  fundcimental  laws,  together  with  the  free  exer- 
cife  of  the  Roman  catholic  religion,  to  obey  the  or- 
ders of  the  fupreme  council,  to  feek  for  no  pardon  or 
pn;tedtion  without  confent  of  the  major  part  of  this 
council,  and  to  profecute  and  mainiain  the  common 
caufe. 

The  order  of  government  once  adjuRed,  the  pro- 
vincial generals  were  chofen";  Owen  O'Nial  for  Ul- 
ster, Prefton  for  Leinfter,  Garret  Barry  for  Munfter, 
colonel  John  Burke,  foi  Connanght,  with  the  title 
of  lieutenant-general ;  as' they  hoped,  that  the  earl 
of  Clanricarde  would  unite  with-  them,  and  accept 
the  chief  command  of  this  province.  Scarcely  had 
they  fworn  to  maintain  the  king's  prerogative,  when 
^hey  proceeded  to  an  open  and   outrageous  violation 

of 
E  BoxMf^  q  Carte,  Orm. 


Ck   5-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     L  213 

of  it,  by  afluming  a  power  of  regulating  the  coin, 
and  railing  its  value.  Their  ambafiadours  were  difr 
patched  to  foreign  courts  to  folicit  fucccurs.  At  the 
fame  time,  to  demonftrate  their  pacific  difpolitions, 
they  prepared  two  petitions  to  he  prefented  to  the 
king  and  queen,  together  w^ith  a  reprefentation  qf 
thofe  grievances,  which  they  alledged  as  the  occafion 
of  their  confederacy. 


But  amidd  all  this  appearance  of  flate  and  au- 
thority, the  afiembly  of  confederate  Irifli  felt  their 
fecret  dilTeHtions  and  mortificationsP.  Tlie  more 
moderate  among  them  affected  to  abhor  the  cruelty 
of  the  original  infurreftion.  They  v/ifhed  to  obli- 
terate the  memory  of  all  tranfadtions  previous  to  their 
convcntion,  and  to  confider  the  civil  war  as  but  now 
commenced.  Hence,  in  the  difpofal  of  their  ofhces, 
feveral  of  the  firll  confpirators  were  purpofely  ne- 
gledled.  Sir  Phelim  O'Nial  was  dilappointed  and 
provoked  :  even  Roger  Moore,  whofe  temper  was 
more  generous,  and  more  abhorrent  of  barbarity, 
found  his  zealous  fervices  unnoticed  and  rewarded. 
He  had  fpirit,  abUities,  and  adiivity,  to  render  him 
a  formidable  malecontent,  but,  for  the  prefent,  he 
was  foothed  and  flattered:  his  death,  which  hap- 
pened foon  after  this  convention  at  Kilkenny,  was 
an  incident  poilibly  not  difpleafing  to  the  confede- 
rates. 

T  o  their  utter  mortification,  Clanflcarde  fteadily 
rejedited  all  their  overtures  unfliaken  in  his  loyalty  by 
the  folicitations,  the  menaces,  and  the  excommunica- 
tion, of  their  clergy^.  To  confole  them,  however, 
in  this  difappointment,    they  now  gained  a  new  af- 

fociate 

p  Ibid,  q  Carte  Ona.  Clanrlcarde's  Mem.  hi. 


214    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND     B.  V. 

fdciate  of  dignity  and  confequence,  Touchet,  earl  of 
Caftlehaven,  and  baron  Audley  of  England. 

On  the  firft  intelligence  of  the  rebellion,  this  lord 
had  haftened  from  Munfter  to  Dublin,    and  made  a 
tender   of  his  fervices  to  government.      As  he  was  a 
Roman  catholic,  they  could  not  be  accepted :  he  dC'- 
fired  a  paffport  to  go  to  England  -,  this  alio  was  deni- 
ed**.  He  was  not  even  admitted  to  refide  in  Dublin; 
and,    therefore,   retired  to   one   of  his  feats  in  tlie 
county  of  Kildare,  where  he  lived  inofFenfively,  and, 
as  he  aflferts,  was  ferviceable  in  relieving  and  proted;- 
ing  the  Englifh  of  his  neighbourhood.     His  charac- 
ter and  ftation  induced  the  lords  of  the  Pale  to  ufc 
his  mediation   with  the  juftices,  that  they  might  be 
allowed  to  affemble,  and  prepare    a  reprefentation  of 
their  grievances   to  the  king.      He  tranfmitted  their 
letter,  and,  at  the  fame  time,  repeated  his  requeil  of 
permifTion  to  depart  the  kingdom.     This  was  unac- 
countably  denied  :  he  was  feverely  reprimanded  for 
his   correfpondence  with  the  rebels i   and  warned  to 
be  cautious    of  his  condud:  for   the  future.     Slight 
rumours  and  fufpicions  of  the  difloyalty  of  this  lord 
were  eagerly  received   and   entertained  by  the  chief 
governoursj  aird,  on  the  mofl  futile  evidence,  he  was 
foon  indicted   of  high    trcafon.     Confcious    of  his 
innocence,  he  haftened  to  Dublin  j  but,  without  be- 
ing heard,   was   committed    to  clofe  cuftody.     His 
brother  embarked  privately,  and  petitioned  the  king, 
now  refident   at  York,  that  the  earl  might  be  tried 
by  his  peers.     The  king  referred  him  to  the  parlia- 
ment: the  parliament  refufed   to  interfere,  without 
the  king.     In  the  mean  time,  Caftlehaven  contrived 
to  cfcape  from  his  confinement;   fled  to  Kilkenny, 
in  the  utmoft  rage  and  indignation,  and  was  readiJy 

perfuaded 

r  CaUlehaven's  Mep)oir& 


Ch.  5-  CHARLES    I.  215 

perfuaded  to  unite  with  the  confederates.  He  was 
created  an  additional  member  of  the  fupreme  council, 
and  appointed  to  command  the  Leinfter  horfe,  un- 
der general  Prefton. 

While  the  confederacy  of  the  Irifh  was  thus 
gaining  ftrength,  and  fifing  gradually  toconfequence, 
the  Engiifh,  in  the  midil:  of  their  diftrefles,  were  di- 
vided in  afFv^dion  and  irvtereft,  by  the  important  con- 
teft  of  the  neighbouring  kingdom.  The  governours 
and  their  creatures  zealoufly  engaged  on  the  fide  of 
parlia-Toent :  the  army,  influenced  by  the  earl  of  Or- 
monQ,forthe  mod  part  favoured  the  king.  From  the 
moment  that  a  civil  war  appeared  inevitab]e,the  par- 
liament deemed  it  a  point  of  confequence  to  eftablifh 
an  interell  in  Ireland^.  Their  agents  were  employ- 
ed in  Dublin  to  folicit  the  officers  of  the  army  to 
fign  a  petition  to  his  majefty,  befeeching  him  to 
comply  with  his  parliament.  To  men,  who  had 
been  Shamefully  negledted  and  abandonded  by  this 
affembly,  the  application  was  ungracious.  The 
opinion  of  their  commander  was  firfl  to  be  obtained. 
Ormond  received  the  petition  ;  he  propofed,  that 
another  Should  be  addrefiTed  to  the  commons,  but, 
in  the  drafts  of  both,  he  made  fuch  alterations,  as 
manifefled  his  attachment  to  the  king,  and  were 
utterly  difagreeable  to  the  parliamentary  agents. 
They  adhered  to  their  own  form ;  the  earl  ileadily 
rejeded  it  3  fo  that  the  fcheme  of  a  petition  was 
defeated  -,  which  Ormond  took  care  to  reprefent  to 
the  king  as  an  inftance  of  the  good  affedions  of  his 
army  of  Ireland.  At  the  fame  time  he  pathetically 
reprcfented  their  diftreffes,  his  inability  to  engage  in 
any  fervice  of  real  confequence,  and  the  embarralT- 
ments  he  experienced  from  the  juftices,  in  their  ob- 

ftinate 
f  Carte.  Orm. 


^.2i6    HIS  TO  P.Y  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

flinate  avsrlioii  to   profccate  the  rebels  with  vigour 
and  efted:. 

Th  e  jufllces,  on  their  part,  fcized  every  occafion 
of  mortifying  the  earl  of  Ormcnd.  They  icrutinized 
his  condu'fl  with  feverity,  and  reprefcnted  it  mali- 
cioufly.  The  earl  of  Leicertcr,  fecretiy  attached  to 
the  parliament^ ,  and  too  folicitous  tor  their  fervlce 
to  aiTume  his  government  of  Ireland,  regarded  Or- 
mond  with  ful'picion  and  difgiift,  as  the  rival  of  his 
power,  On  every  vacancy  in  the  Iri(h  army,  he  en- 
deavoured to  appoint  fuch  officers  as  were  mofb  a- 
greeable  to  his  party.  Hence  there  naturally  arofe 
feme  (harp  contentions  between  the  lord  lieutenant 
and  the  general.  They  were  fubmitted  to  the  kingj 
and  the  king  readily  decided  in  favour  of  a  zealous 
royalift.  He  enlarged  Ormond's  commiihcn  as 
commander  of  the  army  in  Ireland,  and  rendered  it 
independent  of  the  earl  of  Leicefter.  As  this  noble- 
man profelTed  an  intention  of  repairing  to  his  go- 
vernment without  delay,  the  king  deemed  it  neccf- 
fary  to  protect  Ormond,  his  friend,  from  every  pof- 
fible  oppreffion  or  mortification.  He  gave  him  li- 
cence to  refort  to  England  at  his  pleafure,  without 
?ny  prejudice  to  his  offices  and  entertainments  in 
Ireland  ;  and  to  gracsTo  good  a  fervant  ftiil  farther, 
of  his  own  motion,  he  created  him  a  marquis. 

The  civil  war  of  England  was  now  declared. 
The  king  laboured  to  gain  the  army  of  Ireland,  by 
his  favours  to  their  general".  The  parliament,  ftili 
more  affiduous,  endeavoured  not  only  to  fecure  an 
intereft  in  the  fokiiery,  but  to  diredl  the  whole  ad- 
miniftration  of  this  kingdom.  Reynolds  and  Good- 
win, two  members  of  the  Enghili   commons^  \vere 

fent 

t  Carte.  Orci,  w  Ibid. 


Ch.  5.  CHARLES    I.  217 

fent  for  thefe  purpofes  to  Dublin,  and  brought  with 
them  fome  ammunition,  together  with  twenty  thou- 
fand  pounds,  a  fupply  utterly  inadequate  to  the  necef^ 
fities  of  the  army,  but  fuch  as  ierved  for  a  momentary 
relief,  and  gave  them  hopes  of  farther  fuccours.  Th© 
parliamentary  agents  were  afliduous,  and  experienced 
in  the  artifices  of  fadion :  The  lords  juftices,  and 
their  creatures  of  the  council,  were  their  zealous 
partizans.  Every  rumour  difadvantageous  to  the 
king  and  his  cauie  was  received  with  joy,  and  in- 
duftrioufly  propagated.  The  pulpit  was  employed, 
as  in  England,  to  enflame  men's  minds  ;  and  the 
mofl:  abfurd  illiterate  brawlers,  encouraged  by  thofe 
in  power,  vented  their  crude  decifions  on  a  conteft 
infinitely  tranfcending  their  wretched  intelledts. 
One  of  thefe  inftruments  of  faction  proved  fo  outra- 
geoufly  offenfive,  as  to  engage  the  attention  of  an 
Irilli  parliament  and  his  friends,  the  chief  governours, 
fcrecned  him  from  puni{l:iment,  by  fuddenly  proro- 
guing this  aflembly. 

Reynolds  and  Goodwin,  together  with  lord  Lille, 
who  had  imbibed  the  fpirit  and  principles  of  his 
father  Leicefter,  were  admitted  into  the  privy  coun- 
cil, without  any  warrant  from  the  king,  whofe  au- 
thority was  defpifed  by  the  governours  of  Ireland, 
from  the  moment  that  his  fword  was  drawn.  Inftead 
of  ailing  againffc  the  public  enemy,  thefe  men  feemed 
folely  intent  on  embarraffing  and  mortifying  thofe 
who  were  attached  to  the  king*^.  Every  meafure 
was  purfued  to  render  the  marquis  of  Ormond  difla- 
Jtisfied  with  his  command.  Clanricardc  was  aban- 
doned to  his  diftrefles  :  every  particular  of  his  con- 
dud  was  interpreted  malignantly ;  and,  poffibly,  the 
juftices  and  their  creatures  entertained  fome  fecret 

Vol.  Ill,  F  f  hopes, 

w  Carte.  Orm. 


2iS     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V; 

hopes,  that  a  popidi  lord,  of  fuch  cxtenfive  property, 
might,  at  length,  be  feduced  from  his  allegiance  by 
the  folicitations  of  the  rebels,  and  the  efforts  cf  their 
clergy.  Lord  P^anelagh,  the  prefident  of  Connaught, 
quitted  his  government  in  vexation  and  defpair,  and 
hafted  to  Dublin,  with  a  refolution  of  laying  before 
the  king  a  full  account  of  the  diftreffes  of  his  pro- 
vince, and  the  pernicious  conduct  of  the  juftices. 
But  his  defign  was  quickly  defeated.  On  his  arrival, 
he  was  inftantly  accufed  as  author  of  all  the  extre- 
mities which  the  troops  had  experienced  in  Con- 
naught.  A  charge,  confifting  of  feventy-four  articles, 
was  exhibited  again  ft  him  to  the  council.  He  was 
not  allowed  a  copy,  or  a  view  of  thefe  articles;  he 
petitioned  for  licence  to  make  his  defence  before  the 
king,  to  whom,  they  were  tranfmittcd :  but  this  alfo 
was  denied. 

-*  It  was  a  point  of  efpecial  moment  to  the  lords 
juftices,  and  their  party,  that  no  accounts  of  Ire- 
land, and  its  affairs^,  fhould  be  tranfmitted  either  to 
the  king  or  Englilh  parliament,  but  through  the  me- 
dium of  their  own  reprefentations.  But  this  poli- 
cy was  at  length  defeated,  by  the  bold  and  fpirited 
condu(51:  of  the  royalifts.  The  officers  of  the  Lein- 
fter  army  had  been  long  expofed  to  the  levered:  ne- 
ceffities,  by  the  with-holding  of  their  pay,  and  the 
wretched  provilions  made  for  their  fublifience. 
They  were  many  of  them  perfons  of  diftinftion  of 
the  Englifh  nation,  and  fupported  and  joined  in  their 
complaints  by  the  earl  of  Kildare.  They  had  ad-l 
dreffed  themfelves  for  relief  to  parliament,  but  with 
no  effed:.  They  repeated  their  addrefs  to  the  privyi 
•.CDUBcil,  in  a  manner  fo  bold  and  peremptory  as  was 
.taiarming  to  government.  Hopes. and  promifes  werel 
■  ;     .       ,  ,']   '     lavilhedl 

.oc  C^rte.  Onn. 


Ch.   5-  CHARLES     L  219 

lavillied  on  thefe  dangerous  complainants :  expedi- 
ents were  devifed  for  their  immediate  relief,  it  was 
even  agreed,  that  every  one  fhould  bring  in  half  their 
plate*  for  the  prefent  fupply  of  the  army  :  but  the 
fum  thus  raifed  proved  totally  infufficient.  The  cla- 
mour was  renewed;  and  the  officers,  having  now 
prepared  an  affedting  addrefs  to  the  king,  demanded 
licence  for  their  agent  to  repair  to  England,  and  con- 
vey it  to  his  majefty. 

The  juftices  and  the  agents  of  the  Englilh  parli- 
ament were  alarmed  at  this  defign.  They  endea- 
voured to  terrify  the  officers ;  they  affiired  them, 
with  an  affectation  of  deep  concern,  that  fuch  an 
addrefs  muft  infallibly  deprive  them  of  all  future 
fuccours  from  the  commons  of  England  ;  they  en- 
treated them  to  fufpend  their  defign,  at  lead  un^il 
the  effed:  of  thofe  reprefentations  already  made  to 
parliament  ffiould  be  difcovered.  When  this  arti- 
fice proved  ineife(flual,  Reynolds  and  Goodwin  per- 
fuaded  the  juflices,  not  only  to  deny  licence  of 
departure  to  the  agent  chofen  by  the  officers,  but  to 
lay  an  embargo  on  all  veffels  in  the  harbour.  The 
officers, not  yet  difmayed,  infiftedon  their  demand  of 
a  licence.  Thofe  of  the  province  of  Leinfter  avow- 
ed and  united  in  the  addrefs  prepared  in  Dublin, 
notwithftanding  the  incelTant  effiarts  of  the  two  a- 
gents,  who  vifited  every  fort   and-  garrifon,  to   gain 

F  f  2  the 

*  Anthony  Martin,  bifliop  of  Meath,  had  been  pillaged  by  the  re- 
bels in  the  firil  infurie£lion,  and  deprived  of  all  his  fubftance.  Asa 
member  of  the  privy  council,  he  was  now  required  to  fend  in  his  plate. 
The  prelate  anfwered,  that  he  had  none,  nor  any  property  whatever 
but  a  fevj  cU gon.vns.  It  is  fcarcely  pofiible  to  conceive  a  petty  tyranny 
more  provoking  and  contemptible  than  that  of  the  juftices,  who,  for  no 
other  ofFence,  but  that  of  a  reply  delivered  in  plainncfs  and  fimplicity 
of  iieart,  comir.itted  the  poor  prelate  to  clofe  cufiody,  and  obliged  him 
to  petition  the  throne  for  relief. 


220    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND     B.  V- 

the  officers  to  their  party.  The  juftices  found  it  ne- 
cefTary  to  take  off  the  embargo.  The  addrefs  was 
conveyed  to  the  king;  who  could  but  exprefs  his 
grief  at  the  diftreffcs  of  fo  eminent  and  meritorious 
a  body,  and  his  thanks  for  their  fervices  and  attach- 
Hient. 

This  was  not  the  firft:  intimation  which  Charles 
had  received  of  thediftreffes  of  his  army  in  Ireland^. 
Sir  James  Montgomery,  Sir  Hardrefs  Waller,  colo- 
nel Arthur  Hill,  and  colonel  Audley  Mervyn,  had 
already  attended  him  at  Oxford,  with  a  petition  in 
favour  of  his  Irifh  foldicry ;  and  though  avowed  par- 
liamentarians, and  though  their  application  was  per- 
ynittcd  and  directed  by  the  parliament,  they  were 
gracioufly  received.  The  prefent  petition  came 
from  men  better  affeded  to  his  perfon  and  interefl, 
and  was  attended  with  fome  ufeful  informations  re- 
lative to  the  governours  of  Ireland,  their  principles, 
their  connexions  and  procedure. 

This  prince  was  now  unhappily  involved  in  a  ci- 
vil war,  defperately  maintained,  and  of  uncertain 
event.  On  the  firft  operations  of  this  war,  each 
party  was  convinced  of  the  neceffity  of  trying  every 
expedient,  and  ranfacking  every  quarter  for  atliftance. 
In  defpite  of  the  inveterate  averfion  againft  popery, 
which  it  was  fafhionablc  to  exprefs,  and  which 
Charles  was  particularly  intercftcd  to  affed:,he  found 
it  neceflary,  about  the  time  of  the  engagement  at 
Edge-hilly,  to  accept  the  lervices  of  papifls,  and  par- 
ticularly to  arm  thofe  of  Lancaihire.  The  parlia- 
iTient  inveighed  againft  this  impiety;  the  king  re- 
criminated, and  accufed  them  of  employing  numbers 

of 

I  %.  Clarendon,  y  Whilclock. 


Ch:  f  CHARLES       I.       ""      221 

of  the  fame  profefTion  in  their  army.  The  parlia- 
ment declared  their  refolution  of  inviting  the  Scots 
to  affift  againft  the  enemiesof  the  protefhnt  religion. 
Charles  juftly  dreaded  the  fpirit  of  his  northern  fub- 
jeds,  and  faw  the  neceffity  of  flrengthening  himfelf 
againft  an  union  fo  formidable.  For  this  purpofe  he 
feems  to  have  turned  his  eyes  to  Ireland,  with  an 
attention  ftrider  than  the  diftradions  of  England 
had  hitherto  admitted.  The  infurredtions  of  that 
kingdom  had  proved  of  moft  effential  fervice  to  his 
enemies.  Could  they  be  allayed,  the  pov/er  with 
which  he  had  unwarily  inverted  the  parliament,  of 
afluming  the  conduct  of  the  war  in  Ireland,  would 
be  rendered  ufclefs  and  void :  they  would  be  depriv- 
ed of  one  great  popular  pretence  for  raifing  men  and 
money,  and  an  army  of  royalills  might  in  due  time 
be  tranfportcd  from  Ireland  to  join  the  king's  Aand-*, 
ard. 

T  HE  profeflions  of  the  IriOi  infurgents  were  not 
unfavourable  to  fuch  viewsz.  They  had  repeatedly 
folicited  for  liberty  to  lay  their  grievances  before  the 
king,  and  for  a  ceftation  of  hoftilities,  until  their 
complaints  fhould  be  heard  and  decided.  They 
had  employed  the  mediation  of  the  earl  of  Caftle- 
haven,  without  effed :  the  earl  of  Clanricarde  had 
warmly  recommended  their  propofuions  to  the  ftate  j 
but  the  lords  juftices  were  inexorable :  they  again 
applied  to  Ormond,  who  refolved  to  tranfmit  their 
petition  to  the  king.  The  juftices,  when  they 
found  that  it  could  no  longer  be  fupprelTed,  at  length 
confented  to  convey  a  copy  of  it  to  Charles,  attended 
with  their  own  remarks,  and  an  earneftdefire  that  it 
might  be  rejected,  as  the  granting  the  requeft  of  the 
petitioners  vvould   be  "  inconfiftent  with  the  means 

*'  of 
z  Carte.  Ormond  and  Letters, 


222      HISTORY  OFIRELAND.      B.V. 

**  of  raifing  a  confiderable  revenue  to  the  crown, 
"  and  eftablKhing  religion  and  civility  in  Ireland." 
They  only  anfu^er  they  received  was  that  of  a  fevere 
reprimand  for  their  dif'refped:  in  tranfmitting  a  copy 
of  the  petition,  and  a  peremptory  order,  that  they 
fliould  fend  the  original.  This  occafioned  a  delay  ; 
fo  that  the  general  aflembly  at  Kilkenny  once  more 
repeated  their  application  to  the  throne. 

I T  can  fcarcely  be  doubted,  but  that  from  thefe 
overtures  the  king  derived  fome  hopes  of  compof- 
ing;  the  dillentions  of  Ireland,  and  drawing  fome 
afliflance  from  this  king-dom.  Nothine,  indeed, 
could  be  more  unpopular  than  any  ad;  of  indulgence 
to  the  IriOi  infurgents.  They  were  the  avowed  de- 
fenders of  popidi  fuperftition  and  idolatry,  objeds  of 
abhorrence  to  the  popular  party,  and  fuch  as  the 
king  necelTarily  profeficd  to  regard  with  abhorrence. 
Yet  the  urgent  necefnty  of  his  affairs  obliged  him  to 
attend  to  every  argument  in  favour  of  thefe  obnoxi- 
ous rebels.  He  conlidercd  their  repeated  applica- 
tions for  peace,  and  permifTion  to  explain  their 
grievances;  the  ruin  with  which  Ireland  was  threat- 
ened ;  the  negled  of  this  kingdom  which  the  par- 
liament had  difcovered ;  his  ov/n  inability  to  proted 
his  Irifh  proteftant  I'ubjeds;  and  the  encreafing 
ftrength  of  the  rebels.  He  faw  no  reafon  why  he 
fhould  not  receive  the  proportions  of  the  IriOi,  as 
he  had  formerly  condefcended  to  the  Scots,  and  was 
fliil  ready  to  treat  with  his  Englifli  rebels.  Thus 
reconciled  to  a  meafure  v/hich  promifed  fome  ad- 
vantagea,  Charles  ilTued  acoramiliion  under  the  great 
feal  of  England,  to  the  marquis  of  Ormond,  the  earl 
Clanricarde,  earl  of  Rofcommon,  vifcount  Mocre, 
Sir  Thomas  Lucas^  Sir  Maurice  Euftace,  and  Tho- 
mas 

a  Carte  Orraond  and  Letters. 


Ch.  5.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  223 

mas  Burke,  efqulre,  to  meet  the  principal  recufants, 
to  receive,  and  to  tranfinit  their  proporuions. 

Such  a  manifeft  overture  to  peace  was  provoking 
to  thejuflices,  and  alarming  to  Goodwin  and  Rey- 
nolds, the  committee  of  parliament,  (as  they  were 
called.)  Parfons  doubted,  whether  he  ihould  not 
flop  the  execution  of  this  commiflion.  Burke, 
who  conveyed  it  into  Ireland,  was  faid  to  be  a  fo- 
menterof  rebellion, and  a  known  agent  of  the  rebels. 
The  committee  flew  through  the  army  an-d  the  inha- 
bitants of  Dublin,  foliciting  them  to  fign  a  remon- 
ilrance  againft  the  commiffion,  but  with  little  fuc- 
cefs.  The  king  was  informed  of  their  proccedingSi 
and,  encouraged  by  the  apparent  profperity  of  his  af- 
fairs, refolved  to  piirfue  his  fchemes  in  Ireland  with 
greater  vigour.  He  wrote  to  the  lords  juftices  in 
terms  of  great  feverity,  commanding  that  Goodwin 
and  Reynolds  fiiould  be  removed  from  the  privy 
council.  He  foon  after  tranlmltted  his  warrants  to 
the  juftices  and  Ormond,  for  fecuring  their  per- 
fons,  and  committing  them  to  clofe  cuftody.  But 
thefe  agents  had  already  fled  from  the  kingdom  in 
confufion  and  difgrace.  It  is  natural  to  exped,  that 
Charles  (hould,  in  the  next  place,  remove  the  pre- 
fent  lords  juftices,  and  commit  the  government  of 
Ireland  to  fome  perfon  of  approved  attachment.  He, 
indeed,  propofed  to  create  the  marquis  of  Ormond 
lord  lieutenantjleaving  it,however,to  his  own  choice, 
either  to  accept  or  decline  this  ftation.  Whether 
Ormond  difcovered  fome  marks  of  irrefolution  in 
this  propofal;  whether  he  imagined,  that  in  his  pre- 
fent  characfter  he  could  ferve  the  king  more  effec- 
tually, and  with  greater  lecurity  to  himfelf  j  or  what- 
ever were  his  motives,  he  humbly  advifed  his  Ma- 
jefty  to  **  delay   the  fending  him   an  authority  to 

take 


224    HISTO  RY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  Vj 

take   that   "  charge  upon  him^j"  and  proceeded  to 
the  treaty  with  the  Iriili  inlurgcnts. 

I  N  conjundldn  with  the  other  commIfiioners<=,  he 
fent  a  ruinmons  to  the  lords  Gormanllon,  Mount- 
garret,  Ikerrin,  and  Teven  others,  who  had  figned 
the  petition  to  the  king,  requiring  them  to  fend  their 
agents  to  Drogheda,  where  the  commiffioners  would 
be  ready,  on  a  day  appointed,  to  receive  their  pro- 
pofitions,  in  order  to  tranfmit  them  to  his  majefty. 
The  Irilh  were  conliderably  elated  by  their  prefcnt 
advantages.  Their  general,  Prefton,  had  taken  fe- 
veral  places  of  ftrcngth,  and  though,  in  an  encoun- 
ter with  Monk,  his  party  was  defeated,  yet  he  Aill 
extended  his  petty  conquells.  In  mofl:  diftridts  the 
infurgents  were  fuperiour,  and  exulted  in  the  dif- 
trelles  of  the  royal  forces.  Their  vanity  and  inexpe- 
rience magnified  this  fuperiority,  and  their  clergy, 
of  all  others  the  moft  vain  and  inexperienced,  en- 
couraged and  enflam-d  their  inlolence.  The  com- 
miffioners, apprehending  the  prefumption  of  this 
order,  required,  that  the  committee  to  be  fent  to 
Drogheda  Oiould  confift  entirely  of  laymen.  They 
limited  their  number  to  thirty,  and  demanded,  that 
they  (hould  be  ready  at  the  place  of  meeting  to  re- 
ceive the  commiffioners  with  duerefped:  to  the  king's 
authority.  But  what  was  ftill  more  offenlive,  in 
the  fafe-condudil:  granted  by  the  juflices  to  their 
committee,  the  recufants  were  {\y\cd  a^ors  or  abet^ 
tors  171  an  odious  rebellion, 

A  N  anfwer  was  inftantly  returned  by  the  fupreme 
council,  in  the  firfl;  violence  of  pride  and  indignati- 
on. They  exprelTed  their  furprize^,  that  acommiffi- 
on  founded  on  an  application  made  by  the  catholics, 

ia 
.Carte.  Lett,    c  Carte.  Orm.  d  Carte,  Letters,  vol,  IlI.No.  cxxxli. 


Ch.  5-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    L  22| 

in  the  month  of  Auguft,  fhould  be  unaccountably 
concealed  until  the  fucceeding  month  of  February. 
They  declared  it  nccefTary  for  them  to  have  a  view,' 
or  copy  of  this  commiffion.  They  refented  the  in- 
dignity of  prefcribing  a  mode  of  demeanour  to  their 
agents,  as  if  they  w^ere  to  be  informed  of  the  refpe(J^ 
due  to  the  king.  But,  above  all  things,  they  difdam- 
ed  the  offenlive  appellations  infertedin  the  fafe-con- 
da(fl,  and  inferted  by  the  juftices,  (as  they  affetted 
to  fuppofe  v/ithout  authority;  and  declared  their 
firm  and  unanimous  refolution  to  abandon  all  thought 
of  accommodation,  until  the  odious  and  unmerited 
imputation  of  REBELLION  fliould  be  retrad;ed.  la 
this  cafe,  they  profefTed  themfelves  ready  to  concur 
in  every  pacific  meafure,  provided  they  were  notre- 
ftrained  in  the  number  and  quality  of  their  agents, 
and  that  an  indifferent  and  fecure  place  were  affign- 
cd  for  their  meeting,  as  they  had  melancholy  expe- 
rience of  the  danger  of  relying  on  a  proclamation* 
much  mors  on  any  fafe-condudt  granted  by  the  lords 
juftices.  **  If  thefe  our  juft  and  reafonable  demands,'* 
fay  they,  **  fhall  be  denied  to  us,  we  mufl;  again 
employ  fome  zealous  and  well-minded  man,  who, 
in  behalf  of  juftice,  dare  hazard  the  Rack,  by 
whom  we  may  addrefs  our  humble  requefts  to  the 
fountain  of  juitice,  his  facred  Majefty,  whofe  moft 
faithful  and  moft  humble  fubjed:s  we  are*." 


<( 

€( 

tc 


The  commiffioners  hcfitated  whether  they  fhould 
take  any  notice  of  this  letter,  or  proceed  any  farther 
in  their  negociations  with  men  of  fuch  a  fpirit^. 
Their  zeal  for  accompliihing  a  treaty  elfential  to  the 

Vol.  ill.  Gg  kings 

*  Signed,  Moantgarret.  Hugo  Ardmachanus.  Gormanfton.  Johan- 
nes Clonfertenfis.  Nicholas  Plunket  Richard  Bealing.  Patrick  Darcy. 
Geralds  Fennel.     George  Comin.  GeiFery  Browne, 

e  Carte.  Orm^ 


226      HISTORY  OFIRELAND.     B.T: 

king's  intereftat  length  prevailed;  they  condefcended 
not  only  to  return  an  anfvver,  but  to  cnclofe  a  copy 
of  their  commiflion.  In  this,  the  king  exprelled 
**  his  extreme  indignation  at  the  odious  rebellion, 
*'  which  the  recufants  of  Ireland  had,  without 
**  ground  or  colour,  raifed  againft  his  perfon,  crown, 
"  and  dignity."  So  that,  as  it  now  appeared,  the 
juftices  had  but  copied  his  Majefty's  expreflions.  At 
the  fame  time,  the  earl  of  Caftlehaven  laboured  to 
infpire  his  aflbciates  at  Kilkenny  with  greater  mode- 
ration. At  liis  inftances  they  wrote  in  humbler 
terms  to  the  commifhoners,  exprefling  their  folici- 
tude,  that  his  Majefty's  gracious  intentions  towards 
them  fhould  not  be  fruftrated,  and  their  readinefs  to 
obey  his  royal  commands,  in  difpofal  of  their  men 
and  arms,  with    fuch  zeal  as  fliould  prove  them  no 

ACTORS  OR  ABETTORS  IN  AN  ODIOUS  REBELLION, 

expreflions,  which  they  ftill  infifted,  fliould  not  be 
ufed  in  any  inftrument  addreffed  to  th^m.  The 
fecond  letter  of  the  commifRoners  brought  them  to 
a  ftiil  more  tradable  difpofition.  They  now  con- 
tended themfelves,  with  zealous  protellations  of  their 
loyalty,  and  the  integrity  of  their  intentions.  'And 
thus,  by  pliancy  on  each  fide,  and  the  efforts  of  men 
of  temper  and  moderation,  it  was  at  length  agreed 
that  fix  agents  of  the  fupreme  council,  all  laymen, 
fliould  be  authorifed  to  attend  the  king's  commif- 
fioners  at  Trim^,  on  the  feventeenth  day  of  March. 

I  T  had  been  propofed  in  the  privy  council,  that  a 
cefTation  of  arms  fhould  take  place  during  thenego- 
elation.  But  this  the  lords  juftices  peremptorily 
oppofed  :  and  they,  who  againll  all  the  inftances  of 
military  men,  had  fo  long  kept  the  foldiery  in  a 
ftate  of  inadion,  now,  at  length,    found  it  neceffary 

for 

f  A.  0,1642-3 


Ch.  5-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  227 

for  the  fubfiilencc  of  the  forces,  to  employ  them  in 
an  expedition  which  might  retard,  or  defeat  the 
treaty  with  the  Irifh.  Their  defign  was  to  reduce 
the  towns  of  Rofs  and  Wexford,  an  enterprize 
which  Ormond  had  earneftly  recommended  before 
the  arrival  of  Preflon,  but  which  government  had  as 
earneftly  oppofed,  on  the  frivolous  pretence  of  re- 
ferving  the  honour  of  it  for  the  lord  lieutenant, 
whofe  arrival  was  expc<Sed,  but  who  was  detained 
in  England  by  the  king's  command.  The  juftices 
now  refolved  to  employ  lord  Lifle  ;  and  great  prepa- 
rations were  made,  and  unufual  efforts  exerted  to 
fupport  him  in  his  expedition.  Ormond,  fufpe(ft- 
ing  fome  concealed  purpofe  in  this  appoinment  of  a 
general,  fignified  to  the  lords  juflices,  that,  as  he 
was  particularly  entrufted  with  the  army,  he  deem- 
ed it  his  indifpenfible  duty  to  take  upon  himfelf  the 
command  of  this  expedition.  In  a  moment,  their 
zeal  was  cold  -,  the  army  was  ready  to  march  -,  there 
was  no  pretence  for  fufpending  the  expedition  -,  the 
command  could  not  be  denied  to  the  marquis  ;  they 
fuffered  him  to  proceed;  butwith-held  the  provifions 
neceflary  to  his  luccefs, 

I N  his  progrefs,  he  drove  the  rebels  from  feveral 
ofthofe  places  they  had  occupied  gj  and  relying  oa 
the  arrival  of  the  flores,  which  the  lords  juflices  en- 
gaged to  fend  by  fea  to  Duncannon,  he  formed  the 
fiege  of  Rofs.  No  ftores  arrived:  the  enemy  could 
not  be  prevented  from  throwing  two  thoufand  men 
into  the  town  :  his  forces  were  expofed  to  the  feve- 
rity  of  a  dreary  feafon,  and  threatened  with  famine. 
The  governour  of  Duncannon  afforded  him  a  fmall 
fupply  of  bread  and  ammunition,  which  encouraged 
him  to  attempt  the  town  by  florm,   confcious    that 

G  g  2  he 

g  Carte.  Orm, 


228     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

he  could  not  continue  to  inveft  it  for  any  time.  A 
breach  was  made,  the  afl'ault  given,  the  garrifon  was 
numerous  and  well  fupplied  ;  they  repelled  their  af- 
failants  with  I'omc  daughter.  Ormond  had  a  fcanty 
provifion  of  three  days  for  his  army,  at  a  diftance  of 
iixty  miles  from  the  capital:  a  fudden  retreat  was 
the  only  meafure  to  be  purfued:  But  now,  Preftbn 
with  fix  thoufand  foot,  and  fix  hundred  and  fifty 
horlc,  occupied  a  defile  through  which  he  muft  of 
jieceflity  pafs  in  his  return  to  Dublin. 

Nothing  more  was  neceffary  to  complete  the 
ruin  of  the  Englifh  forces,  but  that  Prefton  fliould 
continue  to  occupy  this  impregnable  flation.  His  e- 
nemy  was  reduced  to  the  miferable  alternative  of  pe- 
ri/hing  by  famine,  or  marching  to  a  defperate  and 
hopclefs  attack.  In  the  moment  when  the  gallant 
marquis  was  thus  on  the  point  of  falling,  by  the  ne- 
gled:  or  treachery  of  the  juftices,  Prefton  happily  ref- 
Cued  him  from  deftrudion.  With  a  precipitation 
unpardonable  in  a  foldier,  he  ru(hed  forward  into  the 
plainh,  in  full  confidence  of  an  eafy  vidory,  over  an 
inferiour  enemy,  enfeebled  by  their  wants.  Ormond 
eagerly  fcized  the  advantage.  His  charge  was  fpi- 
rited  and  fkilful^  The  Irilh  horfe  was  at  once  thrown 
into  confufion  by  his  artillery:  their  foot,  without 
any  gonfiderable  refiflance,  iled,  one  divilion  after  a- 
nother,  and,  though  they  attempted  to  rally,  were 
prefTed  lb  vigouroufly,  that  their  rout  was  fpeedily 
completed.  Five  hundred  of  the  Irifh  were  lofl  in 
this  engagement,  and  all  their  baggage  and  ammu- 
nition fell  into  the  hands  of  the  vidors. 

The  Leinfter  rebels  muft  have  been  entirely  de- 
^royed,  had  the  marquis  been   enabled   to  continue 

the 

|x  CaAIehav.  Mero,  i  C«irte  Orm. 


Ch.  5-  CHARLES!.  229 

the   purfiiit,  by  fome   troops    of  horfe.     But    the 
whole  Engliih  cavalry,    having  routed   that  of  the 
rebels,  rode  off,  without   returning  to  the  field ;  an 
incident  which  railed  fufpicion  of  ibme  finiller  mo- 
tive in  lord  Lifl^  their  leader^.     The  only  advantage, 
therefore,    which  Ormond  derived  from  his  fuccefs, 
was  that  of  purfuing  his  march   to  Dublin,  and   not 
without  apprehenfions  of  being  harralTed  by  the  ene- 
my, whole  lofs  was  not  confiderable,  and  who  might 
foon  recover  from  their  confternation.     But  as  Pref- 
ton,  in  his  flight  and  terrour,   had  broken  down  the 
bridge  over  the  river  Barrow,  he  could  not  lead  his 
forces  back  to  annoy  the  enemy,  nor  prevent  them 
from  ranging  freely  over  the  country  to  fupply  their 
neceffities.     The    marquis,    £red    v/iih   indignation 
and  refentment,  returned  to  the  capital,   Vv'hich  was 
now  a  fcene  of  calamity  and   difcontent.     The    in- 
habitants were  exhaufied  and  oppreflfed  by  the  main- 
tenance of  the  foldiers :  the  foldiers,   exafperated  by 
their   dillrelTes,    repeatedly  amufed  by  alTura^ices  of 
relief,  and  repeatedly    difappointed,   wcvq   turbulent 
and  mutinous.  Strangers  were  expelled  from  the  city; 
thoufands   of  delpoiled  Engliihi,    whofe  very  rubhll- 
ence  became  an  intolerable  burden,  were  tranfported 
into  their  ov/n  country.      Merchants  were  rifled  and 
defpoiled  of  their  commodities,  to  fupply  the  necef- 
fities of  the  flate.      Such   wretched    expedients   fall 
proved  infutiicient,  and  the  army-  was  fall  dillrefl^ed 
and  clamourous. 

In  the  mean  time,  four  of  the  king's  comrnlfllo- 
ners  met  the  agents  of  the  confederate  Catholics  at 
Trim,  and  received  their  remonllrance  of  grievances 
and  petition  for  redrefs^.  In  this  infl:rument  they 
made  a  folemn  protefl:aticn  of  their  loyalty,  pleaded 

their 
Jc  Carte.  Orm,  1  Cate.  Lett.  vol.  III.  N  '^  .  cxxxvii, 


230    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

their  former  merits,  in  granting  extraordinary  fubfi- 
dies  to  the  king,  and  apologized  for  their  prefent  in- 
furred:ion,  or  rather  pleaded  a   neceflity  for  taking 
arms, from  the  oppreffions  they  had  long  endured, from 
the  difqualifications  and  feverities   of  the  penal  fta- 
tutes  of  the  fecond  year  of  queen  Elizabeth,   (which 
they  reprefented  as  entirely  unnoticed  and  unknown, 
until  revived  by  their  enemies,   as  an  inftrument  of 
perfecution,)  from  the  denunciations  of  the   malig- 
nant party  in  England  againft  their  religion,  and  the 
cruelties   exercifed  on  their  ecclefiaftics.      Nor  did 
they  forget  the  ordinance  a,o;ainf!:  bowing  at  the  name 
of  Jefus,  at  which  theyjiftecled  the  utn:jon:  horrour 
and  amazement.     The  ofFenfive  condud  of  the  lords 
juftices,    before   and  fmce  the  firfl  difcovery  of  the 
iuTurreclion,  was  fully  ftatcd  ;  their  devices  forexaf- 
perating   the  old  natives  and   perpetuating  the  war, 
their  arbitrary  and  cruel  meafures  for  defeating  every 
attempt  of  the  Catholics  to  convey  their  grievances 
to  the  throne.     They  charged  them  with  horrid  per- 
fidy anJ  barbarity,    with  tyrannical   proceedings  in 
the  court  of  wards,  iniquitous  meafures  for  avoiding 
letters  patent,    and   depriving  the   loyal  fubjeds  of 
their  yiil  poffedlons.  They  inveighed  with  particular 
warmth  againft  the  ads  lately    pafPi^d  in  England  in 
favour  of  adventurers,  whereby  they  were,  declared 
rebels,  unfummoned  and  unheard,  and  dcfpoiled  of 
their  lands,  without  exception,  diftindion,  or   any 
poliibility  of  relief.     Thefe  a6ts  they  reprefented  as 
forced   on    the  king,    to   the  great  prejudice  of  his 
rights  and  prerogatives,  fubveufive  of  the  fundamen- 
tiilaws  of  Ireland,  and  inconfiftent  with  the  rights 
£nd  privileges  of  irifh  fubjeds :  who,  from  the  time 
of  Henry  the  fecond,  had  parliaments  of  their  own, 
and  by  right  were  to  be  bound  only  by  ads  framed 

or 


Ch.  5,  CHARLES       I.  231 

or  accepted  ia  thefe  afTemblies. — To  remedy  thefe 
grievances,  they  propofed,  that  inftead  of  the  prefent 
IriOi  parliament,  chieiiy  compofed  of  the  creatures 
and  menial  dependents  of  the  chief  governours,  the 
king  would  be  pleafed  to  appoint  a  free  parliament, 
to  be  convened  at  fome  indifferent  place,  before 
fome  perfon  of  approved  loyalty,  and  acceptable  to 
the  people  of  Ireland,  to  deliberate  without  controul, 
by  a  fufpeniion  of  the  law  of  Poynings;  and  that 
no  catholics  be,  on  any  account,  excluded  from  fit- 
ting and  voting  in  this  parliament. 

