Full text of "History of Seneca County, Ohio, containing a history of the county, its townships, towns, villages ... portraits of early settlers and prominent men; biographies; history of the Northwest territory; history of Ohio; statistical and miscellaneous matter, etc., etc"

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ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY

III

BEYNO? n<^ H-'c:-.- ^ 1833 02484 1592
GENEALOGY CX)LiSTl^

977.101

Se5h

385421

HISTORY

SENECA COUNTY,

OHIO

CONTAINING A HISTORY OF THE COUNTY, ITS TOWNSHIPS, TOWNS,

Villages, Schools, Churches, Industries, etc.; Portraits of
Early Settlers and Prominent Men; Biographies;
History of the Northwest Territory; His-
tory OF Ohio; Statistical and Mis-
cellaneous Matter, etc., etc.

IX_.LUSTI^j^TEID.

CHICAGO:
WARNER, BEERS & CO

1886. '

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1886,_by
WARNER, BEERS & CO;,

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, B.C.

3854 91
PREFACE.

AS one who to some long-locked chamber goes,
And listens there to what the dead have said.
So there are moments when my thoughts are led
To those dull chronicles, whose volumes close
Epochs and ages in the same repose.
That shall the future as the past o'erspread;
And when but memory may tend the dead,
Or prune the ivy where once grew the rose ;
And as there, to me, from their pages streams
The incoherent story of the years.
The aimlessuess of all we undertake.
I think our lives are surely but the dreams
Of spirits dwelling in the distant spheres,
Who, as we die, do one by one, awake!

A written memorial of the Past and a record of the Present are works
which civilization demands. In local history, alone, are found the ways and
means to comply with this demand; because the page of history is carried
down the years, and is read and analyzed centuries after the inscription on
iron is effaced by rust, and Old Time has destroyed the marble monu-
ment. Many of the men and women who settled in the wilderness of the San-
dusky Valley a half-century ago, have gone to join the Church Triumphant.
One who was here sixty-seven years ago is still a resident, and not more than
a dozen who were here sixty years ago still dwell in this garden land which
they helped to raise out of the wilderness. The well-kept places of interment
throughout the county tell the simple tale of death; but it is remarkable that
of the great majority who have been laid to rest in the soil, comparatively few
claim the temporary record which the grave-stone offers. A look through the
cemeteries, particularly the old ones, will convey the writer's idea more
clearly; for here, a tablet, sunk deep in the dank earth; there, one broken with
its face downward on the grave of the departed one whom it battled to
memorialize; beyond, a little mound, where grasses wave over an unknown
grave— all point out unmistakably the transient character of every record, other
than the printed page of history.

In presenting this volume to the people, we feel that some contri-
bution to National history has been made. The First Part deals with the estab-

iv PREFACE.

lishment and progress of the Northwest Territory, and contains many direct
references to the Sandusky^ Valley. The Second Part, treating on the civil
and military history of Ohio, deals with Indian and political life within the
State. The history of Seneca County, forming the Third Part, contains the
story of the county, its townships, cities and villages, each chapter reviewing
the subject to which it is devoted. The thirteen chapters of general history
and fifteen chapters of township history contain a record of names and events
connected with this division of Ohio from the earliest times. The material for
these twenty-eight chapters was collected and compiled by M. A. Leeson, from
State, County, Township, City, Village, Church, Society and other written
record books, and fi'om the files of the Sandusky Clarion and other pioneer
journals. A greatly fund of history was obtained from the invaluable collection
of local newspapers (1832 to 1885) in possession of the proprietors of The
Seneca Advertiser, and from the files of the Tiffin Tribune, Fostoria Democrat,
Fostoria Review, and other journals.

Thp Fourth Part is devoted to Personal History and Reminiscences. Its
vahie can scarcely be overestimated; for in its pages are found a thousand
records, each containing the minutiae of history, not only bearing on this county
but also relating to other parts of the Union. This important branch 'of his-
tory has claimed a great share of attention fi'om the gentlemen engaged in its
compilation. The Appendix contains a complete list of the original land
entries in the county, as copied from the official records.

With all the attention which has been bestowed on this volume, some errors
in chronology and some in nomenclature may have crept in. The difficulties
attendant on the publication of a work of this class, the number and variety of
names and incidents, and the many avenues open to mistakes, preclude the pos-
sibility of absolute perfection. We trust, however, that the work will be
received in that generous spirit which applauds conscientious effort, rather than
in that captious mood which is satisfied only with unattainable accuracy.

To the gentlemen of the press and public officials of the county, who aided
the general historian so cordially, as well as to all the people who made the
publication of the work possible, we tender our sincere thanks with an expres-
sion of hope that the history of Seneca fi-om 1782 to 1885 may prove itself
authentic, and be acceptable.

THE PUBLISHERS.

Chicago, Februarv, 1886.

COI^^^TENTS.

PAET I.

HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

PAGE.

Geographical Position 17

Early Explorations 17

Discovery of the Ohio 26

English Explorations and Settlements 28

PAGE.

American Settlements •5-3

Division of the Northwest Territory 58

Tecumseh and the War of 1812 fi]

Black Hawk and the Black Hawk War 64

PART II.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

History of Ohio 7.3

French History 76

Ordinance of 1787. No. .32 87

Comments upon the Ordinance of 1787, from the

Statutes of Ohio. Edited by Salmon P.

Chase, and Published in the year 1833 91

The War of 1812 107

Banking Ill

The Canal System 113

Ohio Land Tracts 114

Improvements 119

State Boundaries 121

Organization of Counties 122

Description of Counties 122

Early Events 122

Governors of Ohio 143

Ancient Works 157

Some General Characteristics 160

Outline Geology of Ohio 162

Ohio's Rank During the War of the Rebellion... 165
A Brief Mention of Prominent Ohio Generals... 172

Some Discussed Subjects 177

Conclusion 181

PART III.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

CHAPTER I.— ToPOGKAPHY— Townships and
Cities— Natural History— Arch.eology

187-196

Boundaries— Population — Altitudes — Rivers
and Creeks — Townships — Cities — Postal
Towns— Villages— Review of Surface Features
and Soil — Wells and Springs — <Tas Wells —
Zoology — Botanv — riimatoln^v — Ancient
Relics— Old Fortifio;iti..ii - linum Mounds—
Curios— Fossils— Hum ;i)i !;i im,;mis.

CHAPTER II.— SENEf.vs Kk,. 1'imn-i:ers 196-217

The Shawuees— The Wyanclots— The Dela-
wares— The Senecas of Sandusky — Indian
Christianity and Early Preachers — Two Early
Treaties — Indian Treaties Affecting Seneca
County— Cession and Recession— Tecumseh—
Elsq iiat a— Leat her-1 ips — Rou ndh ead— Logan —
Pumplcin — Witchcraft — Death of Seneca
.John— Comstock— Wiping Stick— Tequania—
Peter Pork — Buck-ong-a-lie-las — Blue Jacket
— Beaver — Soo-de-nooks — Grey Eyes — Lolla-
way — Betweeu-the-Logs — Warpole — Other
Chiefs and Uraves— White aud Colored Cap-
lives and Breeds — Couclusiou.

CHAPTER III.— Pioneers OF Sen I :. a r„iM y—
Pioneer Association- OldTimi In. .ikm-.

Customs, fjtc Jls-'238

Pere Rasles- -Moravians— S:i,i.|ii-i-.i--' apt.
Elliott, John Leith and Others— Treaty of the
Miami of the Lake— Actual Settlement— Eras-
tus Bowe, Welch Family aud Others— Early
Town Builders— Pioneer Meetings— Pioneer
Reminiscences— Jacksonian Days and Man-
ners— Land-hunting and Cabin Building-
Temperance Raisings— Old Time Grist-Mills—
Wolves— Deer Hunting— Toledo War— Indians
and Pioneers — Pioneer Weddings— Matrimon-
ial Peculiarities— Pioneer Women— Tobacco
Smoking Fashionable— Female Costume.

CHAPTER IV.— Organic History — Public

Buildings 238-259

Organization — Transactions of the Commis-
sioners' Board— Meetings from 1839 to 1866—
Treasurer Heabler— Recorder's Office— Secon 1
Jail— Court Houses— New Court House-
County Poor Institution.

CHAPTER v.— Political History 259-289

Review of Earlv Elections— County Elec-

CONTENTS.

tions from 1821 to 1885 — County Conventions,
1885 — October Elections and the Liquor
Question — Conclusion.

CHAPTEE VI.— Judiciary 290-311

Courts and Bar of Seneca County — Early
Criminal and Civil Cases — " Judge Lane's
Gang " — Reminiscences — Pioneer Courts —
Judicial Districts — First Judges — Early and
Modern Lawyers — Associate Judges— State Bar
Association.
CHAPTEPt VII.— Physicians— Medical Associ-
ations 311-319.

Pioneer and Modern Disciples of ^Esculapius
— Army Surgeons and Assistant Surgeons —
Fostoria Medical Society — Seneca County
Medical Society— Nortliwestern Ohio Eclectic
Medical Association.

CHAPTER VIII.— The Press 319-328.

Tiffin Newspapers— .Seneca Patriot— Inde-
pendent Chronicle and Seneca Advertiser— Tiffin
Gazelle and Seneca Advertiser — Gazette — Van
Burenite — Chasseurs' Own—Sunday Advertiser
— Seneca Advertiser — Star — Seneca County Fair
Bulletin — Whig Standard — Western Whig Stand-
ard — Tribune — Seneca Adler — Northwestern Con-
tinent — Evening Herald — Journal — Unsere
Flagge — Die Tiffin Presse — Gazette— News —
Monthly Trade Review — Heidelberg Monthly
Journal — Daily Courier — Enterprise — Reporter
and Advertiser. Fostoria Newspapers — News
— Review — Observer — Democj-at. Attica News-
papers — Journal — Medical Compend — Noonday
Sun. Green Spring Newspapers — Sentinel —
Times — Mutual Underwriter — A'etv Academy.
Bloomville 'i^evrspapers— Enterprise — Banner —
Seneca County Record — Record — Daily Record.
Bettsville Newspapers — Opiic — Enterprise —
Other Publications — County Histories— Sen-
ey's Code — Conclusion.

CHAPTERIX.— Military History 328-371.

IMtish Occupation— War of 1812— Build-
ing of Fort Ball — Building of Fort Seneca —
Harrison at Fort Seneca— Toledo War— Pio-
neer Militia of Seneca County— Mexican War
— War for the Union — Organization of Com-
panies and Regiments — Relief Associations —
Drafting— Military Statistics, etc.— Record of
Officers — Forty-ninth Ohio Volunteer Infan-
try — Fifty-fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry —
One Hundred and First Ohio Volunteer In-
fantry—One Hundred and Twenty-third Ohio
Volunteer Infantry— Roster— Soldiers' Monu-
ment.

CHAPTER X— Societies 372-379.

Seneca County Agricultural Society —
Grange Organization— Stock Breeders' Associ-
ation — Short-horn Breeders' Association Meet-
ing—Bee Keepers' Association— Clinton Pro-
tective Society— Seneca County Teachers' In-
stitute.

CHAPTER XL— Railroads 380-386.

Mad River & Lake Erie RaUroad— Indiana,
Bloomington & Western Railroad — Melmore<t
Republic Railroad— Ohio, INiiami i*c Waliash
Railroad— Fort Ball & Lower Minduskv Kail-
road— Tiffin & Fort Wayne i:;iilroaa-^<leve-
land. Ft. Wayne & Chicago Railroaa— Colum-
bus, Tiffin & Toledo Railroad — Pittsburgh,
Canton & Chicago Railroad— Baltimore & Ohio
Railroad— Columbus, Hocking Valley it Toledo
Railroad— Ohio Central Railroad— Mansfield,
Coldwater & Lake Michigan Railroad — jSorth-
western Ohio Railroad—" Nickel Plate " Rail-
road—Lake Erie <t Western Railroad— Akron
& Fort Wayne Railroad.

CHAPTER XIL— Ba>-ks and Insurance 386-387

First Bank— Bank of Tiffin— National Ex-
change Bank — Tiffin Savings Bank — Com-
mercial Bank— Foster & Co.— Emerine & Co.
— Seneca County Mutual Fire Insurance
Company — Farmers' Mutual Relief Insurance
Tompany— Tiffin Mutual Aid Association—
Crolden Rule Aid Company — Mechanics Mu-
tual Protection Society No. 2.5 — Union Aid
Society— Foreign Insurance Companies.

CHAPTER XIII.— St.\tistics 388-398

Early Surveys— Schools in 1847— School Sta-
tistics—Census, 1830-1880— Taxes, 1826-1884—

Valuation of Real and Personal Property-
Agricultural Statistics— Abstract of Personal
Property, Moneys and Credits for 1885— As-
sessors' Returns— Wheat Crop of 1884-85—
New Structures— Births and Deaths— Asses-
sors — Conclusion.

CHAPTER XIV.— Adams Township 398-417

Surveys — Geological Notes — Topography —
Railroads— Organic and Official— School Lands
—Pioneers— Common Schools —Statistics —
Sulphur Springs Village— Adamsville
Village— Lowell Village— CooPERSTOWN
Village— Town op Green Spring — Settle-
ment—Survey—Additions—Organic and Offi-
cial — Business Interests — Churches — Green
Spring Academy — Cemeteries — PostoiEce —
Banks. Bankers, etc. — Secret and Benevolent
Societies— Green Spring Cure and Health Re-
sort — Statistics of Corporation — Conclusion.

CHAPTER XV.— Big Spring Township 418-429

Surveys — Indian Reservation — Topography
—Organic and Official— Schools— Statistics—
Pioneeip and Old Settlers — Adrian Vili age
Survey — Postmasters — Business Circle —
Schools^ Societies — Churches — New Riegel
Village— Surveys and Additions— Organic
and Official — Business Circle — Churches —
Schools — Springville Village — French
Town Village— Alvada Village — Rail-
roads in Big Spring Township— Conclusion.

CHAPTER XVI.— Bloom Township 429-445

Population— Physical Features — Cornifer-
ous Formation — Dynamite Explosion — Soil —
Organic and Official— Pioneers — Bloomville
Village— Surveys and Additions— Organiza-
tion and Officers— Postmasters— Churches-
Schools — Newspapers — Societies — Business
and Professions — Manufacturing Industries —
St. Stephen Village— Catholic Church—
Elizabethtown Village —Survey— Loca-
tion and Population — Railroads in Bloom
Township— Statistics.

CHAPTER XVIL— Clinton Township and Tif-
fin City , 446-536

Boundaries — Origin of Name — Establish-
ment — Rivers and Creeks — Topography — Set-
ment by Pioneers, and Old Residents— Official
History — Swander Village— Viona Village
-General Statistics— Tiffin City— Location—
Sandusky River and Rock Creek— Population
(White), 1817-85— A Reverie— Origin of the
Town— Fort Ball, or the Second Ward— Origi-
nal Survey of Titiin, and Additions — Incidents
of First Settlement — Postmasters — Municipal
History — City Solicitors — Assessors, 1885 —
School Census Enumerator — Councilmen —
Corporation Statistics— The Police Force-
Fire Department — Churches — Schools — Ursu-
line Convent, Schools and College^Heidel-
berg College— Cemeteries— Hospital and Asy-
lum — Societies — Libraries — Banks, Insurance,
etc. — Pioneer Notes— Pioneer Manufactures
—Manufacturing Industries, 1885- Coal Yards
— Hotels — Telegraph, Telephone and Express
Companies— Railroads— Tiffin Waterworks-
Places of Amusement— Tiffin Board of Trade-
Conclusion.

CHAPTER XVIII.— Eden Township 536-550

Introductory — Survey — Van Meter Reserva-
tion — Topography— Organic and Official — Gen-
eral Statistics— School Statistics— Pioneer His-
tory — Personal Mention of Pioneers — Mel-
more Village— Postmasters— Mills and Mill-
ers — Business and Professional Circle — Socie-
ties — Churches — Cemeteries — Conclusion.

CHAPTER XIX.— Hopewell Township 551-560

Survey — Early History — Population — Rail-
roads-River and Creeks — Topography— Or-
ganic and Official — Pioneers and Incidents of
Pioneer Times— Bascom Village- I^ocation
and Additions — Its Brief History — Business
Circle— Lodge — Churches — Cemetery Associa-
tion — Hopewell Village — Steinerville
Village— Statistics Hopewell Township-
School Statistics— Conclusion.

CHAPTER XX.— Jackson Township 560-567

Survey — First Purchases — Population —
Railroads — Physical Characteristics — Organic

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

and Official— Small Settlements— Churches-
Assessment Roll, 1841— Valuation and Taxa-
tion, 1884-85— General Statistics— School Sta-
tistics—Conclusion.

CHAPTER XXI.— Liberty Township 568-579

Survey — Organization — Population — Rail-
roads — Physical Features — Topography — Or-
ganic and Official — Pioneers and Old Residents
— Bkttsville Village — Its Boundaries-
Survey and Additions, Incorporation and Or-
ganization — Churches — Societies — Business
Circle of Bettsville— Kansas Village— Its
Survey and Additions, Location, Business
Houses,etc. — Small Settlements — Cemeteries-
General Statistics — School Statistics.

CHAPTER XXII.— Loudon Township and Fos-

TORIA City 579-625

Survey and Topography — Streams — Rail-
roads—Population—Organic and Official— Pio-
neers and Pioneer Incidents— Schools of Lou-
don — General Statistics — Predial Statistics —
Review — P'ostoria City — Introduction —
Location and General Description— Geology-
Climatology— Statistics— Railroads— History
of Location — Original Survey and Additions
— Additions to Fostoria — Organic and Official
History of Rome— Organic and Official His-
tory of Fostoria— Settlement and Progress-
Old Consumers and Producers — Tiffin and
Findlay State Roads— Post Offices and Post-
masters — Physicians — Early Manufacturing
IndHstries—Risdon— Beginning of the Brick
Building Era— Churches— Cemeteries — Soldiers
Buried at Fostoria — Societies — Fire Depart-
ment — Banks — Fostoria Opera House — News-
papers — Modern Manufacturing Industries —
Hotels — Livery Establishments.

CHAPTER XXIII.— Pleasant Township 625-637

Introduction and Population — Streams-
Topography — Railroads — Organic and Official
— Pioneers and Pioneer Events — Churches-
Schools and School Statistics — Cemeteries —
Fort Seneca Village— Town of Sulphur
Springs — Old Fort Seneca Village —

Shedenhelm's Station Village— Bridges-
General Statistics.

CHAPTER XXIV.-Reed Township 638-647

Survey— The " Gore"— Seneca John— Ori-
gin of Name — Population — Topography-
Streams and Ponds— Railroads— Organic and
Official— Pioneers and Pioneer Events— Lodi
Village— Reed Town Village— Town of
Omar — Detrcjit Village — Churches—
Schools— General Statistics— Conclusion .

CHAPTER XXV.— SciPio Township 648-664

Description— Organization— Origin of Name
—Population— Survey— Streams and Wells-
Topography — Railroads — Organization and
Officers— Pioneers and Pioneer Incidents-
Schools— School Statistics— General Statistics
—Republic— Early History— Pioneer Inci-
dents—Original Town and Additions— Organ-
ic and Official— Churches— Cemetery— Schools
—Fire Department— Societies— Roll of Busi-
ness Men— Railroads and Highwavs— Conclu-
sion.

CHAPTER XXVL— Seneca Township 064-674.

Its Establishment — Streams — Railroads-
Topography- Organic and Official — Pioneer
Tax Pay ers— Pioneer History— Berwick Vil-
lage— McCutchenville Village— Churches
—Cemeteries— Schools— Valuation and Taxa-
tion — Predial Statistics — Conclusion.

CHAPTER XXVII.— Thompson Township....675-683.
Survey— Population— Geology— Sink Creek
— Singular Phenomena — Topography— Rail-
road Facilities — Organic and Official — Pio-
neers — Thompsontown Village — Lewis-
VIlleVillage— Churches— Schools— Orphan-
ages— General Statistics.

CHAPTER XXVIII.— Venice Township 684-696.

Survey, Organization and Population— Ori-
gin of Name— Streams— Pike Roads— Rail-
roads — Organic and Official — Pioneers— Early
Industries- Attica Village— Organic and
Official— Business Interests— Churches— Ceme-
teries — Societies — Review — Carrothers
Village — Caroline Village — Schools-
General Statistics — Conclusion.

PAET IT.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

Adams Township 699

Big Spring Township 715

Bloom Township 732

Clinton Township and Tiffin City 752

Eden Township 846

Hopewell Township 854

Jackson Township 868

Liberty Township 877

Loudon Township and Fostoria City 887

Pleasant Township " 934

Reed Township 953

Scipio Township 969

Seneca Township 887

Thompson Township 1003

Venice Township 1016

APPENDIX.

ORIGINAL LAND ENTRIES.

Adams Township 1064

Big Spring Township 1047

Bloom Township 1061

Clinton Township 10.58

Eden Township 1056

Hopewell Township 1053

Jackson Township 1050

Liberty Township 1055

Loudon Township 1049

Pleasant Township 1059

Reed Township ,1066

Scipio Township 1062

Seneca Township 1052

Thompson Township 1067

Venice Township 1065

The Gore 1069

CONTENTS.

PORTRAITS.

Arbogast, Michael, Seneca Township 493

Armatage, John, Venice Township 523

Ash, William, Jackson Township 433

Baldwin, A. C, Tiffin 313

Bosworth, George R., Adams Township 213

Brunner, L. A., Tiffin 233

Cassety, Samuel, Keed Township 513

Cooley, Orange, Scipio Township 553

Creeger, Laurence, Hopewell Township 503

Crocker, Roswell, Fostoria... 204

Crocker. Sarah Ann, Fostoria opp. 204

Cupp, William, Hopewell Township 333

Detterman, John H., Bloom Township 373

Fauble, Michael, Thompson Township 303

Foster, Charles W., Fostoria 81

Foster, Charles, Fostoria 183

Fry, Philip H., Pleasant Township 4G3

Hedges, Josiah, Tiffin 47

Holmes, David, Venice Township 473

Hubbard, E. B., Tiffin 353

Huffman, J. W., Venice Township 593

Keppel, George, Hopewell Township 323

King, George, Liberty Township 543

Lawhead, J. W., Big Spring Township 443

PAGE.

Leonard, Samuel H., Venice Township 263

McClellan. Robert, Seneca Township 273

McClelland, A. B., Bloom Township 393

Myers, Conrad, Jackson Township 283

Myers, John, Adams Township 343

Kiebel, Levi, Loudon Township 533

Noble, Montgomery. Jackson Township 413

Noble, Warren P., Tiffin 223

Pennington, R. G., Tiffin 293

Pultz, Jacob. Pleasant Township 563

Reid, J. T., Bloom Township 253

Rosenberger, Henry, Hopewell Township 149

Seitz, Daniel, Bloom Township 403

Seitz, John,t:den Township 423

Seney, George E.. Tiffin 115

Signs, John, Loudon Township 573

Skinner, Morris P., Fostoria 193

Stackhouse. Silas J., Liberty Township 243

Teare, Caisar, Adams Township 583

Titus, R. R., Pleasant Township 363

Valentine. T. G.. Bloom Township 483

Watson, T. W., Pleasant Township 383

Yambert, Aaron, Seneca Township 453

MISCELLANEOUS.

Map of Seneca County 10-11

Population of theL'nited States 69

Area of the United States 69

Area of the Principal Countries in the World 69

Population of Principal Countries in the World... 69

Population of Ohio by Counties 70

List of Governors of Ohio 72

Population of Seneca County, by Townships 389

PART I.

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

The ]sroRTHWEST Territory.

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION.

When the Norihwestern Territory was ceded to the United States
by Virginia in 1784, it embraced only the territory lying between the
Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers, and north to the northern limits of the
United States. It coincided with the area now embraced in the States
of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that portion of
Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River. The United
States itself at that period extended no farther west than the Mississippi
River ; but by the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, the western boundary
of the United States was extended to the Rocky Mountains and the
Northern Pacific Ocean. The new territory thus added to the National
domain, and subsequently opened to settlement, has been called the
"New Northwest," in contradistinction from the old "Northwestern
Territory."

In comparison with the old Northwest this is a territory of vast
magnitude. It includes an area of 1,887,850 square miles ; being greater
in extent than the united areas of all the Middle and Southern States,
including Texas. Out of this magnificent territory have been erected
eleven sovereign States and eight Territories, with an aggregate popula-
tion, at the present time, of 18,000,000 inhabitants, or nearly one-third of
the entire population of the United States.

Its lakes are fresh-water seas, and the larger rivers of the continent
flow for a thousand miles through its rich alluvial valleys and far-
stretching prairies, more acres of which are arable and productive of the
highest percentage of the cereals than of any other area of like extent
on the globe.

For the last twenty years the increase of population in the North-
west has been about as three to one in any other portion of the United
States.

EARLY EXPLORATIONS.

In the year 1541, DeSoto first saw the Great West in the New
World. He, however, penetrated no farther north than the 35th parallel

18 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

of latitude. The expedition resulted in his death and that of more than
half his army, the remainder of whom found their way to Cuba, thence
to Spain, in a famished and demoralized condition. DeSoto founded no
settlements, produced no results, and left no traces, unless it were that
he awakened the hostility of the red man against the white man, and
disheartened such as might desire to follow up the career of discovery
for better purposes. The French nation were eager and ready to seize
upon any news from this extensive domain, and were the first to profit by
DeSoto's defeat. Yet it was more than a century before any adventurer
took advantage of these discoveries.

In 1616, four years before the pilgrims " moored their bark on the
wild New England shore," Le Caron, a French Franciscan, had pene-
trated through the Iroquois and Wyandots (Hurons) to the streams which
run into Lake Huron ; and in 1634, two Jesuit missionaries founded the
first mission among the lake tribes. It was just one hundred years from
the discovery of the Mississippi by DeSoto (1541) until the Canadian
envoys met the savage nations of the Northwest at the Falls of St. Mary,
below the outlet of Lake Superior. This visit led to no permanent
result ; yet it was not until 1659 that any of the adventurous fur traders
attempted to spend a Winter in the frozen wilds about the great lakes,
nor was it until 1660 that a station was established upon their borders by
Mesnard, who perished in the woods a few months after. In 1665, Claude
Allouez built the earliest lasting habitation of the white man among the
Indians of the Northwest. In 1668, Claude Dablon and James Marquette
founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the Falls of St. Mary, and two
years afterward, Nicholas Perrot, as agent for M. Talon, Governor Gen-
eral of Canada, explored Lake Illinois (Michigan) as far south as the
present City of Chicago, and invited the Indian nations to meet him at a
grand council at Sault Ste. Marie the following Spring, where they were
taken under the protection of the king, and formal possession was taken
of the Northwest. This same year Marquette established a mission at
Point St. Ignatius, where was founded the old town of Michillimackinac.

During M. Talon's explorations and Marquette's residence at St.
Ignatius, they learned of a great river away to the west, and fancied —
as all others did then — that upon its fertile banks whole tribes of God's
children resided, to whom the sound of the Gospel had never come.
Filled with a wish to go and preach to them, and in compliance with a
request of M. Talon, who earnestly desired to extend the domain of his
king, and to ascertain whether the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico
or the Pacific Ocean, Marquette with Joliet, as commander of the expe-
dition, prepared for the undertaking.

On the 13th of May, 1673, the explorers, accompanied by five assist-

THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. 19

ant French Canadians, set out from Mackinaw on their daring voyage of
discovery. The Indians, who gathered to witness their departure, were
astonished at the boldness of the undertaking, and endeavored to dissuade
them from their purpose by representing the tribes on the Mississippi as
exceedingly savage and cruel, and the river itself as full of all sorts of
frightful monsters ready to swallow them and their canoes together. But,
nothing daunted by these terrific descriptions, Marquette told them he
was willing not only to encounter all the perils of the unknown region
they were about to explore, but to lay down his life in a cause in which
the salvation of souls was involved ; and having prayed together they
separated. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, the
adventurers entered Green Bay, and passed thence up the Fox River and
Lake Winnebago to a village of the Miamis and Kickapoos. Here Mar-
quette was delighted to find a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the
town, ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows,
which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to
thank him for the pity he had bestowed on them during the Winter in
giving them an abundant " chase." This was the. farthest outpost to
which Dablon and AUouez had extended their missionary labors the
year previous. Here Marquette drank mineral waters and was instructed
in the secret of a root which cures the bite of the venomous rattlesnake.
He assembled the chiefs and old men of the village, and, pointing to
Joliet, said : " My friend is an envoy of France, to discover new coun-
tries, and I am an ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths
of the Gospel." Two Miami guides were here furnished to conduct them
to the Wisconsin River, and they set out from the Indian village on
the 10th of June, amidst a great crowd of natives who had assembled to
witness their departure into a region where no white man had ever yet
ventured. The guides, having conducted them across the portage,
returned. The explorers launched their canoes upon the Wisconsin,
which they descended to the Mississippi and proceeded down its unknown
waters. What emotions must have swelled their breasts as they struck
out into the broadening current and became conscious that they were
now upon the bosom of the Father of Waters. The mystery was about
to be lifted from the long-sought river. The scenery in that locality is
beautiful, and on that delightful seventeenth of June, must have been
clad in all its primeval loveliness as it had been adorned by the hand of
Nature. Drifting rapidly, it is said that the bold bluffs on either hand
" reminded them of the castled shores of their own beautiful rivers of
France." By-and-by, as they drifted along, great herds of buffalo
appeared on the banks. On going to the heads of the valley they could
see a country of the greatest beauty and fertility, apparently destitute of

20 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

inhabitants, yet presenting the appearance of extensive manors, under
the fastidious cultivation of lordly proprietors.

On June 25, they went asliore and found some fresh traces of men
upon the sand, and a path which led to the prairie. The men remained in
the boat, and Marquette and Joliet followed the path till they discovered a
village on the banks of a river, and two other villages on a hill, within k
half league of the first, inhabited by Indians. They were received most
hospitably by these natives, who had never before seen a white person.
After remaining a few days they re-embarked and descended the river to
about latitude 33°, where they found a village of the Arkansas, and being-
satisfied that the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, turned their course
up the river, and ascending the stream to the mouth of the Illinois,
rowed up that stream to its source and procured guides from that point
to the lakes. " Nowhere on this journey," says Marquette, " did we see
such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, buffaloes, deer, wildcats, bustards^
swans, ducks, parroquets, and even beavers, as on the Illinois River."
The party, without loss or injury, reached Green Bay in September, and
reported their discovery — one of the most important of the age, but of
which no record was preserved save Marquette's, Joliet losing his by
the upsetting of his canoe on his way to Quebec. Afterward Marquette
returned to the Illinois Indians by their request, and ministered to them
until 1675. On the 18th of May, in that year, as he was passing the
mouth of a stream — going with his boatmen up Lake Michigan — he asked
to land at its mouth and celebrate Mass. Leaving his men with the canoe,
he retired a short distance and began his devotions. As much time
passed and he did not return, his men went in search of him, and found
him upon his knees, dead. He had peacefully passed away while at
prayer. He was buried at this spot. Charlevoix, who visited the place
fifty years after, found the waters had retreated from the grave, leaving
the beloved missionary to repose in peace. The river has since been
called Marquette.

While Marquette and his companions were pursuing their labors in
the West, two men, differing widely from him and each other, were pre-
paring to follow in his footsteps and perfect the discoveries so well begun
by him. These were Robert de LaSalle and Louis Hennepin.

After LaSalle's return from the discovery of the Ohio River (see
the narrative elsewhere), he established himself again among the French
trading posts in Canada. Here he mused long upon the pet project of
those ages — a short way to China and the East, and was busily planning an
expedition up the great lakes, and so across the continent to the Pacific,
when Marquette returned from the Mississippi. At once the vigorous mind
of LaSalle received from his and his companions' stories the idea that by fol-

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 21

lowing the Great River northward, or by turning up some of the numerous
western tributaries, the object could easily be gained. He applied to
Frontenac, Governor General of Canada, and laid before. him the plan,
dim but gigantic. Frontenac entered warmly into his plans, and saw that
LaSalle's idea to connect the great lakes by a chain of forts with the Gulf
of Mexico would bind the country so wonderfully together, give un-
measured power to France, and glory to himself, under whose adminis-
tration he earnestly hoped all would be realized.

LaSalle now repaired to France, laid his plans before the King, who
warmly approved of them, and made him a Chevalier. He also received
from all the noblemen the warmest wishes for his success. The Chev-
alier returned to Canada, and busily entered upon his work. He at
once rebuilt Fort Frontenac and constructed the first ship to sail on
these fresh-water seas. On the 7th of August, 1679, having been joined
by Hennepin, he began his voyage in the Griffin up Lake Erie. He
passed over this lake, through the straits beyond, up Lake St. Clair and
into Huron. In this lake they encountered heavy storms. They were
some time at Michillimackinac, where LaSalle founded a fort, and passed
on to Green Bay, the " Bale des Puans " of the French, where he found
a large quantity of furs collected for him. He loaded the Griffin with
these, and placing her under the care of a pilot and fourteen sailors,
started her on her return voyage. The vessel was never afterward heard
of. He remained about these parts until early in the Winter, when, hear-
ing nothing from the Griffin, he collected all the men— thirty working
men and three monks — and started again upon his great undertaking.

By a short portage they passed to the Illinois or Kankakee, called by
the Indians, '' Theakeke," wolf, because of the tribes of Indians called
by that name, commonly known as the Mahingans, dwelling there. The
French pronounced it Kiakiki, which became corrupted to Kankakee.
" Falling down the said river by easy journeys, the better to observe the
country," about the last of December they reached a village of the Illi-
nois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but at that moment
no inhabitants. The Sieur de LaSalle being in want of some breadstuffs,
took advantage of the absence of the Indians to help himself to a suffi-
ciency of maize, large quantities of which he found concealed in holes
under the wigwams. This village was situated near the present village
of Utica in LaSalle County, Illinois. The corn being securely stored,
the voyagers again betook themselves to the stream, and toward evening,
on the 4th day of January, 1680, they came into a lake which must have
been the lake of Peoria. This was called by the Indians Fim-i-te-wi, that
is, a place where there are many fat beasts. Here the natives were met
with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent

22 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

some time with them, LaSalle determined to erect another fort in that
place, for he had heard rumors that some of the adjoining tribes were
trying to disturb the good feeling which existed, and some of his men
were disposed to complain, owing to the hardships and perils of the travel.
He called this fort " Crevecoeur " (broken-heart), a name expressive of the
very natural sorrow and anxiety which the pretty certain loss of his ship.
Griffin, and his consequent impoverishment, the danger of hostility on the
part of the Indians, and of mutiny among his own men, might well cause
him. His fears were not entirely groundless. At one time poison was
placed in his food, but fortunately was discovered.

While building this fort, the Winter wore away, the prairies began to
look green, and LaSalle, despairing of any reinforcements, concluded to
return to Canada, raise new means and new men, and embark anew in
the enterprise. For this purpose he made Hennepin the leader of a party
to explore the head waters of the Mississippi, and he set out on his jour-
ney. This journey was accomplished with the aid of a few persons, and
was successfully made, though over an almost unknown route, and in a
bad season of the year. He safely reached Canada, and set out again for
the object of his search.

Hennepin and his party left Fort Crevecoeur on the last of February,
1680. When LaSalle reached this place on his return expedition, he
found the fort entirely deserted, and he was obliged . to return again to
Canada. He embarked the third time, and succeeded. Seven days after
leaving the fort, Hennepin reached the Mississippi, and paddling up the
icy stream as best he could, reached no higher than the Wisconsin River
by the 11 th of April. Here he and his followers were taken prisoners by a
band of Northern Indians, who treated them with great kindness. Hen-
nepin's comrades were Anthony Auguel and Michael Ako. On this voy-
age they found several beautiful lakes, and "saw some charming prairies."
Their captors were the Isaute or Sauteurs, Chippewas, a tribe of the Sioux
nation, who took them up the river until about the first of May when
they reached some falls, which Hennepin christened Falls of St. Anthony
in honor of his patron saint. Here they took the land, and traveling
nearly two hundred miles to the northwest, brought them to their villages*
Here they were kept about three months, were treated kindly by their
captors, and at the end of that time, were met by a band of Frenchmen,
headed by one Sieur de Luth, who, in pursuit of trade and game, had pene-
trated thus far by the route of Lake Superior ; and with these fellow-
countrymen Hennepin and his companions were allowed to return to the
borders of civilized life in November, 1680, just after LaSalle had
returned to the wilderness on his second trip. Hennepin soon after went
to France, where he published an account of his adventures.

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 23

The Mississippi was first discovered by De Soto in April, 1541, in his
vain endeavor to find gold and precious gems. In the following Spring,
De Soto, weary with hope long deferred, and worn out with his wander-
ings, fell a victim to disease, and on the 21st of May, died. His followers,
reduced by fatigue and disease to less than three hundred men, wandered
about the country nearly a year, in the vain endeavor to rescue them-
selves by land, and finally constructed seven small vessels, called brig-
antines, in which they embarked, and descending the river, supposing it
would lead them to the sea, in July they came to the sea (Gulf of
Mexico), and by September reached the Island of Cuba.

They were the first to see the great outlet of the Mississippi ; but,
being so weary and discouraged, made no attempt to claim the country,
and hardly had an intelligent idea of what they had passed through.

To La Salle, the intrepid explorer, belongs the honor of giving the
first account of the mouths of the river. His great desire was to possess
this entire country for his king, and in January, 1682, he and his band of
explorers left the shores of Lake Michigan on their third attempt, crossed
the Portage, passed down the Illinois River, and on the 6th of February
reached the banks of the Mississippi.

On the 13th they commenced their downward course, which they
pursued with but one interruption, until upon the 6th of March they dis-
covered the three great passages by which the river discharges its waters
into the gulf. La Salle thus narrates the event :

" We landed on the bank of the most western channel, about three
leagues (nine miles) from its mouth. On the seventh, M. de La Salle
went to reconnoiter the shore of the neighboring sea, and M. de Tonti
meanwhile examined the great middle channel. They found the main
outlets beautiful, large and deep. On the eighth, we reascended the
river, a little above its confluence with the sea, to find a dry place beyond
the reach of inundations. The elevation of the North Pole was here
about twenty-seven degrees. Here we prepared a column and a cross,
and to the column were affixed the arms of France with this inscription :

"Louis Le Grand, Roi de France et de Navarre, regno ; Le neuvieme April, 1682."

The whole party, under arms, chanted the Te Deum, and then, after
a salute and cries of " Vive le Boi^'" the column was erected by M. de
La Salle, who, standing near it, proclaimed in a loud voice the authority
of the King of France. La Salle returned and laid the foundations of the
Mississippi settlements in IlKnois ; thence he proceeded to France, where
another expedition was fitted out, of which he was commander, and in
two succeeding voyages failed to find the outlet of the river by sailing

24 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

along the shore of the gulf. On the third voyage he was killed, through
the treachery of his followers, and the object of his expeditions was not
accomplished until 1699, when D'Iberville, under the authority of the
crown, discovered, on the second of March, by way of the sea, the mouth
of the " Hidden River." This majestic stream was called by the natives
" Malbouchia,'' and by the Spaniards, " la Palissade,'" from the great
number of trees about its mouth. After traversing the several outlets,
and satisfying himself as to its certainty, he erected a fort near its western
outlet, and returned to France.

An avenue of trade was now opened out which was fully improved. In
1718, New Orleans was laid out and settled by some European colonists. In
1762, the colony was made over to Spain, to be regained by France under
the consulate of Napoleon. In 1803, it was purchased by the United
States for the sum of fifteen million dollars, and the territory of Louisiana
and commerce of the Mississippi River came under the charge of the
United States. Although La Salle's labors ended in defeat and death,
he had not worked and suffered in vain. He had thrown open to France
and the world an immense and most valuable country ; had established
several ports, and laid the foundations of more than one settlement there.
" Peoria, Kaskaskia and Cahokia, are to this day monuments of LaSalle's
labors ; for, though he had founded neither of them (unless Peoria,
which was built nearly upon the site of Fort Crevecceur,) it was by those
whom he led into the West that these places were peopled and civilized.
He was, if not the discoverer, the first settler of the Mississippi Valley,
and as such deserves to be known and honored."

The French early improved the opening made for them. Before the
year 1698, the Rev. Father Gravier began a mission among the Illinois,
and founded Kaskaskia. For some time this was merely a missionary
station, where none but natives resided, it being one of three such vil-
lages, the other two being Cahokia and Peoria. What is known of these
missions is learned from a letter written b}^ Father Gabriel Marest, dated
" Aux Cascaskias, autrement dit de I'lmraaculate Conception de la Sainte
Vierge, le 9 Novembre, 1712." Soon after the founding of Kaskaskia,
the missionary, Pinet, gathered a flock at Cahokia, while Peoria arose
near the ruins of Fort Crevecceur. This must have been about the year
1700. The post at Vincennes on the Oubache river, (pronounced Wa-ba,
meaning summer cloud moving siviftly,') was established in 1702, according
to the best authorities.* It is altogether probable that on LaSalle's last

* There is considerable dispute about this date, some asserting It was founded as late as 1742. When the
new court house at Vincennes was erected, all authorities on the subject were carefully examined, and 1702 tised
upon as the correct date. It was accordingly engi-aved on the corner-stone of the court housa.

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY 25

trip he established the stations at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. In July,
1701, the foundations of Fort Ponchartrain were laid by De la Motte
Cadillac on the Detroit River. These stations, with those established
further north, were the earliest attempts to occupy the Northwest Terri-
tory. At the same time efforts were being made to occupy the Southwest,
which finally culminated in the settlement and founding of the City of New
Orleans by a colony from England in 1718. This was mainly accom-
plished through the efforts of the famous Mississippi Company, established
by the notorious John Law, who so quickly arose into prominence in
France, and who with his scheme so quickly and so ignominiously passed
away.

From the time of the founding of these stations for fifty years the
French nation were engrossed with the settlement of the lower Missis-
sippi, and the war with the Chickasaws, who had, in revenge for repeated
injuries, cut off the entire colony at Natchez. Although the company
did little for Louisiana, as the entire West was then called, yet it opened
the trade through the Mississippi River, and started the raising of grains
indigenous to that climate. Until the year 1750, but little is known of
the settlements in the Northwest, as it was not until this time that the
attention of the English was called to the occupation of this portion of the
New World, which they then supposed they owned. Vivier, a missionary
among the Illinois, writing from " Aux Illinois," six leagues from Fort
Chartres, June 8, 1750, says: "We have here whites, negroes and
Indians, to say nothing of cross-breeds. There are five French villages,
and three villages of the natives, within a space of twenty-one leagues
situated between the Mississippi and another river called the Karkadaid
(Kaskaskias). In the five French villages, are perhaps, eleven hundred
whites, three hundred blacks and some sixty red slaves or savages. The
three Illinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls all
told. Most of the French till the soil ; they raise wheat, cattle, pigs and
horses, and live like princes. Three times as much is produced as can
be consumed ; and great quantities of grain and flour are sent to New
Orleans." This city was now the seaport town of the Northwest, and
save in the extreme northern part, where only furs and copper ore were
found, almost all the products of the country found their way to France
by the mouth of the Father of Waters. In another letter, dated Novem-
ber 7, 1750, this same priest says : " For fifteen leagues above the
mouth of the Mississippi one sees no dwellings, the ground being too low
to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans, the lands are only partially
occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and red, not more, I
think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come all the lumber,
bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease ; and above all, pork

26 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty
vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans,
plantations are again met with ; the most considerable is a colony of
Germans, some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five
leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five
or six leagues, are not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues farther
up is the Natchez post, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners
through fear of the Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee, they raise
excellent tobacco. Another hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas,
where we have also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of the river
traders. * * * From the Arkansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred
leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, hower, a fort at
the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which the English can reach the
Mississippi. In the Illinois country are numberless mines, but no one to
work them as they deserve." Father Marest, writing from the post at
Vincennes in 1812, makes the same observation. Vivier also says: " Some
individuals dig lead near the surface and supply the Indians and Canada.
Two Spaniards now here, who claim to be adepts, say that our mines are
like those of Mexico, and that if we would dig deeper, we should find
silver under the lead ; and at any rate the lead is excellent. There is also
in this country, beyond doubt, copper ore, as from time to time large
pieces are found in the streams.

At the close of the year 1750, the French occupied, in addition to the
lower Mississippi posts and those in Illinois, one at Du Quesne, one at
the Maumee in the country of the Miamas, and one at Sandusky in what
may be termed the Ohio Valley. In the northern part of the Northwest
they had stations at St. Joseph's on the St. Joseph's of Lake Michigan,
at Fort Ponchartrain (Detroit), at Michillimackanac or Massillimacanac,
Fox River at Green Bay, and at Sault Ste. Marie. The fondest dreams
of LaSalle were now fully realized. The French alone were possessors of
this vast realm, basing their claim on discovery and settlement. Another
nation, however, was now turning its attention to this extensive country,
and hearing of its wealth, began to lay plans for occupying it and for
securing the great profits arising therefrom.

The French, however, had another claim to this country, namely, the

DISCOVERY OF THE OHIO.

This " Beautiful " river was discovered by Robert Cavalier de La-
Salle in 1669, four years before the discovery of the Mississippi by Joliet
and Marquette.

THE ^'OK.T^WEST TERRITORY. 27

While LaSalle was at his trading post on the St. Lawrence, he found
leisure to study nine Indian dialects, the chief of which was the Iroquois.
He not only desired to facilitate his intercourse in trade, but he longed
to travel and explore the unknown regions of the West. An incident
soon occurred which decided him to fit out an exploring expedition.

While conversing with some Senecas, he learned of a river called the
Ohio, which rose in their country and flowed to the sea, but at such a
distance that it required eight months to reach its mouth. In this state-
ment the Mississippi and its tributaries were considered as one stream.
LaSalle believing, as most of the French at that period did, that the great
rivers flowing west emptied into the Sea of California, was anxious to
embark in the enterprise of discovering a route across the continent to
the commerce of China and Japan.

He repaired at once to Quebec to obtain the approval of the Gov-
ernor. His eloquent appeal prevailed. The Governor and the Intendant,
Talon, issued letters patent authorizing the enterprise, but made no pro-
vision to defray the expenses. At this juncture the seminary of St. Sul-
pice decided to send out missionaries in connection with the expedition,
and LaSalle ofi'ering to sell his improvements at LaChine to raise money^
the offer was accepted by the Superior, and two thousand eight hundred
dollars were raised, with which LaSalle purchased four canoes and the
necessary supplies for the outfit.

On the 6th of July, 1669, the party, numbering twenty-four persons,
embarked in seven canoes on the St. Lawrence ; two additional canoes
carried the Indian guides. In three days they were gliding over the
bosom of Lake Ontario. Their guides conducted them directly to the
Seneca village on the bank of the Genesee, in the vicinity of the present
City of Rochester, New York. Here they expected to procure guides to
conduct them to the Ohio, but in this they were disappointed.

The Indians seemed unfriendly to the enterprise. LaSalle suspected
that the Jesuits had prejudiced their minds against his plans. After
waiting a month in the hope of gaining their object, they met an Indian
from the Iroquois colony at the head of Lake Ontario, who assured them
that they could there find guides, and offered to conduct them thence.

On their way they passed the mouth of the Niagara River, when they
heard for the first time the distant thunder of the cataract. Arriving
among the Iroquois, they met with a friendly reception, and learned
from a Shawanee prisoner that they could reach the Ohio in six weeks.
Delighted with the unexpected good fortune, they made ready to resume
their journey ; but just as they were about to start they heard of the
arrival of two Frenchmen in a neighboring village. One of them proved
to be Louis Joliet, afterwards famous as an explorer in the West. He

28 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

had been sent by the Canadian Government to explore the copper mines
on Lake Superior, but had failed, and was on his way back to Quebec.
He gave the missionaries a map of the country he had explored in the
lake region, together with an account of the condition of the Indians in
that quarter. This induced the priests to determine on leaving the
expedition and going to Lake Superior. LaSalle warned them that the
Jesuits were probably occupying that field, and that they would meet
with a cold reception. Nevertheless they persisted in their purpose, and
after worship on the lake shove, parted from LaSalle. On arriving at
Lake Superior, they found, as LaSalle had predicted, the Jesuit Fathers,
Marquette and Dablon, occupying the field.

These zealous disciples of Loyola informed them that they wanted
no assistance from St. Sulpice, nor from those who made him their patron
saint ; and thus repulsed, they returned to Montreal the following June
without having made a single discovery or converted a single Indian.

After parting with the priests, LaSalle went to the chief L-oquois
Tillage at Onondaga, where he obtained guides, and passing thence to a
tributary of the Ohio south of Lake Erie, he descended the latter as far
as the falls at Louisville. Thus was the Ohio discovered by LaSalle, the
persevering and successful French explorer of the West, in 1669.

The account of the latter part of his journey is found in an anony-
mous paper, which purports to have been taken from the lips of LaSalle
himself during a subsequent visit to Paris. In a letter written to Count
Frontenac in 1667, shortly after the discovery, he himself says that he
discovered the Ohio and descended it to the falls. This was regarded as
an indisputable fact by the French authorities, who claimed the Ohio
Valley upon another ground. When Washington was sent by the colony
of Virginia in 1753, to demand of Gordeur de St. Pierre why the French
had built a fort on the Monongahela, the haughty commandant at Quebec
replied : " We claim the country on the Ohio by virtue of the discoveries
of LaSalle, and will not give it up to the English. Our orders are to
make prisoners of every Englishman found trading in the Ohio Valley.'*

ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS.

When the new year of 1750 broke in upon the Father of Waters
and the Great Northwest, all was still wild save at the French posts
already described. In 1749, when the English first began to think seri-
ously about sending men into the West, the greater portion of the States
of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were yet
under the dominion of the red men. The English knew, however, pretty

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 29

conclusively of the nature of the wealth of these wilds. As early as
1710, Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, had commenced movements to
secure the country west of the Alleghenies to the English crown. In
Pennsylvania, Governor Keith and James Logan, secretary of the prov-
ince, from 1719 to 1731, represented to the powers of England the neces-
sity of securing the Western lands. Nothing was done, however, by that
power save to take some diplomatic steps to secure the claims of Britain
to this unexplored wilderness.

England had from the outset claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific,
on the ground that the discovery of the seacoast and its possession was a
discovery and possession of the country, and, as is well known, her grants
to the colonies extended " from sea to sea." This was not all her claim.
She had purchased from the Indian tribes large tracts of land. This lat-
ter was also a strong argument. As early as 1684, Lord H oward. Gov-
ernor of Virginia, held a treaty with the six nations. These were the
great Northern Confederacy, and comprised at first the Mohawks, Onei-
das, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. Afterward the Tuscaroras were
taken into the confederacy, and it became known as the Six Nations.
They came under the protection of the mother country, and again in
1701, they repeated the agreement, and in September, 1726, a formal deed
was drawn up and signed by the chiefs. The validity of this claim has
often been disputed, but never successfully. In 1744, a purchase was
made at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, of certain lands within the " Colony of
Virginia," for which the Indians received ^200 in gold and a like sum in
goods, with a promise that, as settlements increased, more should be paid.
The Commissioners from Virginia were Colonel Thomas Lee and Colonel
William Beverly. As settlements extended, the promise of more pay was
called to mind, and Mr. Conrad Weiser was sent across the mountains with,
presents to appease the savages. Col. Lee, and some Virginians accompa-
nied him with the intention of sounding the Indians upon their feelings
regarding the English. They were not satisfied with their treatment,
and plainly told the Commissioners why. The English did not desire the
cultivation of the country, but the monopoly of the Indian trade. In.
1748, the Ohio Company was formed, and petitioned the king for a grant
of land beyond the Alleghenies. This was granted, and the government
of Virginia was ordered to grant to them a half million acres, two hun-
dred thousand of which were to be located at once. Upon the 12th of
June, 1749, 800,000 acres from the line of Canada north and west was
made to the Loyal Company, and on the 29th of October, 1751, 100,000
acres were given to the Greenbriar Company. All this time the French
were not idle. They saw that, should the British gain a foothold in the
West, especially upon the Ohio, they might not only prevent the French

30 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

settling upon it, but in time would come to the lower posts and so gain
possession of the whole country. Upon the 10th of May, 1747, Vaud-
reuil, Governor of Canada and the French possessions, well knowing the
consequences that must arise from allowing the English to build trading
posts in the Northwest, seized some of their frontier posts, and to further
secure the claim of the French to the West, he, in 1749, sent Louis Cel-
eron with a party of soldiers to plant along the Ohio River, in the mounds
and at the mouths of its principal tributaries, plates of lead, on which
were inscribed the claims of France. These were heard of in 1752, and
within the memory of residents now living along the " Oyo," as the
beautiful river was called by the French. One of these plates was found
with the inscription partly defaced. It bears date August 16, 1749, and
a copy of the inscription with particular account of the discovery of the
plate, was sent by DeWitt Clinton to the American Antiquarian Society,
among whose journals it may now be found.* These measures did not,
however, deter the English from going on with their explorations, and
though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and
it was only a question of time when the storm would burst upon the
frontier settlements. In 1750, Christopher Gist was sent by the Ohio
Company to examine its lands. He went to a village of the Twigtwees,
on the Miami, about one hundred and fifty miles above its mouth. He
afterward spoke of it as very populous. From there he went down
the Ohio River nearly to the falls at the present City of Louisville,
and in November he commenced a survey of the Company's lands. Dur-
ing the Winter, General Andrew Lewis performed a similar work for the
Greenbriar Company. Meanwhile the French were busy in preparing
their forts for defense, and in opening roads, and also sent a small party
of soldiers to keep the Ohio clear. This party, having heard of the Eng-
lish post on the Miami River, early in 1652, assisted by the Ottawas and
Chippewas, attacked it, and, after a severe battle, in which fourteen of
the natives were killed and others wounded, captured the garrison.
(They were probably garrisoned in a block house). The traders were
carried away to Canada, and one account says several were burned. This
fort or post was called by the English Pickawillany. A memorial of the
king's ministers refers to it as " Pickawillanes, in the center of the terri-
tory between the Ohio and the Wabash. The name is probably some
variation of Pickaway or Picqua in 1773, written by Rev. David Jones
Pickaweke."

* The following is a translation of the inscription on the plate: "In the year 1749. reign of Louis XV..
liing of France, we, Celeron, commandant of a detachment by Monsieur the Marquis of Gallisoniere, com-
mander-in-chief of New France, to establish tranquility in certain Indian villages of these cantons, have
buried this plate at the confluence of the Toradakoin, this twenty- ninth of July, near the river Ohio, otherwise
Beautiful Kiver, as a monument of renewal of possession which we have taken of the said river, and all its
tributaries; inasmuch as the preceding Kings of France have enjoyed it, and maintained it by their arms and
treaties; especially by those of Ryswick, Utrecht, and Aix La Chapelle."

THE NORTHWEST TERRITOEY, 31

This was the first blood shed between the French and English, and
occurred near the present City of Piqua, Ohio, or at least at a point about
forty-seven miles north of Dayton. Each nation became now more inter-
ested in the progress of events in the Northwest. The English deter-
mined to purchase from the Indians a title to the lands they wished to
occupy, and Messrs. Fry (afterward Commander-in-chief over Washing-
ton at the commencement of the French War of 1775-1763), Lomaxand
Patton were sent in the Spring of 1752 to hold a conference with the
natives at Logstown to learn what they objected to in the treaty of Lan-
caster already noticed, and to settle all difficulties. On the 9th of June,
these Commissioners met the red men at Logstown, a little village on the
north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the site of Pitts-
burgh. Here had been a trading point for many years, but it was aban-
doned by the Indians in 1750. At first the Indians declined to recognize
the treaty of Lancaster, but, the Commissioners taking aside Montour,
the interpreter, who was a son of the famous Catharine Montour, and a
chief among the six nations, induced him to use his influence in their
favor. This he did, and upon the 13th of June they all united in signing
a deed, confirming the Lancaster treaty in its full extent, consenting to a
settlement of the southeast of the Ohio, and guaranteeing that it should
not be disturbed by them. These were the means used to obtain the first
treaty with the Indians in the Ohio Valley.

Meanwhile the powers beyond the sea were trying to out-manoeuvre
each other, and were professing to be at peace. The English generally
outwitted the Indians, and failed in many instances to fulfill their con-
tracts. They thereby gained the ill-will of the red men, and further
increased the feeling by failing to provide them with arms and ammuni-
tion. Said an old chief, at Easton, in 1758 : " The Indians on the Ohio
left you because of your own fault. When we heard the French were
coming, we asked you for help and arms, but we did not get them. The
French came, they treated us kindly, and gained our affections. The
Governor of Virginia settled on our lands for his own benefit, and, when
we wanted help, forsook us."

At the beginning of 1653, the English thought they had secured by
title the lands in the West, but the French had quietly gathered cannon
and military stores to be in readiness for the expected blow. The Eng-
lish made other attempts to ratify these existing treaties, but not until
the Summer could the Indians be gathered together to discuss the plans.
of the French. They had sent messages to the French, warning them
away ; but they replied that they intended to complete the chain of fortd
already begun, and would' not abandon the field.

Soon after this, no satisfaction being obtained from the Ohio regard-

32 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

ing the positions and purposes of the French, Governor Dinwiddie of
Virginia determined to send to them another messenger and learn from
them, if possible, their intentions. For this purpose he selected a young
man, a surveyor, who, at the early age of nineteen, had received the rank
of major, and who was thoroughly posted regarding frontier life. This
personage was no other than the illustrious George Washington, who then
held considerable interest in Western lauds. He was at this time just
twenty-two years of age. Taking Gist as his guide, the two, accompanied
by four servitors, set out on their perilous march. They left Will's
Creek on the 10th of November, 1753, and on the 22d reached the Monon-
gahela, about ten miles above the fork. From there they went to
Logstown, where Washington had a long conference with the chiefs of
the Six Nations. From them he learned the condition of the French, and
also heard of their determination not to come down the river till the fol-
lowing Spring. The Indians were non-committal, as they were afraid to
turn either way, and, as far as they could, desired to remain neutral.
Washington, finding nothing could be done with them, went on to
Venango, an old Indian town at the mouth of French Creek. Here the
French had a fort, called Fort Machault. Through the rum and flattery
of the French, he nearly lost all his Indian followers. Finding nothing
of importance here, he pursued his way amid great privations, and on the
11th of December reached the fort at the head of French Creek. Here
he delivered Governor Dinwiddie's letter, received his answer, took his
observations, and on the 16tli set out upon his return journey with no one
but Gist, his guide, and a few Indians who still remained true to him,
notwithstanding the endeavors of the French to retain them. Their
homeward journey was one of great peril and suffering from the cold, yet
they reached home in safety on the 6th of January, 1754.

From the letter of St. Pierre, commander of the French fort, sent by
Washington to Governor Dinwiddie, it was learned that the French would
not give up without a struggle. Active preparations were at once made
in all the English colonies for the coming conflict, while the French
finished the fort at Venango and strengthened their lines of fortifications,
and gathered their forces to be in readiness.

The Old Dominion was all alive. Virginia was the center of great
activities ; volunteers were called for, and from all the neighboring
colonies men rallied to the conflict, and everywhere along the Potomac
men were enlisting under the Governor's proclamation — which promised
two hundred thousand acres on the Ohio. Along this river they were
gathering as far as Will's Creek, and far beyond this point, whither Trent
had come for assistance for his little band of forty-one men, who were

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 33

working away in hunger and want, to fortify that point at the fork of
the Ohio, to which both parties were looking with deep interest.

" The first birds of Spring filled the air with their song ; the swift
river rolled by the Allegheny hillsides, swollen by the melting snows of
Spring and the April showers. The leaves Avere appearing ; a few Indian
scouts were seen, but no enemy seemed near at hand ; and all was so quiet,
that Frazier, an old Indian scout and trader, who had been left by Trent
in command, ventured to his home at the mouth of Turtle Creek, ten
miles up the Monongahela. But, though all was so quiet in that wilder-
ness, keen eyes had seen the low intrenchment rising at the fork, and
swift feet had borne the news of it up the river ; and upon the morning
of the 17th of April, Ensign Ward, who then had charge of it, saw
upon the Allegheny a sight that made his heart sink — sixty batteaux and
three hundred canoes filled with men, and laden deep with cannon and
stores. * * * That evening he supped with his captor, Contrecoeur,
and the next day he was bowed off by the Frenchman, and with his men
and tools, marched up the Monongahela."

The French and Indian war had begun. The treaty of Aix la
Chapelle, in 1748, had left the boundaries between the French and
English possessions unsettled, and the events already narrated show the
French were determined to hold the country watered by the Mississippi
and its tributaries ; while the English laid claims to the country by virtue
of the discoveries of the Cabots, and claimed all the country from New-
foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The
first decisive blow had now been struck, and the first attempt of the
English, through the Ohio Company, to occupy these lands, had resulted
disastrously to them. The French and Indians immediately completed
the fortifications begun at the Fork, which they had so easily captured,
and when completed gave to the fort the name of DuQuesne. Washing-
ton was at Will's Creek when the news of the capture of the fort arrived.
He at once departed to recapture it. On his way he entrenched him-
self at a place called the " Meadows," where he erected a fort called
by him Fort Necessity. From there he surprised and captured a force of
French and Indians marching against him, but was soon after attacked
in his fort by a much superior force, and was obliged to yield on the
morning of July 4th. He was allowed to return to Virginia.

The English Government immediately planned four campaigns ; one
against Fort DuQuesne; one against Nova Scotia; one against Fort
Niagara, and one against Crown Point. These occurred during 1755-6,
and were not successful in driving the French from their possessions.
The expedition against Fort DuQuesne was led by the famous General
Braddock, who, refusing to listen to the advice of Washington and those

34 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

acquainted with Indian warfare, suffered such an inglorious defeat. This
occurred on the morning of July 9th, and is generally known as the battle
of Monongahela, or " Braddock's Defeat." The war continued with
various vicissitudes through the years 1756-7 ; when, at the commence-
ment of 1758, in accordance with the plans of William Pitt, then Secre-
tary of State, afterwards Lord Chatham, active preparations were made to
carry on the war. Three expeditions were planned for this year : one,
under General Amherst, against Louisburg ; another, under Abercrombie,
against Fort Ticonderoga ; and a third, under General Forbes, against
Fort DuQuesne. On the 26th of July, Louisburg surrendered after a
desperate resistance of more than forty days, and the eastern part of the
Canadian possessions fell into the hands of the British. Abercrombie
captured Fort Frontenac, and when the expedition against Fort DuQuesne,
of which Washington had the active command, arrived there, it was
found in flames and deserted. The English at once took possession,
rebuilt the fort, and in honor of their illustrious statesman, changed the
name to Fort Pitt.

The great object of the campaign of 1759, was the reduction of
Canada. General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst was to
reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and General Prideaux was to
capture Niagara. This latter place was taken in July, but the gallant
Prideaux lost his life in the attempt. Amherst captured Ticonderoga
and Crown Point without a blow ; and Wolfe, after making the memor-
able ascent to the Plains of Abraham, on September 13th, defeated
Montcalm, and on the 18th, the city capitulated. In this engagement
Montcolm and Wolfe both lost their lives. De Levi, Montcalm's successor,
marched to Sillery, three miles above the city, with the purpose of
defeating the English, and there, on the 28th of the following April, was
fought one of the bloodiest battles of the French and Indian War. It
resulted in the defeat of the French, and the fall of the City of MontreaL
The Governor signed a capitulation by which the whole of Canada was
surrendered to the English. This practically concluded the war, but it
was not until 1763 that the treaties of peace between France and England
were signed. This was done on the 10th of February of that year, and
under its provisions all the country east of the Mississippi and north of
the Iberville River, in Louisiana, were ceded to England. At the same
time Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain.

On the 13th of September, 1760, Major Robert Rogers was sent
from Montreal to take charge of Detroit, the only remaining French post
in the territory. He arrived there on the 19th of November, and sum-
moned the place to surrender. At first the commander of the post,
Beletre, refused, but on the 29th, hearing of the continued defeat of the

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. . 35

French arms, surrendered. Rogers remained there until December 23d
under the personal protection of the celebrated chief, Pontiac, to whom,
no doubt, he owed his safety. Pontiac had come here to inquire the
purposes of the Enghsh in taking possession of the country. He was
assured that they came simply to trade with the natives, and did not
desire their country. This answer concihated the savages, and did much
to insure the safety of Rogers and his party durin^their sta^;, ^nd while
on their journey home. .') 5 O '-*■ "^ '

Rogers set out for Fort Pitt on December 23, and was just one
mouth on the way. His route was from Detroit to Maumee, thence
across the present State of Ohio directly to the fort. This was the com-
mon trail of the Indians in their journeys from Sandusky to the fork of
the Ohio. It went from Fort Sandusky, where Sandusky City now is,
crossed the Huron river, then called Bald Eagle Creek, to " Mohickon
John's Town" on Mohickon Creek, the northern branch of White
Woman's River, and thence crossed to Beaver's Town, a Delaware town
on what is now Sandy Creek. At Beaver's Town were probably one
hundred and fifty warriors, and not less than three thousand acres of
cleared land. From there the track went up Sandy Creek to and across
Big Beaver, and up the Ohio to Logstown, thence on to the fork.

The Northwest Territory was now entirely under the English rule.
New settlements began to be rapidly made, and the promise of a large
trade was speedily manifested. Had the British carried out their promises
with the natives none of those savage butcheries would have been perpe-
trated, and the country would have been spared their recital.

The renowned chief, Pontiac, was one of the leading spirits in these
atrocities. We will now pause in our narrative, and notice the leading
events in his life. The earliest authentic information regarding this
noted Indian chief is learned from an account of an Indian trader named
Alexander Henry, who, in the Spring of 1761, penetrated his domains as
far as Missillimacnac. Pontiac was then a great friend of the French,
but a bitter foe of the English, whom he considered as encroaching on his
hunting grounds. Henry was obliged to disguise himself as a Canadian
to insure safety, but was discovered by Pontiac, who bitterly reproached
him and the English for their attempted subjugation of the West. He
declared that no treaty had been made with them; no presents sent
them, and that he would resent any possession of the West by that nation.
He was at the time about fifty years of age, tall and dignified, and was
civil and military ruler of the Ottawas, Ojibwas and Pottawatamies.

The Indians, from Lake Michigan to the borders of North Carolina,
were united in this feeling, and at the time of the treaty of Paris, ratified
February 10, 1763, a general conspiracy was formed to fall suddenly

36 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

upon the frontier British posts, and with one blow strike every man dead,
Pontiac was the marked leader in all this, and was the commander
of the Chippewas, Ottawas, Wj-andots, Miamis, Shawanese, Delawares
and Mingoes, who had, for the time, laid aside their local quarrels to unit^
in this enterprise.

The blow came, as near as can now be ascertained, on May 7, 1763.
Nine British posts fell, and the Indians drank, " scooped up in the hollow
of joined hands," the blood of many a Briton.

Pontiac's immediate field of action was the garrison at Detroit.
Here, however, the plans were frustrated by an Indian woman disclosing-
the plot the evening previous to his arrival. Everything was carried out,
however, according to Pontiac's plans until the moment of action, when
Major Gladwyn, the commander of the post, stepping to one of the Indian
chiefs, suddenly drew aside his blanket and disclosed the concealed
musket. Pontiac, though a brave man, turned pale and trembled. He
saw his plan was known, and that the garrison were prepared. Ke
endeavored to exculpate himself from any such intentions ; but the guilt
was evident, and he and his followers were dismissed with a sever©
reprimand, and warned never to again enter the walls of the post.

Pontiac at once laid siege to the fort, and until the treaty of peace
between the British and the Western Indians, concluded in August, 1764,
continued to harass and besiege the fortress. He organized a regular
commissariat department, issued bills of credit written out on bark,
which, to his credit, it may be stated, were punctually redeemed. At
the conclusion of the treaty, in which it seems he took no part, he went
further south, living many yeass among the Illinois.

He had given up all hope of saving his country and race. After a
time he endeavored to unite the Illinois tribe and those about St. Louis
in a war with the whites. His efforts were fruitless, and only ended in a
quarrel between himself and some Kaskaskia Indians, one of whom soon
afterwards killed him. His death was, however, avenged by the northern
Indians, who nearly exterminated the Illinois in the wars which followed.

Had it not been for the treachery of a few of his followers, his plan
for the extermination of the whites, a masterly one, would undoubtedly
have been carried out.

It was in the Spring of the year following Rogers' visit that Alex-
ander Henry went to Missillimacnac, and everywhere found the strongest
feelings against the English, who had not carried out their promises, and
were doing nothing to conciliate the natives. Here he met the chief,
Pontiac, who, after conveying to him in a speech the idea that their
French father would awake soon and utterly destroy his enemies, said :
" Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 37

yet conquered us ! We are not your slaves I These lakes, these woods,
these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance,
and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like
the white people, can not live without bread and pork and beef. But you
ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided
food for us upon these broad lakes and in these mountains."

He then spoke of the fact that no treaty had been made with them,
no presents sent them, and that he and his people were yet for war.
Such were the feelings of the Northwestern Indians immediately after
the English took possession of their countr3\ These feelings were no
doubt encouraged by the Canadians and French, who hoped that yet the
French arms might prevail. The treaty of Paris, however, gave to the
English the right to this vast domain, and active preparations were going
on to occupy it and enjoy its trade and emoluments.

In 1762, France, by a secret treaty, ceded Louisiana to Spain, to pre-
vent it falling into the hands of the English, who were becoming masters
of the entire West. The next year the treaty of Paris, signed at Fon-
tainbleau, gave to the English the domain of the country in question.
Twenty years after, by the treaty of peace between the United States
and England, that part of Canada lying south and west of the Great
Lakes, comprehending a large territory which is the subject of these
sketches, was acknowledged to be a portion of the United States ; and
twenty years still later, in 1803, Louisiana was ceded by Spain back to
France, and by France sold to the United States.

In the half century, from the building of the Fort of Crevecoeur by
LaSalle, in 1680, up to the erection of Fort Chartres, many French set-
tlements had been made in that quarter. These have already been
noticed, being those at St. Vincent (Vincennes), Kohokia or Cahokia,
Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher, on the American Bottom, a large tract
of rich alluvial soil in Illinois, on the Mississippi, opposite the site of St.
Louis.

By the treaty of Paris, the regions east of the Mississippi, including
all these and other towns of the Northwest, were given over to England;
but they do not appear to have been taken possession of until 1765, when
Captain Stirling, in the name of the Majesty of England, established him-
self at Fort Chartres bearing with him the proclamation of General Gage,
dated December 30, 1764, which promised religious freedom to all Cath-
olics who worshiped here, and a right to leave the country with their
effects if they wished, or to remain with the privileges of Englishmen.
It was shortly after the occupancy of the West by the British that the
war with Pontiac opened. It is already noticed in the sketch of that
chieftain. By it many a Briton lost his life, and many a frontier settle-

38 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

ment in its infancy ceased to exist. This was not ended until the year
1764, when, failing to capture Detroit, Niagara and Fort Pitt, his confed-
eracy became disheartened, and, receiving no aid from the French, Pon-
tiac abandoned the enterprise and departed to the Illinois, among whom
he afterward lost his life.

As soon as these difficulties were definitely settled, settlers began
rapidly to survey the country and prepare for occupation. During the
year 1770, a number of persons from Virginia and other British provinces
explored and marked out nearly all the valuable lands on the Mononga-
hela and along the banks of the Ohio as far as the Little Kanawha. This
was followed by another exploring expedition, in which George Washing-
ton was a party. The latter, accompanied by Dr. Craik, Capt. Crawford
and others, on the 20th of October, 1770, descended the Ohio from Pitts-
burgh to the mouth of the Kanawha ; ascended that stream about fourteen
miles, marked out several large tracts of land, shot several buffalo, which
were then abundant in the Ohio Valley, and returned to the fort.

Pittsburgh was at this time a trading post, about which was clus-
tered a village of some twenty houses, inhabited by Indian traders. This
same year, Capt. Pittman visited Kaskaskia and its neighboring villages.
He found there about sixty-five resident families, and at Cahokia only
forty-five dwellings. At Fort Chartres was another small settlement, and
at Detroit the garrison were quite prosperous and strong. For a year
or two settlers continued to locate near some of these posts, generally
Fort Pitt or Detroit, owing to the fears of the Indians, who still main-
tained some feelings of hatred to the English. The trade from the posts
was quite good, and from those in Illinois large quantities of pork and
flour found their way to the New Orleans market. At this time the
policy of the British Government was strongly opposed to the extension
of the colonies west. In 1763, the King of England forbade, by royal
proclamation, his colonial subjects from making a settlement beyond the
sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean. At the instance
of the Board of Trade, measures were taken to prevent the settlement
without the limits prescribed, and to retain the commerce within easy
reach of Great Britain.

The commander-in-chief of the king's forces wrote in 1769 : " In the
course of a few years necessity will compel the colonists, should they
extend their settlements west, to provide manufactures of some kind for
themselves, and when all connection upheld by commerce with the mother
country ceases, an independency in their government will soon follow."

In accordance with this policy. Gov. Gage issued a proclamation
in 1772, commanding the inhabitants of Vincennes to abandon their set-
tlements and join some of the Eastern English colonies. To this they

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 39

strenuously objected, giving good reasons therefor, and were allowed to
remain. The strong opposition to this policy of Great Britain led to its
change, and to such a course as to gain the attachment of the French
population. In December, 1773, influential citizens of Quebec petitioned
the king for an extension of the boundary lines of that province, which
was granted, and Parliament passed an act on June 2, 1774, extend-
ing the boundary so as to include the territory lying within the present
States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan.

In consequence of the liberal policy pursued by the British Govern-
ment toward the French settlers in the West, they were disposed to favor
that nation in the war which soon followed with the colonies ; but the
early alliance between France and America soon brought them to the side
of the war for independence.

In 1774, Gov. Dunmore, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration
to the Western lands. He appointed magistrates at Fort Pitt under the
pretense that the fort was under the government of that commonwealth.
One of these justices, John Connelly, who possessed a tract of land in the
Ohio Valley, gathered a force of men and garrisoned the fort, calling it
Fort Dunmore. This and other parties were formed to select sites for
settlements, and often came in conflict with the Indians, who yet claimed
portions of the valley, and several battles followed. These ended in the
famous battle of Kanawha in July, where the Indians were defeated and
driven across the Ohio.

During the years 1775 and 1776, by the operations of land companies
and the perseverance of individuals, several settlements were firmly estab-
lished between the Alleghanies and the Ohio River, and western land
speculators were busy in Illinois and on the Wabash. At a council held
in Kaskaskia on July 5, 1773, an association of EngHsh traders, calling
themselves the " Illinois Land Company," obtained from ten chiefs of the
Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Peoria tribes two large tracts of land lying on
the east side of the Mississippi River south of the Illinois. In 1775, a mer-
chant from the Illinois Country, named Viviat, came to Post Vincennes
as the agent of the association called the " Wabash Land Company." On
the 8th of October he obtained from eleven Piankeshaw chiefs, a deed for
37,497,600 acres of land. This deed was signed by the grantors, attested
by a number of the inhabitants of Vincennes, and afterward recorded in
the office of a notary public at Kaskaskia. This and other land com-
panies had extensive schemes for the colonization of the West ; but all
were frustrated by the breaking out of the Revolution. On the 20th ot
April, 1780, the two companies named consolidated under the name of the
" United lUinois and Wabash Land Company." They afterward made

40 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

strenuous efforts to have these grants sanctioned by Congress, but all
signally failed.

When the War of the Revolution commenced, Kentucky was an unor-
ganized country, though there were several settlements within her borders.

In Hutchins' Topography of Virginia, it is stated that at that time
" Kaskaskia contained 80 houses, and nearly 1,000 white and black in-
habitants — the whites being a little the more numerous. Cahokia con-
tains 50 houses and 300 white inhabitants, and 80 negroes. There were
east of the Mississippi River, about the year 1771 " — when these observa-
tions were made — " 300 white men capable of bearing arms, and 230
negroes."

From 1775 until the expedition of Clark, nothing is recorded and
nothing known of these settlements, save what is contained in a report
made by a committee to Congress in June, 1778. From it the following
extract is made :

" Near the mouth of the River Kaskaskia, there is a village Avhich
appears to have contained nearly eighty families from the beginning of
the late revolution. There are twelve families in a small village at la
Prairie du Rochers, and near fifty families at the Kahokia Village. There
are also four or five families at Fort Chartres and St. Philips, which is live
miles further up the river."

St. Louis had been settled in February, 1764, and at this time con-
tained, including its neighboring towns, over six hundred whites and one
hundred and fifty negroes. It must be remembered that all the country
west of the Mississippi was now under French rule, and remained so until
ceded again to Spain, its original owner, who afterwards sold it and the
country including New Orleans to the United States. At Detroit there
were, according to Capt. Carver, who was in the Northwest from 1766 to
1768, more than one hundred houses, and the river was settled for more
than twenty miles, although poorly cultivated — the people being engaged
in the Indian trade. This old town has a history, which we will here
relate.

It is the oldest town in the Northwest, having been founded by
Antoine de Lamotte Cadillac, in 1701. It was laid out in the form of an
oblong square, of two acres in length, and an acre and a half in width.
As described by A. D. Frazer, who first visited it and became a permanent
resident of the place, in 1778, it comprised within its limits that space
between Mr. Palmer's store (Conant Block) and Capt. Perkins' house
(near the Arsenal building), and extended back as far as the public barn,
and was bordered in front by the Detroit River. It was surrounded by
oak and cedar pickets, about fifteen feet long, set in the ground, and had
four gates — east, west, north and south. Over the first thi-ee of these

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 41

gates -were block houses provided with four guns apiece, each a six-
pounder. Two six-gun batteries were planted fronting the river and in a
parallel direction with the block houses. There were four streets running
east and west, the main street being twenty feet wide and the rest fifteen
feet, while the four streets crossing these at right angles were from ten
to fifteen feet in width.

At the date spoken of by Mr. Frazer, there was no fort within the
enclosure, but a citadel on the ground corresponding to the present
northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street. The citadel was
inclosed by pickets, and within it were erected barracks of wood, two
stories high, sufiBcient to contain ten oflScers, and also barracks sufficient
to contain four hundred men, and a provision store built of brick. The
citadel also contained a hospital and guard-house. The old town of
Detroit, in 1778, contained about sixty houses, most of them one story,
with a few a story and a half in height. They were all of logs, some
hewn and some round. There was one building of splendid appearance,
called the " King's Palace," two stories high, which stood near the east
gate. It was built for Governor Hamilton, the first governor commissioned
by the British. There were two guard-houses, one near the west gate and
the other near the Government House. Each of the guards consisted of
twenty -four men and a subaltern, who mounted regularly every morning
between nine and ten o'clock. Each furnished four sentinels, who were
relieved every two hours. There was also an officer of the day, who pjr-
formed strict duty. Each of the gates was shut regularly at sunset ,.
even wicket gates were shut at nine o'clock, and all the keys were
delivered into the hands of the commanding officer. They were opened
in the morning at sunrise. No Indian or squaw was permitted to enter-
town with any weapon, such as a tomahawk or a knife. It was a stand-
ing order that the Indians should deliver their arms and instruments of
every kind before they were permitted to pass the sentinel, and they were
restored to them on their return. No more than twenty-five Indians were
allowed to enter the town at any one time, and they were admitted only
at the east and west gates. At sundown the drums beat, and all the
Indians were required to leave town instantly. There was a council house
near the water side for the purpose of holding council with the Indians.
The population of the town was about sixty families, in all about two
hundred males and one hundred females. This town was destroyed by
fire, all except one dwelling, in 1805. After which the present " new "
town was laid out.

On the breaking out of the Revolution, the British held every post of
importance in the West. Kentucky was formed as a component part of
Virginia, and the sturdy pioneers of the West, alive to their interests,.

42 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

and recognizing the great benefits of obtaining the control of the trade in
this part of the New World, held steadily to their purposes, and those
within the commonwealth of Kentucky proceeded to exercise their
civil privileges, by electing John Todd and Richard Gallaway,
burgesses to represent them in the Assembly of the parent state.
Early in September of that year (1777) the first court was held
in Harrodsburg, and Col. Bowman, afterwards major, who had arrived
in August, was made the commander of a militia organization which
had been commenced the March previous. Thus the tree of loyalty
was growing. The chief spirit in this far-out colony, who had represented
her the year previous east of the mountains, was now meditating a move
unequaled in its boldness. He had been watching the movements of the
British throughout the Northwest, and understood their whole plan. He.
saw it was through their possession of the posts at Detroit, Viucennes,
Kaskaskia, and other places, which would give them constant and easy
access to the various Indian tribes in the Northwest, that the British
intended to penetrate the country from the north and soutn, ana annihi-
late the frontier fortresses. This moving, energetic man was Colonel,
afterwards General, George Rogers Clark. He knew the Indians were not
unanimously in accord with the EngUsh, and he was convinced that, could
the British be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives
might be easily awed into neutrality ; and by spies sent for the purpose,
he satisfied himself that the enterprise against the Illinois settlements
might easily succeed. Having convinced himself of the certainty of the
project, he repaired to the Capital of Virginia, which place he reached on
November 6th. While he was on his way, fortunately, on October 17th,
Burgoyne had been defeated, and the spirits of the colonists greatly
encouraged thereby. Patrick Henry was Governor of Virginia, and at
once entered heartily into Clark's plans. The same plan had before been
agitated in the Colonial Assemblies, but there was no one until Clark
came who was sufficiently acquainted with the condition of affairs at the
scene of action to be able to guide them.

Clark, having satisfied the Vii-ginia leaders of the feasibility of his
plan, received, on the 2d of January, two sets of instructions — one secret,
the other open — the latter authorized him to proceed to enlist seven
companies to go to Kentucky, subject to his orders, and to serve three
months from their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him
to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of General Hand
at Pittsburgh, and to proceed at once to subjugate the country.

With these instructions Clark repaired to Pittsburgh, choosing rather
to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed
in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Col. W.- B. Smith to Hoi-

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 43

ston for the same purpose, but neither succeeded in raising the required
number of men. The settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their
own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, and but few could be induced to
join the proposed expedition. With three companies and several private
volunteers, Clark at length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he
navigated as far as the Falls, where he took possession of and fortified
Corn Island, a small island between the present Cities of Louisville,
Kentucky, and New Albany, Indiana. Remains of this fortification may
yet be found. At this place he appointed Col. Bowman to meet him
with such recruits as had reached Kentucky by the southern route, and
as many as could be spared from the station. Here he announced to
the men their real destination. Having completed his arrangements,
and chosen his party, he left a small garrison upon the island, and on the
24th of June, during a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured
no good, and which fixes beyond dispute the date of starting, he with
his chosen band, fell down the river. His plan was to go by water as
far as Fort Massac or Massacre, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia.
Here he intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to
Cahokia, then to Vincennes, and lastly to Detroit. Should he fail, he
intended to march directly to the Mississippi River and cross it into the
Spanish country. Before his start he received two good items of infor-
mation : one that the alliance had been formed between France and the
United States ; and the other that the Indians throughout the Illinois
country and the inhabitants, at the various frontier posts, had been led ta
believe by the British that the " Long Knives" or Virginians, were the
most fierce, bloodthirsty and cruel savages that ever scalped a foe. With
this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would
cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from grati-
tude would become friendly if treated with unexpected leniency.

The march to Kaskaskia was accomplished through a hot July sun,
and the town reached on the evening of July 4. He captured the fort
near the village, and soon after the village itself by surprise, and without
the loss of a single man or by killing any of the enemy. After sufficiently
working upon the fears of the natives, Clark told them they were at per-
fect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take whichever side of the
great conflict they would, also he would protect them from any barbarity
from British or Indian foe. This had the desired effect, and the inhab-
itants, so unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlocked
for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms, and
when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6th of July, they accom-
panied him, and through their influence the inhabitants of the place
sxirrendered, and gladly placed themselves under his protection. Thus

44 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

the two important posts in Illinois passed from the hands of the English
into the possession of Virginia.

In the person of the priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, Clark found a
powerful ally and generous friend. Clark saw that, to retain possession
of the Northwest and treat successfully with the Indians within its boun-
daries, he must establish a government for the colonies he had taken.
St. Vincent, the next important post to Detroit, remained yet to be taken
before the Mississippi Valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that
he would alone, by persuasion, lead Vincennes to throw off its connection
with England. Clark gladly accepted his offer, and on the 14th of July,
in company with a fellow-townsman, M. Gibault started on his mission of
peace, and on the 1st of August returned with the cheerful intelligence
that the post on the " Oubache " had taken the oath of allegiance to
the Old Dominion. During this interval, Clark established his courts,
placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, successfully re-enlisted his
men, sent word to have a fort, which proved the germ of Louisville,
erected at the Falls of the Ohio, and dispatched Mr. Rocheblave, who
had been commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner of war to Richmond.
In October the County of Illinois was established by the Legislature
of Virginia, John Todd appointed Lieutenant Colonel and Civil Governor,
and in November General Clark and his men received the thanks of
the Old Dominion through their Legislature.

In a speech a few days afterward, Clark made known fully to the
natives his plans, and at its close all came forward and swore alle-
giance to the Long Knives. While he was doing this Governor Hamilton,
having made his various arrangements, had left Detroit and moved down
the Wabash to Vincennes intending to operate from that point in reducing
the Illinois posts, and then proceed on down to Kentucky and drive the
rebels from the West. Gen. Clark had, on the return of M. Gibault,
dispatched Captain Helm, of Fauquier County, Virginia, with an attend-
ant named Henry, across the Illinois prairies to command the fort.
Hamilton knew nothing of the capitulation of the post, and was greatly
surprised on his arrival to be confronted by Capt. Helm, who, standing at
the entrance of the fort by a loaded cannon ready to fire upon his assail-
ants, demanded upon what terms Hamilton demanded possession of the
fort. Being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, he surrendered to
the British General, who could scarcely believe his eyes when he saw the
force in the garrison.

Hamilton, not realizing the character of the men with whom he was
contending, gave up his intended campaign for the Winter, sent his four
hundred Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio,

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 45

and to annoy the Americans in all ways, and sat quietly down to pass the
Winter. Information of all these proceedings having reached Clark, he
saw that immediate and decisive action was necessary, and that unless
he captured Hamilton, Hamilton would capture him. Clark received the
news on the 29th of January, 1779, and on February 4th, having suffi-
ciently garrisoned Kaskaskia and Cahokia, he sent down the Mississippi
a " battoe," as Major Bowman writes it, in order to ascend the Ohio and
Wabash, and operate with the land forces gathering for the fray.

On the next day, Clark, with his little force of one hundred and
twenty men, set out for the post, and after incredible hard marching
through much mud, the ground being thawed by the incessant spring
rains, on the 22d reached the fort, and being joined by his " battoe," at
once commenced the attack on the post. The aim of the American back-
woodsman was unerring, and on the 24th the garrison surrendered to the
intrepid boldness of Clark. The French were treated with great kind-
r.ess, and gladly renewed their allegiance to Virginia. Hamilton was
.sent as a prisoner to Virginia, where he was kept in close confinement.
During his command of the British frontier posts, he had offered prizes
to the Indians for all the scalps of Americans they would bring to him,
and had earned in consequence thereof the title " Hair-buyer General,"
by which he was ever afterward known.

Detroit was now without doubt within easy reach of the enterprising
Virginian, could he but raise the necessary force. Governor Henry being
apprised of this, promised him the needed reinforcement, and Clark con-
cluded to wait until he could capture and sufficiently garrison the posts.
Had Clark failed in this bold undertaking, and Hamilton succeeded in
uniting the western Indians for the next Spring's campaign, the West
would indeed have been swept from the Mississippi to the Allegheny
Mountains, and the great blow struck, which had been contemplated from
the commencement, by the British.

" But for this small army of dripping, but fearless Virginians, the
union of all the tribes from Georgia to Maine against the colonies might
have been effected, and the whole current of our history changed."

At this time some fears were entertained by the Colonial Govern-
ments that the Indians in the North and Northwest were inclining to the
British, and under the instructions of Washington, now Commander-in-
Chief of the Colonial army, and so bravely fighting for American inde-
pendence, armed forces were sent against the Six Nations, and upon the
Ohio frontier. Col. Bowman, acting under the same general's orders,
marched against Indians within the present limits of that State. These
expeditions were in the main successful, and the Indians were compelled
to sue for peace.

46 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

During this same year (1779) the famous " Land Laws" of Virginia
were passed. The passage of these laws was of more consequence to the
pioneers of Kentucky and the Northwest than the gaining of a few Indian
conflicts. These laws confirmed in main all grants made, and guaranteed
to all actual settlers their rights and privileges. After providing for the
settlers, the laws provided for selling the balance of the public lands at
forty cents per acre. To carry the Land Laws into effect, the Legislature
sent four Virginians westward to attend to the various claims, over many
of which great confusion prevailed concerning their validity. These
gentlemen opened their court on October 13, 1779, at St. Asaphs, and
continued until April 26, 1780, when they adjourned, having decided
three .thousand claims. They were succeeded by the surveyor, who
came in the person of Mr. George May, and assumed his duties on the
10th day of the month whose name he bore. With the opening of the
next year (1780) the troubles concerning the navigation of the Missis-
sippi commenced. The Spanish Government exacted such measures in.
relation to its trade as to cause the overtures made to the United States
to be rejected. The American Government considered they had a right
to navigate its channel. To enforce their claims, a fort was erected below
the mouth of the Ohio on the Kentucky side of the river. The settle-
ments in Kentucky were being rapidly filled by emigrants. It was dur-
ing this year that the first seminary of learning was established in the
West in this young and enterprising Commonwealth.

The settlers here did not look upon the building of this fort in a
friendly manner, as it aroused the hostility of the Indians. Spain had
been friendly to the Colonies during their struggle for independence,
and though for a while this friendship appeared in danger from the
refusal of the free navigation of the river, yet it was finally settled to the
satisfaction of both nations.

The Winter of 1779-80 was one of the most unusually severe ones
ever experienced in the West. The Indians always referred to it as the
"Great Cold." Numbers of wild animals perished, and not a few
pioneers lost their lives. The following Summer a party of Canadians
and Indians attacked St. Louis, and attempted to take possession of it
in consequence of the friendly disposition of Spain to the revolting
colonies. They met with such a determined resistance on the part of the
inhabitants, even the women taking part in the battle, that they were
compelled to abandon the contest. They also made an attack on the
settlements in Kentucky, but, becoming alarmed in some unaccountable
manner, they fled the country in great haste.

About this time arose the question in the Colonial Congress con-
cerning the western lands claimed by Virginia, New York, Massachusetts

^f-^.

'/:^^^t>-'^ ^'^><p^

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 49

and Connecticut. The agitation concerning this subject finally led New
York, on the 19th of February, 1780, to pass a law giving to the dele-
gates of that State in Congress the power to cede her western lands for
the benefit of the United States. This law was laid before Congress
during the next month, but no steps were taken concerning it until Sep-
tember 6th, when a resolution passed that body calling upon the States
claiming western lands to release their claims in favor of the whole body.
This basis formed the union, and was the first after all of those legislative
measures which resulted in the creation of the States of Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. In December of the same
year, the plan of conquering Detroit again arose. The conquest might
have easily been effected by Clark had the necessary aid been furnished
him. Nothing decisive was done, yet the heads of the Government knew
that the safety of the Northwest from British invasion lay in the capture
and retention of that important post, the only unconquered one in the
territory.

Before the close of the year, Kentucky was divided into the Coun-
ties of Lincoln, Fayette and Jefferson, and the act establishing the Town
of Louisville was passed. This same year is also noted in the annals of
American history as the year in which occurred Arnold's treason to the
United States.

Virginia, in accordance with the resolution of Congress, on the 2d
day of January, 1781, agreed to yield her western lands to the United
States upon certain conditions, which Congress would not accede to, and
the Act of Cession, on the part of the Old Dominion, failed, nor was
anything farther done until 1783. During all that time the Colonies
were busily engaged in the struggle with the mother country, and in
consequence thereof but little heed was given to the western settlements.
Upon the 4th of July, 1773, the first birth north of the Ohio River of
American parentage occurred, being that of John L. Roth, son of John
Roth, one of the Moravian missionaries, whose band of Christian Indians
suffered in after years a horrible massacre by the hands of the frontier
settlers, who had been exasperated by the murder of several of their
neighbors, and in their rage committed, without regard to humanity, a
deed which forever afterward cast a shade of shame upon their lives.
For this and kindred outrages on the part of the whites, the Indians
committed many deeds of cruelty which darken the years of 1771 and
1772 in the history of the Northwest.

During the year 1782 a number of battles among the Indians and
frontiersmen occurred, and between the Moravian Indians and the Wyau-^
dots. In these, horrible acts of cruelty were practised on the captives,
many of such dark deeds transpiring under the leadership of the notorious

50 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

frontier outlaw, Simon Girty, wliose name, as well as those of his brothers,
was a terror to women and children. These occurred chiefly in the Ohio
valleys. Cotemporary with them were several engagements in Kentucky,
in which the famous Daniel Boone engaged, and who, often by his skill
and knowledge of Indian warfare, saved the outposts from cruel destruc-
tion. By the close of the year victory had perched upon the American
banner, and on the 30th of November, provisional articles of peace had
been arranged between the Commissioners of England and her uncon-
querable colonies. Cornwallis had been defeated on the 19th of October
preceding, and the liberty of America was assured. On the 19th of
April following, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, peace was
proclaimed to the army of the United States, and on the od of the next
September, the definite treaty which ended our revolutionar}^ struggle
was concluded. By the terms of that treaty, the boundaries of the West
were as follows : On the north the line was to extend along the center of
the Great Lakes ; from the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake ;
thence to the Lake of the Woods ; thence to the head of the Mississippi
River : down its center to the 31st parallel of latitude, then on that line
east to the head of the Appalachicola River ; down its center to its junc-
tion with the Flint ; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's River, and
thence down along its center to the Atlantic Ocean.

Following the cessation of hostilities with England, several posts
were still occupied by the British in the North and West. Among these
was Detroit, still in the hands of the enemy. Numerous engagements
with the Indians throughout Ohio and Indiana occurred, upon whose
lands adventurous whites would settle ere the title had been acquired by
the proper treaty.

To remedy this latter evil, Congress appointed commissioners to
treat with the natives and purchase their lands, and prohibited the settle-
ment of the territory uutil this could be done. Before the close of the
ye?iv another attempt was made to capture Detroit, which was, however,
not pushed, and Virginia, no longer feeling the interest in the Northwest
she had formerly done, withdrew her troops, having on the 20th of
December preceding authorized the whole of her possessions to be deeded
to the United States. This was done on the 1st of March following, and
the Northwest Territory passed from the control of the Old Dominion.
To Gen. Clark and his soldiers, however, she gave a tract of one hundred
and fifty thousand acres of land, to be situated any where north of the
Ohio wherever they choose to locate them. They selected the region
opposite the falls of the Ohio, where is now the dilapidated village of
Clarksville, about midway between the cities of New Albany and Jeffer-
sonville, Indiana.

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 51

While the frontier remained thus, and Gen. Haldimand at Detroit
refused to evacuate, alleging that he had no orders from his King to do
so, settlers were rapidly gathering about the inland forts. In the Spring
of 178-1, Pittsburgh was regularly laid out, and from the journal of Arthur
Lee, who passed through the town soon after on his way to the Indian
council at Fort Mcintosh, we suppose it was not very prepossessing in
appearance. He says :

" Pittsburgh is inhabited almost entirely by Scots and Irish, who
live in paltry log houses, and are as dirty as if in the north of Ireland or
even Scotland. There is a great deal of trade carried on, the goods being
brought at the vast expense of forty-five shillings per pound from Phila-
delphia and Baltimore. They take in the shops flour, wheat, skins and
money. There are in the town four attorneys, two doctors, and not a
priest of any persuasion, nor church nor chapel."

Kentucky at this time contained thirty thousand inhabitants, and
was beginning to discuss measures for a separation from Virginia. A
land office was opened at Louisville, and measures were adopted to take
defensive precaution against the Indians, who were yet, in some instances,
incited to deeds of violence by the British. Before the close of this year,
1784, the military claimants of land began to occupy them, although no
entries were recorded until 1787.

The Indian title to the Northwest was not yet extinguished. They
held large tracts of land, and in order to prevent bloodshed Congress
adopted means for treaties with the original owners and provided for the
surveys of the lands gained thereby, as well as for those north of the
Ohio, now in its possession.

On January 31, 1786, a treaty was made with the Wabash Indians.
The treaty of Fort Stanwix had been made in 1784. That at Fort Mc-
intosh in 1785, and through these much land was gained. The Wabash
Indians, however, afterward refused to comply with the provisions of the
treaty made with them, and in order to compel their adherence to its
provisions, force was used.

During the year 1786, the free navigation of the Mississippi came up
in Congress, and caused various discussions, which resulted in no definite
action, only serving to excite speculation in regard to the western lands.
Congress had promised bounties of land to the soldiers of the Revolution,
but owing to the unsettled condition of affairs along the Mississippi
respecting its navigation, and the trade of the Northwest, that body had,
in 1783, declared its inability to fulfill these promises until a treaty could
be concluded between the two Governments.

Before the close of the year 1786, however, it was able, through the
treaties with the Indians, to allow some grants and the settlement

52 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

thereon, and on the 14th of September, Connecticut ceded to the Genera!
Government the tract of land known as the " Connecticut Reserve,"
and before the close of the following year a large tract of land north
of the Ohio was sold to a company, who at once took measures to
settle it.

By the provisions of this grant, the company were to pay the United
States one dollar per acre, subject to a deduction of one-third for bad
lands and other contingencies. They received 750,000 acres, bounded
on the south by the Ohio, on the east by the seventh range of townships,
on the west by the sixteenth range, and on the north by a line so drawn
as to make the grant complete without the reservations. In addi-
tion to this. Congress afterward granted 100,000 acres to actual set-
tlers, and 214,285 acres as army bounties under the resolutions of 1789
and 1790.

While Dr. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing^
its claims before Congress, that body was bringing into form an ordinance
for the political and social organization of this Territory. When the
cession was made by Virginia, in 1784, a plan was offered, but rejected.
A motion had been made to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition
of slavery, which prevailed. The plan was then discussed and altered,.
and finally passed unanimously, with the exception of South Carolina.
By this proposition, the Territory was to have been divided into states
by parallels and meridian lines. This, it was thought, would make ten
states, which were to have been named as follows — beginning at the
northwest corner and going southwardly : Sylvania, Michigania, Cher-
sonesus, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Poly-
potamia and Pelisipia.

There was a more serious objection to this plan than its category of
names, — the boundaries. The root of the difficulty was in the resolu-
tion of Congress passed in October, 1780, which fixed the boundaries
of the ceded lands to be from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles
square. These resolutions being presented to the Legislatures of Vir-
ginia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, 1786, the
subject was taken up in Congress, and changed to favor a division into
not more than five states, and not less than three. This was approved by
the State Legislature of Virginia.

The subject of the Government was again taken up by Congress in
1786, and discussed throughout that year and until July, 1787, when the
famous "Compact of 1787" was passed, and the foundation of the gov-
ernment of the Northwest laid. This compact is fully discussed and
explained in the history of Ohio in this book, and to it the reader is re-
ferred.

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 53

The passage of this act and the grant to the New England Company
was soon followed by an application to the Government by John Cleves
Symmes, of New Jersey, for a grant of the land between the Miamis.
This gentleman had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and,
being greatly pleased with them, offered similar terms to those given to
the New England Company. The petition was referred to the Treasury
Board with power to act, and a contract was concluded the following
year.

During the Autumn the directors of the New England Company
were preparing to occupy their grant the following Spring, and upon the
23d of November made arrangements for a party of forty-seven men,
under the superintendency of Gen. Rufus Putnam, to set forward. Six
boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the sur-
veyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hart-
ford and proceed on their journey westward ; the remainder to follow as
soon as possible. Congress, in the meantime, upon the 3d of October,
had ordered seven hundred troops for defense of the western settlers, and
to prevent unauthorized intrusions ; and two days later appointed Arthur
St. Clair Governor of the Territory of the Northwest.

AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS.

The civil organization of the Northwest Territory was now com-
plete, and notwithstanding the uncertainty of Indian affairs, settlers from
the East began to come into the country rapidly. The New England
Company sent their men during the Winter of 1787-8 pressing on over
the Alleghenies by the old Indian path which had been opened into
Braddock's road, and which has since been made a national turnpike
fro)n Cumberland westward. Through the weary winter days they toiled
on, and by April were all gathered on the Youghiogheny, where boats had
been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived
on the 7th of that month, and unless the Moravian missionaries be regarded
as the pioneers of Ohio, this little band can justly claim that honor.

Gen. St. Clair, the appointed Governor of the Northwest, not having
yet arrived, a set of laws were passed, written out, and published by
being nailed to a tree in the embryo town, and Jonathan Meigs appointed
to administer them.

Washington in writing of this, the first American settlement in the
Northwest, said : " No colony in America was ever settled under such
favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at Muskingum.
Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know

54 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

many of its settlers personally, and there never were men better calculated
to promote the welfare of such a community."

On the 2d of July a meeting of the directors and agents was held on
the banks of the Muskingum, " for the purpose of naming the new-born
city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the " Mus-
kingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor
of Marie Antoinette, The square upon which the block-houses stood
was called ^'-Campus Martins;^'' square number 19, ^'- Capitolium ;'"'
square number 61, " Cecilia;^'' and the great road through the covert
way, " Sacra Via.'''' Two days after, an oration was delivered by James
M. Varnum, who with S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong had been
appointed to the judicial bench of the territory on the 16th of October,
1787. On July 9, Gov. St. Clair arrived, and the colony began to assume
form. The act of 1787 provided two district grades of government for
the Northwest, under the first of which the whole power was invested in
the hands of a governor and three district judges. This was immediately
formed upon the Governor's arrival, and the first laws of the colony
passed on the 25th of July. These provided for the organization of
the militia, and on the next day appeared the Governor's proclamation,
erecting all that country that had been ceded by the Indians east of the
Scioto River into the County of Washington. From that time forward^
notwithstanding the doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta
prospered, and on the 2d of September the first court of the territory was
held with imposing ceremonies.

The emigration westward at this time was very great. The com-
mander at Fort Harmer, at the mouth of the Muskingum, reported four
thousand five hundred persons as having passed that post between Feb-
ruary and June, 1788 — many of whom would have purchased of the
" Associates," as the New England Company was called, had they been
ready to receive them.

On the 26th of November, 1787, S3'-mmes issued a pamphlet stating
the terms of his contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In
January, 1788, Matthias Denman, of New Jersey, took an active interest
in Symmes' purchase, and located among other tracts the sections upon
which Cincinnati has been built. Retaining one-third of this locality, he
sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Filson, and the
three, about August, commenced to lay out a town on the spot, which
was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the mouth of which
they proposed to have a road cut from Lexington. The naming of the
town is thus narrated in the " Western Annals" : — " Mr. Filson, who had
been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and, in respect to
its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed race that

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 55

were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Losantiville, which, being
interpreted, means : ville^ the town ; anti, against or opposite to ; os, the
mouth ; L. of Licking."

Meanwhile, in July, Symmes got thirty persons and eight four-horse
teams under way from the West. These reached Limestone (now Mays-
ville) in September, where were several persons from Redstone. Here
Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1789
caused the " Point," as it was and is yet called, to be fifteen feet under
water, and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers
removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left
the " Point," two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first
was by Mr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a
colony of Redstone people, had located at the mouth of the Miami,
whither Symmes went with his Maysville colony. Here a clearing had
been made by the Indians owing to the great fertility of the soil. Mr.
Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the 18th of November, 1788,
with twenty-six persons, and, building a block-house, prepared to remain
through the Winter. They named the settlement Columbia. Here they
were kindly treated by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood
of 1789.

On the -tth of March, 1789, the Constitution of the United States
went into operation, and on April 30, George Washington was inau-
gurated President of the American people, and during the next Summer,
an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Ohio. The
President at first used pacific means ; but these failing, he sent General
Harmer against the hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, but
was defeated in two battles, near the present City of Fort Wayne,
Indiana. From this time till the close of 1795, the principal events were
the wars with the various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair
was appointed in command, and marched against the Indians; but while
he was encamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Maumee,
he was attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred men.

General Wayne was now sent against the savages. In August, 1794,
he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete
victory. This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the
Indians to sue for peace, and on the 30th of July, the following year, the
treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by which a large
tract of country was ceded to the United States.

Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort
Washington, erected in the early part of this war on the site of Cincinnati.
Nearly all of the great cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the

56 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

whole country, have had their nuclei in those rude pioneer structures,
known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Pon-
chartrain, mark the original sites of the now proud Cities of Chicago,
Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing cities east and west
of the Mississippi. Fort Washington, erected by Doughty in 1790, was a
rude but highly interesting structure. It was composed of a number of
strongly-built hewed log cabins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks
were a story and a half high, while those composing the officers quarters
were more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnished.
The whole were so [)laced as to form a hollow square, enclosing about an
acre of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles.

The logs for the construction of this fort were cut from the ground
upon which it was erected. It stood between Third and Fourth Streets
of the present city (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now
Broadway, which was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundary of
of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river,
immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the
Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by
small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of
laborers. Within this enclosure there was a large two-story frame house,
familiarly called the " Yellow House," built for the accommodation of
the Quartermaster General. For many years this was the best finished
and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Washington was
for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military governments
of the Northwestern Territory.

Following the consummation of the treaty various gigantic land spec-
ulations were entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain
from the Indians in Michigan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands.
These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous
schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war.
On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain
was signed, whereby the free navigation of the Mississippi was secured.

No sooner had the treaty of 1795 been ratified than settlements began
to pour rapidly into the West. The great event of the year 1796 was the
occupation of that part of the Northwest including Michigan, which was
this year, under the provisions of the treaty, evacuated by the British
forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel
justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit
and other frontier posts. When at last the British authorities were
called to give them up, they at once complied, and General Wayne, who
had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who, before
the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his head-

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 57

quarters to the neighborhood of the lakes, where a county named after
him was formed, whicli included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michicran,
und the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlements were
formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middle-
town to Piqua, while in the more distant West, settlers and speculators
began to appear in great numbers. In September, the City of Cleveland
was laid out, and during the Summer and Autumn, Samuel Jackson and
Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper — the " Red-
stone Paper Mill" — in the West. St. Louis contained some seventy
houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along the river, contiguous
to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Canadians,
Indians and half-breeds, scarcely any Americans venturing yet into that
part of the Northwest.

The election of representatives for the territory had taken place,
and on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Losantiville — now
known as Cincinnati, having been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and
considered the capital of the Territory — to nominate persons from whom
the members of the Legislature were to be chosen in accordance with
a previous ordinance. This nomination being made, the Assembly
adjourned until the 16th of the following September. From those named
the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg,
of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob
Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th
of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the 24th the two
bouses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected President
of the Council.

The message of Gov. St. Clair was addressed to the Legislature
September 20th, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to
Congress Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes
cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of
Gen. St. Clair.

The whole number of acts passed at this session, and approved by
the Governor, were thirty-seven — eleven others were passed, but received
his veto. The most important of those passed related to the militia, to
the administration, and to taxation. On the 19th of December this pro-
tracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the
30th of December the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the
office of Secretary of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to
Congress. The Senate confirmed his nomination the next day.

58 THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY.

DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

The increased emigration to the Northwest, the extent of the domain,
and the inconvenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct
the ordinary operations of government, and rendered the efficient action
of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to
divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in 1800, appointed a
committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution.
This committee, on the 3d of March, reported that :

"In the three western countries there has been but one court having
cognizance of crimes, in five years, and the immunity which offenders^
experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned crim-
inals, and at the same time deters useful citizens from making settlements
in such society. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assist-
ance is experienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * * * * Xo
minister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee
that it is expedient that a division of said territory into two distinct and
separate governments should be made ; and that such division be made
by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running
directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States
and Canada."

The report was accepted by Congress, and, in accordance with its
suggestions, that body passed an Act extinguishing the Northwest Terri-
tory, which Act was approved May 7. Among its provisions were these :

" That from and after July 4 next, all that part of the Territory of
the United States northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westward
of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the
Kentucky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north
until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United- States and
Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a
separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territory."

After providing for the exercise of the civil and criminal powers of
the territories, and other provisions, the Act further provides:

" That until it shall otherwise be ordered by the Legislatures of the
said Territories, respectively, Chillicothe on the Scioto River shall be the
seat of government of tlie Territory of the United States northwest of the
Ohio River; and that St. Vincennes on the Wabash River shall be the
seat of government for the Indiana Territory."

Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of the Indiana
Territory, and entered upon his duties about a year later. Connecticut
also about this time released her claims to the reserve, and in March a law

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. O^

was passed accepting this cession. Settlements had been made upon
thirty-five of the townships in the reserve, mills had been built, and seven
hundred miles of road cut in various directions. On the 3d of November
the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the close of the year^
the first missionary of the Connecticut Reserve came, who found no
township containing more than eleven families. It was upon the first of
October that the secret treaty had been made between Napoleon and the
King of Spain, whereby the latter agreed to cede to France the province
of Louisiana.

In January, 1802, the Assembly of the Northwestern Territory char-
tered the college at Athens. From the earliest dawn of the western
colonies, education was promptly provided for, and as early as 1787.
newspapers were issued from Pittsburgh and Kentucky, and largely read
throughout the frontier settlements. Before the close of this year, the
Congress of the United States granted to the citizens of the Northwestern
territory the formation of a State government. One of the provisions of
the "compact of 1787" provided that whenever the number of inhabit-
ants within prescribed limits exceeded 45,000, they should be entitled to
a separate government. The prescribed limits of Ohio contained, from a
census taken to ascertain the legality of the act, more than that number,
and on the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed the act defining its limits.
and on the 29th of November the Constitution of the new State of Ohio,
so named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came
into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not then known,
but the territory now included within the State of Michigan was wholly
within the territory of Indiana.

Gen. Harrison, while residing at Vincennes, made several treaties
with the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next year is
memorable in the history of the West for the purchase of Louisiana from
France by the United States for $15,000,000. Thus by a peaceful mode,
the domain of the United States was extended over a large tract of
country west of the Mississippi, and was for a time under the jurisdiction
of the Northwest government, and, as has been mentioned in the early
part of this narrative, was called the "New Northwest." The limit.s
of this history will not allow a description of its territory. The same year
large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of
Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the
College Township in the district of Cincinnati.

Before the close of the year. Gen. Harrison obtained additional
grants of lands from the various Indian nations in Indiana and the present
limits of Illinois, and on the 18th of August, 1804, completed a treaty at
St. Louis, whereby over 61,000,000 acres of lands were obtained from the

(30 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

aborigines. Measures were also taken to learn the condition of afifairs in
and about Detroit.

C. Jouett, the Indian agent in Michigan, still a part of Indiana Terri-
tory, reported as follows upon the condition of matters at that post :

" The Town of Detroit. — The charter, which is for fifteen miles
square, was granted in the time of Louis XIV. of France, and is now,
from the best information I have been able to get, at Quebec. ^ Of those
two hundred and twenty-five acres, only four are occupied by the town
and Fort Lenault. The remainder is a common, except twenty-four
acres, which were added twenty years ago to a farm belonging to Wm.
Macomb. * * * A stockade incloses the town, fort and citadel. The
pickets, as well as the public houses, are in a state of gradual decay. The
streets are narrow, straight and regular, and intersect each other at right
angles. The houses are, for the most part, low and inelegant."

During this year. Congress granted a township of land for the sup-
port of a college, and began to offer inducements for settlers in these
wilds, and the country now comprising the State of Michigan began to
fill rapidly with settlers along its southern borders. This same year, also,
a law was passed organizing the Southwest Territory, dividing it into two
-portions, the Territory of New Orleans, which city was made the seat of
government, and the District of Louisiana, which was annexed to the
domain of Gen. Harrison.

On the 11th of January, 1805, the Territory of Michigan was formed,
Wm. Hull was appointed governor, with headquarters at Detroit, the
change to take effect on June 30. On the 11th of that month, a fire
occurred at Detroit, which destro5^ed almost every building in the place.
When the officers of the new territory reached the post, they found it in
ruins, and the inhabitants scattered throughout the country. Rebuild-
ing, however, soon commenced, and ere long the town contained more
houses than before the fire, and many of them much better built.

While this was being done, Indiana had passed to the second grade
of government, and through her General Assembly had obtained large
tracts of land from the Indian tribes. To all this the celebrated Indian,
Tecumthe or Tecumseh, vigorously protested, and it was the main cause
of his attempts to unite the various Indian tribes in a conflict with the
settlers. To obtain a full account of these attempts, the workings of the
British, and the signal failure, culminating in the death of Tecumseh at
the battle of tlie Thames, and the close of the war of 1812 in the Northwest,
we will step a^ide in our story, and relate the principal events of his life,
iind his connection with this conflict.

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Ql

TECUMSEH, AND THE WAR OF 1812.

This famous Indian chief was born about the year 1768, not far from^
the site of the present city of Springfield, Ohio. His fiither, Puckeshinwa,
was a member of the Kisopok tribe of the Swanoese nation, and his-
mother, Methontaske, was a member of the Turtle tribe of the same
people. They removed from Florida about the middle of the last century
to the birthplace of Tecumseh. In 1774, his father, who had risen to be
chief, was slain at the battle of Point Pleasant, and not long after Tecum-
seh, by his bravery, became the leader of his tribe. In 1795 he was
declared chief, and then lived at Deer Creek, near the site of the
present City of Urbana. He remained here about one year, when he
returned to Piqua, and in 1798, he went to White River, Indiana. In
1805, he and his brother, Laulewasikan (Open Door), who had announced
himself as a prophet, went to a tract of land on the Wabash River, given
them by the Pottawatomies and Kickapoos. From this date the chief
comes into prominence. He was now about thirty-seven years of age,
was five feet and ten inches in height, was stoutly built, and possessed of
enormous powers of endurance. His countenance was naturally pleas-
ing, and he was, in general, devoid of those savage attributes possessed
by most Indians. It is stated he could read and write, and had a confi-
dential secretary and adviser, named Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, who-
afterward became chief of the Pottawatomies. He occupied the first
house built on the site of Chicago. At this time, Tecumseh entered
upon the great work of his life. He had long objected to the grants of
land made by the Indians to the whites, and determined to unite all the
Indian tribes into a league, in order that no treaties or grants of land
could be made save by the consent of this confederation.

He traveled constantly, going from north to south ; from the south
to the north, everywhere urging the Indians to this step. He was a
matchless orator, and his burning words had their effect.

Gen. Harrison, then Governor of Indiana, by watching the move-
ments of the Indians, became convinced that a grand conspiracy was
forming, and made preparations to defend the settlements. Tecumseh's
plan was similar to Pontiac's, elsewhere described, and to the cunning
artifice of that chieftain was added his own sagacity.

During the year 1809, Tecumseh and the prophet were actively pre-
paring for the work. In that year. Gen. Harrison entered into a treaty
with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel River Indians
and Weas, in which these tribes ceded to the whites certain lands upon
the Wabash, to all of which Tecumseh entered a bitter protest, averring

62 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

as one principal reason that he did not want the Indians to give up any
lands north and west of the Ohio River.

Tecumseh, in August, 1810, visited the General at Vincennes and
held a council relating to the grievances of the Indians. Becoming unduly
angry at this conference he was dismissed from the village, and soon after
departed to incite the southern Indian tribes to the conflict.

Gen. Harrison determined to move upon the chief's headquarters at
Tippecanoe, and for this purpose went about sixty-five miles up the
Wabash, where he built Fort Harrison. From this place he went to the
Prophet's town, where he informed the Indians he had no hostile inten-
tions, provided they were true to the existing treaties. He encamped
near the village early in October, and on the morning of November 7, he
was attacked by a large force of the Indians, and the famous battle of
Tippecanoe occurred. The Indians were routed and their town broken
up. Tecumseh returning not long after, was greatly exasperated at his
brother, the Prophet, even threatening to kill him for rashly precipitating
the war, and foiling his (Tecumseh's) plans.

Tecumseh sent word to Gen. Harrison that he was now returned
from the South, and was ready to visit the President as had at one time
previously been proposed. Gen. Harrison informed him he could not
go as a chief, which method Tecumseh desired, and the visit was never
made. In June of the following year, he visited the Indian agent at
Fort Wayne. Here he disavowed any intention to make a war against
the United States, and reproached Gen. Harrison for marching against his
people. The agent replied to this ; Tecumseh listened with a cold indif-
ference, and after making a few general remarks, with a haughty air drew
his blanket about him, left the council house, and departed for Fort Mai-
den, in Upper Canada, where he joined the British standard.

In the Summer of 1813, Perry's victory on Lake Erie occurred, and
shortly after active preparations were made to capture Maiden. On the
•27th of September, the American army, under Gen. Harrison, set sail for
the shores of Canada, and in a few hours stood around the ruins of Mai-
den, from which the British army, under Proctor, had retreated to Sand-
wich, intending to make its way to the heart of Canada by the Valley of
the Thames. On the 29th Gen. Harrison was at Sandwich, and Gen.
Mc Arthur took possession of Detroit and the territory of Michigan.

The pursuit of Proctor began October 2. He was overtaken on the
5th at the Thames. Tecumseh fell * in that battle and British power
was forever broken, Canada alone being left them, as the Americans had
no orders to follow up their victory eastward. Burr's incipient
insurrection of 1805 was quelled, and the murderer of the eloquent
Hamilton driven from his beautiful island fortress in the Ohio River.

* Supposed at the tands of Col. R. M. Johnson of Kentucky.

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 63

In January, 1807, Governor Hull, of Michigan Territory, made a
treaty with the Indians, whereby all that peninsula was ceded to the
United States. Before the close of the year, a stockade was built about
Detroit. It was also during this year that Indiana and Illinois endeavored
to obtain the repeal of that section of the compact of 1787, whereby
slavery was excluded from the Northwest Territory. These attempts,
however, all signally failed.

In 1809 it was deemed advisable to divide the Indiana Territory,
This was done, and the Territory of Illinois was formed from the western
part, the seat of government being fixed at Kaskaskia. The next year,
the intentions of Tecumseh manifested themselves in open hostilities, and
then began the events already narrated.

While this war was in progress, emigration to the West went on with
surprising rapidity. In 1811, under Mr. Roosevelt of New York, the
first steamboat trip was made on the Ohio, much to the astonishment of
the natives, many of whom fled in terror at the appearance of the
*' monster." It arrived at Louisville on the 10th day of October. At the
close of the first week of January, 1812, it arrived at Natchez, after being
nearly overwhelmed in the great earthquake which occurred while on its
downward trip.

The battle of the Thames was fought on October 6, 1813. It
effectually closed hostilities in the Northwest, although peace was not
fully restored until July 22, 1814, when a treaty was formed at Green-
ville, under the direction of General Harrison, between the United States
and the Indian tribes, in which it was stipulated that the Indians should
cease hostilities against the Americans if the war were continued. Such,
happily, was not the case, and on the 24th of December the treaty
of Ghent was signed by the representatives of England and the United
States. This treaty was followed the next year by treaties with various
Indian tribes throughout the West and Northwest, and quiet was again
restored in this part of the new world.

On the 18th of March, 1816, Pittsburgh was incorporated as a city.
It then had a population of 8,000 people, and was already noted for its
manufacturing interests. On April 19, Indiana Territory was allowed
to form a state government. At that time there were thirteen counties
organized, containing about sixty-three thousand inhabitants. The first
election of state officers was held in August, when Jonathan Jennmgs
was chosen Governor. The officers were sworn in on November 7, and
on December 11, the State was formally admitted into the Union. For
some time the seat of government was at Cory don, but a more central
location being desirable, the present capital, Indianapolis (City of Indiana),
was laid out January 1, 1825.

64 THE NORTHWEST TEREITORf.

On the 28th of December the Bank of Illinois, at Shawneetown, was
chartered, with a capital of $300,000. At this period all banks were
under the control of the States, and were allowed to establish branches
at different convenient points.

Until this time Chillicothe and Cincinnati had in turn enjoyed the
privileges of being the capital of Ohio. But the rapid settlement of the
northern and eastern portions of the State demanded, as in Indiana, a
more central location, and before the close of the year, the site of Col-
umbus was selected and surveyed as the future capital of the State.
Banking had begun in Ohio as early as 1808, when the first bank wa*
chartered at Marietta, but here as elsewhere it did not bring to the state
the hoped-for assistance. It and other banks were subsequently unable
to redeem their currency, and were obliged to suspend.

In 1818, Illinois was made a state, and all the territory north of her
northern limits was erected into a separate territory and joined to Mich-
igan for judicial purposes. By the following year, navigation of the lakes
was increasing with great rapidity and affording an immense source of
revenue to the dwellers in the Northwest, but it was not until 1826 that
the trade was extended to Lake Michigan, or that steamships began to
navigate the bosom of that inland sea.

Until the year 1832, the commencement of the Black Hawk War,,
but few hostilities were experienced with the Indians. Roads were
opened, canals were dug, cities were built, common schools were estab-
lished, universities were founded, many of which, especially the Michigan
University, have achieved a world wide-reputation. The people were
becoming wealthy. The domains of the United States had been extended,
and had the sons of the forest been treated with honesty and justice, the
record of many years would have been that of peace and continuous pros-
perity.

BLACK HAWK AND THE BLACK HAWK WAR.

This conflict, though confined to Illinois, is an important epoch in
the Northwestern history, being the last war with the Indians in this part
of the United States.

Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or Black Hawk, was born in the principal
Sac village, about three miles from the junction of Rock River with the
Mississippi, in the year 1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa or Pahaes ;
his grandfatiier's, Na-na-ma-kee, or the Thunderer. Black Hawk early
distinguished himself as a warrior, and at the age of fifteen was permitted
to paint and was ranked among the braves. About the year 1783, he
went on an expedition against the enemies of his nation, the Osages, one

THE NORTHWEST TERRTTORT. 65

of whom he killed and scalped, and for this deed of Indian bravery he was
permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years after he, at the
head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the
Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to
his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce
battle ensued, in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The
Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokees
for a similar cause. In a severe battle with them, near the present City
of St. Louis, his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of
the " Medicine Bag," at once announced himself chief of the Sac nation.
He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the year 1800, at the
head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes, and a hundred lowas, he waged
war against the Osage nation and subdued it. For two years he battled
successfully with other Indian tribes, all of whom he conquered.

Black Hawk does not at any time seem to have been friendly to
the Americans. When on a visit to St. Louis to see his " Spanish
Father," he declined to see any of the Americans, alleging, as a reason^
he did not want two fathers.

The treaty at St. Louis was consummated in 1804. The next year the
United States Government erected a fort near the head of the Des Moines
Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who
at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of
the Mississippi above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The fort was
garrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difficulties
with the British Government arose about this time, and the War of 1812
followed. That government, extending aid to the Western Indians, by
giving them arms and ammunition, induced them to remain hostile to the
Americans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five
hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on
his way the site of Chicago, where the famous Fort Dearborn Massacre
had a few days before occurred. Of his connection with the British
Government but little is known. In 1813 he with his little band descended
the Mississippi, and attacking some United States troops at Fort Howard
was defeated.

In the early part of 1815, the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi
were notified that peace had been declared between the United States
and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not
sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. He then recog-
nized the validity of the treaty at St. Louis in 1804. From the time of
signing this treaty in 1816, until the breaking out of the war in 1832, he
and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life.

Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fox

66 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

Indians were urged to join the lowas on the west bank of the Father of
Waters. All were agreed, save the band known as the British Band, of
which Black Hawk was leader. He strenuously objected to the removal,
and was induced to comply only after being threatened with the power of
the Government. This and various actions on the part of the white set-
tlers provoked Black Hawk and his band to attempt the capture of his
native village now occupied by the whites. The war followed. He and
his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been
acquiesced in at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would
have been prevented.

Black Hawk was chief now of the Sac and Fox nations, and a noted
warrior. He and his tribe inhabited a village on Rock River, nearly three
miles above its confluence with the Mississippi, where the tribe had lived
many generations. When that portion of Illinois was reserved to them,
they remained in peaceable possession of their reservation, spending their
time in the enjoyment of Indian life. The fine situation of their village
and the quality of their lands incited the more lawless white settlers, who
from time to time began to encroach upon the red men's domain. From
one pretext to another, and from one step to another, the crafty white
men gained a foothold, until through whisky and artifice they obtained
deeds from many of the Indians for their possessions. The Indians were
finally induced to cross over the Father of Waters and locate among the
lowas. Black Hawk was strenuously opposed to all this, but as the
authorities of Illinois and the United States thought this the best move, he
was forced to comply. Moreover other tribes joined the whites and urged
the removal. Black Hawk would not agree to the terms of the treaty
made with his nation for their lands, and as soon as the military, called to
enforce his removal, had retired, he returned to the Illinois side of the
river. A large force was at once raised and marched against him. On
the evening of May 14, 1832, the first engagement occurred between a
band from this army and Black Hawk's band, in which the former were
defeated.

This attack and its result aroused the whites. A large force of men
was raised, and Gen. Scott hastened from the seaboard, by way of the
lakes, with United States troops and artillery to aid in the subjugation of
the Indians. On the 24th of June, Black Hawk, with 200 warriors, was
repulsed by Major Demont between Rock River and Galena. The Ameri-
can army continued to move up Rock Rivei- toward the main body of
the Indians, and on the 21st of July came upon Black Hawk and his band,
and defeated them near the Blue Mounds.

Before this action. Gen. Henry, in command, sent word to the main
army by whom he was immediately rejoined, and the whole crossed the

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 67

Wisconsin in pursuit of Black Hawk and his band who were fleeing to the
Mississippi. They were overtaken on the 2d of August, and in the battle
which followed the power of the Indian chief was completely broken. He
fled, but was seized by the Winnebagoes. and delivered to the whites.

On the 21st of September, 1832, Gen. Scott and Gov. Reynolds con-
cluded a treaty with the Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes by which they
ceded to the United States a vast tract of country, and agreed to remain
peaceable with the whites. For the faithful performance of the provi-
sions of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that
Black Hawk, his two sons, the prophet Wabokieshiek, and six other chiefs
of the hostile bands should be retained as hostages during the pleasure
of the President. They were confined at Fort Barracks and put in irons.

The next Spring, by order of the Secretary of War, they were taken
to Washington. From there they were removed to Fortress Monroe,
*' there to remain until the conduct of their nation was such as to justify
their being set at liberty." They were retained here until the 4th of
June, when the authorities directed them to be taken to the principal
cities so that they might see the folly of contending against the white
people. Everywhere they were observed by thousands, the name of the
old chief being extensively known. By the middle of August they
reached Fort Armstrong on Rock Island, where Black Hawk was soon
after released to go to his countrymen. As he passed the site of his birth-
place, now the home of the white man, he was deeply moved. His village
where he was born, where he had so happily lived, and where he had
hoped to die, was now another's dwelling place, and he was a wanderer.

On the next day after his release, he went at once to his tribe and
his lodge. His wife was yet living, and with her he passed the remainder
of his days. To his credit it may be said that Black Hawk always re-
mained true to his wife, and served her with a devotion uncommon among
the Indians, living with her upward of forty years.

Black Hawk now passed his time hunting and fishing. A deep mel-
ancholy had settled over him from which he could not be freed. At all
times when he visited the whites he was received with marked atten-
tion. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' reunion in Lee County,
IHinois, at some of their meetings, and received many tokens of esteem.
In September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island to receive his
annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted
in a fatal attack of bilious fever which terminated his life on October 3.
His faithful wife, who was devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply
during his sickness. After his death he was dressed in the uniform pre-
sented to him by the President while in Washington. He was buried in
a grave six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. " The

€8 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a
seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side, the cane, given him
by Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it.
Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the grave, and some
Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons J "

No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began
rapidly to pour into the northern parts of Illinois, and into Wisconsin,
now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had
grown to a commercial center, and was rapidly coming into prominence.
In 1835, the formation of a State Government in Michigan was discussed,
but did not take active form until two years later, when the State became
a part of the Federal Union.

The main attraction to that portion of the Northwest lying west of
Lake Michigaa^now included in the State of Wisconsin, was its alluvial
wealth. Copper ore was found about Lake Superior. For some time this
region was attached to Michigan for judiciar}^ purposes, but in 1836 was
made a territory,, then including Minnesota and Iowa. The latter State
was detached two years later. In 1848, Wisconsin was admitted as a
State, Madison being made the capital. We have now traced the various
divisions of the Northwest Territory (save a little in Minnesota) from
the time it was a unit comprising this vast territory, until circumstances
compelled its present division.

POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.

STATES AND

AREA IN

SQUARE
MILES.

POPULATION.

MIL'S
R. R.

1882.

STATES AND
TERRITORIES.

AREA IN
SQUARE
MILES.

POPULATION.

MIL'S
R. R.

1882.

TERRITORIES.

1870.

1880.

1870.

1880.

STATES.

50,722
52,198
188,981

996,992
484,471
560,247

1,262,505

8u2,uz6

864,694

194,327

6^2,700

146,608

269,493

1,542,180

3,077,871

1,978,301

1,624,615

996,096

1,648,690

939,9*6

648,9.36

934,943

1,783,085

1,606,93;

780,773

1,131,597

2,168,380

452,402

62,26b

346,991

1,802

1,011

2,266

2,274

958

278

793

2,581

8,325

4,764

6,112

3,718

1,714

999

1,021

1,047

1,934

4,2t>3

3,390

1,231

4,211

2,310

890

1,0Z5

STATES.

Oregon

95,244
46,000
1,306
29,385
45,600
237,504
10,212
40,904
23,000
53,924

90,923

3,521,791
217,353
705,606

1,258,520
818,579
330,551

1,225,163
442,014

1,054,670

174,768
4,282,891

276,631

995,577
1,542,359
1,591,749

332,286
1,512,565

618,457
1,315,497

689

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

6,690

211

South Carolina

Tennessee

1,483

4,674
2,120
59,268
58,000
55,410
33,809
55.0t5
81,3i8
37,6wU
41,346
31,776
11,184
7,8u0
56,451
83,531
47,156
65,350
75,995
112,090
9,280
8,320
47,000
50,704
39,964

537,454

125,015

187,748

1,184,109

2,539,891

1,680,6.37

1,191,792

364,399

l,3:il,011

7^6,915

626,915

7o0,894

1,457,351

1,184,059

4d9,706

827,922

1,721,295

123,993

42,491

318,.300

906,096

4,382,759

1,071,361

2,665,260

1,973

5,344

Florida

Vermont

915

Virginia

2,193

IlllncMS

West Virginia

Wisconsin

711

Indiana

3,441

Iowa

Total States

TERRITORIES.

Arizona

1,950,171

113,916
104,500
147,490
60
90,932
143,776
121,201
80,056
69,944
93,107

38,113,253

9,658
39,864
14,181
131,700
14,999
20,595
91,874
86,786
23,955
9,118

40,440

557

Maryland

Colorada

135,177
177,624
32,610
39,159
119,565
143,963
75,116
20,789

1,638

Michigan

DistrictofColumbia
Idaho

265

231

New Mexico

975

Utah

908

479

New Hampshire

533

Total Territories.
Aggregate of U. S...

5,082,871 16,278
1,399,750 1,619

965,032

442,730

North Carolina

2,915,203

38,555,983|50,155,783

PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.

POPULATION AND AREA.

COUNTRIES.

POPULATION

China

British India

Russia

United States— with Alaska.

German Empire

Turkey

Austria and Hungary

France

.Japan

Great Britain and Ireland-
Italy

Egypt

Spain

Mexico

Brazil

Persia

Sweden and Norway

Belgium

Roumania •.

Portugal

Dominion of Canada

Netherlands

Switzerland

Peru

Bolivia

Chili

Venezuela

Greece

Denmark

Argentine Confederation

Servia

Guatemala

Ecuador

Liberia

Hayti...

San Sahador

Uruguay

Nicaragua

Honduras

San Domingo

Gosta Rici

,627,183
,899,516
,297,407
,442,066
,234,061
,213,400
,786,246
,405,240
,925,313
,262,762
,452,639
1,952,000
.,625,860
1,025,649
',883,622
,653,600
;,497,245
i,519,844
1,290,000
,.348,551
,324,810
:,n4,077
1,846,102
1,699,945
1,300,000
:,223,434
:,075,245
,979,305
,969,039
>, 859,685
1,700,211
1,252,497
1,066,137
1,050,000
800,000
554,785
438,245
350,000
350,000
300,000
180,000

AREA OF
SQUARE
MILES.

4,413,788

1,425,723

8,387,816

3,602,990

212,091

2,396,692

240,942

204,092

148,700

120.879

114,296

1,406,250

182,750

743,948

3,287,963

610,000

293,848

11,373

48,307

36,510

3,470,392

12,648

15,992

.503,718

207,350

439,120

25,041

13,784

1,204,486

20,850

41,830

248,372

14,300

10,204

7,225

73,5.38

49,500

39,600

18,045

26,040

Pekin

Calcutta

St Petersburg (1881)..

Washington

Berlin

Constantinople

Vienna

Paris

Yeddo

London

Florence

Cairo

Madrid

Mexico

Rio de Janiero

Teheran

Stockholm

Bucharest

Lisbon

Ottawa

Amsterdam

Geneva

Lima

La Paz

Santiago

Caraccas

Athens

Copenhagen

Buenos Ayres (1881)

Belgrade

Santiago de Guatemala .

Quito..

Monrovia

Port au Prince

San Salvador

jNIontevideo ,

Managua ,

Tegucigalpa.

San Jose.

;,000,000
500,000
876,575
147,293

,122,360
800,000

,103,857

;,269,023
200,000

:,764,312
169,000
250,000
397,690
315,996
274,972
200,000
168,775
350,000
221,805
246,343
27,412
328,047
68,320
101,488

387,081

60,000

63,374

234,850

289,925

27,000

55,728

70,000

13,000

22,000

18,500

73,353

8,000

12,000

10,000

2,500

POPULATION OF OHIO BY COUNTIES.

The State
Adams . . .

COUNTIES

Ashland

Ashtabula. . .

Athens

Auglaize ...
Belmont . . . .

Brown

Butler

Carroll

Champaign .

Clark

Clermont . . .

Clinton

Columbiana
Coshocton . .
Crawford . . .
Cuyahoga . .

Darke

Defiance . . . .
Delaware . . .
Erie.

Fairfield .

Fayette . . ,

Franklin .

Fulton ...

Gallia

Geauga. . .

Greene

aOlGuernsey ,
31 'Hamilton
32IHancock .
33jHardin ...
34 Harrison .
35lHenry ....
36|Highland-
37| Hocking .
38lHolmes ..
39| Huron ...
40!jackson ,

Jefferson

Knox

Lake

Lawrence . .

Licking

Logan

Lorain

Lucas

Madison

Mahoning —

Marion

Medina

Meigs

Mercer

Miami

Monroe

Montgomery.

Morgan

Morrow

Muskingum .