In  oppoiition  to  this  remonftrance,  which  Or- 
mond  tranfmitted  to  the  king™,  the  lords  jufiices,  in 
a  long  declamatory  letter,  laboured  to  diiiuade  him 
from  any  accommodation  with  the  Irilii.  They  re- 
called to  viev/ the  infolences  and  cruelties  of  the  iirft 
rebellion,  and  the  futility  of  the  pretences^urgcd  in 
its  juftification.  As  the  old  Engliih  affedled  to 
{land  diftinguiihed  from  the  Northerns,  they  affec- 
ted to  confound  and  involve  both  in  the  fame  guilt. 
They  obferved,  and  not  without  reafon,  that  the 
aifembly  at  Kilkenny  had  oppofed  the  royal  authority 
by  erecting  a  new  fyftem  of  government,  and  dif- 
claimed  it  by  their  oath  of  aiTociation,  and  by  ad- 
dreding  themlelves  to  foreign  powers.  l"hey  ac- 
knowledged their  own  v/ant  of  every  means  to  fup- 
port  a  war  :  but,  if  fupplied  in  due  time,  they  doubt- 
ed not  to  "  take  ample  vengeance  on  the  rebels,  to 
*'  reduce  them  to  fuch  a  liite,  as  they  fliould  not 
*'  eafily  relapfe  into  their  commotions,  and  to  find 
**  a  way  to  a  peace  which  (liould  not  be  attended 
*'  with  a  lingering  ruin,  but  be  fuitable  to  his  Mi- 
*'  jelly's  greatnefs,  and  eflablifh  the  future  fafety  and 
**  happinefs  of  his  pofterity,  and  of  the  kingdom."' 

ORiMOND 
m  Cox.  Append.  No.  vi. 


2-2  HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 


'J 


Ormond  confidered  the  propofitlons  of  the  con- 
federates as  totally  inadmiffible":  at  the  lame  time, 
he  condemned  thereprefentationsof  the  lords  juftices, 
as  tending  to  countenance  a  fcheme  of  extirpation, 
iniquitous  in  the  attempt,  and  impoffiMe  to  be  exe- 
cuted. The  zeal  of  each  party,  thofe  who  favoured, 
and  thofe  who  oppofed  an  accommodation,  grew 
gradually  violent.  Ormond,  the  head  and  patron 
of  the  royalifls,  accufed  the  juftices  of  concealing 
the  true  llate  of  Ireland  from  the  king,  and  in- 
filled on  acquainting  him  with  the  whole  detail  of 
diftrefs  endured  by  his  fubjeds  of  this  kingdom. 
The  lords  juftices,  akhoughthey  pathetically  lament- 
ed .their  pretring  difficulties  to  the  Engliih  parlia- 
ment, yet  were  induftrious,  to  fupprefs  all  clamour 
and  complaints  at  home,  v/hich  might  be  pleaded 
in  favour  of  an  accommodation  with  the  rebels. 
When  the  ofHcers  of  the  army  petitioned  the  Irifli 
parliament,  reprefenting  their  fufferings,  and  the  i- 
niquitics  of  fome  agents,  who,  in  the  wretched  di- 
vidends occafionally  made  for  their  fupport,  had  de- 
frauded them  by  light  and  adulterated  coin  ;  they 
even  recurred  to  the  odious  method  of  a  fudden  pro- 
rogation,' to  prevent  the  examin?.tion  of  their  caufe. 
To  cxprefs  their  contempt  and  defiance  of  the  re- 
bels, they  ordered  fome  prifoncrs  taken  in  battle,  to 
be  immediately  executed  by  martial  law.  Several 
perfons  of  diftincflion,  who,  on  fubmitting,  in  con- 
fequence  ot  the  royal  proclamation,  were  rigourouf- 
ly  confined  in  the  caftle  of  Dublin,  had  petitioned, 
and  now  repeated  their  application  to  be  admitted 
to  bail ;  but  this  the  juftices  obftinately  refufed. 
They  had  exerted  themlelves  fo  vigouroufly,  that  in- 
diilments  of  treafon  were  found  againft  thefc,  and 

above 

n  Carte.  Orm. 

i 


Ch.  5.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  233 

■above  a  thoufand  more,  in    the   fpace  of  two  da\^s  j 
and,  with  a  fhamelefs  outrage  on  decency,   a  memo-  ^ 
rial  was  publicly  read  at  the  council    board,   from  a 
friend  of  Sir  VVilHam  Farfons,    rcprefenting  his  me-  . 
fits  in  expendincT  fums  of  money,  for  procuring  wit- 
riefles  on  thefe  indictments* 

Men  of  fuch  a  temper  were  evidently  unfit  to  be 
entrulled  with  government:  and  the  fituation  of  the 
king's  affairs,  which  every  day  became  more  critical, 
made  it  neceffary  for  him  to  fmooth  the  way  to  fuch 
a  treaty,  as  might  enable  him  to  draw  fome  affift- 
ance  from  Ireland.  Any  violent  change,  however, 
in  Iri(h  adminiftration,  might  raife  a  clamour  among 
his  enemies  in  England  ^  he,  therefore,  contented 
himfelf,  for  the  prefent,  with  removing  Parfons. 
Borlafe,  as  in  himfelf  harmlefs  and  in  lignificant,was 
continued  in  the  government,  and  fir  Henry  Titch- 
burne  appointed  for  his  new  colleague,  a  man  of  un- 
exceptionable chara(5ter,  and  zealoufly  devoted  to  the 
king's  fervice.  At  the  fame  time,  Charles,  with  a 
caution  now  unnecefiary,  commanded  the  Irifh  pri- 
vy-council, not  to  execute  any  warrant,  nor  to  pay 
obedience  to  any  orders,  without  his  own  fpecial  al- 
lowance and  approbation. 

This  change  of  government  was  foon  followed 
by  an  order  to  the  marquis  of  Ormond,  to  treat  a- 
bout  a  temporary  ceffation  of  arms  with  the  rebels  > 
as  a  treaty  of  final  peace,  upon  moderate  and  equi- 
table terms,  required  more  time  than  the  king's  af- 
fairs and  the  neceffities  of  Ireland  could  allow.  And 
whatever  were  the  primary  motives  of  the  king,  in- 
volved as  he  was  in  a  defperate  civil  war,  which  ob- 
liged him  to  feek  refources  from  every  quarter  3  yet. 

Vol.  Ill,  H  h  the 


234    HISTO  RY  OF  IRELAND;    B.  V, 

the  melancholy  plea  of  necefTity  never  could  be 
urgsd  with  greater  force  than  on  the  prefent  occa- 
lion. 

Dublin,  from  whence  all  Lelnfler  and  Con- 
nautrht  were  to  be  fupplicd,  as  well  as  Derry  and 
Colerain,  had  long  fince  been  reduced  to  the  moft 
miferable  extremities  ;  the  inhabitants  plundered  to 
fupply  the  foldieryj  the  foldiery  impatient  of  their 
diftrelTes :  the  officers  repeatedly  threatening  to  re- 
cur to  the  firfl  principle  of  nature,  that  of  felf-pre- 
fervation.  The  province  of  Connaught  was  reduced 
to  almoft  total  defperation.  The  integrity  and  acti- 
vity of  the  earl  of  Clanricarde  had  the  virulence  of 
the  Roman  clergy  to  encounter,  (who  denounced 
all  their  terrours  againft  thofe  who  ihould  refufe  the 
oath  of  a/Tociation)  as  well  as  the  pra(5lices  of  thofe 
Englifli  officers,  who  were  devoted  to  the  parliament. 
The  rebels  every  day  encrcafed  in  flrength:  they  be-. 
came  mafters  of  the  important  fort  of  Galway,  and 
prepared  to  reduce  thofe  cafcles  of  the  county  of  Rof- 
common, which  (with  Clanricarde's  towns  of  Lough- 
reaand  Portumna)  were  all  that  held  out  in  the  weil:- 
crn  province.  In  Munfter,  lord  Inchiquin,  unaffifted 
by  the  ftate,  and  abandoned  by  the  Engliffi  par- 
liament, tried  every  miferable  expedient  for  the 
relief  of  his  foldiers,  and  was  flill  on  the  point 
of  total  ruin.  To  preferve  his  forces  from  fa- 
mifhing,  he  was  obliged  to  draw  them  from  their 
garrifons,  and  to  divide  them  into  parties,  to  range 
over  the  country  for  fubfiftence.  To  encreafe  his 
calamity  and  confternation,  one  of  thofe  parties, 
commanded  by  Sir  Charles  Vavafor,  an  Englifli 
officer,  was  attacked  and  defeated  by  the  rebels,  un- 
der the  condu<5t  of  Caitlchaven  and  Mufkerryj  his 

cannoDj 


Ch.  5:  CHARLES       I.  225 

cannon,  baggage,  and  (even  hundred  arms,  taken, 
and  fix  hundred  of  his  men  flain  on  the  field  of  battle. 
In  Ulftcr,  the  Britilh  power  feemed  mofi:  predomi- 
nant. Yet,  Monroe,  for  a  while  fupplied  from  Scot- 
land and  England,  at  length  fuuad  himfelf  deferted 
by  both  ;  and,  to  fupport  his  troops,  was  obliged  to 
roufe  them  from  their  ina(5tivity.  He  attempted  to 
furprife  Owen  O'Nial  in  his  quarters,  but  was  foil- 
ed, and  forced  to  retire  with  fome  lofs :  and  though 
this  rebel-general  was  defeated  by  Sir  Robert  Stew- 
art, yet  he  foon  recruited  his  forces,  received  a  fup- 
ply  of  arms  and  ammunition  from  the  fupreme  coun- 
cil, and  extended  his  excurfions,  unmolefted  by  an 
enemy  weakened  and  difpirited  by  their  diftrefies. 

The  new  lords  jufi:ices  and  council  had  a  deep 
fenfe  of  this  mifery  to  which  the  feveral  provinces 
were  reduced.  They  applied  by  letters,  they  dif- 
patched  their  agents,  to  the  Englifh  parliament  for 
relief;  yet  without  any  confiderable  effedl.  As  the 
]afi:  effort  to  keep  the  army  from  difbanding  or 
perilhing,  they  recurred  to  an  expedient,  of  which 
the  commons  of  England  had  already  fet  the  exam- 
ple; and,  without  confulting,  or  receiving  any  war- 
rant from  the  king,  ertablifhed  an  excise.  Hut,  al- 
though this  obnoxious  tax  amounted  to  half  the 
value  of  the  commodity,  yet  fuch  was  the  poverty  of 
the  kingdom,  that  the  money  thus  raifed,  proved 
utterly  inadequate  to  the  necefTities  of  the  ftate. 

In  fuch  a  fituation  of  affairs,  Ormond,  thought 
himfelf  fully  jailified  in  proceeding  to  a  treaty  with 
the  confederate  IriOi,  agreeably  to  the  king's  com- 
mands. The  affair  was  delicate,  and  required  ad- 
drefs  and  caution.  For  the  honour  of  his  royal 
mafter  it  was  neceffary,  that  the  firfl  overture  for  a 

H  h  2  ceffatioa 


256      HISTORY  OFIRELAND.      B.V; 

celllition  fhould  be  made  by  the  rebels:  and, for  this, 
his  agents  were  employed  to  confer  with  the  affem- 
bly  at  Kilkenny.     The    Irifh    clergy,   who    derived 
their  extravagant  hopes  of  power,  riches,  and  fplen- 
dour,  from  the  confufions  of  the  kingdom,   were  a- 
verfe  from  every  meafure  tending  to  reftore  the  pub- 
lic peace.     But  thefe  men  and  their  partizans  were, 
as  yet  borne  down  by  the  more  intelligent  and  tem- 
perate of  their  party.     They  confidered,  that  to  de- 
cline a  cefTation,  would  be  to  refute  all   their  fpeci- 
ous  profeffions  of  loyalty,   and  their   pretences  of  a 
neceHity  for  taking  arms.     The3'   had  formerly  ex- 
prefled  their  earneil:   wifhes,    that  hoflilities    fhould 
be  fufpended,  that  they  might  reprefent  their  griev- 
ances, and  prepare  a  way  for  the  fettlement  of  a  dif- 
tra(5ted  kingdom  ;  and  the   majority  of  the  affembly 
now   determined    to  adl  ccnliltently.     They  agreed 
to  a  ceffation  of  twelve  months,  on  certain  conditi- 
ons to  be  propofed  by  their  agents  to  the  marquis  of 
Ormond, 

As  a  preliminary  to  their  conference,  it  was  ex- 
pelled on  the  part  of  the  Iriili,  that  they  fhould  have 
a  new  and  frte  parliament.  The  legality  of  the  pre- 
fent  was  difputed  ;  and,  altered  as  it  was  lo  eflential- 
]y,  fince  its  firfl:  convention,  it  feemed  not  well  cal- 
culated for  the  important  work  of  peace.  On  the 
other  hand  it  was  highly  dangerous  to  fummon  a, 
new  parliament,  while  the  confederate  Irifli  were 
mafters  of  moft  great  towns  and  counties,  had  the  e- 
ledions  abfolutely  in  their  power,  and  thus  might 
mrke  laws,  and  decide  upon  their  own  adions.  Or- 
inond,  therefore,deemed  it  necefl'ary  to  declare, that  he 
bad  no  aflurances  from  the  king,that  a  new  parliament 
fhould  be  convened,  but  that  in  this  point  the  con- 
ipderates  muft  rely  entirely  upon  fuch  favour  as  his 

snajefly 


Ch,   5'  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  237 

majefiy  fliould  be  pleafed  to  grant,  upon  humble  and 
feaibnable  propcfitions  offered  by  their  agents.  He 
demanded  as  a  preliminary,  on  his  part,  that,  if  the 
cefiation  took  place,  the  confederates  fhould  contri- 
bute, in  fome  reafonable  proportion,  to  the  mainte- 
nance of  the  king's  forces  in  Ireland.  After  fome 
debate  and  delay,  they  not  only  confented  to  recede 
from  their  expectations  of  a  new  parliament,  but  a- 
greed  in  general,  to  the  propofition  of  a  fupply, 
leaving  the  particular  fum  to  be  afcertained  by  their 
agents ;  who  were  now  commitrioned  to  attend  the 
marquis,  at  fuch  time  and  place  as  he  fliould  appoint, 
in  order  to  conclude  the  treaty  of  ceiTation. 

O  R  MOND  was  fenfible,  how   odious    this  treaty 
muft  prove  to  the  parliamentarians  of  England  ;  how 
feverely  his  condud:  would   be    fcrutinized   by  their 
partizans  in  Dublin  ;  how  neceffary  it  was   for  him 
to  guard  his  reputation  from  the    reproach    of  ene- 
mies who  held  their  fecret  correfpondence  with  the 
neighbouring  kingdom;  whofe  reprefentations  would 
be  received   with  favour,   and  propagated  with  zeal.- 
He  applied  to  the  privy-council ;  he  moved,  that  if 
the   members  of  this  board  judged   a  ceffation  to  be 
difhonourable  to   the  king,  or  dangerous  to  his  pro- 
teftant    fubjects  of  Ireland,  they  fliould  fignify  it    to 
his    Majefty,  and  propofe  fome   other  way    for  the 
prefervation    of    the    kingdom ;  in    which  cafe,    he 
engaged  to  proceed  no  farther,    but  at  his  own  peril 
to  brCAk  off  the  treaty  of  ceffation.    When  no  other 
way  could  be  propofed,    he  then  miovcd,    that  if  ten 
thoufand  pounds  might  beraifed.one  half  in  money, 
the  other  in  vidluals,   he    would   continue   the  war, 
and  endeavour  to  reduce  Wexford.    The  magidrates 
^and  citizens  of  Dublin    pronounced  it  impotlible  to 
raife  fuch  a  lupply.     The  marquis,   therefore,   pro- 
ceeded 


238     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V; 

ceeded  to  meet  the   Irifh  agents   at  Caftle-Martyn, 
in  the  county  of  Kildare. 

H  E  received  them  with  a  (lately  dignity;  and  ex- 
amined their  propofitions  with  the  freedom  of  a  fu- 
periour.  Thty  demanded  in  the  name  of  the  con- 
federates, that  the  exercife  of  their  government 
fhould  continue  during  theVeffation;  they  required, 
that  a  free  parliament  ihould  be  convened:  the  mar- 
quis rejected  thefe  demands.  They  deiired  to  be  at 
liberty  to  ufe  hoftilities  againft  the  king's  enemies  j 
and  that  a  way  might  be  prefcribed  to  diftinguilh  be- 
tween the  royal  party,  and  that  of  the  malignants. 
To  thefe  particulars  he  declined  any  explicit  an- 
fwer.  To  fome  of  their  proportions  he  confented 
with  fome  qualification  or  redridion:  but,  above  all 
things,  he  demanded  a  fupply  for  maintenance  of  the 
king's  forces,  previous  to  the  ceiTation.  They  ob- 
ferved,  that  this  demand  was  not  warranted  by  the 
king's  commhFion;  they  refufed  to  bind  themfelves 
by  any  previous  ftipulation,  but  declared  their  in- 
tentions to  grant  his  majefty  a  free  gift  on  conclufi- 
on  of  the:  truce, 

Ormond  fuppofed  that  their  prefent  confidence 
arofe  from  the  profperous  fituation  of  their  armies, 
and  particularly  from  the  fuccefsful  progrefs  of  Pref- 
ton,  who  had  re-afiembled  his  troops,  taken  feveral 
places,  and  over-run  the  province  of  Leinfter,  Any 
advantage  gained  by  the  king's  forces  mull  abate 
their  pride:  he,  therefore,  determined  tofufpendhis 
negotiations;  and,  if  poliible,  to  force  Prefion  to  an 
engagement.  This  general  cautioufly  retired  before 
him  :  Ormond  was  not  fufficiently  provided  to  pur- 
fue  him  :  the  dread  of  famine  foon  forced  him  to 
lead  his  army  back  to  Dublin  i  abundantly  con- 
vinced 


Ch.  5-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  '239 

vinced  by  this  experiment,  that  the  army  and  the 
proteftant  fubje6ts  of  Ireland  were  to  be  refcued  from 
deftru(5tion  only  by  a  eelTation  of  hoftilities. 

The  king  was  impatient  for  this  event.  It  was 
not  only  the  ill-fuccels  of  the  treaty  at  Oxford,  it 
was  not  only  the  various  events  of  war,  in  which 
he  was  exhaufted,  equally  by  his  vicflories  and  de- 
feats, that  now  determined  him  to  feek  refources  in 
Ireland.  Scotland  had  difcovered  a  turbulent  and 
dangerous  fpirit.  The  practices  and  negotiations  of 
the  Engliih  parliament  with  their  brethren  of  the 
North,  had  produced  extraordinary  commotions; 
and  Charles  expecfted  the  irruption  of  a  Scottifh  ar- 
my to  affiH:  his  enemies.  He  renewed  his  orders 
and  inftrudiions  for  a  ceffationo:  he  now  deemed  it 
necefTary  to  (hew  fome  condefcenfion  to  the  Jrifh 
confederates  :  he  expreiTcd  an  inclination  to  call  a 
new  parliament  in  Ireland,  and  to  permit  their  a- 
gents  to  treat  with  him  on  this  bufmels,  and  what- 
ever elfe  might  conduce  to  a  juft,  honourable,  and 
perfe(5t  peace.  To  terrify  and  confound  all  oppoli- 
tion  to  his  favourite  fcheme,  Parfons,  Temple,  Lof- 
tus,  Meredyth,  the  great  partizans  of  Enghfli  par- 
liament, were  accufed  of  high  crimes  and  mifdemea- 
nours,  and,  by  his  order,  committed  to  clofe  cuflo- 
dy.  A  commiffion  paffed  under  the  great  feal  of 
Ireland,  empowering  the  marquis  of  Ormond  to 
treat  for  a  ceffation  of  arms  for  one  year,  on  fuch 
terms  as  he  (hould  judge  neceflary,  to  conclude  or 
break  off  the  treaty  as  he  fhould  fee  caufe  ;  with  an 
indemnification  to  him,  and  all  who  fliould  affift 
him,  from  all  trouble  or  damage  on  account  of  this 
tranfadion. 

,  Ormond 

0  Qm^,  V9I.  Ill',  No,  QhiU 


Ho  HISTORY  OF  IRE  L  AND.     B.  V. 

Ormonp  was  now  to  renew  his  treaty,  with  men 
naturally  proud,  tranfported  by  good  fortune,  and  in 
the  full  career  of  fuccefs.  Lord  Caftiehaven  had 
taken  fcveral  forts  in  the  queen's  county,  and  that  of 
Carlow.  Owen  O'Nial  had  advanced  to  Weft- 
Meath  ;  Prellon  extended  his  irruptions  almoft  to  the 
capital ;  and  both  were  bufily  employed  in  fecuring 
the  harvcft^  and  filling  their  magazines.  The  king's 
forces  grew  fo  mutinous  and  diforderly  from  their 
diftrelTes,  that  the  country- people,  who  ufed  to  lives 
under  their  protection,  now  fled  from  their  outrages. 
Drogheda,  Dundalk,  and  other  neigbouring  garrifons, 
were  ready  to  be  aljandoned  through  want.  Monroe 
lefufed  to  ad  againll  O'Nial  ;  Monck  and  lord 
Moore  were  fent  to  oppofed  him.  Moore  was  kill- 
ed in  a  fruitlefs  attack  y  Monck  was  forced  to  return 
to  Dublin,  for  want  of  bread  j  and  Caftlehaven  took 
all  the  places  he  had  abandoned.  In  the  remoter 
provinces  the  Irilli  enjoyed  the  fame  fuperiority; 
and,  in  Munfler  particularly,  the  diilreiTes  of  lord 
Inchit^uin  were  extreme. 

The  aflembly  of  Kilkenny  were  not  infenfible  to' 
the  advantages  of  their  caufe.  Peter  Scaramp,  a  fa- 
ther of  the  congregation  of  the  oratory,  appeared  in 
this  city, as  miniftcr  from  the  pope.  He  had  brought 
fuppiies  of  money  and  ammunition  to  the  rebels; 
letters  from  the  holy  fee  to  the  fupreme  council,  the 
provincial  generals,  and  the  Romidi  prelates,  and  a- 
bove  all,  a  bull  granting  a  general  jubilee,  and  ple- 
nary abfolution  to  thofe  who  had  taken  arms  for  the 
catholic  religion.  The  old  Irilli  crowded  round  him 
with  peculiar  attachment :  he  taught  them  to  regard 
their  countrymen  of  the  Englifli  race  as  impious 
temporizer?,  and  betrayers  of  the  faith,  to  look  witli 

honour 


Ch.  5.  CHARLES    I.  249 

in  cohjun(5lIon  with  thefe  aflbciates,  to  fettle  the  re- 
ligion and  liberties  of  England. 

Brereton,  as  if  he  believed  his  own  fiftion,  fled 
precipitately  before  the  troops  of  Ireland.  They 
were  reinforced  by  thirteen  hundred  foot,  and  one 
hundred  and  forty  horfe,  fent  by  the  marquis  of  Or- 
mond.  Lord  Byron,  the  general,  iifued  from  Chef- 
ter,  took  fome  caftles,  routed  Brereton,  purfued  him 
to  Namptwich,  and  laid  fiege  to  the  town.  But 
here,  after  fome  ineffedtual  efforts,  he  was  attacked 
and  defeated  by  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax  :  almoft  all  the 
principal  officers  were  made  prifoners,  with  twelve 
hundred  private  men.  All  the  artillery,  baggage> 
and  ammunition  of  the  army  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  enemyz.  And  the  zealous  royalifts  had  the  mor- 
tification to  find,  that  in  the  battle,  fome  of  their 
men  deferted  to  Fairfax,  notwithflanding  their 
folemn  oath  5  and  numbers  of  the  prifoners  were  per- 
fuaded  to  take  arms  for  the  parliament.  Byron, 
with  the  remains  of  his  army,  retired  to  Chefler, 
where  he  was  feafonably  reinforced  by  fome  additional 
detachments  from  Ireland. 

I T  had  been  debated  whether  the  marquis  of  Or- 
mond  fhould  not  be  called  to  Englanda,  to  command 
the  IriOi  forces^  but  the  circumflances  of  Ireland  flill 
feemed  fo  critical,  the  management  of  this  kingdom 
fo  effential  to  the  king's  interefts,  and  the  fidelity 
and  authority  of  the  marquis  fo  confpicuous,  that  it 
was  not  only  refolved  that  he  fhould  continue  in  his 
prefent  relidence,  but  that  he  fliould  be  appointed 
chief  governour,  with  the  more  honourable  title  of 
Lord  Lieutenant. 

H  E  was  to  enter  on  this  office  amidll  a  variety  of 
Vol.  III.  K  k  dif- 

B  Swlafe.  Carte.  a  Carte,  Leu.  Vol.  III.  No.  cxc'u. 


250      HISTORY  OFIRELAND.      B.l/. 

difficulties,  fupported  only  by  that  enthuliaiHc  loy-> 
alty,  by  which  Ormond  was  diilinguilhed'-\  In  the 
northern  province  the  Scotiiih  general,  Monroe, 
difckimed  the  ctilation.  And  thouah,  when  he 
had  firft  Qaughtercd  ibme  unoffending  lii(h  peafants, 
he  confented  to  wait  the  orders  of  the  (late  of  Scot- 
land, or  parliament  of  England,  before  he  iliould 
proceed  to  further  ads  of  hoftility,  yet  he  foon  re- 
ceived inftrudlions  to  carry  on  the  war,  without 
regard  to  the  king's  chief  governour.  The  Irifh  con- 
federates, who  commanded  in  mofl  parts  of  the  other 
provinces,  were  fliil  turbulent  and  fadlious.  The 
fubfidies  they  had  engaged  to  pay  were  irregularly 
and  flowly  remitted*^:  they  infringed  the  articles  of 
celTation,  and  committed  various  outrages  :  nor  were 
the  English  fuffijiently  reftrained  from  plundering. 
Orders  were  iffucd  in  fome  places,  that  the  Irilh 
Ihould  hold  no  intercourfe  or  traffic  with  them:  thus 
feveral  Englifh  garrifons  were  in  danger  of  being 
abandoned,  from  the  apprehenfion  of  famine.  Va- 
rious difputes  arofe  about  quarters;  fo  that  the  at- 
tention of  the  chief  governour  was  conliderably 
engaged  in  hearing  the  accufations,  and  compofing 
the  violences  of  each  party.  What  was  ftill  more 
alarming,  when  the  king  had  expofed  himfelf  to 
the  odium  of  feeking  affill:ance  from  the  Jrifh, 
notwithftanding  all  their  magnificent  prcmiJts, 
the  Irifh  refufed  to  fend  any  forces  into  England^; 
although  they  promi fed  the  emiffaries  of  France 
and  Spain,  that  levies  fliould  be  allowed  for  the 
fervices  of  their  refpedive  courts.  In  vain  did 
the  marquis  of  Ormond  reprefent  the  danger  of 
delay,  the  duty  and  policy  of  fending  effedual 
affiltanceto  the  kii^g,  before  their  common  enemy 
Ihould  finally,  prevail,    or  his   majefty  be  enabled  to 

regain 

%  Canc;  Vcl.  I.  p.  485.  c  Corlafe.  Coxi 

d  Caru.  Orm,  Vcl.  I.  p.  47 -i. 


Ch.  6.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     r.  251 

regain  his  authority  without  their  afriftancc.  The 
confederates  were  unalterably  poiTelTcd  with  a  noti- 
on, that  the  encreaiing  diftreires  of  the  king  muft 
oblige  him  to  purchafe  their  affiftance,  by  conceffi- 
ens  ftill  more  liberal  and  important :  fo  that  they 
could  not  be  prevailed  on,  even  to  I'ufFcr  arms  and 
ammunition  to  be  purchafcd  in  their  quarters  for  the 
royal  fer  vice. 

In  the  mean  time,  Charles  was  perpetually  amuf- 
cd  with  vaft  hopes  of  aiTiftance  from  Ireland,  not 
only  againfl  his  Engliih  enemies,  bat  thofe  of  Scot- 
land. The  earl  of  Antrim  had  efcaped  from  the 
cuftody  of  Monroe,  palTcd  into  England,  and  was  re- 
ceived with  peculiar  favour  in  the  queen's  court^. 
The  preparations  for  war  in  Scotland  roufed  his  en- 
terprizing  genius.'  ,  He  inftantly  formed  the  defign 
of  raifing  forces  in  Ireland  for  the  atiiflance  of  Mun- 
troie  againil  the  Covenanters.  On  his  firft  landing 
to  execute  this  pre  ject,  he  had  the  misfortune  of 
failing  again  into  the  hands  of  Monroe^.  After  fome 
months  confinement,  (the  king  having  in  vain  de- 
manded that  he  (hould  be  fet  at  liberty)  he  again 
contrived  to  efcape  from  the  caftle  of  Carricfergus ; 
and  was  condu(5ted  to  the  quarters  of  Owen  CNials. 
A  catholic  lord,  of  oonfiderable  power  at  the  court 
of  England,  fuppofed  to  be  not  at  all  averfe  to  the 
caufe  of  the  confederates,  was  received  by  this  ge- 
neral with  deference.  Hence  he  proceeded  to  Kil- 
kenny, where  he  was  treated  by  the  fupreme  council 
with  equal  deference.  They  offered  him  an  honour- 
able command  in  their  army,  and  urged  him  to  take 
the  oath  of  affociation.  But  as  fuch  a  fudden  en- 
gagement was  not  fuited  to  his  projeds,  he  waited 
pn  the  king,  to  whom  he  magnitiedhis  intereft  with 

K  k  2  the 

c  p.  477,       f  Carte.  Vol.  Ill,  No.  cb.i.      g  Vol.  I.  p.  477* 


252  HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 

the  confederates,  and  openly  avowed  his  defign  of 
being  chofcn  generaliflimo  of  the  whole  popifh  par- 
ty in  Ireland.  He  fecretly  flattered  himfelf  with 
hopes  of  being  advanced  to  the  lieutenancy  of  this 
kingdom  J  and  to  purchafe  this  honour,  propofed  to 
lead  ten  thoufand  Irifh  into  England  for  the  king's 
fervice,  and  to  detach  three  thoufand  into  Scotland 
againft  Argyle. 

I- 
The  fcheme  of  raifing,  arming,  and  maintaining 
ten  thoufand  men  by  the  intereft  and  authority  of  a 
iingle  nobleman^,  was  juftly  regarded  as  extrava- 
gant and  hopelefs :  and  even  the  more  practicable  de- 
sign of  lending  three  thoufand  into  Scotland,  was 
not  entirely  unexceptionable.  It  was  apprehended 
that  fuch  anattempt  mightcall  away  Monroe  and  his 
•forces  to  their  own  country,  at  a  time  when  the 
king's  fervice  required  that  they  (liould  be  detained 
in  Ulfter,  and  prevented  from  bringing  any  affiftance 
to  the  Scotr.  But  it  was  foon  found  that  the  Scots 
could  efttdt  their  ijivafion  of  England  without  the 
help  of  their  aflfociates  in  Ulfter^j  which  made  this 
caution  lefs  ncct  ffary.  It  was  urged,  that  it  mufl 
«ven  prove  highly  advantageous  to  the  king's 
caufe  that  Monroe  Hiould  be  forced  from  Ireland'^;  as 
in  this  cafe,  the  IriHi,  relieved  from' the  apprehen- 
fiuns  of  a  powerful  enemy,  would  be  the  better  en- 
-abled  and  difpofed  to  ferve  the  king  :  and  although 
Ine  Earl  of  Antrim  (liould  not  fucceed  to  the  full 
extent  of  his  fanguine  expectations,  yet  fome  good 
-confeqnences  might  attend  his  practices  with  the 
Irifli;  particluarly  he  might  contrive  to  attach  num- 
bers ani-ong  them  to  the  king's  caufe,  in  cafe  of  a 
new  rupture.  Thefe  arguments,  aflifted  by  the  foli- 
(Citations  of  the  queen,  prevailed  on  Charles  to  grant 

him 
h.  Cirte,  Vol.  Ill,  No,  cclxix.      iNt.  ccxxxii.        k  N«,.  cclxir. 


.6.  CHARLES       I.  253 

'hitn  a  commifTion  for  commanding  fuch  forces  as  he 
fliould  railed  To  enliven  his  zeal,  he  was  promot- 
ed to  the  dignity  of  a  marquis,  and  his  ambition  was 
further  flattered  with  hopes  of  being  created  duke  of 
Argyle,  if  he  could  fupprefs  the  prefcnt  lord  of  this 
name  and  his  adherents™.  By  a  letter  from  the 
queen  he  was  recommended  to  the  favour  and  fupport 
ofOrmond;  and  thus  embarked  on  his  enterprize.at- 
tendcd  by  Daniel  O  Nial,  a  gentleman  of  the  king's 
bedchambei;,  who  was  deemed  a  perfon  fit  to  advife 
and  corredt  the  levity  of  the  new  marquis". 

He  arrived  at  Kilkenny,  and  addreffed  himfelfto 
the  fupreme  council,  from  whom  he  expecfted  the 
utmoft  attention  and  fupport.  His  requifition  of 
ten  thoufand  men  for  thefervice  of  the  king  in  Eng- 
land they  abfolutely  rejected.  He  treated  for  the 
purchafe  of  arms  and  ammunition  for  prince  Ru- 
pert: thecuuncil  confented  fo  fupply  them,  but  ob- 
je(fled  to  every  pradicable  mode  of  payment.  He  de- 
manded three  thoufand  troops  for  the  Scottilli  fcr- 
vice  :  they  replied,  that  if  he  would  raife  them  from 
his  own  northern  clan,  they  would  affifl:  him  with 
feme  arms,  ammunition,  and  provifions^,  on  condi- 
tion that  a  convent  port  in  Ulfter  (hould  be  afligned 
f.)r  their  reception,  and  be  commanded  by  an  offi- 
cer named  by  them;  a  demand  which  manifefted 
their  purpofe  of  fecuring  the  ^  poffcffion  of  fome 
northern  port;  and  which  Ormond  could  not  ^rant, 
yet  contrived  to  evade,  without  giving  any  pretence 
to  the  Iriih  for  denying  or  fufpending  their  lupphes. 

Antrim  was  impatient  of  difficulties  and  de- 
lays; and  flattered  himfelf,  that  by  forming  a  flrider 
connexion  with  the  confederate  Iriffi,  he  ffiould  re- 
move them.      At  the  Englifh  court  he  had  boafted 

his 

1  Vol.  I.  p.  47 g.  m  Carte,  Vol.  III.  No.  clxxiii, 

n  V  ol.  J.  p.  ^79.  '        o  Vol.  III.  No.  ccxiii. 


254    HISTORY  OF  IRSLAND:   B,  V', 

his  vaft  power  and   confequence  in  Ireland  ;  to   dif- 
appoint  the  expedations  he  had  thus  raifed,  was  in- 
tolerably mortifying  :  at  the  hazard,  therefore,  of  his 
own  danger,  and  the  utmoft  fcandal    to  the   king's 
ciufe,  he  accepted  the  oath  of  alTociatlon,   by  which 
he  became  a  party  with  the  confederates?,  was  fwom 
a  member  of  their  fupreme  council,    and   appointed 
lieutenant-general  of  all  their   forces  ;  engaging    to 
make  ufe  of  no  other  commiflion  but  theirs,  and  to 
tranfport  no  troops  without  their  confent.     All  the 
confidence    of  Antrim  feemcd    now  to  revive;    but 
ferved    only  to   expofe  him  to  new   mortifications. 
Some  Irifli   parties,   who  affeded  to  acl  independent 
of  the  confederates,   he  undertook  to  perfuade  from 
their  revolt;  but  foon  found  it  neceffary  to  leave  them 
tJ  the  arms  of  lord  Caftlehaven.     He    entered  into 
a  negotiation  with  Monroe,  imagining,  that  he  could 
prevail  on  this  general  to  fubmit  the  Scottifh   forces 
to  his  lordlhip's  diredion  :  but  here  again  he  proved 
the  vanity  of  his  expcdations.  What  was  ftill  more 
alarming,  when  he  had  contrived  to  levy    fome  for- 
ces among  his  followers,  the    fupplies    promifcd   by 
the  confederates  were  ftill  delayed.     When  Ormond 
had,  with  great  difficulty,    procured  tranfports,   the 
fhipb*  of  the  Englifh  parliament,  lay  ready  to  inter- 
cept 
p  Vol.  I.  p.  480. 

*  A  remarkable  in  fiance  of  barbarity  Is  recorded  of  Swanly,  a  com- 
mander of  one  of  thefe  (hips.  He  had  taken  a  tranfport  Tclfel,  with 
one  hundred  and  fifcy  men,  bound  for  Brillol.  The  Englilh  parlia- 
ment in  their  firil  indigna'ion  againft  the  defign  of  engaging  Irifli  for- 
ces to  fight  againft  them  in  England,  voted  that  no  quarter  (hould  be 
given  to  theie  forces,  or  in  the  lefs  ofFenfive  language  of  their  own 
refolution,  *'  that  they  fhould  be  tried  by  martial  law  in  the  place 
where  they  (hould  be  taken."  It  was  a  refolution  which  could  not  be 
executed,  without  expofing  their  own  adherents  to  the  like  feverity  ; 
yet  Swanly  felefted  feventy  of  his  captives,  who  where  of  Iri(h  birth, 
and  although  they  had  faithfully  ferved  the  king,  yet  the  mercilefs 
wretch  inftantly  plunged  them  into  the  fea.  Carte,  Vol.  I.  p.  481*  Vol. 
III.  No.  ccc. 


Ch.  6.  CHARLES!.  25^ 

cept  them.  At  length,  however,  on  the  taking  of 
Livrrpool  by  the  king's  forces,  thefe  Oiips  quitted 
their  ftations  ;  and  all  the  vail  projeds  of  the  mar- 
quis of  Antrim  ended  in  tranlporting  about  two 
thoufand  men  to  Sjotland,  long  after  hi-  had  afTurcd 
Moniroie  of  an  immediate  and  powerful  remfurce- 
ment. 

/ 
4  * 

During  thefe  tranfadions^,  the  marquis  of  Or- 
mond  experienced  various  difficulties  in  fupporting 
and  regulating  his  army,  preferving  the  public  peace, 
and  managing  the  proud  and  intradable  fpirits  of  the 
Irifh  confederates.  His  favourite  objedl  was  to  break 
their  union"";  and  for  this  purpofe,  he  dedrcd  a 
power  of  granting  pardons  to  fuch  particulars  as 
Ihould  return  to  his  Majeiiy's  obedience.  The  de- 
mand was  difcovered  to  the  confederates  ;  nor  were 
they  infcnfible  of  its  dangerous  tendency  :  yet  Or- 
mond  was  not  difcouraged.  He  held  his  correfpon-, 
dence  with  fome  of  their  pricipal  leaders ;  he  flatter- 
ed their  ambition ;  he  hinted,  that  by  zealoufly  exert- 
ing themfelves  in  the  king's  fervice,  they  might 
hereafter  be  preferred  to  fuch  places  of  truft  and 
honour  as  fuited  their  birth  and  quality,  and  enjoy 
that  confequence  in  Ireland  which  their  inferiours 
of  Englifh  birth  had  hitherto  obtained.  Many  con- 
fiderable  places  were  now  vacant,  which  were  eager- 
ly folicited  by  various  competitors  about  the  court 
of  England.  Thefe  he  recommended  to  be  ftill  kept 
unfilled  ;  at  leaft,  that  they  Hiould  be  conferred  on 
moderate  Irifh  proteftants,  as  the  method  to  which 
neither  party  could  juftly  except,  and  the  fafeft  to  be 
purfued  for  allaying  national  difcontents. 

But  the  affairs  of  Ulfler  were  of  all  others  the 

mofl 

A.  D.  1644.  r  Carte,  Vol.  I.  p.  483. 


^5^^    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V; 

mofl  embarraffing  to  the  chief  governour.  Owen 
O'Connoly,  now  the  creature  of  the  englilli  parlia- 
ment had  been  made  bearer  of  their  letters  to  the 
Eritifh  colonels  in  this  province,  recommending 
to  them  to  difclaim  the  ceflation,  and  to  take  the 
covenant.  On  thefe  conditions,  they  were  allured 
of  their  arrears,  and  full  provifions  for  their  future 
maintenance.  Monroe's  othcers,  and  thofe  of  the 
old  Scottifti  regiments,  were  all  eager  for  the  cove- 
nant, and  had  already  fent  to  Scotland  for  a  copy  of 
that  famous  engageaient.  The  englifli  regiments 
under  the  command  of  Ormond,  were  better  afFedted 
to  the  royal  caufe.  But  their  necelFities  were  urgent; 
and  their  hopes  of  relief  depended  on  complying 
with  the  orders  of  parliament.  Ormond  advifed 
their  colonels,  in(l:ead  of  precipitately  violating  the 
celTation,  at  lead  to  imitate  the  example  of  Monroe, 
and  to  defire  time  to  confider,  and  to  receive  direc- 
tions from  the  ftatc.  He  urgently  reprefented  the 
iniquity  of  the  covenant,  and  furni{hed  them  with  a 
proclamation  iflued  by  the  Irifli  government,  for- 
bidding all  perfons  to  tender  or  exccept  it.  But 
fuchwere  their  apprehenfionsof  the  Scotti/h  general, 
of  the  fpirit  of  his  forces  fo  violently  inflamed  againft 
all  oppofers  of  the  covenant,  and  of  the  dilpleafure 
of  the  Ergiifli  parliament,  that  they  refufed  topub- 
iifli  this  proclamation  at  the  head  of  their  regiments* 
They  contented  themfelves  with  fecretly  perfever- 
ing  in  their  attachment  to  the  king ;  at  the  fame 
time,  they  returned  fuch  anfwers*  to  the  parliament 

as 

*  They  declared  a  great  wlllingnefs  to  profecute  the  war,  with  the 
confent  of  the  king  and  parliament.  This  Mr.  Carte  imputes  entirely 
to  motives  of  policy.  But  he  himfelf  hath  obfervcd,  that  in  their  fi- 
nal agreement  for  carrying  on  the  war,  they  declared,  that  in  their 
confciences  they  were  fatisfied  of  the  juftice  of  this  meafure(vol.  I.  p. 
495. )  And  this  leems  to  be  the  truth.  Their  province  was  bell  pro- 
vided with  forces;  they  were  therefore,  leaft  ftnfible  to  ihe  argument* 

•f 


eh.  5»  C  M  A  R  L  E  S    I.  24^ 

horroar  on  any  treaty  in  which  was  no  exprefs  fti- 
pulation  for  the  free,  public,  and  fplcndid  exercife 
of  the  Ro^nilh  worship  j  he  infifled  on  thr;  fl  )uri(h- 
ing  ftate  of  their  affairs,  the  diftrelTes  of  the  Engliih, 
the  profpeift  of  their  final  ruin,  the  certain  aflurance 
offiipport  from  foreign  powers,  if  the  confederates 
fhould  perfevere,  and  not  betray  their  glorious  caufe 
in  a  juncture  fo  critical;  he  remonftrated  againit 
fupplying  the  king  with  money  to  be  employed  a- 
gainrt:  themfelves.  A?  if  the  very  being  of  their 
confederacy  did  not  depend  on  a  continuance  of 
the  dilbrders  in  England,  as  if  they  and  their  claims 
could  ti:id  the  lead  regard,  fhould  the  king  be  fub^ 
dued  by  the  parliament,  this  ignorant  prieil  fpirired 
up  his  partizans  to  move,  that  the  treaty  of  cQffd" 
tion  fliould  be  deferred  until  the  pope  had  been  con- 
ful ted,  and  had  given  his  diredlions  in  an  affair  of 
fuch  moment  to  religion. 

But  the  more  fenfible  and  moderate  of  the  catho- 
lic party,  were  by  no  means  difpofed  to  pay  impli- 
cit obedience  to  this  minifler.  They  urged  the 
dangers  of  delay;  the  fcandal  of  refuting  their  owrt 
pacific  declarations  and  profeflions  of  loyalty  ;  the 
propriety  and  necefTity  of  fupporting  the  king.  They 
juftifieda  fupply,  which  would  be  amply  compen- 
fated  by  faving  the  country  from  plundc^r  ;  they  con- 
tended for  a  ceffation,  which  would  relieve  a  har- 
ralled  kingdom  from  numbers  of  defperate  troops^ 
afid  particularly  of  the  rapacious  Scots.  The  earl 
of  Clanricarde  was  earneft  in  remonflrances  to  his 
friends  and  kinfmen,  not  to  rejed:  this  favourable 
opportunity  of  faving  themfelves  and  their  country: 
lord  Caftlehaven  was  indefatigable  in  infpiring  his 
affociates  with  fentiments  of  moderation  and  peace  : 
'     YoL.  Ill,  li  and 


242  HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 

and  the  inftances  of  fuch  men  proved  at  length  iuc- 
cefsful. 