Noble

Ottawa

Paulding

Perry

Pickaway . . .

Pike

Portage

Preble

Putnam

Richland ....

Ross

Sandusky

Scioto

Seneca

r Summit

J Trumbull ...

) Tuscarawas .

80 Union

Van Wert . . .

Vinton

Warren

Washington .

Wayne

Williams . . . .

Wood

88 Wyandot ...

21746
■■8479'
158-20

3717
■7639'

16633
6316
10292

"'im

7791
105'29

28827
17867
27142

12131
13114
20466
11436
35592
11161
4791

16345
4008
9135

13341
5941

224S9

17085

4645
15999
5297

8429
13149
4253

15719
4037S
21590
13152

31924
10984
25049

16291
230
24006
24068
2851
8740
5159
?671

26153

1429S

3192

18352
11452

8277
19688
18521
31938
20852

2248
1034
19344
19725

19482
5189
44532
27460
10182
1119-2
18128
12154
at603
22560
38107
25631
84-22
1577

1766
20775
21006
10953
24419
21736

7-221
30879

30490
31761
12204

19185
22951
31814
21364

25300
33031
21461

14043
-2-2043
15817
26197
•24474
216410
22886
13570
19110

17941
■26115
27735
15576
23-249
37011
20996
29744
25831
13015
25894
15490
2-2517
26534
14104
29959
25741
52230
22119
20445
44416
20751
7016
4945
19678

12808
31158
35071
21429
24-297
30868
17493

32517
23768
20041
39714
30802
39912
14491
24188

13-2010
32278
15719
25175
28188
31133
17170

18177
28532
21759
29188

31001
16184
20092
31465
17254
3-2740
25779
64006

8544
18453
24875
15447
24584
21809
17031
32516
37097
25503
29302
30827
a074g
52508
34674

18730
158-23
15027

40609
35116
20991
24596

37139
28411
25144
49633
329U
4'25T9
1641-;
27817
4194S
36713
ai756
4860-2
2664-2
305*3
196943
4049^
22515
27:«I

2105:5
28124
14251
31-349
27197
313374
27784
27023
20456
20585
30-281
21128
20T76
31609
23686
33013
27431
163-26
39063
40450

21808
36158
26496
78550
20074
19072
49774
21133
19762
13485
28218
27415
17927
27500
24533
2:3713
36306
40307
32057
335U

2-2375
23028
17-223

PART II.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

GOVERNORS.

From the organization of the first civil government in the Northwest Territory, of which the State of Ohio
was a part, until the year 1884.

Term, Two Years.

NAME.

COUNTY. 1 TERM. 1

NAME.

COUNTY.

TERM.

Arthur St Clair (1)

1788-1802

1802-1803

1803-1807

1807-1808

1808-1810

1810-1814

1814

1814-1818

1818-1822

1822

1822-1826

1826-1830

1830-1832

1832-1836

1836-1838

1838-1840

1840-1842

1842-1844

1844

Mordecai Bartley . .

Richland

1844-1846

Charles W. Byrd (2)

Edward TiflBn (3)

Hamilton

Ross

William Bebb

Seabury Ford (8)

ftoaiiiT!.

1849 1850

Reuben Wood (9) Cnvahop-a

1850-1853

Samuel Huntington

Return Jonathan Meigs (5)..
Othniel Looker*

Trumbull

Washington

Hamilton

William MediO (10)

Salmon P. Chase

William Dennison

Fairfield

1853-1856

Hamilton

Franklin

1856-1860

Mahoning

Cuyahoga

Montgomery....

Trumbull

Hamilton

Highland

Warren

1864-1865

Allen Trimble*

(^harles Andersonf

1865-1866

Jeremiah Morrow

Jacob D Coic

1866-1868

Allen Trimble

Highland

Rutherford B. Hayes

1868-1872

Robert Lucas

Pike

William Allen

Rutherford B. Hayes (12)....

1874-1876

Joseph Vance

Wilson Shannon

Champaign

Belmont

Sandusky

1876-1877

1877 1878

Belmont

Richland

Charles Foster

George Hoadly

Thomas W. Bartley*

Hamilton

1884-

(1) Arthur St. Clair, of Pennsylvania, was Governor of the Northwest Territory, of which Ohio was a part,
from July 13, 1788, when the first civil government was established in the Territory, until about the close of
the year 1802, when he was removed by the President.

(2) Secretary of the Territory, and was acting Governor of the Territory after the removal of Gov. St.
Clair.

(3) Resigned March 3, 1807, to accept the office of United States Senator.

(4) Return Jonathan Meigs was elected Governor on the second Tuesday of October, 1807, over Nathaniel
Massie, who contested the election of Meigs on the ground "that he had not been a resident of this State for
four years next preceding the election as required by the Constitution," and the General Assembly, in joint
convention, decided that he was not eligible. The oifice was not given to Massie, nor does it appear from the
records that he claimed it, but Thomas Kirker, Acting Governor, continued to discharge the duties of the otfice
until December 12, 1808, when Samuel Huntington was inaugurated, he having been elected on the second
Tuesday of October in that year.

(5 1 Resigned March 25, 1814, to accept the office of Postmaster-General of the United States.

(6) Resigned January 4, 1822, to accept the office of United States Senator.

(7) Resigned April 13, 1S44, to accept the office of Minister to Mexico.

(8) The result of the election in 1848 was not finally determined in joint convention of the two houses of
the General Assembly until January 19, 1849, and the inauguration did not take place until the 22d of that
month.

(9) Resigned July 15, 1853, to accept the office of Consul to'Valparaiso.

(10) Elected in October, 1853, for the regular term, to commence on the second Monday of January, 1854.

(11) Died August 29, 1865.

(12) Resigned March 2, 1877, to accept the office of President of the United States.
* Acting Governor. Succeeded to office, being the Speaker of the Senate.

t Acting Governor. Succeeded to office, being the Lieutenant-Governor.

HI8T0EY OF OHIO.

IT is not our province in a volume of this description, to delineate the chronol-
ogy of prehistoric epochs, or to dwell at length upon those topics pertaining
to the scientific causes Avhich tended to the formation of a continent, undiscov-
ered for centuries, by the wisdom and energy of those making a history of the
Old World, hy the advancement of enlightenment in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Naturally, the geological formation of the State of Ohio cannot he entirely
separated from facts relative to the strata, which, in remote ages accumulated
one layer above the other, and finally constituted a "built-up" America, from
a vast sea. The action of this huge body of water washed sedim-ent and what-
ever came in its way upon primitive rocks, which were subjected to frequent
and repeated submersions, emerging as the water subsided, thus leaving a
stratum or layer to solidify and mark its number in the series — a system of
growth repeated in trees of the forest — in those descernible rings that count so
many years. The southeastern part of North America emerging a second
time from the Silurian Sea, which extended west to the Rocky Mountains and
north to the primitive hills of British America, a succession of rock-bound,
salt-water lakes remained. These covered a large portion of the continent, and
their water evaporating, organic and mineral matter remained to solidifyo This
thick stratum has been designated by geologists as the water-lime layer. This
constitutes the upper layer of rock in the larger portion of the west half of
Ohio. In other sections it forms the bed rock.

Following the lime-rock deposit, must have been more frequent sweeps of
the great sea, since the layers are comparatively thin, proving a more speedy
change. During this scientific rising and falling of the sea, other actions were
taking place, such as volcanic and other influences which displaced the regular-
ity of the strata, and occasionally came out in an upheaval or a regular perpen-
dicular dip. A disturbance of this character formed the low mountain range
extending from the highlands of Canada to the southern boundary of Tennes-
see. This "bulge" is supposed to be the consequence of the cooling of the
earth and the pressure of the oceans on either side of the continent. Geolo-
gists designate this as the Cincinnati arch. This forms a separation between
the coal fields of the Alleghanies and those of Illinois.

Passing over several periods, we reach the glacial, during which the topog-
raphy of the continent was considerably modified, and which is among the
latest epochs of geology, though exceedingly remote as compared with human

74 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

history. Previously, a torrid heat prevailed the entire Northern hemisphere.
Now the temperature of the frigid zone crept southward until it reached Cincin-
nati. A vast field of ice, perhaps hundreds of feet thick, extended from the
north pole to this point. As this glacial rigor came southward, the flow of
the St, Lawrence River was stopped, and the surplus water of the great lake
basin was turned into the Ohio and Mississippi. This glacial sea was by no
means stationary even after its southern limit had been reached. It possessed
the properties of a solid and a fluid. Its action was slow but powerful, grind-
ing mountains to powder and forming great valleys and basins. Separating
into two glacial portions, one moved toward the watershed north of the Ohio
River ; and, continuing westerly, it hollowed out the basin of Lake Erie and
crushed the apex of the Cincinnati arch. From this point, it turned south-
ward and swept with a regular course through the INIaumee and Miami Valleys
to the Ohio River. The southern border constantly melting, and flowing toward
the Gulf of Mexico, the great field was pressed forward by the accumulation*
of ice in the northern latitudes. Thus for ages, this powerful force was fitting
the earth for the habitation of man. The surface was leveled, huge rocks
broken and reduced to pebbles, sand, clay, etc., other soil and surface-material —
while the debris was embedded at the bottom. Li some sections, as the ice
melted and freed the bowlders and rocks, the lighter material was swept away.
The glacier moving forward, and the forces proving an " equilibrium," the
edge of this ice-field was held in a solid stronghold, and the material thus de-
posited forms a ridge, called by geologists "terminal moraine," first exemplified
in Ohio by the "Black Swamp," in the Maumee Valley.

The most extreme rigor of this period beginning to wane, the ice of the
Maumee and Miami Valleys began to move slowly forward, toward the north,
reaching the points now termed Hudson, Mich.; Fort Wayne, Ind., and Kenton,
Ohio — reaching somewhat further south than Lima and Van "Wert. The edge of
the glacier was defined in outline by the present western border of Lake Erie, and
parallel with it. Climatic influences " acting and counteracting," the glacial
force was concentrated, the Maumee Valley being subjected to a grinding proc-
ess, and a deposit of material going on, which now forms the boundary of the
"Black Swamp." As our readers are aware, the waters of the St. Joseph and
St. Mary's meet at Fort "Wayne, and their united waters form the Maumee ;
thence the turn is northwest, and, wearing an outlet through the ridge, it
reaches the head of Lake Erie.

The torrid zone yet gaining the ascendency, the ice-fields continuing their
reverse motion, and retreating toward the north, the basin of the great lakes
was formed ; and the blocks of ice melting therein, a vast sea of fresh water was
formed, which gradually overflowed a portion of Canada and Michigan. But
the St. Lawrence, that important outlet, was under the restraint of an ice
blockade, and the surplus water of the fresh sea was turned into the Ohio and
and Mississippi.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 75

Later, mountains of ice-float were drifted from the north by winds and cur-
rents, into temperate latitudes, and melting, deposited rocks, stones and general
debris. Following the iceberg-drift, came the permanent elevation above the ocean-
level. The St. Lawrence outlet was formed. The inland sea was assuming its
division into lakes. The united waters of Erie and Huron flowed through the
Wabash Valley and into the Ohio, until, through some agency, that section was
dry, and the lakes drained in another direction. The action of the glacial
period in the Erie basin -sdcinity created what is known as the " Niagara lime-
stone," by grinding upper strata and drifting the debris elsewhere. This seems
to have occurred at intervals, exposures being made in Seneca, Sandusky and
Wood Counties, and beneath the axis of the Cincinnati arch. Oriskany lime-
stone is also available in another stratum, which has been brought to the surface.
Again, there is a carboniferous stratum of limestone, and along the Maumee is
a thin exposure of the Hamilton limestone and shale.

A glacier having both fluid and solid properties, it will readily be compre-
hended that obdurate projections of rock resisted its action, and created currents
in other directions, for its forces. When this specified epoch had ceased to be,
Ohio was a rough, irregular and crude mixture of ridges and knobs and pinnacles^
which were " leveled up " and finished by iceberg-drift and inland-sea deposits.
This settled and accumulated, and the work of hundreds of years produced a
beautiful sui-face, its inequalities overcome, the water having receded and " terra
firma" remaining. A deep bed of clay, sufficiently compact to hold the germs
of organic matter, and sufficiently porous to absorb moisture, was especially
adapted to encourage the growth of vegetation. These seeds had been brought
by the winds and waves and natural agencies, and now began to produce plants
and shrubs, which withered to enrich the soil, after scattering broadcast seeds
that would again perpetuate verdure. Worms, land crabs and burrowing ani-
mals assisted in the creation of soil, while the buffalo, deer and bear followed,
as soon as forestry appeared. Decomposed foliage and fallen timber aided in
the great work of preparing the present State of Ohio for the habitation of man.
Prairie, marsh, forest, rivers and lakes were formed, which, in turn, were modi-
fied and prepared for a grand destiny by other influences.

In glancing over the compiled histories of Ohio, those containing details of
her early struggles, afflictions and triumphs, we are especially impressed with
its near and sympathetic relation with the great Northwest, and the republic of
the United States of America. From the early years when white men built
their rude cabins in the then tangled wilderness, to the opulent and magnificent
present of this united nation, Ohio has been stanch, loyal and earnest, both
in action and principle.

We shall endeavor to trace the history of the State concisely and accurately,
according to the data given by the most reliable historians. We are obliged to
glean the prominent events only, our space being limited, compared with the
multitudinous interests connected with this important part of the United States,

76 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

FRENCH HISTORY.

All through early French history, is the fact especially prominent, that in
their explorations and expeditions, they united piety and business. They were
zealous in sending out their missionaries, but they were always attended by
traders and those who were as skilled in the world's profit and loss, as their
companions were in propagating Christianity.

Prior to the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers upon Plymouth Rock, the
Upper Lakes were visited by the French, and records prove that during the first
half of the seventeenth century, a vagabondish set, working in the interests of
the fur company of New France, understood the geographical position of the
lakes and their tributary streams. M. Perrot, an intelligent explorer, made
overtures of peace to the Indian tribes around these bodies of water, and
effected a treaty, which, it is claimed, established the right for the French, in
the name of their king, to hold the place near St. Mary's Falls. They further
assert that the Mississippi was discovered by the French from Lake Superior,
but this is not authenticated, and Father Marquette and M. Joliet are accepted
as the first who found this large stream, in 1763. The good missionary won
his way with his patient and sympathetic nature.

Ohio was, like the other portions of the West, originally in the possession
of aborigines or Indians. Of their origin, many suppositions are advanced,
but no certainties sustained. From practical evidences, the Mound-Builders
were active in Ohio, and here as elsewhere, their work marked retrogression
rather than advancement. The territory of Ohio was claimed by the French,
and included in that wide tract between the Alleghanies and the Rockies, held
by them under the name of Louisiana. Before the year 1750, a French trad-
ing-post was established at the mouth of the Wabash, and communication was
established between that point and the Maumee, and Canada. Between the
years 1678 and 1682, the intrepid La Salle and Father Hennepin, assisted by
Fondi, an Italian, with a small band of followers, inaugurated a series of
explorations about the great lakes and the Mississippi, building forts on their
way and planting the French priority. In 1680, La Salle erected a stockade at
the foot of the rapids of the Maumee, which Avas a general rendezvous for mission-
aries, traders and explorers, besides constituting a primitive "stock exchange."
The English colonies were at this time east of the AUeghanies, while the
French were establishing themselves west of this range, gaining an entrance
north and south, the two portions separated by hostile and barbarous foes.
La Salle's spirit of adventure led him into new fields, but Father Hennepin
was detailed to investigate that part of the world now known as the State of
Ohio. The records assert that he- published a volume containing an account of
his observations "in the country between New Mexico and the frozen ocean,"
in 1684, together with maps of Lakes Erie, Huron and Michigan, and a plat
•of the larg-er streams in Ohio.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 77

Apparently, the French more speedily comprehended the value of their
advantages in the New World than the English, and vigorously inaugurated and
sustained commercial and religious projects. They were essentially benefited
by the mediation of the Catholic priests between settlers and Indians, this
really earnest class everywhere ingratiating themselves with the savages. The
Order of Jesuits were very vigorous, and representatives were stationed at every
trading-post, village and settlement. The English colonists engaged mostly in
ao-riculture, while the French took a lively interest in the fur trade with the
natives, probably from their former settlement in Quebec and thereabouts, where
the climate is advantageous for this business. This added to the influence of
the priests, and the natural assimilation of French and the Indians, through
the tact and amiability of the former, the French possessions gained more
rapidly than the English or Spanish. They courted their daughters and
married them. They engaged in feasts and trades, and took advantage of
those unimpeded times to extend their dominion with surprising celerity. A
chain of trading, missionary and military posts extended from New Orleans to
Quebec, by way of the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, thence via Mackinaw and
Detroit to Lakes Erie and Ontario. This route was shortened thereafter by
following the Ohio River to the Wabash, following the latter upward, and
down the Maumee to Lake Erie.

About the same time, and to check the advancement of the French, the
Ohio Company was formed by the English. This was an outgrowth of the
contest between these two nations for the ascendency, whether empire, settle-
ment or individual. After thirty years' peace between these two nations,
"King George's War" opened the campaign in 1744, but terminated in 1748,.
the treaty at Aix-la-Chapelle unfortunately omitting a settlement of any division
of claims in America. The English, French and Spanish were the first to
enter America, and the right of possession by each monarch or empire was
held by right of a first discovery. The only right that England could advance-
regarding Ohio was that the portion of the Six Nations found in the Ohia
Valley had placed some of their lands under British jurisdiction, and that other
portions had been purchased at Lancaster, Penn., by means of a treaty with
the same nations. All this was strenuously denied and ignored by the French.
Thus several conflicting influences swept carnage over fair Ohio. The Indians were
allied to one side and the other, and were against each other. The Indians and
French would advance against the English, and they, in retaliation, would
make a raid into the Indian territory and overcome a French settlement.
Whenever they could as well, Indians would take the cause in their own keep-
ing and fight each other. The wide, verdant fields of Ohio were drenched
ghastly red under a glowing sun, and the great forests echoed moans from the
dying and distressed. The English colonists had partially overcome their
deprivation, caused by a struggle for subsistence, and means to guard against
the savages— this distress augmented by campaigns against Canada— by their

78 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

increased numbers and wealth, but were now alarmed by the French rule in
America, which gained so rapidly, unmolested as it was by Indian raids and
other devastating circumstances. A constant conflict was going on between
Lake Erie and the Upper Ohio. Atrocities and massacres were committed
indiscriminately, which opened the way for a desperate class of marauders and
villains from the colonies and European States. These people enlisted with
the Indians on either side for the purpose of leadership and plunder. Every
fortification, trading-post and settlement was garrisoned or deserted, and the
ground betAveen the Alleghanies and the Maumee became a conflict field, rife
with thrilling deeds, sacrifice and adventures, the half never having been
chronicled, and many heroes falling uncrowned by even a lasting memory, since
during these times the. people kept few annals, and cared less for historical
memories than anything on earth. They were living, and dying, and struggling,
and that was more than they could carry through safely. The French formed
a road from the Ohio River to Detroit, via the foot of the Lower Rapids of the
Maumee, and the foot of the Lower Rapids of the Sandusky.

The Ohio Company obtained a charter under English views, from the
British Government, with a grant of 6,000 acres of land on the Ohio. The
English now reverted to the times of the Cabots, and protested that by right
they held the entire country between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, bounded
by those parallels of latitude defining their Atlantic coast settlements. France
claimed the region drained by the Mississippi and tributaries, the great lakes
and their tributaries, the area being west of the Alleghanies. Ohio was thus
included in the disputed tract.

The Ohio Company was formed in 1748, by a number of Virginians and
Londoners, two brothers of George Washington taking conspicuous parts in the
movement ; Thomas Lee was especially active. When the surveys were begun,
the Governor of Canada entered vigorous protests, and indicated his displeasure
by a prompt line of posts from Erie to Pittsburgh, named respectively, Presque
Isle, Le Boeuf, Vedango, Kittaning and Du Quesne. The latter was begun
by the English, captured by the French, and by them completed.

The first English settlement of which we can find traces was a block-house
at Piqua, about the year 1752. It was attacked, and a bitter struggle ensued,
resulting in the death of fourteen of the assailants. Those within the garrison
suffered severely, many being burned, and the remainder captured and dis-
patched to Canada.

In 1753, the French and Indian war actively began. It did not extend
beyond the American continent until 1756, when the home governments took
an interest in its progress beyond encouraging their respective colonists to pur-
sue the war-path to a direful finale for their adversaries. For four years, the
French captured and conquered, spreading terror wherever they went, and
they followed every Englishman that set his foot on Ohio soil to the death.
We may state that these people had not retained their civilized habits, and

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 79

constant association with savages had embued them with barbarous methods of
warfare which were sickening and revolting to the English, and to which they
could not resort. It is highly probable that French success was vastly brought
about by these means, together with the assistance of their Indian allies. In
1758, when the English hope was almost exterminated, the elder Pitt being
placed at the head of the administration, a new and energetic system was
inaugurated, wise measures instituted, and military science triumphed over
savage cunning and French intrigue. The first brilliant English achievement
was the conquest of Canada. When the home governments interfered, the
war assumed the character of a French and English conflict, regardless of
Indian right, yet the tribes continued to participate in the carnage.

A certain Christian, Frederick Post, a Moravian missionary, located upon
the Muskingum, near Beavertown. Heckewelder consented to become his
associate. The Indians receiving them kindly, under conditions that Post
should serve as tutor, this missionary began clearing a field for the purpose of
planting corn for sustenance. This did not accord with Indian logic. They
had stipulated that he teach and he was planting corn, which to them was a
signal of the coming of other whites, the building of a fort and encroachments
upon the Indians. They referred to the French priests, who were in good
physical condition, did not till land, but were in charge of the Great Spirit
who provided for them, a conclusive proof to them that when divine work was
acceptable to the Great Spirit, priests were somehow sustained by other than
the plans which disturbed their great hunting-grounds. However, they
allowed him a small space, and he remained with them, preaching and teaching
during the summer of 1762, when, accompanied by one of the principal chiefs,
he returned to Lancaster, Penn., where a treaty was concluded. On his return
to his post, he was met by Heckewelder, who imparted the tidings that friendly
Indians had warned him that the war was about to sweep over their section,
and destruction awaited them if they remained. The mission was accordingly
abandoned. This failure was not so bitter as the English effort to sustain their
trading-post in 1749, on the Great Miami, afterward called Laramie's store.
It pursued a feeble existence until 1752, when a French raid upon the Twig-
twees and English colonists proved fatal.

A European treaty now excluded the French from any rights to make
treaties with the Indians, and the English, in their flush of victory after Pitt's
succession, assumed the authority over Indians and lands. The savages did
not accept the situation with anything resembling the gentle spirit of resigna-
tion, and the Ottawa chief, Pontiac, led the several tribes into a general war
against the intruders. It was no longer French and English, but Indian and
English, the former being instigated and assisted many times by the French,
now desperate and unscrupulous in a mad spirit for revenge.

The intention of the Indians was to drive the whites east of the mountains,
destroying their numerous strongholds in Pennsylvania and Virginia, if they

80 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

failed in their hope of utterly exterminating them. Pontiac had effected a
consolidation of the tribes ranging from Mackinaw to North Carolina, thus
being enabled to swoop down upon all the settlements simultaneously. A
deadly beginning was made in the Ohio Valley, and only two or three English
traders escaped out of the one hundred and twenty located in that vicinity.
The forts at Presque Isle, St. Joseph and Mackinaw, were captured amid scenes
of slaughter too terrible to perpetuate in description. The years 1763 and
1764 were literally drenched in human carnage and anguish. Ohio was a
great field of crime, murder, pain and horror. The expeditions of Bradstreet
and Bouquet crushed the war in 1764, and Pontiac with his Ottawas removed
to the Maumee and settled. English settlement now progressed with great
rapidity, but this was destined to be disturbed in 1774, by the action of Lord
Dunmore, who led an expedition against the tribes of the Ohio country, termi-
nated by his treaty on the Scioto plains. At this period, the colonists were not
in strict harmony with England, and the spirit of revolution was spreading
every day.

When Lord Dunmore made his treaty, the afiirmation was made and gained
ground that he, being a thorough loyalist, had compromised under such terms
as held the Indians British allies against the settlers. Directly following this
treaty, was the deliberate murder of a number of Indians, near Wheeling,
including the family of the great chief, Logan — which inaugurated retaliating
atrocities.

In the year 1773, July 4, the first white child was born within the
present limits of Ohio, and was christened John L. Roth, son of a Mora-
vian missionary. All the settlers of these Moravian towns on the Muskingum
were made prisoners in September of the same year. Heckwelder was trans-
ported to Detroit, but English tyranny failed to find any evidence against him
or his colaborers, and they were reluctantly released, and returned to their fam-
ilies in Sandusky. Poverty added to their sufferings, and in the forlorn
hope of finding a remnant of their property at the old settlements, which might
assist in mitigating their necessities, they Avearily went thitherward. They
began gathering their grain, but the Wyandots attacked them, and many lives
were lost. Frontiersmen had also grown jealous of them, and a body of about
ninety marched out together, for the fiendish purpose of pillaging, slaughtering
and laying waste all Moravian towns and posts. With the wily insidiousness of
savages, they went about their diabolical plan. The Moravians were cordial and
bade this band welcome, when they reached their towns in the guise of friend-
ship. Williamson, the leader, and the gleaners, were called from the fields,
Avhen, to the dismay of these trusting and frank people, they were all bound,
and only fifteen out of the marauding band of ninety were in favor of even
sparing the lives of these hapless men, women and children. Forty men,
twenty-two women and thirty-four children were then cruelly and heartlessly
murdered, their sufferings laughed to scorn, and the last sound that fell on their

^''^

r^tn v^ yi^^/'cK^

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 88

ears was exultant derision. Succeeding this tragic event was the expedition
against the Indian towns upon the Sandusky. The hostile Indians had been
making frequent incursions upon the settlements of Western Pennsylvania and
Virginia, destroying both life and property. There seemed to be no bounds
to their bloody work, and it became necessary, for the peace and safety of the
settlers, to take some measures to prevent their outrages. Accordingly, in
May, 1782, Gen. William Irvine, who was then commander of the Western
Military Department, with headquarters at Fort Pitt, called a council of the
officers of his department to meet at Fort Pitt. At this meeting it was de-
cided to form and equip a body of men, and make an expedition into the
Indian country. Upper Sandusky, then the rendezvous of the hostile Wyan-
dots, Delawares, Shawanese and Mingoes, was to be the point of attack.

Col. William Crawford led the expedition, which counted 480 men. Warn-
ing had in some manner reached the towns, and the troops found them de-
serted. But the Indians were incensed, and their wrath had not driven them
to hiding-places, but to a preparation to meet their foes. They fought desper-
ately, and Crawford's troops were defeated and scattered, many being capt-
ured, and among them Col. Crawford himself. It is hardly probable that
Crawford could justly expect much mercy at the hands of his captors. Ac-
counts state that Crawford implored the aid of Girty, and at last secured a
promise to use his power to obtain the Colonel's pardon. However, this was of
no avail, and it is doubtful whether Girty was disposed to intercede. The
prisoners were tortured and put to death, and Crawford's agonies were pro-
tracted as long as possible. Dr. Knight managed to disable the Indian who
had him in charge, and made his escape to the settlements, where he related
the result of the expedition and the tortures of the captured.

On October 27, 1784, a treaty was concluded at Fort Stanwix, with the
Bachems and warriors of the Mohawks, Onondagas, Senecas, Cayugas, Onei-
das and Tuscaroras, and the Six Nations then ceded to the Colonial Govern-
ment all claims to the country west of a line defined by the western boundary
to the Ohio — thus rendering the Indian claim to a large portion of Ohio lands
practically extinct.

Although the French and Indian war was a series of heart-rending events,
it was a serious and remarkable school of discipline for the untrained troops
which soon engaged in the Revolutionary struggle. On the fields of Ohio, many
valuable officers, who earned distinction in the war of independence, learned
their first lessons in intrepid valor.

During the Revolution, the colonial troops were engaged east of the mount-
ains, and western settlements and frontier people were left alone to defend
themselves and their property against encroachments and attacks.

The Indian tribes again became belligerent, and united with the English
against the " Americans." The latter held a line of posts along the Upper
Ohio, while the British were stationed in- the old French strongholds on the
lakes and the Mississippi. The unscrupulous whites and Indians ranged at ran-
dom between this boundary and the Cuyahoga, thence southerly to the Ohio,

84 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

thus including the Scioto and Miami Valleys. Southeastern Ohio constituted
"the neutral ground."

Gen. Clarke's expedition, although chiefly confined to Indiana and Illinois,
greatly influenced the settlement of Ohio. His exploits and the resolution of
his troops were chiefly instrumental in holding the country west of the Alle-
ghanies, and insuring its possession by the United States during the Revolution.
The British had been emphatic, in the Paris treaty, at the time of the settlement
of the French and English difficulties, in demanchng the Ohio River as the
northern boundary of the United States. The American Commissioners relied
upon Gen. Clarke's valor and energy in holding the country Avest of the Alle-
ghanies, which he had conquered, and the British Commissioners were compelled
to give their consent, under civil and military measures. In 1783, by the
treaty of Paris, at the close of the Revolutionary war, the English relinquished
all rights to the fertile territory between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi,
and the United States held undisputed possession.

January 10, 1786, Gens. Rufus Putnam and Benjamin Tupper circulated a
pamphlet, proposing the formation of a company for the purpose of settling the
Ohio lands, and soliciting the attention and consideration of all those desiring a
future home and prosperity. A meeting was also called, to assemble during the
following February, and select delegates to represent each county in IMassachu-
setts. These dignitaries should convene during the month of March, at the
" Bunch of Grapes " tavern, in Boston, for the purpose of definitely forming the
association, and adopting such measures as would benefit all directly interested.
The meeting and " convention " followed, and the subscription books were opened.
One million dollars, chiefly represented by Continental certificates, was the
price of the land. The shares were valued at $1,000 each, and there was a
division of a thousand shares. The first payment was to be $10 per share, this
money to be set aside for such expenses as might accrue. A year's interest was
to be devoted to the establishment of the settlement, and those families who
were unable to incur the expense of moving were to be assisted. Those who
purchased shares to the number of twenty were entitled to a representation by
an agent, who was permitted to vote for Directors. This plan matured and was
acted upon during the following year. It may be that the action of Connecti-
cut, in ceding her territorial claims to the General Government, with few excep-
tions, greatly encouraged this new undertaking. That tract was, until recently,
designated the " Western Reserve " — an extent 170 miles from the western
boundary of Pennsylvania, and parallel thereto, being reserved.

On October 27, 1787, a contract was made between the Board of the Treas-
ury, for the .United States, and Manasseh Cutler and Winthrop Sargent, agents
for the Directors of the New England Ohio Company, for the purchase of a tract
of land, bounded by the Ohio, and from the mouth of the Scioto to the inter-
section of the western boundary of the seventh townships, then surveying ;
thence by said boundary to the northern boundary of the tenth township from

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 85

the Ohio ; thence, by a due west line, to the Scioto ; thence, by the Scioto, to
the beginning.

However fertile and attractive Ohio was known to have been, settlement did
not gain rapidly after the close of the war with England, although the United
States has gained her freedom. It was more than six years after Cornwallis
laid doAvn his sword, before a white settlement was formed on the Ohio side of the
river. The French and Indian war had incited the English to be jealous of her
colonial conquests, and mistrusting their loyalty, they had, so soon as the Frencli
claims were annulled, taken measures to crush all colonial claims also, and a
royal proclamation rescinded all colonial land grants and charters, holding all
the country west of the sources of the Atlantic rivers under the protection and
sovereignty of tl:e king of Great Britain, for the use of the Indians. All white
persons were forbidden to remain or settle within the prescribed limits. Parlia-
ment then attached this tract to Quebec, and the English Government felt assured
that the thirteen colonies were restricted and held secure east of the Alleghanies.

The result of the war between the colonies and England did not constitute
an Indian treaty. Although England signed over her title and right, the sava-
ges held the land and ignored all white agreements, one way or the other.
Whenever an attempt at settlement was undertaken, Indian depredations proved
disastrous. The tribes were encouraged by the English fur traders, and the
English commandant at Detroit incited them to destroy all Americans who
attempted to usurp the rights of red men.

Added to this serious difficulty was the unsettled debate regarding State
claims, which rendered a title precarious. A treaty, signed at Fort Mcintosh,
previous to the war, and authenticated, shows that during the conflict the Dela-
wares and Wyandots occupied the Indian and British frontier, on the southern
shore of Lake Erie, from the Cuyahoga to the Maumee, and from the lake to
the sources of its tributaries. Later, these two tribes ceded to the United
States "the neutral ground," by warranty deed, and by quit-claim, the terri-
tory south and west of the described tract, set apart for their use.

By special measures, the grant of Congress in the matter of the Ohio Com-
pany extended to nearly 5,000,000 acres, valued at $3,500,000. The original
Ohio Company obtained 1,500,000 acres, the remaining being reserved by indi-
viduals, for private speculation.

The same year. Congress appointed Arthur St. Clair, Governor, and Win-
throp Sargent, Secretary, of the Territory.

Fort Harmar had previously been built, at the mouth of the Muskingum,
and in 1788, a New England colony attempted the "Muskingum settlement,"
on the opposite side, which was afterward named Marietta. In July, 1788, the
Territorial ofiicers were received in this village, and there established the first
form of civil government, as set forth in the Ordinance of 1787. Three United
States Judges were appointed, and Courts of Common Pleas, Probate and
Justice were established.

86 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

If the stormy times were supposed to be of the past, that composure was
rudely broken by the utter disregard of the Shawnee and other Indian tribes,
who soon induced the Delawares and Wyandots to repudiate their consent in the
matter of settlement. The miseries of frontier horrors were repeated. The
British commandant at Detroit instigated many of these hostilities, yet the
American Government took honorable action in assuring the English represent-
ative that American military preparations in the West was not an expedition
against Detroit, or other British possessions, although the possession of Detroit
by that nation was in direct opposition to the treaty of 1783. Gov. St. Clair,
to avert the direful consequences of a border war, dispatched a Frenchman,
Gameline, to the principal Indian towns of the "Wabash and Maumee countries,
to request them to meet the United States agents, and make a compromise for
the benefit of both parties, at the same time reiterating the desire of the General
Government to adhere to the Fort Harmar treaty. The Miamis, Shawnees,
Ottawas, Kickapoos and Delawares received this representative kindly, but
declined the wampum sent by the Governor, and deferred giving an answer
until they had considered the subject with the " father at Detroit."

Blue Jacket, chief of the Shawnees, informed the Frenchman that the Indi-
ans doubted the sincerity of the Americans. The new settlement on the Ohio
was a proof that the whites intended to crowd further and further, until the
Indians were again and again robbed of their just right. He then emphatically
asserted that unless the north side of the river was kept free from these inroads
there could be no terms of peace with the Shawnees, and many other tribes.

Blue Jacket was unusually intelligent and sagacious, and expressed himself
eloquently. He was persistent in his determination to engage in the war of
extermination, should the white settlements continue north of the Ohio.

These overtures were continued, but they failed in producing any arrange-
ment that permitted the whites to locate north of the Ohio.

Congress called upon Kentucky and Pennsylvania to lend the aid of their
militia. Gen. Harmar was instructed to destroy the Miami villages at the
head of the Maumee. Late in the fall of 1790, he executed this order.

The Indians had stored a large quantity of provisions, in expectation of a
campaign, and this dependence was devastated. Without authority, and with
undue carelessness, he divided his army and attempted to achieve other victo-
ries. He more than lost what he had gained. Two raids upon the Wabash In-
dians, thereafter, proved successful, but the campaign under Gov. St. Clair was
not calculated to establish peace or obtain power, and was deemed but little less
than a failure.

The year 1792 was a series of skirmishes, so far as a settlement was con-
cerned, but 1793 succeeded well enough to convene a meeting of United States
Commissioners and representatives of the hostile tribes, at the rapids of the
Maumee. It is highly probable that a satisfactory treaty might have been
arranged, had it not been for the intervention and malicious influence of the

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 87

British Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Col. McKee, his assistant Capt.
Elliott, and the notorious Capt. Simon Girty, who instigated the savages to
deeds more horrible than their own barbarisms.

It was evident that a severe struggle must ensue, and Capt. Wayne, in
1792, appointed to the command of the Western army, was called upon to con-
duct the campaign. He exhibited his wisdom in the beginning, by preparing
his men in military discipline and fully equipping them before marching to meet
a savage foe in a wilderness. Various causes detained the army, and it was not
until the fall of 1793, that the force marched from Fort Washington (Cincin-
nati) to begin the battle.

It was already late in the season, and, before any progress had been made,
the army went into winter quarters at Greenville, on a branch of the Big
Miami.

In the mean time, the Ohio Company had not matured its practical " settle-
ment plan," although a generous grant had been obtained. In 1792, they
received a clear title to 750,000 acres of land, for which the full price had pre-
viously been paid, in Continental currency. Congress set aside 214,285 acres
as army bounties, and 100,000 acres to actual settlers. The two latter appro-
priations joined that of the Ohio Company.

There had been numerous conventions, discussions and other fruitless
attempts to somehow form a plan for the government of the Northwest Terri-
tory, but it was not until July 13, 1787, that an ordinance was passed, and that
was the result of Dr. Cutler's efforts. Every State sustained its measures.

This ordinance was the foundation of the constitution of the future State of
Ohio, and indeed, permeates the entire Northwestern creed.

ORDINANCE OF 1787.— No. 32.
An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States, Northwest of
THE Ohio River.

Be it ordained hy the United States in Congress assembled, That the said Territory, for the pur-
pose of government, be one district ; subject, however, to be divided into two districts, as future cir-
cumstances may, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient.

J3e it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the estates of both resident and non-resident
proprietors in the said Territory, dying intestate, shall descend to and be distributed among their
children and the descendants of a deceased child, in equal parts; the descendants of a deceased
child or grandchild to take the share of their deceased parent in equal parts among them. And
when there shall be no children or descendants, then in equal parts to the next of kin in equal
degree ; and among collaterals, the children of a deceased brother or sister of the intestate shall
have, in equal parts among them, their deceased parent's share; and there shall in no case be a
distribution between kindred of the whole and half blood, saving in all cases to the widow of
intestate, her third part of the real estate, for life, and one-third part of the personal estate; and
this law relative to descents and dower, shall remain in full force until altered by the Legis-
lature of the district. And until the Governor and Judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter
mentioned, estates in said Territory may be devised or bequeathed by wills in writing, signed
and sealed by him or her in whom the estate may be (being of full age), and attested by three
witnesses; and real estate may be conveyed by lease and release, or bargain and sale, signed and
sealed, and delivered by the person (being in full age) in whom the estate may be, and attested

88 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

by two witnesses, provided such wills be duly proved, and such conveyances be acknowledged, or
the execution thereof duly proved and be recorded within one year after proper magistrates,
courts and registers shall be appointed for that purpose. And personal property may be trans-
ferred by delivery, saving, however, to the French and Canadian inhabitants and other settlers of
the Kaskaskias, St. Vincent's and the neighboring villages, who have heretofore professed them-
selves citizens of Virginia, their laws and customs now in force among them, relative to the
descent and conveyance of property.

Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid. That there shall be appointed from time to time, by
Congress, a Governor whose commission shall continue in force for a term of three years, unless
sooner revoked by Congress. He shall reside in the district and have a freehold estate therein,
of a thousand acres of land while in the exercise of his office.

There shall be appointed from time to time by Congress, a Secretary whose commission shall
continue in force for two years, unless sooner revoked. He shall reside in the district, and shall
have a freehold estate therein in 500 acres of land, while in the exercise of his office. It shall be
his duty to keep' and preserve the acts and laws passed by the Legislature, and the public records
of the district, and the proceedings of the Governor in his executive department, and transmit
authentic copies of such acts and proceedings every six months, to the Secretary of Congress.
There shall also be appointed a court to consist of three Judges, any two of whom to form a
court, who shall have a common law jurisdiction and shall reside in the district and have each
therein a freehold estate in 500 acres of land, while in the exercise of their office, and their
commissions shall continue in force during good behavior.

The Governor and Judges, or a majority of them, shall adopt and publish in the district
such laws of the original States, criminal and civil, as may be necessary and best suited to the
circumstances of the district, and report them to Congress from time to time, which laws shall be
in force in the district until the organization of the General Assembly therein, unless disapproved
by Congress. But afterward, the Legislature shall have authority to alter them, as they shall
think fit.

The Governor, for the time being, shall be commander-in-chief of the militia, appoint and
commission all officers in the same, below the rank of general officers. All general officers shall
be appointed and commissioned by Congress.

Previous to the organization of the General Assembly, the Governor sliall appoint such mag-
istrates and other civil officers in each county or township, as he shall find necess.ary for the
preservation of the peace and good order in the same. After the General Assembly shall be
organized, the powers and duties of magistrates and other civil officers shall be regulated and
defined by the said Assembly, but all magistrates and other civil officers not herein otherwise
directed, shall, during the continuance of this temporary government, be appointed by the
Governor.

For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be adopted or made shall have force
in all parts of the district, and for the execution of process, criminal or civil, the Governor shall
make proper divisions thereof, and he shall proceed from time to time as circumstances may
require, to lay out the parts of the district in which the Indian titles shall have been extin-
guished, into counties and townships, subject, however, to such alterations as may thereafter he
made by the Legislature. So soon as there shall be 5,000 free male inhabitants of full age in the
district, upon giving proof thereof to the Governor, they shall i-eceive authority with time and
place, to elect representatives from their counties or townships, to represent them in the General
Assembly. Provided, That for every 500 free male inhabitants, there shall be one representative,
and so on progressively with the number of free male inhabitants, shall the right of representa-
tion increase, until the number of representatives shall amount to twenty-five. After which, the
number shall be regulated by the Legislature. Provided, That no person be eligible or qualified
to act as a representative unless he shall have been a citizen of one of the United States three
years, and be a resident in the district, or unless be shall have resided in the district three
years, and in either case, shall likewise hold in his own right in fee simple 200 acres of land
within the same.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 89

Provided, Also, that a freehold in 50 acres of land in the district, having been a citizen of
one of the States, and being a resident in the district, or the like freehold and two years' resi-
dence in the district, shall be necessary to qualify a man as an elector of a repi'esentative.

The representatives thus elected, shall serve for the term of two years. And in case of the
death of a representative or removal from office, the Governor shall issue a writ to the county or
township for which he was a member, to elect another in his stead, to serve for the residue of the
term.

The General Assembly or Legislature shall consist of the Governor, Legislative Council, and
a House of Representatives. The Legislative Council shall consist of five members, to continue
in office five years, unless sooner removed by Congress ; any three of whom to be a quorum.
And the members of the Council shall be nominated and appointed in the following manner, to wit :

As soon as representatives shall be elected, the Governor shall appoint a time ami place for
them to meet together, and when met, they shall nominate ten persons, residents in the district,
and each person in a freehold in 500 acres of land, and return their names to Congress, five of
whom Congress shall appoint and commission as aforesaid. And whenever a vacancy shall hap-
pen in the Council by death or removal from office, the House of Representatives shall nominate
two persons, qualified as aforesaid, for each vacancy, and return their names to Congress, one of
whom Congress shall appoint and commission for the residue of the term. And every five years,
four months at least before the expiration of the time of service of the members of the Council,
the said House shall nominate ten persons qualified as aforesaid, and return their names to
Congress, five of whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serve as members of the
Council five years, unless sooner removed. And the Governor, Legislative Council and House
of Representatives shall have authority to make laws in all cases, for the good government
of the district, not repugnant to the principles and articles in this Ordinance, established and
declared.

And all bills having passed by a majority in the House, and by a majority in the Council,
shall be referred to the Governor for his assent. But no bill or legislative act whatever, shall be
of any force without his assent. The Governor shall have power to convene, prorogue and dis-
solve the General Assembly, when in his opinion it shall be expedient.

The Governor, Judges, Legislative Council, Secretary, and such other officers as Congress
shall appoint in the district, shall take an oath or affirmation of fidelity and of office. The Gov-
ernor before the President of Congress, and all other officers before the Governor.

As soon as a Legislature shall be formed in the district, the Council and House assembled
in one room, shall have authority by joint ballot to elect a delegate to Congress, who shall
have a seat in Congress, with a right of debating, but not of voting, during this temporary gov-
ernment.

And for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious liberty, which forms
the basis whereon these republics, their laws and constitutions, are created ; to fix and establish
those principles as the basis of all laws, constitutions and governments, which forever hereafter
shall be formed in said Territory. To provide for the establishment of States, and permanent
governments therein, and for their admission to a share in the Federal Council on an equal footing
with the original States, at as early periods as may be consistent with the general interest.

It is hereby ordained and declared by the authority aforesaid, That the following articles shall
be considered as articles of compact between the original States and the people, and States in
said Territory, and forever remain unaltered unless by common consent, to wit:

Article II. The inhabitants of said Territory shall always be entitled to the benefits of the
writ of habeas corpu% and of the trial by jury; of a proportionate representation, of the people
in the Legislature, and of judicial procedure according to the course of common law. All per-
sons shall be bailable, except for capital offenses, where the proof shall be evident or the pre-
sumption great. All fines shall be moderate, and no cruel or unreasonable punishment shall be
inflicted. No man shall be deprived of his liberty or property, but by the judgtnent of his peers
or the law of the land. And should the public exigencies make it necessary for the common
preservation, to take any person's property, or to demand bis particular services, full compensation

90 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

shall be made for the same. And in the just preservation of rights and property, it is under-
stood and declared that no law aught ever to be made or have force in the said Territory,
that shall in any manner whatever interfere with or effect private contracts or engagements bona
fide and without fraud, previously formed.

Art. III. Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the
happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. The
utmost good faith shall always be observed toward the Indians; their lands and property shall
never be taken from them without their consent; and in their property, rights and liberty they
shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress. But
laws founded in justice and humanity, shall from time to time be made for preventing wrongs
being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them.

Art. IV. The said Territory and the States which may be formed therein, shall ever remain
a part of the confederacy of the United States of America, subject to the articles of confedera-
tion and to such alterations therein as shall be constitutionally made, and to all the acts and
ordinances of the United States in Congress assembled conformable thereto. The inhabitants and
settlers in said Territory shall be subject to p.iy a part of the federal debts contracted or to be
contracted, and a proportional part of the expenses of the Government, to be apportioned on
them by Congress, according to the same common rule and measure by which apportionments
thereof shall be made on the other States, and the taxes for paying their proportion shall be laid
and levied by the authority and directions of the Legislature of the district or districts or new
States, within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled. The Legisla-
tures of those districts or new States, shall never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil
by the United States in Congress assembled, nor with any regulations Congress may find neces-
sary for securing the title in such soil to the bona-fide purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on
lands the property of the United States, and in no case, shall non-residents be taxed higher than
residents. The navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St Lawrence, and the carry-
ing places between the same, shall be common highways, and forever free as well to the inhabi-
tants of the said Territory as to the citizens of the United States and those of any other States
that may be admitted into the confederacy, without any tax, impost or duty therefor.

Art. V. There shall be formed in said Territory not less than three, nor more than tive,
States, and the boundaries of the States, as soon as Virginia shall alter her act of cession and
consent to the same, shall become fixed and established as follows, to wit : The western State in
the said Territory shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, tlie Wabash Rivers; a direct
line drawn from the Wabash and Post St. Vincent, due north to the Territorial line between the
United States and Canada ; and by the said Territorial line to the Lake of the Woods and Missis-
sippi. The middle State shall be bounded by the said direct line, the Wabash from Post St. Vin-
cent to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great
Miami to the said Territorial line. The eastern State shall be bounded by the last-mentioned
direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania and said territorial line. Provided, however, and it is further
understood and declared, that the boundaries of those three States shall be subject so far to be
altered, that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one
or two States in that pai't of the said Territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn
through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And whenever any of the said States
shall have 60,000 free inhabitants therein, such State shall be admitted by its delegates into the
Congress of the United States on an equal footing with the original States in all respects what-
ever, and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government. Provided,
The constitution and government so to be formed, shall be represented, and in conformity to the
principles contained in these articles ; and so far as it can be consistent with the general interest
of the confederacy, such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period, and when there may be
a less number of free inhabitants than 00,000.

Art. VI. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory,
otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.
Provided alwai/s, Thnt any person escaping into the same from whom labor or service is lawfully

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 91

claimed in one of the original States, each fugitive may be lawfully claimed and conveyed to the
person claiming his or her labor or services as aforesaid.

Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid. That the resolutions of the 23d of April, 1784,
relative to the subject of this ordinance, be and the same are hereby repealed and declared null
and void.

COMMENT BY S. P. CHASE 1833.

It would be difficult to find a more comprehensive review of the founda-
tions of our system of laws than is given in the " Preliminary Sketch of the
History of Ohio," by this distinguished representative of the bench and the
bar of America. The work is now out of print, and is not easily obtained;
besides, its great author has passed away; so these extracts are made more
with a view of preserving old historical literature, than of introducing new;
furthermore, the masses of the people have never had convenient access to the
volumes, which, for the most part, have been in the hands of professional men
only. The publication of the work first brought its compiler before the public,
and marked the beginning of that career which, during its course, shaped the
financial system of our country, and ended upon the Supreme Bench of the
nation.

"By the ordinance of 1785, Congress had executed in part the great national
trust confided to it, by providing for the disposal of the public lands for the
common good, and by prescribing the manner and terms of sale. By that of
1787, provision was made for successive forms of Territorial government,
adapted to successive steps of advancement in the settlement of the Western
country. ■ It comprehended an intelligible system of law on the descent and
conveyance of real property, and the transfer of personal goods. It also con-
tained five articles of compact between the original States, and the people and
States of the Territory, establishing certain great fundamental principles of
governmental duty and private right, as the basis of all future constitutions and
legislation, unalterable and indestructible, except by that final and common
ruin, which, as it has overtaken all former systems of human polity, may yet
overwhelm our American union. Never, probably, in the history of the world,
did a measure of legislation so accurately fulfill, and yet so mightily exceed
the anticipations of the legislators. The ordinance has been well described, as
having been a pillar of cloud by day and of fire by night, in the settlement and
government of the Northwestern States. When the settlers went into the
wilderness, they found the law already there. It was impressed upon the soil
itself, while it yet bore up nothing but the forest. The purchaser of land
became, by that act, a party to the compact, and bound by its perpetual cove-
nants, so far as its conditions did not conflict with the terms of the cessions of

the States.

*********

This remarkable instrument was the last gift of the Congress of the old
confederation to the country, and it was a fit consummation of their glorious

92 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

labors. At the time of its promulgation, the Federal Constitution was under
discussion in the convention ; and in a few months, upon the organization of
the new national government, that Congress was dissolved, never again to re-as-
semble. Some, and indeed most of the principles established by the articles of
compact are to be found in the plan of 1784, and in the various English and
American bills of rights. Others, however, and these not the least important,
are original. Of this number are the clauses in relation to contracts, to slavery
and to Indians. On the whole, these articles contain what they profess to con-
tain, the true theory of American liberty. The great principles promulgated
by it are wholly and purely American. They are indeed the genuine princi-
ples of freedom, unadulterated by that compromise with circumstances, the

effects of which are visible in the constitution and history of the Union.

*********

The first form of civil government, provided by the ordinance, was now
formally established within the Territory. Under this form, the people had no
concern in the business of government. The Governor and Judges derived
their appointments at first from Congress, and after the adoption of the Fed-
eral Constitution, from the President. The commission of the former oflScer
was for the term of three years, unless sooner revoked ; those of the latter
were during good behavior. It was required that the Governor should reside
within the Territory, and possess a freehold estate there, in one thousand acres
of land. He had authority to appoint all officers of militia, below the rank of
Generals, and all magistrates and civil officers, except the Judges and the Sec-
retary of the Territory ; to establish convenient divisions of the whole district
for the execution of progress, to lay out those parts to which the Indian
titles might be extinguished into counties and townships. The Judges, or any
two of them, constituted a court with common law jurisdiction. It was neces-
sary that each Judge should possess a freehold estate in the territory of five
hundred acres. The whole legislative power which, however, extended only to
the adoption of such laws of the original States as might be suited to the cir-
cumstances of the country, was vested in the Governor and Judges. The laws
adopted were to continue in force, unless disapproved by Congress, until re-
pealed by the Legislature, which was afterward to be organized. It was the
duty of the Secretary to preserve all acts and laws, public records and executive
proceedings, and to transmit authentic copies to the Secretary of Congress
every six months.

Such was the first government devised for the Northwestern Territory. It
is obvious that its character, as beneficent or oppressive, depended entirely upon
the temper and disposition of those who administrated it. All power, legisla-
tive, judicial and executive, was concentrated in the Governor and Judges, and
in its exercise they were responsible only to the distant Federal head. The
expenses of the Government were defrayed in part by the United States, but
were principally drawn from the pockets of the people in the shape of fees.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 93

This temporary system, however unfriendly as it seems to liberty, was,
perhaps, so established upon sufficient reasons. The Fedei'al Constitution had
not then been adopted, and there were strong apprehensions that the people of
the Territory might not be disposed to organize States and apply for admission
into the Union. It was, therefore, a matter of policy so to frame the Territorial
system as to create some strong motives to draw them into the Union, as States,
in due time.

The first acts of Territorial legislation were passed at Marietta, then the
only American settlement northwest of the Ohio. The Governor and Judges
did not strictly confine themselves within the limits of their legislative author-
ity, as prescribed by the ordinance. When they could not find laws of the
original States suited to the condition of the country, they supplied the want
by enactments of their own. The earliest laws, from 1788 to 1795, were all
thus enacted. The laws of 1788 provided for the organization of the militia ;
for the establishment of inferior courts ; for the punishment of crimes, and for
the limitations of actions ; prescribed the duties of ministerial officers ; regu-
lated marriages, and appointed oaths of office. That the Governor and Judges
in the enactment of these laws, exceeded their authority, without the slightest
disposition to abuse it, may be inferred from the fact that except two, which
had been previously repealed, they were all confirmed by the first Territorial
Legislature.

*********

At this period there was no seat of government, properly called. The
Governor resided at Cincinnati, but laws were passed whenever they seemed to
be needed, and promulgated at any place where the Territorial legislators hap-
pened to be assembled. Before the year of 1795, no laws were, strictly speak-
ing, adopted. Most of them were framed by the Governor and Judges t'>
answer particular public ends ; while in the enactment of others, including ail
the laws of 1792, the Secretary of the Territory discharged, under the author-
ity of an act of Congress, the functions of the Governor. The earliest laws,
as has been already stated, were published at Marietta. Of the remainder, a
few were published at Vincennes, and the rest at Cincinnati.

In the year 1789, the first Congress passed an act recognizing the binding
force of the ordinance of 1787, and adapting its provisions to the Federal Con-
stitution. This act provided that the communications directed in the ordinance
to be made to Congress or its officers, by the Governor, should thenceforth be
made to the President, and that the authority to appoint with the consent of
the Senate, and commission officers, before that time appointed and commis-
sioned by Congress, should likewise be vested in that officer. It also gave the
Territorial Secretary the power already mentioned, of acting in certain cases,
in the place of the Governor. In 1792, Congress passed another act giving to
the Governor and Judges authority to repeal, at their discretion, the laws by

94 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

them made ; and enabling a single Judge of the general court, in the absence
of his brethren, to hold the terms.

At this time the Judges appointed by the National Executive constituted the
Supreme Court of the Territory. They were commissioned during good
behavior; and their judicial jurisdiction extended over the whole region north-
west of the Ohio. The court, thus constituted, was fixed at no certain place,
and its process, civil and criminal, was returnable wheresoever it might be in
the Territory. Inferior to this court were the County Courts of Common Pleas,
and the General Quarter Sessions of the Peace. The former consisted of any
number of Judges, not less than three nor more than seven, and had a general
€ommon-law jurisdiction, concurrent, in the respective counties, with that of
the Supreme Court ; the latter consisted of a number of Justices for each
county, to be determined by the Governor, who were required to hold three
terms in every year, and had a limited criminal jurisdiction. Single Judges of
the Common Pleas, and single Justices of the Quarter Sessions were also
clothed with certain civil and criminal powers to be exercised out of court.
Besides these courts, each county had a Judge of Probate, clothed with the
ordinary jurisdiction of a Probate Court.

Such was the original constitution of courts and distribution of judicial
power in the Northwestern Territory. The expenses of the system were
defrayed in part by the National Government, and in part by assessments upon
the counties, but principally by fees, which were payable to every officer con-
cerned in the administration of justice, from the Judges of the General Court
downward.

In 1795 the Governor and Judges undertook to revise the Territorial laws,
and to establish a complete system of statutory jurisprudence, by adoptions
from the laws of the original States, in strict conformity to the provisions of
the ordinance. For this purpose they assembled at Cincinnati in June, and
continued in session until the latter part of August. The judiciary system
underwent some changes. The General Court was fixed at Cincinnati and Mari-
etta, and a Circuit Court was established with power to try in the several coun-
ties, issues in fact depending before the superior tribunal, where alone causes
could be finally decided. Orphans' Courts, too, were established, with jurisdic-
tion analogous to but more extensive than that of a Judge of Probate. Laws were
also adopted to regulate judgments and executions, for limitation of actions,
for the distribution of intestate estates, and for many other general purposes.
Finally, as if with a view to create some great reservoir, from which, whatever
principles and powers had been omitted in the particular acts, might be drawn
according to the exigency of circumstances, the Governor and Judges adopted
a law, providing that the common law of England and all general statutes in
aid of the common law, prior to the fourth year of James I, should be in full
force within the Territory. The law thus adopted was an act of the Virginia
Legislature, passed before the Declaration of Independence, when Virginia was

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 95

yet a British colony, and at the time of its adoption had been repealed so far as
it related to the English statutes.

The other laws of 1795 were principally derived from the statute book of
Pennsylvania. The system thus adopted was not without many imperfections
and blemishes, but it may be doubted whether any colony, at so early a period

after its first establishment, ever had one so good.

*********

And how gratifying is the retrospect, how cheering the prospect which even
this sketch, brief and partial as it is, presents ! On a surface covered less
than half a century ago by the trees of the primeval forest, a State has grown
up from Colonial infancy to freedom, independence and strength. But thirty
years have elapsed since that State, with hardly sixty thousand inhabitants, was
admitted into the American Union. Of the twenty-four States which form
that Union, she is now the fourth in respect to population. In other respects
her rank is even higher. Already her resources have been adequate, not only
to the expense of government and instruction, but to the construction of long
lines of canals. Her enterprise has realized the startling prediction of the
poet, who, in 1787, when Ohio was yet a wilderness, foretold the future connec-
tion of the Hudson with the Ohio.

And these results are attributable mainly to her institutions. The spirit of
the ordinance of 1787 pervades them all. Who can estimate the benefits
which have flowed from the interdiction by that instrument of slavery and of
legislative interference with private contracts? One consequence is, that the
soil of Ohio bears up none but freemen ; another, that a stern and honorable
regard to private rights and public morals characterizes her legislation. There
is hardly a page in the statute book of which her sons need be ashamed. The
great doctrine of equal rights is •everywhere recognized in her constitution and
her laws. Almost every father of a family in this State has a freehold interest
in the soil, but this interest is not necessary to entitle him to a voice in the
concerns of government. Every man'may vote ; every man is eligible to any
office. And this unlimited extension of the elective franchise, so far from pro-
ducing any evil, has ever constituted a safe and sufficient check upon injurious
legislation. Other causes of her prosperity may be found in her fertile soil, in
her felicitous position, and especially in her connection with the union of the
States. All these springs of growth and advancement are permanent, and
upon a most gratifying prospect of the future. They promise an advance in
population, wealth, intelligence and moral worth as permanent as the existence
of the State itself. They promise to the future citizens of Ohio the blessings
of good government, wise legislation and universal instruction. More than all,
they are pledges that in all future, as in all past circumstances, Ohio will cleave
fast to the national constitution and the national Union, and that her growing
energies will on no occasion, be more willingly or powerfully put forth, than in
the support and maintenance of both in unimpaired vigor and strength."

96 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

INFLUENCE OF THE ORDINANCE OF 1787.

The passage of this ordinance, since known as the " Ordinance of 1787,"
was immediately followed by an application to the Government, by John Cleves
Symmes, of New Jersey, in behalf of the country, between the Miamis, and a
contract was concluded the following year. The Ohio Company were exceed-
ingly energetic in inaugurating settlements. Gen. Putman, with a party of
forty-seven men, set out on an exploring expedition, accompanied by six boat
builders. On the 1st of January, 1788, twenty-six surveyors followed, from
Hartford, Conn. They arrived in Ohio on the 7th of April, 1788, and their
active energy founded the permanent beginning of this great Western State-
When we review the dangerous experiments that have been made, in this land
west of the Alleghanies, the horrors which had overwhelmed every attempt, we
can faintly realize the stalwart courage that sent these men on their way, and
sustained them in their pioneer hardships. With characteristic vigor, they
began their little town. Enthusiastic and happy, they did not rest from their
toilsome march over the old Indian roads, but kept busily at work to estab-
lish an oasis in this wide expanse of wilderness, before they should take nec-
essary ease to recuperate their strength.

The wise men met on the 2d of May, and the little town was named
Marietta. Situated as it was, in the midst of danger, they had used precaution
to build and equip a fortified square, which was designated Campus Martius ;
Square No. 19 was Capitolium, and Square No. 61 was Cecelia, and the main
street was Sacra Via.

Marietta was especially fortunate in her actual " first families." • Ten of the
forty-eight men had received a thorough college education ; the remaining were
individuals of sterling merit, honorable, and several had already attained reputations
for superior excellence of abilities. Patriotic and brave, the settlement certainly
possessed a foundation that promised well for the future. The following 4th of
July was an auspicious event, and the Hon. James M. Varnum was the eloquent
orator of the occason.

The opening of the court, on the 2d of September, was a solemn ceremonial,
the High Sherifi" leading with drawn sword, followed by citizens, with an escort
of officers from Fort Harmar, the members of the bar, the Governor and Clergy-
men, the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas — Gen. Rufus Putman and
Benjamin Tupper — all these constituted an imposing spectacle, as they pro-
gressed over a path which had been cut through the forest to Campus Martius
Hall, the edifice of law and order.

The Judges took their seats, a prayer was ofiered by the Rev. Dr. Cutler,
and immediately the Sheriff, Col. Ebenezer Sprout, proclaimed the response,
and the court of impartial justice was convened.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 97

This ceremonial was, perhaps, made all the more impressive by the presence
of several powerful Indian chiefs, who had journeyed to Marietta for the pur-
pose of making a treaty.

The settlement now increased rapidly, new cabins were erected constantly.
On the 17th of December, a society event occurred, in the form of a grand ball,
fifteen ladies being present.

John Cleves Symmes had contracted for 2,000,000 acres of land, and suc-
ceeded in obtaining his grant, but circumstances prevented him from meeting
his part of the obligations, and the specification was reduced to 1,000,000.
After vain attempt to make his payments, a settlement was finally effected for
248,540 acres, and Symmes was prepared to dispose of clear titles to new-com-
ers. In 1788, a town was established within the boundaries of his grant, at the
mouth of the little Miami, known as Columbia, and in the early part of 1787
another was formed opposite the mouth of the Licking River, by name Losanti-
ville, analyzed by a frontier scholar — ville, the town ; anti, opposite to ; os, the
mouth of; i, Licking.

Judge Symmes had projected building his main town at North Bend. This
plan was frustrated by reason of Ensign Luce — who had been commissioned by
Gen. Harmar to erect a fort — deciding that North Bend was not suitable for the
purpose. He selected Losantiville for the purpose, and Fort Washington was
the result. In 1790, Gov. St. Clair was called to inspect the settlement, and
proceeded to organize Hamilton County, at the same time calling the town
Cincinnati.

It will be remembered that Connecticut ceded most of her western lands to
General Government, retaining, however, a minor portion. As the settlements
began to increase on the "Virginia Reserve" and between the Scioto and Miami
Rivers, all those holding claims were not disposed to part with them, while
others were anxious to secure grants for the purpose of speculation, rather than
the advancement of civilization. The Scioto Company was a questionable ad-
herent of the Ohio Company, and began operations, which resulted well, what-
ever their purpose may have been.

Gen. Putnam cleared the land and directed the building of 100 dwellings and
six block-houses. During 1791, the colony arrived, consisting of 500 persons.
Only ten of these were tillers of the soil. Viscount Malartie ventured into the
wilderness, but instead of settling, joined Gen. St. Clair's army, and was ulti-
mately his aid-de-camp. Indian conquests were not to his taste, and he soon
returned to France. This new colony was essentially French, and its location
was Gallia County. The name " Gallipolis " was selected.

These settlers, being unaccustomed to severe toil, and disinclined to learn
its hard lesson, soon became demoralized, through deprivation and absolute
want. Congress came to their aid with a land grant of 24,000 acres, but few
of them cared to enter claims, and soon all traces of the old town were lost, and
its inhabitants scattered.

98 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

Gen. St. Clair having become unpopular, through repeated failures in Indian
campaigns, and Gen. Anthony Wayne having wintered at Fort Washington,
the spring of 1793 was opened by a march of the army, well disciplined and
led by " Mad Anthony," on a campaign that must crush the rapidly increasing
depredations of the Indians, notwithstanding which these new settlements had
been made. All winter. Gen. Wayne had dispatched scouts, spies and hardy
frontiersmen on errands of discovery, and his plans were, therefore, practically
matured. His army cut its way through the forests, gathering horses, provis-
ions, etc., as they marched, and finally came nearly up to the enemy before dis-
covery. They again returned to Fort Washington, as the Commander-in-Chief,
under the order of the Executive, had proclaimed inaction until the Northern
or British Commissioners and Indians should convene and discuss the situation
and prospects. Gen. Wayne, meantime, drilled his men at " Hobson's Choice,"
a place near Fort Washington.

The Commissioners came from Detroit, and assembled at Capt. Matthew
Elliot's house, at the mouth of the Detroit River.

A meeting was called at Sandusky, and twenty Indian representatives were
present, to argue the grounds of a treaty. Simon Girty acted as interpreter,
and has been vehemently accused of unfaithfulness in this trust, since he did
not advocate the adjustment of matters on any grounds. The Indians reiterated
their rights and wrongs, and ofiered to receive the half of the purchase money,
provided the actual settlers would accept it as the price of the land, move away,
and leave the original owners the proud possessors of their lands. The Govern-
ment would then expend less money than they would have done in a full Indian
purchase, or a long and cruel war. This being out of the question and rejected,
a decided specification was made that the Ohio boundary was to be obliterated,
and a new one adopted, that encompassed a mere fraction of territory. This
was also rejected. The Indians indignantly bade the Americans to go back to
their father, and they would return to their tribes.

The council was terminated in confusion. It is highly probable that some
settlement might have been made, had it not been for English influence which
instigated the savages, in the hope of ultimately making conquests for them-
selves. The commander at Detroit evinced great uneasiness whenever there
was a shadow of an opportunity for a peaceful understanding.

On Christmas Day, 1793, a detachment of the army encamped on the
identical ground made memorable by St. Clair's horrible defeat. A reward was
offered for every human skull that was found, and 600 were gathered. The
bones of the victims were removed from the spot where they built Fort Recovery.
This point was left in charge of Alexander Gibson.

Early in the year 1794, Lord Dorchester addressed the Commissioners in
behalf of the English. Even at this time, Gen. Wayne, to avoid the terrors of
a great war, again made overtures of peace, dispatching Freeman, Trueman and
Hardin, all initiated in savage tactics, on errands of mercy — and the three men

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 99

were inhumanly murdered. The English went so far as to order Gov. Simcoe
to erect a fort, in April, 1794, on the Rapids of the Maumee, thus rousing the
Indians by a bold proof that they had espoused their cause. In May, the
Spanish, who were ever jealous of colonial encroachments, were willing to aid
in a general raid against the Americans.

In June, a scouting party from Fort Recovery, fell into an Indian ambush
and suffered severely, their foes following them to the very entrance. The siege
continued for two days. It was plainly evident that white men augmented the
Indian force ; ounce balls and buck-shot surely came from their rifles. Again,
the Indians immediately began a search beneath the logs where pieces of artillery
were hidden during the great battle of St. Clair, but fortunately. Fort Recovery
had the use of them and they accomplished much.

On July 26, Scott joined Wayne at Greenville, with 1,600 mounted
Kentuckians, and on the 28th, the legion took up its line of deadly march.
Halting at Girty's Town, they built Fort Mary's, later on Fort Adams. Throw-
ing the enemy off their guard by feints and counter-marching, the troops surprised
the Indians, and without the slightest resistance took possession of their villages
at the confluence of the Auglaize and Maumee. They found provision in
abundance, and tarried a week building Fort Defiance.

Again Gen. Wayne would have made tenns of peace, on the principle of the
Government to arrest bloodshed, but the Indians were rendered cruelly intent
on war by an addition of a body of British militia from Detroit, and by regulars
stationed at a fort they had built on the left bank of the river, below the rapids,
called Fort Miami. The "Fallen Timber" ground was selected as the field
for a battle by the savages, in the expectation that the trees cast down by a
tornado and there remaining, would seriously impede American progress.

August loth, Wayne marched down the river, and at Roche de Boeuf, erected
a fortification for their stores and luggage, naming it "Fort Deposit." On the
20th, the American army began the attack. Maj. Price and Maj. Gen. Scott
were heroic in their assistance, and after a sharp, deadly conflict, the enemy
was routed, fleeing in confusion, and leaving their dead and wounded strewn
thickly over the field. The savages were pressed to the front always, and when
the carnage was painful, the British troops not engaged looked on coolly from the
fort and offered no assistance, aiding their own, however, when possible. Gen.
Wayne being an ardent soldier, was apt to forget his position, and impetuously
place himself constantly in danger. Lieut. Harrison is reported to have-
requested the General not to forget to give him field orders, in his own partici-
pation in the battle, and to have received the reply that the standing order was
always to charge bayonets.

Notwithstanding the treaty of 1783, and the fact that the British were tres-
passing, they encroached upon the Ohio soil, and essayed to vindicate their
action by discarding American claims and recognizing the Indian rights, whereby
they might seek their own colonization and make treaties.

100 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

Maj. Campbell was in command at Fort Miami, and when he saw the sava-
ges being cut down almost mercilessly, he not only refrained from offering aid,
but when, in their desperate retreat, they attempted to enter the fort for pro-
tection, he ordered the doors closed in their faces.

On the following day, Campbell sent a message to Wayne, demanding a
reason for hostile action, adding that Great Britain was not now at war with the
United States. He received a characteristic reply.

During the Revolution, Detroit was an important British point, and the
Maumee was its outlet. Therefore, the English clung tenaciously to this pos-
session, giving, as it did, the advantage of the great fur trade. The English
Government evidently regretted ceding so much of her territory in the West,
and were searching for an excuse to quarrel and attempt to regain at least a part
of what they had lost. Their policy was to sustain the bitter hatred between
the Indians and the Americans.

The settlement of the Maumee Valley had been rapid, but the very name
was an agony of remembrance of frightful massacres and atrocities. Col.
McKee, the British Indian agent, and his assistant, Capt. Elliott, were from
Pennsylvania, but being Tories, they had assimilated with the Indians. They
joined the Shawnee tribe and married Indian wives, and made their fortunes
thereby, through British appointments to secure the savage interests. The
Indians were directly served by McKee and Elliott, with ammunition and sup-
plies, during the Wayne conflict.

Several skirmishes ensued, but severe Aveather approaching, the troops
moved for quarters, and on the 14th day of September, they attacked the Miami
villages, captured them with provisions and stores, and erected a fort, leaving
it in charge of Lieut. Col. Ilamtramck. With cheers and rifle-shooting, this post
was named Fort Wayne. The main army marched into Greenville and went into
winter quarters.

Wayne had achieved a brilliant victory, but his success did not overcome his
practical reasoning, and he was unwilling to subject his men to a severe winter's
campaign unless necessity was peremptory.

Gov. Simcoe, Col. McKee and a few of the most savage Indian chiefs
attempted to rally the Indians for a new attack. Gov. Simcoe, of Detroit, was
aware that the mounted volunteers under Wayne had been allowed to return
home, and that the term of service of a portion of the " Legion " was about to
expire.

The British and Indians held a conference, but the latter were weary with
■fighting for the glory of the Great Father at Detroit, and did not enter into the
plan. The winter proved most poverty stricken to them, the English failing to
supply them, and their crops and sustenance having been' destroyed by Wayne.
They were then fully prepared to listen to the faintest signal from Wayne to
conciliate affairs, and the Wyandots and Delawares were the first to confer with
him on the subject. Their position was exposed and they had suffered severely.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 101

They soon influenced other tribes to consider the question. As a mass, they
were convinced of their inability to overcome the Americans, and had become
impatient and disgusted with the duplicity of their British friends, who had not
hesitated to sacrifice them in every instance, and who deserted them in their
hour of distress. United, they sued for peace. Terms were made, and about
the 1st of August, the famous Greenville treaty was ratified and established,
and the old Indian war in Ohio terminated.

The Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Chippewas, Ottawas, Pottawatomies,
Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws and Kaskaskias were thus
conciliated. The old Indian boundary line, settled upon at the Fort Mcintosh
treaty, was retained, and the southwestern line was prolonged from old Fort
Recovery, southwest of the Ohio River.

" The general boundary lines between the lands of the United States and
the lands of the said Indian tribes shall begin at the mouth of the Cuyahoga
River, and thence run up the same to the portage between that and the Tus-
carawas Branch of the Muskingum ; thence down that branch to the crossing-
place above Fort Laurens ; thence westerly to a fork of that branch of the
Great Miami River (running into the Ohio), at or near which fork stood Lar-
amie's store — Mary's River, which is a branch of the Miami that runs into Lake
Erie ; thence a westerly course to Fort Recovery, which stands on a branch of
the Wabash ; thence southwesterly on a direct line to the Ohio, so as to inter-
sect that river opposite the mouth of the Kentucky or Cuttawa River."

This boundary line has, ever since this memorable treaty, been a prominent
landmark, and may now be traced as the southern boundary line of Stark, Ash-
land, Richland and Marion Counties, and the northern line, in part, of Tuscar-
awas and Knox. Old Fort Recovery was located in Mercer, near the Indiana
line. Laramie's store was in Shelby.

Within the Indian Reservation, the United States held sixteen distinct sec-
tions of land, for the purpose of military posts, so arranged that the Govern-
ment had full right of way north and west.

The "Joy treaty " between England and the United States was ratified early
in 1796, and the British were obliged to vacate Detroit and Fort Miami, and recall
the fact that they had no claim or right to either points. Gen. Wayne received
them, and accompanied by Gov. St. Clair, proceeded to Detroit. Here the lat-
ter laid out a county, calling it Wayne, and designated Detroit as its seat of
justice. This was the fifth county in the Northwest Territory, north of the
Ohio River. Washington County, with Marietta as a seat of justice, was first
established ; next Hamilton, with Cincinnati as a county seat. Wayne County
was organized in 1796, and included about twenty-six of the present counties,
in the northwest part of the State, covering about a quarter of its area, besides
parts of Indiana and Michigan.

In other parts of the State, the population was rapidly increasing. In May,
1795, the Legislature authorized a committee to institute measures for the

102 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

disposal of their Western lands. The Virginia and Connecticut Reservations
required some action on the part of Government, inasmuch as ceding a portion
and re-selling had in a measure disturbed free titles. Fifty-six persons negoti-
ated and purchased lands, receiving quit-claim titles and entire rights. They
re-sold to John Morgan and John Caldwell and Jonathan Bruce, in trust. Thus
3,000,000 acres were prepared for settlement. Upon the quit-claim deeds of
these representatives, the full title of lands included within the old Western
Reserve rests.

Judge Symmes began his active operations in 1796, and by the close of
1797 all lands east of the Cuyahoga were laid out in townships, five miles square.
The agent of the Connecticut Land Company was Gen. Moses Cleveland, and in
his honor the leading city in the Reserve was named. Some townships were
retained for private sale, and others were disposed of by lottery, in 1798.

Wayne's treaty led to the formation of Dayton, and the peopling of that
section. A difficulty arose regarding the original Symmes grant and its modifi-
cation. Symmes had sold land titles, in good faith, beyond his vested power,
and Congress was now called upon to adjust these claims and titles. Seventeen
days after the Wayne or Greenville treaty, St. Clair, Wilkinson, Dayton and
Ludlow contracted with Symmes for seven and eight ranges, between the Mad
and Little Miami Rivers. November 4, 1795, jNIr. Ludlow laid out Dayton.

During the years 1790 and 1795, the Governor and Supreme Judges of the
Northwest Territory had published sixty-four statutes. Thirty-four of these
were ratified at Cincinnati, for the purpose of forming a complete statutory. It
was termed the " Maxwell Code."

Mr. Nathaniel Massie founded a town on the Scioto, which was called
Chillicothe. The Iroquois treaty had previously invited settlement, and embryo
towns had begun as early as 1769, under the protection of the Connecticut
Company. A land company was organized in Hartford, Conn., in 1795, sending
out forty-three surveyors to divide the townships of that part of the Western
Reserve, east of the Cuyahoga, five miles square. The first resident of the town
of Cleveland was Mr. Job Stiles and family, and Mrs. Stiles was the mother of
the first white child born on the Reserve. Some other parts of the territory
progressed more rapidly in population.

Along the Muskingum, Scioto and Miami, towns began to spring up, which
might perhaps better be termed farming settlements.

Cincinnati was increasing, and in 1796, had reached 100 cabins, 15 frame
houses and 600 persons, with prospects for a firm future.

The Virginia Military Land District was between the Little Miami and
Scioto, and was rapidly increasing in population.

Mr. Massie was unceasing in his efforts to advance the West, and laid out
Manchester, offering inducements that could not fail to attract settlers.

Ebenezer Zane procured a grant in consideration of opening a bridle path
from the Ohio River at Wheeling, over the country via Chillicothe, to Limestone,

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 103

in Kentucky. The year following, the United States mail was taken over
this route.

The comparatively tranquil condition of the country and the inducements it
had to offer encouraged a rapid settlement of the Territory. A prominent
feature of the early growth of Ohio was the general prevalence of reliable,
stanch principle. The people were of the good colonial stock.

In 1800, Chillicothe Avas denominated the seat of the Territorial govern-
ment, and the first stone edifice in the State was begun in this town, soon after
this appointment. About this time, a serious diflBculty suddenly occurred to
those individuals who had taken lands on the Western Reserve of Connecticut.
That Eastern power had, it is true, ceded a part of her claim to the General
Government, and had stipulated for the sale of certain other tracts. At the
same time, the State had not signed away her jurisdiction over some sections of
her claim, and those unfortunate people in and about Dayton found themselves
without any government upon which they might depend in a case of emergency.
The matter was, accordingly, presented to the Territorial government, which
interceded Avith the Eastern State, and, sanctioned by the Assembly at Congress,
Connecticut relinquished her jurisdiction in 1800.

Cleveland was an important point, and was growing in the mean time. How-
ever, it had suffered exceedingly from the ravages of fever and ague. For a
period of two months, there was not an individual, but a boy thirteen years
of age, able to procure food for the others. Flour was out of all rational con-
sideration, and the meal upon which they lived Avas pounded by hand. In
1799, Williams and Myatt erected a grist-mill at the falls, near Newbury.

A startling agitation occurred in 1801, Avhieh in these days would cause but a
ripple in the political sea, but happening during a time Avhen legislative digsity
and state authority Avere regarded with reverential awe, it created the most
intense feeling. Great indignation was openly expressed.

The Governor and several legislators felt that they had been insulted in
the performance of their respective duties, at Chillicothe, while the Assembly
was in session in 1801. No measures being taken by the authorities at the
capital to protect the Executive, a hiAv was passed removing the seat of govern-
ment to Cincinnati.

This circumstance led to a general consideration of the advantages of a
State government, and a popular desire Avas expressed for a change in this
respect. Gov. St. Clair had fallen into disfavor through his failure as a military
leader and his failures in the Indian campaigns, and from his assuming powers
Avhich were not vested in him, especially the subdivision of counties. He was
also identified with the Federal party, which was not popular in Ohio. The
opposition Avas strong in the Assembly, but was in the minority in the House of
Representatives. The boundary question was agitated at the same time. The
intention was to thus effect the limits of Ohio that a State government would
necessarily have to be postponed. Against this measure, Tiffin, Worthington,

104 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

Langham, Darlington, Massie, Dunlavy and Morrow strenuously objected. After
considerable discussion, Thomas Worthington obtained leave of absence from
the session, and journeyed to Washington in behalf of a State government. It
was obvious that the Territory, under the ordinance, was not entitled to a
change. Massie suggested the feasibility of appointing a committee to address
Congress on the subject. This the House refused to pass.

An effort was then made to take a census, but any action on this subject
was postponed until the next session.

During all this ineffectual struggle, Worthington was doing his best in Wash-
ington, and succeeded so well that on March 4, a report was made to the House
in favor of the State government. This report was made on a basis that the
census, in 1800, summed up over 45,000 for Ohio.

April 30, Congress passed a law carrying into effect the views expressed on
this subject. A convention met on November 1. Its members were generally
Jeffersonian in their views. Gov. St. Clair proposed to address them as their
chief executive magistrate. Several members resolutely opposed this action,
insisting upon a vote, which, through courtesy and not a sense of right, resulted
in permitting him to address them. He advised the postponement of the State
government until the original eastern portion of the State was sufficiently pop-
ulated to demand this right. Onl;y one, out of thirty-three, voted to sustain
the Governor in these views.

The convention agreed to the views of Congress. November 29, the agree-
ment was ratified and signed, as was the constitution of the State of Ohio.
The General Assembly was ordered to convene the first Tuesday of March, 1803,

This was carried into effect. A constitution was framed for the new State,
adhering to the Ordinance of 1787. The rights and duties of citizens were
plainly set forth, and general business was transacted. The new State consti-
tution was signed by :

Edward Tiffin, President and Representative from Ross County.

Adams County — Joseph Darlington, Israel Donalson, Thomas Vinker.

Belmont County — James Caldwell and Elijah Woods.

Clermont County — Philip Gatch and James Sargent.

Fairfield County — Henry Abrams and Emanuel Carpenter.

Hamilton County — John W. Brown, Charles Willing Byrd, Francis Dun-
lavy, William Goforth, John Gitchel, Jeremiah Morrow, John Paul, John Riley,
John Smith and John Wilson.

Jefferson County — Rudolph Blair, George Humphry, John Milligan, Nathan
Updegraff and Bezaleel Wells.

Ross County — Michael Baldwin, James Grubb, Nathaniel Massie and F.
Worthington.

Washington County — Ephraim Cutler, Benjamin Ives Gilman, John Mc-
Intyre and Rufus Putnam.
Thomas Scott, Secretary.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 105

The first Legislature of the State, under the new constitution, created eight
new counties, viz., Gallia, Scioto, Franklin, Columbiana, Butler, Warren,
Greene and Montgomery.

The first State officers were : Michael Baldwin, Speaker of the House ; Na-
thaniel Massie, President of the Senate ; William Creighton, Secretary of
State ; Col. Thomas Gibson, Auditor ; William McFarland, Treasurer ; Return
J. Meigs, Jr., Samuel Huntington and William Sprigg, Judges of the Supreme
Court ; Francis Dunlavy, Willis Silliman and Calvin Pease, Judges of the Dist-
rict Court.

The General Assembly held a second session in December, at which time
the militia law was revised, also giving aliens equal proprietary rights with native
citizens. The revenue system was modified and improved. Acts authorizing
the incorporation of townships were passed, and for the establishment of coun-
ties. Furthermore, Jacob White, Jeremiah Morrow and William Ludlow were
authorized to locate a township for collegiate purposes, according to previous
specified terms of Congress. The Symmes grant and the college specification
collided materially, but the irregularity of the former was not to create any
inconvenience for the latter. Mr. Symmes had in good faith marked off this
township, but circumstances preventing the perfection of his plans, that lapsed
with the others, an<l the original township was now entered by settlers.

Accordingly, thirty-six sections, west of the Great Miami, were selected,
and are now held by the Miami University.

Gov. St. Clair, notwithstanding his unpopularity, was re-appointed.

Ohio was under a system of government which guaranteed the best improve-
ments ; her Legislature being composed of her best statesmen, and the laws
passed having the general interest of the people embodied in them.

A bill was passed, appropriating the net proceeds of the land lying within
said State, sold by Congress after the 20th day of June, 1802, after deducting
all expenses incident to the same, to be applied to the laying-out of roads,
leading from the navigable waters emptying into the Atlantic to the Ohio, to
the said State, and through the same ; such roads to be laid out under the
authority of Congress, with the consent of the several States through which the
road shall pass. In conformity with these provisions, steps were taken, in 1805,
which resulted in the making of the Cumberland or National road.

Burr, at this time, began an organization for the ostensible purpose of
making a settlement on the Wachita, but his party being armed and his plans
not being frankly disclosed, an investigation proved that his real design Avas a
mutinous revolt against Governmental powers, and to gratify his ambition by
founding his «wn kingdom in Mexico, and defeating the Spanish. If success
crowned his efibrts, his ultimate victory was to rupture the Union by forcing the
Western States to withdraw from their allegiance. By gaining an influence
over the noble but misguided Blennerhasset, he established his headquarters on
his island in the Ohio. The history of Burr's expedition is already well known.

IQQ HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

The final capture by Gov. Tiffin, of ten boats loaded with stores, on the Mus-
kingum, and four near Marietta, decided the fate of this scheme, and Burr was
finally arrested and put on trial May 22, 1807.

The advancement of the settlement of the State was in no manner impeded,
and towns sprang up, farms were laid out, and all other improvements inaugu-
rated which tended to a permanent prosperity.

In 1808, Tecumseh left Greenville to join the Prophet on the banks of the
Tippecanoe, a tributary of the Upper Wabash, on a tract of land granted herein
by the Pottawatomies.

The Indians were virtually by treaty allowed but a small proportion of land
within the boundaries of the State, and were maintaining peaceful attitudes
toward the whites, with exceptional border depredations, which were settled by
mutual understanding.

Although the United States had gained independence, and was treating with
England as with other foreign powers, the British persisted in violating the
national rights of the United States, impressing American seamen into the
British service, seizing American vessels engaged with France in trade, and
otherwise violating the rights of an independent nation, at peace with the Brit-
ish power.

The mission upon which Henry was sent by the British, to create disturb-
ance between the States, and thus broken, to weaken the strength of the Gen-
eral Government, added fuel to the fire, and united indignation cried for war.
British agents again bargained with the Indians of the Wabash and Maumee
Valleys, desiring them to inaugurate another war upon the western sections and
to make a desperate attack upon the settlements south of the lakes. The Brit-
ish agent at Maiden negotiated in rifles, powder, ball, merchandise, lead, blank-
ets and shirts. The Indians were inspired again with the hope that the whites
would be driven back, and that all the country north of the Ohio would again
revert to them.

The Canadians in league with the English, gave the savages unlimited
quantities of whisky, which naturally aroused their fierce natures to acts of
violence and blood. It is highly probable that the use of liquor was the main
cause of the deterioration of the best traits of the Indian character, after the
Revolution. Again, many unscrupulous men upon the frontier did not hesi-
tate to commit the most merciless crimes against the Indians, such was the
prejudice against them, and the courts invariably failed to indict them for these
atrocities. This error on the part of the Americans served to influence the
savages against them.

At this time, the seats of justice were distant over a hundred miles each

from the other, uninhabited tracts frequently extending between them which were

absolute wildernesses. The routes were in many cases difficult and circuitous.

As early as 1808, there was a mail communication for the people on the

Lower Maumee, many days elapsing between the arrivals and departures of

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 107

the same, however. Horace Gunn was the carrier. Benoni Adams brought
the news from Cleveland to the same point, his trip requiring a fortnight. It
must be remembered that this journey was mostly made on foot. The Black
Swamp could not be traversed in any other manner.

THE AVAR OF 1812.

The war of 1812 can be called a continuation of the Revolution, with all
justice. Although rumors had reached Ohio, that active preparations were
being made for general action, no official tidings had been sent to Hull, com-
mand^-in-chief of the Western forces.

The Secretary of War, instead of sending a special messenger directly to
Hull, communicated with the post adjacent, depending upon a continuation of
the news from that point. At the same time, advices were sent the British
post at Maiden and Detroit. Hull sent out a packet with official papers, stores,
etc., the day previous to that on which the official intelligence arrived that an
open rupture existed between the two powers, and this was of course captured.

The Western forces marched to Detroit and crossed over to Sandwich, pre-
paratory to attacking Maiden, a post most favorable for the transportation of
stores, troops, etc. which was therefore considered valuable.

Peter Minard first gave the news to the settlers of the Maumee. He had
heard from a Delaware chief, who assured him a general massacre was to take
place in the valley. Maj. Spaffijrd paid no heed to this "idle fear," until a
few days thereafter a messenger came to his quarters, reporting a band of fifty
Pottawatomies on the march to join the hostile tribes near Maiden. They had
plundered and burned Monclova, and had nearly reached the rapids.

The Major, with his family and settlers, immediately launched a barge on
the river and were able to reach old Fort Miami just as the savages reached
Maumee City. They could plainly witness the flames that devoured their old
homes. They kept on their Avay in their miserable craft, until they reached
Milan, where they learned that the entire country was in danger.

Although the Indians were defeated in the battle of Tippecanoe in the fall
of 1811, they plotted vigorously with the English for the invasion of Ohio.

Gen. William Hull marched from the southwestern part of the State
directly north, crossing the counties of Champaign, Logan, Hardin, Hancock
and Wood, establishing military posts along the route and cutting a way
through the wilderness of the unsettled portions. He crossed the Maumee oa
the 1st of July, and marched to Detroit.

Hull was evidently actuated in his succeeding disgraceful failures by two
fears — lack of confidence in the ability of his troops, and the belief that they
might desert him in action. He proclaimed freedom, and a necessity of sub-
mitting to the Canadians under existing circumstances. He held out induce-
ments to the British regulars to desert their cause and essayed to pacify the
savages, but he accomplished nothing beyond jeopardizing the American cause

108 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

and disgracing his army. His men became restless. Col. Miller and Col.
Cass were delighted when detailed on scouting expeditions, and did not hesi-
tate to attack advancing squads of the enemy. At last, an attack was made on
the Niagara frontier, and Hull speedily abandoned his project and collected hia
forces at Detroit.

Meantime, Col. Proctor had reached Maiden, and quickly perceiving the
advantage of a post at that point, whereby he could cut off supplies and starve
Hull into subjection, he massed his forces about this section, captured Van
Horn and his two hundred men, and Avithstood the attack of Miller, although
he gained nothing by so doing. Again Hull displayed his weakness by recall-
ing his forces from further molestations.

Gen. Brock, however, reached Maiden on the 13th of August, 1812, and
began war preparations.

Gen. Dearborn placed a force on the Niagara frontier, but an armistice was
made with the British. Hull dispatched a third party under McArthur, to
open communications to the Raisin River.

Gen. Brock appeared at Sandwich and began to erect batteries, which Hull
would not allow to be molested. The result was, that on the 26th of August
Detroit Avas surrendered to the enemy, and not a blow had been struck in its
defense.

By this dastardly act, 1,400 brave men who had not been permitted to
make a single effort to sustain the American cause, were surrendered to 300
English regulars, 400 Canadians and their Indian allies. Gen. Hull was, in
consequence of this series of "mistakes," accused of treason and cowardice,
and convicted of the latter. By the middle of August, the British had gained
the control over most of the Northwestern Territory.

The appointment of William Henry Harrison to the position of com-
mander in chief of the Western forces, was most opportune. He speedily
raised a vigorous army, and advanced by three routes to the foot of the rapids.

Gen. Harrison commanded the right wing, and marched by the way of Upper
Sandusky, where he located his depot of supplies. Gen. Tupper commanded
the center. Fort McArthur, in Hardin County, being his base, while Gen. Win-
chester marched from Fort Defiance down the Maumee to the foot of the rapids.

A large force of British and Indians moved up the left bank of the Mau-
mee toward Fort Wayne, and Gen. Harrison, to intercept them, marched to
the confluence of the Auglaize with the Maumee.

Harrison was aware that the enemy would be also hemmed in by Win-
chester. The weather was rainy, and the prospects were that a most unfortun-
ate season was to follow the expected engagements. Harrison heard that
Winchester had reached Fort Defiance, and that the Indians and British were
retreating down the Maumee. He followed, and marched to Winchester's
camp, where he arrived in season to quell a mutiny under command of Col.
Allen, of the Kentucky troops.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 109

In January, 1813, Winchester had reached the rapids, where he received
tidings that Frenchtown was menaced and exposed. Without orders, he sent a
party to the rescue, which defeated the enemy. The weather was intensely
cold, and the company lay within eighteen miles of Maiden, where the enemy
was collected in full force, consequently re-enforcements must be dispatched
immediately or the town again left to its fate.

Winchester then marched with a force of 259 men, and upon arriving at
nightfall, insisted upon remaining on open ground, although warned repeatedly
that this would be a most dangerous experiment.

In the morning, he was surprised by the enemy, massed directly before
him, with a battery within three hundred yards of his camp, and a shower of
bombs, balls and grape-shot falling among his exposed troops, and the yells of
Indians reminding him of his fatal error. Lewis, who led the party out in the
beginning and had apprehended the danger, bravely defended himself behind
garden pickets. Winchester was defeated on the 22d of January, 1813, and
the Indians were permitted to massacre the prisoners and the settlers.

Harrison fell back to the foot of the rapids. On the 1st of February, he
began the construction of Fort Meigs. On the 27th of April, Proctor and
Tecumseh attacked this fort, and laid siege with the full expectation of success.
The stipulation was that Gen. Harrison was to be delivered to Tecumseh.
While the balls and bombs were making havoc with the fort, the Indians were
climbing trees and pouring a galling fire down upon the troops. Gen. Proctor
invited Harrison to surrender, which was politely declined, with the assurance
that the British General would have the opportunity to distinguish himself as a
soldier before such a proceeding was enacted.

Gen. Clay was descending the Maumee with 1,200 Kentuckians in flat
boats. Orders went from Harrison that 800 men should land on the left bank,,
take and spike the British cannon, and then to enter the fort, from which
soldiers were to issue to assist the re-enforcements.

Capt. Hamilton was to pilot Gen. Clay to the fort, cutting their way
through. All succeeded. Col. Dudley taking the batteries and spiking the
cannon. But his men, too much elated by their success, against orders, and
against the repeated expostulations of Col. Dudley, insisted on pursuing the-
Indians. Col. Dudley would not desert them. This act proved their ruin.
By a decoy, they were led into a defile which proved an ambush, and the men
found themselves surrounded by savages, without means of escape.

A most frightful massacre began, and every man would have fallen had not
Tecumseh sternly forbidden the cowardly carnage. One of his principal chiefs,
ignored this order, and the next instant the great warrior buried his hatchet in
his head. The brave Col. Dudley was, however, tomahawked and scalped.

There were no immediate signs that the fort would be surrendered, and the
siege was raised on the 9th of May. It was renewed on the 20th of July, and
abandoned a few days later. The enemy decided this stronghold was invulnerable.

110 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

On the 1st of August, the enemy proceeded to Fort Stevenson, at Lower
Sandusky, garrisoned by 150 men under Maj, Croghan. The fort had the
use of but one piece of cannon. The enemy with Tecumseh's Indians num-
bered 3,300 strong, with six pieces of cannon.

Gen. Proctor again tendered the offer to surrender, adding that a refusal
i^'ould only bring about a useless resistance, and a massacre by the Indians.
The reply was, that before the fort went over to the British, not an American
-would be left to be massacred, as they should hold out to the last man. Proc-
tor opened fire. The first movement was an assault upon the northwest angle
of the fort, as if to make a breach and thus carry the works. The command-
ant strengthened that point by bags of sand, and during the night stealthily
placing his one cannon in a concealed position, he filled it with slugs.

The following day, the fire again swept the northwest corner, and, evening
approaching, a column of 350 men swept up within twenty yards of the walls.
They were met by the musketry, which had little efi"ect, and the ditch was soon
filled with men. The next instant the hidden cannon, so placed as to sweep
the ditch, suddenly began action, and the surprised assailants quickly recoiled,
and the fort was saved, with the loss of only one man.

The next morning, the enemy had disappeared, evidently in haste, as guns,
clothing and stores were left behind. They had lost over one hundred and
fifty men by this useless attempt. Croghan had previously received orders to
evacuate the fort from Gen. Harrison, and his determination to hold the position
merited Harrison's reprimand and remand of commission. Such was the sev-
erity of military law. However, the rank of Colonel was immediately conferred
upon him by the President, for his gallantry. The ladies of Chillicothe pre-
sented him with an elegant testimonial in the shape of a sword.

It was decided to make a naval warfare effectual in the recovery of the
Northwestern Territory, and accordingly vessel-building began under Commo-
dore Perry's supervision.

The British looked upon this proceeding with derision, fully intending to
use these boats for their own purpose. They publicly proclaimed their intention.

By the 1st of August, 1813, Commodore Perry set sail a flotilla, the Law-
rence and the Niagara, of twenty guns each, with smaller vessels following.
Some diflSculty was encountered in launching the larger vessels, on account of
the shallowness of the water.

Perry's first destination was Put-in-Bay, thirty miles from Maiden, where
the British fleet lay under the guns of the fort. On the 10th of September,
the British fleet — exceeding the American by ten guns — under Commodore
Barclay, appeared off" Put-in-Bay, distant about ten miles. Perry immediately
set sail. The wind shifting, the Americans had the advantage.

Perry hoisted his battle-flag and a general preparation was made for the
conflict. An ominous silence settled over all as the fleets approached. A
bugle sounded on the enemy's ship Detroit, and a furious fire was opened upon

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. Ill

the Lawrence. The frightful and desperate battle that ensued is so familiar
that it is not necessary for us to repeat its details. It forever remains in his-
tory as a prominent, desperate struggle that turned the tide most decisively in
favor of the Americans. Hand to hand, for three hours, this furious struggle
surged, resulting in a pronounced victory for the Americans.

Commodore Perry immediately requested parole for his severely wounded
antagonist. Commodore Barclay. Capt. Elliott was at this engagement highly
commended by Perry for his bravery.

Gen. Harrison now made preparations to follow Proctor, and reached Mai-
den on the 27th of September.

Proctor had retreated to Sandwich, and thence Harrison followed him,
overtaking the enemy on the 9th of October, on the bank of the Thames. An
engagement ensued, which was not particularly marked in its events, but which
practically terminated the war in the Northwest.

Tecumseh fell during this battle, and his death disheartened the savages to
such an extent that they were willing to make terms of peace. Accordingly
a treaty was concluded on the 22d of July, 1814, with the Wyandots, Dela-
wares, Shawnees, Senecas and Miamis, the tribes engaged in hostilities.

Again Ohio was able to turn her attention to the improvements within her
own boundaries. Weary and disabled though she was, her ambition -and
energy were unimpaired. The struggle had been severe, but a grand reward
had been won, and peace and independence belonged to these sturdy, earnest,
pioneers.

In 1815, a town was founded near Fort Meigs, and, in 1816, Gen. John
E. Hunt and Judge Robert A. Forsythe located at Maumee.

Up to the year 1817, Ohio had no banking system, and on the 28th of
January of that year, the United States Bank opened a branch at Cincinnati,
and yet another during the following October at Chillicothe. These branches
found a large amount of business to transact, and while being of assistance in
various ways to the State, also received a fine revenue themselves. The State
therefore resolved upon a tax levy, and, in 1819, the branches were to pay
150,000 each, and the State Auditor was authorized to issue his warrant for
the collection of the same.

The bank branches demurred, but the State was decided, and the banks
accordingly filed a bill in chancery, in the United States Circuit Court, setting
forth reasons whereby their prayer that Ralph Osborn, State Auditor, should
be restrained from making such collection, should be seriously considered.

Osborn being counseled not to appear on the day designated in the writ, an
injunction was obtained, with the security given in the shape of bonds from the
bank, to the amount of $100,000. On the 14th of September, the bank sent a
commissioner to Columbus, who served upon the Auditor a copy of the petition

112 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

for the injunction, and a subpoena to make an appearance before the court
on the first Monday in the following January. Osborn submitted both the
petition and the injunction to the Secretary of State, with his warrant for col-
lecting the tax. Legally, the matter was somewhat complicated.

The Auditor desired the Secretary of State to take legal advice, and if the
papers did not actually amount to an injunction, to give orders for the execu-
tion of the warrant.

The decision was that the papers did not equal a valid injunction. The State
writ for collection was therefore given over to John L. Harper, with directions
to enter the banking-house and demand the payment of the tax. In case of a
refusal, the vault Avas to be entered and a levy made upon the amount required.
No violence was to be used, and if force was used to deter the act, the
same was to be reported to a proper magistrate and an afiidavit made to that
fact.

On September 17, Mr. Harper went about his errand, taking with him T.
Orr and J. MacCollister. After securing access to the vault, a demand was
made for the payment of the tax. This was promptly refused, and a notice
o-iven of the granting of the injunction. This was disregarded, and the ofiicer
seized |98,000 in gold, silver and notes. This was placed in charge of the
State Treasurer, Mr. H. M. Curry.

The officers were arrested and imprisoned by the United States Circuit
Court, and the money returned to the bank. The case was reviewed by
the Supreme Court, and the measures of the Circuit Court were sustained. The
State, therefore, submitted. In the mean time, the Legislature had prepared
and passed a resolution, as follows :

Resolved, by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That in respect to the powers of the
Governments of the several States that compose the American Union, and the powers of the Fed-
eral Government, this General Assembly do recognize and approve the doctrines asserted by the
Legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia in their resolutions of November and December, 1798,
and January, 1800, and do consider their principles have been recognized and adopted by a
majority of the American people.

Resolved further. That this General Assembly do assert and will maintain by all legal and
constitutional means, the rights of States to tax the business and property of any private corpo-
i-ation of trade, incorporated by the Congress of the United States, and located to transact its
corporate business within any State.

Resolved further, That the bank of the United States is a private corporation of trade, the
capital and business of which may be legally taxed in any State where they may be found.

Resolved further, That the General Assembly do protest against the doctrines that the politi-
cal rights of the separate States that compose the American Union and their powers as sovereign
States, may be settled and determined in the Supreme Court of the United States, so as to con-
clude and bind them in cases contrived between individuals, and where they are, no one of them,
parties direct.

The bank was thus debarred from the aid of State laws in the collection of
its dues and in the protection of its rights. An attempt was made to effect a
change in the Federal constitution, which would take the case out of the
United States Courts. This, however, proved ineffectual.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 113

The banking system in Ohio has, by reason of State surveillance, not been
subjected to those whirlwind speculations and questionable failures which have
marked many Western States, in the establishment of a firm basis upon which
a banking law could be sustained, with mutual benefit to the institution and the
people.

THE CANAL SYSTEM.

In the first part of 1817, the Legislature considered a resolution relating
to a canal between Lake Erie and the Ohio River. No action was taken and
the subject was not again agitated until 1819. Gov. Brown appointed three
commissioners in 1820, for the purpose of employing an efficient engineer and
such assistants as he deemed necessary, for the purpose of surveying a practical
route for this canal. The commissioners were restricted in their actions until
Congress should accept a proposition in behalf of the State, for a donation and
sale of the public lands lying upon and near the route of the proposed canal.
A delay was thus occasioned for two years.

In 1822, the matter was referred to a committee of the House of Repre-
sentatives. This committee approved and recommended the employment of the
engineer. They furthermore added illustrations to prove the feasibility of the
project.

James Geddes, a skillful engineer of New York, was in due time appointed
to the position and instructed to make the necessary examinations and sur-
veys.

The surveys were made, and estimates given of the expenses, which docu-
ments were laid before the Legislature at several sessions.

In 1825, an act was passed providing for the internal improvement of the
State by navigable canals. Directly thereafter, the State set vigorously about
the work of constructing two canals, one leading from the Ohio to Lake Erie,
by way of the valleys of the Scioto and Muskingum, the other from Cincinnati
to Dayton.

The first canal-boat from Cincinnati to Dayton, reached her destination in
1829, on the 25th of January. This outlet of communication was extended
to Lake Erie, and was completed in 1845. The largest artificial lake now
known is on the elevation between the Ohio and the lake, in Mercer County,
and supplies the St. Mary's feeder of the Miami Canal, about three miles dis-
tant, eastwardly. This reservoir is about nine miles long, and from two to
four broad.

Two walls of earth, from ten to twenty feet high, were formed, on the east
and west, which united with the elevations north and south, surrounded this
basin. When the water was admitted, whole farms were submerged, and the
"neighbors" complained lest this overflow should tempt miasma. So great
was the excitement, that over one hundred and fifty residents of the county
united, and with shovels and spades, made a breach in the embankment.
Many holding prominent positions in the county were engaged . in this work,

114 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

and all laid themselves liable to the State laws, which made the despoiling of
public works a penitentiary offense.

The matter was taken up by the courts, but a grand jury could not be
found in Mercer County to find a bill of indictment.

The officers who had charge of the work, ignored the law requiring the cut-
ing and saving of the timber on lands appropriated, for canal reservoirs. The
trees were ruthlessly girdled, and thousands of acres of valuable timber that
might have been highly desirable in the building of bridges, etc., were
destroyed. However, an adjustment was finally efi'ected, and the work was
prosecuted with the entire approbation of the people, who were convinced that
convenient transportation was to be desired.

OHIO LAND TRACTS.

After the Indians relinquished all claims against the lands of those States
west of the Alleghanies, as they had been obtained by conquest, the United
States, as a government, owned the soil. When Ohio was admitted into the
Union, a stipulation was made that the fee simple to all the lands within its
boundaries, with the exception of those previously sold or granted, should vest
in the General Government. At the present writing, but few tracts remain
that can be called " public lands." In this, as in other States, tracts are des-
ignated by their pioneer signification or the purpose to which they were origi-
nally devoted. In Ohio, these tracts are known as :

Symmes' Purchase. 15. Maumee Road.

Refugee Tract. 16. School Lands.

French Grant. 17. College Lands.

Dohrman's Grant. 18. Ministerial Lands.

Zane's Grant. 19. Moravian Lands.

Canal Lands. 20. Salt Sections.

Turnpike Lands.

The lands sold by the direct officers of the Government, under the direc-
tion of Congress, according to the laws, are known as Congress lands. They
are properly surveyed, and laid out in townships six miles square, under the
direction of the Government, and the expense incurred settled by Congress.
These townships are subdivided into sections, containing 640 acres. One sec-
tion is reserved, in every township, for educational purposes, to be utilized in
any manner approved by the State as being the best to aid the cause for which
they are assigned.

The Western Reserve will be remembered as the tract originally belonging to
Connecticut. It lies in the northeast quarter of the State. A half-million acres
were donated by the old Eastern State, when her claim was in force, to sufferers
from fire during the Revolutionary war, which created the name, " fire lands."
Many settled here whose homes were destroyed by the British during the war.

It will be remembered, that on account of discoveries by subjects of empires,
in the New World, the " Old World " kings laid claim to difierent portions

Congress Lands.

United States Military.

Virginia Military.

10.

Western Reserve.

11.

Fire Lands.

12.

Ohio Company's Purchase.

13.

Donation Tract.

14.

^c^^

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 117

of the young continent. At that period, European knowledge of American
geographical positions and limits was exceedingly meager, which occasioned
several wars and more discussions. These Old-World sovereigns also assumed
the authority to sell or present tracts of land to their subjects, in those terri-
tories they deemed their own.

King Charles II of England granted to his loyal subjects the colony of
Connecticut, in 1662, placing with them a charter of right to all lands within
certain prescribed boundaries. But these " boundaries " frequently conflicted
with those of others, and sometimes extended to the Pacific Ocean, or " South
Sea," as it was then termed. Connecticut, by her original charter rights, held
all lands between the forty -first and forty-second parallels of north latitude, and
from Providence Plantation on the east, to Pacific Ocean on the west, except-
ing the New York and Pennsylvania colonies. As late as the establishment of
the United States as an independent government, those colliding claims fre-
quently engendered confusion and warm discussion between the nation and
Connecticut, regarding the original colony claim. This was compromised by
the national claims being relinquished in regard to the territorial claim in Ohio,
and Connecticut holding the 3,800,000 acres described as the " Western Reser-
vation." The Government held the right of jurisdiction.

In 1796, Congress set aside a certain division of land, to satisfy the claims
of officers and soldiers of the Revolutionary war. It includes the 2,500,000
acres between the Greenville treaty line and the Congress and refugee lands,
and " VII ranges of townships," on the east, and the Scioto River, west. This
constitutes the '' Military Tract." The " Virginia Military Tract " lies between
the Scioto and Little Miami Rivers, and extends south to the Ohio.

James I, in his authorized charter to the Virginia colony, in the year
1609, made rather visionary boundary lines, sweeping over the continent, west
of the Ohio River, " of the north and south breadth of Virginia." Virginia
reconciled the matter by relinquishing all her claims northwest of the Ohio
River, with the exception of a tract for the purpose of donating the same to her
troops of the Revolution — their claims demanding such a return in some section.
Unfortunately, this tract was not regularly surveyed, and conflicting "lines "
have given rise to litigation ever since that stipulation was made.

The Ohio Company's Purchase has already been described — as has the
Symmes Purchase.

The Refugee Tract covers an area of 100,000 acres, extending eastwardly
from the Scioto River forty-eight miles, in a strip of country four and one-half
miles broad, north to south. Columbus, the capital of the State, is situated in
the western portion. This land was donated by Congress to those individuals
who left the British dominions and rule, during the Revolution, and espoused
the American cause.

The French Tract borders on the Ohio River, in the southeastern quarter
of Scioto County. It includes 24,000 acres, and was ceded to those French

118 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

families that lost their claims at Gallipolis, through invalid titles ; 1,200 acres
were added, after the above grant of 1795.

Dohrman's Grant includes a section, six miles square, in the southeastern
portion of Tuscarawas County. It was granted to Arnold Henry Dohrman, a
Portuguese merchant, as a token of appreciation of the aid and shelter he ren-
dered American cruisers and vessels of war, during the Revolution.

The Moravian Lands were originally grants by the old Continental Con-
gress, in 1787, and confirmed by the act of the Government Congress, in 1796,
to the Moravian Brethren, of Bethlehem, Penn., in sacred trust, and for the
use of those Indians who embraced Christianity and civilization, desiring to live
and settle thereon. These three tracts include 4,000 acres each, and are situ-
ated in Tuscarawas County. In 1823, the Indians relinquished their rights to
the 12,000 acres in this county, for 24,000 acres, in a territory designated by
the United States, together with an annuity of $400.

Zane's Tracts included a portion of land on the Muskingum, whereon Zanes-
ville was built ; another at the crossing of the Hocking, on which Lancaster is
located : and yet another on the left bank of the Scioto River, opposite Chilli-
cothe. These grants were made to Ebenezer Zane, by Congress, in 1796, as a
reward for opening a road from Wheeling, Va., to Maysville, Ky. In 1802,
Mr. Zane received three additional tracts, one square mile each, in considera-
tion of being captured and held a prisoner, during the Revolutionary war,
when a boy, by the Indians. He lived with these people most of his life, secur-
ing many benefits for the Americans. These tracts are located in Champaign
County.

The Maumee Road Lands extend the length of the road, from the Maumee
River, at Perrysburg, to the western limits of the Western Reserve, a distance
of forty-six miles — in a strip two miles wide. This includes about 60,000
acres. These lands Avere ceded by the Indians^ at the treaty of Brownstown, in
1808. The original intention of Congress was to mark a highway through this
strip, but no definite action was taken until 1823, whe ,i the land was ceded to
the State of Ohio, under an obligation that the State make and sustain the pro-
jected road, within four years after the transfer.

The Turnpike Lands extended over 31,360 acres along the western side of
the Columbus & Sandusky Turnpike, in the eastern parts of Seneca, Craw-
ford and Marion Counties. They were designed for the transportation of mail
stages, troops and other United States property, free from toll. The grant was
made in 1827.

" The Ohio Canal Lands " comprise about 1,000,000 acres, set aside for the
purpose of canal construction.

When Ohio was admitted to the Union, a guarantee was given that the State
should not tax Government lands until they should have been sold for five years.
That the thirty-sixth part of all territory within the State limits should be de-
voted to educational purposes, for the general benefit of the population. In

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 119

order to secure tracts which would prove available, and thus insure returns,
they were selected in small lots. No. 16 was designated as the sectional portion,
in each township of Congress lands, the Ohio Company's and Symmes Pur-
chases, the United States Military Lands, the Connecticut Reserve, and a num-
ber of quarter townships. These school lands were selected by the Secretary
of the Treasury.

The college townships are thirty-six miles square. A section, thirty-six
miles square, in the center of Jackson County, in the vicinity and containing
the Scioto Salt Licks, was also reserved by Congress, together with a quarter-
mile township in Delaware County. This swept over 27,040 acres. In 1824,
Congress authorized the State to sell these lands. The proceeds were to be
devoted to literary requirements, such as might be specified by Congress.

IMPROVEMENTS.

We have heretofore briefly alluded to the canal system of Ohio, which in
the beginning caused considerable anxiety to settlers directly in the course of
its survey. The Legislature passed the " Internal Improvement by Navigable
Canals " act, in 1825, and the work was immediately inaugurated and hastened.
The " Ohio Canal " extends from the lake to the Ohio, and the " Miami " con-
nects Cincinnati with Dayton. The latter was completed to Toledo in 1844, a
length of 493 miles. Its total cost, including reservoir cutting and feeders, was
17,500,000. The Ohio Canal was finished in 1833.

During the construction of these canals, the curiosities which have attracted
antiquarians and scientists, in the State of Ohio, were found in various places.
Relics were discovered that must have belonged to a giant race. Nearly 3,000
graves were found, of the " mound type."

A third canal was begun in 1836, reaching from Walhonding, in Coshocton
County, to Roscoe, its length being twenty-five miles, involving an expense of
$610,000. This was completed in 1842. The Hocking Canal, between Car-
roll, in Fairfield County, and Athens, in Athens County, a distance of fifty-
six miles, was also cut, about the same time, at a cost of nearly $1,000,000.

The Muskingum improvements were also being carried forward. Locks and
dams weve requisite for the perfection of navigation in this water-course, from
Dresden to Marietta, a distance of ninety-one miles. This added an expense
of $1,630,000 to the call for improvement appropriations. To the Miami Canal
was added a feeder, known as the "Warren County Canal — extending from
Franklin to Lebanon, which was not completed, although over $250,000 were
expended in its construction as far as it went.

Railway transportation was a subject Avhich engrossed the attention of those in-
terested in State perpetuity and general prosperity. About the year 1831, the Leg-
islature received applications for railway charters. The first one granted was the
" Cincinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland Railroad," on June 5, 1832. The " Sandusky,
Mansfield & Newark Railroad " obtained a charter in 1836, March 11, followed.

120 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

three days thereafter, by the " Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad."
The " Little Miami" was begun in 1837. Notwithstanding these chartered
rights, but 129 miles were completed in 1847, and in operation. In 1878,
the mileage had increased to 6,264. The valuation of the operating roads
was estimated the same year, at |76,11 3,500. Their taxation summed up
$1,128,116.

No State in the Union has been more zealous in her educational interests than
Ohio. Public lands were generously granted by Congress, and the State added
her affirmation. However, no practical and effectual system was adopted until
1825.

An act was then passed to tax all real property one-half mill per dollar for
the establishment of schools in each township, and the support of the same.
An act of 1829, increased the tax to three-fourths of a mill. Trustees of
townships were instructed to make divisions and locate convenient school dis-
tricts. Householders were to elect three school directors, a clerk and treasurer
annually. Privileges and restrictions were enjoined in all cases. The house-
holders were allowed their discretion, governed accordingly, in imposing taxes
for the erection of school buildings. The Courts of the Common Pleas
appointed a committee to examine the qualifications of those individuals mak-
ing application for the position of teachers. The school extended equal privi-
leges to all white children. Those of colored parentage were excluded, and no
tax was levied for school purposes upon colored parents. An amendment has
admitted the children of colored parents. The system has continued the same,
with a few amendments. A State Commissioner of Common Schools is electe*!
every third year, who has general charge of the interests of public schools. A
State Board of Examiners, composed of three persons, appointed by the State
Commissioner, for two years' term, is authorized to issue life certificates of high
qualifications, to such teachers as it may find to possess the requisite scholarship,
character, experience and ability. These certificates, signed by the Commis-
sioner, are valid throughout the State. A County Board of Examiners, of
three members, is formed in each county. Boards of education, for cities, are
made up of one or two members from each ward. City Boards of Examiners
are also appointed. Section 4 of the law of 1873, was amended in 1877, which
made the territory annexed to an incorporated village, at the option of the
voters of the village and tributary section, whether it be included with the vil-
lage as one school district, or left as two school districts. Section 56 of the law was
amended, in its bearing upon cities of 30,000 to 75,000 inhabitants, by limiting
to five mills on the dollar of taxable property, the levies in such cities for con-
tinuing schools, for purchasing sites for schoolhouses, for leasing, purchasing,
erecting and furnishing school houses, and for all school expenses. The public
funds are subject to the discretion of voters, and boards are authorized, under
instructions, to make the best use of such funds. Taxation is subject to the
discretion of the State, certain limits being prescribed.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 121

In 1878, the number of youth of the school age numbered 1,041,963.
On the rolls, 740,194 names were recorded. In the year 1878, 23,391 teach-
ers were employed, receiving $4,956,514.46 for their services.

Ohio not only sustains her public schools on a broad, liberal basis, but she
encourages educational pursuits in superior universities and colleges throughout
the State. These institutions are not aided by State funds, but are sustained by
society influence, added to their self-supporting resources. Ohio also possesses
a large number of normal schools, academies, seminaries and business colleges.
These are not entitled to the privileges of the school fund. Scientific, profes-
sional, theological, legal and medical instructions are in no manner limited in
their facilities. Industrial and reformatory schools are especially thorough.
Institutions for the instruction of the deaf and dumb, and blind, and feeble-
minded, are under the best discipline.

We may add, many female seminaries have been established which are entirely
sustained by other than State aid. Ohio has, from its inception, been solid and
vigorous in whatever tended toward improvement and enlightenment.

We have also referred to the banking system of this State, as being first
established on a basis through a contest between the State and the General
Government. Authorities differ regarding the exact date and location of the
very first house established in the State for the purpose of transacting banking
business. It is highly probable that Marietta is more directly associated with
that event than any other town. There are at present over one hundred and
sixty-seven national banks, with an aggregate capital of $27,794,468. It also
has eighteen banks of deposit, incorporated under the State banking laws of
1845, representing an aggregate capital of $539,904. Twenty-three savings
banks, incorporated under the State act of 1875, with an aggregate capital of
$1,277,500. Of private banks it has 192, with an aggregate capital of
$5,663,898. The State represents in her banking capital over $36,275,770.
The First National of Cincinnati has a capital stock of over $1,000,000.
The others fall below that sum, their capital diminishing from 10,000 shares of
$100 each. The valuation for taxation is $850,000— Merchant's National of
Cincinnati— to the valuation of a tax of $5,000 on the First National of
Beverly.

BOUNDARY LINES.

We must not omit the subject of the State boundaries. Ohio was especially
the field for most animated discussions, relative not only to State limits but
county lines and township rights. In 1817, a severe controversy arose, which
was settled only after violent demonstrations and Government interference.

In primitive times, the geographical position, extent and surface diversities
were but meagerly comprehended. In truth, it may be asserted they could not
have been more at variance with actual facts had they been laid out " hap-
hazard." The ordinance of 1787 represented Lake Michigan far north of its
real position, and even as late as 1812, its size and location had not been

122 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

definitely ascertained. During that year, Amos Spafford addressed a clear, com-
prehensive letter to the Governor of Ohio, on this subject, relative to the
boundary lines of Ohio. Several lines of survey were laid out as the first
course, but either Michigan or Ohio expressed disapproval in every case. This
culminated in 1835, when the party beginning a " permanent " survey began
at the northwest corner of the State, and was attacked by a force of Michigan
settlers who sent them away badly routed and beaten. No effort was made to
return to the work until the State and various parties had weighed the subject,
and finally the interposition of the Government became necessary.

A settlement resulted in Ohio being bounded on the north by Lake Erie
and the State of Michigan, on the east by Pennsylvania and West Virginia, on
the south by the Ohio River, and on the west by Indiana.

It is situated between the 38° 25' and 42° north latitude, and 84° 50'
west longitude from Greenwich, or 3° 30' and 7° 50' west from Washington.
From north to south, it extends over 210 miles, and from east to west 220
miles — comprising 39,964 square miles.

The State is generally higher than the Ohio River. In the southern
counties, the surface is greatly diversified by the inequalities produced by the
excavating power of the Ohio River and its tributaries. The greater portion
of the State was originally covered with timber, although in the central and
northwestern sections some prairies were found. The crest or watershed
between the waters of Lake Erie and those of the Ohio is less elevated than
in New York or Pennsylvania. Sailing upon the Ohio the country appears
to be mountainous, bluffs rising to the height of two hundred and fifty to six
hundred feet above the valleys. Ascending the tributaries of the Ohio, these
precipitous hills gradually lessen until they are resolved into gentle undulations,
and toward the sources of the river the land is low and marshy.

Although Ohio has no inland lakes of importance, she possesses a favorable
river system, which, aided by her canals, gives her prestige of a convenient
water transportation. The lake on her northern boundary, and the Ohio
River on her southern limit, afford most convenient outlets by water to impor-
tant points. Her means of communication and transportation are superior in
every respect, and are constantly being increased.

ORGANIZATION OF COUNTIES AND EARLY EVENTS.

Adams County was named in honor of John Adams, second President of
the United States. Gov. St. Clair proclaimed it a county on July 10, 1797.
The Virginia Military Tract included this section, and the first settlement made
•within its boundaries was in this county in 1790-91, between the Scioto and Little
Miami, at Manchester, by Gen. Nathaniel Massie. In this town was held the
first court of the county.

West Union, the present county seat, was laid out by the Hon. Thomas
Kirker. It occupies the summit of a high ridge. The surface of this county is

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 123

hilly and broken, and the eastern part is not fertile. It produces corn, wheat, oats
and pork. Beds of iron are found in the eastern part. Its hills are composed of
aluminous shale. The barren hills afford a range for cattle and hogs. A sort
of vagrant class derive a support by collecting stones, hoop-poles and tanners'
barks from these hills.

Ashland County is one of the finest agricultural sections. It was formed
February 26, 1846. Wheat comprises its principal crop, although large quan-
tities of oats, corn, potatoes, grass and fruit are raised. Ashland is its county
seat, and was laid out by William Montgomery in 1816. It was called Union-
town for several years. Daniel Carter raised the first cabin within the county
limits in 1811.

Auglaize County was formed in February, 1848, from Allen and Mercer
Counties. Wapakoneta is its county seat.

Allen County was formed from the Indian Territory April 1, 1820. Lima
is its county seat.

Ashtabula County was formed June 7, 1807, and was organized January
22, 1811. The surface is level near the lake, while the remainder is undulat-
ing. The soil is mostly clay. Very little wheat is raised, but considerable
corn and oats. Butter and cheese are the main marketable productions. This
was the first county settled on the Western Reserve, and also the earliest in
Northern Ohio. On the 4th of July, 1796, the first surveying party arrived
at the mouth of Conneaut Creek. Judge James Kingsbury was the first who
wintered there with his family. He was the first man to use a sickle in the
first wheat-field in the Western Reserve. Their child was the first born on the
Western Reserve, and was starved to death. The first regular settlement was
at Harpersfield, in 1798.

Jeiferson is the county seat. Ashtabula is pleasantly situated on the river,
with a fine harbor two and a half miles from the village.

The first church on the Western Reserve was founded at Austinburg in
1801.

Athens County was formed from Washington March 1, 1805. It produces
wheat, corn, oats and tobacco. The surface is hilly and broken, with rich bot-
tom lands between. Coal, iron ore and salt add materially to its commercial
value. It has the advantage of the canal, as well as other transportation.
Athens, its county seat, is situated on the Hocking River. The Ohio Uni-
versity, the first college founded in the State, is located here. We have
mentioned the ancient mounds found in this county, heretofore. Yellow pine is
abundant in the lower part of the Hocking Valley.

Brown County was formed March 1, 1818, from Adams and Clermont. It
produces wheat, corn, rye, oats and pork. The southern part is prolific in
grain, while the northern is adapted to grazing purposes. The surface is undu-
lating, with the exception of the Ohio River hills. Over this county Tecumseb
once held sway

124 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

Georgetown is the county seat, and was laid out in 1819. Ripley is the larg-
est business town in the county,

Belmont County was announced by Gov. St. Clair September 7, 1801. It
produces large crops of wheat, oats, corn and tobacco, an annual crop of over
2,000,000 pounds of the latter being the average. It also trades largely in
wool and coal. It is a picturesque tract of country, and was one of the
pioneers in the early settled portions.

In 1790, Fort Dillie was erected on the west side of the Ohio. Baker's
Fort was a mile below the mouth of the Captina. Many desperate Indian bat-
tles were fought within the limits of this county, and the famous Indian scout,
Lewis Wetzel, roamed over the region.

St. Clairsville is the county seat, situated on the elevation of land, in a fer-
tile district. Capt. Kirkwood and Elizabeth Zane, of historic fame, were early
pioneers here.

Butler County was formed in 1803, from Hamilton. It is within the blue
limestone formation, and one of the most fertile sections of Ohio. It produces
more corn than any other county in the State, besides fine crops of whea,t,
oats and large quantities of pork. Hamilton, the county seat, is situated on the
Great Miami. Its hydraulic works furnish superior water-power. Rossville,
on the opposite side of the Miami, is a large mercantile town.

St. Clair passed through this county on his Indian campaigns in 1791,
building Fort Hamilton on the Miami.

Champaign County was formed March 1, 1805, from Greene and Franklin.
It is drained by Mad River and its tributaries, which furnishes extensive mill
privileges. Nearly a half is undulating, a quarter rolling, a fifth hilly, and
5 per cent wet prairie. The soil is fertile, and produces wheat, corn, oats,
barley, hay, while beef and wool add to the general wealth. Urbana, the
county seat, was laid out in 1805, by Col. William Ward. He was chief owner
of the land and donated many lots to the county, under condition that their
proceeds be devoted to public improvements. Joseph Vance and George
Fithian were the first settlers. The Methodists built the first church in 1807.
The main army of Hull concentrated at this point before setting out for Detroit.
Many Indian councils were called here, and Tecumseh was located for a time
near Deer Creek.

Carroll County was formed fi'om Columbiana in 1832-33. It produces
wheat, oats and corn, and valuable coal and iron. The surface is hilly. Car-
rollton is its county seat. At Harlem is a celebrated chalybeate spring.

Clark County was formed March 1, 1817, from Champaign, Madison and
Greene. Its second settlement was at Kreb's Station, in 1796. It is highly culti-
vated, well watered and very fertile. The Mad River, Buck and Beaver Creeks
furnish abundant water-power. It produces principally wheat, corn and oats.
Tecumseh, the old Indian warrior, was born at the ancient Indian vil-
lage of Piqua, on the Mad River, on the site of New Boston. Piqua was

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 125

destroyed by Gen. George Rogers Clarke. Skeletons, beads, gun barrels,
tomahawks, kettles, etc., have been found in the vicinity.

Springfield, the county seat, is situated on the National road. It has con-
venient transportation facilities, is handsomely laid out, and is noted for its
cultured citizens. It is near Mad River, and Buck Creek runs through it.

Clinton County was formed in 1810. It produces chiefly wheat, oats,
wool and pork. Its surfice is undulating, in some parts hilly, and the soil fer-
tile. Its streams furnish desirable water-power. The county was settled in
1798-99. Wilmington is the county seat, and was laid out in 1810. The first
log house was built by William Hobsin.

Clermont County was the eighth formed in the Northwest Territory, by
proclamation of Gov. St. Clair, December 9, 1800. The soil is exceedingly
rich, and the surface is broken and, near the Ohio, hilly. Wheat, corn, oats,
hay, potatoes, tobacco, barley, buckwheat and rye form the main crops, while
beef, pork, flour, hay and whisky constitute its main exports. Its streams
furnish good water-power. Batavia, its county seat, is situated on the Little
Miami River, and was laid out in 1820, by George Ely.

Columbiana County was formed March 25, 1803, from Jeff'erson and Wash-
ington. Its soil is very fertile, producing Avheat, corn, oats and potatoes. It
is wealthy in mineral deposits, coal, iron ore, lime and freestone being abun-
dant. Its water-lime stone is of superior quality. Salt water is found on Yel-
low and Beaver Creeks. This is also the great wool-producing county of
the State. It was settled in 1797. New Lisbon, its county seat, is well
built.

The first paper-mill in Ohio was erected in this county, on Little Beaver
Creek, by John Coulter and John Bever.

Coshocton County was organized April 1, 1811. Its principal products are
wheat, corn, oats and wool. Hills and valleys alternate along the Muskingum
R,iver. Abrupt changes are strongly marked — a rich alluvum being overhung
by a red-bush hill, while directly beside it may be seen the poplar and sugar
tree. Coal and iron ore add to its general importance, while salt wells have
proven remunerative.

Coshocton, the county seat, is built on four wide, natural terraces, at the
junction of the Tuscarawas with the Walhonding.

Cuyahoga County was formed June 7, 1807, from Geauga. Near the lake,
the soil is sandy, while a clayey loam may be found elsewhere. The valleys
near the streams produce wheat, barley and hay. Fruit is successfully groi^^n,
and cheese, butter, beef and wool are largely exported. Bog iron is found in
the western part, and fine grindstone quarries are in operation. The sandstone
from these quarries is now an important article of commerce. As early as
1775, there was a French settlement within the boundaries of Cuyahoga. In
1786, a Moravian missionary came to the present site of Cleveland, and set-
tled in an abandoned village of the Ottawas. Circumstances prevented a

126 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

permanent settlement, and the British tacitly took possession, even remaining
upon the lake shores after the Revolution.

The first permanent settlement was made at Cleveland in 1796. Mr. Job
V. Stiles and family and Edward Paine passed the first winter there, their log
cabin standing where the Commercial Bank is now located. Rodolphus
Edwards and Nathaniel Doane settled here. The town was, in 1813, a depot
of supplies and a rendezvous for troops engaged in the war.

Cleveland, the county seat, is situated at the northern termination of the
Ohio Canal, on the lake shore. In 1814, it was incorporated as a village, and
in 1836, as a city. Its elevation is about a hundred feet above the lake. It
is a lovely city, and has one of the best harbors on Lake Erie.

Ohio City is another important town, nearly opposite Cleveland, on the
Cuyahoga. It was incorporated in 1836.

Crawford County was formed April 1, 1820, from the old Indian territory.
The entire county is adapted to grazing. The soil is generally composed of
rich vegetable loam, and in some parts the subsoil is clay mixed with lime.
Rich beds of shell marl have been discovered. It produces wheat, corn, oats,
clover, timothy seed, wool and cattle. Fine limestone quarries are worked with
success.

Bucyrus is the county seat, and was laid out February 11, 1822, by Samuel
Norton and James Kilbourn, original owners of the land. The first settler in
the town proper was Samuel Norton. A gas well has been dug in Bucyrus,
on the land of R. W. Musgrove, which burns in a brilliant light when con-
ducted to the surface by means of pipes. Crawford's Sulphur Springs are
located nine miles from Bucyrus. The -water is impregnated with sulphuretted
hydrogen. It deposits a reddish-purple sediment. In its nature the water is a
cathartic, and is diuretic and diaphoretic in its effects. A few rods away is a
burning spring. The Annapolis Sulphur Spring is clear and has gained consid-
erable fame by its curative qualities. Opposite Bucyrus is a chalybeate spring
of tonic qualities*

There are some beds of peat in the county, the most extensive one being a
wet prairie called Cranberry Marsh, containing nearly 2,000 acres.

Darke County was organized in March, 1817, from Miami County. It is
abundantly timbered with poplar, walnut, blue ash, hickory, beech and sugar
maple. It yields superior wheat, and is well adapted to grazing. In this
county occurred the lamentable defeat of St. Clair, and the treaty of Greenville.

'Greenville is the county seat, and was laid out August 10, 1808, by Robert
Gray and John Dover. In December, 1793, Wayne built Fort Greenville on
this spot, which covered about the same extent as the present town.

Delaware County was formed February 10, 1808, from Franklin. It pro-
duces mainly wheat, corn, oats, pork and wool.

Delaware is the county seat, and was laid out in the spring of 1808, by
Moses Byxbe. The Delaware Spring in the village is of the white sulphur or

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 127

cold hydro-sulphurous nature, valuable for medicinal qualities in cases of bilious
derangements, dyspepsia, scrofulous affections, etc.

Defiance County was inaugurated March 4, 1845, from Williams, Henry
and Paulding. The Maumee, Tiffin and Auglaize flow through it. The Black
Swamp covers much of its area.

Defiance, the county seat, is situated on the Maumee. It was laid out in
1822, by B. Level and H. Phillips. A large Indian settlement occupied its
site in very early times. Wayne arrived here August 8, 1794, captured the
place, finding about one thousand acres of corn, peach and apple orchards, and
vegetables of all varieties. Here he built Fort Defiance.

Erie County was formed in 1838, from Huron and Sandusky. The soil is
alluvial, and yields large crops of wheat, corn, oats and potatoes. It possesses
inexhaustable quarries of limestone and freestone. Immense quantities of bog
iron are also found. The Erie tribe is said to have once occupied the land, and
were extirpated by the Iroquois. As early as 1754, the French had built set-
tlements. In 1764, the county w^as besieged. Pontiac came here with warlike
demonstrations, but made peace with the whites. Erie was included in the
"fire lands" of the Western Reserve.

Sandusky City is the county seat, and was laid out in 1817, then termed
Portland. At that time it contained two log huts. The town is finely situated,
and is based upon an inexhaustible quarry of the finest limestone. In the
"patriot war" with the Canadians, this city was the rendezvous for the
"patriots."

Franklin County was formed April 30, 1803, from Ross. It contains
much low wet land, and is better adapted to grazing than agricultural purposes.
It was in early times occupied by the Wyandot Indians. Its first white set-
tlement was made in 1797, by Robert Armstrong and others. Franklinton
was laid out in 1797, by Lucas Sullivan. Worthington was settled by the
Scioto Company in 1801. Col. Kilbourn, who was interested in the work,
constructed the first map of Ohio during his explorations, by uniting sectional
diagrams.

Columbus, the capital of the State of Ohio, is also the county seat of
Franklin County. After the organization of a State government, the capital
was "portable" until 1816. In 1810, the sessions were held at Chillicothe,
in 1811 and 1812 at Zanesville, removing again- to Chillicothe, and, in 1816,
being located at Columbus. The town was laid out during the spring of 1812.
A penitentiary was erected in 1813, and the State House was built in 1814.
It was incorporated as "the borough of Columbus," February 10, 1816. The
city charter was granted March 3, 1834.