After  much  contefl  and  delay,  it  was  at  length 
refolved,  that  the  agents  of  the  confederacy  fliould 
treat  with  the  marquis  of  Ormond  at  Sigginftown, 
near  Naas.  They  appeared  moderate  and  comply- 
ing, and,  particularly,  receded  from  the  demand  of 
an  immediate  dillulution  of  parhament.  Yet  the 
treaty  was  neceifarily  protraded,  by  the  difficulties 
which  arofe  about  lettUng  the  quarters  of  both  par- 
ties during  the  cclTation.  When  this  point  was  at 
length  adjufted,  the  Irifh  agreed  to  grant  the  king 
thirty  thoufand  pounds,  one  half  in  money,  to  be 
paid  at  feveral  periods,  the  other  in  cattle.  When 
the  articles  had  been  finally  adjufted,  Ormond  com.- 
municated  them,  in  form,  to  the  lords  Clanricarde, 
Rofcommon,  Dungarvan,  Brabazon,  and  Inchiquin, 
fome  privy  counfellors,  and  principal  officers  of  the 
army,  who  had  all  attended  and  aflifted  in  the  trea- 
ty. They  fubfcribed  a  declaration,  that,  confidcr- 
ing  the  circumflances  of  the  kingdom,  they  con- 
ceived it  neceflary  for  his  majelly's  honour  and  fer^ 
vice,  that  the  ceiTation  ffiould  be  finally  concluded, 
on  the  articles  now  laid  before  them.  On  the  fif- 
teen day  of  September,  the  treaty  was  figned  by  the 
marquis  and  the  Iriffi  commiffioners.  It  received 
the  ratification  of  the  juflices  and  council ;  and  was 
notified  by  a  public  proclamation  to  the  whole  king- 
dom. 

Such  was  the  conclufion  of  this  treaty,  which^ 
however  juflified  by  the  neceffities   and  diftreffes  of 
the  king's  affairs  in  Ireland,  was  yet  received  with 
difcpntent  and  clamuour^  in  this,   and  in  the  neigh- 
bouring, 


fiiu 


Ch.  5-  CHARLES!.  24^ 

bouring  kingdom.  That  party  of  the  Iridi  confede-* 
rates,  who  had  oppofed  the  ceflhtion,  affcded  to  la- 
ment the  obftinate  blindnefs  uf  their  aflbciates,  whoj 
by  an  unfeafonable  and  injudicious  truce,  had  firfl 
broken  their  power  and  union,  flopped  the  current  of 
their  victories,  and  allayed  their  ardour  for  war. 
Thofe  of  the  proteftants  who  were  moft  deeply  im- 
pre/Ted  with  a  horrour  of  popifh  barbarity,  difdain- 
ed  to  fee  the  men,  whofe  hands  yet  reeked  with  the 
blood  of  their  brethren,  left  to  enjoy  the  fru-its  of 
their  inhuman  outrages.  They,  whofe  imaginati- 
ons had  been  long  poiTcfTed  with  the  profpe<Sl  of  for- 
feitures, were  impatient  to  find  their  hopes  fufpend- 
cd,  if  not  totally  fruftrated. 

But  the  Engliili  parliament,  above  all  others, 
were  provoked  at  an  event,  which  deprived  them  of 
a  popular  pretence  for  railing  money  to  fupport  their 
owncontell,  and  was  purpofedly  contrived  to  give 
alTiftance  to  their  adverfary.  From  the  very  mo- 
ment that  they  firfl:  received  an  intimation  of  the 
intended  treaty,  the  marquis  of  Ormond  became  the 
object  of  their  refentment.  They,  who  had  declar- 
ed to  the  Iriih  agents  fent  to  folicit  relief,  that  if  five 
hundred  pounds  might  fave  their  kingdom,  it  could 
not  be  fpared,  now  aff.ded  the  utmoft  commiferati- 
on  for  their  protedant  brethren  of  Ireland.  New 
fchemes  of  railing  money  for  the  Irilh  iervice  were 
dcvifed ;  and  the  utmoft  indignation  expreffed  by 
pailiament,  that  the  diO:rtfl'v:;s  of  this  kingdom 
ihould  be  imputed  to  their  negleifl.  Before  they 
had  been  certainly  informed  of  the  conclufion  of 
a  treaty,  they  iffiied  a  folemn  declaration  againft 
a  defign  fo  impious.  In  this,  they  afcribe  the  dif- 
0rders  o(  both  kingdom.s   to  one  caufe,    the   in- 

I  i  a  fluence 


244      HISTORY  OF  IPvELAND.      B.V. 

i^Lience  of  j-fuitica.!  pradicesp,  and  a  horrid  fcheme 
ofdellroying  the  protcltant  rehgion.  They  mag- 
nify their  zeal  for  the  fervice  of  Ireland,  and  af- 
fume  the  merit  of  every  advantage  gained  againfl: 
the  rebels.  *'  God  hath  been  ple^fed,"  fay  they, 
*''  to^blefs  our  endeavours  with  fuch  fuccefs,  as  that 
*'  thofeiurious  blood-thirfly  papifis  have  been  fiop- 
**  ped  in  the  career  of  their  cruelty  ;  fome  part  of  the 
^*  protellant  blood,  which,  at  firil  was  fpilt  like 
^*  water  on  the  ground,  hath  been  revenged  ;  their 
*'  mafi'icres,  burnings,  and  familhings,  have,  by  a 
**  divine  retaliation,  been  repaid  into  their  bofcm." 
They  imputed  the  d.fign  of  aceffation  to  the  artifice 
of  the  rebels,  who  were  in  afar  worfe  condition  than 
the  proteilants,  reduced  by  "  the  remarkable  judg- 
**  ment  of  God,"  even  to  feed  one  upon  another : 
and  who  laboured  a  treaty  of  celTation,  in  order  to 
gain  fome  refpitefor  reaping  the  harveft,  and  receiv- 
ing their  expedled  fupoiies  without  moleftation. 
They  acknowledged  their  apprehenfions  of  the  king's 
deriving  fome  aiTiftance  from  fuch  a  treaty,  or,  to 
life  their  own  lan^uace,  of  the  Iriih  forces  uniting 
with  the  popilh  party  of  England.  They  complain 
that  the  luids  and  commons  to  whom  the  care  of' 
Ireland  had  been  committed,  had  not  been  confulted 
on  this  intended  treaty.  To  the  rumours  of  fuch  a 
treaty  they  bpldly  impute  thofc  diftreflcs  of  the  pro- 
teftant  army,  pleaded  as  a  pretext  for  the  cefTation  ; 
rumours,  wbich  had  difcouraged  adventurers,  and 
flopped  contributions:  they,  therefore,  pathetically 
call  on  all  thoie  who,  are  well  affcded  to  the  pro- 
teftant  religion,  thoie  who,  by  their  adventures, 
have  cmbarktd  their  particular  interefls  in  the  pubr 
lie  lerviceof  Ireland,  to  obviate  this  plea  of  necefTity, 
by  their  liberal  contributions,  as  **  the  cry  of  m.uch' 

proteftant 

|>  Rulhwonh,  Vol  VI.  p.  S5S- 


Ch.  5-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  245 

"  proteftant  blood,  the  great  indigence  of  many 
*'  ruined  families,  and  the  danger  of  their  religion, 
"  almoft  exiled  out  of  Ireland,  cail  for  this  Lll  ac!:!: 
**  of  piety,  charity,  julHce,  and  policy." 

The  falfehoods  by  which  this  declaration  is  dif- 
graced  are  indeed  flagrant,  but,  potlibly,  not  altoge- 
ther intentional.  It  is  certain,  that  the  great  parti- 
zans,  of  the  parliament  in  Dublin  were,  about  this 
time,  detected  in  tranfmitting  the  moft  fcandalous 
mi.reprefentations  of  the  Hate  of  Irifh  siffairs.  The 
people  of  England,  in  general,  had  neither  leilure 
nor  difpofition  to  enquire  (Accurately  into  the  circum- 
fiances  and  tranladions  of  Ireland.  The  barbarities 
of  the  rebels  feem  to  have  poiTcffld  them  v»'ith  an. 
indifcriminate  averfion  to  the  whole  kingdom,  and 
enflamed  their  detelliation  of  popery.  I'hey  knew 
not  the  Arength  of  the  popiOi  party  in  Ireland  ;  and 
when  a  great  and  formidable  majority  of  inhabitants 
were  treated  by  a  feeble  government  with  any  degree 
of  moderation,  they  were  fcandaiized  at  tlie  conde- 
fcenfions  fhewn  to  impious  and  barbarous  idolaters. 
Several  of  the  king's  adherents  alcribed  the  ceflation 
to  the  counfels  of  the  queen  and  her  favourites. 
Some  regarded  it  as  a  contradidion  to  thofe  folemn 
proteft.t  ons,  wliich  Charles  had  repeatedly  made 
agaiiill  popery  j  and  declared,  that  after  this  fatal  dif- 
covery  of  his  real  fentiments,  tlxey  could  no  longer 
foutinue  to  fupport  his  caafe.  ' 


C  H  A  P, 


246    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND;   B.  V. 

C  n  A  P.     VI. 

Forces  fenf  frofn  Ireland  to  the  ajjijlance  of  the  khig.-*" 
Their  Hi  Juccefs. — Or^nond  created  lord  lieutenants 
His  crnbdrralJments  from  the  Scots,  and  from  the 
Irifi.  —  Adventures  and  undertakings  of  Antrim.— ~ 
He  is   created  a  marquis ^  and  commijjloned  tb  raife 
forces  in  Ireland. — His  dijjappointments. — He  takes 
the  oath  of  ajfociaticny  and  accepts  a  command  from 
the  confederates. — Final  if ue  of  his  negociations  -'-* 
^dtiempts  of  Ormojid  to  break  the  Irifh  confederacy, 
Affairs  cf  Ulller, — The  covenant  eagerly  taken  by 
the  Britififorces  of  this  province. — New  commijjion 
Jent   to   Monroe. — He Jeizes   Be f aft. — His  treaty 
"ji-ith  the  Englijh  forces. — They  declare  againfi   the 
eeffhtion, — Irifi    alarmed. — The   command  of  their 
forces  offered  to    Ormond. — They  demand  that   he 
ffjouid proclaim  the  Scots  and  their  adherents  rebels. 
He  evades  their  demands,'— ■Irifto  treaty  at  Oxford, 
Infolcnce  of  the  popijh  a  gent  i. — Their  final  detnands.. 
FjXtravagant  requfitions  of  Jome  proteftant  agents. 
Fr  op  oft  ions  offered  by  thofe  of  the  Irijlo  privy  coun-  ■ 
cil. — Charles  anbarraffed. — His  afifiver  to  the  Iriflo 
agents. — -His  fpeech  on  their  departure.^— He  trans" 
fers  the  treaty  to  the  marquis  of  Ormond. — Dijficul" 
tici  of  this  lord. — lords  Inchiquin  and  Efmond  re- 
volt to   the  parliament^    and  declare  againfi   the 
cffation. — Ormond  commences  his  treaty. — The  pro-^ 
poftions  of  the  JriOo  andhisanfwers. — Their  proceed- 
ings    adjourned  --  Gradual condefcenfions  oj  the  king, 
difagreeable  to   Ormond.-- He  offers   to   refign   his 
government. --Charles    re  fifes  bis  offer,— labours  to 
conciliate   both    the  popifh    and  p  rote jiant  party  in 
Ir eland.- -F radices  of  the  confederates  in  foreign 
courts. '-Their    military    operations,—    Duncannon 

taken 


Ch.  6.  CHARLES       T.  247 

taken  by  the  Irifi.-'Progrefs  of  lord  Cafilehaven.— 
Treaty  renewed  with  Onnond.'-Rarl  of  Glamorgan^ 
and  the  nuncio  Renuncc'ini  expelled  in  Ireland. — 
Temper  and  proceedings  of  the  irifh  clergy.— New 
demands  oj  the  confederates."-  Arrival  oj  the  earl  of 
Gh morgan. —His  commifnn  and fecret  treaty. --The 
negoc'iations  with  Qrmond  apparently  concluded.— 
Tkje  king  unhappily  defeats  his  own  purpofes, 

CHARLES  avowed  that  the  cefTatlon  was 
preparatory  to  a  peace  with  the  \ni\i :  at  the 
fame  time<3,  he  declared  ap-ainftconfenting:  to 
any  peace,  but  on  terms  agreeable  to  confcience^ 
honour,  andjuftice:  yet  his  preTent  fituation  for- 
cibly tempted  him  to  a  relaxation  of  thefe  principles, 
and  to  accomodate  his  political  conduct  to  his  difh- 
culties  and  diil:rel^es^  The  Scots,  whom,  from  ex- 
perience of  their  temper  and  refolution,  hejuftly 
dreaded,  were  united  with  their  brethren  at  Wefl- 
minfter,  by  that  formidable  bond  of  confederacy  the 

SOLEMN   LEAGUE   AND     COVENANT.       Their  forCCS 

were  preparing  foradefcent  on  England,  to  fupport 
rebellion,  as  the  royal ifts  expreffed  it;  but  in  the 
bold  language  of  the  Northerns,  for  the  help  of  the 
Lord,  and  hisfcrvants  the  parliament  and  their  ad- 
herents. ^ 

The  zealous  profcfhons  of  the  confederate  catho- 
lics of  Ireland,  as  they  were  now  fly  led,  the  fan- 
guine  alTarancGS  of  powerful  fupport  lavifhed  by 
their  agents  in  England,  the  vigilance  of  Ormcnd  in 
keeping  the  proteftant  forces  of  Leinfter  lirmly  at- 
tached to  the  royal  caufe,  all  contributed  to  pollefs 
the  king  with  confident  expedations  of  affiftance 
from  an  Iriili  armyC     He  had  direded  the  marquis 

of 

%  QzxUf  Letters.  Vol.  III.  No,  clxxlii,    v  A.  D.  1643.    C  Md, 


24^     FIISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.V: 

of  Ormotid,  that  as  foon  as  the  ceflation  fhould  be 
conckided',  he;  fhould  fend  over  fuch  forces  as  could 
be  fpared.  About  two  tboitfand  effedive  men 
were  chofen  from  Lei.ifler  the  army".  Provilions 
for  thtir  embarkation  were  made  with  dithcuhy. 
They  landed  in  North  Wales  j  while  lord  Lichi- 
qiiifi,  with  eLjual  difficultv,  contrived  to  tranfport 
feveral  regiments  from  Munftcr,  to  the  weft  of, 
England.  The  troops  thus  deftined  to  the  king's 
fervice  were  protcftants ;  many  of  them  Englifhmen 
bybirthj  who  confidered  their  return  to  their  native 
country  as  a  happy  eicape  from  the  calamities  they 
had  endured  in  Ireland  ;  all  were  bound  by  a  folema 
oath  to  defend  the  protectant  religion  as  eftablifhed 
in  the  church  of  England^,  to  maintain  the  king's 
perfon  and  prerogative  againft  all  his  enemies,  and 
particularly  the  earl  of  Elfcx  and  his  forces.  Yet, 
fcarcely  had  the  troops  landed  in  Wales,  when  the 
whole  country  was  alarmed  with  the  dreadful  intel- 
ligence of  four  thoufand  Irifh  rebels,  ftill  rcekin?»- 
with  the  blood  of  proteftants,  now  arrived  on  the 
coafr,  and  impatient  to  extend  their  barbarous  fury 
into  England'^.  Sir  William  Brcreton,  who  com- 
manded in  thele  quarters  for  the  piriiament,  w^as  not 
a(harned  to  tranlmit  this  intelligence  to  London,  at 
the  very  time  when,  by  his  letters  to  the  officers  of 
thele  troops,  he  extolled  their  bravery  in  defence 
of  the  protelfant  religion,  and  laboured  to  feduce 
them  from  their  attachment  to  the  king.  In  Lon- 
don his  reprefentation  was  implicitly  received,  and 
induftrioully  propagated.  They,  who  did  not  think 
it  neceflary  to  affedt  the  moft  ghaftly  confternation, 
obferved  with  fcornX,  that  the  Irifh  rebels  were  now 
to  join  the  popifh  armies  of  the  king  and  queen,  and 

in 

t  No.  clxix.         u  Carte.  Orm,  vol.  I.  p.  471.      w  Borlafe. 
X  Carte.  Orm.  vol,  L  p.  471.  y  Wliitdocke,  p»  75. 


Ch,  6.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  2^7 

as  might  conciliate  their  favour,  and  procure  fom^ 
fupplies. 

Although  the  forces  of  Monroe  had  ruined  the 
cftates  of  thele  Englilli  officers^,  and  diftrelTed  thenx 
in  their  quarters,  yet  agreeably  to  their  inflrud:ions, 
they  laboured  to  detain  this  army  in  Ulster.  But 
when  the  oppofition  of  the  marquis  of  Newcaftl© 
had  alarmed  the  Scots,  orders  were  difpatched  from 
Scotland  to  recal  Monroe  to  the  affiftance  of  his 
countrymen.  The  old  Scottifh  foldiers  and  inhabi- 
tants of  the  northern  province  were  diftraded  at  the 
thoughts  of  being  abandoned  by  their  brethren. 
Levies  were  made  from  all  orders  and  parties  indif- 
criminately  for  the  fervice  of  Scotland  :  and  abun- 
dance even  of  the  mofl:  barbarous  Irifh  rebels  en- 
gaged to  fight  againft  the  king.  The  people  grew 
clamourous  ;  they  complained,  that  the  country- 
was  in  danger  of  depopulation,  that  the  peafants  had 
abandoned  their  hufbandry,  and  that  a  general  fa*« 
mine  was  approaching.  The  Englifli  officers  la- 
boured to  allay  thefe  terrours,  when  other  orders  ar- 
rived countermanding  the  departure  of  the  Scots.  So 
that  the  Englifli  and  Irifli  levies  only  were  tranf- 
ported,  together  with  fome  Scottifli  regiments  who 
grew  impatient  at  the  delay  of  their  fupplies,  and  in- 
filled on  returning  to  their  affociates  of  Scotland. 

But  fcarcely  had    the  province   recovered   from 
this   agitation",  when    ten   thoufand  pounds,  fome 
Vol.  III.  L  1  cloathing 

of  iuce([ity  for  aa  accommodation  with  the  Irifh.  They  had  beent 
witnefTes,  and  fome  of  them  fufFerers  from  the  outrages  of  the  firft  in- 
furgents.  They  were  the  moft  deeply  impreffed  with  the  horrour  of 
their  barbarities.  Whatever*  therefore,  were  their  profeffions  to  the 
marquis  of  Ormond,  it  is  natural  to  fuppofe,  that  in  their  hearts  they 
condemned  acelTation  which  left  the  northernlrifli  not  only  unpunifhed 
but  in  full  polfeffion   of  the   advantages  gaine  d  by  their  brutal  cruelty^ 

t  Carte,  vol.  1.  p.  488.  u  Carte,  vol.  I.  p.  490, 


i258  HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 

cloatbing  and  provifions,  were  remitted  to  Monroe 
from  Scotland,  together  with  four  miniftcrs  of  the 
kirk  to  enforce  andtendcr  the  covenant.  Thefe  mif- 
iionaries  travelled  with  indefatigable  zeal,  through 
every  parifh  of  the  counties  of  Downc  and  Antrim, 
and  their  dodrines  were  every  where  received  with 
enthufiaflic  ardour.  Soldiers,  ofRjers,  gentry,  pea- 
fants,  all  flocked  round  them,  all  contending  for  the 
glory  of  running  foremoft  in  the  godly  caufe,  and 
firft  accepting  an  engagement  fo  precious,  and  fo  ef- 
fential  to  the  welfare  of  their  fouls.  The  prohibi- 
tions and  menaces  of  government,  the  proclamati- 
on againfl:  the  covenant,  which  fome  Engliih  colo- 
nels, at  length,  ventured  to  publifh  to  their  regi- 
ments, only  ferved  to  inflame  the  general  fervour. 
Private  men  and  fubalterns,  who  had  fccretly  taken 
the  covenant,  now  boldly  avowed  it,  and  bad  defi- 
ance to  their  commanders.  Thev,  who  refufed  to 
be  united  with  the  godly  by  this  holy  vow,  were  re- 
garded as  impious  wretches,  unworthy  of  the  rights 
of  humanity  :  nor  would  the  inhabitants  fupply  them 
with  the  neceflfaries  of  life.  They,  who  had  ever 
appeared  moft  attached  to  the  royal  caufe,  now 
caught  the  popular  contagion,  Audley  Mervin,  fo 
noted  for  his  naufeous  harangues,  inveighed  with 
fuch  vehemence  againfl  the  covenant  in  the  parlia- 
ment of  Dublin,  exprefl!ed  fuch  loyalty  to  the  king, 
and  declaimed  fo  copioufly  againfl  the  Englifli  com- 
xnons,  and  their  negledl  of  Ireland,  that  the  mar- 
quis of  Ormond  deemed  him  a  proper  perfon  to  be 
cntrufled  with  the  government  of  Derry.  Scarcely 
had  he  entered  on  his  new  office,  when  he  was  pre- 
vailed on  to  take  that  engagement  which  had  been 
the  objedl  of  his  fevereil  cenfure, 

Monroe 


CL  6,  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  459 

Monroe,  and  his  officers**,  had  taken  the  cove- 
nant with  great  folemnity    in  the  church  of  Carric- 
fergus.     Yet  this  general  afFeded  the  utmoft  mode- 
ration, leaving  it  entirely  to   the   kirk-minifters    to 
prevail,  by  pious  exhortations,    v^^ithout  attempting 
any  violence  againfl:  thofe  who   refufed  this   oath* 
But  the  Englifh  officers  of  the  royal  party  were  not 
deceived  by  this  apparent  lenity.     They  every  mo- 
ment expeded  an  order  from  the  Englifh  parliament 
for  impofing  the  covenant  by  force;    and  their   ap- 
prehenfions   were   confirmed,     when    a  commiffion 
from  the  Engli(h  houfes  under  their  broad  feal,  was 
received  by  Monroe,  empowering  him  to  command 
all  the  forces   of  Ulfler,    Scottifh    and  Englifh,  in. 
their  name,  and  under  their  authority,   and  to  carry 
on  the  v/ar  againfl  all  the  enemies  of  the  covenanted 
party.      The  royalifls  affembled  at  Bclfaft  to  refolve 
on  an  anfwer  to  be   returned   the  Scottifh  general, 
when  he  fhould  require  them  to  fubmit   to  his  com-, 
mand.     In   the  midfl:  of  their  confultation,  Monroe 
contrived  to  furprife  the  town.     Hence  he  marched 
to  take  pofTeflion  of  Lifburne,  but  was  foiled  in  his 
attempt  by  the  fpirit  and  vigilance   of  the   Englifh 
cfficers.     TheUlller  forces  were  thus   on  the  point 
of  declaring  war  againfl  each  other.     The  fuperior 
num.bers  of  the  Scots  were  formidable  to  the  Englifh; 
the  refolute  fpirit  of  the  Englifli  was  alarming  to  the 
Scots;  an  amicable  agreement   was   the    interefl  of 
both;  and  a  ftipulation  was  foon   framed    and   fub- 
fcribed.     It  was  agreed,  that  the  Englifh  fhould  not 
be  forced  to  take  any  oath  contrary  to  their  confcien- 
ccs  and  the  fundamental  laws  of  Ireland,   until    they 
Should  firfl  addrefs  themfelves  to  the  Englifh  parlia- 
ment, and  reprefent  their  reafons  and  fcruples  to  the 

L  1  2  contrary  i 

«  CartC;  Vol.  I.  p.  495, 


26o    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.V. 

contrary}  that  their  regiments  fhould  be  furnifhed 
with  the  fame  provilioi]S,  and  have  the  fame  privi- 
leges and  appointments  with  the  Scots.  On  thefe 
conditions,  they  engaged  to  join  with  Monroe  in  a 
vigourcus  prolecution  of  the  Irifh  rebels,  unlefs  his 
Majefty's  command  fhould  hereafter  contradidl  their 
further  proceeding. 

The  feizure  of  Bclfail,  and  the  union  of  the  Ul- 
fler  forces^,  were  incidents  both  alarming  and  pro- 
voking to  the  confederate  Irifli  at  Kilkenny.  Their 
forces  were  fcattered,  their  generals  divided  by  fri- 
volous competitions.  Their  pride  was  inflamed  by 
that  confcquence  which  they  had  gradually  acquired. 
While  they  detached  Caftlehaven  to  the  affiftance  of 
Owen  O'Nial,  they  made  private  overtures  to  the 
marquis  of  Ormond,  that  he  iliould  accept  the  fu- 
preme command  of  all  their  forces,  and  march  againfl 
theflubborn  Northerns  with  the  whole  united  power 
of  the  royalifts :  for  in  this  party  the  Irifh  affeded  to 
be  ranked.  At  the  fam^  time,  they  required  that 
he  fhould  proclaim  the  Scots  rebels,  in  confequencc 
pf  their  outrageous  infringement  of  the  cellation, 

I T  was  obvious  for  Ormond  to  refled,  that  by 
accepting  the  command  of  the  Iriihi,  he  muft  blend 
the  rightful  power  of  the  king  with  the  ufurped  au- 
thority of  the  rebels,  in  a  manner  odious  to  every 
proteftant  fubjedl,  difgraceful  to  his  royal  mafter, 
and  really  dangerous  to  himielf,  however  the  bold 
meafure  might  be  recommended  by  feme  prefent  ad- 
vantages. To  iffue  a  proclamation  againfl  the  Scots, 
^nd  to  brand  their  adherence  to  the  parliament  with 
the  name  of  rebellion,  appeared  equally  dangerous 
pnd  obnoxious.     It  mufl  afford  them  a  fair  pretence 

for 

^y  Carte,  Vol.  I.  p.  496« 


Ch.  6.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  261 

for  their  oppodtiop  to  the  king:  furnifli  them  with 
plauiible  arguments  for  fed ucing  others,  and  provoke 
lumbers  of  proteftants,  puritans  at  leaft,  if  not  fecret- 
ly  favourers  of  the  covenant.  The  marquis,  there- 
fore, could  not,  confidently  with  the  plaineft  rules 
of  prudence,  irritate  the  Englilh  parliament,  already 
his  enemies,  and  hazard  the  revolt  of  almofl  all  his 
forces.  On  the  other  hand,  it  was  dangerous  to  dif- 
oblige  the  Iriili.  They  might  find  pretences  for 
with-holding  that  part  of  their  fubfidy  which  re- 
mained unpaid.  They  had  promifed  to  fupply  him 
with  corn  and  cattle  :  they  might  retract  this  pro- 
.mife:  they  might  cut  off  all  commerce  and  freedom 
of  m.arkets.  The  fcanty  and  precarious  remittances 
from  England,  if  not  intercepted  by  the  fliips  of  par- 
liament, yet  were  utterly  inadequate  to  the  necefli- 
ties  of  government.  So  that  his  hopes  of  fubliflence 
depended  on  the  Irifli,  who,  if  once  provoked,  might 
|-educc  him  to  fudden  fam.ine. 

In  this  fituation,  Ormond  refolved,  inilead  of  re- 
turning a  peremptory  denialx,to  amufe  them  with  a 
treaty  tending  to  their  ownpurpofe,  but  in  a  diiTcrent 
manner.  He  pleaded  the  want  of  direction  from 
the  king,  and  the  impropriety  of  declaring  againft 
the  Scots,  before  he  had  received  explicit  orders. 
In  the  mean  time,  he  propofed  that  the  Irifli  fliould 
make  provifion  for  the  payment  and  maintenance  of 
fix  thoufand  foot,  and  fix  hundred  horfe  of  his  M'a- 
jefty's  forces.  With  this  body,  thus  effedually  fup- 
plied,  he  engaged  to  rcftrain  the  Scots,  from  violat- 
ing the  cefTation,  or  annoying  the  provinces.  Ths 
Irifli  were  fenfible,  that  by  proclaiming  the  Scots 
rebels,  the  king  murl;  in  efFed  avow,  that  he  depend- 
ed entirely  on  their  confederacy   for  the  fubfiilence 

of 
X  Carte,  ^'ol.  I.  p.  498. 


262    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

of  his  power  and  government  in  Ireland j  and  in  the 
fulnefs  of  their  pride  infifted  on  this  meafure.  For 
the  fame  reafon,  Ormond,  ftrenuoufly,  yet  artfully, 
oppofed  their  defires.  Some  time  was  neceffarily 
fpent  in  propofitions,  anfwers,  and  replies  :  and,  in 
this  interval  it  appeared,  that  the  Scottifh  general, 
notwithilanding  the  violence  of  his  declarations,  and 
forac  attempts  to  re-commence  hoftilities,  was  really 
not  inclined,  or  not  enabled  to  prolecute  the  war 
with  vigour. 

V/hile  the  marquis  of  Ormond  thus  contended 
withthewantsanddiltreflv^sot  thcftate,  the  arrogance 
of  the  popifli  confedcraics,  and  the  virulence  of  the 
northern  covenanters,  Oxford  was  an  important 
fcene  of  Iriih  negociation.  By  the  articles  of  cclTati- 
ony,  the  confederates  were  allowed  to  lend  agents  to 
tlieking,  and  to  treat  about  n  final  peace:  that  event, 
on  which  Charles  refled  his  hopes  of  a  powerful  re- 
inforcement from  Ireland,  and  for  which  he  was,  of 
confequence,  particularly  folicitous.  The  commifii-. 
oners  of  the  popifli  party  were  chofen  in  Novem- 
ber, of  the  year  1643:  but  by  thediverfity  of  opini- 
ons in  their  EiTcmbly,  the  difficulty  of  adjufting  their 
infirudions,  and  the  propofitions  to  be  offered  from 
their  body,  thefe  commiffioners  did  not  appear  be- 
fore the  king  until  the  twenty- third  day  of  the  enfu- 
ing  month  of  March.  Their  firft  propofitions  difco- 
vered  the  confidence  and  vanity  of  their  party.  Be- 
fides  the  public  eftablilliment  of  the  popifh  worfhip, 
they  demanded  a  repeal  of  the  adts  for  encourage- 
ment of  adventurers,  which  they  muft  have  known 
that  they  king  could  not  procure.  They  required 
that  no  landing  army  fhould  be  maintained  in  Ire- 
land ^  and,  at  the  fame  time,  that  their  own  fupreme 

council 
y  Carte,  vol.  I.  p.  499. 


eh.  6.  CHARLES       I.  26 j, 

Council  fhould  be  continaed,  until  all  their  grievan- 
ces were  redrelTcd  by  parliament,  and  even  for  fomc 
time  after.  They  infifted,  that  all  offices  whereby 
any  titles  to  lands  were  found  for  the  crown,  fince 
the  firft  year  of  Elizabeth, all  attainders  fince  that  pe- 
riod, all  grants  and  leafes  from  the  crown  in  confe- 
quence  of  fuch  attainders,  (liould  be  reviewed  in  a 
free  parliament.  Thus,  they  in  cfFcd:  required  the 
extinction  of  the  EngHdi  power  in  Ireland  :  the  king 
and  his  minifters  were  jaftly  provoked;  and  by  ex- 
preiHn;;;  a  determination  to  break  off  ail  conference 
with  men  fo  intractable  and  extravagant,  foon  re- 
duced the  Irifli  agents  to  lefs  imperious  terms.  They 
withdrew  thefe  obnoxious  propofitions,  and  offered 
others  which  they  ftyled  moderate  and  reafonable, 
and  the  very  lowed  which  they  could  devife,  con- 
fiftently  with  the  freedom  of  Iri£h  fubjeds. 

O  F  thefe  their  moderated  demands,  the  moft  im- 
portant were,  the  freedom  of  their  religion,  by  a  re- 
peal of  all  penal  ftatutes;  a  free  parliament,  with  a 
fufpenfion  of  Poynings' law;  during  its  felfion  ;  the 
annulling  all  adts  and  ordinances  of  the  Iriili  parlia- 
mentfmce  the  feventh  day  of  Auguft  1641,  the  date 
of  that  fatal  prorogation,  to  which  they  imputed  all 
fubfequent  diforders ;  the  vacating  all  indidlmentSj 
attainders,  and  outlawries  in  prejudice  of  Irifh  catho- 
lics, fince  that  day;  a  releafe  of  debts,  and  general 
ad  of  oblivion  ;  the  vacating  all  offices  found  for  the 
king's  title  to  lands  fince  the  year  1634,  and  an  ad 
of  limitation  for  the  fecurity  of  eftates ;  the  eftabliffi- 
ment  of  an  inn  of  court,  and  Ceminaries  of  education 
in  Ireland,  for  the  benefit  of  catholic  fubjeds ;  a 
free  and  indifferent  appointment  of  all  Iri(h  natives 
without  exception,  to  places  of  truft  and  honour; 
that  no  perfons,  not  eftated  and  refkient  in  Ireland, 

iliould 


^64      HISTORY  OFIRELAND.     E.V. 

fhoiild  lit  and  vote  in  the  parliament  of  this  realm  5 
that  an  a6t  fliould  pais,  formally  declaring  the  inde- 
pendency of  their  parliament  en  that  of  England  ; 
that  the  jurifdidion  of  the  Irifh  privy-council  ihould 
be  limited  to  matters  of  ftate;  that  no  chief  go- 
vernour  (hould  be  continued  above  three  years,  and 
that  during  his  government,  he  fhould  be  difqua- 
lified  to  purchafe  any  lands  in  the  kingdom,  except 
from  his  Majefty.  To  thefe,  and  other  articles  of 
Icfs  confequcnce,  they  added,  v/ith  an  afFed:ed  in- 
dignation, at  the  charge  of  cruelty  urged  againft 
their  party,  that  a  parliamentary  enquiry  Ihould  be 
made  into  all  notorious  murders,  breaches  of  quar- 
ter, ar.d  inhuman  barbarities  committed  on  either 
iide,  and  that  the  offenders  Ihould  be  excluded  from 
the  ad:  of  oblivion,  and  brought  to  condign  pu- 
nifliment.  On  the  grant  of  thefe  propoiitions,  they 
declared  their  readinefs  to  devote  their  lives  and  for- 
tunes to  the  king's  ferviccj  and,  particularly,  to 
contribute  ten  thoufand  men  towards  fupprefling 
the  unnatural  rebellion  of  England. 

However  inadmifl'able  many  of  their  demands 
appeared,  yet  Charles  accepted  the  whole  memorial 
as  a  foundation  for  a  treaty,  and  fuch  as,  with  due 
difcullion,  and  fome  conceffions  on  each  fide,  might 
produce  no  very  offenlive  peaccz.  But  whatever 
was  the  king's  impatience  for  this  event,  he  found 
the  progrefs  of  it  grievoufly  retarded  by  the  contenti- 
on of  [rilh  parties,  popiHi  and  proteftant,  both  ir- 
ritated and  violent,  and  both  alike  unreafonable  in 
their  demands.  He  had  directed  that  fome  experit 
enced  men  fliould  be  fent  from  the  privy  council  o 
Ireland  to  affift  in  this  treaty.  They  nominated  arch- 
bifliop  Ulher,  and  eight  others,  of  whom  the  king 

fum- 

a  Carte,  Vol,  I,  p.  499. 


Ch.  6.  C  H  A  Pw  L  E-S       I.'  ^6$ 

fummoned  four  to  his  affiftance.  But  a  number  of 
zealous  proteflants,  not  acquainted  with  this  tranf- 
adion,  or  not  entirely  confiding  in  the  nomination 
of  the  council,  aflembled  at  the  houfe  of  the  earl  of 
Kildare,  and  chofe  four  perfons,  by  whom  they  de- 
fired,  and  were  permitted,  toprefent  their  petitions 
to  the  king.  To  this  number.  Sir  Charles  Coote, 
and  an  officer  of  the  name  of  Parfons,  were  after- 
wards added ;  by  what  authority  feems  not  very  ma- 
terial to  enquire,  as  they  were  received  as  agents 
from  the  proteftants  of  Ireland  by  the  king.  The 
whole  party  was  of  the  puritanic  caft ;  pofTefled 
with  a  violent  averiion  to  popery,  enflamed  againfl: 
the  profefTors  of  this  religion,  by  a  painful  recollecti- 
on of  the  late  diforders  in  Ireland,  fufpicious  of  the 
king,  and  Coote  and  Parfons,  at  lead,  who  took  the 
lead  in  their  tranfadions,  devoted  entirely  to  the 
intereft  of  the  Englilh  parliament.  In  the  alacrity 
of  their  zeal,  they  had  contrived  to  prefeat  them- 
felves  at  Oxford,  before  the  agents  nominated  by  the 
Irifh  council,  and  fummoned  by  the  kingj  had  yet 
arrived. 

T  H  E  Y  were  received  with  fufficient  graces,  and 
immediately  prefented  the  petition  of  that  body  qf 
proteftants  from  v/hom  they  derived  their  authority. 
The  king  exprefTed  a  tender  fenfe  of  their  diftrelTes  ; 
and  acknowledged,  that  they  had  truly  flated  the  ini- 
quity of  the  firfl  popilli  infurgents  j  intimating, 
however,  that  fome  diftinction  fliould  be  made  be- 
tween thefe  and  the  gentry  of  the  Pale,  who,  he 
feemed  willing  to  believe,  had  been  forced  into  re- 
bellion by  the  IriOi  chief  govcrnours.  Provoked  at 
any  tendernefs  exprefTed  towards  the  popifh  party, 
and  much  more  at  the   attention   and  reipedt    with 

Vol.  III.  Mm  which 

a  Borlafff.  Cox.  Vol.  If.  p.  140,  and  Append,  Np.  xxi, 


^t(y      HISTORY  OFIRELAND.     B.V- 

which  their  agents  were  received  at  a  court,  where 
the  influence  of  the  queen  was  too  predominant, 
thefe  men  grew  importunate  and  bold.  They  de- 
manded permiffion  to  enter  into  a  particular  confu- 
tation of  the  Irifli  remonflrance  framed  at  Trim  : 
they  required  a  copy  of  the  proportions  lately  pre- 
fented  by  the  Irifh  agents  :  they  were  reproved,  yet 
not  difmayed  ;  they  exhibited  a  copious  anfwer  to 
this  remonflrance,  together  with  a  collection  of  pro- 
pofitions  from  the  Irifh  proteftants,  di(5lated  by  the 
fpiritof  triumphant  pride,  as  if  they  had  already  van- 
quished and  fubdued  the  whole  popilli  party. 

They  required  the  mod  rigourous  execution  of 
the  ftatutes  againft  recufancy,  and  the  immediate 
banilhment  of  all  the  RomiOi  clergy,  with  a  full 
reftitution  of  churches  and  their  revenues  to  the 
proteftants  ;  that  the  prefent  parliament  fhould  be 
continued,  and  the  ufurped  power  of  the  confede- 
rates immediately  diffolved;  that  their  whole  par- 
ty (liould  be  difarmed,  compelled  to  repair  all  da- 
mages fuftained  by  proteftants,  and  brought  to  con- 
dign punifhment  for  their  offences,  without  any  adt 
of  oblivion,  releafe,  or  difcharge :  that  the  oath  of 
fupremacy  fliould  be  ftridly  and  univerfally  impofed 
on  all  magiftrates,  and  that  they  who  refufed  it  fhould 
be  incapable  of  fitting  in  parliament,  in  which  no- 
thing fhould  be  attem.pted  derogatory  to  the  law  of 
Poynings',  the  great  bulwark  of  the  royal  power, 
and  protection  of  the  proteftant  fubjeds  of  Ireland; 
that  the  king  Ihould  take  all  forfeited  eftates  into 
his  own  hands,  and  after  fatisfadion  made  to  fuch  as 
claimed  by  former  ads  of  parliament,  difpofe  of  the 
refidue  entirely  to  Britilh  planters. 

The  peremptory  manner  in  which  thefe,    and 

fomc' 


eh.  6.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.   ^  i6j 

fome  other  propofitions  of  the  like  import,  were 
enforced,  was  aftonirhing  to  the  king  and  his  mini- 
fters.  It  wasfuggefted,  that  they  had  been  framed  in 
Londonb,  to  render  any  attempts  to  an  accommoda- 
tion with  the  Irifh  odious,  and,  perhaps,  to  provoke 
them  to  a  fudden  violation  of  the  truce.  The  , 
agents  were  told,  that  demands  impoflible  to  be 
enforced  by  the  whole  power  of  their  party,  though 
fupported  by  the  royal  authority,  could  not  poffibly 
be  dictated  by  the  proteftants  of  Ireland.  They 
were  defired  to  explain  how  the  war  could  be  carried 
on,  if  the  Romanics  fhould  refufc  to  fubmit  to  fuch 
fevere  conditions  of  peace :  they  were  reminded  of 
the  king's  embarrafied  fituation,  and  exhorted  to  ac- 
comodate their  demands  to  the  exigencies  of  prefent 
times  and  circumftances.  But  they  continued  in- 
tracftabJe  and  obdurate.  They  infifteds  that  they 
were  duly  authorifed  to  offer  thefe  propofitions:  and 
a  committee  of  the  Irilh  parliament  (fo  were  a  few 
members  ftyled)  teftified,  that  they  delivered  the 
fenfeofthe  whole  proteftant  party.  "  They  were 
^'  entirely  ignorant  of  the  king's  circumftances; 
they  were  but  to  propofe  the  fentiments  of  his 
good  fubjedts,  and  to  prove  their  allegations^. 
They  thought  it  better  that  the  proteftants  fliould 
even  abandon  Ireland  for  a  time,  than  make  a  de- 
ilru6live  peace."  At  the  fame,  if  we  may  believe 
Mr.  Carte,  they  difcovered  their  real  fentiments,  and 
with  a  provoking  infolence  declared,  that  the  king 
had  nothing  more  to  do,  but  to  fubmit  to  the 
terms  of  peace  propofed  by  the  Engliih  parliament, 
and  then  there  would  be  no  want  of  fupplies  for  the 
Ifiili  war. 

M  m  2  The 

b  Cpx.  c  BorUfe,  d  Carte,  Orm.  Vol.  I.  p-505. 


it 
{( 
ec 

it 


268  HISTOP.Y  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V 

The  commiffioners  depuied  by  the  Irifh -council 
were  now  arrived.  They  condemned  the  extrava- 
gance of  thcfe  propofitions,  and  folicited  Coote  and 
his  aflbciates  to  withdraw  them.  But  thefe  men 
were  immoveable  i  and  when  their  own  feheme  of 
an  accommodation  came  to  be  confidered,  their  de- 
mands, though  not  fo  arrogant,  were  yet  found  utter- 
ly inconfiftent  with  the  king's  circum (lances,  and 
impoffible  to  be  enforced.  They  particularly  repre- 
fented  it  as  effential  to  the  fecurity  of  all  proteftant 
fubjeds  in  Ireland,  that  recufants  {hould  be  difarmed, 
and  the  penal  laws  flridly  enforced.  It  was  in  vain 
for  the  king  to  propofe  to  the  Irifh  agents,  that  their 
party,  fuperiour  as  they  were  in  power,  and  polTef- 
ed  of  mere  than  three  parts  of  the  kingdom,  fhould 
confent  to  refign  themfelves,  unarmed,  to  the  mercy 
of  thofe  whom  they  had  fo  grievoufly  provoked. 
And  even  in  times  of  peace,  the  penal  laws  were  too 
odious  to  be  flridly  executed  ;  much  more  at  the 
prefent  jundure,  when  the  catholics,  in  their  pride 
and  confidence,  demanded  fuchconceffions,  in  favour 
of  their  religion,  as  would  reduce  the  eftabliflied 
church  merely  to  a  ftate  of  precarious  toleration.  It 
was,  therefore,  evident,  that  no  treaty  could  be  con- 
cluded upon  the  terms  propofed  by  the  proteftants; 
3t  was  fcarcely  lefs  evident,  that  the  moft  violent  of 
this  party  laboured  to  obftrudl  a  treaty  upon  any 
terms.  Charles  had  a  lively  feeling  of  his  own  ne- 
ceffities  :  and  his  impatience  for  a  peace,  which  was 
to  give  him  fuch  a  powerful  body  of  Irifh  troops, 
was  enflamed  by  fuggeflions  of  the  queens  who,  in 
the  confli(5t  of  parties,  pofTibly  believed,  that  all  but 
the  catholics  were  infedted  with  what  was  called  in 
her  court  the  fpirit  of  rebellion;  and  gradually 
^wrought  her  unhappy  cgnfort  into  a  perfuafion,  that 

his 


Ch.  6.  CHARLES!.  269 

his  catholic  fubjeds  only  were  worthy  of  his  con- 
fidence. Whether  he  was  as  yet  fully  pofTeffed  with 
this  prejudice  or  no,  he  treated  the  agents  of  the 
confederate  Irifli  with  particular  attention,  and  an- 
fwered  their  propofitions  with  that  courtefy  and  con-  . 
defcenfion  which  he  had  been  taught  by  his  mis- 
fortunes. 

Some  of  their  demands  he  hadconfentcd  to  grant, 
previous    to    the   Irifh    infurredion^;  and,    in  thele 
points,  he  made  no  difficulty  to  repeat  his  promifes. 
In  others,  it  was  neither  odious  nor  unreafonably  to 
comply.      The  diicuffion  of  that  delicate  point,  the 
independency   of  Ireland,  as    it  was  called,  he  was 
willing  to  refer  to  both  parliaments,  to  be  temperate- 
ly and  equitably  decided.      He  agreed  to  pafs  an  ad 
for   removing   any    incapacity    from    the  natives  of 
Ireland  to  purchale  lands  or  offices ;  and  was  fatisfi- 
ed  to  allow  recufants  their  feminaries  of  education.' 
Inftead  of  reverfing  ads  of  parliament,  indidments, 
and  attainders,  he  propofed  to  grant  a  general  par- 
don, and  to  alTent  to  fuch  an  ad  of  oblivion  as  fliould 
be  recommended  by  the  lord  lieutenant  and  council. 
He  was  content  to  call  a  new  parliament  in  Ireland, 
but  without  fufpenfion  of  the  law  of  Poyning's.  To 
their    propofition    for   a  repeal   of  penal  ilatutcs    he 
rephed,  that  as  thefe  ftatutes  never  had  been  rigour- 
ouily  executed,  fo  his  recufant  iubjeds,  on  leturning 
to  their  duty  and  loyalty,  fhould    have  no  reafon  to 
complain  that  they  were  treated  with  lefs  moderation 
than    in    the  two  former    reigns:   and  that  fuch  of 
them    as   manifefted  their  affedion    to  his   fervice, 
fhould  receive  fuch    marks  of  favour  in  offices  and 
places  of  truft,  as  would  plainly  ffiew  his  acceptance 
and  regard  of  them. 

The 

c  Carte,  Orm.  Vol.  I.  p.  506, 


270    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  Vr 


The  Ir'iCn  agents,  flattered  and  conciliated  by  the 
condefcenfions  of  the  king,  demeaned  themfelves 
with  modcfty  and  fubmidion.  They  confefTed,  that 
his  Majefty,  circumftanced  as  he  was,  could  not,  in 
their  opinion,  make  any  farther  concefTions,  and 
hoped  that  the  general  assembly,  when  informed 
of  his  fituation,  would  moderate  their  demands, 
though  they  themfelves  had  no  prefent  authority  to 
recede  from  them.  The  king  difmiffed  them  with 
a  pathetic  admonition,  to  confider  his  circumftances 
and  their  own^:  **  that  the  exiflence  of  their  nation 
and  religion  depended  on  the  prefervation  of  his 
juft  rights  and  authority  in  England  :  that  if  his 
catholic  fubjeds  of  Ireland  would  confent  to  fuch 
conditions  as  he  could  fafely  grant,  and  they  ac- 
cept with  fecurity  to  their  lives,  fortunes,  and  re- 
ligion, and  haften  to  enable  him  to  fupprefs  his 
enemies,  it  would  then  be  in  his  power  to  vouch- 
fafe  fuch  grace  to  them  as  (hould  complete  tlieir 
happineis ;  and  which,  he  gave  themx  his  royal 
word,  he  would  then  difpence  in  fuch  a  m?.nner 
as  fhould  not  leave  them  difappointed  of  their 
juft  and  full  expectations.  But  if,  by  infifting 
on  particulars,  which  he  could  not  in  confcience 
grant,  nor  they  in  ccnfcience  neceflarily  demand  ; 
and  fuch,  as  though  he  might  concede,  yet,  at 
prefent,  would  bring  that  damage  on  him  which 
all  their  fupplies  could  not  countervail,  and  yet 
might  be  hereafter  granted  with  equal  benefit : 
if  they  fhould  thus  delay  their  fuccours,  until  the 
power  of  the  rebels  had  prevailed  in  England  and 
Scotland,  then  they  would  quickly  find  their 
power  in  Ireland  but  an  imaginary  Tupport  for  his 
intercft  or  their  own;  and  that   they,  who    with 

"  difficulty 
f  Clarendon.  Irifli  Reb.  Dub.  Ed.  p.  21, 


Ch.  6.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  271 

"  difficulty  had  deftroyed  him,  would  without  op- 
"  pofition  root  out  their  nation  and  religion." 

Such  were  the  declarations  of  a  prince  who  had 
repeatedly  protefted  againft  tolerating  popery,  and 
particlarly  againft  repealing  the  penal  laws  of  Ire- 
land. His  zealous  advocate,  Mr.  Carte,  was  (o 
fcandalized  at  the  moil  obnoxious  part  of  this  addrefs, 
that  he  has  thought  proper  to  foften,  if  not  mifrepre- 
fent,  the  expreffions  recorded  by  the  noble  hiftorian. 
Yet  with  all  this  apparent  ftrength  of  language,  Char- 
les feems,in  a  manner  not  unufual  to  him,  carefully  to 
have  avoided  that  real  precifion,  which  might  confine 
him  in  his  future  condu<fl.  It  was  his  prefent  purpofe 
toperfuade  the  Iri(h,  that  a  full  and  free  eftablilhment 
of  their  religion  would  prove  the  reward  of  their  fervi- 
ces.  But  withoutany  fpeciai  and  explicit  engagement^ 
he  leaves  it  in  his  own  power  hereafter  to  decide 
whether  fuch  a  conceOion  were  included  in  the  nuni^ 
ber  of  their  just  expectations,  or  neceffary  to  colnk- 
pleat  their  happinefs.  Some  important  conceflions', 
he  knew,  were  of  neceffity  to  be  made,  before  the 
IriOi  would  confentto  take  arms  in  his  caufe.  To  ac- 
cept of  their  alliiiance  upon  any  terms,  rendered  him 
doubly  odious  to  his  enemies,  and  to  his  friends  was 
only  reconciled  by  the  diftrefs  of  his  affairs.  To 
what  terms  he  might  yield,  without  offending  and 
alienating  his  own  party,  was  a  point  of  delicate  and 
critical  difcuiiion.  The  king  could  not  decide  it: 
his  miniders  would  not  advife  him.  Should  they 
recommend  too  favourable  concefiions,  they  were 
expofed  to  the  refentment  of  the  popular  party  : 
fliould  they  declare  againft  indulgence  to  the  Irilh, 
the  queen  was  offended j  and  her  creatures  accufed 
them  of  indifference  to  the  royal  caufe.  In  this  per- 
plexity, the  king    readily  yeilded  to    fuch  plaufible 

arguments 


272    HISTO  P.Y  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

arguments  as  ftatefmen  can  at  any  time  fugged  for 
any  meafure  favourable  to  their  private  purpofes, 
and   refolved  to  lay  the  whole  burden  and  odium  of 

.    treating  with  the  Irilh  on  the  marquis  of  Ormond^?. 

,  He  received  a  commifTion  to  make  a  full  peace  with 
the  Catholic  fubjedts  of  Ireland,  on  fuch  conditions 
as  he  fhould  judge  agreeable  to  the  public  welfare, 
and  might  produce  luch  an  union  in  that  kingdom 
that  his  majefty  might  derive  affiftance  from  it,  to 
fupprefs  the  rebels  of  England  and  Scotland. 

Ormond  was  fenfibleof  the  danger  and  difficulty 
attending  fuch  a  commifTion.  He  was  to  fettle 
ternis  of  accommodation,  which  the  king  and  his 
miniftry  could  not,  or  would  not  venture  to  adjuft. 
If  thfe  people  of  England  were  averfe  to  any  peace 
with  the  Irifli,  the  Englilli  inhabitants  of  Ireland 
had  felt  their  outrages,  and  were  particularly  pro- 
voked. Should  he  grant  any  conceffions  to  the  po- 
pifh  party;  his  delegated  authority  might  be  quefti- 
oned  and  oppofed,  and  he  would  naturally  be  accufed 
of  partiality  to  his  kinfmen,  of  whom  many  had 
united  with  the  Iridi  confederates.  Should  he  re- 
fufe  fuch  concelTions,  thefe  kinfmen  would  reproach 
him  as  the  partizan  of  their  inveterate  enemies,  men 
who  fought  the  utter  ruin  and  extirpation  of  their 
race.  But  the  power  and  inveteracy  of  the  Englilli 
parliament  were  ftill  more  formidable;  an  affembly 
which  would  infallibly  denounce  the  utmoft  ven- 
geance againft  him,  fhould  his  conduct  give  offence 
to  their  paflions  or  prejudices,  while  the  royal  au- 
thority was  too  weak  to  proted:  him^.  To  complete 
the  difficulty,  he  received  no  inftrudlions  from  the 
Englilh  court;  was  told,  that  he  was  to  expcd:  no 
inftructions ;  and  thas  was  to  affume  the  whole  con- 
dud 

g  Carte,  Qrm.  Vol.  I.  p.  508,  h  Carte,  Orm.  Vol.  III.  No.  cccxxix. 


Cb.  6.    .     .      C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  4;j 

dudt  of  a   delicate   tranfadtlon,  in  which  the  king 
could  not  take  any  part. 

The  difficulties  of  his  government  feemed  already 
fufficient  to  confound  the  bed  abilities,  and  fcarccly 
admitted  this  additional  embarrafTment.  He  was^op- 
prefTed  with  want,  hopelefs  of  relief,  blocked  up  at 
fea,  encompafTed  with  enemies;  the  Iri{h  proud  and 
querulous;  the  Scots,  though  not  a6live,  yet  infolent: 
and  troublefome ;  and  the  Ibuthern  province  agitated 
by  a  fudden  revolution,  highly  alarming  to  the  royal 
partyi.  Lord  Inchiquin  had  commanded  in  Munfter 
fmce  the  death  of  Saint  Leger,  but  without  the  title 
of  Lord  Preiident.  He  claimed  this  office  as  the  re- 
ward of  his  zealous  fervices:  but,  on  application  to 
the  king  at  Oxford,  found,  to  his  utter  mortification, 
that  it  had  been  already  granted  to  the  earl  of  Port- 
land; nor  could  he  even  obtain  the  rcverlion  of  it  on 
the  death  or  refignation  of  this  earl.  Tojuftify  this 
injudicious  and  uawarrantable  treatment  of  a  lord 
who  had  deferved  fo  well  from  the  king,  fome  re- 
ports were  whifpered  injurious  to  his  charader.  He 
returned  to  Munfter  fired  with  refentment;  entered 
into  afecret  negociation  with  the  Englifh  parliamenti 
engaged  that  his  brother,  who  commanded  in  the 
town  of  Wareham,  fhould  deliver  it  into  their  hands, 
and  that  he  himfelf  would  unite  zealoufly  in  theii* 
caufe.  He  was  received  with  open  arms,  and  en- 
couraged to  avow  his  purpofe,  by  promifes  of  large 
and  immediate  fupplies.  He  began  with  petition- 
ing the  kin:5;  to  fubmit  to  an  accommodation  with 
his  parliament  of  England,  and  the  parliament,  to 
affift  him  againft  the  IriOi,  and  pretending  to  have 
difcovered,  that  this  party  had  formed  a  fchemefor 

Vol.  III.  N  n  feizing 

i  Vol.  I.  p.  509, 


274    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    E.  V. 

fcizing  his  garrifons,  he  drove  out  the  magiftrates  and 
all  the  popiih  inhabitants  from  Cork,  Youghal,  ^nd 
Kinfale,  and  feized  their  effeds.     His  officers  took 
the  covenant  with  great  alacrity ;  and  though  he  him- 
felf  declined  it  until  the  cefTation  fhould  expire,  yet 
he  bound   his  foldiers   by   an  oath  to  endeavour  the 
extirpation    of  popery,  to  profecute  the  v^^ar  again  ft 
the  Irifh,  and  to  fubmit  to  no  peace  but  with  allow- 
ance of  the  king  and  parliament  of  England,     Lord 
Efmond,  governour  of  the  important  fort  of  Dun- 
cannon,  was  readily  perfuadtd  to  follow  the  example 
of  Inchiquin  :  the  Scots  of  Ulfter  promifed  to  concur 
with  him,  fo  that  the  flame  of  war  feemed  ready  to 
break  out  again  with  great  violence  and  extent.  But 
Monroe  and  his  forces,  after  fome  motions  and  incon- 
liderable  flcirmifliesyfoon  funk  into  their  ufual  inadi- 
vity;  and    Inehiquin,  negleded  by  the  Englifh  par- 
liament, was    foon  obliged,   for  the  prefervation    of 
his  forces,  and  the  proteflants  of  Munfler,  to  make  a 
cclTation  with  the  Iriih. 

In  this  fituation  of  affairs,  the  marquis  of  Ormond 
commenced  his  treatv  with  the  confederates.  Their 
commiffioners  attended  him  at  Dublin  on  the  fixth 
day  of  September,  in  the  year  fixteen  hundred  and 
forty-four :  and,  in  the  firft  place,  it  was  agreed, 
without  any  difficulty,  that  the  ceffation  fhould  be 
prolonged  ;  but  the  conferences  about  peace  proved 
more  perplexing.  The  Iriffi  were  every  day  more 
elevated  with  ideas  of  their  own  power  and  conle- 
qucnce,  and  the  hopes  of  extorting  vaft  conceffions 
from  the  neceilities  of  the  king.  Their  clergy,  by 
the  removal  of  the  treaty  to  Dublin,  had  full  power 
to  exert  their  influence.  One  of  this  order,  Flem- 
ing, the  popifh  archbifhop  of  Dublin,  had  been  no- 
minated one  of  the  commiffioners  to  attend  the  lord 
,         "  lieutenant 


Ch.  6.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  275 

lieutenant.  Ormond,  who  knew  the  fpirit  of  fuch 
men,  abfolutely  refufed  to  confer  with  him.  But 
public  charaders  were  not  necelTary  to  enforce  their 
authority  :  and  their  authority  feems  to  have  borne 
down  all  the  efforts  of  the  temperate  and  more  pene- 
trating of  their  party.  Certain  it  is,  that  the  Irirti 
commiffioners  now  appeared  to  have  forgotten  or 
difregarded  the  promiies  made  to  the  king,  and  the 
fenfe  expreffed  of  his  equity  and  grace.  They  offer- 
ed the  very  fame  propolitions  which  hi)d  been  pre- 
fented  at  Oxford,  together  with  fome  others  of  lefs 
moment.  Particularly  they  required  what  could 
not  be  granted  in  the  prefent  jundure,  that  the 
Scots  and  lord  Inchiquin  v/ho  concurred  in  oppoling 
the  ceffation,  ihould  be  declared  traitors'^.  For  this, 
they  claim.ed  a  promife  from  the  king,  and  his  mini- 
i^er,  lord  Digby,  acknowledged  that  fuch  a  promife 
had  been  given,  provided  that  a  peace  or  ceffation 
ihould  be  firft  concluded.  Thus,  did  Ormond,  poffi- 
bly  for  the  firft  time,  difcover  a  fecret  train  of  nego- 
ciation  between  the  king  and  the  catholics  of  Ire- 
land. But  from  his  knowledge  of  the  temper  of  the 
Iri/li  proteilants,  he  deemed  it  neceffary  to  decline 
this  meafure  ;  and  for  his  own  honour,  as  well  as 
that  of  his  royal  mafter,  returned  the  fame  anfwers 
to  the  IriOi  commiffioners  which  their  popodtions 
had  already  received  in  England.  To  their  demand 
of  a  repeal  of  all  penal  ftatute^s  enadled  againft  the 
profeffors  of  their  religion,  he  anfwered,  by  repeat- 
ing the  royal  promife  that  thefe  ftatutes  Ihould  not 
be  enforced  :  a  new  parliament  he  refufed:  a  fufpen- 
fion  of  the  law  of  Poynings*  he  oppofed  :  nor  could 
'he  confent  to  an  ad  of  oblivion  fo  extenfiveas  they 
required.     He  demanded,  th;it  thelrifli  fl^ould  abo- 

N  n  2  lifh 

k  Carte,  Orm.  Vol.  III.  No.  cccxxxi. 


f76      HISTORY  OFIRELAND.     B.V. 

liih  their  ufurped  government,  reftore  all  towns  and 
and  caftles  to  the  king,  the  churches  to  the  protef- 
tant  clergy,  and  to  the  laity  their  eftatcs  and  pro- 
perty. The  propolitions  made,  and  the  anfwers 
returned,  Ormond  cautioufly  determined  to  lay  be- 
fore the  king.  The  treaty  was  adjourned  from 
October  to  the  fucceeding  month  of  January  ;  and 
as  the  agents  employed  to  attend  the  king,  had  the 
misfortune  to  be  taken  prifoners  by  a  veifcl  in  the 
fervice  of  parliament,  all  further  proceedings  were 
fufpended  until  the  month  of  April  1645*. 

In  this  interval,  Charles  made  fuller  difcoverles 
of  that  fatal  inflability,  and  that  indulgence  to  the 
Komifh  party,  fo  odious  to  his  enemies,  and,  indeed, 
to  the  general  body  of  his  proteflant  fubjeds,  and 
{0  repugnant  to  his  folemn  promifes  and  declarations. 
At  the  very  time  when  he  agreed  to  enter  on  tlie 
treaty  of  Uxbridge,  he  entertained  the  flattering 
hopes  of  raifing  fuch  an  artny  from  abroad,  as 
fhould  enable  lim  to  crulh  all  his  oppofersL  Tho 
queen  amufed  him  with  expedation  of  ten  thoufand 
Lorrainers  ready  to  be  poured  into  England  fcr 
liis  fervice.  The  Irifli  magnified  their  power  and 
iiil'pofition  to  fupport  him  :  and  fuch  potent  iiliies  he 
was  impatient  to  purchaie  at  any- price.  The  con- 
federate catholics  carried  on  a  foit  of  private  negoci- 

atioii 

*  About  this  time  M.ic  Mahon  and  lord  Macj^uirc,  who  had  takca 
a  leading  part  in  the  Iriih  confpinicy,  were  condenirtd  and  executed 
in  London.  They  had  Jain  two  years  in  the  Tower,  had  contrived  to 
efcape,  but  were  difcovered,  retaken,  and  immediately  brought  t-o 
their  trials.  Macguire  pleaded  a  ric;ht  of  being  tried  by  his  peers  ia 
Ireland  ;  but  the  plea  v/as  over-ruled,  and'the  two  houfcs  confirmed 
the  opinion  of  Judge  Bacon,  that  he  was  triable  by  ajury  in  England. 
They  rejedled  his  petition  tff  be  beheaded.  So  tkuE  he  was  diuWn  to 
'X^'burn,  and  executed  in  the  ordinary  manuer. 

\  Rufliwortb, 


Ch.6.  CHARLES       I.  lyf 

ation  with  him,  by  their  agents,  loi-d  Muflcerry, 
Nicholas  Plunket,  and  Geoffry  Browne"!.  The  hit 
of  thefe,  in  particular,  prefented  a  memorial,  inti- 
mating, that  his  party  was  inclined  to  moderate 
their  demands  with  relpetit  to  religion,  provided 
that  his  majefty  would  condelcend  to  them  in  other 
articles.  Charles  conceived  new  hopes  from  fuch 
profel]ions,and  became  more  and  more  complying". 
In  his  public  anfwer  to  the  marquis  of  Ormond's 
difpatches,  he  direds  him  to  adhere  to  thofe  terms 
he  had  already  offered  to  the  catholics,  only,  ^^fofar 
*^  forth  as  he  fhall  find  it  probable  that  they  fhall 
*'  reft  fatisfied  to  accept  them."  He  allows  him  to 
confent  to  the  fufpenhon  of  Poynings'  Law;  but  as 
to  the  demand  of  repealing  the  penal  ftatutes,  ex- 
prefsly  direds  him  to  adhere  to  his  former  anfwer. 
Yet,  in  a  private  letter,  dated  two  days  earlier^,  he 
formally  engages,  not  only  that  the  penal  laws  ihall 
not  be  executed,  the  peace  being  made  ;  but  that 
when  the  Iridi  fhould  give  him  the  aiTiilance  tliey 
had  promifed,  and  he  be  reitored  to  his  rigijts,  then, 
that  he  would  confent  to  the  repeal  of  them  all  by  a 
law,  except  thofe  againll  appeals  to 'Rome,  and  the 
exerciie  of  foreign  jurifdidion  within  the  realm.  No 
tonceffion  could  be  more  odious  or  more  dangerous. 
He,  therefore,  direds  that  Ormond  ihould  com- 
municate it  only  to  the  three  popith  agents,  with 
jnjundions  of  ftrideft  fecrecy. 

A  MONTH  had  fcarcely  elapfed  when  the  king  be- 
came ftiil  more  complying.  The  commencement  of 
the  treaty  of  UxbridgtP,  had  leen  urged  as  a  motive 
to  the  Irilh  confederate?,  to  conclude  a> peace  before 
the  king   fliould  be  prevented   from  granting  them 

any 

ns  Carte,  Orm.  Vul.  IF.  Append.  No.  xv.  n   Carte,  Crm.  vol.  Ill 

JSo,  gcclv,        0  Vol.  11,  i\ppcnd.  No.  xv,      p.  Vol.11.  No.  xv, 


278  HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.  B.   V. 

any  favour,  by  the  flipulations  which  he  might  find 
necelTary  to  be  made  with  the  Englifh  parliament. 
When  this  treaty  was  broken  off,  they  were  again 
toldq,  that  their  very  exiltcnce  depended  on  their 
fpeedy  and  effe(f{:ual  fupport  of  the  royal  caufe,  as  it 
appeared  in  the  conferences,  to  be  the  determined 
purpofe  of  the  parliament  to  invefi:  the  Scots  with 
the  entire  dominion  and  property  of  Ireland.  Such 
popular  topics  were  the  more  urgently  enforced,  as 
the  king  now  deemed  it  more  neceflary  to  obtain 
fome  foreign  fuccouis,  than  in  any  former  period  of 
the  civil  war.  The  new  projected  model  of  the  par- 
liamentarian army  threatned  fome  momentous  con- 
fequencfs.  As  Charles  expreffed  it  to  his  queen, 
**  there  was  little  or  no  appearance  but  that  the  ap- 
**  preaching  fummer  would  be  the  hotteil:  for  war 
*'  of  any  that  had  yet  been""."  With  refpefl  to  the 
Irifli,therefore,the  king  fpurned  at  every  fcruplc.  Ho^ 
empowered, and  commanded  Ormond  to  make  peace 
with  the  Iriih.  *'  whatever  itcofl,"  fo  that  his  pro- 
tedant  fubjeds  might  be  fccured*,  and  his  royal  au- 
thority preferved  in  Ireland.  **  You  are  to  make 
^*  me,"  laid  the  king,  **  the  befl:  bargain  you  can, 
**  and  not  to  difccver  your  enlargement  of  povv- 
*'  er  till  you  needs  muft.  And  though  I  leave  the 
*'  manao-ing  of  this  threat  and  necelTary  work  entre- 
**  ly  to  you,  yet  I  cannot  but  tell  you,  that  if  the 
"  fufpenfion  of  Poynings'  a6t  for  fuch  bills  as  fiiall 
"  be  agreed  on  there,  and  the  present  taking 
*'  OF?  THE  PENAL  L  A ws  agaiuft  papifts  by  a  law 
•*  will  do  it,  I  will  not  think  it  a  hard  bargain  ; 
**  fo  that  freely  and  vigouroufly  they  engage  them- 
*'  felves  in  my  affiftance  againft  my  rebels  of  Eng- 
**  land    and  Scotland,  for  which  no  conditions  can 

"  be 

q  Vol.  III.  No.ccdxv.  r  Rufliworth.  King's  Cabinet  opened^ 

1  Carte,  Orm.  Vol.  II.  No.  xviii. 


Ch.  6.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  279 

**  be  too  hard,  not  being  againft  confcience  or  ho- 


**  nour. 


Whatever  plaufible  reafons  might  be  urged  to 
reconcile  this  repeal  of  the  penal  ftatutes  \.o  the  con- 
fcience of  the  king,  or  his  fentiments  of  honour, 
Ormond  well  knew  the  dans^erous  effeds  of  fuch  a 
meafure,  and  particularly  in  a  country  where  a  vaft 
majority  of  the  inhabitants  were  popilh.  He  was 
lincerely  attached  to  the  proteftant  religion;  he 
knew  the  temper,  tae  palUjns,  the  prejudices  of 
the  proteftant  party  and  their  horrour  of  the  lead 
conceffion  in  favour  of  popery;  the  odium,  and  the 
danger  in  which  he  muft  be  involved,  by  treating 
upon  terms  which  the  king  could  not  avow  :  and  he 
probably  forefaw,  that  the  Irifh  would  be  encouraged 
by  fuch  important  concefiions,  to  rife  in  their  de- 
mands. No  wonder,  therefore,  that  on  the  firft  dif- 
covery  of  the  king's  difpofition  to  recede  from  thofe 
terms  which  he  had  hitherto  profefTed  to  hold  moft 
facred,  the  marquis  grew  impatient  of  his  prefent 
fituationt.  He  petitioned  to  be  removed  from  the 
government,  profeffing  to  apprehend,  that  the  con- 
federates expected  more  from  a  countryman  and 
kinfman  in  this  ftation,  than  could  vvith  propriety 
be  granted,  and  that  he  mud  Ihortly  be  obliged  to 
abandon  it  by  v/ant,  or  be  reduced  to  a  diihonourable 
fubjedtion  to  the  infolcnce  of  thelrilh,  or  the  co- 
venanters. 

Charles,  and  his  minifters,  were  fully  fenfible 
of  the  value  of  Ormond's  fervices  in  the  lieutenan- 
cy of  Ireland".  He  hadjuftnow  approved  his  vi- 
gilance, by  difcovering  and  defeating  a  deiign  form- 
ed by  fome  partizans   of  the  Engliih  parliament,  to 

feize 

t  Carte,  Orm.  VqI.  I.  p-  520.  u  A.  D.  1645, 


2So     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V; 

fcize  the  cities  of  Dublin,  Droghcua,  and  Dandalk. 
And  his  credit,  his  influence,  and  his  attachment  to 
the  king,  were  con iide red  as  the  only  fecurity  to  the 
royal  caufe,  ag.iinft  the  power  of  the  catholics,  and 
the  kihtilety  and  tiirhulence  of  the  covenanters.  To 
reconcile  him  to  the  burden  of  a  ftation  from  which 
hC'Could  not  be  removed,  Charles  loaded  him  with 
fuch  graces  as  in  his  prefcnt  circumftances  he  co.uld 
beftow;  he  enlarged  his  powers;  and  to  encourage 
him  to  proceed  with  more  alacrity  in  the  delicate 
and  dangerous  tranfa^tions  entrufled  to  his  condudl, 
a  gsneral  pardon  of  all  offences,  palled  under  the 
great  leal,  co  the  chief  governour,  privy  counfellors, 
and  others  employed  in  any  part  of  the  king's  fer- 
vice. 

Among  the  additional  powers  granted  to'the 
marquis,  he  now  received  a  commilFion  which  he 
hid  formerly  iblicited,  for  accepting  the  fubmiffions 
of  fach  Iriih  confederates  as  were  inclined  to  peace 
upon  the  terms  offered  by  the  king,  and  for  reflor- 
ing  them  to  their  eftates  and  blood.  Charles  thus 
hop::d  tocivid'-  the  counfels,  and  to  prevent  any  cor- 
dial union  of  their  party,  fhould  they  ftill  reje(ft 
his  conc:Llnons,  and  declare  ultimately  for  war.  To 
difpofe  them,  at  the  fame  lime,  to  an  amicable  trea- 
ty ;  and,  par  icuLirly,  to  reconcile  them  to  the  con^ 
tinuance  of  the  preient  Iriili  parliament,  he  conde- 
jcended  to  declare,  that  the  order  made  under  the 
adminiftration  of  Parfons,  for  excluding  fuch  mem- 
bers of  the  commons  as  fhould  refufe  the  oath  of 
fupremacy,  was  an  encroachment  on  hisprercga- 
tive.  The  lord  lieutenant  was  directed  to  require 
that  this  order  Ihould  be  vacated.  The  zealous  pro- 
teflants  could  not  but  feel  the  moft  ferious  apprehen- 
lions  at  this  indulgence  to  popifh  recufants,  which 

muft 


Ch.  6.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  281- 

muft  give  them  a  formidable  fuperiority  in  the  Irifh 
legiflature.  Their  party  had  fervices  and  fufFerings 
to  plead.  To  prevent  their  clamours,  and  to  dif- 
pofe  them  favourably  to  the  king,  a  bill  was  tranf- 
mitted  from  England,  and  enadled  in  the  parliament 
of  Ireland,  for  remitting  to  the  proteftants  of  this 
kingdom,  as  well  clergy  as  laity,  all  rents,  compo- 
litions,  fervices,  twentieth  parts,  and  firft  fruits,  due 
to  the  king  at  Michaelmas  1641,  or  at  any  time 
fmcc,  or  to  be  due  at  Eafter  1645. 

In  the  mean  time,  the  Irifh  laboured  with  inde- 
fatigable zeal  to  ftrengthen  their  confederacy,  fo  as 
to  maintain  a  war,  or  conclude  a  peace  with  advan- 
tage to  their  caufe.  Foreign  princes  were  folicited 
for  fuccours.  Burke,  one  of  their  ecclefiaftics,  was 
was  difpatched  to  Madrid.  Richard  Belling,  fecre- 
tary  to  the  fupreme  council,  an  acute  and  adtive 
ftatefmcn,  was  commiffioned  to  addrefs  himfelf  to 
the  pope,  the  Italian  princes,  and  to  the  marquis  of 
Caflel-Rodrigo,  governour  of  the  Low-Countries ; 
that  they  might  know  (as  the  letters  of  the  con- 
fedei  ates  expreffed  it)  what  they  had  to  truft  to^, 
and  what  fuccours  they  might  really  depend  up- 
on from  abroad;  and  that  in  cafe  they  fhould  be 
again  forced  ioferve  God  in  holes  and  corner s,  the 
world  might  be  convinced  they  had  laboured  all 
they  could  to  prevent  this  misfortune."  Their 
agents  were  alfo  bufily  employed  at  Paris,  and 
fwarmed  in  the  queen  of  England's,  court,  on  her 
retreat  to  France.  One  of  thefe,  a  middling  eccle- 
fiaftic,  called  O'Hartegan,  had  fo  difgraced  them 
by  his  prefumption,  vanity  and  indifcretion,  that 
Belling  was  inftruded  to  ufe  all  decent  means  to 
bring  him  back  to  Ireland.  To  recommend  them- 
VoL.  Ill  O  o  felves 

v/  Carte,  from  Regiftry  of  the  fupreme  Council. 


Ci 

t< 
te 
<e 
<t 

€t 

(C 


n 

t€ 

it 


282  HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

felves  to  foreign   courts,   and  to  demonftrate  their 
own  power  and  confequence,  about  fourteen  hun- 
dred foot  were  tranfported  for  the  fervice  of  France, 
and  other   levies    made  for   that  of  Spain,   though, 
when  Ormond  applied  to  them  to  fend  two  thoufand 
men  to  the  affiftance  of  Montrofc  in  Scotland,  they 
repeatedly  rcjed:ed,  or  evaded  his  demand^.      Their 
refolution  was  explicit,  and  they  obftinately  adhered 
to  it,  **  that  they  would  fend  no  men  to  the  king's 
affiftance,  until  fuch  a  peace  £hould  be  fettled  as 
might   demonflrate  that   they    had   really  taken 
arms  for  the  fake  of  religion,  and  to  eftabiifli  it 
**  in  its  full  fplendour." 

Nor  were  they  lefs  vigourous  in  their  military 
operations  againft  thofe  who  declared  for  the  parli- 
ament, and  rejected  the  cefl'ation.  Scarcely  had 
lord  Efmond,  governour  of  Duncannon,  refolved  to 
betray  his  fort  to  the  parliament,  when  he  had  the 
mortification  of  finding  himfelf  neglecSted  and  aban- 
doned by  his  new  mafters.  The  fupreme  council  at 
Kilkenny  were  alarmed  at  the  defedlion  of  this  place, 
fearing  that  their  trade  would  be  deftroyed  by  the 
fhips  in  the  fervice  of  the  Round  Heads,  as  they 
called  them,  which'  lay  fecurely  in  the  river  under 
protedlion  of  the  fort.  Their  troops  blocked  up 
Duncannon  on  the  land-fide,  in  the  beginning  of 
January:  but  as  the  fea  lay  open,  the  blockade  was 
was  converted  into  a  regular  fiege,  commanded  by 
Prefton  the  Leinfter  general.  After  a  refiftance  of 
ten  weeks,  the  fort  furrendered  :  and  Eimond,  the 
governour,  died  in  a  few  days  after,  worn  out  with 
age  and  vexation. 

Lord  Inchiquin,  equally  ncgleded  by  the  Eng-  j 

liihi 

X  Carte,  from  Regiftry  of  the  Supreme  Council, 


Ch.  6.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  283 

li/h  parliament,  was  encountered,  on  the  expiration 
of  his  truce,  by  the  earl  of  Caftlehaven,  at  the  head 
of  five  thoufand  foot,  and  one  thoufand  horfe.  The 
earl  over- ran  the  fouthern  province,  and  reduced  a 
number  of  forts  without  any  confiderable  refiftance. 
At  Roftellan  he  had  the  triumph  of  feizing  Henry 
O'Brien,  who  had  betrayed  Wareham  to  the  Engliil  i 
parliament,  and  fent  him  as  a  prefent  to  the  king,  to 
be  punifhed  for  his  diiloyalty  as  his  Majeily  fliould 
deem  fit.  The  forces  of  Inchiquin  were  unequal 
to  thofe  of  the  enemy,  and  lo  wretchedly  were  they 
provided,  that  he  could  not  keep  the  field,  fo  that  he 
was  obliged  to  fhut  himfelf  up  in  Corke,  while 
Caftlehaven  wafted  the  country  even  to  the  walls  ot 
this  city.  When  he  had,  at  length  invefted  Youg- 
hal,  lord  Broghil  arrived  with  fome  fupplies  froa^ 
the  Englifli  parliament.  The  earl  raifed  the  fiege, 
and  on  the  approach  of  winter  retired  to   Kilkenny. 

While  thefe  things  were  tranfading  in  the  field, 
Dublin  became  a  fcene  of  almoft  perpetual  negocia- 
tionX.  The  treaty  between  Ormond  and  the  Iriih 
confederates  was  by  appointment  to  be  renewed  on 
the  tenth  day  of  April.  The  confederates  wiihed  to 
gain  time  for  receiving  intelligence  from  their  foreign 
agents,  and  weakly  conceived,  that  by  delaying  their 
decifions  until  the  king  fliould  be  plunged  into  new 
and  greater  difiicuitips,  they  might  extort  more  ad- 
vantageous terms.  They  propoled  that  the  conferen- 
ces (liould  be  ftiil  further  poftponed.  The  chief: 
governour  infifted,  that  they  ihould  be  refumed  on 
the  day  appointed.  The  Iriih  agents  attended  him, 
but  not  in  fuch  a  number  as  their  powers  required. 
^A  week  was  thus  loft.  They  then  declared,  that  as 
their  general  affembly  was  to  meet  on  the  fifteenth 
of  M.iv,    they  could  conclude  nothin?  without  their 

O  o  2  approbation^ 

y  Carte,  Vol,  I.  p.  54*. 


284     HISTORY  OFIRELAND.      B,V. 

approbation  -,  that  they  were  confined  merely  to  de- 
liver their  propofitions,  and  to  debate  the  matter  of 
them,  defiring  the  beft  anfwers  that  could  be  afford- 
ed, and  promifing,  if  pofTible,  to  prevail  upon  their 
party  to  accept  them. 

Ormond,  with  more  liberal  conceptions  of  the 
king's  real  intereft,  and  greater  folicitude  for  his 
honour  than  the  unhappy  prince  himfelf  difcovered, 
concealed  the  additional  powers  he  had  received  for 
confenting  to  the  abrogation  of  the  penal  flatutcs. 
He  treated  on  the  terms  formerly  propofed,  that  the 
royal  promife  Ihould  be  given,  that  thefe  flatutcs 
fhould  not  be  executed  on  the  conclufion  of  a  peace. 
He  fatisfied  the  Irifli  agents,  that  a  fufpenfion  of, 
Poynings'  law  was  by  no  means  neceffary,  as  the 
king's  concefiions  would  be  .^onvcyed  to  tliem  with 
equal  fpeed  and  fecurity  in  the  ordinary  courfe  of 
parliamentary  proceedings.  Among  fome  new  graces 
to  which  he  yielded,  the  Irifli  were  to  be  releafed 
from  all  the  king's  rents  and  revenues  thty  had  re- 
ceived from  thefirft  infurredion  ^  and  all  attainders, 
indi(ftments,  and  autlawries  againft  any  of  their  party 
were  to  be  vacated.  It  had  formerly  been  agreed, 
that  the  king  fliould  confer  all  places  of  truft  and 
honour  in  Ireland,  with  equal  indifference  on  catho- 
lic and  proteflant  fubjeds.  By  virtue  of  tliis  agree- 
ment, the  agents  now  affe<5led  to  confidcr  it  as  a 
fettled  point,  that  the  king  ha4  obliged  himfelf  to 
employ  an  equal  number  of  each  party.  Ormond 
oppofed  this  dangerous  interpretation,  and  peremp- 
torily rejed:ed  the  demand.  Yet  with  a  due  mix- 
ture of  dignity  and  condefcenfion,  he  difmiffed  tlie 
agents  apparently  well  difpofcd  to  /peace;  and  was 
flattered  with  expedation,  ihat  their  general  alTem- 

bly 


Ch.   6.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  285 

biy  would  fpecdily  decide  in^  favour  of  the  royal  in- 
terefts. 

But  this  ailembly,  however  apparently  united  m 
one  common  eaufe,  was  compofed  of  difcordant  par- 
ties, influenced  by  various  motives,  and  agitated  by 
different  paffions.  The  Irifh  of  Ulfter  were  iliil 
confcious  of  their  enormities,  and  impatient  of  being 
difpoiled  of  their  hereditary  pofleffions.  They  were, 
of  confcquence,  obftinately  determined  againfl;  any 
peace  which  fliould  not  fully  fecure  their  perfons, 
and  utterly  fubvert  the  northern  plantations.  The 
clergy,  who  had  the  whole  commonalty  at  their  de- 
votion laboured  to  obftrudl  all  meafures  of  accom- 
modation which  might  not  gratify  the  utmoft  ex- 
travagance of  their  wifhes.  Too  ignorant  todifcern, 
and  too  feliifh  to  regard  the  real  intereft  of  their 
party,  they  entertained  their  imaginations  with  gay 
profpeds  of  riches,  power,  and  magnificence,  and 
intoxicated  their  partizans  with  declamations  on  the 
fplendour  of  religion. 

The  impatience  which  Charles  expreffed  for  a  fi- 
nal accommodation  with  the  Iridi  v/as  not  long  a 
fecret  to  their  leaders;  and  fatally  contributed  to  en- 
flame  their  pride,  and  to  defeat  the  purpofes  of  this 
mifguided  prince.  Had  he  relied  folely  on  the  mar- 
quis of  Ormond  for  negociatingnvith  the  Iriili,  the 
zeal  and  abilities  of  this  minifter,  afiiflied  by  the  more 
moderate  and  intelligent  of  the  confederates,  might 
poflibly  have  conducted  the  treaty  to  a  feafonable 
concluflon,  and  obtained  him  fuch  a  reinforcement 
from  Ireland,  as  would  have  had  an  important  influ- 
ence on  his  affairs.  But  Charles  v/as  now  unhappi- 
ly feduced  into  a  vain  dependence  on  fecret  councils 
'and  private  agents. 

Among 


2^6     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 

Among  the  moft  zealous  partizans  of  this  prince, 
was  Edward  Somerret,  lord  Herbert,  eldeft  fon  of 
the  marquis  of  Worcefler.  Attached  to  Charles 
not  only  by  principlez,  but  perfonal  affedion,  he 
had  raifed  a  confiderable  body  of  forces  for  his  fer- 
vice  at  his  own  and  his  father's  expencc.  In  return 
for  his  fervices,  a  warrant  pafTed  under  the  royal  fign 
manual  for  creating  him  earl  of  Glamorgan;  and  al- 
though his  patent  had  not  received  the  great  fca),  he 
affumed,  and  was  generally  addrelTed  by  this  title, 
even  by  the  king.  Flis  manners  were  gentle  and 
conciliating,  his  imagination  lively,  his  temper  fan- 
guine,  and  the  opinion  which  he  entertained  of  his 
own  confcquence  was  encreafed  by  fome  enormous 
inllances  of  royal  favour.  Charles,  amufed  with 
hopes  of  vad:  fervices  to  be  performed  by  this  lord, 
had  created  him  generalifiimo  of  three  armies,  Eng- 
liili,  Irifh,  and  foreign,  with  a  power  of  naming  all 
the  infericur  officers  of  this  imaginary  body.  Pie 
empowered  him  to  contrad  with  any  of  his  fubjects 
for  wardfhips,  cuftoms,  or  any  of  his  rights  and 
prerogatives  j  entruiled  him  with  blank  patents,  to 
be  filled  at  his  pleafure  for  conferring  titles  of  ho- 
jiour,  with  a  promife  of  his  daughter  EHzabeth  to 
the  fon  of  this  favourite  in  marriage,  with  a  portion 
of  three  hundred  thoufand  pounds.  He  was  a  Pvo- 
man  catholic,  and  attached  to  this  religion  with  re- 
markable zeal.  He  had  taken  to  his  fecond  wife, 
Margaret  O'Brien  daughter  of  the  late  e^rl,  and  fifter 
of  tlie  prefent  earl  of  I'homond ;  fo  that  he  had 
fome  pofTeilijns,  and  was  allied  to  fome  of  the  mod 
powerful  families  in  Ireland. 

Gl  AxMORGAN,  on  fomc  real,  or  pretended  bufi- 

nefs, 

z  Birch's  Inquiry. 


Ch.  6.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  287 

nefsS  declared  his  refolution  of  vlfiting  this  king- 
dom about  the  end  of  the  year  fixteen  hundred  and 
forty-four.  The  king  recommended  him  to  the 
lord-lieutenant,  informing  him  that  he  had  engaged 
this  lord  to  further  the  peace  by  every  poliible  means, 
exprefUng  the  utmofl  confidence  in  his  afFeiftion  and 
integrity ;  yet,  at  the  fame  time,  hinting  fomc  fuf- 
picion  of  his  judgment.  At  firft  view  it  may  appear 
extraordinary,  that  the  king  fhould  employ  a  man 
for  whofe  judgment  he  declared  he  could  not  an- 
fwer  in  a  tranfadion  which  required  the  utmoft  cir- 
cumfpe(f^ion  and  addrefs.  But,  if  we  fuppofe  him 
confcious,  that  he  might  hereafter  find  it  necelTary 
to  difavow  the  tranfadtions  of  Glamorgan,  fuch  a  pre- 
vious declaration  to  his  lord  lieutenant  is  at  once  ac- 
counted for :  it  was  made  purpofely  to  give  the  greater 
force  and  plaufibility  to  his  difavowal.  The  marquis 
received  from  his  friends  no  very  favourable  repre- 
fentations  of  Glamorgan  and  his  undertakings:  yet, 
in  his  public  difpatches'',  heexprelTeda  folicitude  for 
his  arrival  in  Ireland;  at  the  lame  time,  that  he  dif- 
claimed  a  particular  knowledge  of  any  commitlions 
or  inftrudions  he  was  to  bring:  with  him.  Thefe 
commillions,  however,  were  the  fubjedt  of  much 
difcourfe  among  the  king's  friendif.c.  The  confede- 
rate Irilh  were  filled  with  magnificent  expectations 
from  a  nobleman  of  fuch  influence  and  power,  con- 
neded  with  them  both  by  affinity^and  religion,  to  be 
fent  into  Irekind,  with  full  authority  to  hear  their 
demands,  and  to  grant  them  fuch  conditions  as  could 
not  be  yielded  by  the  intervention  of  any  other  agent, 
nor  publicly  acknowledged  in  the  king's  prefent 
embarrafiments. 