It is beautifully located on the east bank of the Scioto. The Columbus
Institute is a classical institution. A female and a theological seminary also
add to its educational advantages.' The Ohio Lunatic Asylum is also located
here — also the Ohio Institution for the Education of the Blind. East of the

128 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

State House is the Ohio Institution for the Education of the Deaf and
Dumb.

Fairfield County was formed by proclamation of Gov. St. Clair, December
9, 1800.

The soil is varied, being in some parts exceedingly rich, and in others very
sterile. It produces principally wheat, corn, rye, oats, buckwheat, barley,
potatoes and tobacco.

Lancaster is the county seat, laid out by Ebenezer Zane in 1800. In 1797,
he opened the road known as "Zane's Trace," from Wheeling to Limestone —
now Maysville. It passed through Lancaster, at a fording about three hundred
yards below the present turnpike bridge. Near the turn stands an imposing
eminance called " Standing Stone." Parties of pleasure frequently visit this spot.

Fayette County was formed from Ross and Highland in 1810. Wheat,
corn, cattle, hogs, sheep and wool comprise its main productions. " The bar-
rens" are situated in the northeastern part. This tract is covered by a growth
of grass.

Washington is its county seat, laid out in 1810,

Col. Stewart was active in the interests of this section, and his memory is
sacredly revered. Jesse Milliken was prominent in public afiairs.

Fulton County, bordering on Michigan, was organized in 1850. It is
drained by Bean Creek and other small afiluents of the Maumee River. The
surface is nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests of ash,
beech, elm, hickory, white oak, black walnut, etc., furnishing excellent timber.
The soil is fertile. Wheat, corn, oats and hay are the staple products. Wau-
seon is the county seat.

Guernsey County was organized in March, 1810. Wool is a staple prod-
uct, together with beef, horses and swine. It produces wheat, corn and oats.

Cambridge is the county seat and was laid out in June, 1806. Mr.
Graham was the first settler on the site of the town, and his was the only
dwelling between Lancaster and Wheeling.

The first cannel coal found in the county was discovered near Mill's Creek.

Greene County was formed May 1, 1803, from Hamilton and Ross. It
•produces wheat, corn, rye, grass-seed, oats, barley, sheep and swine. The
j^treams furnish good water-power. There are five limestone quarries, and a
marble quarry of variegated colors. The Shawnee town was on the Little
Miami, and was visited by Capt. Thomas Bullit in 1773. When Daniel Boone
was captured in 1778, he was brought to this town, and escaped the following
year. Gen. Clarke invaded this county and the Indians reduced the town to ashes.

Xenia, the county seat, was laid ofi" in the forest in 1803, by Joseph C.
Vance. The first cabin was erected in April, 1804, by John Marshall. The
Rev. James Fowler built the first hewed-log cabin. David A. Sanders built
the first frame house. Nine miles north of the town, on the Little Miami
River, are the Yellow Springs, which are impregnated with sulphur.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 129

Geauga County was formed in 1805 from Trumbull. It exports sheep,
cattle, butter and cheese. It is situated at the head of Chargrine, Cuyahoga and
a part of Grand Rivers, on high ground, and is subjected to snowstorms more
frequently than any other part of the Reserve. Its first settlement was made
in 1798, at Burton. Chardon is fourteen miles from Lake Erie, and is 600
feet above it. It was laid out as the county seat in 1808.

Gallia County was formed April 30, 1803, from Washington. Its princi-
pal crops are wheat, corn, oats and beans. The surface is generally broken.
Its first settlement was made in 1791, by a French colony, at Gallipolis. This
colony was sent out under the auspices of the Scioto Company. This town is
now the county seat.

Hamilton County was the second established in the Northwestern Territory
by proclamation of Gov. St. Clair, January 2, 1790. Its surface is gen-
erally rolling. It produces the ordinary farm products, and a great variety
of fruits and vegetables for the Cincinnati market. Vineyards thrive well
within its limits, and the manufacture of wine is carried on to a considerable
extent.

This county was the second settled in Ohio, and the first within the Symmes
purchase. Settlers arrived at the spot now occupied by Cincinnati, and three
or four log cabins were erected. Gen. Arthur St. Clair arrived here in Janu-
ary, 1790. The army of Wayne encamped here later, at Fort Washington.
Mr. Maxwell established in 1793 the Sentinel of the Northwestern Territory^
the first newspaper printed north of the Ohio River. In 1796, Edward Free-
man became its proprietor, and changed the name to Freeman's Journal.
January 11, 1794, two keel-boats sailed from Cincinnati to Pittsburgh, making
regular trips every four weeks. In 1801, the first sea vessel built at Mari-
etta came down the Ohio.

Cincinnati, the county seat, was incorporated January 2, 1802, It was char-
tered as a city in 1819. The city is beautifully laid out and delightfully situ-
ated. Its public buildings are elegant and substantial, including the court
house and many literary and charitable institutions.

The Cincinnati College was founded in 1819. It stands in the center of
the city. It is built in Grecian-Doric style, with pilaster fronts and facade of
Dayton marble. Woodward College is also popular.

The Catholics have founded the St. Xavier's College, Lane Seminary, a
theological institution, is at Walnut Hills, two miles from the center of the city.
It has over 10,000 volumes in its libraries. No charge is made for tuition.
Rooms are provided and furnished at |5 per year, and board ranges from 62|
cents to 90 cents a Aveek. The Cincinnati Law School is connected with Cin-
cinnati College. The Mechanics' Institute was chartered in 1828, and is in all
respects well supplied with apparatus. A college for teachers was established in
1831, its object being to perfect those contemplating entering that profession in
their studies and system.

130 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

The Cincinnati Orphan Asylum is an elegant building, and has a library
and well-organized school attached. The Catholics of the city have one male
and female orphan asylum. The Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum of
Ohio was incorporated in 1821.

Cincinnati is a large manufacturing city, and possesses fine water-power
facilities. It communicates with the world by means of its canal, river, turnpikes,
and railways. North Bend is another prominent town in this county, having
been the residence of Gen. William H. Harrison, and the site of his burial
place. The town was of considerable importance in the early settlement of the
State. About thirty yards from Harrison's tomb is the grave of Judge
Symmes.

Hancock County was formed April 1, 1820. It produces wheat, oats, corn,
pork and maple sugar. The surface is level and its soil is fertile. Blanchard's
Fork waters the central and southern part of tne county. Findlay, the county
seat, was laid out by ex-Gov. Joseph Vance and Elnathan Corry, in 1821. It
was relaid in 1829. Wilson Vance settled there in the fall of 1821. Located
in Findlay are the greatest gas wells of Ohio, the city being lighted and heated
by natural gas, which has been known for over 40 years to exist at Findlay.

Hardin County was formed April 1, 1820, from the old Indian Territory.
It produces, principally, wheat, corn and swine. A portion of the surface is
level, and the remainder undulating. Fort McArthur was built on the Scioto
River, but proved a weak stockade. Kenton is the county seat, situated on the
Scioto River.

Harrison County was formed from JeflFerson and Tuscarawas January 1,
1814. The surface is hilly, abounding in coal and limestone. Its soil is clayey.
It is one of the important wool-growing counties in Ohio. It produces large
quantities of wheat, corn, oats and hay, besides a considerable number of horses,
cattle and swine.

In April, 1799, Alexander Henderson and family settled in this county, and
at the same time, Daniel Peterson and his family resided at the forks of Short
Creek. The early settlers were much annoyed by Indians and wild beasts.
Cadiz is the county seat, and was laid out in 1803 and 1804, by Messrs. Briggs
and Beatty.

Henry County was formed from the old Indian Ten-itory, April 1, 1820.
Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and maple sugar constitute the main products.
The county is well supplied with running streams, and the soil is unusually rich.

The greater portion of this county is covered by the " Black Swamp."
Throughout this swamp are ridges of limestone, covered with black walnut, red
elm, butternut and maple. The soil is superior for grain. Fruit thrives and
all varieties of vegetables are produced in large quantities. Simon Girty, noto-
rious for his wicked career, resided in this county. Girty led the attack on
Fort Henry, in September, 1777. He demanded the surrender of the fort,
and menaced its inmates with an Indian massacre, in case of refusal. The

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 131

action began, but the fort gained the victory. He led a ferocious band of Indi-
ans, and committed the most fiendish atrocities.

Napoleon, the county seat, is situated on the Maumee River.

Highland County was formed in May, 1805, from Ross, Adams and Cler-
mont. It is a wealthy, productive county. Its wheat commands a high mar-
ket price. The crops consist of wheat, corn, oats, maple sugar, wool, swine
and cattle. Its first settlement began in 1801, at New Market, by Oliver Ross,
Robert Keeston, George W. Barrere, Bernard Weyer and others. Simon Ken-
ton made a trace through this county in early times. Hillsboro is the
county seat, and was laid out in 1807, by David Hays, on the land of Benja-
min Ellicott. It is situated on the dividing ridge, between the Miami and Sci-
oto. The Hillsboro Academy was founded in 1827.

Hocking County was formed March 1, 1818, from Ross, Athens and Fair-
field. Its principal products are corn, wheat, tobacco and maple sugar. Its
surface is broken and hilly, but is level and fertile beside the streams.

The Wyandots once occupied this tract, and built a large town herein. In
1798, a few white families ventured to settle. Logan is its county seat, and is
situated on the Hocking River.

Holmes County was formed from Coshocton, Tuscarawas and Wayne, Janu-
ary 20, 1824. It produces wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, maple sugar, swine,
sheep and cattle. The southwestern portion is broken. Thomas Butler was
the first settler, in 1810. Millersburg is the county seat, and was laid out in
1830.

Huron County was organized in 1815. It produces hay, wheat, corn, oats,
barley, buckwheat, flaxseed, potatoes, butter, cheese, wool and swine. Nor-
walk is the county seat.

Jackson County was organized March, 1816. The country is rich in min-
erals and abounds in coal and iron ore. The exports are cattle, wool, swine,
horses, lumber, millstones, tobacco and iron. Jackson, the county seat, was
laid out in 1817. The old Scioto salt-works were among the first worked in
Ohio by the whites. Prior to this period, the Indians came some distance to
this section to make salt. When Daniel Boone was a prisoner, he spent some
time at these works.

Jeiferson County was proclaimed by Gov. St. Clair July 29, 1797, and
was the fifth county established in Ohio. It is one of the most important
manufacturing counties in the State. Its resources in coal are also extended.
The surface is hilly and the soil fertile, producing wheat, corn and oats. The
old "Mingo" town was on the present farms of Jeremiah Hallock and Mr^
Daniel Potter. The troops of Col. Williamson rendezvoused at this point,
when they set out in their cruel Moravian campaign, and also the troops of
Col. Crawford, when they started on the campaign against the Sandusky
Indians. Here Logan, the powerful and manly chief of the Mingo nation,
once resided. He took no active part in the old French war, which closed in

132 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

1760, except that of a peacemaker. He was a stanch friend of the whites
until the abominable and unprovoked murder of his father, brother and sister,
which occurred in 1774, near the Yellow Creek. He then raised the battle
cry and sought revenge.

However, Logan was remarkably magnanimous toward prisoners who fell
into his hands. The year 1793 was th6 last spent in Indian warfare in Jeffer-
son County.

Fort Steuben was erected on the present site of Steubenville, the county seat,
in 1789. It was constructed of block-houses, with palisade fences, and was dis-
mantled during Wayne's campaign. Bezaleel Wells and Hon. James Ross laid
the town out in 1798. It was incorporated February 14, 1805. It is situated
upon an elevated plain. In 1814, Messrs. Wells and Dickerson built a woolen
manufactory, and introduced merino sheep to the county.

Knox County was formed March 1, 1808, from Fairfield. It is drained by
the Vernon River. It produces wheat, corn, oats, tobacco, maple sugar, pota-
toes and wool. Mount Vernon was laid out in 1805. The early settlers found
two wells on the Vernon River, built of hammered stone, neatly laid, and near
by was a salt-lick. Their direct origin remains a mystery. Gilman Bryant,
in 1807, opened the first store in Mount Vernon. The court house was built
in 1810. The Indians came to Mount Vernon in large numbers for the pur-
pose of trading in furs and cranberries. Each Saturday, the settlers worked
on the streets, extracting stumps and improving the highway. The first settler
north of the place was N. M. Young, who built his cabin in 1803. Mount
Vernon is now the county seat, beautifully situated on Vernon River. Kenyon
College is located at Gambier. It is richly endowed with 8,000 acres, and is
valued at $100,000. This institution was established under the auspices of
Bishop Chase, in July, 1826, in the center of a 4,000-acre tract belonging to
Kenyon College. It was chartered as a theological seminary.

Lucas County is of comparatively recent origin. A large portion is covered
by the "Black Swamp." It produces corn, wheat, potatoes and oats. This
county is situated in the Maumee Valley, which was the great arena of histori-
cal events. The frightful battle of Wayne's campaign, where the Indians found
the British to be traitors, was fought near Fort Miami, in this county. Maumee
City, once the county seat, was laid out in 1817, as Maumee, by Maj. Wm. Oliver
and others. It is situated on the Maumee, at the head of navigation. The
surface is 100 feet above the water level. This town, with Perrysburg, its neiglibor,
is exceedingly picturesque, and was in early times frequented by the Indians.
The French had a trading station at this point, in 1680, and in 1794, the Brit-
ish Fort — Miami — was built. Toledo is on the left bank of the Maumee, and
covers the site of a stockade fort, known as Fort Industry, erected in 1800.
An Indian treaty was held here July 4, 1805, by which the Indians relinquished
all rights to the " fire lands." In 1832, Capt. Samuel Allen gave an impetus
to the place, and Maj. Stickney also became interested in its advancement.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 133

Speculation in lots began in 1834. The Wabash & Erie Canal interest arose in
1836. Mr. Mason and Edward Bissel added their energies to assist the growth
of the town. It was incorporated as a city in 1836. It was the center of the
military operations in the " Ohio and Michigan war," known as the "boundary
conflict."

The Ordinance of 1787 provided for the division of the Northwestern Terri-
tory into three or five States. The three southern were to be divided from the
two northern by a line drawn east and west through the southern point of Lake
Michigan, extending eastward to the Territorial line in Lake Erie. The consti-
tution of Ohio adds a provision that if the line should not go so far north as the
north cape of Maumee Bay, then the northern boundary of Ohio should be a
line drawn from the southerly part of Lake Michigan to the north cape of the
Maumee Bay.

The line of the ordinance was impossible, according to its instructions and
the geography of the country.

When Michigan became a Territory, the people living between the " Fulton "
and '• Harris " lines found it more to their wishes to be attached to Michigan.
They occupied disputed ground, and were thus beyond the limits of absolute
law. In 1835, the subject was greatly agitated, and J. Q. Adams made a warm
speech before Congress against the Ohio claim. The Legislature of Ohio dis-
cussed the matter, and an act was passed to attach the disputed section to Ohio,
according to the constitutional decree. An active campaign opened between
^lichigan and Ohio. Gov. Lucas came out with the Ohio troops, in the spring
of 1835, and Gov. Mason, of Michigan, followed the example. He marched
into Toledo, robbed melon-patches and chicken-houses, crushed in the front
door of Maj. Stickney's house, and carried him away prisoner of war. Embas-
sadors were sent from Washington to negotiate matters — Richard Rush, of Penn-
sylvania and Col. Howard, of Maryland. At the next session of Congress, the
matter was settled. Samuel Vinton argued for Ohio, in the House, and Thomas
Ewing in the Senate. Michigan received an equivalent of the large peninsula
between Lakes Huron, Michigan and Superior. Ohio received the disputed
strip, averaging eight miles in width. Manhattan, Waterville and Providence
are all flourishing towns.

Lorain County was formed from Huron, Cuyahoga and Medina, on Decem-
ber 26, 1822. The soil is generally fertile, and the surface level. Wheat,
grass, oats, corn, rye and potatoes constitute the principal crops. Bog-iron ore
is found in large quantities. A curious relic has been found in this county, bear-
ing the date of 1533. Elyria is the county seat, and was laid out in 1817.
The first settler was Mr. Heman Ely. Oberlin is situated about eight miles
southwest of Elyria. The Oberlin Collegiate Institute has attained a wide
celebrity.

Logan County was formed March 1, 1817. The surface is broken and hilly
near the Mad River, but is generally level. The soil is fertile, producing

134 HISTORY OF TflE STATE OF OHIO

wheat, corn, rye, oats, clover, flax and timothy seed. The Shawnee Indians
were located here, and built several villages on the Mad River. These towns
were destroyed in 1786, by a body of Kentuckians, under Gen. Benjamin
Logan. The whites surprised the towns. However, they returned after the
work of destruction had been completed, and for many years frequented the
section. On the site of Zanes field was a Wyandot village. By the treaty of
September 29, 1817, the Senecas and ShaAvnees held a reservation around
Lewistown. April 6, 1832, they vacated this right and removed west. Isaac
Zane was born about the year 1753, and was, while a boy, captured and after-
ward adopted by the Wyandots. Attaining the age of manhood, he had no
desire to return to his people. He married a Wyandot woman, who was half
French. After the treaty of Greenville, he bought 1,800 acres on the site qf
Zanesville, where he lived until the year 1816, when he died, lamented by all
his friends.

Logan County was settled about the year 1806. During the war of 1812, ^
it was a rendezvous for friendly Indians, Bellefontaine, the county seat, was
laid out March 18, 1820, on land owned by John Tulles and William Powell.
Joseph Gordon built a cabin, and Anthony Ballard erected the first frame
dwelling.

Gen. Simon Kenton is buried at the head of Mad River, five miles from
Bellefontaine. He died April 29, 1836, aged eighty-one years and twenty-six
days. This remarkable man came West, to Kentucky, in 1771. He probably
encountered more thrilling escapes than any other man of his time. In 1778,
he was captured and suffered extreme cruelties, and was ransomed by the British.
He soon recovered his robust heakh, and escaped from Detroit the following
spring. He settled in Urbana in 1802. He was elected Brigadier General of
the militia, and in the war of 1812, joined Gen. Harrison's army. In the year
1820, he removed to Mad River. Gen. Vance and Judge Burnet secured him
a pension, of $20 per month

Licking County was formed from Fairfield March 1, 1808. The surface is
generally level, diversified by slight hills in the eastern portion. The soil is
fertile, producing wheat, corn, oats and grass. Coal and iron ore of good
quality add to the wealth of the county. Wool and dairy productions are also
staples. Newark is the county seat, and is situated at the confluence of the
three principal branches of the Licking. It Avas laid out by Gen. William C.
Schenk, George W. Burnet and John M. Cummings, who owned this military
section of 4,000 acres, in 1801. In 1802, Samuel Elliott and Samuel Pan-
built hewed-log houses. The picturesque "Narrows of the Licking" are in
the eastern part of the county, which have elicited general praise from scenic
hunters.

Lawrence County was organized March 1, 1816. There are many high
and abrupt hills in this section, which abound in sand or freestone. It is rich
in minerals, and the most important section of Ohio for iron manufacture.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 135

Coal is abundant, and white clay exists in the western part suitable for pot-
tery purposes. Agricultural productions are not extensive.

The county was settled in 1797 by the Dutch and Irish. The iron region
extends through the west part of this county. Lawrence County produces a
superior quality of iron, highly esteemed for castings, and is equal to Scotch
pig for furnace purposes. Burlington is the county seat.

Lake County was formed from Geauga and Cuyahoga March 6, 1840. The
soil is good and the surface rolling. It produces wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat,
barley, hay and potatoes. Dairy products, cattle and wool are also staples.
Its fruits — apples, peaches, pears, plums and grapes are highly prized. As
«arly as 1799, a settlement was formed at Mentor. Painesville, the county
seat, is situated on Grand River, in a beautiful valley. The Painesville Acad-
emy is a classical institution for the education of both sexes. Near the town
is the Geauga furnace. Painesville Avas laid out by Henry Champion in 1805.
At Fairport, the first warehouse in this section, and probably the first on the
lake, was built by Abraham Skinner in 1803. This town has a fine harbor,
and has a light-house and beacon. Kirtland, southwest from Painesville, was,
in 1834, the headquarters of the Mormons. At that time, they numbered
about three thousand. The old Mormon temple is of rough stone, plastered
over, colored blue, and marked to imitate regular courses of masonry. As is
well known, the Mormons derive their name from the book of Mormon, said to
have been translated from gold plates found in a hill in Palmyra, N. Y.

Madison County was organized in March, 1810. The surface is generally
level. It produces grass, corn, oats and cattle — the latter forming a chief
staple, while wool and pork add to the general wealth.

Jonathan Alder was much interested in the settlement of the county. He,
like some other whites, had lived with the Indians many years, and had formed
a lasting affection for them, and had married a squaw, with whom he became
dissatisfied, which caused him to desire finding his own family. He suc-
ceeded in this through the assistance of John Moore. He left his wife and
joined his people.

This county was first settled in 1795. Benjamin Springer made a clearing
and built a cabin. He settled near Alder, and taught him the English lan-
guage. Mr. Joshua Ewing brought four sheep to this place, and the Indians
exhibited great astonishment over these strange animals. When the hostilities
of 1812 began, the British offered inducements to the Indians to join them, and
they consulted Alder regarding the best policy to adopt. He advised them to
preserve neutrality until a later period, which they did, and eventually became
firm friends of the Americans.

London is the county seat, and was laid out in 1810-11, by Patrick McLene.

Marion County was organized March 1, 1824. The soil is fertile, and pro-
duces extensive farm crops. The Delaware Indians once held a reservation
here, and conceded their claims in 1829, August 3, and removed west of the

136 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

Mississippi. Marion, the county seat, was laid out in 1821, by Eber Baker
and Alexander Holmes. Gen. Harrison marched through this section during
his campaign.

Mahoning County was formed in 1846, from Trumbull and Columbiana,
The surface is rolling and the soil generally fertile. The finer qualities of woo<l
are produced here. Bituminous coal and iron are found in large quantities.
Col. James Hillman came to the Western Reserve in 1786. The settlement
of the county went forward. Canfield is the county seat.

Medina County was formed from the Western Reserve February 12, 1812.
The surface is rolling and the soil is fertile, producing fine agricultural prod-
ucts. The first trail made through the county was made by George Poe,
Joseph H. Larwell and Roswell M. Mason. The first settlement was made
by Joseph Harris in 1811. He was soon joined by the Burr brothers. Me-
dina is the county seat.

Meigs County was formed from Gallia and Athens April 1, 1819. The
general character of the soil is clayey, producing large quantities of wheat, oats,
corn, hay and potatoes. Vast quantities of salt are made and exported. Pom-
eroy, the county seat, is situated under a lofty hill, surrounded by picturesque
scenery. Mr. Nathaniel Clark was the first settler of the county. He arrived in
1816. The first coal mine opened in Pomeroy was in 1819, by David Bradshaw.

Mercer County was formed from the Indian Territory in 1820. The sur-
face is generally flat, and while covered with forests, inclined to be wet ; but^
being cleared, it is very fertile, and adapted to producing farm crops. St,
Clair's Battle was fought on the boundary line between this and Darke County.
The Hon. Lewis Cass and Duncan McArthur made a treaty at St. Mary's with
the Wyandots, Shawnees and Ottawas, in 1818. The odious Simon Girty lived
at one time at St. Mary's. Wayne built St. Mary's Fort, on the west bank of
the river. John Whistler was the last commander of the fort. The largest
artificial lake in the world, so it is asserted, is formed by the reservoir sup-
plying the St. Mary's feeder of the Miami Extension Canal. It is about nine
miles long, and from two to four broad. Celina is the county seat.

Miami County was formed January 16, 1807, from Montgomery. It abounds
in excellent limestone, and possesses remarkable water-power facilities. Its agri-
cultural products rank highly in quality and quantity. John Knoop came into this
section about the year 1797, and its first settlement began about this time. Troy,
the county seat, is situated upon the Great Miami. Piqua is another lovely
town. The Miami River affords delightful scenery at this point.

Monroe County was formed January 29, 1813, from Belmont, Washington,
and Guernsey. A portion of its surface is abrupt and hilly. Large quantities
of tobacco are raised, and much pork is exported. Wheat and corn grow well
in the western portion. Iron ore and coal abound. The valleys pf the streams
are very narrow, bounded by rough hills. In some places are natural rock
grottoes. The first settlement was made in 1799, near the mouth of the Sunfish.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 137

At this time, wolves were numerous, and caused much alarm. Volney entered
this county, but was not prepossessed in its favor. One township is settled by
the Swiss, who are educated and refined. Woodsfield is the county seat.

Montgomery County was formed from Ross and Hamilton May 1, 1803.
The soil is fertile, and its agricultural products are most excellent. Quarries of
grayish-white limestone are found east of the Miami.

Dayton is the county seat, situated on the Great Miami, at the mouth of Mad
River. A company was formed in 1788, but Indian wars prevented settlement.
After Wayne's treaty, in 1795, a new company was formed. It advanced
rapidly between the years 1812 and 1820. The beginning of the Miami Canal
renewed its prosperity, in 1827. The first canal-boat from Cincinnati arrived
at Dayton on the 25th of January, 1829. The first one arrived from Lake
Erie in June, 1845. Col. Robert Patterson came to. Dayton in 1804. At one
time, he owned Lexington, Ky., and about one third of Cincinnati.

Morgan County was organized in 1818, March 1. The surface is hilly and
the soil strong and fertile, producing wheat, corn, oats and tobacco. Pork is a
prolific product, and considerable salt is made. The first settlement was made
in 1790, on the Muskingum. McConnelsville is the county seat. Mr. Ayres
made the first attempt to produce salt, in 1817. This has developed into a
large industry.

Morrow County was organized in 1848. It is drained by the Vernon
River, which rises in it, by the East Branch of the Olontangy or Whetstone
River, and by Walnut Creek. The surface is undulating, the soil fertile.
The staple products are corn, wheat, oats, hay, wool and butter. The sugar
maple abounds in the forests, and sandstone or freestone in the quarries.
Mount Gilead, the county seat, is situated on the East Branch of the Olen-
tangy River.

Muskingum County was formed from Washington and Fairfield. The sur-
face is rolling or hilly. It produces wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, tobacco, wool
and pork. Large quantities of bituminous coal are found. Pipe clay, buhr-
stone or cellular quartz are also in some portions of the State. Salt is made in
large quantities — the fine being obtained from a stratum of whitish sandstone.
The Wyandots, Delawares, Senecas and Shawanoese Indians once inhabited this
section. An Indian town occupied the site of Duncan's Falls. A large Shawan-
oese town was located near Dresden.

Zanesville is the county seat, situated opposite the mouth of the Licking.
It was laid out in 1799, by Mr. Zane and Mr. Mclntire. This is one of the
principal towns in the State, and is surrounded by charming scenery.

Noble County, organized in 1851, is drained by Seneca, Duck and Wills
Creeks. The surface is undulating, and a large part of it is covered with for-
ests. The soil is fertile. Its staples are corn, tobacco, wheat, hay. oats and
wool. Among its mineral resources are limestone, coal and petroleum. Near
Caldwell, the county seat, are found iron ore, coal and salt.

138 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

Ottawa County was formed from Erie, Sandusky and Lucas, March 6, 1840,.
It is mostly within the Black Swamp, and considerable of its land is prairie and
marsh. It was very thinly settled befere 1830. Extensive plaster beds exist
on the peninsula, which extends into Lake Erie. It has also large limestone
quarries, which are extensively worked. The very first trial at arms upon the
soil of Ohio, during the war of 1812, occurred upon this peninsula. Port Clin-
ton, the county seat, was laid out in 1827.

Perry County was formed from Washington, Fairfield and Muskingum,
March 1, 1817. Fine tobacco is raised in large quantities. Wheat, corn, oats,
hay, cattle, pork and wool add to the general wealth. This county was first set-
tled in 1801. First settler was Christian Binckley, who built the first cabin in
the county, about five miles west of Somerset, near the present county line.
New Lexington is now the county seat.

Paulding County was formed from old Indian territory August 1, 1820,
It produces corn, wheat and oats. Paulding is the county seat.

Pickaway County was formed from Fairfield, Ross and Franklin, January
12, 1810. The county has woodland, barren, plain and prairie. The barrens
were covered by shrub oaks, and when cleared are adapted to the raising of corn
and oats. The Pickaway plains are three and a half miles west of Circleville,
and this tract is said to contain the richest land in Ohio. Here, in the olden
times, burned the great council fires of the red man. Here the allied tribes met
Gen. Lewis, who fought the battle of Point Pleasant. Dunmore's campaign
was terminated on these plains. It was at the Chillicothe towns, after Dun-
more's treaty, that Logan delivered his famous speech. Circleville, the county
seat, is situated on the Scioto River and the Ohio Canal. It was laid out in
1810, by Daniel Dresbach. It is situated on the site of ancient fortifications.

Portage County was formed June 7, 1807, from Trumbull. It is a wealthy,
thriving section. Over a thousand tons of cheese are annually produced. It
also produces wheat, corn, oats, barley, buckwheat, rye, butter and wool.
Ravenna is the county seat, and was originally settled by the Hon. Benjamin
Tappen in June, 1799. In 1806, an unpleasant difficulty arose between the
settlers and a camp of Indians in Deerfield, caused by a horse trade between a
white man and an Indian. David Daniels settled on the site of Palmyra in 1799.

Pike County was organized in 1815. The surface is generally hilly, wliich
abound with freestone, which is exported in large quantities for building pur-
poses. Rich bottom lands extend along the Scioto and its tributaries. John
Noland and the three Chenoweth brothers settled on the Pee Pee prairie about
1796. Piketown, the former county seat, was laid out about 1814. Waverly,
the present county seat, is situated on the Scioto River.

Preble County was formed March 1, 1808, from Montgomery and Butler.
The soil is varied. Excellent water-power fiicilities are furnished.

Eaton, the county seat, was laid out in 1806, by AVilliam Bruce, who owned
the land. An overflowing well of strong sulphur water is near the town, while
directly beside it is a limestone quarry, Holderman's quarry is about two

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 139

miles distant, from which is obtained a beautifully clouded gray stone. Fort St.
Clair was built near Eaton, in the winter of 1791-92. Gen. Harrison was an En-
sign at the time, and commanded a guard every other night for three weeks, during
the building. The severe battle of November 6, 1792, was fought under its very
guns. Little Turtle, a distinguished chief of the Miamis, roamed over this county
for a time. He was witty, brave and earnest, and, although engaged in several
severe contests with the whites, he was inclined toward peace. But when his
warriors cried for war he led them bravely.

Putnam County was formed April 1, 1820, from old Indian territory. The
soil is fertile, its principal productions being wheat, corn, potatoes and oats.
Large quantities of pork are exported. Kalida, once the county seat, was laid
out in 1834. Ottawa is the county seat.

Ross County was formed August 20, 1798, by the proclamation of Gov. St.
Clair, and was the sixth county formed in the Northwestern Territory. The
Scioto River and Paint Creek run through it, bordered with fertile lands.
Much water-power is obtained from the many streams watering it. The main
crops are wheat, corn and oats. It exports cattle and hogs.

The Rev. Robert W. Finley, in 1794, addressed a letter of inquiry to Col.
Nathaniel Massie, as many of his associates had designed settling in the new
State. This resulted in packing their several effects and setting out. A triv-
ial Indian encounter was the only interruption they ni.-t with on their way.
After Wayne's treaty, Col. Massie and many of these early explorers met
again and formed a settlement — in 1796 — at the mouth of Paint Creek. In
August of this year, Chillicothe was laid out by Col. Massie, in a dense forest.
He donated lots to the early settlers. A ferry was established over the Scioto,
and the opening of Zane's trace assisted the progress of settlement.

Chillicothe, the county seat, is situated on the Scioto. Its site is thirty
feet above the river. In 1800, it was the seat of the Northwestern Territorial
Government. It was incorporated as a city in January, 1802. During the war
of 1812, the city was a rendezvous for the United States troops. A large num-
ber of British were at one time guarded here. Adena is a beautiful place, and
the seat of Gov. Worthington's mansion, which was built in 1806. Near this
is Fruit Hill, the residence of the late Gen. McArthur, and latterly the home
of his son-in-law, the Hon. William Allen. Eleven' miles from Chillicothe, on
the road to Portsmouth, is the home of the hermit of the Scioto.

Richland was organized March 1, 1813. It produces wheat, corn, oats, hay,
potatoes, rye, hemp and barley. It was settled about 1809, on branches of the
Mohican. Two block-houses were built in 1812. Mansfield, the county seat,
is charmingly situated, and was laid out in 1808, by Jacob Newman, James
Hedges and Joseph H. Larwell. The county was at that period a vast wilder-
ness, destitute of roads. From this year, the settlement progressed rapidly.

Sandusky County was formed April 1, 1820, from the old Indian Territory.
The soil is fertile, and country generally level. It mainly produces corn, wheat.

140 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

oats, potatoes and pork. The Indians were especially delighted with this tract.
Near Lower Sandusky lived a band of Wyandots, called the Neutral Nation.
These two cities never failed to render refuge to any who sought their protec-
tion. They preserved their peacemaking attributes through the Iroquois
conflicts. Fremont, formerly called Lower Sandusky, the county seat, is
situated at the head of navigation, on the Sandusky, on the site of the old
reservation grant to the Indians, at the Greenville treaty council. Fort
Stephenson was erected in August, 1813, and was gallantly defended by Col.
Croghan.

Summit County was formed March 3, 1840, from Medina, Portage and
Stark. The soil is fertile and produces excellent fruit, besides large crops of
corn, wheat, hay, oats and potatoes. Cheese and butter may be added as
products.

The first settlement made in the county was at Hudson, in 1800. The old
Indian portage-path, extending through this county, between the Cuyahoga, and
Tuscarawas Branch of the Muskingum. This was a part of the ancient boundary
between the Six Nations and the Western Indians. Akron, the county seat, is
situated on the portage summit. It was laid out in 1825. In 1811, Paul
Williams and Amos and Minor Spicer settled in this vicinity. Middlebury was
laid out in 1818, by Norton & Hart.

Stark County was formed February 13, 1808. It is a rich agricultural
county. It has large quantities of mineral coal, iron ore, flocks of the finest
sheep and great water-power. Limestone and extensive beds of lime-marl exist.
The manufacture of silk has been extensively carried on. Frederick Post, the
first Moravian missionary in Ohio, settled here in 17G1.

Canton is the county seat, situated in the forks of the Nimishillen, a tribu-
tary of the Muskingum. It was laid out in 1806, by Bezaleel Wells, who
owned the land. Massillon was laid out in March, 1826, by John Duncan.

Shelby County was formed in 1819, from Miami. The southern portion is
undulating, arising in some places to hills. Through the north, it is a flat table-
land. It produces wheat, corn, oats and grass. The first point of English set-
tlement in Ohio was at the mouth of Laramie's Creek, in this county, as early
as 1752. Fort Laramie was built in 1794, by Wayne. The first white family
that settled in this county was that of James Thatcher, in 1804. Sidney, the
county seat, was laid out in 1819, on the farm of Charles Starrett.

Seneca County was formed April 1, 1820, from the old Indian territory.
Its principal products are corn, wheat, grass, oats, potatoes and pork.

Fort Seneca was built during the war of 1812. The Senecas owned
40,000 acres of land on the Sandusky River, mostly in Seneca County.
Thirty thousand acres of this land was granted to them in 1817, at the treaty
held at the foot of the Maumee Rapids. The remaining 10,000 was granted
the following year. These Indians ceded this tract, however, to the Govern-
ment in 1831. It was asserted bv an old chief, that this band was the remnant

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 141

of Logan's tribe. Tiffin, the county seat, was laid out by Josiah Hedges in
the year 1821.

Scioto County was formed May 1, 1803. It is a good agricultural section,
besides producing iron ore, coal and freestone. It is said that a French fort
stood at the mouth of the old Scioto, as early as 1740. In 1785, four families
settled where Portsmouth now stands. Thomas McDonald built the first cabin in
the county. The "French grant" was located in this section — a tract com-
prising 24,000 acres. The grant was made in March, 1795. Portsmouth, the
county seat, is located upon the Ohio.

Trumbull County was formed in 1800. The original Connecticut Western
Reserve was within its limits. The county is well cultivated and very wealthy.
Coal is found in its northern portion. We have, in our previous outline, given
a history of this section, and it is not, therefore, necessary to repeat its details.
Warren, the county seat, is situated on the Mahoning River. It was laid out
by Ephraim Quinby in 1801. Mr. Quinby owned the soil. His cabin was built
here in 1799. In August, 1800, while Mr. McMahon was away from home,
a party of drunken Indians called at the house, abused the family, struck a
child a severe blow with a tomahawk and threatened to kill the family. Mrs.
McMahon could not send tidings which could reach her husband before noon
the following day. The following Sunday morning, fourteen men and two
boys armed themselves and went to the Indian camp to settle the difficulty.
Quinby advanced alone, leaving the remainder in concealment, as he was better
acquainted with these people, to make inquiries and ascertain their intentions.
He did not return at once, and the party set out, marched into camp, and found
Quinby arguing with Capt. George, the chief Capt. George snatched his
tomahawk and declared war, rushing forward to kill McMahon. But a bullet
from the frontierman"s gun killed him instantly, while Storey shot " Spotted
John" at the same time. The Indians then fled. They joined the council at
Sandusky. Quinby garrisoned his house. Fourteen days thereafter, the
Indians returned with overtures of peace, which were, that McMahon and
Storey be taken to Sandusky, tried by Indian laws, and if found guilty, pun-
ished by them. This could not be done. McMahon was tried by Gen. St.
Clair, and the matter was settled. The first missionary on the Reserve was the
Rev. Joseph Badger.

Tuscarawas County was formed February 15, 1808, from Muskingum. It
is well cultivated with abundant supplies of coal and iron.

The first white settlers were Moravian missionaries, their first visits dating
back to 1761. The first permanent settlement was made in 1798. Miss Mary
Heckewelder, the daughter of a missionary, was born in this county April 16,
1781. Fort Laurens was built during the Revolution. It was the scene of a
fearful carnage. It was established in the fall of 1778, and placed under the •
command of Gen. Mcintosh. New Philadelphia is the county seat, situated on
the Tuscarawas. It was laid out in 1804 by John Knisely. A German

-[42 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

colony settled in this county in 1817, driven from their native land by religious
dictation they could not espouse. They called themselves Separatists. They
are a simple-minded people, strictly moral and honest.

Union County was formed from Franklin, Delaware, Logan and Madison in
1820. It produces corn, grass, wheat, oats, potatoes, butter and cheese.
Extensive limestone quarries are also valuable. The Ewing brothers made the
first white settlement in 1798. Col. James Curry, a member of the State Leg-
islature, was the chief instigator in the progress of this section. He located
within its limits and remained until his death, which occurred in 1834. Marys-
ville is the county seat.

Van Wert County was formed from the old Indian territory April 1, 1820.
A great deal of timber is within the limits of this county, but the soil is so
tenacious that water will not sink through it, and crops are poor during wet
seasons. The main product is corn. Van Wert, the county seat, was founded
by James W. Riley in 1837. An Indian town had formerly occupied its site.
Capt. Riley was the first white man who settled in the county, arriving in 1821.
He founded Willshire in 1822.

Vinton County was organized in ] 850. It is drained by Raccoon and Salt
Creeks. The surface is undulating or hilly, and is extensively covered with
forests in which the oak, buckeye and sugar maple are found. Corn, hay, but-
ter and wool are staple products. Bituminous coal and iron ore are found.
McArthur is the county seat.

Washington County was formed by proclamation of Gov. St. Clair July 27,
1788, and was the first county founded within the limits of Ohio. The surface
is broken with extensive tracts of level, fertile land. It was the first county
settled in the State under the auspices of the Ohio Company. A detachment
of United States troops, under command of Maj. John Doughty, built Fort
Harmar in 1785, and it was the first military post established in Ohio by
Americans, with the exception of Fort Laurens, which was erected in 1778.
It was occupied by United States troops until 1790, when they were ordered
to Connecticut. A company under Capt. Haskell remained. In 1785, the
Directors of the Ohio Company began practical operations, and settlement
went forward rapidly. Campus Martins, a stockade fort, was completed in
1791. This formed a sturdy stronghold during the war. During the Indian
war there was much sufi"ering in the county. Many settlers were killed and
captured.

Marietta is the county seat, and the oldest town in Ohio. Marietta College
was chartered in 1835. Herman Blannerhassett, whose unfortunate association
with Aaron Burr proved fatal to himself, was a resident of :Marietta in 1796.
About the year 1798, he began to beautify and improve his island.

Warren County was formed May 1, 1803, from Hamilton. The soil is
very fertile, and considerable water-power is furnished by its streams. Mr.
Bedell made the first settlement in 1795. Lebanon is the county seat. Henry

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 14'd

Taylor settled in this vicinity in 1796. Union Village is a settlement of
Shakers. They came here about 1805.

Wayne County was proclaimed by Gov. St. Clair August 15, 1796, and
was the third county in the Northwest Territory. The settlement of this sec-
tion has already been briefly delineated. Wooster is the county seat. It was
laid out during the fall of 1808, by John Beaver, William Henry and Joseph
H. Larwell, owners of the land. Its site is 337 feet above Lake Erie. The
first mill was built by Joseph Stibbs, in 1809, on Apple Creek. In 1812, a
block-house was erected in Wooster.

Wood County was formed from the old Indian territory in 1820. The soil
is rich, and large crops are produced. The county is situated within the Mau-
mee Valley. It was the arena of brilliant military exploits during early times.
Bowling Green is the county seat.

Williams County was formed April 1, 1820, from the old Indian territory.
Bryan is the county seat. It was laid out in 1840.

Wyandot County was formed February 3, 1845, from Marion, Hardin, Han-
cock and Crawford. The surface is level, and the soil exceedingly fertile.
The Wyandot Indians occupied this section, especially the reservation, from
time immemorial until 1843. The treaty of 1817, by Hon. Lewis Cass and
Hon. Duncan McArthur, United States Commissioners, granted to the Indians
a reservation twelve miles square, the central point being Fort Ferree, now
within the corporate limits of Upper Sandusky. The Delaware Reserve was
ceded to the United States in 1829. The Wyandots ceded theirs March 17,
1842. Col. John Johnston, the United States Commissioner, conducted the
negotiations, and thus made the Indian treaty in Ohio. It was the scene of
Col. Crawford's defeat and tragic death, June 11, 1782. The Wyandots were
exceedingly brave, and several of their chiefs were distinguished orators and
men of exalted moral principles.

Upper Sandusky is the county seat, and was laid out in 1843. Gen. Har-
rison had built Fort Ferree on this spot during the war of 1812. Gov. Meigs^
in 1813, encamped on this river with several thousand of the Ohio militia.

The Indian village of Crane Town was originally called Upper Sandusky,
The Indians, after the death of Tarhe, or " the Crane," transferred their town
to Upper Sandusky.

GOVERNOES OF OHIO.

The Territorial Governors we have already mentioned in the course of our
brief review of the prominent events of the State of Ohio. After the Terri-
tory was admitted as a State, in 1802, Edward Tiflfin was elected to that posi-
tion, and again received the same honor in 1804 and 1806. In 1807, circum-
stances led him to resign, and Thomas Kirker, Speaker of the Senate, acted as
Governor until the close of the term.

Edward Tiffin was born in Carlisle, England, coming to this country in
1784, at the age of eighteen. He entered the University of Pennsylvania, and
applied himself to the study of medicine, graduating and beginning his practice
at the age of twenty, in the State of Virginia. In 1789, he married Mary,

144 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

daughter of Col. Worthington, and sister of Thomas Worthington, who subse-
quently became Governor of Ohio. In his profession, Gov. Tiffin was highly
esteemed, and his public labors were carried forward with a zealous earnestness
which marked his career as one of usefulness. He settled in Chillicothe, Ohio,
in 1796, where he died, in 1829.

Samuel Huntington, the recipient of the honor of third Governor, was
inaugurated in 1808. He was an American by birth, Norwich, Conn.^
being his native place. He was a diligent student in Yale College, graduating
in 1785. He removed to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1801. He attained a reputation
for integrity, ability and rare discretion. As a scholar, he was eminently supe-
rior. He resided in Cleveland at the time of his death, in 1817.

Return Jonathan Meigs followed Gov. Huntington. He was born in Mid-
dletown, Conn., in 1765. He was also a student in Yale College, graduating
in 1785, with the highest honors. He immediately entered the study of law,
and was admitted to practice in his twenty-third year. He married Miss Sophia
Wright, and settled in Marietta, Ohio, in 1788. He took his seat as Gover-
nor in 1810, and was re-elected in 1812. In 1813, President Madison appointed
him to the position of Postmaster General, which occasioned his resignation as
Governor. Othniel Looker, Speaker of the Senate, acted as Governor during
the remainder of the term. Mr. Meigs died in 1825, leaving as a memento of
his usefulness, a revered memory.

Thomas Worthington, the sixth Governor, was born in Jefferson County,
Va., in 1769. He gained an education in William and Mary's College.
In 1788, he located at Chillicothe, and was the first Senator from the new
State. He was also the first man to erect the first saw-mill in Ohio. He
served two terms as Senator, from 1803 to 1815, resigning in 1814, to take his
position as Governor. In 1816, he was re-elected. He was exceedingly active
in paving the way for the future prosperity of Ohio. His measures were famous
for practical worth and honesty. Chief Justice Chase designated him as " a
gentleman of distinguished ability and great influence." He died in 1827.

Ethan Allen Brown followed Mr. Worthington. His birthplace was on the
shore of Long Island Sound, in Fairfield County, Conn., July 4, 1766. His
education was derived under the most judicious instruction of a private tutor.
In classics, he became proficient. Directly he had reached the required stand-
ard in general education, he began the study of law, at home. After becoming
conversant with preliminary requirements, he entered the law office of Alex-
ander Hamilton, who at that time was a national pride, as a scholar, lawyer and
statesman. Opportunities coming in his way, which promised a fortune, he
abandoned the law, and achieved success and a fortune. He then decided to
return to his study, and was admitted to practice in 1802. Thereafter, he was
seized with an exploring enthusiasm, and with his cousin as a companion, set
out upon a horseback tour, following the Indian trails from east to west, through
Pennsylvania, until they reached Brownsville, on the Monongahela River. Here

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 145

they purchased two flatboats, and fully stocking them with provisions and
obtaining efficient crews, started for New Orleans. Reaching that city, they
found they could not dispose of their cargoes to any advantage, and shipped the
flour to Liverpool, England, taking passage in the same vessel. They succeeded
in obtaining good prices for their stock, and set sail for America, arriving in Bal-
timore nine months after first leaving " home," on this adventure. Mr. Brown's
father decided to secure a large and valuable tract of Western land, as a per-
manent home, and authorized his son to select and purchase the same for him.
He found what he desired, near Rising Sun, Ind. After this, he settled in
Cincinnati, and engaged in the practice of law, speedily achieving prominency
and distinction. Financially, he was most fortunate. In 1810, he was elected
Judge of the Supreme Court, which position he filled with honor, until he was
chosen Governor, in 1818. He was re-elected in 1820. In 1821, he received
the honor of Senator, and served one term. Allen Trimble, Speaker of the
Senate, acted as Governor the remainder of the term. In 1830 he was
appointed Minister to Brazil. He remained there four years, and returning,
was appointed Commissioner of Public Lands, by President Jackson, holding
this position two years. At this time, he decided to retire from public life.
Since he never married, he was much with his relatives, at Rising Sun, Ind.,
during the latter part of his life. His death was sudden and unexpected, occur-
ring in February, 1852, while attending a Democratic Convention, at Indianap-
olis, Ind. He was interred near his father, at Rising Sun.

Jeremiah Morrow, the ninth Governor of Ohio, was born at Gettysburg,
Penn., in October, 1771. His people were of the " Scotch-Irish " class, and his
early life was one of manual labor upon his father's farm. During the winter,
he had the privilege of a private school. With a view of establishing himself
and securing a competency, he bade the old home farewell, in 1795, and set out
for the " Far West." A flatboat carried him to a little cluster of cabins, known
by the name of Columbia, six miles from Fort Washington — Cincinnati. He
devoted himself to whatever came in his way, that seemed best and most worthy
— teaching school, surveying and working on farms between times. Having
accumulated a small capital, he ascended the Little Miami, as far as Warren
County, and there purchased an extensive farm, and erected an excellent log
house. In the spring of 1799, he married Miss Mary Packtrell, of Columbia.
The young couple set out upon pioneer farming. Gaining popularity as well as
a desirable property, he was deputized to the Territorial Legislature, which met
at Chillicothe, at which time measures were inaugurated to call a Constitutional
Convention, during the following year, to organize the State of Ohio. Mr.
Morrow was one of the Delegates to this convention, and steadfastly worked in the
interests of those who sent him, until its close in 1802. The following year,
he was elected to the Senate of Ohio, and in June of the same year, he was
appointed the first Representative to the United States Congress from the new
State.

146 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

Ohio was then entitled to but one Representative in Congress, and could not
add to that number for ten years thereafter. During these years, Mr. Morrow
represented the State. In 1813, he was sent to the United States Senate, and
in 1822, was elected Governor of Ohio, almost unanimously, being re-elected in
1824. It was during his administration that work was begun on the Ohio
Canal. Mr. Morrow received the national guest. La Fayette, with an earnest
and touching emotion, which afiected the emotions of the generous Frenchman
more profoundly than any of the elaborate receptions which paved his way
through America. On the 4th of July, 1839, Gov. Morrow was appointed to
lay the corner stone of the new State capitol, at Columbus, and to deliver the
address on this occasion. Again, in 1840, he was in the House of Representa-
tives, filling the vacancy caused by the resignation of Hon, Thomas Corwin.
He was elected for the following term also. He died at his own homestead, in
Warren County, March 22, 1853.

Allen Trimble was a native of Augusta County, Va. The date of his birth
was November 24, 1783. His ancestors were of Scotch-Irish origin, and were
among the early settlers of Virginia. His father moved to Ohio in 1804, pur-
chasing a tract of land in Highland County. His cabin was remarkably spa-
cious, and elicited the admiration of his neighbors. He cleared six acres of
land for an orchard, and brought the trees on horseback, from Kentucky. Be-
fore this new home was completed, Allen, then a young man of twenty, took
possession. This was in the year 1805. Four years thereafter, he occupied
the position of Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas and Recorder of High-
land County. He was serving in the latter capacity at the breaking out of the
war of 1812. Naturally enthusiastic and patriotic, he engaged a competent
person to perform his civil duties, while he went into active service as Colonel
of a regiment he had summoned and enlisted. He was always eager to be in
the front, and led his men with such valor that they were termed soldiers who
did not know the art of flinching. His commanding General lavished praises
upon him. In 1816, he was in the State Senate, representing Highland
County. He occupied the same position for four terms, two years each. In
1818, he was Speaker of the Senate, over Gen. Robert Lucas. He remained
in this office until elected to the United States Senate, to fill the vacancy caused
by the death of his brother, Col. William A. Trimble. When Governor Brown
resigned to accept the office of United States Senator in 1822, he succeeded to
the office, acting as Governor the remainder of the term. In October, 1826,
he was elected Governor of Ohio, by an astonishing majority. The united vote
of his three competitors was but one-sixth of the vote polled. Gov. Trimble
was an earnest Henry Clay Whig. In 1828 he was re-elected. Gov. Trimble
was married in 1806 to Miss Margaret McDowell. Three years thereafter
she died, leaving two children. He was united in marriage to Miss Rachel
Woodrow, and they lived together sixty years, when he died, at home, in Hills-
boro, Highland County, Feb. 3, 1870. His wife survived him but a few months.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 147

Duncan McArthur, the tenth Governor of Ohio, was born in Dutchess
County, N. Y., in 1772. While yet a child, his parents removed to the west-
ern part of Pennsylvania, where they entered upon the hard life of pioneers.
While there, young Duncan had the meager advantages of a backwoods school.
His life was a general routine until his eighteenth year, when he enlisted under
Gen. Harmer for the Indian campaign. His conduct and bravery won worthy
laurels, and upon the death of the commander of his company, he was elected
to that position, although the youngest man in the company. When his days
of service had expired, he found employment at salt-making in Maysville, Ky.,
until he was engaged as chain-bearer in Gen. Massie's survey of the Scioto
Valley. At this time, Indian atrocities alarmed the settlers occasionally, and
his reputation for bravery caused him to be appointed one of the three patrols
of the Kentucky side of the Ohio, to give the alarm to scattered cabins in case
of danger. This was during the summer of 1793. Gen. Massie again secured
his services, this time as assistant surveyor. He was thus engaged for several
years, during which time he assisted in platting Chillicothe. He purchased a
large tract of land just north of town, and under his vigorous and practical
management, it became one of the finest estates of Ohio, which reputation it
sustains at the present time. He amassed wealth rapidly, his investments
always being judicious. In 1805, he was elected to the State Legislature.
He was a Colonel of an Ohio regiment, and accompanied Gen. Hull to Detroit
in 1813. At Hull's surrender he was a prisoner, but released on parole,
returned to Ohio in a state of indignation over his commander's stupidity.
Soon thereafter he was sent to Congress on the Democratic ticket. Soon there-
after he was released from parole by exchange, and, greatly rejoiced, he
resigned his seat, entered the army as a Brigadier General under Gen. Harri-
son, and the following year succeeded him as commander of the Northwestern
forces. At the termination of the war, he was immediately returned to the
State Legislature. He occupied State ofBces until 1822, when he was again
sent to Congress. Serving one term, he declined re-election. In 1830, he
was elected Governor of Ohio. When his term expired, he decided to enjoy
life as a citizen on his farm, " Fruit Hill," and lived there in contentment until
1840, when he died.

Robert Lucas was another Virginian, having been born in 1781, in Jeffer-
son County of that State. While a boy, his father liberated his slaves, moving
to Chillicothe as one of the early settlers. He procured a proficient tutor for
his children. Robert became an expert in mathematics and surveying. Before
he reached his majority, he was employed as surveyor, earning liberal compen-
sation. At the age of tAventy-three, he was appointed Surveyor of Scioto
County. At twenty-five, he was Justice of the Peace for Union Township,
Scioto County. He married Miss Elizabeth Brown in 1810, who died two
years thereafter, leaving a young daughter. In 1816, he married Miss Sum-
ner, The same year he was elected a member of the Ohio Legislature. Tor

148 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

nineteen consecutive years he served in the House or Senate. In 1820 and
1828, he was chosen one of the Presidential electors of Ohio. In 1832,
he" was Chairman of the National Convention at Baltimore, which nom-
inated Gen. Jackson as President of the United States. In 1832, he
became Governor of Ohio, and was re-elected in 1834. He declined a third
nomination, and was appointed by President Van Buren Territorial Governor
of Iowa and Superintendent of Indian Affairs. On the 16th of August,
1838, he reached Burlington, the seat of government. He remained in Iowa
until his death, in 1853.

Joseph Vance, the twelfth Governor of Ohio, was born in AVashingt^n
County, Penn., March 21, 1781. He was of Scotch-Irish descent, and his
father emigrated to the new Territory when Joseph was two years of age. He
located on the southern bank of the Ohio, building a solid block house. This
formed a stronghold for his neighbors in case of danger. In 1801, this pioneer
decided to remove north of the Ohio River, and eventually settled in Urbana.
Joseph had the primitive advantages of the common schools, and became pro-
ficient in handling those useful implements — the plow, ax and rifle. The first
money he earned he invested in a yoke of oxen. He obtained several barrels
of salt, and set out on a speculative tour through the settlements. He traveled
through a wilderness, over swamps, and surmounted serious diflSculties. At
night he built a huge fire to terrify the wolves and panthers, and laid down to
sleep beside his oxen, frequently being obliged to stand guard to protect
them from these ferocious creatures. Occasionally he found a stream so swol-
len that necessarily he waited hours and even days in the tangled forest, before
he could cross. He often suffered from hunger, yet he sturdily persevered and
sold his salt, though a lad of only fifteen years. When he attained his major-
ity, he married Miss Mary Lemen, of Urbana. At twenty-three, he was
elected Captain of a rifle company, and frequently led his men to the front to
fight the Indians prior to the war of 1812. During that year, he and his
brother piloted Hull's army through the dense forests to Fort Meigs. In 1817,
with Samuel McCullough and Henry Van Meter, he made a contract to supply
the Northwestern army with provisions. They drove their cattle and hogs
many miles, dead weight being transported on sleds and in wagons. He
engaged in mercantile business at Urbana and Fort Meigs— now Perrysburg.

While thus employed, he was elected to the Legislature, and there remained
four years. He then purchased a large tract of land on Blanchard's Fork,
and laid out the town of Findlay. He was sent to Congress in 1821, and was
a member of that body for fifteen years. In 1836, he was chosen Governor of
Ohio. Again he was sent to Congress in 1842. While attending the Consti-
tutional Convention in 1850, he was stricken with paralysis, and suffered
extremely until 1852, when he died at his home in Urbana.

Wilson Shannon was a native of Belmont County, Ohio. He was born
during 1803. At the age of fifteen, he was sent to the university at Athens,.

^^f^'^'m

36/^

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 151

where he remained a year, and then changed to the Transylvania University,
at Lexington, Ky. He continued his studies two years, then returning home
and entering upon reading law. He completed his course at St. Clairsville,
Belmont County, and was admitted to practice. He was engaged in the courts
of the county for eight years. In 1832, the Democrats nominated him to Con-
gress, but he was not elected. He received the position of Prosecuting Attor-
ney in 1834, in which position his abilities were so marked that in 1838 he was
elected Governor by a majority of 3,6U0. He was re-nominated in 1840, but
Tom Corwin won the ticket. Two years thereafter he was again nominated and
elected. In 1843 he was appointed Minister to Mexico, Thomas W. Bartley,
Speaker of the Senate, acting as Governor the remainder of the term. When
Texas was admitted as a State, Mexico renounced all diplomatic relations with the
United States. Mr. Shannon returned hom and resumed the practice of law. He
was sent to Congress in 1852. President Pierce conferred upon him the posi-
tion of Territorial Governor of Kansas, which duty he did not perform satis-
factorily, and was superseded after fourteen months of service. He settled in
Lecompton, Kan., and there practiced law until his death, which occurred in
1877.

Thomas Corwin, the fourteenth Governor of Ohio, was born in Bourbon
County, Ky., July 29, 1794. His father settled at Lebanon in 1798. The
country was crude, and advantages meager. When Thomas was seventeen
years of age, the war of 1812 was inaugurated, and this young man wa.s
engaged to drive a wagon through the wilderness, loaded with provisions, to
Gen. Harrison's headquarters. In 1816, he began the study of law, and
achieved knowledge so rapidly that in 1817 he passed examination and was
admitted to practice. He was elected Prosecuting Attorney of his county, in
1818, which position he held until 1830. He was elected to the Legislature of
Ohio in 1822. Again, in 1829, he was a member of the same body. He was
sent to Congress in 1830, and continued to be re-elected for the space of ten
years. He became Governor of Ohio in 1840. In 1845, he was elected to
the United States Senate, where he remained until called to the cabinet of Mr.
Fillmore, as Secretary of the Treasury. He was again sent to Congress in
1858, and re-elected in 1860. He was appointed Minister to Mexico, by Pres-
ident Lincoln. After his return, he practiced law in Washington, D. C,
where he died in 1866.

Mordecai Bartley was born in 1783, in Fayette County, Penn. There he
remained, on his father's farm, until he was twenty-one years of age. He mar-
ried Miss Wells in 1804, and removed to Jefferson County, Ohio, where he
purchased a farm, near Cross Creek. At the opening of the war of 1812, he
enlisted in a company, and was elected its Captain. He entered the field under
Harrison. At the close of the war, he removed to Richland County, and opened
a clearing and set up a cabin, a short distance from Mansfield. He remained
on his farm twenty years, then removing to Mansfield, entered the mercantile

152 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

business. In 1817, he was elected to the State Senate. He Avas sent to Con-
gress in 1823, and served four terms. In 1844, he became Governor of Ohio,
on the Whig ticket. He declined a re-nomination, preferring to retire to his
home in Mansfield, where he died in 1870.

William Bebb, the seventeenth Governor, was from Hamilton County, Ohio.
He was born in 1804. His early instructions were limited, but thorough. He
opened a school himself, when he was twenty years of age, at North Bend,
residing in the house of Gen. Harrison. He remained thus employed a year,
during which time he married Shuck. He very soon began the study of law,
continuing his school. He was successful in his undertakings, and many pupils
were sent him from the best families in Cincinnati. In 1831, he was admitted
to practice, and opened an office in Hamilton, Butler County, remaining thus
engaged for fourteen years. In 1845, he was elected Governor of Ohio. In
1847, he purchased 5,000 acres of land in the Rock River country. 111., and
removed there three years later. On the inauguration of President Lincoln, he
wag appointed Pension Examiner, at W^ashington, and remained in that position
until 1866, when he returned to his Illinois farm. He died at Rockford, 111.,
in 1873.

Seabury Ford, the eighteenth Governor of Ohio, was born in the year 1802,
at Cheshire, Conn. His parents settled in Burton Township. He attended
the common schools, prepared for college at an academy in Burton, and entered
Yale College, in 1821, graduating in 1825. He then began the study of law,
in the law oflBce of Samuel W. Phelps, of Painesville, completing his course
with Judge Hitchcock. He began practice in 1827, in Burton. He married
Miss Harriet E. Cook, of Burton, in 1828. He was elected by the Whigs to
the Legislature, in 1835, and served six sessions, during one of which he was
Speaker of the House. He entered the State Senate in 1841, and there
remained until 1844, when he was again elected Representative. In 1846, he
was appointed to the Senate, and in 1848, he became Governor of Ohio. On
the first Sunday after his retirement, he was stricken with paralysis, from which
he never recovered. He died at his home in Burton in 1855.

Reuben Wood, the nineteenth Governor, was a Vermonter. Born in 1792,
in Middleton, Rutland County, he was a sturdy son of the Green Mountain
State. He was a thorough scholar, and obtained a classical education in Upper
Canada. In 1812, he was drafted by the Canadian authorities to serve against
the Americans, but being determined not to oppose his own land, he escaped
one stormy night, accompanied by Bill Johnson, who was afterward an Ameri-
can spy. In a birchbark canoe they attempted to cross Lake Ontario. A
heavy storm of wind and rain set in. The night was intensely dark, and they
were in great danger. They fortunately found refuge on a small island, where
they were storm-bound three days, sufiering from hunger and exposure. They
reached Sacket's Harbor at last, in a deplorable condition. Here they were
arrested as spies by the patrol boats of the American fleet. They were prisoners

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 153

four days, when an uncle of Mr. Wood's, residing not far distant, came to
their rescue, vouched for their loyalty, and they were released. Mr. Wood
then went to Woodville, N. Y., where he raised a company, of which he was
elected Captain. They marched to the northern frontier. The battles of
Plattsburg and Lake Champlain were fought, the enemy defeated, and the com-
pany returned to Woodville and was disbanded.

Young Wood then entered the law office of Gen. Jonas Clark, at Middle-
bury, Vt. He Avas married in 1816, and two years later, settled in Cleveland,
Ohio. When he first established himself in the village, he possessed his wife,
infant daughter and a silver quarter of a dollar. He Avas elected to the State
Senate in 1825, and filled the office three consecutive terms. He was appointed
Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He was promoted to the Bench of the
Supreme Court, serving there fourteen years, the latter portion of the term as
Chief Justice. He was termed the "Cayuga Chief," from his tall form and
courtly bearing. He was elected Governor in 1850, by a majority of 11,000.
The ncAV constitution, which went into effect in March, 1851, vacated the office
of Governor, and he was re-elected by a majority of 26,000. The Democrats
holding a national convention in Baltimore in 1852, party division caused fifty
unavailing votes. The Virginia delegation offered the entire vote to Gov.
Wood, if Ohio would bring him forward. The opposition of one man pre-
vented this. The offer was accepted by New Hampshire, and Frank Pierce
became President. Mr. Wood was appointed Consul to Valparaiso, South
America, and resigned his office of Governor. He resigned his consulship and
returned to his fine farm near Cleveland, called "Evergreen Place." He
expected to address a Union meeting on the 5th of October, 1864, but on the
1st he died, mourned by all Avho knew him.

William Medill, the twentieth Governor, was born in New Castle County,
Del., in 1801. He Avas a graduate of DelaAvare College in 1825. He began
the study of law under Judge Black, of New Castle, and was admitted to the
bar in 1832. He remoA^ed to Lancaster, Ohio, in 1830. He Avas elected Rep-
resentative from Fairfield County in 1835. He was elected to Congress in
1838, and Avas re-elected in 1840. He was appointed Assistant Postmaster
General by President Polk. During the same year, he was appointed Com-
missioner of Indian Affairs. In 1851, he was elected Lieutenant Governor, and,
in 1853, he became Governor. He occupied the position of First Comptroller
of the United States Treasury in 1857, under President Buchanan, retaining the
office until 1861, Avhen he retired from public life. His death occurred in
1865.

Salmon P. Chase was a native of Cornish, N. H. He was born in 1803.
He entered Dartmouth College in 1822, graduating in 1826. He was there-
after successful in establishing a classical school in Washington, but finan-
cially it did not succeed. He continued to teach the sons of Henry Clay,
William Wirt and S. L. Southard, at the same time reading law when not busy

154 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

as tutor. He was admitted to practice in 1829, and opened a law office in Cin-
cinnati. He succeeded but moderately, and during his leisure hours prepared
a new edition of the "Statutes of Ohio." He added annotations and a weli-
written sketch of the early history of the State. This was a thorough success,
and gave the earnest worker popularity and a stepping-stone for the future.
He was solicitor for the banks of the United States in 1834, and soon there-
after, for the city banks. He achieved considerable distinction in 1837, in the
case of a colored woman brought into the State by her master, and escaping
his possession. He was thus brought out as an Abolitionist, which was further
sustained by his defense of James G. Birney, who had suffered indictment for
harboring a fugitive slave. In 1846, associated with William H. ScAvard, he
defended Van Zandt before the Supreme Court of the United States. His
thrilling denunciations and startling conjectures alarmed the slaveholding
States, and subsequently led to the enactment of the fugitive-slave law of 1850.
Mr. Chase was a member of the United States Senate in 1849, through the
coalition of the Democrats and Free-Soilers. In 1855, he was elected Gover-
nor of Ohio by the opponents of Pierce's administration. He was re-elected
in 1859. President Lincoln, in 1861, tendered him the position of Secretary
of the Treasury. To his ability and official management we are indebted for
the present national bank system. In 1864, he was appointed Chief Justice of
the United States. He died in the city of New York in 1873, after a usefvil
career.

William Dennison was born in Cincinnati in 1815. He gained an educsa-
tion at Miami University, graduating in 1835. He began the study of law in
the office of the father of George H. Pendleton, and was qualified and admitted
to the bar in 1840. The same year, he married a daughter of William Neil,
of Columbus. The Whigs of the Franklin and Delaware District sent him to
the State Senate, in 1848. He was President of the Exchange Bank in Cin-
cinnati, in 1852, and was also President of Columbus & Xenia Railway. He wa»
elected the twenty-second Governor of Ohio in 1859. By his promptness and
activity at the beginning of the rebellion, Ohio Avas placed in the front rank of
loyalty. At the beginning of Lincoln's second term, he was appointed Post-
master General, retiring upon the accession of Johnson. He then made his
home at Columbus.