Nor 

_     a  Carte,  Orm.  Vol.  U.  No.  xiii.  b  Vol.  III.  No.  ccclxxxvi. 

c  Birch,    Inquiry. 


288    HISTO  RY  OF  IRELAND;    B.  V, 

'"'Nor  were  the  Iriili  lefs  elevated  by  the  fnccefsof 
their  embafTy  to  Rome,  and  the  attention  paid  them 
by  the  Holy  See.  Innocent  the  Tenth  was  natural- 
ly folicitous  to  diftinguifh  the  commencement  of  his 
popedom  by  fome  extraordinary  expreffion  of  zeal 
for  the  intereits  of  religion.  He  received  Belling, 
minifter  of  the  confederate  Irifh,  with  particular  re- 
fpedt;  and,  in  return  to  their  application,  refolved 
to  fend  a  nuncio  into  Ireland,  who  (hould  take  ad- 
vantage of  the  prefent  circumftances  of  this  kingdom, 
for  reftoring  and  efhiblilliing  the  Romifli religion,  and 
reducing  the  people,  if  not  tributary  to  the  apoftolic 
fee,  at  ieafc  to  be  fubjed  to  the  gentle  yoke  of  the 
pope's  fpiritual  power.  The  peribn  chofcn  for  this 
office  was  John  Battifta  Rinunccini,  archbifliop  of 
Fermod,  a  noble  Florentine,  eloquent,  graceful, 
and  conciliating  in  his  addrefs,  regular,  and  even 
auftere  in  his  life,  but  ambitious,  fiery,  and  vain, 
bigotted,  and  fuperftitious,  with  an  extravagance  of 
fpiritual  pride,  and  even  a  fanatical  prepoffefllon, 
that  he  was  the  appointed  inftrument  of  Providence 
for  the  converfion  of  the  weftern  illands. 

Among  other  inftrudtions  for  promoting  the  great 
general  purpofe  of  his  mifhon,  he  was  directed  to 
unite  the  prelates  of  Ireland  in  a  firm  declaration  for 
war,  until  their  religion  fliould  be  completely  efta- 
blilhed,  and  the  government  ofthc  kingdom  entruft- 
ed  to  a  catholic  lord  lieutenant.  In  the  mean  time, 
he  was  to  pradife  with  the  marquis  of  Ormond,  to 
prevail  on  him,  if  poflible,  to  deliver  up  Dublin  and 
Drogheda  to  the  IriQi,  and,  above  all  things,  to 
return  to  the  bofom  of  the  Roman  church.  In  his 
way  to  Ireland,  he  was  direded  to  vifit  the  queen  of 

England 

a  Carte,  Vol.  I.  p.  558, 


-V 

I 

Ch.  6.  CHARLES!.  28^ 

England  at  Paris,  to  aflure  her  that  reHgion  was  the 
fole  objedl  of  his  mrffion,  and  that  no  deiigns  were 
entertained  againft  the  prerogatives  of  the  crown  of 
England;  and,  at  the  fame  time,  todifTuade  her  from 
fortie  intention  fhe  had  expreflcd  of  going  t^  Ire- 
land, as  her  prefencc  might  emharrafs  the  rehgion- 
ifts,  and  give  ftrength  to  the  neutral  and  moderate 
party,  befides  the  expcnce  of  her  eftabhlhment, 
which  might  be  more  ufefully  employed  in  war. 

The  expe(5lation  of  two  fach  diflinguiflied  per- 
fonages  deftined  to  favour  and  fupport  the  caufe  of 
the  confederate  Irifli,  elevated  their  hopes,  and  ex- 
alted thofe  ideas  of  their  own  confequence,  which 
had  been  infpired  by  fuccefs,  and  the  condefcenfions 
of  the  king.  Their  general  affembly  indeed,  in  their 
new  feffion,  on  the  fifteenth  of  May,  received  the 
propofitions  of  the  marquis  with  fo  much  temper, 
that  the  penal  ftatutes  feemed  the  only  remaining 
obftacle  to  peace.  The  earl  of  Clanricardc  exprelTed 
his  confidence  to  the  chief  governour,  that  if  he 
would  grant  a  repeal  of  thefe  flatutes,  a  final  accom- 
modation mud  immediately  enfue,  and  that  the  Irifh 
would  at  once  embark  their  lives  and  fortunes  in  the 
royal  caufe^.  But  the  Irilli  clergy  now  fat  in  convo- 
cation, fadious,  proud,  felfiOi,  and  even  the  leaft 
exceptionableof  their  order,  zealous  to  recommend 
themfelves  to  the  pope  and  his  minifter,  by  an  ex- 
traordinary folicitude  for  the  interefts  of  the  church. 
They  declared,  that  by  the  oath  of  aflbciation,  the 
confederate  catholics  were  bound  to  ftipulate  ex- 
prefsly,  that  the  churches,  abbeys,  monafteries,  and 
chapelS)  now  in  their  pofleilion,  fhould  forever  be 
retained.  The  more  moderate  of  the  aflembly  were 
provoked.  They  demanded,  that  this  declaration, 
Vot.  III.  P  p  which 

t  Carte,  Vol.  I.  p.  543. 


290  HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

which  loaded  them  with  an  infamous  charge  of  per- 
jury, (hould  be  retracted.  After  various  ahercati- 
ops,  ;he  clergy  could  be  only  prevailed  on  to  *le- 
clare,  that  they  meant  not  to  involve  the  agents  of 
a  peace,  in  the  guilt  of  perjury,  though  no  exprcfs 
article  fhould  be  inferted  for  keeping  pofl'eflion  of  the 
churches,  provided  that  the  cffedt  Ihould  be  obtain- 
ed. With  all  the  zeal  of  men  fired  with  the  prof- 
pecfi  of  riches  and  honours,  they  thundered  the  dan- 
ger of  the  church  into  the  ears  of  their  bigotted  fol- 
lowers; they  declaimed  againft  the  impiety  of  any 
peace,  which  fhould  not  inveft  their  prelates  with 
full  jurifdidlion,  together  with  the  right  of  fitting  in 
parliament  now  ufurped  by  proteflants  :  they  taught 
them  to  combine,  to  declare,  and  to  protefl  againft 
the  prefent  treaty.  And,  although  the  aflcmbly 
pronounced  luch  proceedings  to  be  feditious  and  trai- 
terous,  yet  fo  far  were  they  influenced  by  the  cccle- 
liaflical  party,  that  they  refufed  to  reftore  the  churches 
to  the  proteflantsi  and  rejed;ed  every  expedient  pro- 
ppfed  for  rempving  this  new  obflacle  to  a  peace. 

The  battle  of  Nafeby,  fo  fatal  to  the  king's 
caufe,  ferved  to  encreafe  the  arrogance  of  the  confe- 
derates. .Inflead  of  refledling,  that  their  own  for- 
tune was  involved  in  that  of  the  king,  and  that  the 
final  triumph  of  the  popular  party  threatened  tiieir 
nation  and  religion  v^'ith  all  thel'e  confequences  which 
Charles  had  foretold,  they  imagined,  in  their  vanity 
and  prefumption,  that  they  miglit  demand  new 
conceflions,  and  extort  new  advantages  from  the 
misfortune  of  this  prince.  Their  propofitions,  with 
refpedt  both  to  their  civil  and  religious  interefl:s, 
grew  every  day  more  and  more  enormous.  They 
demanded,  that  the  plantations  formed  in  Wicklow 
andJCill^enny  fhould  be  inftantiy  abolifhed,  and  thofe 

of 


Ch.  6.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  291 

of  {till  greater  confequence  in  the  northern  province, 
fhould  be  conlidered  in  a  free  parliament,  and  all 
grievances  arifing  from  thefe  eftablilhments  examin- 
ed and  redreffed ;  that  they  fhould  retain  the  forts 
and  cities  they  polTelTed,  and  exercife  their  govern- 
ment until  all  the  articles  of  peace  were  irrevocably 
confirmed  by  an  a6l  of  parliament;  that  they  fhould 
not  only  have  an  equality  of  numbers  and  eminence 
of  places  in  all  civil  and  military  offices,  but  that  the 
king's  favour  fhould  be  manifefted  in  this  refpedt, 
by  fome  immediate  inftances;  that  they  fhould  have 
fchools  and  univerfities;  that  their  prelates  fhould 
exercife  jurifdidion  without  controul;  that  all  penal 
ftatuti;s,  whether  enaded  againfl:  recufants  by  Hen- 
ry and  Elizabeth,  or  in  earlier  reigns  againft  pro- 
vifors,  fhould  be  utterly  abolidied;  and  that  the 
churches  in  their  poffellion  Ihould  neither  be  de- 
manded nor  expe(fted. 

Charles,  in  the  firft  fhock  of  confterrtation', 
doubted  whether  his  defeat  had  not  rendered  all  Irifli 
fuccours  ufelefs  to  his  affairs  f.  He  expreffed  his 
indignation  at  thefe  extravagant  demands;  he  direcfl- 
ed  Ormond,  that  if  the  Iri(h  fhould  take  fo  unwor- 
thy an  advantage  of  his  weaknefs,  as  to  rejedl  a  peace 
on  any  other  terms,  he  fliould,  if  poflible,  procure 
a  further  cefTation;  if  not,  endeavour  to  divide  their 
party,  and  rather  leave  all  things^  to  the  chance  of 
war,  than  grant  fuch  an  allowance  of  popery  as  muft 
evidently  prove  deflrudtive  to  the  proteftant  profef- 
fion.  This  prince,  however,  flattered  himfelf,  on  re- 
colleftion,  that  Irilh  troops  might  flill  be  ufefully 
employed.  Lord  Digby  was  directed  to  write  to 
lord  Mufkerry,  and  the  other  agents,  who  formerly 
attended  at  Oxford,  to    remind  them  of  their  fair 

P  p  2  pro- 

f  Carte  X^o!.  HI.  No.  cccc. 


J292    HI  S  TO  RY  OF  IRELAND;    B.  V. 

profeffions  to  the  king,  and  to  reprcfent  the  danger 
to  their  own  party,  from  infifting  on  demands  re- 
pugnant to  his  honour  and  confciencc,  and  which  no 
extremity  of  diftrefs  ever  could  extort  from  himg* 
Ormond  briefly  ftated  the  fum  of  thofe  conceflions 
which  the  Irifh  might  expedt.  They  differed  little 
from  thofe  already  offered.  He  confented  to  a  re- 
peal of  the  penal  llatutes  enadl:ed  againit  recufants; 
and  to  convince  them  of  his  Majefty's  intenrions  to 
employ  all  his  fubjedts  of  Ireland  with  equal  indif- 
ferency,  offered  that  a  body  of  Catholics,  confifting 
of  four  thoufand  foot,  and  fix  hundred  horfe  Oiould 
be  added  to  the  king's  army  on  perfeding  the  artiv 
cles  of  peace. 

Every  poffible  contrivance  was  employed  to  delay 
the  anfwer  to  thefe  propofitions  of  the  chief  govern^ 
pur  J  for  the  earl  of  Glamorgan  was  every  day  expedl- 
ed,  and  after  elcaping  many  dangers  fromfhips  com- 
rniffioned  by  the  Englifh  parliament,  at  length  ar- 
rived in  Ireland.  On  preparing  for  his  journey  he 
had  amufed  the  king  with  magnificent  expedations\ 
He  promifed  in  the  month  of  June  to  lead  fix  thou- 
fand Jrith  forces  into  England  ;  to  reinforce  them 
with  four  thoufand  royal ifts  of  Wales ;  to  block  up 
Mi'ifcrd  Haven  with  his  tranfports;  to  advance  thirty 
thouiai.d  pounds,  v/ith  a  confiderable  quantity  of 
arms,  and  to  raife  the  fum  of  thirty  thoufand  more. 
But  he  was  detained  too  long  in  England  to  fulfil 
the.'e  valt  engagements:  nor  did  he  arrive  in  Ireland 
until  about  the  end  of  July.  Ele  was  received  by 
the  marquis  of  Ormond  with  the  attention  due  to  a 
nobleman  highly  favoured  and  entrufled  by  the  king; 
and  on  his  departure  to  Kilkenny  was'reccmmend- 
ed  to  lord  Muflcerry,  in  a   letter  from  the  marquis', 

as 
g  Vol.  I.  p.  547.     h  King's  Cabinet  opened,    i  Birch's  Inquiry,  p.  63 


Ch.  6.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  293 

as  a  perfon  whofe  authority  with  the  king,  and  whofe 
innate  nobility  might  be  efpecially  rehed  on,  and 
one  whom  the  chief  2:overnour  would  endeavour  to 
ferve  above  all  others,  in  everything  which  he  fhoidd 
undertake  for  the  fervice  of  his  Majefty;  and  with 
whom  he  would  mod  readily  a^ree  for  the  benefit 
of  the  kingdom. 

If  the  particular  inflrudions  or  commidions 
granted  to  Glamorgan  were  not  communicated  to 
the  lord  lieutenant;  it  appears,  at  leait,  from  this 
warmth  of  recommendation,  that  hs  confidered  the 
earl  as  a  pcribn  duly  authorifed  to  treat  with  th-s; 
Irifli'^.  The  Irilh  were  offended  at  that  ftatelinefs 
with  which  Ormond  conducted  their  treaty.  Their 
zealots  confidered  him  as  fccretly  difliffected,  and, 
in  conjundion  with  a  prefbyterian  council,  (as  they 
called  them)  determined  to  defeat  the  king's  hopes 
of  fuccour,  by  obflrudiing  the  Irifh  peace.  To  this 
they  attributed  every  delay  :  and  when  the  feizure 
of  the  king's  cabinet  at  Nafeby  difcovered  his  private 
inffruclions  to  Ormond,  to  conclude  a  peace  what- 
ever it  might  coif,  they  were  enraged',  and  printed 
the  letter  with  fevere  animadverfions  on  the  marquis. 
Li  fu^h  a  temper,  they  received  Glamorgan  with 
p?.rtic!dar  fatisfadtion  :  and  taking  advantage  of  the 
letter  written  by  Ormond  to  lord  Mufkerry,  afFed:- 
ed  to  conlider  it  as  a  formal  flipulation  on  the  part 
of  the  chief  govcrnour,  to  concur  with  the  earl  in 
all  his  tranfadtions,  and  to  ratify  all  his  engagements. 

Two  commiflions  from  the  king  were  produced 
by  Glamorgan  to  the  confederates^'^  The  firfl  was 
dated  on  the   fixthday  of  January,  1645,  ^^'  ^'  ^"^ 

is 

k  AphorifmicalDifcovery.  MS.  Trin.  Col.  Dub. 
1  Carte,  Vol.  III.  No.  ccccy.     m  Birch's  Inquiry, 


294     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V: 

is  thus   tranflated   from  the   Latin  of  Rinunccini's 
Memoirs. 

**  Charles  R. 

"  WHEREAS  we  have  had  fufficientand  ample 
teftimony  of  your  approved  wiidom  and  fidehty, 
fo  great  is  the  confidence  V7e  repofe  in  you,  as  that 
whatfoever  you  fliall  perform,  as  warranted  under 
our  fign  manual,  pocket  fignet,  or  private  mark, 
or  even  by  word  of  mouth,  without  larther  cere- 
mony, we  do  in  the  word  of  a  King  and  a  Chrif- 
tian,  promife  to  make  good  to  all  intents  and  pur- 
pofes,  as  effedtuaily,  as  if  your  authority  from  us 
had  been  under  the  great  (eal  of  England,  with 
this  advantage,  that  we  Ihall  efteem  ourfeif  the 
more  obliged  to  you  for  your  galantry,  in  not 
ftanding  upon  fuch  nice  terms  to  do  us  fervice, 
which  we  Ihall,  God  willing,  reward.  And  al- 
though you  exceed  what  law  can  warrant,  or  any 
powers  of  ours  reach  unto,  as  not  knowing  what 
you  have  need  of  j  yet  it  being  for  our  fervice,  wc 
oblige  ourfeif,  not  only  to  give  you  our  pardon,  but 
to  maintain  the  fame  with  all  our  might  and  power, 
and  though  either  by  accident,  or  by  any  other 
occafion,  you  iliall  deem  it  neceffary  to  depofite 
any  of  our  warrants,  and  fo  want  them  at  your 
return,  v/e  faithfully  promife  to  make  them  good 
at  your  return,  and  to  fupply  any  thing,  wherein 
they  ihall  be  found  defedtive,  it  not  being  conve- 
nient for  us  at  this  time  to  difpute  upon  them; 
for  of  what  we  have  here  fet  down  you  may  reft 
confident,  if  their  be  faith  and  truth  in  men. 
Proceed  therefore,  chearfully,  fpeedily,  and  bold- 
ly;  and  for  your  fo  doing,  this  (hall  be  your  luf- 
hcient  warrant. 

Given 


Ch.  6.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  295 

*'  Given  at  our  court  at  Oxford,  under  our  fign 
'  manu.ti  and  private  fignet,  this  12th  of  January, 
1644." 


< 


The  fecond,  more  form^ll  and  particular,  and 
that  on  which  the  earl  chiefly  refted  his  authority, 
was  dated  the  twelfth  of  the  fucceeding  month  of 
March,  when  Ormond  had  difcovered  his  relu6tance 
to  continue  in  his  office,  or  to  treat  with  the  Irifh 
on  fuch  hberal  cpnceflions  as  the  king  had  empower- 
ed him  to  grant.  It  was  conceived  in  the  following 
terms. 

"  Charles  R. 

'*  CHARLES  by  the  grace  of  God,  of  England, 
"  Scotland,  France,  and  Ireland,  defender  of  the 
faith,  &c.  to  our  trufty  and  right  well  beloved 
coufm,  Edward  earl  oi"  Glamorgan,  greeting. 
We,  repofing  great  and  efpecial  truft  and  confi- 
dence in  your  approved  wifdom  and  fidelity,  do 
by  thefe  (as  firmly  as  under  our  great  feal,  to  all 
intents  and  purpoies)  authorife  and  give  you  pow- 
**•  er  to  treat  and  conclude  with  the  confederate  Ro- 
**■  man  Catholics  in  our  kingdom  of  Ireland,  if  upon 
neceflity  any  to  be  condefcendsd  unto,  wherein 
our  lieutenant  cannot  fo  well  be  (ten  in,  as  not 
fit  for  us  at  prefcnt  publicly  to  own.  Therefore 
we  charge  you,  to  proceed  according  to  this  our 
warrant,  with  all  polllble  fecrecy  ;  and  for  what- 
foever  you  iliall  engage  yourfelf,  upon  fuch  valu- 
able confiderations,  as  you  in  your  judgment  fhall 
deem  fit,  we  promife  on  the  word  of  a  king  and  a 
chriftian,  to  ratify  and  perform  the  fame,  that 
**  (hall  be  granted  to  you,  and  under  your  hand  and 
**  feal;  the  faid  confederate  catholics  haying  by  their 

*'  fupplies 


<( 

tc 
(< 

€< 

t( 


t( 
<C 
<f 
<( 
(< 
« 
« 

« 


296      HISTORY  OFIRELAND.     B.V. 

**  fup plies  teftified  their  zeal  to  our  fervice.  And 
"  this  ihall  bs  in  each  particular  to,  you  a  iufficient 
"  warrant. 

**  Given  at  our  court  at  Oxford,  under  our  fignet 
**  and  royal  lignature,  the  12th  of  March,  in  the 
**  twentieth  year  of  our  reign,    1644." 

By  virtue  of  this  commiffion,  Glamorgan  entered 
on  a  private  treaty  with  the  confederates,  with  a  vain 
impatience  to  be  diflinguiilied,  as  the  leader  of  ten 
thoufand  Iri(h  forces,  and  the  perfon  who  was  to 
rellore  the  king  to  his  independence,  power,  and 
fplendour.  Abbati  Scarampi,  agent  to  the  pope, 
remonftrated  again  ft  the  Icheme  of  making  peace 
publicly  with  the  marquis,  and  privately  with  the 
earl,  and  of  feparating  the  religious  from  the  civil 
articles:  yet  within  about  one  month  after  his  arri- 
val the  treaty  was  concluded. 

On  the  king's  part  It  was  agreed  by  Glamorgan," 
that  all  Roman  catholics  fhould  enjoy  the  public  cx~ 
ercife  of  their  religion",  poflcfs  all  the  churches  not 
aftaally  enjoyed  by  proteftants,  exercife  their  own 
jurifdidion,  and  be  exempted  from  that  of  the  pro- 
teftant  clergy;  that  an  adl  of  parliament  (hould  be 
made  to  confirm  thefe  concethons,  and  to  render 
catholics  capable  of  all  offices  of  truft  and  dignity; 
that  the  marquis  of  Ormond  fhould  not  difturb  the 
catholics  in  thefe,  or  other  articles  to  which  the  earl 
had  condelcended,  until  his  majefty's  pleafure  fhould 
be  fignified,  for  confirming  them.  And,  for  the 
due  performance  of  all  thefe  articles,  Glamorgan  en- 
gaged the  royal  word.  On  the  part  of  the  confede- 
rates it  was  ftipulated,  that  ten  thoufand  men  fliould 

be 

n  Cox,  Append.  No.  xxvii. 


Ch.  6.  C  H  A  K,  L  E  S     I.  297^ 

be  lent  by  order  of  their  general  afTembly,  to  ferve 
the  king  in  England,  Wales^  or  Scotland,  ander 
the  co'iniand  of  the  earl,  and  fach  other  otiicers  as 
the  confederaics  (hould  appoint;  and  that tv/o thirds 
of  the  revenues  of  the  clergy  (hould  be  affigned  to 
the  maintenance  of  this  body  for  three  years* 

I M  explanation  of  thefe  articles,  the  confederates 
for  the  prcfent,  receded  from  the  demand  of  an  adt 
of  parliament  for  fecuring  the  concefTions  to  the  cler- 
gy, as  difficult  and  prejudicial  to  his  Majefty.  Gla- 
morgan engaged,  that  thefe  (hould  be  fettled  in  ano- 
ther way  equally  fecure;  and  bound  himfelf  by  oath, 
to  acquaint  the  kitig  with  his  proceedings,  "  in  or- 
**  der  to  his  fervice,  and  the  pun(?^l:ual  performance 
of  what  he  had  (as  authorifed  by  his  Majefty)  ob- 
liged himlelf  to  fee  performed;  and  in  default, 
not  to  permit  the  army  entrufted  to  his  charge, 
to  adventure  itfelf,  or  any  confiderable  part  there- 
of, until  conditions  from  his  Majefty,  and  by  his 
Majefty  be  performed."  With  an  additional  cau- 
tion, the  general  afTembly  refolved.  that  their  unioa 
and  oath  of  aflbciation  (hould  remain  firm  and  in 
full  ftrength,  until  the  articles  of  this  peace  fhould 
be  ratified  in  parliament. 

In  confequence  of  this  treaty,  which  was  con^ 
eluded  on  the  twenty- fifth  day  of  Auguft,  the  ge- 
neral afTembly,  on  the  ninth  of  the  fucceeding  month, 
pafTed  a  vote  for  levying  ten  thoufand  men  for  the 
royal  fervice  o;  and,  as  it  was  ftill  necefTary  to  con- 
tinue the  public  treaty  with  Ormond,  Glamorgan, 
who  was  impatient  for  the  honour  of  conducting 
fuch   a   reinforcement   into   England,  folicited  the 

Vol.  III.  Qj:j  marquis 

e  Carte,  Orm.  Vol.  I.  p.  552. 


(C 

tf 

tc 
ts 

<c 


298      HISTORY  OFIRELAND.     B.V, 

marquis  to  all  the  conceffions  he  was  aiithorifed   to 
grant,  and  for   the   reft  to  appeal  to  his  Majcfty. 

On  the  renewal  of  the  treaty  with  Ormond,  eve- 
ry article  relative  to  the  civil  intereft  of  the  confe- 
derates was  debated  with  due  temper,  and  adjufted 
without  difficulty.  The  proportions  with  refped: 
to  religion  were  extravagant  and  infidious,  amount- 
ing to  nothing  lefs  than  a  legal  eftablifhment,  not 
only  of  the  Romifli  wor(hip,  but  the  papal  jurif- 
didtion.  Ormond  cautioufly  oppofed  thefe  demands. 
The  Irifh  agents,  confcious  of  the  tranfadtions  with 
Glamorgan,  propofcd  that  no  claufe  in  the  treaty 
fhould  preclude  the  Catholics  from  fuch  further 
graces  as  his  Majefty  might  be  pleafed  to  grant. 
The  propofal  was  accepted.  Lord  Digby  now  ar- 
rived in  Dublin,  and  laboured  to  conciliate  the  Irilh 
and  expedite  their  fuccours.  It  was  mutually  a- 
greed,  that  all  the  proportions  relative  to  religion, 
the  great  obftacie  to  an  accommodation,  fhould  be 
referred  entirely  to  his  Majefty.  The  peace  Teemed 
on  the  point  of  final  fettlementj  the  king  every  mo- 
ment expedled  the  embarkation  of  his  Irifli  fuccours, 
when  new  difficulties  arofe,  and  the  very  means  em- 
ployed for  his  fervice,  defeated  the  purpofes  of  this 
unhappy  prince. 


CHAP. 


Ch.  7-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    L  299 

C  H  A  P.     VII. 

Rinunccinifent  to  Ireland  as  nuncio. — His  conferences 
with  the  queen  at  Farts. — ProjeBs  of  the  Englifh 
catholics. — ^he  nuncio  arrives  at  Kilkenny. — H'ls 
reception  by  the  fupreme  council, — His  conferences 
with  Glamorgan. — His  objeBions  to  the  treaty  of 
peace.-^His  praBices  with  the  popiflo  bijhops. — 
He  obtains  new  concejjions  from  Glamorgan. — Mi- 
litary affairs. — Sligo  taken. — Attempt  to  recover 
it. — Defeat  and  death  of  the  archbijhop  ofTuam. — 

^  Glamorgan's  private  treaty  difclofed. — He  is  im- 
peached by  lordDigby^  and  imprfoned . — His  exami" 
nation  before  theco^uncil. — His  conference  with  Or- 
mond. — His  liberty  demanded  by  the  fupreme  coun- 
cil.— He  is  difc barged. — His  trarfailions  difavow- 
ed  by  the  king. — T^he  kings  private  letters  to  Or- 
mond  and  Glamorgan. — Zeal  and  artifice  of  the  nwi" 
cio  in  oppofttion  to  the  peace. — Delays  and  alterca- 
tions.— New  conceffions  of  Glamorgan. — His  en- 
gagements and  promifes  to  the  7iuncio. — His  confi- 
dent affurances  to  the  king.— -Treaty  concluded  with 
the  marquis  ofOrmond. — He  is fo licit ed  to  join  with 
the  Irijh  againfl  the  parliamentarians. — His  cauti- 
ous andfpirited  anfwers.-^^The  kings  letter  from 
the  Scottifi  army, — Lord  Digbys  declarations. — 
The  peace  ratified  and  proclai/ped, — oppofed  by  the 

nuncio. — Ignorance  and  bigotry  of  this  prelate. 

He  engages  Owen  O'Nial  in  hisfervice. — Battle  of 
Benburb, Effedls  of  this  aSfion. Proclama- 
tion cf  the  peace   oppofed  in  feveral  cities. The 

adherents  of  the  peace  excommunicated. Ormond 

invited  to   Kilkenny. -Is  received  with  joy. 

PrcjcB  to  intercept  him. —He  regains  the  capital- 
Nuncio's  entry  into  Kilkenny. He  i:nprifons  the 

Q^^  2  ijicmbsrs 


300  HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

members  of  the  fupreme  council ^  and  appoints  a  new 
counciL — Fain  expeBations  of  Glamorgan  and  the 
nuncio. — Preparations  for  the  defence  of  Dublin, — 
Ormond  treats  with  the  Englijh  parliament.—-The 

confederates  innjeji  Dublin. Their  demands, 

"Their  di(l'enfons,——Digby  and  Clanricarde  praStifc 
'with  the  nuncio  and  Prejion. — Sudden  retreat  of 
the  confederates.— -Treaty  between  Clanricarde and 
Frefion. — Negociation  of  the  rnarquis  of  Ornicnd 
with  the  parliament  broken  off.  —  Ormond  reluthint- 
ly  involves  himfelf  in  the  engagements  of  Clanricarde 

— Prejion  fuddenly    reconciled  to  the  nuncio, A 

new  general  ajjembly  declares  againji  the  peace. 

Ormond  renews  his  treaty  with  the  parliament. 

Futile  attempts  of  the  confederates  to  defeat  it. 

The  parliamentarians  majlers  of  Dublin. — Ormond 
refigns  thefvoord  of  Jiate,  and  departs  from  Ire- 
land, ' 

DURING  the  whole  courfc  of  negociation,  a 
numerous  party  of  the  confederates  had  dif- 
covered  a  folicitude  to  reftore  the  public 
""peaceP.  They  faw  the  neceflity  of  fupporting  the 
king ;  were  willing  to  accept  terms  of  moderate  ad- 
vantage to  their  party;  and  contented  with  a  free  en- 
joyment of  their  religion,  without  the  fplendour  of  a 
public  eftablifhmcnt.  The  clergy  did  not  fail  to 
inveigh  againfl  this  defertion  of  the  church.  Their 
agents  at  Rome  reprefented  the  danger,  from  im- 
pious temporizers  labouring  to  conclude  a  peace 
without  due  provifion  for  the  interefts  of  religion  ^ 
and  to  avert  it,  Rinunccini  was  direded  to  harten 
into  Ireland. 

It  was  juftly  dreaded  by  the  king's  friendsq,  that 

the 

p  A.D.   1615.  q  Cartp,  Vol.  J.  p.  559. 


Ch.  7-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  301 

the  prefence  of  this  nuncio,  and  hispradiccs  with  the 
Irifh  clergy,  would  prove  a  dangerous  embarrafl'ment 
to  a  treaty  too  long  protrad:ed;  and  fufpend,  if  not 
prevent  the  fuccours  cxpeded  from  the  confederates. 
The  queen  of  Englnad  would  gladly  have  detained 
him  at  Paris  until  the  Irilli  tresity  ihould  be  con- 
cludedr.  He  had  intimated  a  defireuf  attending  her 
with  the  ufual  folemnity,  and  prefenting  his  creden- 
tials in  a  public  audience.  ,But  the  law  cf  England 
did  not  allow  the  admiffion  of  a  foreign  miniffer 
without  confcnt  of  the  king  and  council  ;  and  the 
EngliQi  proteftants  of  her  court  vv^arned  her  Majeily 
of  the  danger  of  fuch  a  viiit,  which  would  imply  a 
treaty  between  the  king  and  the  pope.  The  nuncio 
was  too  tenacious  of  the  honour  of  the  holy  fee,  to 
accept  a  private  audience  :  fo  that  their  correfpon- 
dence  was  carried  on  by  the  intervention  of  the  at- 
tendants 0:i  each  fide,  Sir  Dudley  Wyat  and  Dominic 
Spinola. 

The  nuncio  exprc^iTed  his  attachment  to  thekincr, 
?.nd,  according  to  1-is  inilrudions,  endeavouiea  to 
convince  her  Majefly  that  the  bufinefs  on  which  he 
was  to  proceed  would  prove  the  mofl  effedual  means 
cf  reftoring  his  pov/er  and  authority.  The  queen, 
with  equal  infmcerity,  declared  her  fatisfadion  at  his 
being  appointed  to  go  to  Ireland,  and  the  hopes  (he 
encertained  that  by  hismediation^a  firm  peace  would 
be  eftabhihed  between  her  royal  confort  and  the 
Irifh,  an  event  equally  neceflary  to  the  intercifs  of 
both.  She  repreiented  the  danger  to  the  Catholic 
confederates,  fhould  the  kin^^  be  totally  fubdued. 
or  forced  to  an  agreement  with  his  adverfaries. 
Hence  (lie  inferred  the  neceiruy,that  the  Iridi/hould 
pioderate  their   demands,  and  act  "  endeavour  to 

**  extcrc 

r  Birch,  Inouiry. 


302    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

"  extort  THE  WHOLE  at  once."  She  -mentioned 
her  defirc,  that  the  nuncio  (hould  flay  at  Paris  until 
the  treaty  fhould  be  finiflied ;  that  by  his  endea- 
vours with  the  pope,  he  might  have  the  honour  of 
giving  fuccefs  to  an  aftair  (o  ardently  dcfired  by  all 
the  powers  of  Europe,  whojuflly  trembled  at  the 
ruin  of  the  king  ot"  England,  and  dreaded  the  coJi- 
jundion  of  the  Englifli  parliamentarians  with  the 
Hugenots  and  Dutch,  a  conjundlion  hateful  and 
formidable  to' all  monarchies. 

This  intimation  was  enforced  by  a  memorial 
which  the  nuncio  received  from  the  catholics  of 
England.  They  had  heard  that  Sir  Kenelm  Digby 
had  been  fent  by  the  queen  to  apply  for  fubfidies  at 
Rome.  They  folicited  Rinunccini  that  thefe  fub- 
fidies ihould  be  refufed,  until  the  Irilh  /liould  re- 
ceive their  juft  demands  with  regard  to  religion,  and 
the  rights  and  interefts  of  Engli(h  catholics  be  equal- 
ly fecured.  They  propofed  to  unite  with  their  bre- 
thren of  Ireland,  ib  as  to  form  one  army  for  defence 
of  the  king  ;  but  iniifted  on  a  previous  conceffion  of 
their  demands,  and  full  fecurityfor  the  performance; 
The  king,"  faid  they  **  is  not  to  be  truded, 
wlien  his  intereil  may  tempt  him  to  agree  with 
his  parliament,  to  whom  he  hath  fo  often  folemn- 
ly  declared  his  refolution  to  confent  to  any  feveri- 
ties  againd  the  catholics.  And  that  there  can  be 
no  reliance  on  his  word,  appears  from  the  cafe  of 
the  earl  of  Strafford  and  the  bifhops,  whom  he 
facrificcd,  though  fworn  to  proted:  them." 


C( 

({ 
(< 

tt 
e< 
a 


In  this  buAIeof  negcciation,  the  nuncio  amufed 
himfelf  with  the  flattering  idea,  that  he  had  proceed- 
ed confiderably  in  the  glorious  v.'ork  of  extirpating 
the  northern  herefy,  the  obje<ft  of  his  labour:,  and 

pro- 


Ch.  7-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  303 

profefTedly  the  final  objed:  of  the  Englilh  Catholics, 
The  queen  w;^s  folicitous  for  an  abfolute  pacification 
in  Ireland,  The  Catholics  of  England  alfo,  repre- 
fented  it  as  the  firft  necefiary  ftep  to  all  their  mea- 
fures,  and  the  means  of  tranlporting  fuch  a  body  of 
Iriih  troops,  as,  in  conjundion  with  the  Englilli  of 
the  fame  religious  profcflion,  would  at  once  ferve 
the  king,  and  over-awe  him,  fo  as  to  extort  the  per- 
formance of  thofe  conditions,  which,  if  left  to  his 
own  free  choice,  he  might  not  grant.  A  fcheme 
was  now  revived,  for  transferring  the  condudt  of  the 
IriOi  treaty  to  the  queen  of  England  and  queen  re- 
gent of  France.  The  nuncio  was  thus  further  flat- 
tered at  the  profpetfl  of  that  important  part  he  was 
to  take  in  this  negociation,  and  being  regarded  as 
umpire  betwe?en  the  king  and  the  Catholic  confede- 
rates. But  the  court  of  Rome  deemed  his  prefence 
neceflary  in  Ireland,  to  preferve  the  intcrefts  of  the 
church.  He  was  repeatedly  ordered  to  proceed  on 
his  journey,  embarked,  and  arrived  at  Kilkenny  on 
the  twelfth  day  of  November,  when  the  negociati- 
on with  Ormond  feemed  haftening  to  a   conclufion. 

In  his  firft  audience  of  the  fupreme  council  he  pro- 
feiTed  the  faireft  intentions  of  promoting  the  interefts 
of  religion  and  the  peace  of  the  kingdom  C  The 
council  on  their  part  aiTured  him,  that  all  their  pro- 
ceedings fliould  be  with  his  knowledge  and  concur- 
rence. They  explained  the  feveral  conceflions  grant- 
ed by  the  lord  lieutenant  in  civil  affairs;  and  thofe 
of  a  religious  nature  yielded  by  the  earl  of  Glamor- 
gan, a  catholic  nobleman  highly  trufted,  and  duly 
authorifed  by  the  king,  to  fatisfy  the  confederates  in 
thofe  points  which  retarded  the  peace.  They  ex- 
plained the  neceffity  of  obferving  privacy  with  rcf- 

f  Carte,  Vol.  I.  p.  561. 


304     PnSTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V.' 

ped:  to  thefe  religious  conce/Tions,  until  the  king 
ijiould  be  enabled  and  eraboldened  to  avow  them. 
Some  conceffions  alfo  with  refpedt  to  religion  they 
had  endeavoured  to  obtain  from  the  marquis  of  Or- 
mond;  and,  although  they  had  not  fucceeded  to  their 
utmod  wilhes,  yet  care  had  been  taken  that  nothing 
ihould  be  admitted  into  the  public  articles  inconfill- 
ent  with  the  private  conceffions  of  the  earl  of  Gla- 
morgan. In  fuch  a  fituation,  they  obferved,  it  was 
of  the  utmofi:  importance  to  determine  what  might 
Aill  be  requifite  for  the  prefervation  of  their  religion, 
and  i'upport  of  the  king,  as  his  neceffities  were  ur- 
g7qt,  the  powcrof  the  Englifli  parliament  formida- 
ble,  and  the  cetTation  fpeedily  to  determine. 

Glamorgan  alfoaddreiTcd  himfelf  to  the  nuncio,- 
with  particular  deference  ^  He  declared  the  utmoft 
reverence  for  his  character,  a  firm  refolution  of  acft- 
ing  entirely  with  his  concurrence  and  by  his  diredi- 
on;  explained  the  nature  of  his  commiffions  to  tr^at 
with  the  Iri(h,  together  with  feveral  other  powers 
he  had  received  from  the  king,  and  which  demon- 
ftrated  the  extraordinary  confidence  his  Majefty  re- 
pofed  in  him.  He  (hewed  him  a  letter  from  the 
kinp',  fealed,  and  addrefied  to  pope  Innocent  the 
Tenth,  as  a  proof  of  his  attachment  to  the  holy  fee : 
and  to  the  nuncio  himfelf,  he  delivered  another  let- 
ter, in  which  Charles  exprefled  fatisfadtion  at  his 
'  purpofe  cf  going  to  Ireland;  defiring  him  to  unite 
with  the  earl  of  Glamorgan,  and  promifing  to  ratify 
whatever  they  fhould  jointly  refolve;  recommending 
a  punctual  obfervance  of  fecrecy,  and  afiuringhim, 
that  although  this  lettter  was  the  firft  he  had  written 
to  a  minifter  of  the  pope,  yet  he  hoped  it  would  not 
be  the  laft.     "    When   the  earl,  "  faid  he,    "    and 

**  you 

t  Birch,  from  the  Nuncio's  Memoirs. 


Ch.'y.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    t  30^ 

'*  you  have  concerted  your  meafures,  we  fliall  openly 
**  lliew  ourielf,  as  we  have  adured  him, — Your 
**  friend." 

The  only  effe6t  of  fuch  condefcenfions  was  to 
make  this  vain  ecclefiaftic  more  confident  and  af- 
fumingu.  He  objected  to  the  terms  both  of  the 
public  and  private  treaty  as  infufHcient  and  preca- 
rious. He  condemned  the  defign  of  publiHiing  the 
political  articles,  while  the  religious  were  fuppreifed, 
a  matter  of  great  fcandal  to  foreigners,  who  would 
obvioufly  conclude,  that  the  honour  and  freedom  of 
religion  had  been  facrificed  to  temporal  advantages. 
The  performance  of  thefe  religious  articles,  he  ob- 
ferved,  was  doubtful  and  infecure;  the  king  might 
be  reduced  to  an  utter  inability  of  confirming  them; 
the  earl  of  Glamorgan,  who  alone  could  inlifl  on  fuch 
a  confirmation,  might  be  fuddenly  taken  off  by 
death.  If  the  confederates  were  cautious  of  alienat- 
ing the  proteflants,  by  publifhing  the  religious  ar- 
ticles, they  fliould  b^  at  lealt  equally  cautious  of  a- 
lienartng  the  pope  and  all  chriftian  princes  by  fup- 
prefTing  them.  And  even  in  thefe  boafted  articles, 
he  obferved,  no  mention  had  been  made  of  a  catho- 
lic lord  lieutenant,  no  provifion  for  Catholic  bifhops 
and  univerfities,  no  flipulation  for  a  continuance  of 
the  fupreme  council,  or  government  of  the  confe- 
derates. The  council  endeavoured  to  obviate  thefe 
objedtions.  Various  papers  were  drawn  up,  difcuffed, 
anfwered,  without  any  effect,  but  to  confirm  the 
nuncio  in  his  own  opinion,  and  the  moderate  con- 
federates in  their  purpofe  of  an  immediate  accommo- 
dation. 

The  nuncio,  when  he  found  it  impradicable   to 

bring  the  council  into  his  own   meafures,    refolved 

Vol.  III.  R  r  t© 

u  Carte,  utfup. 


3o6     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V, 

to  give  every  oppofition  in  his  power  to  their  fenti- 
ments.  He  fummoned  the  Romiih  bifliops,  now 
at  Kilkenny,  to  a  private  meeting.  Eight  attended, 
and  joined  with  him  in  a  proteitation  againft  the 
peace,  and  a  refolutioa  to  oppofe  it.  Their  inftru- 
ment  was  not  to  be  produced,  *'  until  the  treaty 
"  ihould  be  abruptly  ov  prepojieroujly  concluded  by 
"  the  council."  Sjch  was  the  affedted  ilyle  of  their 
refolutfo"  ^  1  he  nuncio,  in  the  next  place,  ad- 
drefTed  himfelf  to  Gla  norgan.  He  gravely  obferved  \ 
that  the  king  (huuM  no  longer  be  deceived  by  he- 
retics; that  ihe  lafety  of  his  crown  depended,  next 
under  God,  on  the  pope,  and  the  union  of  all  his  j 
catholic  fubj'.dts  with  thofe  of  other  countries  j  that 
it  was  of  the  utmofl  moment  to  his  interefls  to  fe- 
cure  the  Irifh,  by  granting  all  their  juft  petitions; 
and  that  hi*  lord(hip  was  bound  to  apply  thole  ex- 
tenfive  powers  with  which  he  was  entrufted,  to  the 
fervics  of  the  king  and  monarchy,  as  well  as  to  the 
eftablifhment  of  the  orthodox  faith.  The  earl, 
whole  temper  and  underflandlng  w^ere  nearly  on  a 
level  with  thofe  of  the  Italian  prelate,  readily  yield- 
ed tothefe  inftances.  He  was  impatient  to  remove 
every  difficulty  to  his  appearing  at  the  head  of  an 
Iri{h  army;  and  his  bigotry  and  vanity  united  in 
prevailing  on  him  to  lign  an  inftrument,  by  v^ray  of 
appendage  to  his  former  treaty.  He  nov/  engaged, 
that  when  ten  thoufand  Irifh  (liould  be  fent  into 
England,  the  king  fliould  oblige  himfelf  never  to 
employ  any  but  a  catholic  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland; 
to  allow  the  catholic  bi(hops  to  fit  in  parliament, 
univerfities  to  be  eredcd  under  their  regulation,  and 
that  the  jurifdiclion  of  the  fupreme  council  fliould 
fubfift  until  all  the  private  articles  were  ratified. 

But  all  thefs  fecret  negociations  were   fuddenly 

difcon- 


Ch.  7-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  307 

difconcerted  by  a  particnlar  incident.  To  explain  it, 
we  muft  take  notice  of  fome  military  tranladiions, 
which  might  otherwife  be  difregarded. 