David Tod, twenty-third Governor of Ohio, was born at Youngstown, Ohio,
in 1805. His education was principally obtained through his own exertions.
He set about the study of law most vigorously, and was admitted to practice in
1827. He soon acquired popularity through his ability, and consequently was
financially successful. He purchased the Briar Hill homestead. Under Jack-
son's administration, he was Postmaster at Warren, and held the position until
1838, Avhen he was elected State Senator by the Whigs of Trumbull District, by
the Democrats. In 1844, he retired to Briar Hill, and opened the Briar Hill
Coal Mines. He was a pioneer in the coal business of Ohio. In the Cleveland

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 155

& Mahoning Railroad, he was largely interested, and was its President, after the
death of Mr. Perkins. He was nominated, in 1844, for Governor, by the Dem-
ocrats, but was defeated. In 1847, he went to Brazil as Minister, where he
resided for four and a half years. The Emperor presented him with a special
commendation to the President, as a testimonial of his esteem. He was also the
recipient of an elegant silver tray, as a memorial from the resident citizens of
Rio Janeiro. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention, which
met at Charleston in 1860. He was Vice President of this Convention. He
was an earnest advocate for Stephen A. Douglas. When the Southern members
withdrew, the President, Caleb Cushing, going with them, the convention
adjourned to Baltimore, when Mr. Tod assumed the chair and Douglas was nom-
inated. He was an earnest worker in the cause, but not disheartened by its
defeat. When Fort Sumter was fired upon, he was one of the most vio-orous
prosecutors of the war, not relaxing his active earnestness until its close. He
•lonated full uniforms to Company B, of the Nineteenth Regiment, and contrib-
uted largely to the war fund of his township. Fifty-five thousand majority
elected him Governor in 1861. His term was burdened with war duties,
and he carried them so bravely as Governor that the President said of him :
" Governor Tod of Ohio aids me more and troubles me less than any other Gov-
ernor." His death occurred at Briar Hill during the year 1868.

John Brough was a native of Marietta, Ohio. He was born in 1811. The death,
of his father left him in precarious circumstances, which may have been a discipline
for future usefulness. He entered a printing office, at the age of fourteen, in
Marietta, and after serving a few months, began his studies in the Ohio Uni-
versity, setting type mornings and evenings, to earn sufficient for support. He
occupied the leading position in classes, and at the same time excelled as a
type-setter. He was also admired for his athletic feats in field amusements.
He completed his studies and began reading law, which pursuit was interrupted
by an opportunity to edit a paper in Petersburg, Va. He returned to Marietta
in 1831, and became editor and proprietor of a leading Democratic newspaper
— the Washington County Republican. He achieved distinction rapidly,
and in 1833, sold his interest, for the purpose of entering a more extended field
of journalism. He purchased the Ohio Eagle, at Lancaster, and as its editor,
lield a deep influence over local and State politics. He occupied the position
of Clerk of the Ohio Senate, between the years 1835 and 1838, and relinquished his
paper. He then represented the counties of Fairfield and Hocking in the Leg-
islature. He was then appointed Auditor of State by the General Assembly'
in which position he served six years. He then purchased the Phcenix news-
paper in Cincinnati, changed its name to the Enquirer, placing it in the care
of his brother, Charles, while he opened a law office in the city. His editorials
in the Enquirer, and his activity in political afiairs, were brilliant and strono-.
He retired from politics in 1848, sold a half-interest in the Enquirer and carried
on a prosperous business, but was brought forward again by leaders of both

156 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

political parties in 1863, through the Vallandigham contest, and was elected
Governor the same year, by a majority of 101,099 votes in a total of 471,643.
He was three times married. His death occurred in 1865 — Charles Anderson
serving out his term.

Jacob Dolson Cox, the twenty-sixth Governor, was born in 1828, in Mon-
treal, Canada, where his parents were temporarily. He became a student of
Oberlin College, Ohio, in 1846, graduating in 1851, and beginning the practice
of law in Warren in 1852. He was a member of the State Senate in 1859,
from the Trumbull and Mahoning Districts. He was termed a radical. He
was a commissioned Brigadier General of Ohio in 1861, and, in 1862, was pro-
moted to Major General for gallantry in battle. While in the service he was
nominated for Governor, and took that position in 1865. He was a member of
Grant's Cabinet as Secretary of the Interior, but resigned. He went to Con-
gress in 1875, from the Toledo District.

Rutherford B. Hayes, the nineteenth President of the United States, and
the twenty-seventh Governor of Ohio, was born at Delaware, Ohio, in 1822. He
was a graduate of Kenyon College in 1842. He began the study of law, and,
in 1843, pursued that course in the Cambridge University, graduating in 1845.
He began his practice at Fremont. He was married to Miss Lucy Webb in
1852, in Cincinnati. He was Major of the Twenty-third Ohio Volunteer
Infantry in 1861, and in 1862, was promoted to Colonel on account of bravery
in the field, and eventually became Major General. In 1864, he was elected to
Congress, and retired from the service. He remained in Congress two terms,
and was Governor of Ohio in 1867, being re-elected in 1869. He was again
elected in 1875, but resigned in 1877, to accept the oflSce of President of the
United States, Thomas L. Young acting as Governor the remander of the term.
Edward F. Noyes was born in Haverhill, Mass., in 1832. While a lad of
fourteen, he entered the office of the Morning Star, published at Dover, N. H.,
in order to learn the business of printing. At the age of eighteen, he entered
the academy at Kingston, N. H. He prepared for college, and entered
Dartmouth in 1853, graduating with high honors in 1857. He had begun the
study of law, and continued the course in the Cincinnati Law School, and began
to practice in 1858. He was an enthusiast at the opening of the rebellion and
was interested in raising tho Twentieth Regiment, of which he was made Major.
He was promoted to Colonel in 1862, At the conflict at Ruff's Mills, in
Georgia, in 1864, he was so unfortunate as to lose a leg. At the time, amputa-
tion was necessary, but was unskillfully performed. He was brought to Cincin-
nati, and the operation was repeated, which nearly cost him his life. He reported
three months later, to Gen. Hooker for duty, on crutches. He was assigned to
command of Camp Dennison. He was promoted to the full rank of Brigadier
General, and while in discharge of his duty at that place, he was elected City
Sohcitor of Cincinnati. He occupied the position until 1871, when he was
elected Governor, by a majority of 20,000.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 157

William Allen, the twenty-ninth Governor of Ohio, was born in 1807, in
Chowan County, N. C. While an infant, he was left an orphan, and his sister
superintended his education. He was placed in a private school at Lynchburg,
Va., at the age of fourteen. Two years later he joined his family at Chilli-
cothe, and attended the academy a year, when he entered the law office of
Edward King. Before he was twenty-five he was sent to Congress by a strong
Whig district. He was elected United States Senator in 1837 and served
until 1849. In 1845 he married Effie Mc Arthur, who died soon after the
birth of their daughter. In 1873 he was elected Governor. His administra-
tion gave general satisfaction. He died at his home at " Fruit Hill," in 1879.

Richard M. Bishop, the thirty-first Governor of Ohio, was born November
4, 1812, in Fleming County, Ky. For several years he devoted himself to
mercantile business in his native State. In 1848 he engaged in the wholesale
grocery business at Cincinnati, and subsequently admitted his three sons part-
ners, under the firm name of R. M. Bishop & Sons. He was a member of the
Council of Cincinnati, and in 1859 was its Mayor, holding that office until 1861.
In 1877 he was nominated by the Democrats and elected Governor of Ohio.

Charles Foster, the thirty-second Governor of Ohio, was born in Seneca
County, Ohio, April 12, 1828. He was educated at the common schools and
the academy at Norwalk, Ohio. Engaged in mercantile and banking business
at Fostoria, and never held any public office until he was elected to the Forty-
second Congress; was re-elected to the Forty-third Congress, and again to the
Forty-fourth Congress as a Republican. In 1879 he was nominated by the
Republicans and elected Governor of the State, was re-elected in 1881, and
served through both terms winning the esteem of all political parties.

George Hoadly, the thirty-third Governor of Ohio, was born at New
Haven, Conn., July 31, 1826. His parents, George and Mary Ann (Woolsey)
Hoadly, names well known in the educational circles of Connecticut, were inti-
mately connected with the commercial and social progress of that State. Gov.
Hoadly completed his education at what is now known as Adelbert College, of
which he is a LL. D., while in 1884 he received the same honor from Yale. In
1844 he entered the law school of Cambridge, Mass.; in 1846 entered the
office of Chase & Ball, Cincinnati, Ohio ; was admitted to the bar in August
following; elected Judge of the Cincinnati Superior Court in 1851, succeeded
Judge Gholson on the bench of the present Superior Court in 1859, and was
re-elected in 1864 ; refused a seat on the Supreme bench in 1856 and again in
1862 ; was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention 1873-74. He
was nominated by the Democrats for Governor in 1883 and elected.

ANCIENT WORKS.

Ohio has furnished a prolific field for antiquarians and those interested in
scientific explorations, either for their own amusement and knowledge, or for
the records of "facts and formations."

158 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

It is well known that the " Mound Builders " had a wide sweep through this
continent, but absolute facts regarding their era have been most difficult to
obtain. Numerous theories and suppositions have been advanced, yet they are
emphatic evidences that tliey have traced the origin and time of this primeval race.

However, they have left their works behind them, and no exercise of faith
is necessary to have confidence in that part of the story. That these works are
of human origin is self-evident. Temples and military works have been found
which required a considerable degree of scientific skill on the part of those early
architects and builders.

Evidently the Indians had no knowledge of these Avorks of predecessors,
which differed in all respects from those of the red men. An ancient cemetery
has been found, covering an area of four acres, which had evidently been laid
out into lots, from north to south. Nearly 3,000 graves have been discovered,
containing bones Avhich at some time must have constituted the framework of
veritable giants, while others are of no unusual size. In 1815, a jaw-bone was
exhumed, containing an artificial tooth of silver.

Mounds and fortifications are plentiful in Athens County, some of them
being of solid stone. One, differing in the quality of stone from the others, is
supposed to be a dam across the Hocking. Over a thousand pieces of stone
were used in its construction. Copper rings, bracelets and ornaments are
numerous. It is also evident that these people possessed the knowledge of
luirdening copper and giving it an edge equal to our steel of to-day.

In the branch formed by a branch of the Licking River and Raccoon Creek,
in Licking County, ancient works extend over an area of several miles. Again,
three miles northwest of this locality, near the road between Newark and Gran-
ville, another field of these relics may be found. On the summit of a high hill
is a fortification, formed to represent an alligator. The head and neck includes
82 feet ; the length of the body is 73 feet ; the tail was 105 feet ; from the termini of
the fore feet, over the shoulders, the width is 100 feet ; from the termini of
the hind feet, over the hips, is 92 feet ; its highest point is 7 feet. It is composed
of clay, which must have been conveyed hither, as it is not similar to the clay
found in the vicinity.

Near Miamisburg, Montgomery County, are other specimens. Near the
village is a mound, equaled in size by very few of these antiquities. It meas-
ures 800 feet around the base, and rises to a height of sixty-seven feet. Others
are found in Miami County, while at Circleville, Pickaway County, no traces
remain.

Two forts have been discovered, one forming an exact square, and the other
flescribing a circle. The square is flanked by two walls, on all sides, these
being divided by a deep ditch. The circle has one wall and no ditch. This is
sixty-nine rods in diameter, its walls being twenty feet high. The square fort
measures fifty-five rods across, with walls twelve feet high. Twelve gateways
lead into tlie square fort, wliile the circle has but one, which led to the othei', at

]nSTOIlV OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 159

the point Avlierc tlie walls of the two came together. Before each of these
entrances were mounds of earth, from four to live feet high and nearly forty
feet in diameter. Evidently these were designed for defenses for the openings,
in cases of emergency.

A short distance from Piketon, the turnpike runs, for several hundred feet,
between two parallel artificial walls of earth, fifteen feet high, and six rods
apart. In Scioto County, on both sides of the Ohio, are extensive ancient
works.

" Fort Ancient " is near Lebanon in Warren County. Its direct measure-
ment is a mile, but in tracing its angles, retreating and salient, its length would
be nearly six miles. Its site is a level plain, 240 feet above the level of the
river. The interior wall varies in height to conform with the nature of the
ground without — ranging from 8 to 10 feet. On the plain it reaches 100 feet.
This fort has 58 gateways, through one of which the State road runs, passing
between two mounds 12 feet high. Northeast from these mounds, situated on
the plain, are two roads, about a rod wide each, made upon an elevation about
three feet liigh. They run parallel to each other about a quarter of a mile,
when they each form a semicircle around a mound, joining in the circle. It is
^probable this was at some time a military defense, or, on the contrary, it may
have been a general rendezvous for games and high holiday festivities.

Near Marietta, are the celebrated Muskingum River works, beino; a half-
mile from its juncture with the Ohio. They consist of mounds and Avails of
earth in circular and square forms, also tracing direct lines.

The largest square fort covers an area of 40 acres, and is inclosed by a wall
of earth, 6 to 10 feet in height, and from 25 to 30 feet at its base. On each
side are three gateways. The center gateways exceed the others in size, more
especially on the side toward the Muskingum. From this outlet runs a covered
means of egress, between two parallel walls of earth, 231 feet distant from each
other, measuring from the centers. The walls in the interior are 21 feet high
at the most elevated points, measuring 42 feet at the base, grading on the exte-
rior to about five feet in heigth. This passage-way is 3G0 feet in length, lead-
ing to the low grounds, which, at the period of its construction, probably reached
the river.

At the northwest corner, Avithin the inclosure, is a plateau 188 feet long, ,
132 feet broad and 9 feet high. Its sides are perpendicular and its surface
level. At the center of each side is a graded pathway leading to the top, six
feet wide. Another elevated square is near the south Avail, 150x120 feet square,
and 8 feet high, similar to the other, with the exception of the graded walk.
Outside and next the Avail to ascend to the top, it has central hollow ways, 10
feet wide, leading 20 feet toAvard the center, then arising Avith a gradual slope to
the top. A third elevated square is situated at the southeast corner, 108x54
feet square, with ascents at the ends. This is neither as high or as perfect as
the others.

160 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

Another ancient Avork is found to the southeast, covering an area of 20 acres
with a gateway in the center of each side, and others at the corners — each of
these having the mound defense.

On the outside of the smaller fort, a mound resembling a sugar loaf was
formed in the shape of a circle 115 feet in diameter, its height being 30 feet.
A ditch surrounds it, 15 feet wide and 4 feet deep. These earthworks have
contributed greatly to the satisfactory results of scientific researches. Their
builders were evidently composed of large bands that have succumbed to the
advance of enlightened humanity. The relics found consists of ornaments,
utensils and implements of war. The bones left in the numei'ous graves convey
an idea of a stalwart, vigorous people, and the conquests which swept them away
from the face of the country must have been fierce and cruel.

Other mounds and fortifications are found in different parts of the State, of
which our limited space will not permit a description.

Many sculptured rocks are found, and others with plainly discernible
tracery in emblematical designs upon their surface. The rock on which the
inscriptions occur is the grindstone grit of the Ohio exports — a stratum found
in Northern Ohio. Arrow-points of flint or chert have been frequently found.
From all investigations, it is evident that an extensive flint bed existed in Lick-
ing County, near Newark. The old pits can now be recognized. They
extended over a hundred acres. They are partially filled with Avater, and sur-
rounded by piles of broken and rejected fragments. The flint is a grayish-
white, with cavities of a brilliant quartz crystal. Evidently these stones were
chipped into shape and the material sorted on the ground. Only clear, homo-
genous pieces can be wrought into arrow-heads and spear-points. Flint chips
extend over many acres of ground in this vicinity. Flint beds are also found
in Stark and Tuscarawas Counties. In color it varies, being red, white, black
and mottled. The black is found in Coshocton County.

SOME GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.

Ohio, as a State, is renowned as an agricultural section. Its variety, quality
and quantity of productions cannot be surpassed by any State in the Union. Its^
commercial importance ranks proudly in the galaxy of opulent and industrious
States composing this Union. Her natural resources are prolific, and all improve-
ments which could be instituted by the ingenuity of mankind have been added.

From a quarter to a third of its area is hilly and broken. About the head-
waters of the Muskingum and Scioto, and between the Scioto and the two
Miami Rivers, are wide prairies ; some of them are elevated and dry, with fertile
soil, although they are frequently termed "barrens." In other parts, they are
low and marshy, producing coarse, rank grass, which grows to a height of five
feet in some places.

The State is most fortunate in timber wealth, having large quantities of
black walnut, oak of different varieties, maple, hickory, birch, several kinds of

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 161

beech, poplar, sycamore, papaw, several kinds of ash, cherry, whitewood and
buckeye.

The summers are usually warm, and the winters are mild, considering the
latitude of the State. Near Lake Erie, the winters are severe, corresponding
with sections in a line with that locality. Snow falls in sufficient quantitie-^^
in the northern part to aflford several weeks of fine sleighing. In the southern
portion, the snowstorms are not frequent, and the fall rarely remains long on
the ground.

The climate is generally healthy, with the exception of small tracts lying
near the marshes and stagnant waters.

The Ohio River washes the southern border of the State, and is navigable
for steamboats of a large size, the entire length of its course. From Pitts-
burgh to its mouth, measuring it meanderings, it is 908 miles long. Its current
is gentle, having no falls except at Louisville, Ky., where the descent is twenty-
two and a half feet in two miles. A canal obviates this obstruction.

The Muskingum is the largest river that flows entirely within the State. It
is formed by the junction of the Tuscarawas and Walhonding Rivers, and enters
the Ohio at Marietta One hundred miles of its length is navigable.

The Scioto is the second river in magnitude, is about 200 miles long, and
flows into the Ohio at Portsmouth. It affords navigation 130 miles of its length.
The Great Miami is a rapid river, in the western part of the State, and is 100
miles long. The Little Miami is seventy miles in length, and enters the Ohia
seven miles from Cincinnati.

The Maumee rises in Indiana, flows through the northwestern part of the
State, and enters Lake Erie at Maumee Bay. It afibrds navigation as far a&
Perrysburg, eighteen miles from the lake, and above the rapids, it is again nav-
igable.

The Sandusky rises in the northern part of the State, is eighty miles long^
and flows into Lake Erie, via Sandusky Bay.

Lake Erie washes 150 miles of the northern boundary. The State has sev-
eral fine harbors, the Maumee and Sandusky Bays being the largest.

We have, in tracing the record of the earlier counties, given the educational inter-
ests as exemplified by difierent institutions. We have also given the canal system
of the State, in previous pages. The Governor is elected every two years, by
the people. The Senators are chosen biennially, and are apportioned according
to the male population over twenty-one years of age. The Judges of the
Supreme and other courts are elected by the joint ballot of the Legislature, for
the term of seven years.

During the early settlement of Ohio, perfect social equality existed among the
settlers. The line of demarkation that was drawn was a separation of the good
from the bad. Log-rollings and cabin-raisings were mutual affairs. Their
sport usually consisted of shooting, rowing and hunting. Hunting shirts and
buckskin pants were in the fashion, while the women dressed in coarse material.

1C2 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

woven by their own hands. A common American cotton check was con-
sidered a magnificent addition to one's toilet. In those times, however, the
material was f 1 per yard, instead of the shilling of to-day. But five yards
was then a large "pattern," instead of the twenty-five of 1880, In cooking
vitensils, the pot, pan and frying-pan constituted an elegant outfit. A few plain
dishes were added for table use. Stools and benches were the rule, although a
few wealthy families indulged in splmt-bottom chairs. The cabin floors were
rough, and in many cases the green sward formed the carpet. Goods were very
expensive, and flour was considered a great luxury. Goods Avere brought by
horses and mules from Detroit, or by wagon from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh,
and then down the Ohio. Coarse calicoes were ^1 per yard ; tea $2 to $3 per
pound; cofiee 75 cents ; whisky, from $1 to $2 per gallon, and salt, $5 to ^6
per barrel. In those towns where Indian trade constituted a desirable interest,
a bottle was set at each end of the counter — a gratuitous offering to their red
friends.

OUTLINE GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Should we group the rocks of Ohio, according to their lithological characters,
we should give five distinct divisions. They are marked by difference in appear-
ance, hardness, color and composition :

1 — Limestone.

2— Black shale.

3 — Fine-grained sandstone.

4 — Conglomerate.

5 — Coal series.

They are all stratified and sedimentary. They are nearly horizontal. The
lowest one visible, in a physical as well as a geological sense, is " blue lime-
stone."

The bed of the Ohio River near Cincinnati is 133 feet below the level of
Lake Erie. The strata incline in all directions from the southwestern angle of
the State. In Scioto County may be seen the outcropping edges of all these
rocks. They sink at this point in the direction south 80|^° east ; easterly at the
rate of 37-^ feet per mile. The cliff" limestone, the upper stratum of the lime-
stone deposit, is 600 feet above the river at Cincinnati ; at West Union, in
Adams County, it is only 350 feet above the same level.

The finely grained sandstone found on the summit of the hills east of Brush
Creek and west of the Scioto sinks to the base of the hills, and appears beneath
the conglomerate, near the Little Scioto. Although the rock formations are the
same in all parts of the State, in the same order, their thickness, mass and dip,
are quite different.

Chillicothe, Reynoldsburg, Mansfield, Newburg, Waverly and Rockville, are
situated near the western border of the " fine-grained limestone." Its outcrop
forms a continuous and crooked line from the Ohio River to Lake Erie. In the
southwest portion of the State is the "blue limestone," occupying a circular

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 168

space from West Union via Dayton, to the State line. The conglomerate is to
the east of the given towns, bending around from Cuyahoga Falls to Burton, in
Geauga County, and then eastward into Pennsylvania. Near this outcrop are
the coal-bearing rocks which occupy the east and southeastern portions of Ohio.
From Rockville to Chillicothe, the course is north, about 10° east, and nearly
corresponds with the line of outcrop of the fine-grained sandstone for an equal
distance. The dip at Rockville, given by Charles Whittlesey, is 80|°, almost
at a right angle, and at the rate of 37 feet per mile.

At Chillicothe, the other end of the line, the general dip is south 70° east^
30 feet to the mile, the line curving eastward and the dip line to the southward.
This is the universal law.

The northern boundary of the great coal fields passes through jMeadville, in
Pennsylvania, and turning south arrives at Portage Summit, on the summit of
the Alleghanies, 2,500 feet above the ocean level. It then plunges rapidly to
the westward. From the Alleghanies to the southwest, through Pennsylvania,
Virginia and Tennessee, sweeps this great coal basin.

Much of the county of Medina is conglomerate upon the surface, but the
streams, especially the South Branch of the Rocky River, set through this sur-
face stratum, and reach the fine-grained sandstone. This is the case with
Rocky, Chagrin, Cuyahoga and Grand Rivers — also Conneaut and Ashtabula
Creeks. This sandstone and the shale extend up the narrow valleys of these
streams and their tributaries. Between these strata is a mass of coarse-grained
sandstone, without pebbles, which furnishes the grindstones for which Ohio is
noted. In Lorain County, the coarse sandstone grit nearly displaces the fine-
grained sandstone and red shale, thickening at Elyria to the black shale. South
of this point, the grindstone grit, red shale and ash-colored shale vary in thick-
ness. The town of Chillicothe, the village of Newburg, and a point in the west
line of Crawford County, are all situated on the "black shale."

Dr. Locke gives the dip, at Montgomery and Miami Counties, at north 14^,
east, six feet to the mile; at Columbus, Whitelesey gives it, 81° 52' east, 22yW
feet to the mile. The fine-grained sandstone at Newburg is not over eighty
feet in thickness ; at Jacktown and Reynoldsburg, 500 ; at Waverly 250 to
300 feet, and at Brush Creek, Adams County, 343 feet. The black shale is
251 feet thick at Brush Creek ; at Alum Creek, 250 to 300 feet thick ; in Craw-
ford County, about 250 feet thick* The conglomerate in Jackson County is
200 feet thick ; at Cuyahoga Falls, 100 to 120 feet ; at Burton, Geauga County,
300 feet. The great limestone formation is divided into several numbers. At
Cincinnati, at the bed of the river, there is :

1 — A blue limestone and slaty raarlite.

2 — Dun-colored marl and layers of lime rock.

3 — Blue marl and layers of blue limestone.

4 — Marl and bands of limestone, with immense numbers of shells at the
surface.

164 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

In Adams County, the detailed section is thus :
1 — Blue limestone and marl.
2 — Blue marl.
3 — Flinty limestone.
4 — Blue marl.
5 — Cliff limestone.

The coal-fields of Ohio are composed of alternate beds of coarse-grained
sandstone, clay shales, layer? of ironstone, thin beds of limestone and numer-
ous strata of coal. The coal region abounds in iron. From Jacktown to Con-
cord, in Muskingum County, there are eight beds of coal, and seven strata of
limestone. The distance between these two points is forty-two miles. From
Freedom, in Portage County, to Poland, in Trumbull County, a distance of
thirty-five miles, there are five distinct strata. Among them are distributed
thin beds of limestone, and many beds of iron ore. The greater mass of coal
and iron measures is composed of sandstone and shale. The beds of sandstone
are from ten to twenty or eighty feet thick. Of shale, five to fifty feet thick.
The strata of coal and iron are comparatively thin. A stratum of coal three
feet thick can be worked to advantage. One four feet thick is called a good
mine, few of them averaging five. Coal strata are found from six to ten and
eleven feet. There are four beds of coal, and three of limestone, in Lawrence
and Scioto Counties. There are also eight beds of ore, and new ones are con-
stantly being discovered. The ore is from four to twelve inches thick, occasion-
ally being two feet. The calcareous ore rests upon the second bed of limestone,
from the bottom, and is very rich.

The most prominent fossils are trees, plants and stems of the coal-bearing
rocks, shells and corals and crustacene of the limestone, and the timber, leaves
and dirt-beds of the "drift" — the earthy covering of the rocks, which varies
from nothing to 200 feet. Bowlders, or " lost rocks," are strewn over the State.
They are evidently transported from some remote section, being fragments of
primitive rock, granite, gneiss and hornblende rock, which do not exist in
Ohio, nor within 400 miles of the State, in any direction. In the Lake Supe-
rior region we find similar specimens.

The superficial deposits of Ohio are arranged into four geological formations :

1 — The ancient drift, resting upon the rocks of the State.

2 — The Lake Erie marl and sand deposits.

3 — The drift occupying the valleys of large streams, such as the Great Miami,

the Ohio and Scioto.
4 — The bowlders.

The ancient drift of Ohio is meager in shell deposits. It is not, therefore,
decided whether it be of salt-water origin or fresh water.

It has, at the bottom, blue clay, with gravel-stones of primitive or sedimen-
tary rocks, containing carbonate of lime. The yellow clay is found second.
Above that, sand and gravel, less stratified, containing more pebbles of the

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 165

sedimentary rocks, such as limestone and stone, iron ore, coal and shale. The
lower layer contains logs, trees, leaves, sticks and vines.

The Lake Erie section, or "Lake Erie deposits," may be classed in the
following order :

1 — From the lake level upward, fine, blue, marly sand — forty-five to sixty
feet.

2 — Coarse, gray, water-washed sand — ten to twenty feet.

3 — Coarse sand and gravel, not well stratified, to surface — twenty to fifty feet.

Stratum first dissolves in water. It contains carbonate of lime, magnesia,
iron, alumina, silex, sulphur, and some decomposed leaves, plants and sticks.
Some pebbles are found. In contact with the water, quicksand is formed.

The Hickory Plains, at the forks of the Great Miami and White Water, and
also between Kilgore's Mill and New Richmond, are the results of heavy dilu-
vial currents.

In presenting these formations of the State, we have quoted from the experi-
ence and conclusions of Charles Whittlesey, eminent as a geologist, aj»d who
was a member of the Ohio Geological Corps.

Ohio's rank during the war.

The patriotism of this State has been stanch, unswerving and bold, ever
since a first settlement laid its corner-stone in the great Western wilder-
ness. Its decisive measures, its earnest action, its noble constancy, have earned
the laurels that designate it "a watchword for the nation." In the year 1860,
Ohio had a population of 2,343,739. Its contribution of soldiers to the great
conflict that was soon to surge over the land in scarlet terror, was apportioned
310,000 men. In less than twenty-four hours after the President's proclama-
tion and call for troops, the Senate had matured and carried a bill through,
appropriating $1,000,000 for the purpose of placing the State on a war footing.
The influences of party sentiments were forgotten, and united, the State
unfurled the flag of patriotism. Before the bombardment of old Fort Sumter
has fairly ceased its echoes, twenty companies were offered the Governor for
immediate service. When the surrender was verified, the excitement was
tumultuous. Militia ofiicers telegraphed their willingness to receive prompt
orders, all over the State. The President of Kenyon College — President
Andrews — tendered his services by enlisting in the ranks. Indeed, three
months before the outbreak of the war, he had expressed his readiness to the
Governor to engage in service should there be occasion. He was the first citi-
zen to make this offer.

The Cleveland Grays, the Rover Guards, the State Fencibles, the Dayton
Light Guards, the Governor's Guards, the Columbus Videttes and the Guthrie
Grays — the best drilled and celebrated militia in the State — telegraphed to
Columbus for orders. Chillicothe, Portsmouth and Circleville offered money
and troops. Canton, Xenia, Lebanon, Lancaster, Springfield, Cincinnati,

166 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

Dayton, Cleveland, Toledo and other towns urged their assistance upon the State.
Columbus began to look like a great army field. The troops were stationed
wherever they could find quarters, and food in sufficient quantities was hard to
procure. The Governor soon established a camp at Miamiville, convenient to
Cincinnati. He intended to appoint Irvin McDowell, of the stafi" of Lieut.
Gen. Scott, to the leading command, but the friends of Capt. McClellan became
enthusiastic and appealed to the Governor, who decided to investigate his case.
Being satisfied, he desired Capt. McClellan to come up to Columbus. But that
officer was busy and sent Capt. Pope, of the regular army, in his stead. This
gentleman did not suit Gov. Dennison. The friends of McClellan again set
forth the high qualities of this officer, and Gov. Dennison sent an earnest
request for an interview, Avhich was granted, and resulted in the appointment
of the officer as Major General of the Ohio militia. Directly thereafter, he
received an invitation to take command of the Pennsylvania troops, but Ohio
could not spare so valuable a leader.

For three-years troops were soon called out, and their Generals were to be
appointed by the President. Gov. Dennison advised at once with the War
Department at Washington, and McClellan received his appointment as Majoi*
General in the regular army.

Cincinnati and Louisville became alanned lest Kentucky should espouse the
Confederate cause, and those cities thus be left insecure against the inroads of a
cruel foe. Four hundred and thirty-six miles of Ohio bordered Slave States.
Kentucky and West Virginia were to be kept in check, but the Governor pro-
claimed that not only should the border of Ohio be protected, but even beyond
that would the State press the enemy. Marietta was garrisoned, and other river
points rendered impregnable. On the 20th of May, 1861, official dispatches
affirmed that troops were approaching Wheeling under the proclamation of
Letcher. Their intention was to route the convention at Wheeling.

Military orders were instantly given. Col. Steedman and Ids troops crossed
at Marietta and crushed the disturbance at Parkersburg — swept into the country
along the railroad, built bridges, etc. Col. Irvine crossed at Wheeling and
united with a regiment of loyal Virginians. At the juncture of the two tracks
at Grafton, the columns met, but the rebels had retreated in mad haste. The
loyal troops followed, and, at Philippi, fought the first little skirmish of the war.
The great railway lines were secured, and the Wheeling convention protected,
and West Virginia partially secured for the Union.

After preliminary arrangements, McClellan's forces moved in two columns
upon the enemy at Laurel Hill. One remained in front, under Gen. Morris,
while the other, under his own command, pushed around to Huttonsville, in
their rear. Gen. Morris carried his orders through promptly, but McClellan
was late. Rosecrans was left with McClellan's advance to fight the battle of
Rich Mountain, unaided. Garnett being alarmed at the defeat of his outpost,
retreated. McClellan was not in time to intercept him, but Morris continued

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 167

the chase. Steedman overtook the rear-guard of GaVnett's army at Carrick's
Ford, where a sharp skirmish ensued, Garnett himself falling. The scattered
portions of the rebel army escaped, and West Virginia was again free from
armed rebels — and was the gift of Ohio through her State militia to the nation
at the beginning of the w^ar.

At this period. Gen. McClellan was called to Washington. Gen. Rose-
crans succeeded him, and the three-years troops left in the field after the dis-
banding of the three-months men, barely sufficed to hold the country. He
telegraphed Gov. Dennison to supply him immediately with re-enforcements, the
request being made on the 8th of August. Already had the Confederate lead-
ers realized the loss they had sustained in Western Virginia, and had dispatched
their most valued General, Robert E. Lee, to regain the territory. Rosecrans
again wrote: "If you. Governor of Indiana and Governor of Michigan, will
lend your efforts to get me quickly 50,000 men, in addition to my present
force, I think a blow can be struck which will save fighting the rifled-cannon
batteries at Manassas. Lee is certainly at Cheat Mountain. Send all troops
you can to Grafton." Five days thereafter, all the available troops in the
West were dispatched to Fremont, Mo., and the plans of Rosecrans were
foiled.

Heavy re-enforcements had been sent to the column in Kanawha Valley
under Gen. Cox. He became alarmed, and telegraphed to Gov. Dennison.
Rosecrans again appealed to Gov. Dennison, that he might be aided in march-
ing across the country against Floyd and Wise to Cox's relief, "I want to
catch Floyd while Cox holds him in front."

The response was immediate and effective. He was enabled to employ
twenty-three Ohio regiments in clearing his department from rebels, securing
the country and guarding the exposed railroads. With this achievement, the
direct relation of the State administrations with the conduct and methods of
campaigns terminated. The General Government had settled down to a sys-
tem. Ohio was busy organizing and equipping regiments, caring for the sick
and wounded, and sustaining her home strength.

Gov. Dennison's staff officers were tendered better positions in the national
service. Camps Dennison and Chase, one at Cincinnati and the other at
Columbus, were controlled by the United States authorities. A laboratory was
established at Columbus for the supply of ammunition. During the fall and
early winter, the Ohio troops suffered in Western Virginia. The people of
their native State responded with blankets, clothing and other supplies.

In January, 1862, David A. Tod entered upon the duties of Governor.
The first feature of his administration was to care for the wounded at home,
sent from Pittsburg Landing. A regular system was inaugurated to supply
stores and clothing to the suffering at home and in the field. Agencies were
established, and the great and good work was found to be most efficacious in
alleviating the wretchedness consequent upon fearful battles. A. B. Lyman

168 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

had charge of affairs in Cincinnati, and Royal Taylor held the same position
in Louisville. J. C. Wetmore was stationed at Washington, F. W. Bingham
at Memphis, Weston Flint at Cairo and St. Louis. Thus the care which Ohio
extended over her troops at home and in the hattle-field, furnished a practical
example to other States, and was the foundation of that commendable system
all over the Union. Stonewall Jackson's sudden advent in the valley created
the greatest consternation lest the safety of the capital be jeopardized, and the
W^ar Department called for more troops. Gov. Tod immediately issued a
proclamation, and the people, never shrinking, responded heartily. At Cleve-
land a large meeting was held, and 250 men enlisted, including 27 out of 32
students attending the law school. Fire bells rang out the alarm at Zanesville,
a meeting was convened at 10 in the morning, and by 3 in the afternoon, 300
men had enlisted. Court was adjourned sine die, and the Judge announced
that he and the lawyers were about to enter into military ranks. Only three
unmarried men between the ages of eighteen and twenty-three were left in the
town of Putnam. Five thousand volunteers reported at Camp Chase within
two days after the proclamation.

Again in June, the President called for troops, followed by yet another call.
Under these calls, Ohio was to raise 74,000 men. The draft system was
advised to hasten and facilitate filling regiments. It has always been a repul-
sive measure. To save sections from this proceeding, enormous sums were
offered to induce men to volunteer, and thus fill the quota.

Counties, townships, towns and individuals, all made bids and urged the
rapid enlistment of troops. The result was, that the regiments were filled rap-
idly, but not in sufficient numbers to prevent the draft. Twenty thousand four
hundred and twenty-seven men were yet lacking, and the draft was ordered,
September 15. At the close of the year, Ohio was ahead of her calls. Late
in the fall, the prospect was disheartening. The peninsula campaign had failed.
The Army of Northern Virginia had been hurled back nearly to Washington.
The rebels had invaded Maryland ; Cincinnati and Louisville were threatened,
and the President had declared his intention to abolish slavery, as a war meas-
ure. During the first part of 1862, artillery, stores and supplies were carried
away mysteriously, from the Ohio border ; then little squads ventured over the
river to plunder more openly, or to burn a bridge or two. The rebel bands
came swooping down upon isolated supply trains, sending insolent roundabout
messages regarding their next day's intentions. Then came invasions of our
lines near Nashville, capture of squads of guards within sight of camp, the seizure
of Gallatin. After Mitchell had entered Northern Alabama, all manner of depre-
dations were committed before his very eyes. These were attributed to John
Morgan's Kentucky cavalry. He and his men, by the middle of 18G2, were
as active and dangerous as Lee or Beauregard and their troops. Morgan was a
native of Alabama, but had lived in Kentucky since boyhood. His father was
large slave-owner, who lived in the center of the "Blue Grass Country." His

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 169

life had been one of wild dissipation, adventure and recklessness, although in
his own family he had the name of being most considerate. The men who fol-
lowed him were accustomed to a dare-devil life. They formed and independent
band, and dashed madly into the conflict, wherever and whenever inclination
prompted. Ohio had just raised troops to send East, to assist in the overthrow
of Stonewell Jackson. She had overcome her discouragements over failures,
for the prospects were brightening. Beauregard had evacuated Corinth ; Mem-
phis had fallen ; Buell was moving toward Chattanooga ; Mitchell's troops held
Northern Tennessee and Northern Alabama ; Kentucky was virtually in the
keeping of the home guards and State military board. And now, here was
Morgan^ creating confusion in Kentucky by his furious raids ! On the 11th of
July, the little post of Torapkinsville fell. He issued a call for the Kentuckians
to rise in a body. He marched toward Lexington, and the southern border of
Ohio was again in danger. Cincinnati was greatly excited. Aid was sent to
Lexington and home guards were ready for duty. Morgan was not prominent
for a day or so, but he was not idle. By the 9th of July, he held possession of
Tompkinsville and Glasgow ; by the 11th, of Lebanon. On the 13th, he
entered Harraldsburg ; Monday morning he was within fifteen miles of Frank-
fort. He had marched nearly 400 miles in eight days. Going on, toward
Lexington, he captured the telegraph operator at Midway, and his messages
also I He was now aware of the plans of the Union armies at Lexington,
Louisville, Cincinnati and Frankfort. In the name of the operator, he sent
word that Morgan was driving in the pickets at Frankfort ! Now that he
had thrown his foes oflF guard, he rested his men a couple of days. He
decided to let Lexington alone, and swept down on Cynthiana, routing a few
hundred loyal Kentucky cavalrymen, capturing the gun and 420 prisoners, and
nearly 300 horses. Then he was off to Paris ; he marched through Winchester,
Richmond, Crab Orchard and Somerset, and again crossed the Cumberland River.
He started with 900 men and returned with 1,200, having captured and paroled
nearly as many, besides destroying all the Government arms and stores in seven-
teen towns. The excitement continued in Cincinnati. Two regiments were
hastily formed, for emergencies,* known as Cincinnati Reserves. Morgan's raid
did not reach the city, but it demonstrated to the rebel forces what might be
accomplished in the " Blue Grass " region. July and August were passed in
gloom. Bragg and Buell were both watchful, and Chattanooga had not been
taken. Lexington was again menaced, a battle fought, and was finally deserted
because it could not be held.

Louisville was now in danger. The banks sent their specie away. Railroad
companies added new guards.

September 1, Gen. Kirby Smith entered Lexington, and dispatched Heath
with about six thousand men against Cincinnati and Covington. John Morgan
joined him. The rebels rushed upon the borders of Ohio. The failure at Rich-
mond only added deeper apprehension. Soon Kirby Smith and his regiments

170 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

occupied a position where only a few unmanned siege guns and the Ohi&
prevented his entrance through Covington into the Queen City. The city was
fully armed, and Lew. Wallace's arrival to take command inspired all with
fresh courage. And before the people were hardly aware that danger was so
near, the city was proclaimed under strict martial law. " Citizens for labor,
soldiers for battle."

There was no panic, because the leaders were confident. Back of Newport
and Covington breastworks, riflepits and redoubts had been hastily thrown up,
and pickets were thrown out. From Cincinnati to Covington extended a pon-
ton bridge. Volunteers marched into the city and those already in service
were sent to the rescue. Strict military law was now modified, and the city
being secured, some inconsiderate ones expressed themselves as being outraged
with " much ado about nothing." But Gen. Wallace did not cease his vigilance.
And Smith's force began to move up. One or two skirmishes ensued. The
city was again excited. September 11 was one of intense suspense. But
Smith did not attack in force. He was ordered to join Bragg. On the Mon-
day following, the citizens of Cincinnati returned to their avocations. In the
spring of 1863, the State was a trifle discouraged. Her burdens had been
heavy, and she was weary. Vicksburg was yet in the hands of the enemy.
Rosecrans had not moved since his victory at Stone River. There had beea
fearful slaughter about Fredericksburg.

But during July, 1863, Ohio was aroused again by Bragg's command to
Morgan, to raid Kentucky and capture Louisville. On the 3d of July, he was
in a position to invade Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky. He continued his depre-
dations, bewildering the militia with his movements. His avowed intention
was to burn Indianapolis and " take Cincinnati alive." Morgan's purposes
were never clear. It was his audacious and sudden dashes, here and there,
which gave him success. Before Cincinnati was aware, he was at Harrison —
18th of July. He expected to meet the forces of Burnside and Judah, and to
cut his way through. His plans here, as everywhere, were indefinable, and he
succeeded in deceiving everybody. While printers in Cincinnati were setting
up " reports " as to his whereabouts, he was actually marching through the sub-
urbs, near troops enough to devour them, and yet not encountered by a single
picket ! They fed their horses within sight of Camp Dennison. At 4
o'clock that day, they were within twenty-eight miles of Cincinnati — having
marched more than ninety miles in thirty-five hours.

The greatest chagrin was expressed, that Morgan had so easily eluded the
great military forces. A sudden dash was made to follow him. There was a
universal bolting of doors, burying of valuables, hiding of horses, etc., all along
the route of the mad cavalryman and his 2,000 mounted men. They plundered
beyond all comparison. They made a principle of it. On the 14th of July,
he was feeding his horses near Dennison ; he reached the ford at Buffi ngtaa
Island on the evening of the 18th ; he had encountered several little skirmishes.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 171

but he had marched through at his own will, mostly ; all the troops of Kentucky
had been outwitted. The Indiana forces had been laughed to scorn. The
50,000 Ohio militia had been as straws in his way. The intrepid band would
soon be upon friendly soil, leaving a blackened trail behind. But Judah was
up and marching after him, Hobson followed and Col. Runkle was north of
him. The local militia in his advance began to impede the way. Near Pome-
roy, a stand was made. Morgan found militia posted everywhere, but he suc-
ceeded in running the gantlet, so far as to reach Chester. He should have
hastened to cross the ford. Fortunately, he paused to breathe his horses and
secure a guide. The hour and a half thus lost was the first mistake Morgan is
known to have made in his military career. They reached Portland, and only
a little earthwork, guarded by about 300 men, stood between him and safety.
His men were exhausted, and he feared to lead them to a night attack upon a
position not understood perfectly ; he would not abandon his wagon train, nor
his wounded ; he would save or lose all. As Morgan was preparing next
morning, having found the earthworks deserted through the night, Judah came
up. He repulsed the attack at first, capturing Judah's Adjutant General, and
ordering him to hold the force on his front in check. He was not able to join
his own company, until it was in full retreat. Here Lieut. O'Neil, of the Fifth
Indiana, made an impulsive charge, the lines were reformed, and up the Chester
road were Hobson's gallant cavalrymen, who had been galloping over three
States to capture this very Morgan ! And now the tin-clad gunboats steamed
up and opened fire. The route was complete, but Morgan escaped with 1,200
men ! Seven hundred men were taken prisoners, among them Morgan's brother,
Cols. Ward, Duke and Huffman. The prisoners were brought to Cincinnati,
while the troops went after the fugitive. He was surrounded by dangers ; his
men were exhausted, hunted down ; skirmishes and thrilling escapes marked a
series of methods to escape — his wonderful sagacity absolutely brilliant to the
very last — which was his capture, on the 26th, with 346 prisoners and
400 horses and arms. It may be added, that after several months of con-
finement, Morgan and six prisoners escaped, on the 27th of November. Again
was he free to raid in the " Blue Grass " country.

John Brough succeeded Gov. Tod January 11, 1864. His first prominent
work was with the Sanitary Commission. In February, of the same year, the
President called for more troops. The quota of Ohio was 51,465 men. The
call of March added 20,995. And in July was a third demand for 50,792. In
December, the State was ordered to raise 26,027. The critical period of the
war was evidently approaching. Gov. Brough instituted a reformation in the
"promotion system " of the Ohio troops. He was, in many cases, severe in his
measures. He ignored " local great men " and refused distinction as a bribe.
The consequence was that he had many friends and some enemies. The acute-
ness of his policy was so strong, and his policy so just, that, after all his severe
administration, he was second to no statesman in the nation during the struggle.

172 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

Ohio during the war was most active in her relief and aid societies. The most
noted and extensive organization was the Cincinnati Branch of the United
States Sanitary Commission. The most efficient organization was the Soldiers'
Aid Society of Northern Ohio.

When the happy tidings swept over the land that peace was proclaimed, an
echo of thanksgiving followed the proclamation. The hrave sons of Ohio
returned to their own soil — those who escaped the carnage. But 'mid the
rejoicing there was deepest sadness, for a fragment only remained of that hrave
army which had set out sturdily inspired with patriotism.

A BRIEF MENTION OF PROMINENT OHIO GENERALS.

George Briton McClellan, the first General appointed in Ohio, was born
December 3, 1826, in Philadelphia. His father was a physician of high stand-
ing and Scottish descent. Young George was in school in Philadelphia, and
entered West Point at the age of sixteen. At the age of twenty, he was a bre-
vet Second Lieutenant, tracing lines of investment before Vera Cruz, under the
supervision of Capt. R. E. Lee, First Lieut. P. G. T. Beauregard, Second Lieut.
G. W. Smith. At the close of the Mexican war, old Col. Totten reported in
favor of them all to Winfield Scott. He had charge of an exploring expedition
to the mountains of Oregon and Washington, beginning with the Cascade Range.
This was one of a series of Pacific Railway explorations. Returning to Wash-
ington, he was detailed to visit the West Indies and secretly select a coaling sta-
tion for the L'nited States Navy. He was dispatched by Jefferson Davis,
Secretary of War, to Europe, with instructions to take full reports of the organ-
ization of military forces connected with the Crimean war. This work elicited
entire satisfaction. He returned in January, 1857, resigned as regular army
officer, and was soon installed as engineer of Illinois Central Railroad. In 1860,
he was President of the Ohio k Mississippi. He removed to Cincinnati, where
he was at the opening of the war.

William Starke Rosecrans was born September 6, 1819, in Delaware County,
Ohio. His people were from Amsterdam. He was educated at West Point.
When the war opened, he espoused the cause of the Union with enthusiastic
zeal, and was appointed by McClellan on his staff as Engineer. June 9, he
was Chief Engineer of the State under special law. Soon thereafter, he was
Colonel of the Twenty-third Ohio, and assigned to the command of Camp
Chase, Columbus. On May 16, his commission was out as Brigadier General
in the United States Army. This reached him and he was speedily sum-
moned to active service, under Gen. McClellan. After the battle of Rich Moun-
tain, he was promoted to the head of the department.

In April, 1862, he was succeeded by Fremont, and ordered to Wash-
ington to engage in immediate service for the Secretary of War. About the
15th of May, he was ordered to Gen. Halleck, before Corinth. He was
relieved from his command December 9, 1864.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 173

Ulysses S. Grant, whose history we cannot attempt to give in these pages,
was born on the banks of the Ohio, at Point Pleasant, Clermont Co., Ohio,
April 27, 1822. He entered West Point in 1839.

" That the son of a tanner, poor and unpretending, without influential friends
until his performance had won them, ill-used to the world and its ways, should
rise — not suddenly, in the first blind worship of helpless ignorance which made
any one who understood regimental tactics illustrious in advance for what he
was going to do, not at all for what he had done — but slowly, grade by grade,
through all the vicissitudes of constant service and mingled blunders and suc-
cess, till, at the end of four years' war he stood at the head of our armies,
crowned by popular acclaim our greatest soldier, is a satisfactory answ^er to
criticism and a sufficient vindication of greatness. Success succeeds."

" We may reason on the man's career ; we may prove that at few stages has
he shown personal evidence of marked ability ; we may demonstrate his mis-
takes ; we may swell the praises of his subordinates. But after all, the career
stands wonderful, unique, worthy of study so long as the nation honors her
benefactors, or the State cherishes the good fame of the sons who contributed
most to her honor."

Lieut. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman was another Ohio contribution to
the great Union war. He was born at Lancaster February 8, 1820. He
entered West Point in June, 1836. His " march to the sea " has fully brought
out the details of his life, since they were rendered interesting to all, and we
refrain from repeating the well-known story.

Philip H. Sheridan was born on the 6th of March, 1831, in Somerset,
Perry Co., Ohio. He entered West Point in 1848. During the war, his
career was brilliant. His presence meant victory. Troops fighting under his
command were inspired. Gen. Rosecrans said of him, "He fights, he fights."
A staff officer once said, "He is an emphatic human syllable."

Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson was born in Sandusky County, town of
Clyde, November 14, 1828.

Maj. Gen. Q. A. Gillmore was born February 28, 1825, at Black River,
Lorain Co., Ohio.

Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell was born at Franklinton, Ohio, October 15,
1818.

Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell was born near Marietta on the 23d of March,
1818. His grandfather on the maternal side was one of the first settlers of
Cincinnati.

Maj. Gen. 0. M. Mitchell was a native of Kentucky, but a resident of
Ohio from the age of four years.

Maj. Gen. Robert C. Schenck was born October 4, 1809, in Franklin,
Warren Co., Ohio.

Maj, Gen. James A. Garfield, was born in Orange, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio,
November 19, 1831.

174 ISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

Maj. Gen. Jacob D. Cox was born in Canada in 1828, and removed to
Ohio in 1846.

Maj. Gen. James B. Steedman was born in Pennsylvania July 30, 1818,
and removed to Toledo in 1861.

Maj. Gen. David S. Stanley was born in Wayne County, Ohio, June 1,
1828.

Maj. Gen. George Crook was born in Montgomery County, Ohio, Septem-
ber 8, 1828.

Maj. Gen. Mortimer D. Leggett was born in New York April 19, 1831,
and emigrated to Ohio, in 1847.

Brevet Maj. Gen. John C. Tidball was born in Virginia, but removed while
a mere lad to Ohio with his parents.

Brevet Maj. Gen. John W. Fuller was born in England in 1827. He
removed to Toledo in 1858.

Brevet Maj. Gen. Manning F. Force was born in Washington, D. C, on
the 17th of December, 1824. He became a citizen of Cincinnati.

Brevet Maj. Gen. Henry B. Banning was born in Knox County, Ohio,
November 10, 1834.

We add the names of Brevet Maj. Gens. Erastus B. Tyler, Thomas H.
Ewing, Charles R. Woods, August V. Kautz, Rutherford B. Hayes, Charles
C. Walcutt, Kenner Garrard, Hugh Ewing, Samuel Beatty, James S. Robinson,
Joseph W. Keifer, Eli Long, William B. Woods, John W. Sprague, Benjamin
P. Runkle, August Willich, Charles Griffin, Henry J. Hunt, B. W. Brice.

Brig. Gens. Robert L. McCook, William H. Lytle, William Leroy
Smith, C. P. Buckingham, Ferdinand Van Derveer, George P. Este, Joel A.
Dewey, Benjamin F. Potts, Jacob Ammen, Daniel McCook, J. W. Forsyth,
Ralph P. Buckland, William H. Powell, John G. Mitchell, Eliakim P. Scam-
mon, Charles G Harker, J. W. Reilly, Joshua W. Sill, N. C. McLean, Will-
iam T. H. Brooks, George W. Morgan, John Beatty, William W. Burns, John
S. Mason, S. S. Carroll, Henry B. Carrington, M. S. Wade, John P. Slough,
T. K. Smith.

Brevet Brig. Gens. C. B. Ludlow, Andrew Hickenlooper, B. D.
Fearing, Henry F. Devol, Israel Garrard, Daniel McCoy, W. P. Richardson,
G. F. Wiles, Thomas M. Vincent, J. S. Jones, Stephen B. Yeoman, F. W.
Moore, Thomas F. Wilder, Isaac Sherwood, C. H. Grosvenor, Moses E.
Walker, R. N. Adams, E. B. Eggleston, I. M. Kirby.

We find numerous other names of Brevet Brigadier Generals, mostly of late
appointments, and not exercising commands in accordance with their brevet
rank, which we omit quoting through lack of space. They are the names of
men of rare abilities, and in many cases of brilliant achievements.

In looking over the "War Record of Ohio," we find the State a great
leader in men of valor and heroic deeds. It was the prolific field of military
geniuses.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 175

Ohio was draped with the garb of mourning at the close of the war. Her
human sacrifice in behalf of the nation had been bitter. There were tears and
heart-aches all over the land. Her ranks were swept by a murderous fire, from
which they never flinched, and many officers fell.

Col. John H. Patrick will be remembered as opening the battle of Lookout
Mountain. He fell mortally wounded, during the Atlanta campaign, May
15, 1862, while actively engaged. He was struck by a canister shot, and
expired half a hour thereafter.

Col. John T. Toland, in July, 1863, was placed in command of a mounted
brigade, including his regiment, and was instructed to destroy the Virginia &
Tennessee Railroad. He reached Wytheville, Va., on the afternoon of the
18th of July. The rebels were safely intrenched in the house, and poured a
galling fire into the national troops. Col. Toland was on horseback, at the
head of his command. A sharpshooter sent a bullet with fatal certainty, and
he fell on the neck of his horse, but was instantly caught by his Orderly
Sergeant, who heard the fervent words : " My horse and my sword to my
mother."

Lieut. Col. Barton S. Kyle accompanied his regiment to the battle of Pitts-
burg Landing. The regiment was forced back, though resisting bravely.
Lieut. Col. Kyle was at his post of duty, encouraging his men, when he received
a bullet in his right breast. He survived five hours.

Col. William G. Jones was engaged in the battle of Chickamauga, June,
1863. His regiment, the Thirty-sixth Ohio, was included in Turchin's Brigade
of the Fourteenth Corps. He wrote in his pocket memoranda : " Off to the
left ; merciful Father, have mercy on me and my regiment, and protect us from
injury and death " — at 12 o'clock. At 5 that afternoon, he was fatally wounded
and expired at 7 that same evening, on the battle-field His remains were
taken by the rebels, but in December, 1863, they were exhumed and interred
in Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati.

Col. Fred. C. Jones held command of the Tenth Brigade, in October, 1862,
marching from Wild Cat, Ky., to Nashville, through a perpetual skirmish,
During the battle of Stone River, Col. Jones' regiment, the Twenty-fourth, was
on the front and left of the line. During the afternoon, when the rebel assault
upon the left became furious. Col. Jones ordered his men to lie down and hold
fire, which was obeyed. They rose to pour a deadly volley into the rebel ranks,
and rush forward in a fierce charge. The capture of an entire rebel regiment was
thus efiected, but Col. Jones was shot in the right side. He was carried to the
rear. " I know it ; I am dying now ; pay no attention to me, but look after
my wounded men." He survived about ten hours. His remains are buried in
Spring Grove, Cincinnati.

Col. Lorin Andrews went with his command to Western Virginia, where
he succumbed to exposure and severe duty. He was removed to his home,
Gambler, Ohio, where he died surrounded by friends September 18, 1861.

176 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

Col. Minor Milliken was sent to repel the attacks of the rebels at the rear„
He led a superb cavalry charge against the enemy, vastly superior in numbers,
and was cut off with a small portion of his regiment. He disdained to sur-
render, and ordered his men to cut their way out. A hand-to-hand conflict
ensued. Col. Milliken, being an expert swordsman, was able to protect himself
with his saber. While parrying the strokes of his assailant, another shot him.
The regiment, again charging, recovered his body, stripped of sword, purse and
watch.

Col. George P. AVebster, with his regiment, the Ninety-eighth, left Steu-
benville for Covington, Ky., August 23, 1862, marching from that point to Lex-
ington and Louisville. He was placed at the command of the Thirty-fourth
Brigade, Jackson's division, Cooke's corps. He fell in the battle of Perryville,
and died on the field of battle.

Col. Leander Stem was appointed Colonel of the One Hundred and First
Ohio Infantry August 30, 1862. His premonitions that he should fall during
his first regular engagement proved too true. As the army was advancing on
Murfreesboro, the engagement of Knob Gap occurred, when Col. Stem's regi-
ment charged and took a rebel battery, with several prisoners. The army
closed around Murfreesboro, and on the evening of the 30th, the One Hun-
dred and First was engaged in demonstrations against the enemy. Next
morning, the battle of Stone River began in earnest. When Col. Stem's regi-
ment began to waver, he called out: "Stand by the flag now, for the good
old State of Ohio ! " and instantly fell, fatally wounded.

Lieut. Col. Jonas D. Elliott held his position in May, 1863. During the
summer of 1864, he commanded the left wing of the regiment at Dodsonville,
Ala.; in September, he was sent after Wheeler, and was ordered into camp at
Decatur. On the 23d, he was dispatched to Athens, to participate in the attack
of Gen. Forrest, of the rebels. Col. Elliott was sent out, with 300 men, and
being surrounded by Gen. Forrest, with vastly superior numbers, a forced resist-
ance enabled them to sustain their own ground, until a fresh brigade of rebels
arrived, under Gen. Warren. This officer instructed one of his men to shoot
Lieut. Col. Elliott, and a moment later he fell. He lingered nineteen days.

Col. Joseph L. Kirby Smith took command of the Forty-third Ohio Regi-
ment. He fell at the battle of Corinth, under Rosecrans.

Lieut. Col. James W. Shane fell, June 27, 1864, in an assault upon the
enemy's works at Kenesaw. He survived but forty minutes.

Col. Augustus H. Coleman displayed the abilities of a successful commander.
He was in the first charge on the bridge across Antietais Creek. He waa
fatally wounded. His last words were inquiries regarding his men.

Col. J. W. Lowe commanded the Twelfth Ohio, and was ordered to assist
the Tenth in the battle of Carnifex Ferry. Cheering his men, in the thickest
of the fight, a rifle ball pierced his forehead, and he fell dead — the first field
oflBcer from Ohio killed in battle in the war for the Union.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 1T7

•

Lieut. Col. Moses F. Wooster was engaged with his regiment, the One Hun-
dred and First Ohio, at Perryville. He was mortally wounded on the Slst
of December, 1862, in the grand effort to stem the tide of defeat at Stone
River. .

The list of staff officers we refrain from giving, through lack of space.

At the opening of the war, William Dennison was Governor of Ohio. David
Tod succeeded him. John Brough was the third War Governor.

Secretary Edwin M. Stanton was one of the most popular war Ministers.
He was born in Steubenville, Ohio, in 1815 ; he was engaged in the United
States Circuit Court, in 1860, in a leading law suit, at Cincinnati, known as the
Manny and McCormick reaper trial ; on the 20th of January, 1862, he was
appointed Secretary of War by Mr. Lincoln.

Ex-Secretary Salmon P. Chase's public services in Ohio have already been
mentioned in these pages. In 1861, he was appointed Secretary of the Treas-
ury, in Mr. Lincoln's cabinet.

United States Senator B. F. Wade made his reputation in Ohio. This
Senator of the State stood at the head of the Committee on the Conduct of the
War throughout its duration.

United States Senator John Sherman was a leading member of the Finance
Committee, during the war. For some time he was its Chairman.

Jay Cooke was the financial agent of the Government, furnishing money for
the payment of the troops. He was born in Portland, Huron Co., Ohio.

In our brief review of the war record of Ohio, we have omitted a vast
amount of detail information that would prove interesting to our readers. We
believe we have been accurate in whatever we have given, taking as our authority^
that accepted " encyclopedia " of Ohio war facts — Whitelaw Reid, who has pub-
lished a valuable volume on the subject.

SOME DISCUSSED SUBJECTS.

It may be well in glancing over the achievements of Ohio, her momentous
labors and grand successes, to refer to the Ordinance of 1787, more minutely
than we have done, in relation to many events, since its inherent principles are
not only perpetuated in the laws of the entire Northwest, but have since been
woven into the general Constitution of the United States. It made permanent
the standard and character of immigration, social culture and political and edu-
cational institutions. It was thoroughly antislavery and denounced involuntary
servitude, which was sanctioned in every other State at that time, with the
exception of Massachusetts. It protected religion and property. As late as
1862, Gen. William Henry Harrison, Governor of Indiana, called a conventioa
for the purpose of considering the slavery question, and the feasibility of intro-
ducing the system in the new States and Territories being formed. There
was at this time a spirited contest, and Illinois, Indiana and possibly Ohio,
barely escaped a decision that a full support should be given its introductioa

178 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO

into these States. Its adoption was based upon certain specifications and
limits of time, which upon a deeper consideration was deemed perplexing and
impractical.

An animated discussion arose not long since, regarding the correct author-
ship of this important ordinance, and its chief worker in gaining its sanction
hj Congress.

Mr. Webster ascribed its authorship to Mathew Dane, of Massachusetts,
•which statement was immediately refuted by Mr. Benton, of Mississippi, who
laid claim to it as the birthright of Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.

It has been almost impossible to obtain accurate reports of the actions of the
old Continental Congress, from the fact that its meetings were held in secret,
and any reports either narrated or shown in schedules or lists, were deemed a
striking lack of trust on the part of the person who furnished the information.
It was sufficient that its acts and conclusions be proclaimed without any prelude
or reasoning process. Hence it has been difficult to obtain early Congressional
documents. But it has been conclusively proven that the great motive power
in gaining the approbation of the Ordinance of 1787, was neither Dane nor
Jefferson, but Dr. Cutler.

He arrived at New York, July 5 of that year, after a journey from Ipswich,
Mass., in his sulky. He obtained lodgings at the "Plow and Harrow," and
saw that his good horse was properly cared for and fed at the same place.
Congress was then in session, and he had come on a mission for the Ohio Com-
pany, to negotiate their grant and its privileges in the new Territory of Ohio.
He remained in New York three weeks, constantly engaged in the work vital to
the interests of the future great State. But he secured the installment of the
principles deemed the corner-stone of a future powerful State constitution. Mr.
Poole, Librarian of the Chicago Public Library, searched assiduously for con-
clusive proof of Dr. Cutler's right to this honor, and in the Worth American
Review, Vol. 122, this is emphatically set forth with substantiating proof under
his signature.

Other facts have been discussed and proven at a very recent date, relative
to the State of Ohio, which heretofore have been omitted, and nearly lost from
the historic thread which unites the present with the past.

The first settlement of the lands of the Northwest is necessarily surrounded
with interest. But those were exciting, troublesome times, and a few links
were passed over lightly. However, the years are not so far removed in the
past but the line may be traced.

Mr. Francis W. Miller, of Cincinnati, has supplied some missing chapters.
The earliest documentary trace extant, regarding the southern settlement at
Cincinnati, is an agreement of partnership between Denman, Filson and Pat-
terson, in the fractional section of land to which the city of Cincinnati was
originally limited. It bears the date August 25, 1788. This was entered on
the records of Hamilton County, Ohio, October 6, 1803.

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 179

A letter from Jonathan Dayton to the Hon. Judge Symmes, dated Septem-
ber 26, 1789, says: "You have been selling your lands, I am told, for two
shillings specie, the acre. The price at this moment is, and seems to be, and
undoubtedly is, a good one; but as much cannot be said of it when you find
hereafter that in consequence of the rise of certificates, another acre, in another
payment, may cost you in specie two shillings and sixpence."

A letter from John C. Symmes to Capt. Dayton, dated April 30, 1790^
says : " The land in the reserved township is held at much too high a price.
Not a foot of land beyond the five-acre lots will sell. Five shillings, specie,
or two dollars in certificates, is the utmost they will bring, and they will rarely
sell at that."

This state of affairs was in a large degree brought about by the breaking-up
of North Bend and a removal of the town to Fort Washington, or Cincinnati,
later. A search through the old letters and other preserved documents prove
that North Bend was at one time the beginning of the great city on the Ohio,
rather than Cincinnati. Judge Symmes wrote. May 18, 1789: "I have not as
yet been able to make a decisive choice of a plat for the city, though I have
found two pieces of ground, both eligible, but not upon the present plan of a
regular square. It is a question of no little moment and difiiculty to deter-
mine which of these spots is preferable, in point of local situation. I know
that at first thought men will decide in favor of that on the Ohio, from the-
supposition that the Ohio will command more trade and business than the
Miami. * * * gyt if jt were built on the Miami, the settlers
throughout the purchase would find it very convenient."

Another of the earliest selections of town sites was adjacent to the most
southerly point of what is now Delhi Township. To this the name of South
Bend was given. Judge Symmes reports November 4, 1790, of this place,
over forty framed and hewed-log two-story houses, since the preceding spring.
Ensign Luce is said to have taken his troops to North Bend, but decided to
remove to Cincinnati, on account of the object of his afiections having settled
there— the wife of a settler. But this story is refuted by contradictory evi-
dence from Judge Symmes' letters, which illustrate the fact that the post of
North Bend was abandoned by Ensign Luce and his men in consequence of a
panic, caused by Indian attacks. The removal of the troops caused a general
decline of the town. Again, history and letters from the same eminent Judge,
assert that Fort Washington was completed and garrisoned by Maj. Doughty
before the close of that same year, and was begun by him during the summer,
that Ensign Luce must have still been at his post at the bend at that time. It
has been, therefore, recently accepted that the traditional "black eyes" and
the "Indian panic," had nothing to do with the founding of Cincinnati, and
that the advantages of the position gained the victory.

Cincinnati has advanced, not only in prosperity and culture, but in national
significance. Our readers must have observed, in perusing these pages, that

180 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

from this city and the State which it represents, have emanated some of the
superior intellects which have used their wise faculties and talents, tempered by
a wise judgment, in behalf of the American Union.

The originality of the Senecas and Wyandots have been debated at some
length, while others have called the tribes the same, having two branches. We
have searched the earlier records and have found an authenticated account of
these two tribes.

The Indian tribes of Ohio were originally bold, fierce and stalwart. The
country watered by the Sandusky and its tributaries was frequented by the
Wyandot tribe, who came from the north side of the St. Lawrence River. The
Senecas were blood relatives of this tribe. Both tribes were numbered by the
thousands. A war originated between them, in this manner: A Wyandot
chief desired to wed the object of his affections, who laughed him to scorn,
because he had taken no scalps, and was no warrior " to speak of." To change
her opinion, he led out a party, and falling upon a number of Senecas, slaugh-
tered them mercilessly, that he might hasten to the side of his dusky belle, with
his trophies. This act inaugurated hostilities, which extended through a century.
The Wyandots began to fear extermination, and, gathering their entire effects,
the natives escaped to Green Bay, and settled in several villages. But the Sen-
ecas made up a war party and followed them, killing many Wyandots and burn-
ing some of their villages. They then returned to Canada. Soon thereafter,
they secured fire-arms from the French. Again they followed the Wyandots,
firing their guns into their huts, and frightening them severely. They did not
succeed as well as they expected. But the third party nearly exterminated the
villages, because the young warriors were nearly all gone to war with the Foxes.
The few at home escaping, promised to return with the Senecas, but desired
two days for preparation. The Wyandots sent word to the two villages left
undisturbed, and held a consultation. They decided to go as near the Senecas
as possible, unobserved, and discover their real motive. They found them feast-
ing on two roasted Wyandots, shouting over their victory. They danced nearly
all night, and then fell asleep. A little before daylight, the Wyandots fell on
them, leaving not one to carry back the news.