WhilI'  the  Irifh  confederates  were  urgent  with 
the  marquis  of  Ormond  to  declare  the  northern  co  - 
venantcrs  rebels^^  he  was  induftrious  rather  to  re- 
concile thefe  forces  to  the  king's  fervice  and  govern- 
ment. Negleded  as  they  were  by  the  Englifh  par- 
liament, they  expreffed  their  difcontents  with  fuf- 
ficient  warmth:  and  not  only  the  old  Britiili  troops, 
but  even  Monroe  and  his  Scots  lliewcd  fome  diipo- 
fition  to  unite  with  the  chief  goveniour,  upon  mode- 
rate and  realbnable  terms.  The  parliam^^nt,  alarm- 
ed at  theconfequences  of  fuch  an  union,  refolved  to 
fend  ten  thoufand  pounds,  fome  cioaths,  and  pro- 
vifions,  for  the  fervice  of  Ullter ;  and  that  a  com- 
mittee of  their  own  body  Ihould  vilit  this  province, 
examine  the  fiate  of  the  foldiery,  and  hear  their 
complaints.  In  the  mean  time,  Sir  Charles  Coote, 
their  trufty  partizan,  whom  they  had  lately  com- 
miffioned  to  command  in  Connaught,  v/as  difpatch- 
ed  v/ith  a  requifition  to  the  Britifh  generals  of  the 
North,  that  they  fhould  afllft  him  againil  the  re- 
bels in  his  government,  and  particularly  to  reduce 
the  town  of  Sligo,  their  principal  place  of  ilrength. 
After  fome  hefualion,  four  thoufand  foot  and  five 
hundred  hcrfe  were  detached  from  the  Scottish  and 
Englifl:k  forces.  They  marched  without  oppofition. 
Sligo  was  readily  furrendered  ;  and  all  the  adjacent 
counties  expofed  to  their  depredations,  to  the  ex- 
treme annoyance  both  of  the  icbels  and  the  loyal 
inhabitants.  The  earl  of  Chnricarde,  who  could 
kave  fupprelTed  thefe  outrages,  had  besn  denied  the 
prefidency  of  Connaught  on  the  death  of  lord  Rane- 
p  ^  r  2  lagh;^ 

vv  Carte,  Vo.'.  L  p.  530—537. 


3o8    HISTO  RY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

lagh  3  and,  with  an  high  fenfc  of  his  own  dignity, 
refuied  to  accept  the  miUtary  command,  under  the 
order  of  the  new  prefidents,  lord  Wilmot  and  lord 
Dillon  of  Coftello. 

I  N  this  exigence,  the  marquis  of  Ormond  com- 
mifiioned  lord  Taafe  to  fupprels  thofe  who  violated 
the  cellation,  or  broke  into  the  quarters  of  the  loyal- 
ifts  in  Connaught :  and,  with  the  afiillance  of  Clan- 
ricarde,  and  others  of  the  weftern  province,  this  lord 
proceeded  with  fuccefs.  At  the  lame  time,  the 
confederates  of  Kilkenny,  no  lefs  alarmed  and  pro-^ 
voked  at  the  hoftilitics  of  the  Northerns,  direded 
Sir  James  Dillon  one  of  their  officers,  to  march  with 
eight  hundred  men  to  the  affiflance  of  the  popifli 
archbifhop  of  Tuam,  who  was  employed  in  collect- 
ing forces  for  the  recovery  of  Sligo.  This  military 
prelate  led^he  aflault,  forced  his  way  into  the  town, 
and  was  on  the  point  of  expelling  the  Britifh  garri- 
fon,  when  his  forces  were  fuddenly  alarmed  with 
the  intelligence  of  a  flrong  northern  army  juft  ap- 
proaching. They  retired,  were  vigouroufly  at- 
tacked and  routed  by  Sir  Charles  Coote  -,  the  arch^ 
bifliop  fell  in  this  action  j  and,  in  ranfacking  his  bagr 
gage,  the  victors  found  among  other  papers  of  co^nfe- 
quence,  a  complete  and  authentic  copy  of  the  private 
treaty  which  the  earl  of  Glamorgan  had  concluded 
with  ihe  confederates,  and  in  which  was  contained  a 
diilind:  recital  of  his  commiffion,  and  of  his  oath  to 
the  confederates. 

An  acquilition  fo  important  was  inflantly  tranf- 
mitted  to  the  EngliOi  parliament.  The  papers  were 
pri)  .ed,  and  induftrioufly  difperfed,  to  the  dishonour 
of  the  king,  the  fcandal  of  his  proteftant  adherent?, 
and  the  utmofl  exultation  of  his  triumphant  enen:iies. 

Copies 


Ch.  7-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     1.  309 

Copies  were  lent  to  the  lord  lieutenant  and  lord 
Digby,  at  Dublin;  others  were  in  the  hands  of  many 
Irilh  iubjcds.  Thole  of  the  popiA  party  who  thus 
difcovered  the  fulnefs  of  the  king's  conceffions,  were 
extravagantly  elated;  the  proteftants  aftonifhed  and 
difmayed,  and  the  minifters  terrified  at  the  profpe<5t 
of  a  general  revolt  of  the  whole  party^.  The  effect 
natural  to  be  expected  from  this  difcovery,  was  no- 
thing lefs  than  that  all  good  proteil:ants,(as  lord  Dig- 
by  exprefled  it)  {hould  '*  conclude  that  the  fcandals 
^'  formerly  cafl  upon  his  Majefty  of  inciting  the 
"  Irifh  rebellion,  were  true ;  and  that  he  defigned  to 
"  introduce  popery,  even  by  ways  the  mofb  unking- 
**  ly  and  perfidious."  Something  was  neceflarily 
to  be  done  for  allaying  the  general  ferment,  and  this 
with  fuch  fpecd  as  might  manifefl  an  impatience  to 
vindicate  the  king's  honour.  So  great  a  zeal  did 
lord  Digby  exprefs  againft  the  proceedings  of  Gla- 
morgan, that  it  is  fometimcs  imputed  not  to  a  con- 
cern for  that  religion  which  he  afterwards  abandoned, 
but  to  a  finifler  defign  of  fupplanting  this  earl  in  the 
command  of  the  Iridi  troops.  He  ieduced  Glamor- 
gan to  Dublin,  under  the  pretence  of  adjufting  fome 
preliminaries  neceflary  to  the  immediate  tranl'porta- 
tion  of  three  thoafand  forces  promifed  by  the  Iriih, 
and  deftined  for  the  relief  of  Chefter.  In  a  few 
days  after  his  arrival,  he  charged  the  earl  before  the 
privy  council,  of  a  fufpicion  of  high  treafon,  and 
moved  that  his  oerfon  mic-ht  be  fecured. 

Tofupport  this  charge,  the  treaty,  the  oath,   and 

■  the  commidion  of  Glamorgan,  dated  en  the  twellth 

of  March,  were  all  read  at  the  council  boardx.   Lord 

Digby  declared,  that  any    fuch  pretended    authority 

from  his  jVIajefty  mufl  be  either  forged  or  furreptiti- 

oufly 

X  Inquiry,  p.  98    Rufivvvci-th.  y  Car^c,  Vol.  III.  No.  ccccxviii. 


3IO  HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

oufly  obtained;  or  if  pofTibly  the  earl  had  any  colour 
of  authority,  that  it  was  limited  by  fome  private  in- 
flrudions;  '*  for  moil  confident  he  was,  that  the 
**  king,  to  redeem  his  crown,  his  own  life,  the 
'*  lives  of  his  queen  and  children,  would  not  grant 
*■  to  the  confederates  the  leall  piece  of  conceffions 
"  fodeftrudive  both  to  his  regality  and  religion." 

Such  was  the  minifterial  language  ufed    to    the 
council^  yet  Digby  muft   have  been  fatisfied,  ks  he 
declared  to  fecretary  Nicholasz,  that  "  it  was  almofl  a 
**  impofiible  for  any  man  to  be  fo  mad,   as  to  enter    ^ 
**  into  fuch  an  agreement,  without  powers  from  his 
**  Majefty,"     Nor   could  Ormond   ferioully  believe 
that  the  king  was  incapable  of  granting  fuch  a  com- 
miilion    as  Glamorgan  pleaded,    or  of  ratifying  his 
tranfadions    with    the    Irifh,   when  he  confidered 
the  extent  of  thofe  powers  he  himfelf  had  receiv- 
ed   from    his    Majelty.     To   gain    the  Irilli   to  his 
fervicc,    Charles  had  at  firfl  dircdled  him  to  affure 
them,  that  the  penal  flatutes  fhould  not  be  executed.    . 
In  tjie  next  place,    he  empowered  him  to  promife, 
that  they  (liould  be  repealed  on   the  conclufion   of  a 
peace.     When  this  concefilon  proved  ineffeftual,  we  ,^ 
find  him  authorifing  his  lord  lieutenant  to  confent  to  1 
their  immcadiate  repeal;   and  that  recufants  fhould 
be  relieved  from  all  inabilities  of  enjoying  offices  of    ' 
trufl:  and  honour.     They  had  not  yet  demanded  pof- 
fcffion  cf  the  churches.     When  they  had  been  en- 
couraged toinfiff  on  this  article,  the  king,  indeed,  in 
his  public  difpatches,    urged  the    ureafonablenefs  of 
fuch   a  requifition,  and  the  impofiibility  of  granting 
it  confidently  with  his  honour  or  confcience.     Yet, 
in    a    letter    to    the    marquis  of  Ormond,  hedifco- 
vers  no  inconfiderable  pliancy  even  in   this  obnoxi- 
ous 

z  Inquiry,  p.  99. 


tc 
{< 
fe 
(f 
i: 

<( 


Ch.  7.  C  II  A  R  L  E  S     I.  311 

ous    article^.     "  You   muft   not  underhand   this", 
faith  Charles,  "  as  a  permifTion  for  you  to  grant  the 
Irifli  (in  cafe  they  will  not  otherwifs  havs  a  peace) 
any  thing  more  in  matter  of  religion,  than   what 
I  haveallowed  you  already;  except  only  in  fome 
convenient  parilh,  where  the  much  greater  num- 
ber are  papifts,  I  give  you  power  to  permit  them 
to    have    Ibme    places,    which  they  may   ufe  as 
chapels  for  their  devotion,    if  there  be  no   other 
expedient  for  obtaining  a  peace."     The   expref- 
fions  appear  cautious  and  moderate;  and  therefore, 
probably,  have  not  been  noticed   by   thofe   writers 
who   form    their  ideas   from    the   circuinftances  of 
England.     But  in  Ireland,  at  this  period,  there  was 
fcarcely  a  fingle  parifli  which  did  not  precifely  cor- 
refpond  with    the  defcription  of  the  king.     So  that 
Ormond,  had  he  proved  equally  complying  with  his 
mafter,   might,    by    virtue   of   this    authority,  have 
every   where  granted  churches  to  the  catholics,  and 
eftablilhed  their  public    v/or(hip  through  the  whole 
kingdom. 

From  thefe  circumftances,  it  fecms  improbable, 
that  Ormond  really  believed  that  a  nobleman,  who, 
he  knew,  had  been  employed  by  the  king  to  nego- 
ciate  with  the  Irifli,  whom,  in  confequencc  of  this 
know]edge,he  hlmfelf  had  recommended  to  the  Irifh, 
Ihould  forge  the  commiffion  fp^eified  in  his  trea- 
ty; or  that  he  had  tranfgrcfled  any  private  limitati- 
ons prefcribed  by  the  king,  when  the  articles  of  this 
treaty  fcarcely  amounted  to  any  thing  more  than  Or- 
mond had  himfclf  been  empowered  to  grant^  Yet, 
to  allay  the  public  ferment,  Glamorgan  was  com- 
mitted to  curtody,  and,  the  next  day,  examined  be- 
fore a  committee  of  the  council.     He  freely  confcfs- 

ed 
a  Carte,  Vol.111,  No.  cccc.    b  Carte,  Vol.  I.  p.  553.  No.  ccccxviii. 


312      HISTORY  OFIRELAND.      B.V. 

ed  the  whole  tranfadion,  referring  for  particulars  to 
the  counterpart  of  the  articles  lying  among  his  pa- 
pers, and  which  he  afterwards  produced.  He  de- 
clared, that  he  had  not  coniulted  with  any  but  the 
parties  with  whom  he  had  made  the  agreement, 
*'  that  what  he  did  was  not,  as  he  conceived,  obli- 
"  gatory  to  his  Majefty:"  to  which  he  added,  on 
recoUedion,  '*  and  yet,  without  any  juft  blemifh  of 
**  my  honour,  honcfty,  or  confcience."  He  con- 
^  ceived,  that  he  was  authorifed  by  his  commiffion  to 
conclude  the  treaty  ;  yet  he  declared,  that  he  had  not 
engaged  his  Majefcy's  faith  and  honour  further  than 
by  (hewing  his  authority,  and  depofiting  it  with  the 
confederates.  In  the  copy  of  his  oath,  as  publifhed 
by  the  Englidi  parliament,  the  engagement  was  ex- 
prelTed  with  remarkable  ftrength  and  preciiion,  that 
the  earl  fhould  not  *'  permit  the  army  entrufted  to 
"  his  charge,  to  adventure  itfeif,  or  any  confiderable 
**  part  thereof,  until  conditions  from  his  Majefty, 
'•'  and  by  his  Majefty  be  performed."  In  that  now 
prefented  to  the  council,  there  was  the  following 
material  addition — '*  or  his  pleafure  known." 

Tojuftifythe  authenticity  of  this  addition,  and 
the  truth  of  his  declarations  to  the  council,  the  earl, 
in  a  private  conference  with  the  marquis  of  Ormond, 
produced  the  original  of  a  defeazance,  figned  the 
day  after  the  ftgnature  of  his  treaty,  and  by  the  fame 
parties.  It  declared,  that  the  earl  did  no  way  intend 
by  his  engagements,  "  to  oblige  his  Majefty,  other 
tlian  he  himfelf  fhould  pleafe,  after  he  had  re- 
ceived the  ten  thoufand  men.  Yet  he  faithful- 
ly promifed  upon  his  word  and  honour,  not 
to  acquaint  his  Majefty  with  this  defeazance, 
till  he  had  endeavoured,  as  far  as  in  him  lay,  to 
induce   his    Majefty  to  grant  the   particulars  of 

**  the 


Ci 

<l 

ti 
cc 


Ch.  7.  CHARLES    1.  3i§ 

**  the    treaty:     but    that   done,    the  com mifii oners 
"  diicharged  the  earl  of  Glamorgan,  both   in  ho- 
**  nour  and  confcience  of  any  farther  engagement 
''  to    them   therein,    though   his    Majefty    fhould 
**  not    be    pleaf-^d    to    grant    the  faid  particulars: 
"  the  earl,  at  the   fame  time,  engaging  by  his  vo- 
''  luntary  oath,  never  to  difcovef  this  defeazance  in 
**  the  interim  to  arty  perfon  whatever,  without  con- 
*•  fent  of  the  commiflioners."     As  he  had  depofited 
the  commillion  quoted  in  his  treaty    with  the  con- 
federates, he  produced  that  other,  and  more  general 
letter,  dated  on  the  twelfth  of  January:  and  which, 
with  injundions  of  fecrecy,  he   permitted    Ormond 
to  copy.     He  utterly  denied  that  he  had  received  any 
particular  inllruftions  from  the  king,  by  which    he 
might  be  directed  or  limited  in  his  ncgociation.    He 
declared,  that  he  had  aded  entirely  from  a  zeal  for 
the   fervice  of  his   Majefty,    to  accelerate   the   Iri{h 
forces,  without  obliging  the  king  to  any  particular 
articles  which  he  might  difapprove;  and  fromv/hich, 
poilibly,  the  confederates  might  recede,  rather  than 
recal  their  men  when  already  landed  in  England.   I(; 
doth  not  appear,  that  he  confeffed  to    Ormond  his 
tranfaftions  with  the   nuncio,  and   the  extravagant 
concedions  to  which  he  had  been   feduced  by    this 
prelate,  or  that  thefe  were  at  all  communicated  even 
to  the    confederate  commlilioners.     One  paper  he 
fent  for  to  Kilkenny,  to  the  grea~t  alarm  of  the  con- 
federates, who  apprehended,  that  the    difcovery  of 
it  would  produce  dangerous  diltradlion  in  their  pro- 
ceedings.    This,  however,  hefecreted;  fo  that  the 
whole  of  his  tranra;ftion3  remains  ftill  unknown"*. 

Vol.  Ilf.  S  f  tM 

*  Mr.  Carte  has  inattentively  hazarded  a  conjedture,  whether  tht 
fecrfcted  paper  might  not  have  been  the  duplicate  of  Glamorgan's  trea- 
ty, or  the  defeazance.     Of  both  thefe  Ormond  was  furniflied  with 

copies; 


314  HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

In  his   confinement,  Glamorgan   dlfcovered   ro 
part  of  that  dejedtion  or  terrour^natural  from  a  con- 
icioufnefs  of  fraud,  forgery,   or   any  unwarrantable 
tranfadion.     On  the  other  hand,  to  his  wife  and  to 
his  friends,  when  writing  or  fpeaking  with  the  ut- 
moft  confidence,  he  exprefied   even   a  contempt  of 
Digby's  accufation.     The  intelligence   of  his   im- 
prifonment  was  received  at  Kilkenny  with  indigna- 
tion and  rage.     The   more   violent  clamoured  for 
■arms,  and  were  for  inftantly  demanding  him  at  the 
walls  of  Dublin*^.'     The  fupreme   council   laboured 
to  allay  this   flame;   but  were  obliged  to  fiimmon  a 
new  general  afi^embly.     The   aflembly,  after  a    few 
days  recolle(!;iion,  feemed  convinced  that  all  the  fc- 
verity  expreffed  againll:  Glam.organ    was   difiembled, 
and  that  the  government  could  not   really  entertain 
a  doubt  of  his  innocence.      For  they  applied   to  the 
lord  lieutenant,  not  that  the  charge  againft  this  earl 
ihould  be  examined,  but  that  he  fliould  be  immedi- 
ately releafed ;  as  three  thoufand   men    v/ere   ready 
to  embark   for   the  relief  of  Chefter,   and  nothing 
wanting  but  tranfports,  for  which   Glamorgan    had 
contracted i   but  neither  the  expedition,  nor  the  trea- 
ty of  peace,  could  proceed  until  he  fhould  be  fet  at 
liberty.     The  lord  lieutenant  and  council,  as  if  per- 
fuaded  that  enough  had  been   already  done  to  vindi- 
cate the  king's  honour,  and  that  his   prcfent  fervice 
might  be  injured  by  continuing  their  affeded  refent- 

ment 

copies.  Itisnot  impofiible,  but  it  might  have  contained  fome  arrange- 
ments refpeding  the  intended  expedition  into  England;  and  poflibJy 
a  romination  of  officers.  This,  if  prematurely  difcovered,  mufthavc 
offended  many  of  their  party,  who  found  themfelves  ueg\e£ied,  or  not 
promoted  according  to  their  notions  of  their  own  defert.  And  hence 
might  have  arifen  the  apprehcnfions  of  the  confederates,  that  the  dif- 
Covery  of  this  paper  would  produce  dangerous  diflradtion  in  their  pro- 
ceeding's. 

«  Inquiry,  p,  iq^-^i^.  d  Carte,  Vol.  !•  P-  S^^' 


Cli.  7-^  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    L  315 

ment  againft  Glamorgan,  began  now  to  fpeak  more 
tenderly  of  his  offence.     They  imputed  it  to  an  in- 
judicious zeal  for  the    intereft  or  the  crown ;  they 
accepted  fureties  for  his  appearance ;  they  difmiffcd 
him  to  Kilkenny  ;  and,  with  a  confidence  not  to  be 
repofed  in  any  man  really  fufpeded  of  high  treafon, 
they  commillioned    him  to  treat  with  the  confede- 
rates for  the  tranfportation  of  forces  to  Chefter,    for 
the  remittance  of  three  thoufand  pounds  to  Dublin 
to  fiipply  the  king's  army,  and  fur  haftening   their 
agents  to  conclude  the  treaty  fo  long  depending  with 
the  marquis  of  Ormond* 

H  E  was  fuccefsful  only  in  the  laft  particular.  Or- 
mond was  attended   by  two  principal  agents,  Darcy 
and  Browne.      He  had  already  offered  the  civil  ar- 
ticles of  peace   in    the   very  terms  propofed  by  the 
{Confederates ;  and,  on  the  firft  imprifonment  of  Gla- 
morgan, tranfmitted  them  to  Kilkenny,  to  preventany 
dangerous    irapreflion  from  this  incident.    Nothing 
more   feemcd  neceffary  than   to  prepare  the  inflru- 
ments  to  be  laid  before   the  general  affembly  for  a 
formal  approbation.     But  new  occafions  of  oppofi- 
tion,    and    new  difficulties  arofe   in   this  affembly. 
Lord   Digby  had  protefted    with  vehemence  againft 
the  religious  articles  granted  by  the  earl  of  Glamor-* 
gan«.     The  king  difavowed  them  in  his  declaration 
to  the  Englifli  parliament.     Pie  profeffed,  that  as  the 
earl  had  offered  to  raife  forces  in  Ireland  for  his  fer- 
vice,   he  had  a  commiffion   to  that  purpofe,  and  to 
that  purpofe  only  ;    none  to  treat  of  any  other  mat- 
ter  without  the  privity  and  direvitions   of  the  lord 
lieutenant,  **  much  lefs  to  capitulate  any  thing  con- 
"  cerning  religion^."     In  a   letter  to  the  lord  lieu- 
tenant  and  council  of  Ireland,    he  declared,  that  as 

Sf2  the 

€  Ruihworth.  f  Carte,  Vol,  III,  No,  ccccxxv. 


3i6     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 

the  peace  could  not  be  obtained  but  by  fome  indul- 
gence to  the  catholics,  in  point  of  freeing  them  from 
the  penalties  impofed  on  the  exercife  of  their  religion, 
and  as  fuch  indulgence  in  a  public  tranf4(-lion  might 
haply  give  fcandal,  he  had  therefore  privately  in- 
truded his  lieutenant  to  aflure  the  catholics,  in  a 
lefs  public  way,  of  exemption  from  thefe  penalties, 
and  of  fuch  other  graces  as  might  be  afforded,  witli- 
out  blemidi  to  his  honour  and  confcience,  or  preju- 
dice to  his  proteftant  fubjecls  ;  that  he  had  informed 
the  earl  of  Glamorgan  of  thefe  fecret  inftrudtions  ; 
that  knowing  his  intereil  with  the  cathoHc  party,  he 
thought  he  might  be  of  ufe  in  perfuading  them  to 
moderation,  and  to  reft  fatisfied  with  thefc  concef- 
fions  j  that  he  had  ftridly  confined  him  to  thefe,  and 
to  adl  nothing  but  by  diredions  ol'  the  lieutenant. 
To  this  end,  and  with  fuch  limitations,  "  it  is  pof- 
*'  fible,"  faid  Charles,  "  we  might  have  thought  fit 
*'  to  give  the  earl  of  Glamorgan  fuch  a  credential, 
^'  as  might  give  him  credit  with  the  Roman  catho- 
*'  lies  in  cafe  you,  the  lieutenant^  (liould  fiiid  occa- 
**  iion  to  make  ufe  of  him,  as  a  farther  affurance  to 
^*  them  of  what  you  flaould  privately  promife  ^  or, 
^^  in  cafe  you  fliould  judge  it  necefiary  for  their 
?'  greater  confidence  to  manage  thofe  matters  apart 
?^  by  him.'*  This  \ie  declares  to  be  all,  and  the 
very  bottom  of  what  he  might  have  pofiibly  intruft- 
ed  to  the  earl  in  this  affair,  expreffes  his  regret  that 
he  had  not  employed  a  wifer  man,  repeats  his  affur- 
?ince,  that  as  he  had  not  much  regard  to  the  abilities 
pf  Glamorgan,  he  had  bound  him  to  take  diredions 
from  the  lieutenant  both  in  the  matter  and  m.anner 
of  his  negociation  i  and  commands  that  lord  Dig-, 
Jw's  charge  be  thoroughly  and  diligently  profecuted. 


f^j  the   very  time  of  writing  this  public  letter 


Ch.  7-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    L  317 

Charlesg,  by  another  to  the  marquis  of  Ormond> 
privately  dired:ed,  that  the  execution  of  any  lentence 
againfl  Glamorgan  fliould  be  fufpendcd;  as  themif- 
fortune  he  had  brought  on  all,  proceeded  from  mif- 
guided  zeal,  rather  than  malice.  And,  however,  he 
affed:ed  to  lament  that  v/ant  of  judgincnt  to  whicii 
he  imputed  the  obnoxious  proceedings  of  the  earl, 
and  however  he  condeamed  his  precipitate  ncgleit 
of  inftrud:ions,  in  ading  without  the  advicq  and  con- 
currence of  the  marquis's  yet  he  contrived  to  con- 
vey fecretly  to  Glamorgan  repeated  affurcinces  of  his 
confidence  a-.id  friendihip,  But  the  confederates 
were  not  informed  of  thefe  piivate  letters:  probably 
they  knew  of  nothing  more  than  that  peremptory 
difavowal  of  the  carl's  treaty,  which  Charles  had 
found  neceilary  to  make  to  his  parliament:  an  inci- 
dent at  winch  the  more  violent  affedtcd  the  utmoft 
confternation,  and  which  difcouraged  and  embarrafl- 
ed  thofe,  who  oppoied  the  extravagances  of  the 
clergy  and  their  favourite  nuncio. 

•  This  prelate  had  for  fome  time  laboured  indefa- 
tigably  to  oppofe  any  accommodation',  but  on  terms 
of  enormous  advantage  to  the  intereftsof  the  church. 
The  popifn  clergy  were  ail  at  his  entire  devotion, 
except  fomc  bifhops  whom  age  had  rendered  mode- 
rate, and  fome  regulars,  who,  by  their  mitlion, 
were  independent  of  his  authority.  With  fuch  aV- 
fiftants,  he  was  confident  and  prefmnptuous,  indif- 
ferent to  the  interefts  of  the  king,  zealous  for  thofe 
of  his  own  order,  anden?ai>ed  entirely  on  the  fantaf- 
tical  delign  of  eltabliriiing  the  Catholic  worihip  in 
all  its  dignity  and  magnificence.  To  counteradt 
the  fchemes    of  thofe  confederates   wlio  v/illied  to 

make 

g  Carte,  Vol.  II.  Append.  No.  xxili.         h  Inquiry  Harlc.'a  i.  MSS, 
i  Carte,  Vol.  I.  p.  565. 


^iS    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

make  peace  on  fuch  terms  as  might  fecure  the  tole- 
ration, v/ithout  the  eftablilliment  of  their  religion, 
he  produced  the  plan  of  a  treaty  faid   to   be  framed 
by  the  pope,  and  tranfmitted  by  his  nephew,   cardi- 
nal Pamfilio.     It  confirted  of  extravagant  provifions 
for    the  church,      Rinunccini    v/as    empowered  to 
make    fuch    additions   as    he  fiiould  think    proper: 
his  additional  articles  were    ftill  more  extravagant  j 
and  the  vybole  colIe£lion  of  abfurdity  and  prefunip- 
tion  Vv'as  prefcnted  as  a  treaty  already  formed  and  de- 
termined at   Rome,  though   not   approved    by   the 
queen,   nor  ligned  by  his  agent  Sir  Kenelm    Digby. 
He  collected  his  chrgy,  and  eafily  prevailed  on  them 
to  fign  a  protertation  in  favour   of  this   treaty.      He 
recommended  it  to  the  general  aflembly,  as  the  only 
plan  on  which  their  rights  and  interefls  could  be  ef- 
fedually  fecurcd  :  he  exhorted    them  to  wait  the  ar- 
rival of  the  original  articles ;  in    the  mean  time,    to 
jirolong  the  ceiTation,  and  to   fend  their    forces   for 
the  relief  of  Chefter.     He  v^rought    with  equal  af- 
fiduity  to  gain  Glamorgan  to  his  projed.     This  earl, 
who,  from  his  converlaticn  with   the    miniiters    in 
Dublin,  had  adopted  what  were  called    among   his 
alTociates    the    fcntiments   of   moderation,  declared 
loudly,  for  a  fpecdy  concluficn    of  the   civil   articles 
with  Ormond,  and  for  confidering  his  own  feparate 
treaty  as  a  fufficient  fecurity  for  the  ccclefiaftical  in-; 
tcrcits.     His  inftability,  and  impatience  to  lead  an 
firmy  to  the  relief  of  his  royal  mailer,  now  difpofed 
him  to  comply  with  the  nuncio'^'.      He  wrote  to  the 
marquis,  that  **  the  effctis  of  his  fecrct  endeavours  J 
*'  ablblutely  vaniOied,  when    a    more   advantageous 
*'  peace  was  ofix^red  by  the  munificent  and  powerful 
''hand  cf  her  Majefly;"  aflured  him,  "  that  it  was 

"  ofi 

k  Birch's  Inquiry,  p.    159. 


(t 
ft 


Ch.  7.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     I.  319 

*'  of  the  utmoft  Importance  to  the  king  and  king- 
"  dom,  that  no  caufe  of  ofF-nce  Hiould  be  given  to 
"  the  pope's  nuncio  >"  infmuating  the  necefTitv  of 
treating  with  him  in  his  own  manner,  and  on  his 
own  terms.  *'  But  fince  the  high  poO,"  faid  he, 
*'  which  you  hold,  and  the  difference  of  rehgion, 
*'  will  not  permit  your  excellency  to  engage  opcnlv 
''  in  this  affair,  I  believe  it  would  not  be  at  all  in>- 
*'  proper  for  you  to  delegate  that  office  to  others, 
with  whom,  if  your  excellency  (halijoin  mc,  who, 
though  unequal  in  other  refpeds,  am  inferiour  to 
none  in  friendlhip  and  regard  for  you;  I  doubt  not 
**  that  we  fljall  in  a  few  days,  and  even  a  few  hours, 
**  obtain  of  the  nuncio  whatever  Ihall  be  thought 
**  reafonable  and  honourable  for  his  Majefty;  myTelf 
"  alone  having  by  the  intereft  and  good  will  of  the 
*'  nuncio,  gained  this  point,  that  three  thoufand 
**  foldiers  are  deligned  to  be  fent  to  the  relief  of 
"  Chefter;  and,  to-morrow  or  next  day,  he  is  to 
*'  have  the  chief  management  of  that  propofal  in  the 
**  general  alTembly." 

The  ilyle  of  this  letter  feems  to  imply  a  con- 
fcioufnefs  in  GJamorgan,  that  his  powers  from  the 
king  were  genuine  and  authentic.  The  anfwer  of 
the  marquis  of  Ormond  fcems  alfo  inconnjflent  with 
a  real  perfuafion  that  the  earl  v/as  not  duly  authc— 
rifed  to  treat  with  the  confederates.  He  cautiouOj 
declines  engaging  in  any  negociation  foreign  to  the 
powers  he  had  received ;  exprefies  his  total  ignorance 
of  any  grounds  for  the  expectation  of  advantageous 
conditions  by  means  of  her  Mijefty'.  *•  My  af- 
fcdions  and  intereft,"  faith  he,  *'  are  fo  tied  to  his 
*'  Majefty's  caufe,.  that  it  were  madnefs  in  me  to 
**  difgufl  any  naan  that  hath  power   and  inclination 

1  Carte,  Vol.  III.  Nj.  ccccxxviii 


320      HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.  B.V. 

**  to  relieve  him  in  the  fad  condition   he  is  in  ;  and,  ' 
**  therefore,  your  lordnii{3  may  fccurcly  go  on  in  the 
**  way  you  have  propofed    to    yourfelf  to  ferve    the 
**  king,   without  fear  of  interruption  from  me,  or  fo 
**  much  as  inquiring  into  the  means  you  work  by." 

While  the  nuncio  exerted  himfelf  v/ith  fuch  vi- 
gour in  favour  of  a  treaty",  which  probably  had  no 
exigence  but  in  his  oWn  heated  imagination  5  while  he  ' 
ventured  to  aiTure  the  general  af]embly,  that  the  ori- 
ginal of  this    treaty  was  daily  exped:ed  from   Rome 
by  the  hands  of  bir  Kenelni  Digby ;  the  more  fenfible 
and   moderate    of  this  ■  allembly  contended  for   the 
fpeedy  conclufion  of  the  treaty  with  the  marquis  of 
Ormond.    They  urged  the  condefceniion  of  the  king 
in  granting  all  their  temporal    conditions :    that  in 
fpirituals,     nothing  was  wanting  but  the  pomp   and 
odentP.tion  of  public  worfliip,  and  an  eftablifhed  hi- 
erarchy.    The  circumftsnces  of  the  king,  they  ob- 
ferved,    could    not  admit  any    further    conceffions: 
they  Hiould  rely  on  his  inclinations  manifeded  by  the 
earl  of  Glamorgan,  and  otherwife.     The  pope  him- 
felf  had  declared,     that  a    connivance    was    all  that 
could  at  prefent  be  reafonably  demanded  for  their  re- 
ligion.    One    ccclcfiaftic  attefted  the  reality  of  this 
declaration;  another,  with  a  virulence  intolerable  to 
the   nuncio,    maintained   that   his  tale  of  a  Roman 
treaty  was  a  flander  on  the  queen,    an  impofition  on' 
the  Iri(h,   purpolely  devifed  to  ruin  the  king,   and  to 
prevent  the  peace.     Others    again,  with  greater  in- 
dulgence to  this  intradable    prelate  obferved,   that  a 
conclusion   of  the  civil  articles  could    be  of  no  pre- 
judice to  any  ecclefiaftical  peace  framed  by  the  pope; 
lince  it   was   provided,    that  all  things  lliould  ftand 

good 

m  Carte,  vol.  I.  p.  564. 


<r1 


Ch,  7.  CrtAkLESt.  3^f 

good  which  the  king  might  grant  in  point  of  religi-» 
on,  by  the  intervention  of  any  perfon  whatever. 

In  the  midft  of  thcfe  delays  and  altercations,  the 
impatience  of  the  earl  of  Glamorgan  was  redoubled.; 
He  flew  from  one  party  to  another,  attempted  to 
moderate  the  violence  of  each,  profeffed  the  warmeft 
attachment  to  the  nuncio;  figned  an  inftrument* 
whereby  he  engaged  in  the  king's  name  to  ratify  the 
Roman  treaty,  provided,  that  if  the  original  articles 
fhould  arrive  by  the  firft  day  of  May,  his  inflrument 
Should  be  void  ;  and,  in  the  mean  time,  kept  fecret, 
unlefs  the  political  peace  with  Ormond  fhould  be 
publilhed  before  that  day.  The  nuncio  yielded  to 
thefe  condefcenfions  of  Glamorgan.  They  figned  a 
convention  with  fome  deputies  of  the  general  afTem- 
bly,  whereby  it  was  ilipulated,  that  the  cefTation 
fhould  continue  to  the  firfl:  of  May;  that  if  the  ori- 
ginal of  the  pope's  treaty  were  not  then  produced, 
the  nuncio  (liould  ratify  what  he  and  Glamorgan 
fhould  agree  upon;  that  the  political  treaty  v/ith  the 
lord  lieutenant  fhould  proceed,  provided  that  no- 
thing lliould  be  concluded  or  published,  no  alteration 
of  civil  government  attempted,  nor  any  thing  in 
prejudice  to  theprefent  tranfadion.  From  the  readi- 
nefs  of  Glamorgan's  concefTions,  Rinunccini,  flill 
fujpecled  his  fincerity.  He  flill  dreaded,  that  the 
carl  might  unite  with  Ormond  in  oppofuion  to  a 
treaty  received  from  the  pope.  To  remove  fuch 
impreiiions,  the  earl,  by  a  voluntary  oath,  engaged 
to  fuppcrt  the  nuncio  and  his  meafures  againd  the 
partizans  of  Ormond,  and  all  others ;  he  declared  his 
refolution  of  going  to  France,  to  procure  tranfports 
for  fuch  forces  as  fhould  be  provided  for  the  king;; 
he  amufed  the  vain  prelate  with  promifes  of  vaft 
military  {lores,  together    with    a  confiderable  navy, 

Vol.   in,  T  t  to 


22^      HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.  B.V, 

to  be  entirely  at  his  devotion  and  command.  The 
fufpicions  of  the  nuncio  were  thus  quieted:  he  ex- 
horted  the  general  aiTembly  to  proceed  in  their  pre- 
parations for  peace  and  war  j  and  Glamorgan  hafied 
to  Waterfordjto  attend  the  embarkation  of  the  troops 
deftined  for  the  relief  of  Chefter,  when  this  city 
had  already  furrendered  to  the  parliament. 

The  earl  was  ftlU  polTeiTed  with  apprehenfions  of 
the  inftabiiity  of  the  nuncio",  and  the  oppofition  he 
might   llill  make    to  the  defign  of  fending  effedual 
fuccours  to  the  king.      From  Waterford  he  repeated 
his  zealous  affurances  of  attachment,  and  his  magni- 
ficent promifes  to  this  prelate.     He  offered  to  make 
ufe  of  his  pcv/ers  of  conferring  titles  ;   and  to  create 
one  earl,  two  viicounts,  and  three  barons,  at  the  no- 
mination of  the  nuncio,  fo  as  to  enable  him  to  gratify 
his  Irjfh  friends,  and  ftrengthen  his  partyo.      At  the 
fame  time,    in  a  ftrain  of  perfect  confidence,  he  af- 
fured    the  unhappy  Charles,  that  ten  thoufand  men 
fhould  fpecdily  be  tranfported   for  his  fervice ;    and 
that,  his  Majefty  remaining  flill  conflantin  a  favour- 
able   opinion  and  right   interpretation  of  his  poor 
endeavours,    he    doubted   not  of  procuring  him  to 
be  a  glorious   and  happy  prince.     The  publication 
of  the    king's    mefiage    to    parliament,   in    which 
Glamorgan's   private    treaty  was  difavowed,  feem- 
ed  fc^rcQly  to  damp    the   confidence  of   this  lord; 
however,  it  furprifed  and  confounded  the  confede- 
ratesP.  He  reprefented  it  as  **  a  forced  renunciation:" 
he  declared.,  that  the  king   had  exprefsly  intruded 
him,  that  **  if  by  sny  unfortunate  accident  he  fiiould 
"*  be  involved  in  counfcls  apparently" contrary  to  the 
**  powers  granted   to   his  lordihip,  that  he   fliould 
*'  confider  them  only  as  an  additional  motive  to  haf- 

"  tea 

n  Carte,  Vol,  I.  p.  565.  o  Rufliv\'Orth,  Inquiry,  p.  i8|.  p  Ibid.  p.iS8-' 


Ch.  7.  CHARLES!  323 

"  ten  to  the  fuccour  and  refcue  of  his  rovcreign:" 
he  I'poke  with  cafe  and  affj ranee  of  the  military 
iiores,  fubfidies,  and  tranfports  h^;  was  to  procure  by 
his  negociations  on  the  continent,  and  required  on- 
ly that  he  might  find  an  army  ready  on  his  return. 

While  the  earl  of  Glamorgan  was  thus  prepar- 
ing^ for  an  embarkation  never  to  be  efFefted,  and  in- 
da:ged  his  imagination  ^  with  fplendid  proje(fts  never 
to  be  executed,  the  fupreme  council  of  confederates 
was  engaged  in  the  final  fettlement  of  their  treaty 
Avith  the  marquis  of  Ormond.  The  articles  to  which 
he  had  afTentcd  appeared  fo  latisfattory  to  the  general 
alTTnibly,  that  even  their,  prelates  concurred  in  ac- 
cepting and  approving  them.  It  had  indeed  been 
formerly  flipulated  with  the  nuncio,  that  no  peace 
fhould  be  concluded  until  the  firfl  day  of  Ivlay;  but 
the  new  general  affembly,  convened  on  the  lixtb  of 
March,  did  notconfider  themfelves  as  bound  by  this 
convenfion.  Their  former  agents  v/ere  commiffion- 
ed  to  conclude  the  treaty  ;  and,  in  defiance  of  the 
proteflation  thundered  by  the  nuncio,  againft  their 
further  proceeding,  the  treaty  was  concluded  on  the 
twenty-eighth  of  the  fame  months  It  was  attend- 
ed with  a  conditional  obligation,  whereby  the  king 
was  dilengaged  from  all  his  conccfhons,  unlefs  thofe 
fccours  were  obtained,  which  v.'here  the  great  pur- 
pofe  and  final  objedt  of  his  negociations  with  the  Irilh, 
The  confederates  engaged  to  tranfport  fix  thoufand 
foot  well  armed  and  provided,  by  the  firftday  of  April, 
and  four  thoufand  more  by  the  firft  of  the  enfuing 
month.  In  the  mean  time,  the  treaty  was  to  be  de- 
pofited  in  the  hands  of  Clanricarde  (now  created  a 
marquis,)  as  an  inftrument  of  no  force  until  thefe 
troops  fhould  be  fent  awav.     It  was  agreed,  that  the 

T  t  2  peace 

q  Carte,  Vol.  p.  <66,  t  A.  D.  1646. 


324  HISTORY  OF  IREL  AND.    B.  V. 

peace  fhould  be  publiilied  with  all  due  folemnity  on 
the  hrft  of  May.  But  if  the  troops  were  not  fent  at 
the  times  appointed,  (unlefs  prevented  by  fome  un-^ 
avoidable  impediment,  or  reafonable  caufe,  to  be 
allowed  by  the  marquis  of  Ormord,)  the  articles 
were  to  be  confidered  as  of  no  efFed:,  and  the  coun- 
terparts to  be  mutually  reflored  to  the  refpedivc  par- 
ties*. 

Thus  far  was  a  treaty  brought  to  final  conclufi- 
on,  which  the  pride,  the  improvidence,  and  the 
bigotry  of  the  Irifli  had  protracted,  until  the  king 
liad  no  appearance  of  an  army  left  in  England,  and 
utterly  delpaired  of  any  further  oppofition  to  his  ene- 
mies. The  In(h  fuccours  which  he  laboured  to  pro- 
cure, by  a  feries  of  difgraceful  conceflions,  could  now 
Icarcely  be  employed  to  any   effedual   purpofe    in 

England. 

•  The  articles  of  this  treaty  are  too  numerous  to  be  detailed.  But 
their  general  tenour  may  be  fufficiently  collefted  from  the  grievances 
pleaded,  and  the  propofitions  offered  at  different  times  by  the  Irifli. 
[Nothing  was  ftipulated  wiih  refpeft  to  religion,  but  that  Catholics 
lliould  be  exempted  from  taking  the  oath  of  fupremacy,  on  fweating 
allegiance  according  to  a  new  form.  With  refpeft  to  the  quellion  of 
the  independency  uf  the  parliament  of  Ireland  on  that  of  England,  a 
new  conceffion  was  made  to  the  confederates.  Inftead  of  leferring  it  to 
both  legiflaturcs,  as  was  formerly  propofed,  it  was  now  "  accord-, 
••  cd  and  agreed,  that  his  Majefty  will  leave  both  houies  of  par- 
^*  liameni  in  this  kingdom  [Ireland]  to  make  I'uch  declaration  there- 
f  in,  as  ftiall  be  agreeable  to  the  laws  of  the  kingdom  of  Ireland." 
"Vide  Cox.  Appendix.  No.  xxiv.  p.  97. 

But  of  all  the  articles  of  this  treaty,  that  which  llrikes  a  reader  of 
England  with  iurprize  and  contempt,  is  one,  which  provides,  that  the 
old  adls  of  the  Irifli  parliament  prohibiting  plowing  by  horfe  tails,  and 
turning  oats  in  the  fcravv,  fl^.all  be  repealed.  This  is  fcmetimes  afcribtd 
to  a  ridiculous  prediledlion  and  adherence  to  the  old  barhaious  cuftom^ 
pf  the  country.  But  this  matter  hath  been  already  exjilaincd  in  the 
leign  of  James.  The  objedion  to  thcfe  ads  was,  that  the  pcnaiues 
vyhich  they  in  Aided  uiD  kot  anfvver  the  purpofe  of  the  Icgillature, 
'piD  NOT  tend  to  reformation,  but  rather  to  encourage  and  pcr^.etu- 
iuc  a  barbarirai  which  brought  in  a  regular  xeveiuie  to  the  crovva. 


Ch.  7-  CHARLES     1.  325 

England^".     Charles   was  reduced  to  the  melancholy 
device  of  applying   them  to  the  redudion  of  Ireland 
to  his  obedience,    which   might  at  leaft,  afford  him 
a  fecure  retreat,  if  his  other  kingdoms  could  not  be 
recovered.      Ormond   was  not    yet  authentically  in- 
formed of  the  king's  extreme  dirtrefs.     He  gave  the 
necefl'ary  orders  for  the  firft  embarkation  of  fix  thou- 
fand  men.     But  the  Iriih  confederates  were  no  ftran- 
gers  to  the  general  ftate  of  affairs  in  England.    They 
confidered  the   great  difficulties   and   dangers  of  an 
Engliih  expedition,  without  any  certain  landing-place 
to    receive,    or   any   cavalry  to    fupport    their  men. 
Glamorgan,  who,  in  conjunction  with  the  marquis 
of  Antrim^     had   engaged    for    tranfports  could   not 
provide  them  at  the  lime  appointed.     The  confede- 
rates, therefore,    chofe  to  employ  their  forces  againft 
Inchiqum  and  the  parliamentarians  cf  Munfler.  They 
repreiented    the   necelhty  of  this  fervice  to  the  mar- 
quis  of  Ormond.     The    clearing  of  one  kingdom, 
they  obferved,  promifed  n:iore  advantage  to  the  king 
than  a  defperate  attempt  to  ailift   him  in   England^ 
Their  great  agent,  lord  Mufkerry,  cxprcflcd  a  doubt 
whether  the   Englifli    parliament  might  not  already 
have  extorted  fome  conceifions  from  the  king  repug- 
nant to   thofe  powers    of  treating  with  their  party, 
ivhich  he  had  granted  to  his  lord  lieutenant.     From 
the  diflreffes  of  the  king,  the  if  rength  and  inveteracy 
of  his  enemies,    and   the  weaknefs  of  Irifli  govern- 
ment,   he    recommended  to  the  marquis,  to  confult 
his  own  fecurity,  by  accepting  the  command  of  the 
Irifh  forces  ;  and  immediately  on  publication  of  the 
peace,    to  lead  them    againft  the  common  enemy  in 
Irelandu.     The  fame  overtures  were  made  to  him  by 
Glamorgan:  and  this  fanguine  lord,  as  if  the  jundion 

had 

f  CarlB;  Ycl.  III.  No.  ccccxxxili.     t  Carte,  Vol.  III.  No.  cccQXXiiix 
12  Orig.  Le^t,  of  the  M.cf  Ormond, 


326     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 

had  been  already  formed,  required  the  united  aflur- 
ance  of  Orinond  and  the  confederates,  that  ten  thou- 
fand  troops  rtiould  be  ready  on  his  return  from  the 
continent,  while  he  engaged  on  his  part,  for  vaft  fup- 
plies  of  fliipping, arms, ammunition, and  artillery.  The 
marquis  anfvvered  generally,  and  cautioufly,  without 
a  formal  acceptance,  or  an  abfolute  rejedlion  of  this 
overture.     •'  As  I  may  at  no  hand,"  faid  he  to  lord 

:line  your  undertaking   to  ferve  his 


Mufkerry,   "  decline  y^ 

Majdtyin  England^,  fo  neither  ihall  I  refufeyour 
offer  towards  it  in  this  kingdom;  but  as  occafion 
*'  (liali  be  offered  and  I  enabled,  will  chearfully  en- 
*'  deavour  to  preferve  his  interefl:  here,  and  the  lives, 
*'  liberties,  and  fortunes  of  all  thofe  that  fliall  there- 
**  in  join  with  me."  To  Glamorgan  he  promifed, 
byhimfllf,  and  without  any  concert  with  the  Irifli, 
to  ufe  his  ulmoft  endeavours  for  r?jfmg  the  ten 
thoufind  troops,  and  tb.at  the  whole  remainder  of 
his  fortune  Aould  (land  engaged  for  this    purpofe^. 

The 

w  Carte,  Vol.  II.  ut  fup. 

*  His  letter  to  Glamorgan  on  this  occawon  afFords  sn  additional 
proof  to  thofe  already  publifhed,  that  the  commitment  of  this  earl  was 
leally  notluiig  more  than  what  the  king's  enemies  culled  it,  a  colour- 
able commitment:  that  Ormond,  far  from  conceiving  his  com- 
iniflion  to  be  forged  or  furreptiuoufly  obtained,  ftill  continued  to  re- 
{vardliim  as  really  cntrafted  by  the  king,  and  empowered  to  r.egoci- 
tte  in  his  name;  ar.  a  pcrfoa  with  whom  it  was  his  duty  to  co-operate, 
fo  far  as  was  ccnfj (lent  with  his  principltrs,  his  honour,  and  fafety  ; 
and  whom  he  was,'  atleail,  bound  not  to  oppofe  in  his  endeavours,  for 
tlie  f-Tvicc  of  his  Majeily.  The  letter  is  here,  therefore,  inlerted  at 
large,  from  the  original,  in  poffeffion  of  the  author. 

M  Y     L  o  P.  r, 

"  I  F.ECEivE  your  gratulation  and  advices  for  my  future  fecurity, 
*'  aseviJent  teflimonys  of  your  ccKthiued  favour  to  77iee,  and  am  much 
*■'  much  jojcci  fi!f0l7ide  that  the  accidents  fallen  out  concerning  jcur  lordjhip 
•*  have  n^t  left  am  imprejfcn  t7:  yon  to  the  prejudice  cf  the  real  affe^ion 
*'•.  you  give  me  have  to  heare  you, 

**  M  y  Lord,  I  had,  according  to  my  prcmife,  given   you  a  larger 

«•  accoumpt 


a 
a 
<c 
<c 


Ch.  7.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S     L  327 

T'liE  depredations  of  Sir  Charles  Coote  and  his 
parliamentarian  forces  in  Connaught  becanie  fo  vio- 
lent and  alarming^,  that  the  confederates  grew  more 
urgent  with  the  marquis  to  declare  againftthem.  Clan- 
ricards  had  been  injured^ by  their  outrages,  and  in- 
iifled,  that  the  chief  governour  (hould  proclaim  them 
traitors.    The  confederates  reprefented  the  neceffity 

of 

X  Carte,  VI.  HI.  No,  ccccxivi. 

"  accoumpt  of  things  here,  but  that  at  the  concludeing  of  the  articles 
wee  found  ourfelves  fo  ftreightned  in  time,  that  many  material 
partes  of  the  agreement  were  faine  to  be  put  in  an  Other  way  then 
was  firft  thought  of,  and  at  this  initant  1  am  foe  prcfTcd  with  im- 
portant difpatches  from  Kilkenny,  that  I  fhall  bee  able  but  fhortly 
and  confufedly  to  give  you  a  returne   to  the   maine   parte  of   your 

*'  lordfhip's  of  the  third  Oi  this  month,  whic/i  came  to  my   hands  yef- 

"  dav  about  noone. 

"  Touching  the  noble  and  large  ofer  yon  are  pleafed  to  make  of 
"  (hiping,  armes,  ammunition,  and  a  traine  of  artillery  for  the  king's 
"  fervice  in  cafe  you  may  receive  aflTurance  from  thcfcin  power  among 
"  the  confederates  and  from  mee,  tha:  ten  thoufand  men  (hall  be  rea- 
dy againll:  your  returne  to  be  tranfportcd  to  ferve  the  king  in  Enc;- 
land,  I  returne  your  lordfhip  this  anfvver,  That  1  fiall  and  by  this 
leter  doe  cheerfully)  oblcege  myjelfe  for  as  much  as  Jhall  be  in  my  po-ivery 
ether  in  jny  publick  cr  private  capacity  ^  to  haue  that  number  of  men  in 
the  readinefs  you  expect ;  and  to  compofe  it,  am  contented  all  the  remain- 
*'  der  of  my  fortune  fpould  fland  engaged.  If  your  lordfhip  can  procure 
as  much  as  tins  from  the  otiicr  pirty,  i.  conceive  you  will  pro- 
ceede  in  your  intended  voyage  with  fuisfaftion,  and  returne  I  hope, 
with  fucceffe,  which  isearnellly  wifbed  by 

"  Your  lo-(-f  flop's 
♦'  moft  faithful 
"  Dub.  Calt.  the  6ch  "  and  afFe£tionate  kinfman 

*'  of  April!,    164.6.  "  and  hun^ble  fcrvant 

Or  m  o  n  d." 
"  To  the  Right  Honourable  My 
*'  vzxy  good  Lord  the  Earleof  Glamorgin,  ' 

"  at  Wateriord." 

T  H  u  s  we  find  that  Glamorgan  perfcdly  underTtood  the  n?.ture  and 
reafon  of  his  commitment;  that  he  was  not  offended  at  the  marquis; 
jind  that  the  marquis  infinuates  plainly  enough,  that  he  ought  not  10 
beofrended.  The  earl,  indeed,  exprefied  fomt^  refentment  againlt  lord 
Digby.  But  lord  Digby  was  his  rival.  He  was  at  this  time  ncgoci- 
atingwith  the  fupreme  council  ;  and  prevailed  on  them  to  furnifh  him 
with  three  hundred  men  to  ferve  as  a  guard  for  the   princs  of  Wales, 

11  CSV 


<c 


328    HIS  TO  RY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

of  a  prefect  union  of  all  theroyaliftsy.  They  requir- 
ed that  Ormond  /hould  admit,  that  the  oblirudtions 
to  the  embarkation  of  their  forces  were  futficient  to 
juftify  them  from  any  violation  of  articles  :  they  told 
him,  that  any  immcdiaie  publication  of  his  treaty, 
mud  neceilirily  be  attended  with  a  like  publicatioii 
of  Glamorgan's  fecret  articles, to  prevent  any  rupture 
among  theiy)felves,  or  any  difguft  to  their  foreign 
friends.  If  this  (liould  not  be  acceptable  to  the  lieu- 
tenant, they  required  that  he  fhould  immediately 
unite  his  forces  with  theirs,  and  proceed  with  vigour 
againft  the  common  enemy. 

Ormond 

roTV  retired  to  the  Ifla  of  Scilly,  and  whom  Digby  projeded  to  convey 
into  Ireland  ;  a  fcheme  which  Ormond  highly  approved,  and  which 
was  very  acceptable  to  thofeofthe  confederates,  who  wi(hed  to  reftrain 
the  turbulence  and  ambition  of  the  nuncio.  Digby  grew  a  favourite 
Vvith  the  ecnftderates.  Glamorgan  was  jealous  of  his  entirely  fup- 
planting  him,  and  gaining  the  command  of  their  forces  ;  fo  as  to  de- 
prive him  of  the  favourite  objeft  of  his  vanity,  the  honour  of  leading 
an  army  to  the  refcue  of  his  roynl  mailer.  [See  Carte,  Vol.  111. 
No.  ccccxxxvii.]  Digby,  however,  thought  it  nece/Tary,  and  contrived 
to  allay  his  jealoufies.  "  Mere  st  "Waterford,"  faith  lie  to  Ormond, 
[No.  ccccxli.]  "  1  have  met  with  my  lord  of  Glamorgan,  whom  I 
"  find  (and  he  hath  reafon)  a  very  fad  man,  and  withall  highly  incenfed 
"  by  foaie  about  him  againil  me.  Bui  for  this  latter  part,  I  believe 
*'  his  p-ood  nature  and  TH  E  reasons  v/hich  i  have  given  him, 
v"  have  \v.Ml  fettled  him  in  a  good  meafure  ot  kindnefs,  which  my  lord 
"  of  M villi ',:rry,  and  the  reft,  d;d  think  very  neceffary  to  the  carrying 
"  c;i  oi'hnCiaeiS  unanimonlly." 

At  the  fame  time,  that  Ormond  engaged  with  fo  much  zeal  to 
fecond  the  efforts  of  Glamorgan,  at  the  hazard  of  his  whole  fortune,  it 
is  certain  that  both  he  and  Digby  tlTought  but  mfrnly  of  the  earl,  and 
the  vanity  ani  cxtravagsrce  of  his  prcmifcs.  £i  t  nctwithflandirg 
all  his  fo'.blcs,  ar.d  notwichftanding  all  their  affefted  feveriry  again  it 
his  treaty,  it  is  evident  they  regarded  him  as  duly  authorifed  by  the 
king;  and  treated  and  addrtffed  !dm  as  a  perfon  iliil  enjoying  the  royal 
favfjur  and  confidence.  And  that  he  did  (liil  erjoy  them  in  a  very  high 
degree,  there  is  QJr'-'*^ 'I'^-d  pofitive  proof  in  thofe  letters  extant  amang 
the  Harleian  Marufcr'pts,  in  which  Charles  aiTures  him  of  the  con- 
tinuance of  his  ffiendlliip,  and   prcmi.'c's    to    make   good    all    hi5 

INSTRUCTIONS     AKD     PROMISES    TO     HIM     ANO     THE     NL'NCIO. 

y  Carte,  Vol,   T.  p.    569. 


Ch.  7;  CHARLES     T.  32^ 

Ormond  had  j aft  now  received  intelligence  that 
the  king  had  refigned  himielf  to  the  Scottiili  army 2, 
an  incident  of  fuch  confequence  as  might  require 
fome  change  in  his  counfels  and  meafures.  He  de- 
liberated, and  at  length  determined  to  return  a  fpi- 
rited  anfwer  to  the  confederates.  The  neceiHty  of 
union,  he  obferved,  was  too  apparent,  but  refufed 
to  unite  with  thofe  who  derived  not  their  authority 
from  the  king.  He  was,  however,  ready  to  accept 
the  afliftance  of  any  of  the  king's  fubjed:s  j  and,  on 
publication  of  the  peace,  might  be  more  explicit: 
He  could  not  admit,  that  they  had  been  guilty  of  no 
failure  in  their  ftipulations  ;  for,  however  it  might 
have  been  impracticable  to  fend  their  forces  into 
England,  yet  the  fums  which  they  engaged  to  fup- 
piy  for  the  fervice  of  government,  vi^cre  not  yet  re- 
mitted. Glamorgan's  articles  had  been  difavowed 
by  the  king;  he,  therefore,  could  not  admit  the 
publication  of  them.  He  required,  that  they  (hould 
confent  explicitly  to  fupprefs  themj  and  that  the 
treaty  of  Dublin  fhould  be  inftantly  pub^^ih-:  i.  If 
thefe  overtures  were  not  accepted,  he  declared,  that 
the  condition  of  his  Majefty's  affairs  in  Dublin  mufl 
foon  force  him  to  feek  fome  other  way  of  recover- 
ing and  fupporting  his  authority  in  Ireland. 

The  confederates  were  alarmed ;  they  appre-^ 
bended,  that  Ormond  might  join  with  the  parlia- 
mentarians; they  fui'pedted  that  overtures  had  beent 
already  made,  and  favourable  conditions  already  of- 
fered to  him.  They  grew  humble  and  complying  ^ 
they  apologized  for  their  failures,  and  promifed  to 
fulfil  all  their  engagements;  they  confented  to  omit 
the  publication  of  Glamorgan's  treaty  3  the  articles? 

Vol.  III.  U  u  cor-^, 

7  Ibid,  p.  570, 


330    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B,V.' 

concluded  with  Ormond  were  immediately  to  be 
publifhed  by  mutual  confent;  when  a  letter  from  the 
king  forbad  all  farther  procceedings,  and  inhibited 
the  lieutenaat  from  engaging  him  with  the  Irifh  on 
any  conditions^.  Ormond  might  have  been  per- 
fuadcd  that  tnis  order  was  extorted  j  but  it  was  not 
eafy  to  perfuade  others.  On  each  fide  all  was  fuf- 
pcnfe  and  confuiion.  The  lieutenant  and  council, 
in  their  anfwer  to  the  king,  enumerated  the  dif- 
treffes  of  Iriih  government;  pleaded  the  abfolute 
neceiiity  of  at  lead  renewing  the  ceflation  b,  though 
the  royal  orders  feemed  to  forbid  it;  and  urged  the 
impoflibility  of  commencing  war  without  large  fup- 
plies  of  money  and  military  flores.  The  confede- 
rates declared,  that  they  could  not  proceed  any  far- 
ther in  their  negociation,  in  the  prefent  uncertainty 
of  the  king's  circumflances  and  condition.  In  this 
juncture  lord  Digby  arrived  opportunely  from  the 
continent.  He  declared,  that  the  king  was  held 
in  captivity  by  the  Scots,  and  could  not  fend  any  in- 
llrudions  to  his  fervants  but  fuch  as  they  extorted 
from  him.  That  of  this  his  fevere  reftraint,  he  had 
found  means  to  fend  private  notice  to  Paris,  direct- 
ing that  the  queen,  the  prince,  ^and  all  his  minifters, 
fhciild  purfue  the  orders  he  had  given,  while  free  ; 
that  in  all  points,  he  had  not  then  determined,  the 
prince  Ihould  give  fuch  orders  as  he  judged  mofl  ad- 
vantageous to  the  crown;  that  particularly,  in  the 
affairs  of  Ireland,  the  lord  lieutenant  fhouM  proceed 
agreeably  to  his  former  inflrudions,  without  regard 
to  any  orders  furreptitioufly  or  forciby  obtained; 
that  the  queen  and  prince  of  Wales  ihould  affure 
him  of  his  Majefly's  firm  adherence  to  the  meafures 
he  had  formerly  dirc(5ted ;  and  that  as  the  great  feal 
of  England  was  likely  to  fall  into  the   hands  of  his 

enemies 


Ch.  7-  CHARLES     I.  33^ 

enemies,  no  attention  was  to  be  paid  to  it  in  Ireland, 
unlefs  the  king  fhould  fignify  under  his  own  hand,  in 
cypher,  that  it  had  be^^a  ufed  agreeably  to  his  free 
choice  and  inclination. 

A  LETTER  from  the  prince  of  Wales  aflfured  the 
marquis  of  his  concurrence  and  fupport  in  the  pro- 
fecution  of  the  Irifh  treaty^.  Lord  Digby  attend'rd 
the  privy  council  at  Dublin.  He  declared,  that  the 
king's  letter  forbidding  all  farther  negociations  with 
the  confederates  was  furrep-titioufly  or  forcibly  ob- 
tained, contrary  to  what  he  knew  to  be  his  Majel^y's 
free  refolution.  He  offered  to  anfwer  with  his  life 
for  this  preient  declaration  of  the  king's  will  and 
pleafure*^.  It  was  figned  with  his  name,  and  entered 
in  the  council  books.  Ormond,  in  the  fame  mg.n- 
ner^,  regiftered  his  protcftation,  that  he  was  fully 
fatisfied  of  his  authority  to  conclude  a  peace  upon 
the  articles  depofited  with  the  marquis  of  Clanricarde.' 
No  reludance  now  appeared  on  the  part  of  the  con- 
federates. On  the  twenty-ninth  day  of  July,  the 
inftruments  were  delivered  by  both  parties  refpe(5tive- 
ly.  The  council  ilTued  a  proclamation,  ratifying  the 
articles  of  peace  j  and  all  perfons  were  enjoined  to 
receive  it  with  due  obfervance  and  fubmiflion. 

From  fuch  an  event.  It  feems  natural  to  exped: 
fome  public  fettlement  and  compofure,  an  afpedt  of 
affairs  more  ferene  and  pleating,  than  had  for  fome 
years  appeared  in  Ireland.  But  the  peace  of  forty- 
lix,  as  it  was  called,  had  been  the  work  of  a  diflref- 
fed  government,  fo  utterlydifclaimed  by  the  prevail- 
ing power  in  England,  that  lord  Lifle  was  already 
appointed  chief  governour  of  Ireland  by  the  parlia- 
ment.The  great  body  of  covenanters  inUlfler  defpif- 
ft.  U  u  2  ed 

C  Carte,  Vol.  III.  No,  cccclx,  d  Vol,  I.  p.  573.  e  Cox  Vol,  II.p.  165. 


332    HI  S  TO  RY  OF  IRELAND;    B.  V. 

ed  the  whole  negociation  ;  the  parliamentarians  of 
Munller  oppofed  any  peace  with  the  Irifh.  Thele 
Reformers,  in  the  fullncfs  of  their  zeal,  could  be  con- 
tented only  with  the  extirpation  of  popery  and  the 
rebellious  Irifh  race.  A  numerous  and  powerful 
party  of  the  catholics,  with  the  fame  abfurd  violence, 
aimed  at  the  utter  extirpation  of  Englilhmen  and 
their  religion.  Through  the  whole  progrefs  of  the 
treaty,  Rinunccini  was  indefatigable  in  his  oppofi-" 
tion  to  any  peace,  but  one  framed  by  the  pope  ;  to 
any  civil  treaty  feparate  from  the  ecclefiaiHcal^  to, 
any  eccleiiaftical  which  Oiould  not  fully  gratify  his 
extravagant  expedlatlons  of  an  immediate,  a  com- 
plete, and  fplendid  eftabliiliment  of  the  Romiih 
worli-jjp*  i 

So  miferable  a  politician  was  this  buftling  prelate, 
that  whatever  attention  to  the  king's  interefts^  he 
publicly  exprtlTed  yet  in  a  letter  to  cardinal  Pamfilio 
be  declared  his  opinion,  that  the  deftrudtion  of  the 
king  w^ouid  prove  of  mod:  advantage  to  the  Iriih;  and 
the  6iiai  triumph  of  the  parliamentarians  in  England, 
moft  cifcdt'ual  to  the  eftabiilhment  of  popery  in  Ire- 
land. PofTeffed  wirh  this  ftrange  idea,  he  fecretly  M 
rejoicL^d  in  every  misfortune  of  the  royal  party,  and 
ftrenuoaily  contended  againft  every  meaiure  which 
'might  fupport  the  king's  tottering  caufe.  He  ha- 
rangued, he  remonllrated,  he  protefted  againft  the 
treaty  with  Ormond;  he  preached  the  neceffity  of 
"uni.vn  among  the  confederates,  without  any  attention 
to  the  king's  miniftcrs,  or  any  thought  of  peace.  He 
<exhorted  them  to  look  abroad  for  fupport ,  to  feek 
the  protedion  of  fome  foreign  power;  and  pointed 
put  the  pope  as  their  natural  and  siTcrcd  protedor. 
But  as  a  great  and  powerful  party  of  the  confederates 
■^  '  were 

f  Carte,  Vol.  1.  p.  574. 


Ch.  7-  CHARLES    I.  333 

were  ftill  earnefl:  for  a  final  accommodation,  and  were 
fupported  by  general  Prefton  and  his  troops,  the  nun- 
cio was  fenfible,  that  neither  his  own  induilry,  nor 
the  practices  and  clamours  of  his  clergy  would  pre- 
vent the  peace,  without  fome  power  to  lipport  them 
againft  an  army  ready  to  execute  the  orders  of  the 
fupreme  council. 

Owen  O'NiAL,  and  his  UKler  forces,  feemed  a 
fit  inftrument  of  the  nuncio's  purpofcs.  Both  the 
leader  and  his  followers  were  diigufted  at  the  fu- 
preme council.  No  provifion  had  been  made  ia 
the  articles  of  the  civil  treaty  for  thcie  who 
pretended  to  be  aggrieved  by  the  plantation  of 
Ulfter,  and  both  Owen  and  ail  his  officers  had  their 
grievances  to  plead.  Their  forces  were  chiefly  com- 
pofed  of  what  were  called  in  Ireland,  Creaghts, 
a  race  of  barbarous  rovers,  without  any  fettled  refi- 
dence,  wandering  with  their  cattle  in  fearch  of  fub- 
fiil:ence,to  the  great  annoyance  of  the  diftricls  which 
they  vifited.  Their  depredations  in  Leinfter  had 
proved  fo  opprelTivc,  that  the  council  of  Kilkenny 
iiTued  orders  for  oppofing  them  by  arms,  and  thus 
provoked  their  refentment.  The  nuncio  addrclled 
himfelf  to  their  cammander;  he  affured  him,  that 
the  fupplies  he  had  brought  or  expeded,  fliould  be 
all  applied  to  the  fupport  of  his  army  i  he  gave  him 
fome  money  as  an  earned:  of  his^  future  bounty  ;  he 
eafily  prevailed  on  a  bold  adventurer  to  declare  a- 
gainft  the  peace ;  and  the  Ulfter  Irifli,  who  derived 
no  advantage  but  from  public  commotion,  were 
with  equal  eafe  induced  to  call  themlclves  the  nun- 
cio's foidiers.  They  were  colledled  with  fuch  dili- 
gence, that  about  the  end  of  May,  Owen  had  af- 
lembled  near  five   thoufand  foot  and  five  hundred 

horfc. 


334     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.  B.V. 

horfe,  and  at  the  head  of  this  body  advanced  towards 
Armagh. 

The  Scottlfh  general,  Monroe,  was  alarmed  at 
motions,  and  naturally  apprehended  fome  attempts  ^ 
againil  the  Britidi  garriibns  of  Uider.  He  drew 
out  fix  thoufand  foot  and  eight  hundred  horfe;  and, 
by  a  forced  march,  arrived  by  midnight  at  Armagh, 
in  order  to  furprize  O  Ni:^l  in  his  quarters.  Here 
lie  learned,  that  the  Irifh  army  lay  feven  miles  fur- 
ther, at  a  place  called  Benburb,  ftrongly  pofted  be- 
tween two  hills,  with  a  wood  behind,  and  on  their 
ris^ht  the  river  Blackwater,  thouL^ht  difficult  to  be 
palled.  On  the  next  morning,  Monroe  marched  on 
the  other  fide  of  the  river,  in  full  view  of  O'Nial,  to 
meet  aconfiderable  reinforcement  which  he  expell- 
ed: when,  finding  a  ford  unexpectedly,  he  crofTed 
the  river,  and  advanced  on  the  Irilh.  Each  army 
was  drawn  up  in  order  of  battle;  but,  inftead  of 
coming  to  a  general  engagement,  the  Iri£h  general 
contrived  to  wade  the  day,  and  amufe  the  enemy 
with  {kirm,inies.  The  fun,  which  had  been  favour- 
able to  the  Scots,  v/as  now  declining  on  the  back  of 
Iiis  army.  A  detachment  which  he  had  fent  to  op- 
pofe  the  troops  expected  by  Monroe,  had  been  foil- 
ed in  the  attempt,  and  nowhaftened  to  join  the  main 
body.  Monroe  was  alarmed  at  feeing  the  enemy 
reinforced  by  a  confiderable  troop,  which,  as  they 
advanced,  he  had  miifaken  for  his  own  men.  He 
prepared  to  retreat,  and  in  that  moment  was  furiouf- 
ly  attacked  by  the  Irifli,  in  full  confidence  of  vidlo- 
ry.  An  Englifli  regiment,  commanded  by  lord 
Blaney,  maintained  their  ground,  till  he  and  moft 
of  his  men  were  cut  to  pieces.  The  Scottifli  cavalry 
was  foon  broken,  cad  the   foot   into  difordcr,  and 

pro^ 
g  Carte,  Vol.  [.  p.  574. 


Ch.  7.  CHARLES    I.  335 

produced  a  general  rout.  More  than  three  thoufand 
of  the  Britifli  forces  were  (lain  on  the  field  of  battle, 
with  the  lofs  only  of  fevcnty  killed  on  the  part  of 
the  Irifh.  The  Scots'  artillery,  moft  of  their  arms, 
tents,  and  baggage,  a  great  quantity  of  booty  and 
provilions  were  taken.  Monroe  fled  with  theutmoft 
precipitation,  abandoned  feveral  pofts  of  ftrength, 
fummoned  the  whole  northern  province  to  take 
arms  againll:  the  victorious  Iridi,  was  vigourouily 
purfued,  and  UiIUt  on  the  point  of  being  entirely 
reduced  by  O'Nial,  when  this  general  was  iuddenly 
called  by  the  nuncio  into  Leinfter  to  oppofe  the 
peace,  and  inftantly  marched  at  the  head  of  ten  thou- 
fand barbarous  ravagers,  for  to  this  number  had  his 
army  fwelled  by  the  victory  of  Benburb, 

The  profpedl of  a  fupport  Co  powerful^,  fnfpired 
all  the  adherents  of  the  nuncio  with  the  utmoft  con- 
fidence;  and  the  eflfe6ls  appeared  in  the  reception 
given  to  the  proclamation  of  peace  in  feveral  parts  of 
Ireland.  It  had  been  immediately  proclaimed  at 
Dublin,  and  in  the  camp  of  general  Prefton,  and  of- 
ficer were  fent  to  proclaim  it  in  feveral  cities  of  the 
Irifli  quarters.  At  Waterford  and  Clonmel  they  were, 
on  frivolous  pretences,  prevented  from  doing  their 
office.  At  Limerick  the  chief  magiftrate  attended 
the  proclamation,  but  was  fuddenly  attacked  by  a  tu- 
multuous crowd  led  on  by  fome  clergy,who  wounded 
the  mayor  andthe  her4lds,fome  of  them  mortally, im- 
prifoned  them  for  ten  days  j  and  received  the  thanks 
and  benedidion  of  the  nuncio  for  this  outrage.  By 
his  own  authority,  he  difplaced  thofe  magillrates 
who  had  attempted  to  fupport  the  proclamation,  and 
conferred  the  government  of  the  city  on  a  man  who 
had  been  leader  andcondudorof  the  tumult.  He  con- 
vened 


0  ^,6   II I S  T  O  R  Y  O  F  I R  E  L  A  N  D.    B.  \\ 

vened  his  clergy  at  Waterford ;  they  pronounced  all 
who  adhered  to  the  peace  guilty  of  violating  their 
cath  of  afTociation  ^  they  excommunicated  the  com- 
mitlioners,  and  all  who  had  been  inftrumental  in  the 
treaty;  they  pronounced  an  interdidt  on  all  places 
where  the  peace  had  been  admitted  ;  fufpended  all 
the  clergy  who  preached  in  favour  of  it,  and  all  con- 
fefTors  who  abfolved  any  adherents  of  the  peace. 
Excommunication  was  denounced  againft  thofe  who 
paid  or  levied  any  money  aileffed  by  the  council  of 
Kilkenny,  and  all  foldiers  who  fhould  fupport  the 
execution  of  their  orders.  For  the  better  union  of 
their  party,  a  nev/  oath  of  aiTociation  was  framed, 
whereby  they  engaged  not  to  adhere  to  any  peace, 
but  fuch  as  lliould  be  honourable,  fecure  to  their 
confciences,  and  fo  approved  by  the  congregation  of 
Irifli  clergy*. 

The' 


*  T  H  E  s  E  violent  meafures,  it  feems,  were  contrary  to  the  in- 
ftriiftions  which  the  nuncio  had  received  from  Rome,  and  made  it  ne- 
cefTary  fir  him  to  fend  an  apology  to  the  pope.  Mr.  Carte  hath  given 
us  from  rhe  nuncio's  Memoirs  another  inftance  in  which  he  was  accufed 
ofdeviating  from  the  intentions  of  tlie  holy  fee,  too  curious  to  be  paf- 
fed  unnoticed.  In  afpeech  to  the  conncil  of  Kilkenny,  he  had  recom- 
mended fidelity  iirfl:  to  God  and  religion,  and  next  to  the  king.  A 
copy  of  this  fpcech  he  fent  to  Rome  ;  and,  in  return,  was  feverely  re- 
Tircmanded  by  cardina'  Pamfilio ;  "  for  that  THE  HOLY  SEE 
"  NEVER  WOULD  BY  ANY  POSITIVE  ACT  APPROVE  THE 
*'  CIVIL  ALLEGIANCE  WHICH  CATHOLIC  SUBJECTS  PAY 
''  TO  AN  HERETICAL  PRINCE:  and  the  difpleafure  of  the 
*'  court  of  Rome  was  greater  as  he  had  depoiited  a  copy  of  his 
*'  fpeech  with  the  council ;  which,  ifpublilhed,  would  furnifh  here- 
*'  tics  with  arguments,  againft  the  papal  authority  over  heretical  prin- 
"  ces ;  when  the  pope's  own  minifter  fhould  exhort  Catholics  to  be 
"  faithful  to  fuch  a  king."  The  nuncio  was  diredled  to  recal  the  co- 
pies of  this  fpeech.  He  got  the  original  from  the  fecretary  of  the  coun- 
cil, and  returned  him  another,  in  which  the  offenfive  paragraph  was 
altered. 

Yet,  in  the  fury  of  his  zeal  againft  the  peace,  he  was  betrayed  in- 
to the  fame  ofiience.  He  was  the  firft  to  fign  a  proteftation  of  the  cler- 
gy,  in   which   they    declared  warmly  for  religion,  and  for  the  king. 

Pamfilioi 


eh.  ^  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I. 


T  HE  cenfures  thundered  out  by  the  nuncio  and 
clergy  had  their  full  effc(5t  upon  an  ignorant  and  big** 
goted  people,  and  every  where  produced  the  moft 
violent  exclamations  againfl:  a  peace,  in  which  the 
interefts  of  religion  were  not  amply  and  expli- 
citly lecured.  The  fupreme  council  prepared  an  ap- 
peal againfl:  thefe  cenfures  j  but  it  was  neither  ex- 
hibited in  form,  nor  publiflicd.  Liftead  of  rigoyr- 
oufly  enforcing  their  authority,  they  endeavoured  to 
foothe  the  clergy;  they  received  their  extravagant 
propofitions  without  difdain  or  reprehenfion,  and 
thus  coniirmed  them  in  the  opinion  of  their  owa 
power.  Owen  O'Nial,  they  knew,  was  devoted  to 
the  nuncio,  and  provoked  at  the  negle<51:  of  his  me- 
rits which  they  had  betrayed  in  their  nomination  of 
generals,  to  be  commiffioned  by  the  lord  lieutenant 
on  the  peace.  Prefton,  from  whom  alone  they  could 
expedl  any  oppjfition  to  O'Nial,  had  already  difco- 
vered  fome  ambiguity  of  condud: J  and  part  of  his 
army  had  been  difbanded  for  want  of  pay,  part  had 

Vol.  III.  X  X  def.rted 

Tamfilio  again  reproved  him:  he  reminded  him,  that  ''  it  had  beea 
*'  the  uninterrupted  praftice  of  the  fee  of  Rome  NEVER  TO  AL- 
*'  LOW  HEK  MINISTERS  TO  MAKE  OR  CONSENT  TO 
"  PUBLIC  EDICTS  FOR  THE  DEFENCE  OF  THE  CROWM 
*♦  AND  PERSON  OF  AN  H.ERETICAL  PRINCE."  Hc_  con- 
demned his  procedure,  as  furnifliing  a  pretence  to  the  adverfaries  of 
the  fee  to  refiecl  upon  her,  as  deviating  from  her  eflablilhed  maxims 
and  ra!es  of  conduft.  "  But  as  the  pope>"  faid  he,  "  knows  very 
*'  well  how  difficult  it  is  in  fuch  afTemblics  to  feparate  the  rights  of 
*'  religion  from  thofe  which  relate  to  the  obedience  profefled  by  Catho- 
*'  lies  to  the  king;  he  will,  therefore,  be  fatisfied  if  his  miniftcr  doth 
••  not  ftiew  by  any  public  adt,  that  he  either  knew  orconfented  to  fucli 
*'  pubKc  proteltations  of  that  allegiance,  which,  for  politicj'l  confi- 
**  derations  the  Catholics  were  either  forced  '^r  willing  to  make."-— 
Rinunccini,  in  his  apology,  declared,  "  that  all  the  Irifh  biAops  had, 
"  without  fcruple,  taken  the  oath  which  contained  this  exceptionable 
*'  claufe  of  allegiance  to  the  king;  and  that  it  was  fo  thoroughly  root- 
"  ed  in  the  minds  of  all  the  Iriili,  even  theclergv,  that  if  he  had  in  the 
"  leall  oppofed  it,  he  would  prefcntly  be  fufpecled  of  having  other 
*•  views,  befides  thofe  of  a  mere  nunciature;  which,  without  any 
'*  fuchi^andlc,  had  be«n  already  charged  upon  him  by  the  difafFe^cd,'^ 


338  HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

defertcd  to  the  clergy.  In  thcfe  circumftances.,  ihe 
council  looked  to  the  marquis  of  Ormond  for  fup- 
port.  They  earneftly  invited  hini  to  repair  to  Kil- 
kenny, in  order  to  aflift  them  to  maintain  the  peace 
againft  the  violence  of  the  nuncio,  and  to  conct"ft 
meafures  for  checking  the  progrefs  of  lord  Inchiquin, 
who  over-ran  the  fouthern  province,  regardlcis  of 
the  orders  of  government,  and  in  defiance  of  the 
proclamation  of  peace, 

How^EVER  defperate  and  deplorable  the  prefent 
fituation  of  the  king  appeared,  however  !mpra(fti- 
cablethe  tranfportation  of  Irifh  forces,  and  however 
inefFedlual,  yet  a  peace  was  abfolutely  neceffary  to 
fupport  even  the  name  of  royai  authority  in  Ire- 
land. A  chief  governour  without  force?,  without 
money  or  provilions,  threatened  at  once  'r,y  the  par- 
liamentarians of  Ulfter,  Connaught,  and  Munfler, 
and  by  the  Catholics  of  thefe,  and  the  remaining 
province,  could  fubfift  fcarcely  for  a  day.  The 
kingdom  muft  unavoidably  be  reduced  by  the  king's 
enemies  of  Britain,  or  become  the  prey  of  fome  fo- 
reign power.  His  commiflion  for  concluding  a  peace 
with  the  confederates  was  determined  by  the  peace 
already  concluded:  if  this  (hould  not  take  place, 
there  was  no  potHbility  of  renewing  a  treaty  for  a- 
nother.  Ormond,  therefore,  readily  accepted  the 
invitation  of  the  confederates.  With  a  train  of  fif- 
teen hundred  foot,  and  five  hundred  horfe,  attended 
by  the  marquis  of  Cianricarde  and  lord  Digbyi,  he 
repaired  to  Kilkenny,  and  was  received  with  fuch 
refpeil,  and  fuch  abundant  joy,  as  feemed  to  indi- 
cate a  general  difpofition  in  the  people  to  be  again 
admitted  into  the  king's  protedion.  But  this  gay 
profpe<^  was  foon  clouded   by  difappointment  and 

fuf- 

,  i  Carte,  Vol.  I.  p. '58©,  ., 


Ch    7-  C  H  AR  L  E  S    r.  339 

fufpicion.     Prefton,  on    pretence   of  indifpofition, 
refuTed  to  attend  the  lord  lieutenant.      An    emiflary 
he  had   diip-^tched   to   pradife    with  Owen  O'Nial, 
could  not  by  the  moft  magnificent  offers  detach  him 
frOTi  the  nuncio*^.  The  earl  of  Caftlehaven  was  fent 
to  this  prelate  and  his  clergy  at  Waterford,    to  dif- 
fua'ie  them  from  their  violent  meafures,   and  recon- 
cil.-  chesn  to  the  peace.     But  he  found   them   obfti- 
nate  an^t  inexorable  i  and  was  juftly  fcandalized  at  the 
virulence  of  Rinunccini,  who  declared  his  firm  pur- 
pofe  of  oppofing  the  peace  to  the  utmoft,  and  utter- 
ed "  other   expreflions,"  faith   the  earl,  **  relative 
*'  to  blood  not  becoming  a  churchman."     To  com- 
poie  the  tempers  of  the  people,  Ormond  attempted 
foine  excurfions  into  Munfter;  he  prepared  to  march 
to  Caihei ;  when  one  of  his  own  kinfmen  appeared 
in  arms  to  oppofe  him ;  and  the  magiftrate   of  this 
town  aifared  him,  that  the    utmoft  vengeance   was 
denounced  againft  the    inhabitants,  ihould  they  pre- 
fame  to  give  him  admittance,  and   that  O'Nial  was 
on  his  m<arch   to  execute  thefe  threats.     From  the 
privy  council  at  Dublin  he  received  alarming   intel- 
ligence of  the  motions   and  defigns  of  this    general. 
So  confident  were  they  that  O'Nial  intended  either 
t.;  intercept  the   lieutenant,  or  in  his  abfence  to  lay 
fiege  to  the  capital,  that  preparations  were  made  for 
the  defence  of  Dublin. 

With  whatever  reluiflance  Ormond  received 
thefe  rumours,  and  whatever  was  his  anxiety  for 
effectuating  the  peace,  he  foon  received  the  cleareft 
and  moft  authentic  information  of  his  prefent  dan- 
ger. Immediately  on  his  departure  for  Kilkenny, 
the  nuncio  ^,  who  had  attached  O'Nial  to  his  party 
by  large  fums  of  money,  urged  him  either  to  under- 

X  X  2  take 

k  Cailkbav^n's  Memoirs.  i  Cart?;  Vol.  I.  p.  582^ 


^4o'    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.  B.V. 

take  the  fiege  of  Dublin,  or  to  intercept  the  lieute- 
nant on  his  return.  He  chofe  this  latter  enterprizc 
as  the  lefs  hazardous.  Prefton,  at  length,  yielded 
to  the  inftances  of  Rinunccini,  and  was  engaged  in 
the  fame  defign.  Ormond  was  aflured,  that  both 
thefe  generals  were  adually  on  their  march  to  cut  off 
his  retreat.  There  was  noW  no  time  for  expoftula- 
tion  or  reproach.  By  forced  marches,  with  fome 
difficulty,  and  feveral  alarms,  he  regained  the  capi- 
tal, where  he  was  received  with  the  joy  natural  to 
people  who  had  for  fome  days  been  perfuadcd  that 
he  and  his  whole  party  were  cut  off. 

T  ri  E  triumph  of  the  nuncio  now  feemed  com- 
plete. The  way  was  open  for  his  return  to  Kilken^ 
ny.  Owen  O'Nial  lay  with  his  whole  army  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  this  city,  ready  to  execute  his 
orders.  Prtfton  profeiTed  to  be  devoted  to  his  fer- 
vice.  Soldiers  and  officers,  gentry  and  commonalty, 
crowded  to  this  vain  prelate,  breathing  vengeance 
againil  the  O  r  m  o  n  d  i  s  t  s,  (fo  the  favourers  of 
peace  were  called)  and  clamouring  for  religion,  for 
the  clergy,  and  the  papal  minifter.  In  a  moment, 
all  that  power  which  the  confederate  catholics  had  fo 
long  fupported,  the  authority  of  their  affemblies,  the 
.dignity  of  their  councils,  were  utterly  diflolved  and 
Jcff.  A  ttw  ecclefiaftics  feemed  abfclute  lords  of 
the  kingdom.  The  nuncio  made  his  public  entry 
into  Kilkenny  with  all  the  pomp  of  royalty  and  vic- 
tory J  and  all  affairs  civil  and  ecclenaftical  were  re- 
figned  to  his  diredion.  Intoxicated  with  power 
and  flattery,  he  ordered  the  members  of  the  fupreme 
council,  and  other  promoters  of  the  peace,  to  be 
imprifoned ;  and  general  Preftcn  executed  his  or- 
der. By  a  folemn  decree  iffued  in  his  own  name, 
jiqd  by  his  own  authority,  he  appointeid  a  new  coun- 
cils 


Ch.  7.  CHARLES!.  34? 

cil,  confiftlng  of  four  billiops  and  eight  laymen.  In 
this  aiTembly  he  himfelf  afted  as  prefident;  model- 
led his  armies,  appointed  his  officers,  and  in  the  ful- 
nefs  of  authority,  determined  and  commanded  at  his 
pleafure. 