The Wyandots then procured guns, and began to grow formidable. They
set out to return to their own country, and proceeded on their way as far as
Detroit, where they met a party of Senecas, on the lake. A fierce conflict
ensued, and the Wyandots beheld the Senecas fall, to the last man, suffering
fearful carnage themselves. They soon settled in this part of the world, their
principal village being on the Sandusky. Northwestern Ohio was particularly
dangerous with new Indian tribes, and the Wyandots were cruelly aggressive.
The death of their chief, and their total defeat by Harrison, destroyed their
power forever.

On the 29th of September, 1817, a treaty was held, at the foot of the rapids
of the Miami of Lake Erie, between Lewis Cass and Duncan McArthur,

HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 181

Commissioners of the United States, and the sachems, chiefs and warriors of the
Wyandot, Seneca, Delaware, Shawnee, Potawattomie, Ottawa and Chippewa
nations. All their lands in Ohio were ceded to the United States forever.

There was really not a Seneca in the Seneca nation. They were chiefly
Cayugas, Mohawks, Onondagas, Tuscarawas, Wyandots and Oneidas. But the
Mingoes were originally Cayugas, and their chief was the celebrated Logan.
After the murder of his family by the whites, the Mingoes were scattered over
the territory northwest of the Ohio.

The notorious Simon Girty was adopted by the Senecas. Girty's name was
a terror and fiendish horror for many years. He not only led the Indians in
their atrocities, but he added barbarism to their native wickedness.

CONCLUSION.

When peace was proclaimed, after the surrender of Gen. Robert E. Lee to
Gen. U. S. Grant, the volunteer troops disbanded, and a return to home indus-
tries instituted, Ohio, like many other States, gave direct attention to the inter-
ests of returned soldiers. The thrift of the State was augmented by a spasmodic,
and thereafter recognized as a fictitious, demand for products, commercial and
industrial pursuits redoubled their forces. But the great wave of stagnation
swept over this fair land — the re-action of a war excitement. Laborers were
many, but wages were inadequate. Deeper and deeper settled this lethargy —
called by many " hard times" — until the wheels of commercial life revolved
slowly, and from the workshops and the factories went up the echoes of priva-
tion and distress. There was no famine, no fever, no epidemic, it was simply
exhaustion. In the larger cities there was much suffering. Idle people loitered
about, barely seeking employment, the task seeming Avorse than hopeless.

During the years 1870, 1871 and 1872, the stringent measures brought
about by the depressed state of business retarded any material advancement in
general matters. The years 1873-74 were marked by a preceptible improve-
ment, and a few factories were established, while larger numbers were employed
in those already founded. The year 1875 was under the direction of a Demo-
cratic Legislature. It was marked in many respects by a " reverse motion " in
many laws and regulations.

The Legislature which convened in 1876, January 3, was Republican in the
main. It repealed the " Geghan Law" passed by the preceding body. At
the time of its adoption, there was the most intense feeling throughout the State,
the charge being made that it was in the interests of the Catholics. Among
the general enactments were laws re-organizing the government of the State insti-
tutions, which the previous Legislature had ordered according to their own belief
to follow new doctrines. The ofiice of Comptroller of the Treasury was abolished.
The powers of municipal corporations to levy taxes was limited, and their
authority to incur debts was limited. Furthermore, this body prohibited any
municipal appropriations, unless the actual money was in the Treasury to meet

182 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

the same in full. A law was passed for the protection of children under fourteen
years of age, exhibited in public shows.

The temperance cause received more vigorous and solid support than was
ever rendered by the State previously. A common-sense, highly moral and
exalted platform was formed and supported by many leading men.

This year witnessed the serious "strikes" among the miners in Stark and
Wayne Counties. The consequences were painful — distress, riots and distrac-
tion of property.

The State Mine Inspector reported 300 coal mines in the State, with only
twenty-five in operation. Not over 3,000,000 tons of coal were raised during
the year, owing to the dullness of the times.

The State charities reported the aggregate number under public care to be
29,508. The taxation for the maintenance of these classes was one and one
six-hundredth of a mill on each dollar of taxable property.

The reports given of the year 1877 indicated a revival of business interests
and prosperity. The State produced of wheat, 27,306,566 bushels; rye,
914,106 bushels; buckwheat, 225,822 bushels; oats, 29,325,611; barley,
1,629,817 bushels ; corn, 101,884,305 bushels ; timothy, tons of hay, 2,160,334 ;
clover, tons of hay, 286,265; flax, pounds of fiber, 7,343,294; potatoes,
10,504,278 bushels; sweet potatoes, 126,354^ bushels; tobacco, 24,214,950
pounds; sorghum, sugar, 7, 507 J pounds; syrup, 1,180,255 gallons; maple
sugar, 1,625,215 pounds; maple syrup, 324,036 gallons; honey, 1,534,902
pounds.

The growth of manufacturing industries, the remarkable annual increase
in stock and in agricultural products since 1877, leave no room to doubt the
rapid advancement of Ohio in general wealth.

^^ ^ ' Si^J^^^^-^^

PART III.

HISTORY OF SENECA CODNTY.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY,

CHAPTER I.

TOPOGRAPHY AND NATURAL HISTORY,

SENECA COUNTY is bounded on the north by Sandusky, on the east by
Hiu-on, on the south by Crawford and AVyandot. and on the west by Wood
and Hancock Counties, embracing fifteen original siu-veyed townships, extend-
ing north fi'om the parallel of latitude 41° north to latitude 41° 18', and east
from the west line of Range 13, east of longitude west of Washington, D. C,
7° 50', the principal meridian, to the east line of Range 17, east of longitude
west 1^ 50', or over 540 square miles. The population, according to the census
of 18S0, was 3r5,947, but the estimate for 1885, based on school statistics, places
the number of inhabitants at 41,000 or 75.02 inhabitants per square mile.

The altitude at Berwick is 345 feet above the level of Lake Erie; at Repub-
lic,^ 308 feet; at Lodi. in Reed Township, 282 feet, and at Tiffin, 183 feet.
Geologists claim that Attica is the highest point in the coiinty.

The Sandusky River enters the county in Section 36, Seneca To^vTiship:
winds east into Section 31, Eden To^vnship; thence west into Seneca Town-
ship, flowing north by east through the southeastern sections of HopeweU
Township, the city of Tiffin, the northwestern sections of Clinton Township,
and, entering Pleasant Township, flows on in its tortuous channel, leaving that
township in Section 5. The Sandusky River is associated with much of the
early history of Ohio. Along its banks the beginnings of many little common-
wealths were made, but to-day those beginnings have almost disappeared, to
give place to the many important cities, beautiful villages and pleasant farm
homes which grace its valley and terraces.

Honey Creek, a name endeared to hundreds of old settlers, Indians and
half-breeds, has its head-waters in Hiu-on Coimty, and flows through Venice,
Bloom and Eden Townships, entering the Sandusk}^ in Section 36, Hopewell
TowTiship. This creek is fed by numerous streams, all, like the parent river,
contributing to the wealth of one of the most fertile tracts in all Ohio. Silver
Creek, which may be called a native of Bloom Township, is one of Honey
Creek's principal feeders, entering the latter almost on the Eden Township
line. The plateau on Section 20, Eden Township, is iifty-eight feet above the
summer level of Honey Creek.

Rock Creek has its head-waters in Section 33, Reed Township, flows north
into Section 17, joins other streams, and thence enters the lake on the Beeghley
farm, in Section 18, Reed Township ; thence runs southwest through Republic, to
Section 10, Eden Township, where it takes a northwesterly course, to join the

188 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

Sandusky, east of Washington Street bridge, at Tiffin. In the history of the
townships and of Tiffin City, many references are made to this little river.

Sugar Creek, in its course through Section 27, Pleasant Township, flows
42 1- feet below its plateau. Wolf Creek rises in Seneca Township, flows north-
east through Hopewell, Liberty and Pleasant Townshijjs, and leaves the county
in Section (3, Pleasant. This creek drains a very large area, being the reservoir,
so to speak, of the numerous little creeks in Hopewell and Liberty Townships.
Harrison Creek and the western fork of Wolf Creek rise in Loudon Township,
and flow north through Jackson and Liberty Townships, entering the main stream
below Bettsville. Risdon Creek and tributaries flow north through the western
sections of Jackson Township, and, with Little Portage Creek, afford good
di-ainage. There are himdreds of small streams (many of which, like that on
the Coleman farm in Seneca Township, never fi'eeze up) to be found in the
county, to which names have never been given; in fact, every section may be
said to claim some water-right, thus bestowing upon the land a high value.

Along the Sandusky and other large streams the face of the country is
somewhat broken, the terrace in Section 24, Seneca Township, being (38-^ feet
above summer level, but outside the river valleys proper the land may be said
to be slightly rolling, except in Thompson Township, which is marked by
decidedly rolling lands. Even the Big Spring marsh, so long barren, has been
broiight under cultivation. In ten of the fifteen townships, which make up the
county, there is an abundance of large hardwood timber of almost every
species.

Townships and Cities. — The fifteen townships, into which the county is
divided, are named as follows, with the number of original surveyed township
and range:

Big Spring, 1 north, Range 13 east. Bloom, 1 north. Range 16 east.

Eden, 1 north. Range 15 east. Seneca, 1 north. Range 14 east.

Venice, 1 north. Range 17 east. Clinton, 2 north, Range 15 east.

Hopewell, 2 north. Range 14 east. Loudon, 2 north, Range 13 east.

Reed, 2 north, Range 17 east. Scipio, 2 north. Range 16 east.

Adams, 3 north, Range 16 east. Jackson, 3 north. Range 13 east.

Libertj', 3 north. Range 14 east. Pleasant, 3 north. Range 15 east.
Thompson, 3 north. Range 17 east.

Tiffin, the county seat, is a beautiful city, most conveniently situate, and re-
plete in everything which wealth and intelligence suggests. The main part of
the city of Fostoria is in this coimty, and like her older and greater sister
Tiffin, is one of the most pleasant and business-like towns in northwestern Ohio.

Postal Tow7is. — The postal towns of the county in 1885 are Adiian, Alvada,
Amsden, Angus, Attica, Bascom, Berwick, Bettsville, Bloomville, Carrothers,
Cromer's, Flat Rock, Fort Seneca, Fostoria, Frank, Green Spring, Kansas,
Melmore, Morris, New Riegel, Old Fort, Omar, Reedtown, Republic, Rocka-
way, St. Stephen, Siam, Tiffin, Watson, West Lodi. The pay attached
to these offices, in 1884, ranged fi'om $4.38 to $2,200, viz. : Angus, $4.38; Old
Fort, $34.37; Cromer's, $42.91; Amsden, $48.08; Fort Seneca, $86.77; Kan-
sas, $207.79; Bettsville, $384.70; Fostoria, $1,900; Tiffin, $2,200. Owing
to the reduction in postage, the value of many of the offices to the incumbents
has been lessened. The new settlement on the Nickel Plate Railroad, named
Her, was established as a postal town in September, 1885.

Scattered throughout the county are a number of small settlements, many
of which cannot, however, take on the dignity of villages for some years.
Others consist of a few houses grouped around a post office. These tiny set-
tlements will, no doubt, spring into activity and request the future historian to
record them as villages or cities before many decades. So early as 1844 a few

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 189

of these hamlets aimed at importance. Then came the central cities and
the mining stampedes, and an age intervened; then came the war, when the
graces and amenities of civilized life were ignored for the " signal -sound of
strife' ' and ' 'battle' s magnificently-stern array. ' ' A large delegation was taken
fi"om each village to serve in all branches of the new industries the first year of
the struggle, and each succeeding le\y gradually drained the vicinity of very
much of the enterprise and public spirit which had come in and manifested its
presence by works in former years. As a consequence, improvements for the
period between the firing lapon Fort Siimter and the surrender at Appomattox
were neither numerous, costly nor architecturally elaborate. The same is to be
remembered with reference to the advent of citizens at that time, neither were
they numerous nor valuable,' save, of course, in exceptional instances. The
village, as will be readily conceded, escaped remarkable growth or develop-
ment; but as years grow apace they give some evidence of advancement.

Geology. — Political lines have a most su]ireme disregard for geological
boundaries; but the county in this respect is a part of a vast territory which
has been more or less carefully explored and its obvious characteristics noted.
The townships of Pleasant, Liberty, Jackson, Hopewell (in the northerly part),
and Loudon (in the northwesterly part), show the Niagara system above the drift;
sand-formations and healthy looking boulder rock. Over the greater area of these
townships the rock and sand are covered by a drift material. A complete knowl-
edge of the history of a single pebble composing this drift would give its possessor
more knowledge of geologj^ than is now extant in the wide world. East of the
Sandusky Kiver (the same territory which, in 1820, was attached to Sandusky
County under the name of Seneca Township) the outcrop of the Niagara rock is a
phenomenon. The State geologist, in his first report on this county, says : " The
eastern part of the county is considerably more elevated than the middle and west-
ern, and the siirface is characterized at once by longer and more considerable
undulations, which have the form, very often, of ridges evenly covered by di'ift,
running about northeast and southwest. * * * There are still, even in
the eastern part of the county, flat tracts where the drainage is so slow that
the washings from hill sides have leveled up the lower grounds with alluvial
and marshy accumulations. In such cases the elevated drift knolls are
gravelly, and show occasional boulders; but in the level tract, which has been
filled, no boulders, or even stones of any kind, can be seen.

The Niagara limestone, in Pleasant Township, found in the bed of Wolf
Creek and on Section 10, shows a northeast dip, and a variable dip on Section
20. Below the dam, in the Sandusky, near Fort Seneca, a remarkable hard or
flinty blue stone, presumably of the Niagara conformation, was quarried some
years ago, and has since been used for macadamizing and other purposes. On
Spicer Creek, Section 28, Pleasant Township, a more pronounced Niagara lime-
stone exists.

In the extreme southeastern corner of Jackson Township, in a tributary
of Wolf Creek, there is an exposure of limestone, and also along the railroad
on Section 22. Also in the old town of Risdon, and north of it along the
county line, the Niagara stone shows itself. The lime manufactured at Fos-
toria is equal to that of Springfield or Carey.

The outcrop in Hopewell Township is decided in Sections 22 and 10, and
by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, at Bascom. The immense boulders and
beds of Niagara above Tifiin, in the Sandusky River, also belong to the out-
crop in this township.

In Liberty Township, on Section 4, this rock outcrops, dipping gradually
west. Along Wolf Creek there are several surface showings of this rock, and

190 History of senega county.

in almost every pait of the township it may be considered as merely covered by
the drift. In the southern tier of sections this stone is quarried and exten-
sively used in housebuilding, bridges, lime manufacture and macadamizing.
About the year 1870, George King's house was constructed of this rock.

In Clinton Township the river may be said to act the part of the old
quarmnan. For centui'ies the Sandusky has been carving an under channel
for its waters until, in 18'25, man came to its help. Along the fi'ont of old
Fort Ball, now in Tiffin City, the Niagara or rather Guelph stone shows itself
very distinctly. In fact the whole north bank of the river may be considered
a roclc, extending fi'om the summer level of the river up the terrace about
sixty feet in depth, with an exjiosure of about eighteen feet, dipping from
five to ten degrees southwest. The main showing, of waterlime is found at this
point. A junction of the Niagara and waterlime formations occui's within
Tiffin City, above Washington Street bridge. ♦

In Section 22, Hopewell; Section 23, Seneca; and Section 29, Clinton;
waterlime is exposed, while in many other townships it appears in beds of
creeks.

The conformation known as Oriskany sandstone underlies portions of
AdauLs, Pleasant, Clinton and Eden Townships.

The lower corniferous outcrop appears in Scipio, Bloom, Eden and Adams,
while the upper corniferous gives good exposures in Thompson and Bloom
Townships, where extensive quarries are worked.

The drift formation is evident throughout the county, particularly in Eden
and Venice Townships.

The economical geology is represented by numerous stone quarries, de-
posits of bog-iron ore, brick clay and pottery clay. The red brick, manufac-
tured in almost every division of the county, are of excellent quality, but
wanting in some cases that regular, tradesmanlike finish, which have won for
foreign manufacturers a large trade. This biu'ned clay, when pulverized
and mixed with other products, such as bone and sand, makes a cement equally
as diu'able as Portland cement and far less expensive. The tile industry of
Seneca has made much greater advances toward perfection than the older
brick-making industry, and for this reason the product of sewer and di-ainage
tile, pottery, etc. , has grown very large. A reference to the pages of local
history will point out many of, if not all, the varioiTs workers in the field of
economical geology.

Wells and Sjyrings. — Wells for domestic use are generally obtained in the
loose gravel within the drift, or in that sheet of gravel and sand which very
often is the lowest part of the drift. As in Ottawa County siTch wells are often
artesian, and show the source of their water in the mineral impurities it con-
tains. The waters of the mineral spring at Green Spring and of the spring in
Section 7, Adams Township, issue from the rock, which, although exposed at
no point within six miles, is probably the Niagara limestone. Wells, also, which
do not reach the bottom of the di'ift, are sometimes supplied by slow seepage
fi'om the hardpan, or by penetrating some of the sand or gravel beds contained
within the drift. Wells from such higher beds of gravel are common oiitside
the area of the Black Swamp. Within that tract such beds of gravel are more
rarely met with, above that lying on the rocky conformations. The medic-
inal qualities of the water at Green Spring are so marked as to induce the in-
vestment of considerable capital in a Water Cure establishment. The analy-
sis made by O. N. Stoddard, of Miami University, Ohio, is published by the
pro])rietors.

The analysis of one gallon of Green Spring water shows the following con-
stituents:

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 191

Grains. Grains.

Sulphate of Lime, 105.41 Bromide of Potassa, 16.76

Sulphate of Magnesia, 36.14 Chloride of Potassa, 2.48

Sulphate of Iron 6.53 Silica, 6.10

Carbonate of Iron, 19.70 Alumina, 98

Carbonate of Magnesia, 22.39 Car. Acid Gas, 96.48 cub. in.

Density, 1.0258. Temperature, (summer and winter same) 50® Fahrenheit.

The Big Spring, in the southwestern part of the county, was known in
early days as the Lime Spring. Unlike the northern waters (Adams) the waters
of Big Spring do not show even a particle of sulphur.

Gas Wells. — Gas wells in Ohio, exhaustless fountains of carburetted hy-
drogen gas, have come into prominence only within the last fifteen years, al-
though evidences of inexhaustible supply were manifest fi'om the beginning of
settlement. It was known that the Chinese had for centuries utilized natiu-al
gas in their workshops and homes, but not until about a half century ago was
this knowledge applied in the United States, when a Fredonia, N. Y. , enterprise
introduced it. Since that time many localities in Pennsylvania and Ohio have
searched for and found this great light and heat giver, and in 1884-85 local
enterprise at Findlay, Fostoria, Bowling Green and other places has brought
this hidden wealth to the doors of Seneca County, leaving little doubt of its
extension throughout the county with a few years.

Prof. Edward Orton, in his paper on oil wells in Ohio, says : ' ' The wells
begin in the Niagara limestone, or in the waterlime. The drill goes through 300
to 400 feet of nearly unbroken sheets of solid rock. Below this the red shales
of the Medina group come in, ranging from fifty to 200 feet in thickness. The
Hudson Kiver group, next below, consists of about 400 feet of calcareous shales,
gray or blue, and highly fossiliferous. The fossils are found distinct enough
for identification in the di-illings. The brown or black Utica shale follows next
in order. It is 250 to 300 feet thick. It has but few fossils, but these few are
characteristic. The gas ' sand ' or ' oil sand ' of the driller comes next.
The Pennsylvania driller knows no rock but a sand- stone as an oil or gas pro-
ducer, and so this soiirce of gas goes by the name of sand-stone. Analyses of
four samples of the rock from Findlay, Fostoria, Lima and Bowling Green, all
agree in proving the rock to be an impure limestone, of a dijfferent type from
any in the Ohio scale. It is clearly the Trenton limestone of the Eastern
States and of Canada. It has been drilled into for 400 feet in several wells,
but the gas all comes fi-om its upper surface. No gain has been made by go-
ing deeper in any case yet, though several thousand dollars have been spent in
this way in difPerent localities. Torpedoes have been used with good effect in
several wells. The gas comes to the surface with fair pressure when released,
but with little of the explosive violence of the great wells of Pennsylvania.
These latter are at least twenty times as strong as the strongest of the Findlay
wells. The relations of the gas territory to the Cincinnati arch are a matter
of interest. Newberry located the arch too far to the eastward, as it now ap-
pears. He thought the islands of Lake Erie were carried on top of the arch,
but this is thirty or forty miles oxit of the way. No determination was possi-
ble until these drillings were made, and the number is far too small to allow
any accurate and final determination. The facts so far obtained show Findlay
to be on the highest part of the arch. Taking the gas-bearing rock as our
guide, we find it at the following named places and depth below the ocean
level: Findlay, 310; Bowling Green, 387; Lima, 446; Fostoria, 471; Fre-
mont, 696. The fact that the two points where gas is most abundant are
found on the highest portions of the lower limestone will be noticed. The axis
seems to be bearing about north and must pass near Toledo, instead of through

192 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

the islands. The effect of the arch is, however, problematical. Even two
swallows do not make a summer. Gas may be found away from the arch in
some of the wells now going down, in which case the deductions drawn fi'om the
first facts would immediately lose their value. Drilling is sure to go forward
rapidly in the State, and by means of it we shall learn very much in regard to
the structure of the arch that we could not otherwise know. After a little ge-
ology can begin to predict. Already one conclusion of much economic value
seems fairly well established. It is this : When the Trenton limestone is
reached and penetrated twenty or thirty feet, if no reward is found, the drill-
ing would best be abandoned. Oil is found at Lima and at Findlay. The oil
is of the usual type of limestone oils, viz. : Thirty-six degrees gravity, black,
rather low in lubricating quality and somewhat offensive in odor. It is ' be
twixt and between,' being neither well adapted to refining nor to lubricating
pm-poses, but, if found in quantity, may prove a source of value. As to the
quantity, no conclusions are as yet fairly deducible. About 200 barrels are re-
ported fi-om the Lima well. The geological facts as to the occurrence of the
oil and gas are very interesting and important. Our supplies elsewhere
through the State nearly all come from the Berea Grit, but the new horizon
lies 2, 500 feet below, and, moreover, is a limestone. Its supplies must there-
fore be derived fi'om animal life, while ^he supplies of the Berea Grit are de-
rived from the vegetable matters of the black shale. It appears that gas and
oil both are rendered characteristic by the source from which they come.

The well drilled at South Fostoria, to a depth of 1,775 feet, was not a suc-
cess. The history of this enterprise is given in the history of Fostoria. The
proposed well at"^ Tiffin is only a matter of history so far as the projectors of
the entei-prise are concerned.

Zoology. — There was a time when deer were killed by the first settlers of
Tiffin and Fort Ball, within the limits of their villages. The bear, wild hog,
wolverine and wolf, were all here; while the reptile species claimed many and
venomous representatives. Indeed blue-racers may still be found in this part
of Ohio, while garter- snakes are still numerous. In July, 1883, four or five
blue-racers had been killed in the northern part of Jackson Township, San-
dusky- County. The county was at one time a favorite camping ground for sea-
hawks and eagles. It is related that some years before the Senecas left the
county, a hawk carried off a pappoose that was left by its Indian mother in a
grove' which then stood on the south bank of the river, near Washington Street
bridge. In June, 1882, Daniel Misner, living on the Aikens farm, five miles
southwest of Tiffin, shot a bald eagle which measured seven feet from tip to tip,
killing it with a charge of number six shot, at a distance of fifty yards. In
February, 1885, Philip E. Fox, living three and one-half miles southeast of
Fostoria, detected a large bald eagle in the act of carrying away a good sized
lamb. He prociu-ed his gun and shot the eagle at a distance of fifty feet in the
air, and brought him down, together with his mutton.

In the Indian times, the rivers and streams of the county were teeming
with fish. As settlement advanced, the finny tribe decreased, and ultimately
faded away in the general ruin which fell upon animals of the woods and waters
of the wilderness. New species have, however, taken the place of the fish of
pioneer times, and now inhabit the rivers and streams. In Pleasant Town-
ship, the breeding of German carp may be classed among the industries.

Botany. — It is as imnecessary as it is difficult to name the trees, shrubs,
grasses, herbs and flora of this county. Every plant and flower known in this
latitude floimshes throughout the length and breadth of Seneca County, while
many exotics may be brought, and are brought, to perfection in the homes of the

'^*«^

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LAyiyiyt^^

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 195

people. Many wild flowers, known only to the pioneers, have disappeared for
ever, hundreds of new ones having usm-ped their place even within the pioneer
period.

Horticulture is well represented, the orchards and vineyards of the county
being among the first in the northern part of Ohio. In 1824 the first orchard
of the county was set out in Clinton Township by John Keller; but prior to
this many wild trees offered abundance of fruit to the Indians and pioneers.

Climatology. — It has been stated by veiy many old settlers of Ohio, that the
winter of 1884-85, and indeed the summer of 1885, reached the very limit of
the lowest temperatiu'e of the respective seasons. History, however, does not
bear out the statement; for about the beginning of the pioneer pei'iod of the
coiuity, the wild animals were frozen in their tracks, and vegetation killed. Since
that time the climate of this latitude has not varied very much in the case of
Seneca. Atmospheric phenomena were rare indeed, and those appalling out-
bursts of nature which have devastated towns, villages and farm houses in
other counties, are unheard of here.

The frost of May 15, 1834, destroyed all the fruit crop and potato crop, to-
gether with more than one-half the wheat crop. Later that year, floui-, in the
Tiffin market, was cpioted at $14 per barrel.

The drought of 1838 resulted in destroying the grain crop, and reducing
the corn crop to the amount of seed sown. A great hail storm swept over the
county in May, 1839. This part of Ohio may be said to have escaped the frost
of September, 1885.

Archceology. — The archaeologist must be forever a speculator; for, notwith-
standing the researches of the ethnologists of the world, and particularly of
our own searchers, the origin of the vase, moimd, stone hatchets, flint aiTOw-
heads, and all the rude adjuncts of prehistoric life, remains imsettled. While
some of the mounds are doubtless very ancient, others, similar in character and
equally interesting, have certainly been built up since the advent of Europeans.
A string of sleigh bells much corroded, but still capable of tinkling, was found
among the flint and bone implements in a mound in Tennessee, whilst in Mis-
sissii)pi, at the point where De Soto is supposed to have tarried, a Spanish coat
of arms in silver, one blade of a pair of scissors, and other articles of Exu'opean
manufacture were found in positions which indicated that they were buried by
the original builders of the moimds. In a Georgia mound two copper plates
were found, upon which were stamped figm-es resembling the sculptures upon
the Central American ruins. The workmanship is vastly superior to that dis-
played on the articles of potterj^, stone and bone found in the mounds, and their
origin and piu-pose are not yet explainable. Aside fi-om these plates nothing
has been found to indicate a connection between the Mound-Builders and the
Aztecs or the Pueblos, while on the other hand, there appears many reasons for
not going beyond the Cherokees, and their fellow red men of the Ohio and Mis-
sissippi Valley, to find the origin of these cimous erections. The piu'pose of
the mounds still remains in some cases a mysterj^, but in others they are known
to have been made sometimes for biirial places, and sometimes as foundations
for Indian villages seciu'e from the floods to which the low lands were period-
ically subjected.

The old fortifications on Honey Creek, in Eden Township, near the Mo-
hawk Road, embrace an area of about two acres. They are attributed to the
military genius of the Fishermen, or Eries, in their war with the Iroquois in-
vaders; but there is nothing in history or archaeology to warrant a statement
that the Eries were the builders. That the position was defended since the
introduction of the shot-gun or rifle is told by the fact that leaden bullets of

196 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

every size have been found in the vicinity. Joseph Swigart, passing through
Honey Creek in 1819, stopped at the spring about a mile northwest of the
present village of Bloomville, and, while there, noticed two circular stone works,
each about 100 yards south fi-om the spring. A well-beaten path led fi'om the
spring to the entrance of each work. The spring and each work formed a
corner of a perfect triangle. Stone hammers, flints, etc., have been found
there. There were remains of the walls as late as 1830, when they were re-
moved, and burned for lime.

In 1850 a few of the ancient mounds in Pleasant Township were opened;
although for years prior to this date several small mounds were plowed over,
and bones, pottery, and other relics of a past age. brought to light. The
explorations of 1850 resulted in the discovery of a number of burned sand-clay
pitchers, pipes, a stone pitcher, and other curios, many of which are still to
be seen in the county. Among the collections of fossils, rocks, boulders and
■curios in the county, that of the editor of the Fostoria Democrat is considered
the best. The fossil remains found in connection with the rocks of this county,
and particularly with the limestone conformation, comprise the Lithostrotion
mamrnullare, the L. longiconicum the Cyaihophyllum, fimgites, and the Syringo-
pore, all belonging to the Polypi class. The only evidence of the Echiyiodermata
is furnished by the remains of the common species. The Bryozoa class is repre-
sented in the limestone by no less than seven species; the Brachiopoda by
eighteen species; the Lamellibranchiata by six species; the Trilobites by two
very distinct species, showing the tails. The remains of iish and reptiles are
very common. Human remains are uncommon in the strata, though in other
parts they have been found mysteriously commingled with some of the first
formations. In all the townships east of the Sandusky there are hillocks visi-
ble, none of which have been explored systematically, if at all. Throughout
the county, relics of the aborigines have been found; stone and clay pipes,
volcanic glass spear-heads, arrow heads, and in some instances copper articles
have been brought to light, all in evidence of the fact that a people dwelt here
long before the immigration of the Indians, who inhabited the Sandusky
countrv when the first settlers arrived.

CHAPTER IL

SENECA'S RED PIONEERS.

IN the introduction to the Military History of the county, references are
made to the occupation of Pleasant Township by the English soldiery under
the Irish Tory, Butler, in 1782, its subsequent occupation by Gen. Harrison's
troops in 1813, and the occupation of Clinton Township by Col. Ball's cavalry,
the same year. All those movements, expensive, and sometimes costing valua-
ble citizen lives, were not called for directly by Indian aggression. The pres-
ence of a trans- Atlantic enemy, and the spirit which that enemy's lies and
largesses fostered in the Indian mind were the first causes. The arch-enemy
being driven away and punished, Hull's treachery was remedied, and peace
was restored.

The Shan-nees. — The Eries, a tribe of fishermen and hunters, inhabited the
country along Lake Erie, and hunted through the country southward until

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 197

1655, when their villages were destroyed, their women and children slain, and
their wan-iors driven to flight or to the grave. The wild chase of those blood-
thirsty Iroquois after human blood, led them away from this jDortion of the
wilderness in search of other tribes to mm-der, and in their place came the
Shawnees, who fled hither from the Iroquois, who had just evacuated this
country. This was in 1672. In 1728 they migrated to the Scioto country;
and thirty-five years after assumed ownership of the upper Miami countrv.with
their principal villages at the Mac-a-chack towns. This tribe produced
Tecumseh, the savage, who checked up Proctor's fiendish cruelty to the
Americans. Their reservations and latter-day villages at Wapakoneta, and near
Lima, Allen County, are well described in the history of Ohio, so also their
dealings with the British. This tribe was removed, in 1831, to Kansas, where
they are Reservation Indians.

The Wyandot s are undoubtedly a branch of the great Algonquin race. The
history of their persecution by the Iroquois, who di-ove them from the Simcoe
country in Western Canada to the islands of the St. Mary's River, and thence
into the country of the Sauks in the lower peninsula of Michigan, is one long,
long tale of cruelty and rapine on one hand; death, disease and poverty on
the other. They located on the west side of Lake St. Clair in 1690, and dur-
ing the following century spread out over the Miami and Sandusky country,
where they were known until 1812, or over a century and a half. Pomoacaii,
theii- great chief, had his wigwam at what is now called Brownstown, below
Detroit. He is known in history as the Half-King. In 1781 he moved to
Sandusky, making the cabin of the nefarious Billy AVyandot his abode. Here
he received the infamous Elliot, and the no less guilty Simon Girty, both
ofiicers in the service of the British. This was the Half-King, who, contrary
to the new practices and laws of his tribe, permitted the Delawares to carry
out Elliott's sentence against Col. Crawford. At the time of Crawford's
defeat, Zhaus-sho-toh was their war-chief, and this fellow had no less than 400
warriors out of a total Wyandot population of over 1,700. Catherine Walker,
of Seneca Township, was a woman of this nation.

In 1800 the Wyandot nation numbered 2, 200 souls. Under the influence
of Christian example and teachings, the whole tribe decreased to 800 in 1842.
In 184;-3 only 664 members of the tribe moved beyond the INEississippi, of whom
only 585 were on the New Reserve in 1844, and forty years later, only a bare
representation can be seen.

The Delawares inhabited the territor}^ known as the State of Delaware up
to the time when the tide of European settlement set in. Before this tide they
moved westward, and continued to follow the sun until 1724, when they located
on the Muskingum, then a wilderness hitherto uninhabited and unknown.

In 1780 the greater number of the Delaware devils returned fi-om the Mus-
kingum, and took up their residence with the Senecas, Shawnees and Wyan-
dots on the Sandusky; those who remained at the middle village on the Mus-
kingum were cut down by Williamson's command. Remembering this mas-
sacre they allied themselves with the British in 1781-82, and were among the
most diabolical enemies of the United States. Their villages extended along
each bank of the Tymochtee, just south of Seneca Township, one and one-
half mile north of Crawfordsville, and eleven miles below the old Wyandot
town, and eight miles below the new town of Upper Sandusky. Winge-
mund was the war-chief, and had his wigwam twenty-five miles east of the
old town of Sandusky, while the notorious Capt. Pij^e, or Kogieschquanoheel,
commanded at the Tymochtee villages the Wolf Tribe. He always was in the
minority when the question of peace with the Long Knives was bi'ought up in

198 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

council, yet he was one of the most fiendish enemies of Crawford. He died in
August, 1794.

The Senecas of Sandusky. — This was a miscellaneous tribe — a number of
remnants of inter-tribal wars grouped under one name, who claimed Logan as
one of their nation. The Cayugas formed the leading band, then the Mohawks,
and a few Oneidas, Onondagas, Tuscarawas, and mixed breed Wyandots; a few
Mingoes. relics, as it were, of Logan' s tribe, were among the Cayugas, of which
tribe the Mingoes were a branch. Their names still live in New York State,
where wealthy white communities have sprung up on the old hunting
grounds of those tribes: flying before the incoming tide of immigration, they
located in the Scioto and Olentangy Valleys a himdi-ed years after the war
of 16S2, and diu'ing the first decade of this century moved to the west bank of
the Sandusky, in this county, where they resided until j)laced on their reserva-
tion in 1817-19. Here they lived in peace until 1831, when civilization again
forced them to resume their westward movement, and placed them in the
Neosha country. In 1831 the Senecas numbered 510, of whom twenty-eight
died before they left the Mississippi Valley. Death and disease have reduced
this niunber now to about 100. The Mohawks in 1831 numbered twentj^-five
lodges.

Indian Christianiiy and Early Preachers. — The early preachers of the Meth-
odist Episcopal Church, known at the Wyandot Mission, all of whom were also
visitors to the settlements of Seneca County, were John Stewart (colored), James
Montgomery, Moses Henkle, Sr., James B. Finley (1821), Harriet Stubbs,
George Eiley, Charles Elliott, Jacob Hooper, John C. Brooke, Between-the-
logs, James Gilruth (1827). Gilruth was succeeded by Messrs. Thompson,
Shaw, Allen, Wheeler and Squire Grey Eyes. Kev. Mr. Badger, of Lower
Sandusky, introduced Presbyterian doctrine, while the Delawares were inclined
to Moravianism, if to any branch of Christianity. The Indians looked upon
their new Ckfistian teachers as something to be tolerated for convenience sake.
Plenty of money poured into the district for their conversion, and, with this
money, they piu'chased new pleasures, which ruined them physically, and low-
ered the standard of their savage code of morals. A reference to statistics,
showing their numbers to have decreased in forty-three years from 2, 200 to 664,
reveals the effect of the Christian education they received within that time.

Tivo Early Treaties. — The treaty of Fort Mcintosh, negotiated January 21,
1785, established a boundaiy line between the United States and the new
country of the Wyandots, Delawares, Ottawas and Otchipwes. This line ex-
tended from the mouth of the Cayuga to the portage between that river and
the Tuscarawas, feeder of the Muskingum; thence down the feeder to Fort
Laurens, and westward to the portage of the Big Miami; thence along this
portage to the Maumee, and along the south bank of this river to its mouth;
thence along the south shore of Lake Erie to the mouth of the Cayuga Kiver.

A few special reservations were made, six miles square, at the mouth of the
Maumee, one township on the portage of the Big Miami, one on Lake San-
dusky, and two sections on each side of the Lower Sandusky rapids.

The treaty of Greenville, August 3, 1795, negotiated by Gen. Wayne, pro-
vided for the reduction of Indian territory on the east. Again, the treaty of
1805. at Fort Industiy, provided that the boundary line of the "Thirteen Fires"
— the Fnited States — should be a line drawn north and south on the meridian,
120 miles west of the Pennsylvania line to the intersection of the northern
boundary of United States territory, and to that of the south line established
by the treaty of Greenville. The ti-eaty of Detroit, November 17, 1807, ceded
a large area of Michigan and a portion of Ohio to the United States, while the

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 199

treaty of Brownstown, negotiated November 25, 1808, provided for free travel
and the construction of roads, one 120 feet wide from Lower Sandusky to
the boundary line named in the treaty of Greenville.

Indian Treaties Affecting Seneca County. — The treaty of the Maumee
Rapids, negotiated by Lewis Cass and D. McArthur at the foot of tlie Maumee
Eapids, September 29, 1817, with the Indians commonly called Senecas (Cay-
ugas, Mingoes, Mohawks, Onondagas, Tuscarawas, AVyandots and Oneidas),
and the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Pottawattomies, Ottawas and Ot-
chipwes, was the first which affected the district now known as Seneca County.
Takaw-ma-do-aw, Josef, Tawg-you, Kunning-about, Coffee-house, Wipino--
stick, Capt. Harris, Capt. Smith, Is-ahow-ma-saw, chiefs of the several bands,
were the signers. Under this treaty a tract of 30,000 acres was set off alon^
the eastern bank of the Sandusky- River for the exclusive use of the Senecas,
to which 10,000 acres were added by the treaty of St. Mary's, September 17,
1818. This large tract comprised, in Seneca County, the territoiy within
the following boundaries : From a point eighty rods south of the south line of
Section 7, in Clinton Township, east on the line running parallel with the south
section line of Section 7 to Section 13, Clinton; thence to a point south of Sec-
tion 10, Scipio Township; thence north, through Scipio and Adams Townships,
to the north boundary line of county, west on that line to the Sanduskv' River,
and south along the river to the point of beginning, in Clinton Township.

After the hvmting season of 1818 was past, those Indians settled on this
Reservation cleared their garden patches and erected their cabins. The agency
provided for in the treaty was established in 1819, when a Methodist preacher
was appointed agent, with power to feed and teach this red flock. This agent
was James Montgomery, who settled with his family in one of the block-houses
at old Fort Seneca, November 19, 1819. Five years and two months later,
Seneca County was organized, and within nine years the Indian title was
relinquished. The cession was made at Washington, D. C, February 28, 1831,
when the Cayugas accepted a reservation in the Neosho and Cowskin River
country, southwest of Missomi.

Cession and Recession. — In this treaty with the Senecas, a provision was
made for the Van Meter family as follows: "To John Van Meter, who was taken
prisoner by the Wyandots, and who has ever since lived amongst them, and has
married a Seneca woman, and to his wife and three brothers, Senecas, who
now reside on Honey Creek, one thousand acres of land, to begin north 45 de-
grees west, 140 poles, thence and fi'om the beginning, east for quantity. " This
was in Eden Township. The lands were sold to Lloyd Norris in 1828, and the
Mohawks left in 1829.

The Ai-mstrong Reservation is founded on the treaty which provided that
640 acres of land should be set apart for Robert Armstrong, a captive of the
Wyandots, in recognition of his services as interpreter and guide to United
States officers. The President located this reservation on the west side of the
river, near the Fort Ball Military Reservation, so with the second Fort Ball or
the McCulloch Reservation. A grant of 640 acres was made by the treaty of
Miami of the Lake for the use of the childi-en of William McCulloch, and
located north of and joining the Armstrong Reservation, near Fort Ball. This
William McCulloch was employed by Gen. Harrison as interpreter, and while
engaged on duty at Foi-t Meigs was struck by a cannon ball and killed. The
land was parcelled out to his seven children {vide History of Tiffin and Pioneer
History). The Armstrong tract of 640 acres was patented October 12, 1823;
Armstrong sold 404 acres to Jesse Spencer October 29, same year.

The John Walker Reservation is a tract of 640 acres in Seneca Township, just

200 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

west of the Van Meter grant, was bestowed upon the Wyandot woman, Cath-
erine Walker, and her sons John and William. They sold a large part of this
grant to A. Lngenbeel and moved to Upper Sandusky. The Treaty of Wash-
ington, D. C. , by the Senecas, February 28, 1831, provided that 160 acres
should be granted to Heniy C. Brish in recognition of his services as sub-
agent, and for si:)ecial kindness extended to the Senecas.

The treaty with the Delawares, made at Little Sandusky, August 3, 1829,
provided for their evacuation of the Delaware Reservation of nine square miles
adjoining the Wyandot Reservation, of the Big Spring, and their removal be-
yond the IVIississippi. Of this tribe Wingemund, Capt. Pipe and other notori-
ous enemies of Crawford were members. The widow Armstrong (known as
Tishatahooms), Ayenucere. Hoomaui'on (known as John Mings), Yondorast,
John Hill. Isaac Hill. Capt. Wolf. Billy Montour. Black Raccoon, Silas Arm-
strong. John Armstrong or Mahantoo, James Armstrong and Capt. Pipe Jr. ,
were living about the time of their removal.

The parties to the treaty of Washington, in 1831, were James B. Gardiner,
United States Commissiner, Heniy C. Bi'ish, sub-agent of the Senecas. and
W. H. Lewis, Hemy Tolan, P. G. Randolph, witnesses; George Hemn, inter-
preter; Hard-Hickory. Seneca-Steel, Good-Hunter. Small-Cloud, Spicer and
Coonstick. Col. Mcllvain. the chief Seneca agent, was not present. Henry C.
Brish succeeded James Montgomery in the agency and remained with the
Senecas until they left the State.

Their removal was effected in the fall of 1831. when they started in two divis
ions for their Neosha and Cowskin Reservations. The division in charge of Gen.
Brish and Martin Lane, traveled by river to the Missouri River, and there
waited for the second division, under HeiTin and Hart, who made the trip over-
land. They met near the mouth of the Missouri, April 26, 1832, when twenty-
eight were reported to have died en route, and resuming their journey an-ived
in the Neosha Valley on April 26, 1832. The Senecas then numbered 510
strong: buL, like their recent neighbors, the Nez Perces, they faded away, as it
were, until they may be counted by tens instead of hundi-eds.

The treaty of McCutcheonville, January 19, 1832, between the United
States and the Wyandots of Big Spring Reservation, provided for the cession to
the United States of 16,000 acres of land, granted to them by the treaty of St.
Mary's, made September 17, 1818, located at Big Springs on the head of
Blanchard' s Foi'k between Upper Sandusk^^ and Fort Findlay. The treaty stipu-
lated that the 16,000 acres, in the Big Spring Reservation, should be sui-veyed,
off'ered for sale, and SI. 25 per acre paid to the chiefs for the Big Spring band
of Wyandots, and a reservation of 320 acres kept for Roe-nu-nas, one of the
oldest chiefs. Joseph McCutcheon was named as appraiser and recommended
as sub-agent. The treaty was signed by J. B. Gardiner, the special commis-
sioner: Mat. Greyeyes. Isaac Driver, John D. Bro-svTi, Alexander Clark,
John McLean, Roe-nu-nas, Bear Skin, She-a-wah (John Solomon), and wit-
nessed by Dr. G. W. Sampson of Seneca County, Dick Reynolds, J. C. DeWitt,
James McCutcheon and C. Clark. The reservation embraced twelve square
miles in Big Spring Towns*liip. and twelve miles square adjoining.

The proclamation authorizing the sale of the various reservations ceded in
1831, was made under date November 13, 1832, by Andi-ew Jackson.

In this proclamation the location of the Seneca Reservation as well as of
that of the Wyandots is given.

This treaty ended the residence of the Wyandots in this county, and led to
the treaty of Upper Sandusky in 1842, by which they relinquished title to the
last large Indian reservation in Ohio. In 1832 the lands formerly iDelonging

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 201

to the Senecas and Wyandois were surveyed by J. W. Christmas, offered for
sale under the President's proclamation, and the homes of the Indians were
soon occupied by the white men.

INDIAN BIOGRAPHY.

Many references have been made in the first part of this chapter to the
Indian chiefs who were once masters of this county and neighborhood. Again
in the tirst part of this book, devoted to a history of Ohio, such names as Pontiac,
Tecumseh, Logan, Blackhoof — find a very full mention. For these reasons the
following personal notices of Indians who were at once famous or notorious,
are given in a most concise form, each sketch containing only some important
point or points not credited in the first part of the history.

So much has been written regarding Tecumseh (pp. 61 to 64), it is only
necessary here to make one reference to the man. Few there are who have not
read of the barbarity of the English troops dui'ing the whole war of the Eevo-
lution, as well as the war of 1812; fewer still are ignorant of the premium
offered by the English commanders to their soldiers and Indian allies. Who
does not remember the massacres of Fort Meigs and of the Kiver Eaisin ? Who
has not heard of Gen. Proctor's infamous doings there, of his order to kill all
prisoners, of his enthusiasm in witnessing, for two hours, how ably his own
troops and his Indians carried out his diabolical command ? Tecumseh came on
the scene too late to save all, yet in time to cast a ray of light on his own char-
acter, and save his Indian brethren fi-om the obloquy which, to this day,
attaches itself to the white man. According to the chronicler, it is said: "He
sprang fi-om his horse, caught one Indian by the throat and the other by the
breast, and threw them to the ground; then, drawing his knife and hatchet,
and running between the Indians and prisoners, brandished his weapons wildly
and dared the attack on another prisoner. Maddened by the barbarity which
he loathed, he sought Gen. Proctor, and demanded why this massacre was
allowed.

' Sir, ' replied the General, ' your Indians cannot be commanded. '

' Begone ! ' answered the chief with a sarcastic sneer, ' you are unfit to
command; go, you are not a man.' " Let the rebuke be the reproach of a sav-
age; it is worthy of recognition to-day, for in the humanity of manhood is
the philosophy of life.

Elsquata, the twin brother of Tecumseh, is known in history as the Prophet.
This false friend accompanied the renegade Shawnees, under the lead of Tecum-
seh, to the British service in Canada; retiu-ned after the war to Wapakonetta;
went west of the Mississippi with a large number of his tribe in 1828, and died
of cholera in 1833 in Kansas. In a reference to him Jonathan Elder says: "I
was very well acquainted with the Prophet. He was not a warrior, but a lOw,
cunning fellow. He prophesied many things that did not come to pass. He
was a vain man, with a great amount of show, but with little sense. His pow-
ers of prophecy were not well sustained by the Indians in general ; in fact, they
had but little faith in him. ' ' After the treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809, it is
related by Dr. Hill that the Prophet ordered the execution of Leather-lips, a
noted Wyandot chief, for pretended witchcraft, but really to get rid of his
influence. Six Wyandot warriors were sent to put him to death. The warri-
ors and their leader. Roundhead, went directly from Tippecanoe to execute
him. They found him encamped on a stream about twelve miles above the
present city of Columbus. When the warriors arrived, and their purjDose was
ascertained, several white men made an ineffectual effort to save his life. A
council took place, and the warriors resolved to kill the chief, as ordered. An

202 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

Indian, with much, waiinth, accused him of magic or witchcraft ; but Leather-
lips denied the charge. When the sentence of death was passed upon him, he
retm-ned to his camp, ate a dinner of jerked venison, washed and dressed in
his best Indian clothing, and painted his face. He was tall and dignified, and
his hair quite gray. When the time of his execution aiTived, he shook hands
with those present, and turned from his wigwam and commenced to chant his
death song. He then moved toward the point where the warriors had dug a
grave. When he got to the grave, he knelt down and prayed to the Great
Spirit. When he finished. Roundhead also knelt and prayed. Leather-lips
again knelt and prayed, and when he ceased, one of the warriors drew from his
skii-ts a keen, new tomahawk, stepped up behind the chief and struck him on
the head with his whole strength. The chief fell forward in the agonies of
death. The executioner struck him again, once or twice, and finished his suf-
ferings. The body was buried with all his Indian ornaments, and the warriors
and whites disappeared. An attempt has been made to fix the responsibility of
this o-reat crime upon the Wyandot chief. Crane. Crane was the fi'iend of the
whites, and opposed to the schemes of the treacherous Prophet, and it is clear
never could have authorized the execution of a fellow Wyandot chief.

The Wyandot chief. Roundhead, had a village on the Scioto in the south-
west corner of Hardin County, where the town of Round Head was subse-
quently laid out. At what precise date the Indians started this village is not
known, but about the year 1800 Maj. James Galloway, of Greene County, vis-
ited them at this point, and says that there was then quite a number of apple
trees in the village, and that the Indians raised many swine. Some of those
irees, said to have been planted by this old chief, are yet standing. Round-
head, whose Indian name was Stiahta, was a fine-looking man. He had a
brother named John Battise, a man of great size and personal strength. He
was well remembered by the pioneers of the Miami and Scioto Valleys on
account of possessing an enoiTQOUs nose, which resembled in size and hue an
immense blue potato full of indentations, and when he laughed it shook like
jelly. He lived at a place called Battisetown some miles west of his brother's
village, joined the English in 1812, and was killed at the siege of Fort Meigs.
In 1807 Roundhead was present with Tecumseh and other chiefs at a council
held at Springfield, Ohio, between the whites and Indians to settle a difficulty
which arose over the killing of a white man named Myers, a few miles west of
Urbana. The execution of Leather-lips, a well known W^yandot chief, which
took place twelve miles north of Columbus, Ohio, in 1810, on "the charge of
witchcraft, was intrusted by Tecumseh to Roundhead, who, at the head of six
braves, came fi'om Tippecanoe and did the deed.

The celebrated Mingoe chief, Logan, with a band of followers, had a village
in the southeastern part of Hardin County as early as 1778. It is probable
that he moved fi'om the lower Shawnee towns on the Scioto, where his cabin
stood in 1774, to this point, soon after Lord Dunmore's campaign. The exact
location of this village is not known, some old settlers claiming that it stood in
the vicinity of "Grassy Point." Col. John McDonald, in his biography of
Simon Kenton, when telling of his capture in 1778, says: "As the Indians
passed fi-om Wapakoneta to Upper Sandusky, they went through a small vil-
lage on the river Scioto, where then resided the celebrated chief, Logan, of
Jefferson memory. Logan, unlike the rest of his tribe, was humane as he was
brave. At his wigwam, the party who had the care of the prisoner, stayed
over night. ' ' From this account, it seems they also remained the succeeding
day and night, not leaving for Upj^er Sandusky until the second morning after
their arrival at Logan's village. The old Shawnee trail crossed the Scioto

,v^|^^^:

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6^.<c-^ '-^rtr.

-<)cV-a>lrz^ JPryio^x^ U^^(y-e^

s^a.^yi^

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 205

near the residence of the late Judge Fortius Wheeler, several miles northeast
of Grassy Point, and as the Indian village was on the Scioto, it is safe to infer
that the wigwams of Logan and his band were in the vicinity of the Shawnee
ford and not at Grassy Point. The main reason why the latter place has been
thought to have been the site of the Mingoe Camp, is that the Indians had
cleared and cultivated some land in that locality, which, upon subsequent
abandonment, had grown up in blue grass, hence the name. Grassy Point. It
is more probable that the land referred to was cultivated by the Shawnees and
Wyandots, who owned this territory in common, while the Mingoes occupied
it only by consent of these tribes, who loved it as one of their favorite camp-
ing grounds, and a sacred depository of their dead. Logan, the noble Mingoe
chief, and the principal victim of Col. Cresap's mad zeal, belonged to this
county as much as to any other locality in the State {vide History of Ohio).
His celebrated speech, delivered near Circleville, Ohio, conveys an idea of the
deep wrongs which were, in some instances, heaped upon the Indians through
the malice of individuals. This man, more noble than the white man, passed
the winter of his life in the very neighborhood of Tiffin, and moved away to
die. He was killed by a brother Indian while sitting at his camp fire.

Piuiipkin, the Taway Indian, was about six feet high, and as savage and ill-
looking as he was tall. George Heck, in his relations, speaks of this red-skin
as one of whom even Indians were afraid. He killed Mrs. Snow, on Cold
Creek, during her husband' s absence, cut open her womb, took a full grown
babe, roasted the little human being, and made his meal off it. The Senecas
captured this terrible savage, brought him to Snow for sentence; but the white
man feared to avenge the murder of his wife and child, so that Pumpkin was
allowed to go free. Some short time after this cannibal quarreled with a
■\, yandot, and of course killed him. He was then arrested by the Wyandots,
who placed him on a log, and there six tomahawks were buried in his brain.

In the year 1822, Good Spring's mother and three other squaws were
executed on a charge of witchcraft. It appears that during the summer of
that year a peculiar disease attacked the Senecas, and they attributed their
troubles to those four unfortunate women. They were condemned to die, and
while waiting, proceeded to Lower Sandusky for whisky, with which they re-
turned to hold their last orgie. Diu-ing their drunken fit, they called on the
executioner to end them, when Jim Sky — the di-one of the reservation — ad-
vanced with a pipe tomahawk upraised, and striking each of the old women in
the head, declared that the witches were gone.

Death of Seneca John.— This fi-atricidal affair took place in the fall of 1828.
It appears that in 1825, three Senecas, viz. : Coonstick and Steel, brothers, with
sub-chief Cracked Hoof, traveled w^est to seek new hunting-grounds, leaving
theii- eldest brother, Comstock, chief of the tribe, and their youngest brother,
Seneca John, sub-chief. On retui-ning they found Seneca John chief, and
learned that Comstock was dead. Tribal gossip was not idle, but with jealous
tongue poiired stories of John's treachery into the ears of his brothers, who
accused him of poisoning the head chief, and said that he should die. The
stoic received the sentence calmly, yet protested his innocence. In the morning
he was executed near the hut of Hard Hickory, the Indian Shane and his two
brothers being the executioners. Steel taking the leading part. Hard Hickory
stated in after years, that prior to John's death, he turned to Coonstick saying:
Now brother, you take yom- revenge. ' ' Coonstick at once relented and was
going to the relief of his dying brother, when Steel rushed forward and com-
pleted the mm-der.

In 1829 Seneca Steel was brought before the court at Upper Sandusky, and

206 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

acquitted of the charge of mui'der, it being made clear that the murdered chief
had his brother poisoned.

In 1832 theWyandots, under Chief Thomas Koon, resided in Jackson Township
and passed the whole season there hunting, killing 107 deer, eleven bears, and
thousands of small game. John P. Gordon, who then had a saloon at Risdon,
sold them whisky at wholesale, and this, on one occasion, almost led to civil war
among them. Nestlerode, acting under instructions of Koon, took their knives
and whisky bottles fi'om them, and sent them to camp. He, however, surrendered
the whisky, and when their di-unken fit was over returned them their knives.

Tarhe, or the Crane, named by the French Monsieur Grue, or ]VIi\ Crane,
was born near Detroit, in 1742, and died near Upper Sanduskj^, in 1818,
his bvu'ial being attended by various tribes. He was always a remarkable In-
dian. His wife was a white girl named Sally Frost.

Comstock, chief of the Seneca Indians for some years previous to 1825, and
eldest brother of Seneca John, Seneca Steel, and Coonstick, was poisoned in
1825, and Seneca John, the youngest brother elected chief (vide Gen. Brish's
Nari'ative).

Seneca John was a splendid specimen of Indian manhood. He was born
here in 1787, and mui'dered by his brothers in 1825, near Green Spring
{vide Gen. Brish's Narrative). His wigwam was where Dr. Williams' house
now stands. While visiting the Doctor' s father' s house, east of Reedtown, his
little child was scalded. Dr. Williams did everything to relieve the little suf-
ferer, but death ensued.

Seneca Steel, the murderer of his brother Seneca John, in 1825, moved to
the Neosha country in 1831-32.

Coonstick, the third brother of Seneca John, and participator in his miu-der,
moved to the Cowskin River country in 1832.

Hard Hickory, born about 1780 in this district, was considered an excel-
lent Indian, spoke French fluently and English fairly, and was one of the head
chiefs of the tribe. Next to Joseph Tequania he was the most polished war-
rior, and far above him in shrewdness, until after his removal to the Neosha
Country. Previous to leaving Seneca County, he with a few other Cayugas
received annually $1,600 fi'om New York State, and afterward this sum was
mailed to them on the new reservation. In 1834 Hard Hickory and one of
the Herrins — either Joseph or George — were deputed to go to Fort Gibson and
receive cash for their draft. Having received the cash. Hickory proposed a
visit to Washington City, believing that the President would refund him any
moneys expended on such a trip. This journey was accomplished; the Indian
Department refused to pay for IVIr. Hickoiy's pleasiures, so that when he
returned to Neosha very little money was visible. This, in addition to a num-
ber of lies which he told, drew upon him the condemnation of the tribe. He
resisted the tribal law for a short time, but was ultimately executed by Shane
in his own cabin and in presence of his own wife.

Wiping Stick, referred to in the history of Fort Seneca garrison, was a
Cayuga chief, who possessed all the noble qualities of his race, without any of
the bad ones.

She-a-wah, or John Solomon, who signed the treaty for the Wyandots in
1818, moved from Big Spring in 1832, and joined the leading band of Wyan-
dots at Upper Sandusky, where he remained until after the removal of the
tribe in 1842. He returned to Wyandot in 1849, and made the place his home
until his death in 1878. The pioneers who assembled at Shoch's Woods, Eden
Township, September 1, 1877, saw this tall old chief for the last time. There
he made his last speech.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 207

Joseph Tequania, a half-brotlier of Tequania, who was killed by Peter
Pork, was born about 1755; was a commissioned officer in the French Canadian
service, and one of the most polished residents of Seneca County even up to
1831, when he went West with his tribe. This man belonged to the Catholic
Church, and, with one of his sisters, would proceed long distances to attend
service, di-essed in a red vest, white ruffled shirt, leggings, hair braided, fancy
shawl and some jewelry. With all his refinement, he looked down upon his
less fortunate brother Indians, and sometimes hated them for the little they did
know.

Strong Arm Tequania, son of the twin-sister of Tequania, the victim of
Peter Pork and known as the One-Eyed Medicine Woman, was, like his mother,
very benevolent, and much liked by the settlers.

Tequania, or Strong Arm, miu'dered in 1829 by Peter Pork, was the twin-
brother of the medicine woman of the tribe. Each of them was born with
only one eye; both were extra good Indians, and great fi-iends of their white
neighbors.

Good Springs was a young savage, corresponding with the modern dude of
white communities. His mother was executed in 1822 for witchcraft, and after
the deed was done by Jim Skj', this fellow feared to meet the mui'derer.

Greorge Washington, who served as scout during the war of the Revolution,
reached a ripe old age in 1822. During that year his squaw— Martha Wash-
ington — was condemned to death for witchcraft. The executioners entered her
cabin, saw the old scout looking on at his doomed wife pounding hominy, and
then without ceremony, Shane stepped forward, struck her with the tomahawk,
and called upon Jim Sky to cut her neck.

Peter Pork, whose only good trait was a desire to murder villains like him-
self, was the worst character in the Seneca country. While attending one of
Benazah Parker's orgies in the latter' s saloon at Fort Seneca, October 4, 1829,
he stabbed this white wretch, immediately after he had administered a mock
sacrament of corn dodgers and whisky to his guests. Parker died of his
wounds in January, 1881, having suffered terribly in the meantime. Previous
to his attack upon Parker, he cut up Tequania or Strong Arm with an ax.
This occiu-red while en route home fi'om Lower Sandusky, and would have re-
sulted in the immediate death of Tequania, had not Dr. Ely Dresbach exer-
cised his skill in binding up the wounds. The Indian, however, died nine days
after, and ten days before Parker received his death wounds from the same Pork.
He also killed Joseph Silas, a Mohawk half-breed, and another Indian, a friend
of Silas, together with the squaw Brandt, known as "Thomas Brandt's old
wife, " who lived a solitary life in one of Brandt's cabins. In 1836 Joseph
Herrin, a Mohawk half-breed and interpreter, revisited Fort^Seneca, learned of
his cousin Silas' death, and on his retui-n to the Neosha country cut Peter
Pork's head oflF (ride History of Coiu'ts and Bar).

Mrs. Sally Ingham, in referring to the murder by Pork of Parker, related for
Mr. Stewart in 1873, and for the wi-iter in September, 1885, the following rem-
iniscence: "On the 4th of October, 1829, an Indian of the Seneca tribe, named
Peter Pork, called at the house of Parker, in a state of intoxication, and de-
manded some whisky. Observing his condition Parker refused to comply with
his demand, when the Indian became exasperated, and said, with an oath, that
'he would have some, ' at the same time making a movement to procure the
'firewater. ' Parker seized a fire-brand from the fireplace, and made an at-
tack on the Indian, in the hope that he would desist. This only tended to
infuriate the savage, who di-ew his knife and stabbed Parker in the side, in-
flicting a painful and dangerous wound, from which he died about a year

208 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

afterward. After tlie committal of the deed, Peter Pork went to his hut and
made some preliminary preparations for defense, well knowing that his deed
would be detected, He placed his tomahawk within reach of his bed, and
stuck his knife in a crevice in a wall just above his head. His squaw, notic-
ing these actions, comprehended that something was vsa'ong, and after he had
fallen into a sort of drunken stupor, she removed the knife, placing in its
stead a piece of wood of about the same dimensions. The following persons
repaired to his house in order to arrest him: Jaques Hulberd (afterward
judge), Phineas Frary, Anson Gray and Stephen Ross. He was a gigantic
savage, and on the entrance of the party a terrible struggle ensued, which
was carried on in the dark. Pork having kicked the lantern out of the hand of
Frary at the onset. Mr. Hulberd clinched the Indian, and caiight him by the
throat, when Pork seized the piece of wood, supposing it to be his knife, and
gave Hulberd a terrible stab, the stick penetrating through his coat. After
being nearly throttled, the Indian was seciu-ed; and April 28, 1830, he
was arraigned before the court of common pleas of this county, and found
guilty of * stabbing with intent to kill. ' He was sentenced to three years in
the Ohio State Penitentiary."

Buck-ong-a-he-las, a noted old Delaware chief, mixed much with the
Shawnees. He is supposed to have been born near Philadelphia, Penn. , a
few years after tht^ treaties with Penn, and, when he lived on the Auglaize,
was well advanced in age. In colonial days, with Jacobs and other leading
Delawares, he resided in western Pennsylvania, and is believed at that time to
have been identical with the "Shingess" who entertained Washington, when
a young man, in 1753. ^hingess was an active warrior when Fort Du Quesne
was taken in 1759. Heckewelder speaks of meeting him at the Tuscarora
town on the Muskingum, as early as 1760. As early as 1764, King Beaver,
who was a brother of Buck-ong-a-he-las, is met by Gen. Gibson at the mouth
of Big Beaver. Just what time he settled in western Ohio is not known. At
the capture of Col. Hardin, Maj. Truman and others in 1792, as bearers of a
flag of truce fi-om Washington, after having treacherously murdered Hardin,
the Indians arrived near the Indian town of Auglaize, and reported to the old
chief, ' 'who was very sorry they had killed the men, and said, instead of so doing,
they should have brought them along to the Indian towns, and then, if what
they had to say had not been liked it would have been time enough to have
killed them. Nothing could justify them for putting them to death, as there
was no chance for them to escape. ' ' This chief fought against Harmar, St.
Clair and Wayne. He signed the treaty of 1795. He must have been over
one hundred years old. He died at Ottawa village, on the Auglaize, in 1804.

One of the most noted chiefs was the venerable Blackhoof — Cul-the-we-ka-
saw — in the raids upon Kentucky sometimes called Blackfoot. He is believed
to have been born in Florida, and, at the period of the removal of a portion of
the Shawnees to Ohio and Pennsylvania, was old enough to recollect having
bathed in the salt water. He was present, with others of his tribe, at the
defeat of Gen. Braddock, near Pittsburgh, in 1755, and was engaged in all
the wars in Ohio from that time until the treaty of Greenville, in 1795. He
was known far and wide as the great Shawnee warrior, whose cunning, sagac-
ity and experience were only equaled by the force and desperate braven- with
which he carried into operation his military plans. He was the inveterate foe
of the white man, and held that no peace should be made, nor negotiation at-
tempted, except on the condition that the whites should repass the mountains,
and leave the great plains of the West to the sole occupancy of the red men.
He was the orator of the tribe dui-ing the greater part of his long life, and is

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 209

said to have been an excellent speaker. Col. John Johnston says he was
probably in more battles than any living man of his day, and was the most
graceful Indian he had ever seen, and possessed the most natural and happy
faculty of expressing his ideas. He was w^ell versed in the traditions of his
people, and no one understood better their relations to the whites, whose set-
tlements were gradually pressing them back, and could detail with minuteness
the wrongs inflicted by the whites on his people. He remembered having
talked with some of the aged chiefs who had been present at the treaty with
William Penn, in 1682. He fought the battles against Harmar, St. Clair and
Wayne, hoping to retain his country; but when Anally defeated, in 1794, he
decided that further resistance was useless, and signed the treaty of Green-
ville, in 1795. and continued faithful to its stipulations until his decease, which
occurred in the summer of 1831, at Wapakonetta, at the advanced age of one
hundred and twenty years! Blackhoof is said to have been opposed to polyg-
amy and the practice of burning prisoners. He lived forty years with one
wife, raising a large family of children, who both loved and respected him.
He was small in stature, not more than Ave feet eight inches in height. He
was favored with good health and unimpaired eyesight to the period of his
death.

Quasky, his elder son, was the successor to Blackhoof. He possessed many
of the qualities of his distinguished father. He went West with his people in
1832, and was living in 1853. He, like his father, was a fine speaker.

The chief Blue Jacket, it will be remembered, commanded the Indian army
at the battle of "Fallen Timber," in 1794, and, with much reluctance, signed
the treaty with Wayne, at Greenville, in 1795. He was very bitter in his
feelings toward the ' ' Long Knives, ' ' who were rapidly settling upon the
lands that formerly belonged to the red man. His feelings were quite as in-
tense as those of Tecumseh, though he did not possess his abilities for organi-
zation. As a matter of prudence, he did not join Tecumseh in the war of
1812. He is supposed to have died at Ottaw^a village, down the Auglaize,
just prior to the treaty at Maumee Rapids, in 1817. It appears that Gens.
Cass and McArthur, in that treaty, made provision for his family at Wapako-
netta, in which James, George and Charles Blue Jacket received each about
1,000 acres in the reservation.

Quilna, another chief, was actually popular among the white pioneers.
He shared in all their sports and industries; was as good a workman as he
was a himter.