Of  all  the  infatuated   people,  who  refigned  their 
onderftandings    and   their  interefts   to  this  prelate, 
the  earl  of  Glamorgan  was  moft  obfequiousi".      He 
had  lately   received  a  private   letter,  from  the  king, 
in  which  Charles  exprefl'ed  his  affecftion  and  attach- 
ment to  the  earl,  and  folemnly  adured  him,   that  it 
was  his  purpofe,   if  pofiible,  toeffe<flan  efcape,  and 
caft    himfelf  into    the  arms  of  him   and  the  nuncio. 
This  letter  was  communicated   to  Rinunccini;  and 
he,  and   his  favourite,   amufed  themfelves  with  idle 
projeds  for  conveying  the  king  into  Ireland.     To  a 
nobleman    of  fuch   confequence  with   his  fcvereign, 
and,  at   the  fame  time,    fo  devoted  to   the  holy  fee, 
the   nuncio  deigned  to  (hew  extraordinary  marks  of 
favour".      He  created  him  general  of  Muniler,  in  the 
room  of  lord  Mufkerry,  who  was  difgraced  and  im- 
prifoned  :    and,    though  the  levity,   the  vanity,  and 
inftability   of  this    earl    were  now  generally  under- 
Itood,   yet   were    they  all  redeemed   by    his  abjed: 
fubmitlion  to  the  pope  and  his  minifler.     Rinuncci- 
ni  promifed  to   appoint    him  lord  lieutenant,  when 
Ormond    (hould    be  driven  from   Dublin.     He  re- 
commended him  to  Pamfilio  as  the  perfon  fittefb  for 
this  office.     Glamorgan  was  tranfported  by  fuch  fa- 
vours:  by  a  new   engagement,  he  vowed  eternal  o- 
bedience  to  the  nuncio;  fwore,   that  in  all  his  con- 
dud:,  he  would  be  guided  by  his  diredlion,  and  fub- 
mit  to  his  decifion  ;  that  he  would>  at  any  time,  re- 
fign  the  lieutenancy-  at  his   command;  and,  in  all 

things, 

m  Birch,  Inquiry,  p.  244,  n  Carte,  Orm,  Vol,  L  p.  584, 

X 


342    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V; 

things,  pay  obedience  to  the  holy  fee.  And  fo  con- 
fident was  the  ambitious  prelite  of  immediately  be- 
coming mafter  of  DubHn,  and  ef^ahi  (hug  his  cr 'Ma- 
ture in  the  government,  that  he  wrote  t^.  Rome  for 
directions  about  adjufting  the  cei*emorJial  between 
the  papal  minifter  and  the  new  chief  governour. 

Ormond,  in  the  mean  time,  expedtitd  and  pre- 
pared againft  a  fiege.  Tht  ^diabiiunts,  who  had 
negled:ed  the  fortifications  ut  l^ublii.,  were  r.  iTd 
by  the  apprehenfions  of  immediate  dan^j^er,  and  pro- 
ceeded vigouroufly  to  repair  ihtm.  1  he  old  IilTi 
of  the  North,  (and  thefe  were  the  befiegers  now 
expe(^ed)  had  rendered  themielvcs  generally  odious  ■ 
by  their  barbarities,  and  were  objcrts  <A  particular 
horrour  to  the  Englifh  inhabitants  of  Dublin,  lb 
animate  their  zeal  againft  thefe  murderers  of  their 
countrymen,  the  marchionefs  of  Ormond,  and  othtr 
women  of  quality  appeared  at  their  head,  carryini^; 
baikets  of  earth  to  the  fortifications.  But,  amidil  . 
all  thefe  preparations  againft  a  fiege,  the  lleuccnant 
was  pierced  with  a  deep  ienie  of  his  prefent  deiperate 
fituation.  He  was  utterly  unprovided  for  the  fuf" 
tenancc  of  an  army  j  he  could  not  fupport  the  oui- 
garrifons,  nor  draw  them  into  Dublin  to  incitalc  the 
general  diftrefs.  The  momtnt  that  the  -enemy 
fhould  take  pofTeflion  of  the  adjacent  country,  the 
excife,  and  all  his  wretched  temporary  refources 
muft  utterly  fail.  He  had  mortgaged  his  eflatc  for 
twenty-three  thoufand  pounds,  expended  in  the  pub- 
lic fervice.  Two  thoufand  more,  received  from  his 
tenants  at  Kilkenny,  were  quickly  cxhaufted  in 
purchafing  the  fubfiftence  of  a  few  days.  He  could 
not  maintain  a  fiege  ;  he  could  not  treat  with  the 
Irifh ;  he  could  not  rely  on  their  adhering  to  any 
treaty.  The  whole  power  of  the  confederate  catho- 
lics 


Ch.  7-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  343 

lies  had  now  devolved  on  the  old  Irish,  the  moft 
derperate  and  barbarous,  the  moft  averfe  to  all  of 
Englifh  race,  who  in  their  pride  had  threatened  them 
with  extirpation,  had  breathed  difdain  and  defiance 
of  Englifh  government,  and  were  now  labouring  to 
reduce  the  nation  under  a  foreign  power.  To  fuch 
men  he  could  not  fubmit.  The  parliamentarians 
he  detelled.  Yet  to  this  detefted  party  he  was  re- 
duced to  apply  i  and,  in  order  to  preferve  the  appear- 
ance of  an  Englifh  government  in  Ireland,  at  length, 
reluflaritly  addreffed  him  for  relief  to  the  parliament 
at  London. 

He  required  an  immediate  reinforcement  of  three 
thouiand  foot  and  five  hundred  horfeS  three  months 
pay  for  his  army  thus  augmented,  fecurity  for  the 
perfons  and  eftates  of  his  adherents,  of  thofe  who 
had  for  fome  time  after  the  rebellion  been  forced  to 
continue  in  the  Irifh  quarters,  of  all  unoffending 
catholics,  and  of  fuch  rebels  as  by  the  lieutenant  and 
council,  with  confent  of  the  Englifh  parliament, 
fhould  be  admitted  as  adherents  to  the  king's  protef- 
tant  fubjedts.  On  thefe  conditions  he  engaged  to 
carry  on  the  war,  as  he  fhould  be  enabled  and  direc- 
ted by  parliament.  It  was,  however,  intimated  by 
his  agentSj  that  rather  than  the  fupplies  fhould  be 
obflructed,  the  lieutenant  and  council  would,  with 
the  king's  permiflion,  refign  their  patents,  provided 
that  their  perfons  and  eflates  were  fecured,  and  that 
they  were  indemnified  from  their  public  engage- 
ments. And  this  latter  overture  only  was  accepted. 
Commiffioners  v/ere  named  to  treat  with  Ormond 
for  the  furrender  of  his  government  and  garrifons : 
and,  in  the  mean  time,  two  thoufand  foot  and  three 

hundred 


0  Carte,  Orm.  jjrol.  I.  p  $S6 


344     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.     B.  V. 

hundred  horfe,  were  ordered  for  the  immediate  relief 
of  Dublin. 

The  nuncio,  in  full   coaiidence  of  fuccefs,  nov/ 
concerted  his    enterprize   againft  the  capital.     His 
reliance  WAS  on  Owen  O'Nialj  and  his  favour  con- 
fined to  this  general  and  his   army.     The   affiftance 
of  Prefton  was  rather  accepted  than  defired  ;  and  the 
nuncio  manifeilcd  his  fufpicions,  by  requiring  him 
to  take  an  oath  that  he  would  proceed  faithfully  and 
vigouroufly   in   the  fiege  of  Dublin.      Prefton  na- 
turally choleric,  could    but    refent  this    partiality. 
The    forces  of  O'Nial  were  violent    and   indifcri- 
minate  in  their   ravages.      The  gentry  of  Lcinfter 
were  provoked,  and  flocked   in   great  numbers    to 
Prefton  for  defence  againft  the  barbarous  Northerns. 
Thus,    by  the  indifcretion  of  the  nuncio,    and  the 
outrages  of  his  favourite  troops,  his  two  generals  be- 
came rivals,  and  their  forces  were  ready  to  draw  the 
fword  againft  each  other.     Lord  Digby  was  on  the 
point  of  going  to  France,  either  to  procure  fupplies 
for  war,  or  to  prevail   upon  that  court  to  interpofe 
with  the  Iri(h  and  incline  them  to  peace,  when    he 
learned  the  fccret  difcontents  of  Prefton^  and  hence 
formed  a  proje(^  to  detach  him  from  the  nuncio.     A 
private  treaty  was   commenced.     Prefton  demanded 
fecurity  for   religion  ;  and,  on  this  condition,  pro- 
mifed  to  unite  with  Ormond.     Some  aflurances  were 
offered  by  Digby  with  refped  to  religion,  from  the 
queen  and  prince.     Prefton  demanded  the  additional 
fecurity  of  the  marquis  of  Clanricarde,  to  whofe  di- 
redion  he   feemed    willing  to    fubmit.     Both  thefe 
^noblemen  were  folicitous  to  prevent   any  accommo- 
dation between  Ormond  and  the  Englifti  parliament. 
Digby,    more  fanguine   in    his  expedtationsp,    not 

only 

p  Cartfj  Vol.  III.  No.  ccccxcii. 


Cli.  7^  CHARLES!.  34J 

only  pofTeiTed  himfelf  with  a  firm  perfuafion  that 
Prefton  would  be  eafijy  gained^,  but  was  amufed 
with  the  hopes  of  making  the  nuncio  his  prifoncr^ 
by  (brprlze.  Bat  this  fcheme  proved  inefFcdual  ; 
and  Oiinond,  who  defpifed  and  fufpedled  the  faith 
and  ftability  of  Prefton,  could  not  be  pcrfuaded  to 
take  his  part  in  the  treaty  with  this  general,  who 
n  ):v  advanced  towards  Dublin,  in  conjunction  with 
O'Nia!,  at  the  head  of  fixtecn  thoufand  foot  and  fix- 
teen  hundred  hoffe. 

To  proceed  with  the  appearance  of  form  and  de- 
liberation, their  propofitions  were  fent  to  the  mar- 
quis of  Ormond,  to  which  his  immediate  anfwer 
was  required  q.  They  demanded  that  the  exercife 
of  the  Romifh  religion  fhould  be  as  free  and  public 
in  all  the  Englifh  garrifons,  as  in  Paris  or  Brufiels''; 
and  that  Dublin,  Drogheda,  Trim,  Newry,  Car- 
lingford,  and  other  places  in  the  Englifii  quarters^, 
fhould  be  garrifoned  by  catholics.  Ormond,  in  the 
midft  of  his  dellrefifcs,  difdained  an  anfwer  to  thcfe 
infolent  propofitions.  Thirty  barrels  of  powder  re- 
ceived from  a  parliament  fhip  was  the  only  provifioa 
for  defence  he  had  been  enabled  to  make.  He  ap- 
plied to  the  agents  of  the  Englilh  parliament,  now 
refiding  in  Uifter ;  they  refufed  to  procure  him  any 
fuccours,  unlefs  he  fiiould  deliver  Drogheda  into 
thier  hands.  He  addreffed  himfelf  to  the  Scots  of 
this  province :  they  feemed  inclined  to  the  King's 
fervice ;  but  by  their  detachments  to  Scotland,  and 
their  defeat  at  Benburb,  were  too  much  weakened 
to  fend  the  fuccours  he  required.  In  this  extremi- 
ty, he  attempted  to  tranfport  his  wife  and  children 
to  the  lUe  of  Man  :  he  had  the  mortificatioik^o  be 

Vol.  III.  Y  y  denied 


s  Carte,  Vol.  III.  No.  ccccxcii.     q  Vol.  I.  pag.  581. 
'  Vol.  II.  pag,  173.     f  Borlafe, 


^^6    HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

denied  the  ufe  of  a  (hip,  unlcfs  to  convey  them  to 
feme  place  under  the  parliament's  obedience  ;  and, 
rather  than  accept  this  offer,  he  determined  that  they 
ihould  {hare  his  danger.  Some  faint  hopes  he  form- 
ed from  the  approach  of  winter,  and  the  feverity  of 
the  feafon,  which  might  render  it  impradticable  for 
the  enemy  to  lye  long  encamped  before  the  city. 
To  make  iheir  fituation  flili  more  diftrefsful,  he  de- 
molished the  miils  and  bridges,  deftroyed  the  corn 
within  feveral  miles  of  Dublin,  and  thus  waited  the 
approach  of  the  confederates. 

The  Y  approached*,  and  took  their  ftations  near 
the  city  with  an  appearance  highly  formidable.  But 
the  animofities  of  the  Leinfter  and  Ulfler  generals 
ilill  fubfifted:  tiorwere  their  forces  fufficiently  pro- 
vided againft  the  inclemency  of  the  feafon,  and  the 
poverty  of  the  country.  Whatever  plan  of  operati- 
ons was  fuggefled  by  either,  his  rival  eagerly  oppof- 
cd,  O'Nial  was  dark  and  farcaflical,  cautious  of 
difcovering  his  fentiments,  jealous,  captious,  and  fe- 
verc.  Prefton,  irritable,  open,  and  unreflrained, 
cxprelTed  his  refentment  with  an  indifcreet  and  inde- 
cent violence.  The  nuncio  was  alarmed  at  the  con- 
flict of  fuch  tempers,  and  was  difficultly  dilTuaded 
from  committing  Prefton  to  cuftody.  O'Nial  af- 
fected to  dread  feme  iniidious  defign  againft  him  and 
his  forces.  The  officers  of  each  party  adopted  the 
jealoufies  and  refentinents  of  their  leader.  Thofe 
of  Leinfter  exprcffed  contempt  and  abhorrence  of  the 
barbarous  Northerns :  in  return,  they  were  infulted 
by  thofe  of  Ulfter  with  the  opprobiious  appellation 
of  Engliftimen,  and  threatened  with  deftrudion, 
when  Ireland  fhould  revert  to  its  original  and  only 
rightful  poflefTors.     Thus  were  the  two  armies  rea- 

S  Carte,  VoU  I.  p.  5  89. 


Ch.  ji  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    L  347 

dy  to  draw  the  fword  againft  each   other,    Inftead  of 
carrying  on  the  fiege  with  due  concert  and  alacrity. 

Lord  Dlgby  was  Hill  rollcitous  to  take  advantage 
of  thcfe  animofities,  to  reconcile   the  whole  body  of 
the  Iriih  to  peace,  on  what  he  deemed    reafonable 
terms;  or,  at  leaft,    to   detach    Prefton  from  their 
confederacy,  and  by  uniting  him  with  Ormohd,   to 
prevent  the  hateful  treaty  with   the  Englirti   parlia- 
ment. The  marquis  of  Clanricarde,  at  his  inftances, 
repaired  to  the  confederates.     He  was  received  with 
the  rcfpedl  due  to  a  catholic  lord  of"  fuch  diftinguifh- 
cd    character,  and   commenced    a  treaty   with    the 
nuncio  and  his  council.     He  undertook  for  the  re- 
peal of  all  lav/s  againfl:  Catholics  5  that  they    fhould 
retain  pofieffion   of  the  churches    until  the   king's 
pleafure  iliould  be  figniiied,  upon  a  full  fettlement 
of  the  nation;  that  the  queen  and  prince  (hould  con- 
firm thefe  articles,  and  the  crown  of  France  be  gua- 
rantee for   their  performance.      The  nuncio,  in  the 
extravagance  of  his  bigotted  expecftations,  objected 
to  thefe  overtures   as  ftill   infufficient.     They  were 
warmly  fupported  by  the  moderate  and  fenfible  part 
of  the  confederates.     In  the  midft  of  their  debates, 
intelligence  arrived,  that  the   forces  of  the  Engli{]i 
parliarjient  were   landed  in  Dublin.     They   ftarted. 
from  council;  O'Nial  called  off  his  men  from  their 
ports,  and  decamped  in  the  nighty  the  fupreme  coun- 
cil haded  to  Kilkenny,    and  were  followed   by  the 
nuncio  ;  while  Prefton  and  his  officers  continued  the 
negociation   with  Clanricarde,  promiling,  on  fecu- 
rity  for  the  conditions  he  propofed,  to  obferve  the 
late  peace,  to    be  obedient  to  the  King's  authori- 
ty, and  to  unite  with  Ormond  againft  all  his  ene- 
mies.   - 

Y  y  2  The 


54S  HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

Th^  marquis,  thus  extricated  from  his  Immedi- 
ate danger,'  was  more  at  leiiure  to  treat  with  the 
commiflioners  fcnt  by  the  Englilla  parliament. 
They  faw  the  wretched  ftatc  of  Dublin,  and  ima- 
gined that  Ormond  muft  purchafe  th::;ir  fupplies  on 
the  feverJl  terms.  The  proteftant  inhabitnnts  re- 
garded them  as  their  deliverers ;  they  urgeijiiy  pe- 
titioned that  thtir  forces  ihould  be  admitted  into  the 
city ;  and  Ormond  found  it  necsffary  to  corr;p'y  Jo 
far  with  their  demands,  that  he  permitted  the  soldi- 
ers 10  dcbarl^,  and  take  their  quarters  p-aceably  in 
the  fuburbs.  From  the  tranfadions  of  Clunricarde 
jfome  hopes  ftill  remained  of  an  accomodation  wiih 
the  Irifh.  He,  therefore,  treated  with  the  corr;rr.if- 
iioners  not  as  a  man  totally  defp.'rate,  but  widi  the 
dignity  fuited  to  hie  charader  and  fiation.  They 
propofed  to  take  the  proteftants  of  Ireland  under  the 
prot^<ftion  of  parliament,  and  to  allow  the  marq-ns 
his  eflate,  or  nn  annual  penfion  of  two  thouiand 
p  !inds,  for  five  years,  if  he  fhould  not  receive  fo 
nvjc!)  from  his  rents.  On  thefe  conditions  they  de- 
manded that  he  fhould  refign  his  government.  Me 
objcd:cd  to  the  lax  and  uncertain  manrer  in  which 
their  overtures  wereexpreiTcd.  Heobferved,  that  ihey 
had  brought  no  anfwcrs  to  thole  proportions  which 
he  bad  tranfmitted  to  London  :  that  th^y  offered  no 
fecurity  to  any  proteftants  but  on  condition  of  their 
obedience  to  all  the  ordinances  of  parliament ;  that 
they  could  not  particularly  inform  him  wljat  thefe 
ordinances  were,  nor  afTure  him  that  thofc  which 
enjoined  the  covenant  were  not  included  in  this 
jiumber  ;  that  they  offered  no  fecurity  to  thoic  pii- 
pifts  who  were  untainted  by  rebellion  ;  no  allurancc 
9f  being  continued  in  the  public  fervice,  to  any  of- 

iicer§ 


Ch.  7-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  349 

iicers  civil  or  military  ;  that  they  brought  no  fpcci- 
iic  ord'jrs  from  the  King  which  might  juftify  his  re- 
ligiiation  of  the  government.  In  fuch  circumftan- 
ces,  he  declared,  that  he  muO  ftili  retain  the  charge 
entruiled  him:  but  that  the  kfnodom  might  not  be 
deprived  of  their  faccours,  he  propokd,  that  their 
foldiers  fliould  be  dillributed  into  garrilbns,  un- 
til his  Majefty's  pleafure  iliould  be  known,  and  their 
infirudions  from  the  parliament  enlarged  j  and  that 
they  tho'Ud  li^pply  him  v/ith  three  thonfand  pounds 
for  ths  Tervice  of  the  army.  Thele  propofitions 
|,  wrre  rcjrded  ;  the  forces  were  re-embarked  and 
'  conveyed  tt)  Uiiler  J  where  the  Scots,  with  difficul- 
ty, coafcnti  d  to  receive  them. 

Djring  this  negociation,  Ormond  found  himfelf 
intenli  -ly  uivulved  in  another  tranl'adion,  Icarcely 
rcconcii>.cihle  to  his  principles  of  religion",  of  hon- 
our, f)r  01  policy.  The  marquis  of  Cianricarde,  in 
his  treaty  witii  general  Frcflon,  had  promsfed  the 
fecurity  uf  the  queen  and  prince  for  tlie  advantages 
llipalatcd  in  favour  of  religion.  To  render  this  ef- 
fectual, it  wac  n.-necelfary  that  Ormond  Hi  )!5ld  pro- 
mife  to  obey  all  orders  in  favour  of  the  catholics  re- 
ceived from  r.u^  q  i^eri  or  prince,  or  I'uch  as  (hould 
be  ceriiaed  by  lord  D-gby,  Secretary  to  the  kinj?,  to 
be  hi^  M.ijel'ty's  tree  and  real  pleafure.  But  he  who 
haJ  r:c:  i/.d  liich  proofs  01  the  king's  indulgence  to 
the  iii'h  catholics,  he  who  ivuew  the  principles  and 
tN.j  couiifJIjrs  of  the  queen,  could  not  but  appre- 
h-.d,  th.t  inch  a  proniile  might  bind  him  to  the 
mod  dn-..  ;uo  ai^.d  extravagant  concefTions,  fuch  as 
lie  h.;  i  hitherto  rejecJ-.led  with  di'.dain.  Digby  re- 
quired him  to  declare,  that  his  Majefty's  gracious 
iutentions  to  fecure  the  catholics  in  the  free  excrcife 

o£ 

p  Carte,  Vol.  III.  No.  div--dxxii. 


350      HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.  B.V. 

of  religion, were  purpofely  omitted  in  the  lall:  articles 
of  peace,  by  the  lubtilety  of  feme  of  the  Romidi 
party,  in  order  to  enflaaie  the  people  againfc  a  treaty 
lb  eirentially  defective.  Such  a  declaration,  he  v/ell 
knew,  was  inconfiften.t  with  truth.  He  was  to  pro- 
mile  that  no  advantage  fhouid  be  taken  of  the  omif- 
fioo,  but  that  the  penal  laws  Qiould  be  repe.'rded,  and 
the  churches  kft  in  poiTefiion  of  the  catholics  until 
his  iMajefcy's  pleafur^  lliould  be  known.  This  were 
to  adopt  the  religious  articles  granted  by  Gb.aiorgan. 
He  was  itot  only  to  employ  Prefton  and  his  officers, 
and  to  grant  them  commiiiions  under  the  marquis 
of  Cianricarue,  who  was  to  take  the  chief  command 
of  the  catholic  forces,  but  to  admit  thefe  forces  into 
the  king's  garrifons  -,  and,  particularly,  to  receive 
fome  of  Prelton's  rec^iments  into  Dublin.  This  was 
dangerous,  and  juftly  and  highly  cfFenlive  to  the  pro- 
teilant  party. 

While  in  treaty  with  the  com mifhoners  of  par- 
liament, Ormond  took  no  notice  of  the  engagements 
cf  Clanricarde,  returned  no  anfv/er  to  the  folicitations 
of  Digby.  On  the  departure  of  thefe  commiffioners, 
he  flatcd  his  bhjedions  to  the  particulars  required 
from  him.  Clanricarde  had  precipitately  engaged 
for  his  compliance  in  thefe  particulars.  Digby  ex- 
erted all  his  ingenuity  to  reconcile  ihem  to  his  judg- 
ment and  principles.  Both  lords  cxpreffed  the  ut- 
mod  confidence  in  the  fmcerity  of  Preflon,  and  his 
difpofitions  to  the  king's  fervice.  Both  entertained 
the  moft  fanguine  hopes  from  reconciling  him  to 
government.  Ormojid,  wearied  by  importunity,  at 
length,  confented  to  write  to  Preflon,  a  man  whom 
he  fufpedted  and  defplfed.  He,  firft,  affured  him  in 
general  terms,  that  heiind  his  officers,  en  fubmiffion 

to 


Ch.  7.  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    t.  ^S^ 

to  the  peace,  lliould  receive  all  due  encouragement. 
He  was  again  perfuaded  to  promife  him,  that  in  full 
reliance  on  his  fidelity,  he  and  his  army  fhould  be 
em.ployed  both  in  the  field  and  in  the  king's  garri- 
fons.  In  another  oftentible  letter  to  the  marquis  of 
Clanricarde,  he  declared  his  refolution  of  obeying  all 
the  king's  free  commands  in  favour  of  Ifiili  catholics, 
or  during  his  reitraint,  all  the  commands  of  the 
queen  and  prince,  or  the  fignifications  of  hisMajefty's 
pleafure,  by  his  fccretary,  lord  Digby*. 

The  negociation  of  Clanricarde  now  feem.ed  hap- 
pily concluded;  a  negociation  which  promifed  to 
relieve  the  lieutenant  from  the  odious  neceflity  of 
fubmitting  to  the  EngliOi  parlii^ment,  and  to  enable 
him  to  profecute  ail  impugncrs  of  the  peace  with  vi- 
gour and  fuccefs".  Clanricarde  received  his  commifli- 
on  to  comn:iand  the  Leinller  army.  Prefton  confented 
to  become  his  major-general, confulted  with  Ormond 
on  the  operations  of  war;  engaged  to  make  an  at- 
tempt f jr  fecuring  Waterford  and  Kilkenny,  and 
was  fpeedily  to  be  joined  by  the  lord  lieutenant  and 

his 

*  Ormond  feems  to  have  felt  connderable  Pain  at  thus  departing 
fi  "'"n  his  ufual  dignity  and  Hrmnefs  of  condi:d.  So  fenfible  was  he  of 
tt,e  iinproprlety  afid  danger  of  this  declarction,  that  he,  in  cfFeft,  re- 
tra(5i;ed  it.  In  a  letter  to  lord  Digby,  on  his  fappoftd  departure  to 
France,  the  marquis  exprelTes  himfelf  thus. — **  One  ching:  ^  ftall  be- 
"  fetch  you  to  be  careful  of,  v/hlch  is,  to  take  order  that  the  com- 
•'  mands  that  fhall  be  direded  to  me,  touching  this  people  (if  any  be) 
*•  thwart  not  the  grounds  I  have  laid  to  myfelf  in  point  of  religion  ; 
*'  for  in  that,  and  in  that  only,  I  fhall  refort  10  th  e  liberty  lefc  to  a  fub- 
"  ject,  te  02 EY  by  suffering.  And  this,  I  mention,  left  the  king's 
*•  fervice  (hould  fuffer  by  my  fcrupuloufiicfs  in  things  another  would 
*'  find  lefs  difficulty  in.  No  man  knows  better  than  your  lordrhip  where 
♦*  in  this  particular  I  ftick  ;  yet  1  hold  it  not  amifs  to  remember  you, 
r*'  that  it  is  in  wh.t  concerns  any  conceiTion  that  may  feem  to  ptrpetu- 
"  ate  to  the  Roman  catholics  either  churches,  or  church-livino-c, 
I*'  or  that  may  efientially  take  from  ours,  or  give  to  their  clergy 
|<*  ecclefiaftkaljurifdiaion." — Carte,  Vol.   III.  No.    dxxv. 

u  Carle,  Vol.  I.  p.  149. 


2^2    HIS  TO  Ps.Y  OF  IRELAND.    R.  V; 

his  farces.     He  began  his  march;     when   I'tuMenly 
fome  agents  appeared  from  the  nuncio,    whi^  •  -  m- 
manded  him  to  (top;  to  dilp^rfe  his  forces;  sivi.   jri 
cafe  of  difobedicnce,    denounced  the  lenr.nre  <'\  ^  x- 
communicationonhim  andail  his  followers.!  ry-  <  (  •:- 
temptible    bigot  was  terrified;   and  calily  wroigiii  to 
a  full  reconciliation  with   the  nuncio  ai.d  hjs   pi:iy. 
Ormond  was  on  his  march  to  join  the  Leiiii!cf»  a.n!/, 
■when  Clanricarde,  who  attended   him,  to  his    ustv.r 
confufion  and  mortification,    received  a  jttrer    'Vv)m 
Prefton,  informing  him,  that  his  officers  had  all  been 
driven  from  their  refolutions,  by  the  terroursof  ex- 
communication,and  therfore  advifing,  that  th    lieute- 
nant fliould  proceed  no  farther,  but  wait  the  iiTue  ot  a 
general  aflembly  at  Kilikenny.  In  three  days  after  this 
mcanapologyx,he  publiflied  a  formal  renunciation  of 
his  treaty  with  Clanricarde,  on  pretence  that  articles 
were  not  performed  on  the  part  of  government. 

Ormond  was  not  furprifed  at  this  perfidy ^^ 
nor  did  he  form  any  hopes  from  the  new  general  af- 
fembly.  Yet  to  deprive  the  Irifli  of  all  excufe,  he 
refolved  to  flruggle  with  his  difficulties  a  little  long- 
er, and  t0  expedt  the  refult  of  this  meeting.  While 
the  neceffities  of  Dublin  obliged  him  to  march  into 
Wefl  Meath,  to  feek  fubfiftencc  for  his  troops,  this 
affembly  was  convened.  The  mod  extravagant  pro- 
pofitions  were  prefented  by  the  nuncio  and  his  cler- 
gy. They  demanded  the  full  eftabliffiment  of  po- 
pery, the  full  polTeffion  of  all  churches  and  benefi- 
ces throughout  the  kingdom,  the  repeal  of  the  com- 
mon law  fo  far  as  it  gave  the  crown  any  ecclefiafti- 
cal  powder,  liberty  to  eredt  popilh  univerfities,  to 
appoint  provilions  to  all  church-dignities,  and  to 
cxercife  their  eccleliaflical  jurildiction  in  its  full  ex- 
tent j? 

X  Cox,  Yol,  n.  p.  183.     y  Carte,  Vol,  I.  p.  S9S-'599' 


Ch.  7-       CHARLES      1.         353 

tent;  and  they  required  a  new  oath  for  continuing 
the  aflociation  until  thefe  points  lliould  be  effecftaal- 
ly  obtained.  The  fubftance  of  theie  propbfitions 
was  readily  accepted.  By  a  formal  refolution,  t^zy 
condemned  the  late  peace.  The  nuncio  contended 
for  cenfuring  thofe  commiffionsrs  who  had  tranUct- 
ed  it.  But  in  oppofing  this  violence,  the  afTembiy 
was  betrayed  into  a  rediculous  inconfiftency.  They 
voted,  that  the  commiffioners  had  aded  honeftly  in 
making,  and  the  clergy  alfo  in  violating  the  peace  z. 
In  contradidion  to  the  fenfe  of  the  French  court, 
fignified  by  its  minifter,  in  contempt  of  a  fpirited 
remonflrance  from  the  marquis  of  Ormond,  they 
pronounced  it  null  and  void. 

Here  was  a  full  period  to  all  hopes  from  the  Irifhi 
Ormond,  furrounded  by  a  party  exafperated  at  thd 
repeated  perfidy  of  this  odious  race,  provoked  at  the 
diftreiTes  to  which  they  had  been  reduced  in  the 
royal  fervice,  and  unable  any  longer  to  fupply  the 
demands  ofafamilhed  army,  found  himfelf,  after  a 
long  feries  of  toilfome  efforts  for  the  interefts  of  his 
fovereign,  deceived,  deftitutc,  and  abandoned.  He 
could  no  longer  fupport  the  king's  caufe,  or  protedt 
his  proteflant  fubje(5ts ;  he  therefore,  determined,  as 
his  laft  defperate  refource,  to  depolne  the  rights  of 
the  crown  with  the  Englidi  parliament.  Thofe 
who  ftill  adhered  to  Iriih  government,  however 
zealoufly  sfFeded  to  the  king,  however  averfe  to  the 
proceedings  of  his  opponents,  yet  could  nut  deny 
the  neceffity  of  this  refolution^.  The  privy  coun- 
cil concurred  in  it  ;  it  was  approved  by  a  parlia- 
ment held  in  Dublin.  The  king  was  now  delivered 
up  to  the  commiffioners  appointed  by  the  two 
lioufes  to  receive  him  from  the  Scots  3  and  Ormond 
Vol.  III.  Z  z  wa§ 

a    Vel.  m,  NOi  pxxxiv.     a  Carre,  VoL  I,  p.  600,, 


354  HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V. 

was  afTured,  his  majefty  had  fignified  his  pleaiure, 
that  in  a  cafe  of  extreme  neceffiiy,  he  ihould  fubmit 
rather  to  the  Englifh  than  the  Irifhk  The  King's 
piivate  letters  afforded  Ormond  abundant  reafon  to 
doubt  the  truth  of  thefe  alTurances,  yet  they  ferved 
to  juflify  the  refolution  he  had  now  formed  to  the 
public.  He  wrote  to  the  parliament  commiffion- 
crs,  offering  to  refign  his  government  and  garrifons 
on  their  own  conditions. 

The  confederates,  who  had  ever  profefled  loyalty 
to  the  kings  were  not  entirely  infenfible  to  the  odi- 
um of  forcing  his  lieutenant  into  a  fubmiflion  to  his 
enemies  -,  and  at  leaft,  thought  it  neceflfary  to  affecft 
a  folicitude  for  preventing  it,  by  renewing  their  o- 
vertures  for  an  accomodation.  But  as  the  nuncio 
flill  influenced  their  councils,  the  terms  offered  by 
the  agents  were  infolent  and  extravagant.  They 
ferved,  however,  to  give  the  marquis  iome  refpite, 
and  fufpenfion  of  hoftilities,  until  his  treaty  with 
the  parliament  fhould  be  concluded.  Lord  Inchi- 
quin  now  regarded  him  as  a  friend,  fent  him  fome 
fupplics,  and  confulted  him  on  his  operations  a- 
gainft  the  Irifh  in  Munfler.  This  lord  was  at  the 
head  of  five  thoufand  foot,  and  fifteen  hundred 
horfe,  and  was  reinforced  from  England.  He  took 
feveral  places  from  the  Irifh,  and  threatened  Water- 
ford  with  a  fiege.  Pref^on  was  recalled  from  his 
petty  expeditions  in  Lienfl:er,  to  oppofe  the  progrefs 
of  lord  Inchiquin  j  for  O'Nial  would  obey  no  or- 
ders, not  even  of  the  nuncio,  though  his  rapacious 
followers  called  themfelves  the  pope's  army.  This 
refradory  leader  had  lately  been  made  general  of 
Cunnaught;  he  was  in  pulTeirion  of  fome  counties 
of  Lienfter,  and  in  all  the  Irifh  quarters  through  the 

noftherE 

b  Vol.  II.  Append.  No.  xxvi,    c  Vol,  I,  p.  6qu 


Ch.  7-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    r.  355 

northern  province  ablblute  commander.  His  affec- 
tion of  independency,  his  fubtile,  dark,  and  eater- 
prizing  temper,  the  infolence  of  his  followers,  who 
could  not  conceal  the  pride  and  prejudices  of  their 
ancient  defcent,  and  claimed  the  whole  ifland  as  the 
property  of  the  old  Iri(h,  filled  the  confederates 
with  fears  and  difcontents.  Thofe  of  Lienfter,  and 
all  the  catholics  of  Englifh  race,  dreaded  extirpation 
from  thefe  favages.  So  that  the  body  of  Irifh  in- 
furgents,  who  had  given  fuch  confequenc^,  and  fuch 
dignity  to  their  original  conlpiracy  -,  who  had  ex- 
torted the  mofl:  abject  conde/cenfions  from  the  king, 
and  prefcribed  law  to  his  lieutenant,  was  now  on 
the  point  of  breaking  into  virulent  factions,  and  de- 
claring defperate  war  againlt  each  other. 

Yet  ftill  were  they  apparently  fo  powerful,  and 
fo  infatuated  by  an  ambitious,  ignorant,  and  pre- 
fumptuous  clergy,  that  no  inteftine  diforders  could 
abate  their  extravagance'^.  The  propofitions  of  the 
marquis  of  Ormond  were  accepted  by  the  parlia- 
ment, and  their  treaty  commenced.  But  before 
any  fignature  of  the  treaty,  and  when  Ormond,  by 
the  delay  of  thofe  fuccours,  promifcd  in  the  interim, 
was  ftill  at  liberty  to  retede,  Leyburne,  one  of  the 
queen's  chaplains,  arrived  in  Ireland  under  the  fic- 
titious name  of  Winter  Grant.  He  was  fent  with 
expedients  for  advancing  a  peace,  and  diredted  to 
a6t  entirely  in  concert  with  the  marquis  of  Ormond. 
Here  was  a  fair  occaiion  offered  to  the  Irifli  of  cor- 
reding  their  errours,  and  treating,  by^this  agent, 
on  fair  and  moderate  terms.  They,  indeed,  offer- 
ed their  'proportions  by  Grant,  but  they  were  the 
propofitions  didated  by  the  clergy,  and  already  re- 

Z  z  2  jectedi 

»  d  A.  D.  1647. 


IS^ 


HIS  TO  RY  OF  IRELAND;    B.  V; 

jeded  J    and    they   were  again   rejedted    with  dif* 
"dain*. 


Nothing  now  remained  for  Ormond  but  to  con- 
clude his  treaty  with  the  parhament.  His  fecond 
fon,  lord  Richard  Butler,  afterwards  carl  of  Arran, 
the  earl  of  Rolcomnion,  colonel  Chichefter,  and  Sir 
James  Ware,  were  lent  to  England  as  hoftages  for 
the  performance  of  his  ftipulations.  A  conliderable 
force  marched  out  of  Uifter  to  Dublin,  and  rein- 
forcements fent  from  England  Vv'cre  admitted  into 
the  city.  On  the  ninteenth  day  of  June,  the  articles 
were  figned<^.  Ormond  engaged  to  deliver  up  Dublin, 
and  all  the  king's  garrifons,  his  ordinance,  amuni- 
tion,  and  ftores,  together  with  the  fword  of  flate, 
and  other  enfigns  of  his  government,  on  the  twenty 
jcighth  of  the  fucceeding  month,  or  fooner,  if  re- 
quired bv  parliament,  on  notice  of  four  days.  The 
commiflioners  on  their  part  promifed,  that  prote- 
ilants  lliould  be  prote(^edj  that  all  who  chofe  to  at- 
tend ihe  marquis  out  of  Ireland  fhould  have  free  li- 
berty to  depart!  <^''"^t  popifh  recufants,  who  had  not 
cnga^^ed  in  the  rebellion,  might  reft  fecurely  in  the 
favour  of  parliament,  according  to  their  future  de- 
aneancur;  that  the  marquis  of  Ormond  fhould  have 
liberty  to  refide  in  England,  on  condition  of  fubmit- 
ting  to  the  ordinances  of  parliament.  They  ac- 
knowledged 

*  We  are  told,  that  even  Owen  O'Nial  now  began  to  apprehend  the 
jconfequences  of  driving  Ormond  from  the  kingdom,  and  entered  into 
jbme  negociaticns  with  him.  Ormond  propofed,  that  if  he  could  pro- 
<pure  a  ceffation  for  one  year,  he  would  break  ofF  his  treaty  with  the 
farliamenr,  but  required  an  anfwer  within  fourteen  days.  O'Nial  dift 
patched  his  nephew,  Daniel  O  Nial,  to  reconmierd  this  meafure  to 
the  fupreme  council.  The  propriety  of  it  he  explained  at  large  to  his 
friend  Mac  fvlahon,  the  popifli  bilhop  of  Clcgher,  and  cainelHy  ex-- 
iiorled  him  to  fupport  it.  But  the  infatuated  council,  whether  influ- 
enced by  this  prelate  ojr  no,  efTedually  defeated  the  whole  preject,  by 
imprifoning  Daniel  until  the  fourteen  days  limited  by,  the  marquii 
jl^erp  expired.     Borlase.  ■      ' 

p  Cox,  Append.  No,  j.xxviii. 


CKf.  CHARLES    T.  357 

knowledged  that  the  fum  expended  by  him  in  the 
king's  fervice  amounted  to  thirteen  thoufand  eight 
hundred  and  feventy-feven  pounds.  They  engaged 
to  pay  three  thoufand  of  this  fum  before  his  depar- 
ture, and  to  fecure  the  remainder  by  fufficient  bills 
cf  exchange. 

The    parliamentarians  were  now  complete  maf- 
ters  of  Dublin,  and  fcorned  to  delay  the  exercife  of 
thtir  authority  until  Ormond  ihould  dopart^.  Scarce- 
ly had   the  treaty  been  iigned,  v/hen    the    cummif- 
fioners,    without    any  ordinance    of  parh'ament,  by 
their  own  abfolute  will  and  pleafure,  forbad  the  ufe 
of  the  liturgy,  (the  only  form  of  worihip  eliablifljed 
by  law)  and  obtruded   the  directory  on  all  places  of 
worfhip.      The  Irhh    catholics   had  already   refufed 
the  lead:  toleration  of  the  ellablilhed  worlliip  in  any 
place  fubjedt  to  their  power,  and,  in  the  extravagance 
of  their  expedations,  had  difputed  whether  the  king 
fhould  be    allowed  one  chapel  in  the  capital,    when 
their  dominion  was  to  extend  over  the  whole  king- 
dom.    With   the  fame    fpirit  of  bigotry,  thefe  zeal- 
ous reformers  rejeded  the  remonftrance  of  the  clergy, 
and    thundered    their    menaces  agcinfl  the    heinous 
guilt  of  wordiippingGod  in  any  form  or  manner  but 
their   own*.     Although    they  were   not  careful  to 
perform  the  ftipulations  of  parliament,  and,  particu- 
larly, to  enable  the  lieutenant  to  difcharge  his  debts, 
by  paying   him   the  fum  for  which  he  ftood  imme- 
diately engaged,  yet  were  they  impatient  for  his  de- 
parture.    He  had  delayed  the  refignatioa  of  his  au- 
thority 

f  Carte,  vol.  I.  p.  605. 

*  Their  prohibition..  Was  confined  to  the  city,  of  at  leaft  not  obeyed 
without  the  waljs.  For  in  the  univerfity,  the  biihop  of  Meath  ftill  con- 
tinued to  ufe  the  liturgy.  And  hither  the  proteftants  of  the  eilabiifned 
cliurch  crowded  with  particular  fervour  :o_ divine  worfhip  at  this  time 
of  perfecutic.n. 


358     HISTORY  OF  IRELAND.    B.  V; 

thorlty  until  the  twenty-eighth  day  of  July,  in  hopes 
of  obtaining  permiOion  to  tranfport  ftve  thoufand 
men  for  the  fervice  of  France,  which  was  much  de- 
fired  by  that  court,  and  would  ferve  to  dignify  his 
exile.  But  this  overture  was  rejeded  by  parliament, 
although  the  troops  were  to  be  formed  of  their  ene- 
mies. Their  commiflioners,  on  the  fixteenth  of 
this  month,  fummoned  him  to  remove  from  the 
caftie,  and  deliver  the  regalia  within  four  days.  He 
could  not  oppofe  their  demand ;  but  as  his  prefent 
removal  was  inconvenient,  he  contented  them  with 
refigning  the  caftle  to  the  cuftody  of  their  own 
guards  3  and  the  ceremonial  of  delivering  his  Iword 
was  by  agreement  deferred  to  the  day  mentioned  in 
he  treaty. 

The  moderate  and    fenfible  of  the  confederates" 
were  now  caft  in  the  utmoft  confternation,  convinced 
at  lad  of  their  own  errours,  and  the  extravagances  of 
their    party.      Owen  O'Nial   grew  every   day  more - 
terrible.      He  was,  with  difficulty,  rdlraincd  by  the 
nuncio  from  I'eizing  KilkennyS  ;  and  the  catholics  of 
MunfttT  expeded  every  moment  to  bcexpofcd  tohis 
depredations.     Their  new  general,  Glamorgan,  dif- 
covered  too  great  an  inclination   to  concur  with  this 
leader  of  the  papal  army.  Lord  Mufkerry,the  rival  of 
this  earl,  and  the  enemy  of  the  nuncio  and  O'Nial, 
at    the  moment  that  his  deftruilion  was  meditated, 
fled  to  the  Munfler  army,was  received  as  their  lead- 
er,  and   Glamorgan   depofed.     But,   notwithflar.d- 
ing  this  inftance  of  fucceisful  vigour,  it  was  ftill  ap- 
prehended, that  the  turbulence  of  the  nuncio   mufb 
encreafe,  and  that  O'Nial  would  attempt  lome  def- 
perate  purpofe  on  the  departure  of  the   marquis  of 
Ormond.    Sir  Robert  Talbot,  Darcy,  Belling,  fome 

of 

g  Carte,  Vol.  I!,  p.  2. 


Ch.  7-  C  H  A  R  L  E  S    I.  359 

of  the  moft  eminent  of  the  confederates,  and  even 
Prefton  himfelf,  was  now  convinced  that  their  pre- 
fervation  dept-nded  on  an  union  with  Ormondh.  In 
a  private  conference  with  lord  Digby,  they  earneftly 
entreated  that  the  marquis  (hoald  continue  forfome 
time  longer  in  Ireland.  But  their  application  was  too 
late;  and  their  fincerity  toojuftly  fufpedled.  Or- 
mond  could  difcover  no  good  purpofe  to  be  anfwer- 
ed  by  his  farther  refidence  in  the  kingdom,  nor 
could  he  ftoop  to  conceal  himfelf  in  fome  retreat 
when  he  had  refigned  his  public  charadler.  He  left 
the  regalia  to  be  delivered  to  the  commifTioners,  em- 
barked on  the  day  appointed,  and  landed   at  BrifloU 

h  Vol.  III.  No.  DLX. 


End    of    the    Third    Volum 


L 


"tiw 


/ 


t  '< 


DEC  1  0  1935