Little Fox, a brother of Pht, was an irreconcilable. Up to the departure
of this Indian for Kansas, he could not believe that he was doomed to leave
Ohio.

Tui'keyfoot, a peculiar formation, just as broad' as he was long, was a sav-
age capable of entertaining and practicing the most diabolical ideas. At
times he would induce himself to believe that he was on good terms with the
whites, and while in such a mood he would make a circuit of all the white
settlements.

Beaver, a young Delaw^are chief, who, with his band, made his home with
the Shawnees, was a favorite of Gen. Harrison. He it was who executed Lit-
tle Blue Jacket, in July, 1813, when that emissary of Proctor was on his way
to assassinate Gen. Harrison, at Fort Seneca.

Little Blue Jacket, an itinerant bravado of the Shawnee nation, who passed
some time with the British at ^Maiden, was dispatched by Gen. Proctor to
Ohio to introduce himself into the camp of the American Shawnees and Dela-
wares, who were then aiding the American army, and, when an opportunity

210 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

offered, to assassinate the American commander. Owing to the loyalty of Beaver
his design was foiled, and himself made the victim of his treachery.

Soo-de-nooks, son of Black Chief, mui'dered John Barnet's half brother
in October, 1830; was brought before a council of the Wyandots (of which
tribe both were members), and sentenced to banishment, while his property was
to become common to the tribe. This sentence was vetoed by the tribe, and
all men over twenty-one years of age assembled to try the case. There were
112 votes in favor of capital punishment and twelve in favor of the sentence
of the council. Three Christian and three heathen Indians were appointed
to caiTy out the new decision, viz. : Silas Armstrong, Joe Enos, Francis Cot-
ter, Lump-on-the-head, Soo-knh-guess and Saw-yan-wa-hoy. These savages
fired at the murderer, and Soo-de-nooks went straight to the country of all bad
Indians.

Grey Eyes was a regular Methodist minister — a pure Wyandot, and an un-
compromising ojiponent of the sale of the Big Spring and other reservations
until after the majority agreed to sell, when he also acquiesced. In 1843, he
moved West with the tribe, under Chief Jacques.

La-wa-tu-cheh (John Wolf), was a Shawnee of some note. Col. John
Johnston hired of him a trading house at Wapakonetta, and he often accom-
panied the Colonel on his trading trips in the forest among the different tribes.
He died at Wapakonetta.

Wa-the-the-we-la, or Bright Horn, was another noted chief, who was pres-
ent when Logan was mortally wounded in the contest with Winemac in 1812,
and was severely wounded in the thigh in the same fight, but recovered and
lived at Wapakonetta. He was, with Blackhoof, the especial friend of Gen.
Harrison in the war of 1812. He was a brave man, and of sound integrity.
He fought like a hero for our cause in the war of 1812. He was a large and
commanding Indian in appearance, and was quite shrewd and intelligent. He
died in 1826, at Wapakonetta.

Peter Cornstalk was a chief in succession to his father, who was assassin-
ated at Point Pleasant, Va. This Peter was a fine specimen of the Indian,
and a true fi-iend of the settlers in the Auglaize country. He moved to Kan-
sas in 1828 with the Prophet.

Nern-pe-nes-he-quah, also a son of Chief Cornstalk, went to Kansas in
1832.

Henry Clay, son of Capt. Wolf, was educated under the supervision of
Col. John Johnston, at Upper Piqua, at the expense of the Quaker Friends.
He af"t,erward became a leading chief and married the daughter of Jeremiah
McLaiu, formerly a member of Congress from the Columbus District, in 1835.

Way-wel-ea-py was the principal speaker among the Shawnees at the period
of their removal. He was an eloquent orator, grave, gay or humorous, as oc-
casion required. At times, his manner is said to have been quite fascinating,
his countenance so full of varied expression, and his voice so musical, that
surveyors and other strangers passing throiigh the country listened to him with
delight, although the words fell upon their ears in an unknown language.
During the negotiation for the sale of their reserve, he addressed his people
and Mr. Gardiner several times. His refutation of Gardiner's assumed supe-
riority over the Indian race was complete and full of irony. Col. George C.
Johnston often met this chief at his trading post in Wapakonetta, and says he
was a fine looking Indian, and cultivated the fi-iendship of the pioneers. He
was the principal speaker of the Shawnees, and delivered the opinions of
the tribe at treaties and in public assemblies. He removed West with his tribe,
where he died in 1843.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 211

Lollaway (John Perry), head chief of the Shawnees, often traded at the
station of Col. Johnston. He signed the treaty of 1831, at Wapakonetta.
He could converse fluently in English. He was a man of influence Avith his
tribe, and of good habits. He was much grieved when he learned that the
Shawnees had been deceived as to the value of their reservations. He went
West in 1832, and died in 1843.

The chief Oxonoxy resided where Charloe Village now stands. About the
year 1827 this savage killed his son-in-law and grandson; he was tried by a
council of chiefs, sentenced to be beheaded, but instead of cariying out the
sentence one of deposition was substituted.

Between-the-Logs, son of a Cayuga warrior and a woman of the Bear
band of Wyandots, was born at Lower Sandusky about three years prior to
Crawford' s defeat. At the age of twenty-five years he was sent to the Senecas
further up the river to study the doctrine and ways of the Seneca prophet, and
in 1806 visited the notorious brother of Tecumseh on a similar errand. He
exposed those false prophets, and in 1812 opposed the political teachings of
Tecumseh' s brother, even going so far as to ask the chief to ignore him, and
join the American army. Dui-ing the war of 1812 he won all the Senecas and
many of the Wyandots to the American standard; subsequently settled at Up-
per Sandusky; became a drunkard, killed his squaw, immediately became tem-
perate, visited Washington in 1817, and aftei-ward joined John Stewart' s Meth-
odist Mission, of which he was appointed exhorter. He died in 1827, and on
January 2, the day after, he was buried near the Mission Church, erected in
1825.

Warpole, the first chief of the Shawnees, elected after the death of Chief
Deimquot, gave place to Jacques, who was re-elected on New Year's day for
many years.

Mononcue, one of the ablest Indians of the decaying Wyandots, and one
of the chiefs after Warpole, died about 1835. He was an orator of the tribe,
and considered by old men to be much superior to Pomoacan, the great chief of
the tribe in 1782.

William Walker, son of the squaw Catherine Walker, died in 1871. He
was a quarter-blood Seneca.

Among the leading men of the Wyandots in 1843, known to the people of
Seneca County, were Jacques (the chief), Porcupine, Providence, Split-the-
Logs, Stand-in-the-Water, White Wing, Mud Eater, Bull Head, Peacock, Big
River, Big Tree, Black Sheep, Chop-the-Logs, Blue Jacket, Bear Skin, Caiy-
Hoe, Ciuly-Head. Washington, Lump-on-the-Head. John Hicks, Kill Buck,
Spy Buck, and others named in the foregoing sketches.

Sum-mum-de-Wat, one of the Christian Wyandots, and a chief of that
tribe, was one of the traest friends the first settlers of Seneca County claimed
among all the Indians. While entertaining a few whites, alleged land-hunters,
the guests murdered their hospitable host in Wood County in 1841, the genial
old Indian rested here in Seneca for a while, but in 1843 his ashes were re-
moved to Mission Church Cemetery.

White and Colored Cajytives and Breeds. — Sam Wells, the negro captive,
mentioned heretofore, did not go West with the Wyandots. He became
a charge on the people of Wyandot County, under the care of Reuben Low-
master, of Eden Township.

Spibey-the-Tailor, a breed, and Old Abe Taylor, a negro with Russell Russ,
a breed, and a few Indians, were to be found on the borders of this county.

Spicer' s sons and daughters — all of them as grotesque as their father' s cab-
in — maiTied in this county.

212 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

John Carpenter was made captive by the Delawares (two of whom were
Moravians and speakers of the Dutch language) in February, 1<82, at Buffalo
Creek, Washington Co., Penn., and carried into Ohio. He escaped subse-
quently and retiu-ned to Pittsbui'gh. The same year Thomas Decker, Samuel
AVells,*a negro boy, were also captured. Timothy Dorman and his wife were cap-
tm-ed near Fort Buchanan, and carried into the wilderness of Ohio, but there is no
further account of them. About this time, also, the Delawares carried away the
wife and three childi-en of Eobert Wallace, while he was away fi'om home.
They murdered INIi's. Wallace and her infant near the Sanduskj^ River: one of
her 'boys died in the Sandusky country; the other was sold to the Wyandots
about 1812, and was rescued by his father about 1815. Even in 181 < there
were several captives among the Senecas and Wyandots, such as Spicer. Knisely,
Sarah Williams. IMi-s. Castleman, Eliza "Whittaker, SaUy Frost. Yan
Meter and others refeiTed to in the history of Ohio. Those who were carried
away in their youth, were raised by Indian foster mothers, and became more
Indian than the Indians themselves.

Sally Frost was a white girl, raised by a Wyandot woman after her capture,
and survived Tarhe, her Indian husband many years, and was among the
white pioneers of the Sandusky country.

Jonathan Pointer, was the name of a negro, who was captui-ed in Virginia,
taken to the Wyandot country, and who grew up here to be the slave of Tarhe.
He was also Girty's servant, 'subsequently Capt. Pipe's servant, and again an
employe of John Van Meter; was a fair interpreter, as well asrenderer of sacred
vocal inusic. While at the Van Meter place, he would interpret for preacher
Stewart and others, but when Stewart's doctrine became enigmatical, Pointer
would look as comic as a negro can look, and add: ''I don't know meself
whether that is so or not so. ' " He was leader in all musical entertainments at
the Mission Chm-ch, even as he was at an Indian or pioneer dance.

Benjamin Franklin Warner was not a captive, but a citizen of the Seneca
nation, having withdi-awn from American civilization. He was married to a
Mohican woman, named Konkepot, and with her came fi'om Green Bay. Wis.,
to Ohio, where he was hospitably received by the Senecas. In accompanying
his Indian fi-iends to the Xeosha. Konkepot 'died near the mouth of the Mis-
soui-i, leaving her child to Warner, who cared for the little Indian until he was
able to enter life for himself. Warner was the man-of-all-work, liberal, sober,
industrious and always agreeable.

Charlieu, like Jo'seph Tequania, was in the service of the French-Cana-
dian, and was presen^t on the Plains of Abraham, when the unfortunate death
of Montcalm gave the victory of that day. and all Canada to the British. He
subsequently served with the British. Charlieu was born about 1730. as a
child of the Mohawks, a nephew of the Brandts, man-ied a French half-breed,
spoke the French language, embraced Catholicism, came to Ohio with his tribe,
and in 1829 joined the Senecas. When the tribe moved, in 1831-32, to the
Neosha country, he set out on the overland trip, but died at St. Louis, Mo. .
April 26. 1832, from eating warm bread, and was interred in the old Catholic

cemeterv.

William Spicer, or Big Kittles, a captive of the Wyandots, was a native of
Pennsylvania, made captive about 1775, and brought to the Ohio River, where
the W'yandots would tie him to a tree near the river bank, so as to attract the
attenti'on of white travelers, who, on coming to release the boy, would them-
selves be captm-ed. He was moved to the Sandusky about 1 <78, grew up here,
and became a large stock-raiser and farmer. About 1821 he was hearten and
then robbed of several thousand dollars, it is alleged, by a carpenter named

':t€m '^>-

A;V

4, Vs, **

^'r'Xw

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 215

William Eollins, an employe of P. D. Butler, at Fort Ball, in 1821. At that
time Benjamin Barney and a constable named Papineau, a polished French-
Canadian, and Caleb Rice espoused Spicer's cause, arrested Rollins, Downing,
Butler and Case, brought them to trial, and had Rollins sentenced to eleven
years in the penitentiary. A year later Spicer himself signed a petition asking
pardon for the robber. A good deal of the !BG,000 or $7,000 stolen was
returned to this prosperous captive, who died here about 1830. One of his
daughters was the second wife of Crow, another captive. Spicer's cabin, like
himself, is said to have been the filthiest west of the Alleghenies. This Will-
iam Spicer was charged, in 1830, with the miirder of Drake, the mail carrier,
son of Judge Drake, of Marion County.

Robert Armstrong, to whom a section of land was granted at Fort Ball in
1817, was made captive in Pennsylvania, and adopted by a woman of the
Wyandot nation. He married a half-breed Indian, presumably of the Cayugas,
was employed as interpreter by the United States, as he could speak English
and Indian well, and thus ingratiated himself into the confidence of both
parties, until he was rewarded by the United States with this grant of 640
acres in one of the most beautiful spots in the State. In 1823 the President
issued a patent to him for this land, and the same year he sold 404 acres of it
to Jesse Spencer. He moved from Upper Sandusky to Fort Ball that year,
returned in 1824, and died within two miles of Upper Sandusky in 1825, on
the Wyandot Reservation.

William McCulloch, named in the treaty of 1817, was engaged for some
months as an interpreter by Gen. Harrison, and killed by a cannon ball while,
on duty at Fort Meigs in 1813. To his seven childi-en a section of land was
granted adjoining the Ai-mstrong Reservation at Fort Ball, which was subdivided,
and sold. In the history of Ohio McCulloch is mentioned as a half-bred, mar-
ried to a squaw or squaws.

John Van Meter, captured in West Virginia in 1778, by the Wyandots,
transferred to the Mohawks or Senecas in later years by his foster-mother,
was married to a Mohawk woman named Susan Brandt, sister of Thomas, Isaac
and Paulus Brandt, the last chiefs of the Mohawk nation, the remnant of whom
settled near Tiiln and resided in this county. The treaty of 1817 provided
that 1,000 acres of land should be granted to John Van Meter, his wife and
her three brothers. This was known as the ' ' Van Meter Reservation, ' ' on
Honey Creek, and was the home of John, Sr., until his death about 1824. In
1828 John Van Meter, Jr. , Thomas, Isaac and Paulus Brandt sold their inter-
ests in this reservation to Lloyd Norris for $2,500, and in 1829 young Van
Meter accompanied the twenty-five Mohawk families on their trans-Mississippi
journey.

Crow, or Jacob Knisely, was made captive in his youth by the Wyandots at
Loyal Hannah, Penn., and carried to the Ohio River; thence brought to the
Sandusky and transferred to the Senecas, with whom he moved West in
1831-32. He was made captive in 1778. Fifty years later his father came to
Seneca County and stayed at Crow' s cabin. The captive refused to answer any
questions, until Mr. Knisely said: "If you are my son, then your name is
Jacob. ' ' Crow responded enthusiastically, saying : ' ' That is my name and I
am your son. I recollect that, but I kept it all to myself for fear that somebody
would claim me and take me away." A very old Wyandot squaw, the woman
who adopted young Knisely and named him Crow, was sent for to the Wyandot
Reservation, and she confirmed the fact, but watched her foster-son, lest his
father would induce him to return to civilization. In early years Crow married
a Wyandot woman, who died, but before leaving for the West he took William

216 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

Spicer' s daughter as his wife. He would not retiu-n with his father, parting with
him forever at Bellevue. He died in 1833. White Crow, a son of Crow by
his second wife, visited the old reservation here in 1852, after leaving his sons
in school at Dayton. He is now known as Jacob Knisely. "When here he
reported that the interpreter HeiTin murdered Peter Pork on the Neosha.

Good Hunter, a full-blooded Cayuga, is supposed to have been born on the
Sandusky about 1780. After the murder of Seneca John he took his place as
chief and counsellor.

Catherine Walker, and John Walker and William Walker her sons, were
well known settlers of Seneca Township. A grant of 610 acres was made to
them under the treaty of 1817, in consideration of John AValker's ser^dces to
the United States as a soldier, and on account of a severe wound which he
received. Their claim was away west of the Mohawk Reservation. Catherine
and her son William, conducted a store at Upper Sandusky. On their grant
was some fine timber, and there they established a saw-mill about 1856, built
a large house and soon cleared a beautiful forest.

John Stewart, an eighth-breed negro and Indian, was a native of Powhatan,
Va., failed in an effort to commit suicide in the Ohio River, next became a
convert to Methodism and then considered himself an instrument in the hands
of God to convert the Indians and even the French. In August, 1817, he
repeated his visit of November, 1816, to the Wyandots, used the negro —
Pointer — and Tom Lyons as interpreters and was making fair progress, when
Methodist missionaries visited Upper Sandusky in 1818 and spread the report
that Stewart was an unlicensed preacher, if not a mere pretender. In March,
1819, a Methodist Conference at Urbana conferred a license upon him, allowed
Anthony Banning to assist him, and when, in August, 1819, James B. Finley
was api^ointed presiding elder of the Wyandot country, this Stewart, as well as
James Montgomery, the Seneca sub-agent, were appointed missionaries.
When Montgomery was really established at Fort Seneca he retired fi'om
missionary life among the Wyandots. Moses Henkle succeeded Montgomery,
and henceforth John Stewart' s teachings and influences declined.

Buckwheat, a Delaware who had negro blood in his veins, was burned in
1827 for his secret dealings with witches, a charge proved against him at Little
Sandusky. Anthony Bowsher, who platted Bowsherville, Ohio, was present at
this execution, which was only sui-passed in cruelty by that of Col. Crawford,
forty-five years previously.

Tom Lyons, a Delaware and the friend of Anthony Wayne, who named him
Tom Lyons, was a very old and fierce wari'ior, having lived with his people in
Pennsylvania long before they retired into Ohio. He often stated that he sent
ninety-nine white men to meet in the happy hunting-grounds, and owing to his
prowess was given the fairest woman of the Delaware tribe as his wife. On
making his home at Fort Ball, he was accustomed to buy trinkets, ribbons, etc. ,
for this woman, and array her in the outfit of a queen. While living in this
simple way, two white hunters from Delaware County visited Fort Ball, and
finding Lyons in his cabin, sent him to the happy hunting-grounds.

Sally Williams, a quarter-breed, daughter of the Castleman woman, who in
her youth was made captive in Pennsylvania, became the squaw of Solomon
Jolmnycake. Three of her sons by Solomon served in the Kansas Infantry dur-
ing the war. Johnnycake and his wife were well known to all the settlers
along the Sandusky fi-om Tiffin up the river.

Billy Dowdee, known as Capt. Billy, was a fellow-scalper of old Tom Lyons,
but an extra-good Indian after the war of 1812. His son Tom, and his son-in-
law. Nickels, were two of the worst characters in the Wyandot country, the

HISTORY OF SENECA COUiNTY. 217

peers of Pixinpkin of the Senecas. Nickels was killed by one of the settlers of
Wyandot County, much to the satisfaction of his father-in-law.

Abduction of a paj^poose. —Immediately after the first business houses were
established at Tiffin, while yet the forest was untouched by the ax, save in a
few places on "Washington Street, south of Perry, the Indians were accus-
tomed to visit the new stores to trade. On one occasion a large number of men
and women crossed the river where now is the Washington Street bridge. The
men hitched their horses in a grove, which then stood between the site of the
Shawhan House and the river, while the women left their pappoose caches stand-
ing by the trees. All marched up to the village, but were no sooner gone than
an immense hawk, called by the Indians sea-eagle, swooped down, took one of
the little Indians in his talons, and soared away. On this discovery being
made, there was great son-ow among the savages. They quieted down after a
little while, and remained in the grove for three days, observing a solemn si-
lence all the while. On the third day the sea-eagle returned as if to explore,
when one of the women stepped forth, fired, and broiTght down the great bird.
Rejoicing followed, for the death of the little Indian was avenged.

CONCLUSION.

The dignity which poets and untraveled persons ascribe to the red man,
vanished the moment the European appeared. From this time he lost
all the noble qualities of the child of nature, and measured his evil doings
by his opportunities. He imbibed, as it were, all the viciousness of the
whites, but never essayed to emulate any of the few virtues with which the
conquerors were credited. To-day, in the far West, remnants of those old res-
idents of Ohio are still to be found, and among them many who remember their
old hunting grounds on the Sandusky. With few exceptions they are animated
monuments of moral deformity and physical decay, growing weaker and weaker,
dying in their young days with a curse for the white race lingering on their lips.
Only a short time and their history will alone remain to acquaint the future with
their existence ; the traveler will never find the camp of Ohio' s Red pioneers.

The Indians with then- bitter feuds, their wars of extennination, their alli-
ances with the British, their invasions, their revenges, theii- hates, are all gone.
Seldom do the thoughts of the higher people, who now own and cultivate their
lands, turn toward the West in sympathy with the aborigines. How different
with the exiles ? In their day-dreams, far away in Oklohoma, they look toward
the rising sun, and long to return to the land where they passed their youth,
to su.rround themselves again with the memoried scenes. May we not hope
that before they pass away these children of natui'e may learn from the past;
may arrive at a high state of civilization and then come among us to realize the
barbarous condition of their fathers, and conceive the littleness of their tribal
glories ?

218 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

CHAPTER in.

PIONEERS OF SENECA COUNTY.

COULD we evoke the genius of memory, and draw from those who are pass-
ing away so rapidly now, the reminiscences of pioneer times, how many sto-
ries we should glean of hairbreadth escapes in the wilds or in the waters — how
the hunters returned from the hunt laden with spoil, or of the adventiu-es of
those who had found some new paradise in then- wanderings over the prairie or
through the forests. We- can imagine how, after the long days had passed in
toil, and the semi-occasional mail had come in, that those few old settlers
would gather around their respective hearthstones and, with their pipes in their
mouths, and after carefully perusing the papers, not more than a month old,
review the events of the times, and compare notes as to progress in breaking
and clearing the lands. And especially when the shorter days of winter came,
and alone in the wilderness a month at a time, removed from communication
with fi-iends or relatives at their Eastern homes, how the ties of Western
fi'iendship would seem to di'aw closer, and the gatherings come oftener, and
when the shades of evening came, the wagon would be hauled up, the box
filled with a generous supply of hay, and the whole family take seats in the
bottom and hasten to visit their neighbors, a dozen miles away. And then the
sorrow, when some loved one was nearing the grave, and the cfoctor, hastily
summoned fi'om a score of miles away, gave no hope; how the sympathy of
all the country around was shown in kindly offers, watchers coming a long dis-
tance to give their aid, and the funeral gatherings, comprising the neighbors
for miles round. There were many bitter trials and hardships not conceivable
in these days, but they had their compensations, too, in the enlargement of the
love of humanity, in the earnest and true-hearted sympathy, and in unbounded
hospitality. Almost every house was a hotel, but it was a hotel without money
and without price, every traveler was welcome to come and go at fi"ee will, and
the thought of compensation seldom entered the minds of those free-hearted
dwellers in the wilds.

The first white man to whom travel in northwestern Ohio is credited, was
P6re Rasles. In 1G89 Father Easles came to America as a missionary to the
Abenaquis Indians. He was a devout man and a scholar, publishing a diction-
ary of the Indian language as one of the evidences of his zeal. Later on he
became a missionary to the IroqiTois, and followed them in their wanderings in
the West. In 1691 he returned to the East, settling in Norridgewock, Me.,
where, on the 12th of Axigust, 1724, he was killed diu'ing an attack iipon the
Indians by Capts. Harmon and Moulton, who ascended the river with a force
of 200 men. In August, 1885, a man named Hitchcock, while digging on the
site of the old village, unearthed a silver cross about five inches in length,
bearing the figui-e of the Saviour and a skull and cross-bones. From marks
upon this relic it is identified as the former property of the slaughtered priest,
whose memory is reverently regarded, and whose work is again brought to
mind by this singular discovery.

Probably the next white men to pass across this territory were the Mora-
vians, who, as prisoners, were taken fi'om the Moravian towns on the Tusca-

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 219

rawas River to Upper Sandusky, by British, emissaries. These peaceable Chris-
tian Indians were charged with being spies, and with holding treasonable cor-
respondence with the Americans at Pittsburgh and perhaps other points, and of
harboring other Indians friendly to the American cause. Upon these charges
they were arrested by Capt. Matthew Elliott, of the British army, who had
under his command about 300 hostile Indians. Making no resistance, they
were made captives, September 11, 1781, and by this overpowering force com-
pelled to leave their much-loved homes and take up their line of march for the
Sandusky River. Upon this march they followed the Indian trail down the
Tuscarawas to the mouth of the Walhonding, in Coshocton County; thence up
that stream to the mouth of the Kokosing; thence up the Kokosing, passing
over the spot upon which Mount Vernon now stands, and on to the Wyandot
town, near the present site of Upper Sandvisky. The missionaries thus forci-
bly removed were Revs. Zeisberger, Senseman and Jungman, of New Schon-
brunn; Revs. John Heckewelder and Jung, of Salem, and Rev. "William
Edwards, of Gnadenhutten. The point at which they were left to take care of
themselves, their wives, childi-en and Indian captives, was on the banks of the
Sandusky River, not far from where the Broken Sword Creek empties into it,
about ten miles fi'om Upper Sandusky. Here they selected a location, and,
without delay, built a village of small huts to protect themselves from the
inclemency of the weather. This village soon took the name of ' ' Captive' s
Town, ' ' and was situated on the right bank of the Sandusky River, about a
mile above the mouth of Broken Sword Creek.

The first French, Irish and Scotch settlers in the district of which Seneca
Coimty is the center were distinctly adventurers. Some of them were most
treacherous enemies of the young Republic, and all their consciences were elas-
tic when patriotism interfered with their purses or business prospects. San-
duski was the only true j)ioneer among them all. In reference to this ancient
settler in the Sandusky country, Jacob J. Greene, of Tiffin, wi'iting under date,
February 28, 1842, to the American Historical Journal, said: "The name, San-
dusky, is in such general use in our section of the State, that it has become
more extensively known, perhaps, than any other in the Union. The associa-
tions connected with it, ever since our State has been known to the whites,
with its conquest and settlement, are such as to make anything concerning it
interesting. Thinking that the origin of the name is not known to j ou, I send it
for the Pioneer, if this sketch should fall in with the design of yom' paper. At
the time the French were establishing their line of trading posts on the Wabash
and Maumee Rivers, nearly 100 years ago, connecting their operations on the
Ohio with their settlements at Detroit, a Polish trader, by the name of San-
dusky, or more properly spelt Sanduski, established himself near the present
site of Lower Sandusky, at the foot of the rapids of the river. His operations
in trading for furs, etc. , with the Indians, being entirely confined to the river
and bay, they soon became known to Europeans, and afterward to the Indians,
as Sanduski' s River and Bay. Sanduski, quarreling with the Indians, was
forced to quit the countiy for the settlements beyond the Ohio for safety. The
Indians, sometime after, followed and killed him in Virginia. So far as I can
learn, there are but two of the name in the country — his grandsons. One lives
in Kentucky, the other a few miles fi-om Danville, Vermilion Co. , 111. "

Capt. Matthew Elliott, an Irish Tory, who resided in that hot-bed of Tory-
ism, Path Valley, Penn. , remained there until his views led himself with others
of like opinions to fly to the West or to the British lines. He came to the Mus-
kingum in 1776, about the time the less prominent enemy of the young Repub-
lic settled there. November 13, 1776, he, with his squaw, and it is thought.

220 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

John Leith, started out for the Scioto to trade, but was followed by six Indians,
who confiscated his goods and threatened to take his life. He escaped, how-
ever, and, going to Detroit, he and the notorious Alex. McKee were coiilmis-
sioned spies and Indian agents; and prior to 1785 were rewarded by Hamilton,
the British commandant, for their loyalty to the mother country. Elliott served
during the war of 1812 with the British, was afterward appointed agent of
Indian affairs, and died in Western Canada about the year 1818, the year
Simon Girty died (British Occupation, Longman, London). He it was
who brought the Moravians into captivity on the Sandusky and led on the
advance guard of Butler's white rangers, in 1782, and directed the man-
euvers of the Indians during the battle. There is but little doubt regarding
the presence of this British officer at the burning of Col. Crawford.

Thomas Girty, son of the notorious Simon Girty (who fled from Ireland to
escape the vengeance of the people, whom he betrayed), was the only one of
this really vicious band of Girtys, who failed to continue notorious.

Simon Girty, or Katepa-Comen, son of Simon first, was made a prisoner
during Braddock' s war, was adopted by the Delawares, and died a drimken
brawler. He had time to engage in those disgraceful murders which marked
the warfare of those times against the Americans. This white rascal died at
Maiden in 1815, where he resided, receiving a small pittance.

George Girty, another child of infamy, died without gratifying his
murderous inclinations.

James Girty, the fourth son of Old Simon, was an officer in the British serv-
ice. He was made a prisoner during Braddock' s war, was a notorious crim-
inal, as a thousand family histories in Kentucky and Ohio can tell, and died the
death becoming so much cruelty.

Michael Girty, another son of Old Simon, born after his father's murder,
and after the wife' s union with his murderer, was the son of an Indian woman.
This cut-throat served the British in Ohio some time, but in 1821 moved to
Illinois, where he engaged in wholesale miirder and rapine. In 1827 he was
interpreter for Gen. Cass, at the treaty of Bureau, subsequently aided Black-
Hawk, murdered the settlers at Indian Creek, carried off the Hall girls and died
in 1830.

William Hazle, whose father was a native of the north of Ireland, of
Scotch descent, and an associate of the Girty boys, must be ranked with them
in the social record, and hold the same place in the estimation of all good
citizens.

Alexander McCormick, one of the traders, who resided at Sandusky for
some years following the war of the K evolution, may be classed as an Irish-
American of the Path Yalley Tory type, but not so dangerous as Elliott, McKee,
Girty, and others of that class.

Francis Lavalle, one of the French traders of Lower Sandusky, was a most
impartial individual. He wished to see the British whipped, but detested the
idea of losing Americans, Indians and Moravians in such numbers. This was
the man who disobeyed the orders of Simon Girty, who told him: " Drive the
Moravians to Detroit, round the head of Lake Erie, on foot, and don't halt
even to let the women give suck to their children." Not only did he occupy
four days in taking the Moravians to Lower Sandusky, but sent to Detroit for
boats to transport them thither. While waiting Girty returned, threatened
to annihilate Lavalle as well as the Moravians, and woiild at least have made
them tramp to Detroit, had not the boats arrived. This same Lavalle visited
the Moravians at New Gnadenhutten, Macomb Co., Mich., afterward, and was
one of that band of American friends which comprised the Godfreys, Knaggs,
etc. , of the Detroit country.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 221

Jolin Leith, a native of Scotland, came to the colonies with his parents,
moved to Ohio with an Indian trader, was adopted by the Indians, and about
1779, mai'ried a white captive, named Sallie Lowry, abducted fi'om Big Bone,
near Pittsbm-gh. On the dispersion of the Moravians, he was factor for some
British traders at Sandusky, ,and may be said to have remained in this neigh-
borhood until 1790, when he moved to Pittsbui-gh. Before the Senecas left
this county, Leith returned, and died in 1S32. His son, Samiiel, was the first
white child of English speaking parents born in the Sandusky Valley, his birth
taking place about 1779 or 1780. June 3, 1782, he packed his cattle, horses,
goods and valuables in readiness to flee from Col. Crawford's army, and set out
on the -Ith to Lower Sanduskj^. Late in the forenoon of that day, he met Capt.
Matthew Elliott, pushing forward to Upper Sandusky, and, later, encountered
Col. Butler's white rangers, who deprived him of his cattle, and then gave
him a permit to proceed to Lower Sandusky. That night he camped in the
Seneca country, on the west bank of the Sandusky, fourteen miles above the
lower village.

Butterfield, in Cranford's Expedition against Sandusky, relates the follow-
ing incident: "It will be remembered that this man (John Leith) had en-
camped on the night of June 4, 1782, about fourteen miles above Lower San-
dusky, on the river. Just after he had fixed his camp and put his horses out
to graze, a Frenchman, an interpreter to the Indians, made his appearance
from below. 'Well,' said he, 'I believe I will stay with you to-night, and
take care of you.' Leith informed his visitor that he was welcome for the
night, at the same time explaining his intention of making a very early start
on the morrow. Next morning, * * * ^ report was heard which
they believed to be a cannon at Upper Sandusk}-. The interpreter clapjDed his
hands in great glee. ' I shall be there before the battle is begun,' said he, and
rode off. This Frenchman joined the "Wyandots, disguised as an Indian, and
was shot through the heart the same day on which he parted fi'om Leith. The
story is told to show that the British regular troops and their artillery were en-
gaged against the Americans, at Battle Island. ' ' At this time also, the Dela-
ware and Wyandot women and children, and a negro boy, named Samuel
Wells, a captive among them, wei'e placed in a camp constructed in a deep ra-
vine, north of the mouth of Tymuchtee Creek, in what is now Seneca County.
The negro stated that this camp was about one mile south of the mouth of the
Tymochtee, but William Walker assured Butterfield that the young African's
compass, or his idea of it, was wrong. Otherw^ise the Delaware women and
children alone camped south of the Tymochtee.

The treaty of the Miami of the Lake, negotiated September 29, 1817, gives
some facts of general interest to the reader of pioneer histoiy, becaiise therein
are set forth a number of names of white captives, who intermairied with the
Indians, and became the fii*st white American settlers in Seneca County. In
Article VIII, of that treaty, the following provisions are made:

"To Robert Armstrong, who was taken prisoner by the Indians about 1786,
when four years old, and has ever since lived with them, and has married a
Wyandot woman, a daughter of Ebenezer Zane, O-IO acres on the west side of
the Sandusky; to begin at the place called Camp Ball, and to run up the river
with the meanders thereof 160 poles, and fi*om the beginning down the river
with the meanders thereof 160 poles, and from the extremity of these lines
west for quantity. ' ' The name given to him by the Big Turtle band was Ono-
vandoroh. He died at Upper Sandusky' in April, 1825. To the children of
the late William McCulloch, who was killed in AngiTst, 1812, near Manguajon,
and who are quarter-blood Wyandot Indians, 640 acres on the west side of the

222 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

Sandusky River, adjoining the lower line of the tract granted to Armstrong,
and extending in the same manner, with and from the river.

James Ai-mstrong, or Zee-Shawhan, a chief of the Delawares, and his
fi-iend, San-on-doy-om--ay-quay, or Silas Armstrong, another chief of the same
tribe, were granted nine square miles of land for their own use, which was laid
out at Capt. Pipes' village, at the mouth of the Tymochtee.

The Tequania family, particularly Joseph, Louis, head chief of the Senecas,
and the one-eyed medicine woman, twin sister of the chief, possessed a fair
knowledge of the iirst civilization of the period, and imitated the French-
Canadians as far as it was possible for the Indian to mimic.

South of the Seneca Reservation the Van Meters. Walkers and others, bore
a similar relation to the Americans of the thirteen States, and to them were
granted large and beautiful tracts of land, within a few miles of the present
county seat.

In addition to the grants named, one Elizabeth Whitaker, who was taken
prisoner by the Wyandots, was granted 1,280 acres (presumably for herself
and her Indian childi-en), on the west side of the Sandusky, just below Cro-
ghansville.

Still another grant was made of 160 acres, on the east side of the Sandusky,
below Croghansville, at a place called Negro Point, to Sarah Williams, widow
of the deceased Isaac Williams, a half-blood Wyandot, and her children,
Joseph and Rachel Williams, the latter just then married to a half-breed
named Nugent. Sarah Williams was a white captive of the Wyandots. but
thoroughly Indian in her habits and manner.

The Cherokee Boy or Horonn, a chief of the Wyandots, and a great friend
of the whites, pretending to be a white man himself, was granted a section of
land on the Sandusky. His brother, also, was considered in the treaty.

The Walkers, Van Meters and others, mentioned in the Indian Chapter-, as
well as in the histories of the townships, may be classed among the Indian
residents.

Actual Settlement. — The settlement of the county by Americans may be said
to begin in 1817, though, in reality, the actual useful pioneer did not make
his presence known here until 1819, when Eden, Clinton and Pleasant Town-
ships received their first quota of American pluck and enterprise. In these
townships, and in those times, men cast aside old fi'iends, childhood' s home, a
thousand endearing scenes, to embrace a life in the forest, with Indians for
neighbors and the wilderness for a garden. Then it was that the rail-fence,
a time-honored institution, was introduced into northwestern Ohio. In Pleas-
ant and Eden Townships the first fences were erected, and there also were they
entwined in shrubs and wild flowers — wild ivy, cinque foil, dewberry, sweet
fern, anise, artichoke, sun-flower, gaunt mullens, red-capped sumac, rasp-
berry, and a thousand other weeds and flowers and shrubs, such as the creep-
ing mallow and hazel. Then the fi'isky squirrel played along his new highway
and garnered his winter fare at ease, and the animals of the forest came to its
corners and viewed, as man would some novel sight, the first faint gleam of
civilization among the trees.

O Time! preserve this picture; photograpli it on my mind I
In richest colors print it there; leave no outline undefined!
What care I what foreign tourists tell; 'tis of little consequence—
They can never mar the beauty of the zigzag old rail-fence!

Erastus Bowe, who was, in fact, the first permanent white settler within
the present limits of Seneca County, arrived at Fort Ball, November 18, 1817,
in company with two other men. who remained just long enough to assist him

^MAJuw rJrrfyL^

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 225

in erecting a log-house. That log-house stood almost in the center of North
Washington Street, near the bridge, and within it the first hotel or tavern in
Seneca County was established, and the first actual settlement of the county
begun.

Erastus G. Bowe, born in Delaware County, Ohio, April 5, 1818, was brought
to Tiflin by his parents, June 7, 1818, and is the senior old resident of the county.
He resides in a brick cottage on the east side of the street, opposite St. Mary' a
Church, and gives promise of participating in the Centennial of the first set-
tlement of what now constitutes Tiffin City.

Paul D. Butler and others, referred to in the history of Tiffin, were con-
temporary settlers, coming fi'om Massachusetts to Delaware, Ohio, in 1808,
and to Fort Ball in 1817.

Hugh Welch, son of Felix and Margaret (Barnes) Welch, the former of
Derry, Ireland, and a soldier of the Kevolutionaiy war, was born in Beaver
County, Perm., February 18, 1801; moved with his parents to Huron County, in
1816, and to Seneca County in February, 1819, making the first American
settlement in Eden Township. He married, vSeptember 18, 1823, Miss Polly,
daughter of John Gibson ; was appointed the second postmaster in the county,
August 4, 1825; moved to Wyandot County about 1834, and was commissioned
associate judge of Crawford Comity in September of that year; founded the
village of Mexico, and resided in that neighborhood until his removal to Green
Spring. His wife died June 6, 1869, at the springs, where she was the first
patient on their opening, January 1, 1868.

Thomas Welch, brother of Hugh, settled in Eden Township in February,
1819, and dying here soon after, was the first white American bm-ied in the
township.

John Welch, another brother, settled in Eden Township in June, 1819.
He was the first preacher stationed at Toledo, and was subsequently represent-
ative from Seneca County in the Legislature.

Martin Welch, still another brother, moved to Wyandot County about 1834,
and died there.

Felix Welch, the father of these pioneers, was also a pioneer of the county,
and is buried in Seneca County.

James Montgomery, the first Indian agent for the Senecas, and known to
them by the name, Kuckoo-Wassa. or New Acorn, was born in Westmoreland
County, Penn. , November 20, 1776, about the time his father died at Johns-
town, N. J., while serving in the American army against the British. In
1793 he, with his mother, moved to Kentucky, and located on one of the Tom-
ahawk claims. Thirteen years later, in 1806, he married Miss Keziah Eouse,
and the same year settled within eight miles of Urbana, Ohio, where he was a
local Methodist preacher. Dru-ing the war of 1812 he was appointed commis-
sary officer by the governor. In 1819 he was appointed agent for the Senecas,
and, in November of the same year, moved to old Fort Seneca, in Pleasant
Township. He resided in one of the block-houses for some time; then moved
another block-house close to the first one, which the family occupied, and both
houses formed the agency quarters until 1826, when he built the log-house
near the old fort, in which he resided to the time of his death, June 1, 1830.
Of his eleven children, IVIrs. Sally Ingham, of Tiffin, alone survives. This
lady was born in Champaign County, Februaiy 4, 1811; was married, March
25, 1832, to Milton Frary, who died in 1852. In 1869 she married Alexander
Ingham, of Cleveland, Ohio, who died in April, 1870.

The Barneys, Rices, McNutts, and others, reference to whom is made in
the history of Pleasant Township, were contemporary settlers.

226 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

Nehemiah Hadley was the first white settler in Bloom Township, having come
here from Fairfield County, Ohio, with J. C. Hampton, who brought his goods
to this point in 1821. Hampton retm-ned the following year with the Seitzes,
Kagys and others. About this time the Hadleys left the township, sailing to
Cau'o, 111. , by the water coiu'ses, and thence by steamer up the Mississijjpi, to
their new hunting grounds in Iowa. Hadley was a most successful hunter and
trapper, being accustomed to take down a half dozen of deer, in the Honey
Creek countiy, between sundown and sunrise. The first permanent settlement
is credited, however, to Noah Seitz, April 5, 1822.

William Anway, who settled in Scipio Township in 1821, erected the first
cabin in the township. His granddaughter, Mary (Anway) Wilcox, was the
first white child born there, and her father, John Anway, the first man mar-
ried in the township.

Michael Arbogast, it is claimed, was the first settler of what is now Seneca
Township. Owing to the condition of the old records, and the general char-
acter of the history contained in them, it is difficult to credit the township with
its fii-st white pioneer. Arbogast settled there in 1820; William Arnold settled
south of the base line in 1823; the Aikens, Andersons and Crockers located
there about that time.

Joseph Parmenter, at whose house the first township election was held, in
May, 1820, and his contemjDorary settlers, were the first jjermanent residents of
Thompson Township — Trapper Snow, however, must be considered the first
white resident.

Cornelius Gilmore, a blacksmith, settled on Honey Creek, where now is the
village of Attica, in 1827. His was the first cabin erected in Venice Township;
Johnson Ford, Ezra Gilbert and Samuel Halsted cut the first road in this town-
ship in 1828.

John Chaney and Williard Sprague may be named as the fii-st settlers of
Hopewell Township in 1822 or 1823, having made some improvements on the
school section. Robert and Nathan Shippey were contemporary settlers.

Neal McGaffey, one of the earliest settlers of Tiffin, was also one of the
first to set foot in Loudon Township. Owing to the fact that the first actual
settlement of Loudon was eflPected simultaneously by several families, there is
no first settler to be named in connection with this division of the county.
Heniy HofPman, who settled in Jackson Township in 1827, came thither fi-om
Perry County, Ohio, and entered lands on the southeast quarter of Section 36.
His death is noticed in the local history.

George Puffenberger entered land on Section 28, Liberty Township, and
settled there in August, 1825, as the pioneer of the township.

The Jenkins brothers, old traders at Big Spring, and Arch Johnson, may
be named as the first settlers of Big Spring Township.

Seth Read and George Raymond were contemporary settlers of Reed Town-
ship. They came fi'om Steuben County, N. Y., and entered their lands on
Section 24 (near Omar), in January, 1825. The townshij) was named Read,
but is now known as Reed Township, and Cook's Gate, on Section 12, is known
as Reedtown. Hunter Snow was a contemporary settler, after his first settle-
ment in Thompson Township.

Early Town Builders. — In the foregoing pages brief references are made to
the men who fii'st entered each division of the county, and opened the way, as
it were, to future settlers. No sooner were the first clearings made in each of
the townships, than a continuous stream of immigrants poured in, spreading
out from Fort Ball in every direction until almost every section contained a
family. Among the new-comers were such men as Josiah Hedges, who founded

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. *227

a beautiful city; the Crockers and Fosters, founders of Eome; J. Gorsuch,
founder of Risdon; tlie Eobertses, Butlers. Welches. Benjamin and John Jenkins,
Erastus H. Cook, D. C. Henderson, Anthony Schindler, Philip J. Price, Julius
and Thomas T. Treat, Case Brown, John "^Miller, Samuel Waggoner. Isaiah
Hollopeter, John Betts, Abraham Ash, Erastus Bowe, Vincent' Bell, John
Terry. Isaac Catlin, Sidney Smith (Sea), Hemy F. Kaestner, William Brinker-
hoff, John Campbell, Frederick Harpster, Jacob Komer, George Schock, Will-
iam Miller, Samuel Miller, Hector Kilbourne, Myron Kilbourne and Cornelius
Gilmore — all founders of cities or villages. Then came the Gibsons, Seneys,
Nobles and hundi-eds of others, who settled throughout the county, and be-
queathed, so to speak, to their adopted home a number of men who do honor
to-day to the professions and trades. It is deemed proper to deal with the
pioneers of 1819-40, in the history of the townships wherein they settled; be-
cause their lives, as a rule, have heen identified with the beginnings and prog-
ress of such townships, and, further, for the reason that the part they have,
taken in building up the county, as a whole, is precisely treated on in the several
chapters of the general history of the county — notably the organic, political
and military chapters, the courts and bar, physicians and other chapters.

PIONEEE ASSOCIATION.

It has ever been a day of rejoicing when pioneers should meet; when the
old settlers of the land should come together to renew their memories and
cheer up their souls. In the dim past, when, after Babel, the migrations of
the people first assumed an extensive form, the idea of periodical reimion was
initiated, and soon was rendered practicable. Over 2,000 years ago the spot
on which the capital city of the French republic now stands, was hallowed by
an assembly of its first settlers, asseml^led to sacrifice to the gods in thanks-
giving for their new and beautiful land. Revert to those olden times, and the
conception of those happy gatherings will remind us of their utility. If. then,
the barbarians of antiquity observed the custom, and were soothed into peace
during the observance of such a festival, how much more is it becoming in
the people of this our day to participate with the old settlers in celebrating
their coming and their stay; to meet old and tried fi'iends; to share in the joy's
of such an occasion ? Throughout the length and breadth of this great land,
the large-souled pioneers, who contributed in the first instance to make it
great, assemble periodically to commune with one another, to interchange
thoughts of the past, and express their admiration of the busy activities of
the present. The pleasui-es of such meetings are known only to " the pioneers.
Their childi-en never can conceive the feelings such meetings awaken, or the
happy memories which they summon up. For the old settlers alone these
meetings have an undying interest; and though the young may possibly share
a little in the joys of the old, youth can never summon to its aid the same
endearing thoughts of the past, or entertain for the soil they tread that beau-
tiful veneration implanted in the hearts of the old settlers. They alone saw
the virgin soil, and linked their fortunes with it; their industry tamed the
beautiful wild land until it yielded retm-ns a hundred-fold; their 'hands deco-
rated the forest farm with a modest yet comfortable cottage; and now, in
declining years, they have that homestead in which to take a pride, and these
happy meetings to yield them pleasiore.

The meetings of old residents of Seneca County were carried on for years
irregularly without organization, and were consequently sectional in character.
During the summer of 1868 and the winter of 1868-69, a determined efPort
was made to organize an old settlers' association. Notices of the meetino-s

228 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

were published in the newspapers, signed by many representative pioneers,
and February 22, 1869, a society was organized — Mrs. Anne E. Seney sign-
ing the roll tirst.

The first officers of the association were Hemy Kuhn, president; Philip
Seewald, vice-president; William Lang, secretary, and Lyman \Yhite, treas-
urer. This organization may be said to have continued intact until October,
1878, when the president died; and since that time there is no record of trans-
actions.

The pioneer society of Crawford, Seneca and Wyandot Counties, has, in
fact, taken the place of an old association of this county, and is presided over by
Dr. Isaac Kagy, of Eden Township. The last annual meeting was held in Shock' s
Grove, near Melmore, September 5, 1885. Dr. Kagy, in an addi-ess delivered
on this occasion, says : "It was the original purpose of the institution of these
picnics to show oui- respect, and to testify our appreciative regard for the bold-
hearted pioneers of this country. The events of their useful lives, collated and
recorded, constitute the history of our countiy. To locate a home in an Amer-
ican forest, inhabited by savage beasts and by a still more savage human race,
and unbroken for miles around by the stui'dy woodsman's blow, was an act of
moral heroism that equals the most daring exploits of the battle-field. His
dangers, his privations, his arduous labors and his unflagging courage entitle
him to be hailed the hero of the forest. But when dangers threatened and
enemies environed his glorious country the hero of the forest became, also, the
hero of the field. When we follow his line of march and chronicle his succes-
sive achievements, we find his labors combined the matters and facts of his-
tory; the expansion of communities; the institution of schools and other educa-
tional agencies; the planting of churches, developing the arts and resources of
peacefuf industry; the processes of manufacture, and the means and methods
of commerce." Gen. W. H. Gibson, ex-Gov. Foster and others dwelt on the
importance of local history, and related many stories of pioneer days.

Pioneer Reminiscences. — The story of early settlement is filled with stir-
ring reminiscences of olden days, some ranging away up in the sublime, others
lying away down in the regions of the ridiculous, all forming a part in that
di-ama of real life out of which has risen one of the wealthiest counties of rich
Ohio. Some of such stories have found a place already in the Indian history,
a great number find mention in the histories of the townships; in one or two
instances they creep into church history, and even the very dryness of the
political chapter could not keep them out. Here, however, a few sketches are
introduced in portrayal of pioneer days, so that the younger reader may hear
of the manners and customs of the past; the primitive, humble ways in which
the county was raised in its infancy, and, reading, learn to appreciate the advan-
tages which the present offers.

Among the first events which mark the beginning of progress in this county,
are those referred to in the following memoranda. It could be extended to
great length, but, in the history of the townships, the history of those enter-
prises is fully given.

The first block-houses erected in the county, other than Indian cabins, were
at Fort Ball.

The first road was cut from Upper to Lower Sandusky in 1812.

Erastus Bowe was the first American settler, in 1817.

Paul D. Butler erected the first saw-mill, in 1819.

Ezra and Case Brown erected the first grist-mill, above Melmore, in 1821.

Oakley or Vance' s Town was the first surveyed village.

The first postoffice was established at Oakley in 1820, with David Kisdon,
postmaster.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 229

The first high water in the Sandusky, within the historic period, was in
1821.

The first township election, that of Thompson Township, was held May 20
1820.

The first county elections were held in April, 1824, but not till October of
that year were the annual elections held.

James Montgomeiy was the first Indian agent, and took a part also in
proselyting the Indians, 1819.

The first United States survey of the county was made in 1820.

Capt. Eice and J. Chapin made the first coffin, in 1820.

The first patent for lands was issued to John Anway for the west half of the
southwest quarter of Section 23, Township 2, Range 15.

The first frame house was erected for Josiah Hedges, in 1822.

Dr. Eli Dresbach was the first resident physician, in 1823.

The first orchard was set out by John Keller, in 1824, in Clinton Township.

Rudolphus Dickenson was the first lawyer, in 1824.

The first citizen naturalized in the county was William Doyle, in 1824.

The first court of justice was opened April 12, 1824.

The first person lost in the coimty was a son of Elijah Brayton, in 1825.

The first jail was completed in March, 1826.

The second United States survey of the county was made in 1832.

The first newspaper. The Seneca Patriot, was published in 1832.

Political parties were first regularly organized in the cou.nty in 1832.

The first case of cholera in the county resulted in the death of John Hub-
ble, in August, 1834. Sixty-three persons died of this di-eadfid disease at that
time.

The first call for the Seneca County Militia, to take part in the Toledo war,
was made April 22, 1835.

The town of Tiffin was incorporated March 7, 1835.

The first village election held in the county was that of Tiffin, in June, 1836.

Dr. Henry Kuhn was elected the first mayor of Tifiin, in June, 1836.

The first agricultural society was organized in 1839.

The first railroad entered the county in 1839, being constructed to Republic
that year, and to Tiffin in 1841.

The Seneca County Bank opened November 13, 1847.

The first telegraph line was built in 1849.

The first plank and toll roads were begxm in 1849.

Jacksonian Days and Manners. — The people, their manners, their customs
in their homes and outside their homes, differed materially fi'om the citizens of
to-day, in the fact that they were better than the times in which they lived and
acted, and, perhaps, superior in many respects to the remarkable cosmopolitan
race who came after them to take up their enterprises and complete the first
half-centuiy's work.

Looking back over the last half-centiuy a contemporary writer gives the fol-
lowing word-painting of early times, manners and customs: ''The United
States of to-day is quite another nation from the seven by nine United States of
Jackson's time. Then California was almost a myth. Indiana was the 'far
West. ' People traveled by stage coach. Thousands lived and died without
ever going beyond the bounds of their native counties. The steamboat paddle-
wheels had just begun churning our river water. Washington was a dismal
country village. More than suspicion of insanity would have attached to the
man who would have announced that his children would ' cable ' a message
from New York to London, or that the people miles apart would talk to each

230 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

other viva voce. Sails alone bore the traveler across the Atlantic. Fortunate
was the ship that made the passage in three weeks. Cultured travelers from
Em-ope were shocked at the rawness and provincialism everjTvhere prevalent.
Opera all but unknown. The danseuse was an immoral spectacle. Negro min-
strelsy had just commenced its career in the shape of a single burnt cork per-
former at the circus. His popular melody was * Jump Jim Crow. ' Popular
sentimient still handed down fi'om the war of 1812 was bitter against England.
City landlords sat at the head of their own tables and carved the beef-steak.
In religion 'liberalism' was heretical. In no pulpit was any compromise
allowed in the matter of eternal punishment. The locality for lost souls was
then a clearly dehned fire and brimstone reality. Preachers of different sects
waged bitter war against each other. Presbyterianism fi'owned on Methodism.
In countiy towns Catholicism meant the dreaded dominion of the Pope, and
the burning of all Protestants at the stake, if possible. ' Stocks ' and high
shirt collars were then the fashion for gentlemen's neck wear. Beards and ,
mustaches were not respectable. Gentlemen did their own shaving. Panta-
loons were strapped under the boots. All boots were ' "Wellingtons ' and had
legs. The general school system meant the ' district school, ' and the acad-
emy, a consiunptive and irritable Connecticut teacher, a 'box stove' filled
with wood, and a Pike's Arithmetic. Party feeling was far more bitter than
to-day. The old Federal and colonial families who had held office since Wash-
ington" s time, and deemed ofiice theirs by a sort of divine right, had just been
ousted, and they never forgave Jackson, the ouster. The militia were anned
with fiint-lock muskets. A militia-general was then a man of mark. Eveiy-
body chewed Mrs. Anderson' s or Miller' s fine-cut tobacco. The spittoon found
its place even in the family pew at chm-ch. A visit to New York by the vil-
lager resident 200 miles distant was an event to be talked over for months. A
man who had seen Europe was a marked man for the remainder of his days.
Doctors dosed with "blue mass.' black di-aughts and the lancet, yet people occa-
sionally recovered in spite of them. Good butter was a shilling a pound, and
eggs dear at 18 pence a dozen. Few men took over one daily paper, and this
often served more than one household. Democrats were known as ' Locofo-
eos,' to whom were opposed the' Whigs.' All the elders stood bolt-upright
in church diu-ing prayer. Deacons with red noses were more common than
to-day. The minister was not averse to a glass of toddy dui-ing a parochial
call. Pillars of the church and of society sometimes walked home fi'om their
business" offices rather unsteadily about 5 or 6 o" clock. Such habits were more
overlooked than at present. The yearly expenses of the Federal Government
was not much over that per annum of the city of New York to-day. Rum was
the popular di-ink; brandy next. ' ' To-day the survivors of pioneer times are the
most abstemious inhabitants, and all round the country the thinking citizen has
abolished the use of alcoholic drinks within his home.

Land-hunting and Cabin Building. — When the lands of Seneca County
were declared open for entry, the land-hunters came in great numbers, so that
by the year 1882 there were very few sections in the county but belonged to
the actual settler or speculator. Some buyers were guided to the lands, while
others relied solely on the United States land map of the district. After many
troubles and difficulties in finding the location, they generally sl^cceeded. built
the log-house, and actually made a small clearing. This primitive dwelling
was constructed of small logs, with a roof of split wood, each rail having a
channel or glitter hewed on the flat side. Over the under tier of those rails
was another tier, arranged with the semicircular surface exposed, and the
edges resting on the verge of gutters cut in the center of the flat side of the un-

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 231

der tier. The floor was planked with pnncheon staves; the door and instruments
for dealing with intrnding Indians were also made of the same. The fire-place
was constructed of clay, which one of the builders pounded into mortar by the
use of his bare feet. This was mixed with small twigs, and placed in shape.
The chimney, springing from such a foundation, was formed of small sticks
and a mortar similar to that just referred to, was generally built outside the log
walls, but in some instances, as in Bloom Township, within the cabin. There
are a few of the original cabins still standing; while many modern log-cabins,
with shingled roofs, plastered and papered interior, and well furnished, are
found throughout the county. Even in Tiffin and Fostoria the modern log-
cabin is still to be seen, but there is little of the romance of the old home in
the forest attached to them.

Temperayice Raisings. — The construction of a log-cabin in the wilderness
generally brought together two parties of men, each party differently consti-
tuted. The first were men accustomed to the use of the ax — shanty -men who
selected a tree at a glance and as soon had it cut down. Those were the log-
rollers. The second party ranked as raisers, were ruled by the corner-man, and
labored with a will and earnestness which money could not purchase. The
chief of the raising-bee was the owner of the proposed cabin, and fi'om him
was expected all that pioneer hospitality suggested or his means would allow.
Plenty of whisky was the first actual necessity of such an occasion, and for
years the primitive cabins were, so to speak, raised and dedicated in whisky.
The evil was too manifest to be tolerated many years, and fi'om each corner
of the county came whisperings that Hezekiah and Jonas, and Elijah would
have their cabins raised on the temperance plan. AVhen such resolutions were
made, they were, as a riile, earned out; but in some instances whisky had to
be procured before the log-rollers woiild proceed into the forest, or the corner-
man lay the first ground-log. In later years, however, men learned to respect
the opinions of others, and hundi-eds of cabins were raised without the presence
of alcohol.

Old- Time Grist-MiUs. — In the earlier years of the county, and even for two
decades after its organization, the corn-grinder and wheat-pounder were grum-
bling members of the pioneer's family. The difference between the mills now
used for the manufacture of flour and those of half a century ago are as marked
as those between the modern woolen-mill and the old-fashioned loom in which
homespun cloth was manufactured for the purpose of providing stout and serv-
iceable garments to clothe the hard-working farmer and his sons. During
the first days of settlement corn was ground in a hollow stump with a huge
pounder inserted in it worked by manual labor, and sometimes so arranged as
to warrant the application of horse-power. In this county however, the use
of this primitive mill was very limited. In ancient times wheaten bread was
the exception; the daily bread of the rural household was made of rye and
Indian corn. Two or three bushels of wheat were regarded as a sufficient
allowance for a moderate family, and that ground into flour was kept for such
state occasions as quiltings, weddings. Thanksgiving and other holidays, when
the good wife was wont to exercise her culinary skill in compounding short-
cake to grace the bountifully-spread table. It was also considered the proper
thing to have a loaf or two of wheat bread on hand in the house should the cler-
gyman or other respected visitor come to take tea. The grinding of the wheat
was usiially a matter of considerable solicitude on the part of the owner of the
grist. A bushel or two was measured up in a bag and thrown across the back
of a gentle and trusty farm-horse, and the owner would wend his way to the
mill, where, while waiting for it to be ground, he would have an opportunity

232 HISTORV OF SENECA COUNTY.

to gossip with the dusty-coated miller, if that gruff individual would only eon-
descend to chat with his customer, The miller, however, would satisfy the
farmer that the run of stone was perfectly clean, and free from rye flour and
corn meal, and this point settled, the wheat was dumped into the hopper and
ground. The farmer then wended his way homeward, knowing that the good wife
would test the flour, and reward him for his supervision of the mill and miller
by short-cake and golden butter.

There are several instances of record where the early settlers had to subsist
on a soup made of flour and milk or flour and water, so that the small supply
of flour could be extended, so to speak, until the hungry consumers could labor
under the delusion that they had a meal. During such times the hunters of
the settlements were not idle; so that while the pioneers were denied many, if
not all, those various tempting morsels which the house-wife could prepare
from flour, they were treated to rich meals of venison and copious draughts of
whisky, two staple articles of domestic life in pioneer times.

Wolves. — "Wolves were rather troublesome neighbors in early days. They
made frequent visits to the early settlers, and would make the very earth
tremble with their howlings and complaints to the intruders of their time-
honored homes. Some parts of the county were unenviable settlements on
this account. One occupation of the boys and larger girls of the day used to
be to fire the old stumps aboiit the place in the evening, to scare away the
wolves. On the east side of the river these animals were particularly vicious,
and for years after the organization of the county, hunters and trappers
earned large sums of money as bounty for wolf-scalps. There was, however,
one old wolf, a wanderer, which made periodical trips along the river bank.
The dogs would not molest her, and she seemed to care for neither man nor
beast. She had been caught once in a steel trap, and all efforts to entrap her
again were, for a long time, unsuccessful. Even the children, in time, seemed
to distinguish her voice from other wolves, and were in the habit of listening
for her on certain nights. She seldom disappointed them, and made night
hideous with her howls. She, however, went the way of all such game, and
may be said to be the last of her tribe which made the county a home.

Deer Hunting. — It is said that deer were plentiful in the comity up to the
fall of 1832, when the noise made by Jackson Democrats caused them to flee
to some less demonstrative district. Such hunters as Snow and Hadley had,
however, something to say in the matter of the disappearance of this beautiful
habitant of the wilderness.

Toledo Wai'. — September 7, 1885, a half -century had elapsed since the
closing up of the Toledo war— well styled the arch-squabble of the pioneer
days of Ohio and Michigan. This trouble grew out of the claims of Michigan
to a strip of land, known as the Six Mile Strip, now belonging to Ohio. It was
early in the spring of 1835 that Gov. Mason, acting-governor of Michigan,
ordered Gen. Brown to hold the Michigan militia in readiness, and later the
militia was called into service.

A large force was marched down from Detroit, and were joined at Monroe
by the force raised here, and the army then marched upon Toledo. Capt.
Hemy Smith, afterward a colonel in the army, and Alpheus Felch were on
Gen. Brown' s staff, and the late Warner Wing was colonel. One of the most
conspicuous figures in that campaign, Capt. Lewis Darrah, who commanded a
company, mostly of Frenchmen, with Gabriel and David Bissonette as lieu-
tenants, is still residing in Michigan. Capt. Darrah had a gorgeous uniform,
four rows of gilt buttons, chapeau with red feather and white top, and a sword
dangling by his side, and was the observed of all. Many of the soldiers of

"kf^ ^^. x?i

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 235

Michigan and Ohio were armed with broom-sticks, but that did not matter.
The former were bound to strike terror to the Buckeyes. Intense excitement
reigned, and a bloody conflict was thought to be inevitable. The army
marched on to Toledo, but Gen. Lucas kept the larger part of his forces on the
other side of the Maumee, and the Michigan troops entered Toledo without
opposition. The troops remained there three or four* days, and were very
handsomely treated. Such was the excitement during the summer that at one
time an attack was expected fi"om the Ohio troops, but they did not come.
Gen. Lucas surreptitiously organized a coui-t at Toledo, in the night time, but
the judge fled in fear of the Michigan troops. The militia of Seneca County
were all ready for a fight.

Matters finally became so warm that President Jackson recommended Gov.
Mason to suspend hostilities, which he refused to do, and consequently was
removed, and although the Wolverine and Buckeye armies were disbanded
and matters were quieted down, the dispute was not finally settled until Mich-
igan applied for admittance to the Union as a State, when it was made a
condition that she should surrender her claim to the disputed territory and
take the upper peninsula instead, which she agreed to.

The few remaining participants in that bloodless war remember it as the
most exciting event in the early history of the State, and ridiculous as the
affair afterward seemed, every man was ready to lay down his life to sustain
the honor and maintain the rights of his respective State. Many of the sol-
diers of Seneca who actually marched forward to guard Judge Higgins in his
attempt to hold court of common pleas at Toledo, are still residents of the county.

Indians and Pioneers. — From 1819, until the Indians evacuated the
county, both whites and Indians were on fi-iendly terms, each party making
an effort to help the other. Dr. B. D. "Williams, in his reminiscenses, printed
by Stewart in 1874, says: "During the early period of the settlement of the
township (Read), the Indians were very nvmierous, and, as a general thing,
lived amicably with the few whites who were there at an early day. Some-
where about the year when the first settlements were made, an accident of a
fatal character happened to an Indian maiden, a daughter of the renowned
chief and warrior, Seneca John. The Indians made fi-equent visits to the
present village of Reedtown each winter for the purpose of hunting and trap-
ping. On one of these occasions, a party, encamped here, was preparing an
evening meal. A large kettle, full of boiling water, was suspended from a
pole over the fire, and the unfortunate girl was lying in front of it, when the
pole burned through, letting the kettle fall, spilling its heated contents upon
the body of the girl. Some of those present immediately enveloped her in a
blanket, and conducted her to a house near by, where she was attended by
Dr. Williams. On removing the blanket the flesh literally clung to it, leaving
her almost a living skeleton. Death, however, soon ended her sufferings.
After her death William Williams made a hand-sled, and a number of the
Indian boys, followed by a moiu-nful cortege, conveyed the remains to the
Wyandot Cemetery, above Tiffin. Many of the old settlers in Reed, Thompson
and Clinton Townships well remember this funeral as one of the saddest
scenes of pioneer days.

Pioneer Weddings. — The wedding was an attractive feature of pioneer life.
There was no distinction of life and very little of fortune. On these accounts,
the first impressions of love generally resulted in marriage. The family estab-
lishment cost but little labor — nothing more. The marriage was always cele-
brated at the house of the bride, and she was generally left to choose the
officiating clergyman. A wedding, however, engaged the attention of the

236 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

whole neighborhood. It was anticipated by both old and young with eager
expectation. In the morning of the wedding day the groom and his intimate
friends assembled at the house of his father, and after due preparation,
departed, en masse, for the ' ' mansion ' ' of his bride. The jom-ney was some-
times made on horseback, sometimes on foot and sometimes in farm wagons
and carts. It was always a merry journey; and, to insure merriment, the bot-
tle was taken along. On reaching the house of the bi'ide, the maiTiage ceremony
took place, and then dinner or supper was served. After the meal the dancing
commenced, and generally lasted until the following morning. The figui'es of
the dances were three and four-hanAed reels, or square sets and jigs. The
commencement was always a square four, which was followed by what pioneers
called ''jigging; " that is, two of the four would single out for a jig, and were
followed by the remaining couple. The jigs were often accompanied with
what was called ' ' cutting out, ' ' that is, when either of the parties became tii-ed
of the dance, on intimation, the place was supplied by some one of the com-
pany, without interruption of the dance. In this way the reel was often con-
tinued until the musician was exhausted. About 9 or 10 o' clock in the evening
a deputation of young ladies stole off the bride and put her to bed. In doing
this, they had to ascend a ladder from the kitchen to the upper floor, which
was composed of loose boards. Here, in this pioneer bridal chamber, the young,
simple-hearted girl was put to bed by her enthusiastic friends. This done, a
deputation of young men escorted the groom to the same department, and
placed him snugly by the side of his bride. The dance still continued, and if
seats were scarce, which was generally the case, says a local writer, every young
man when not engaged in the dance, was obliged to offer his lap as a seat for
one of the girls; and the offer was sure to be accepted. During the night's
festivities whisky was fr'eely used, but seldom to great excess. The infair was
held on the following evening, when the same order of exercises was observed.

Matrimonial Peculiarities. — On May 14, 1810. Henry M. Stone, of Fort
Ball, and Mrs. Eliza Mercer, of Tiflin, were maiTied by Eev. F. Putnam, who
caused the following to be published under the notice of marriage:

"Health and prosperity to the first couple joined together by me, in Seneca County.

F. P."

A peculiar marriage contract is on record, made April 16, 1858, in Hope-
well Township, between Henry Creeger and Catherine Brendle, and executed
in presence of Levi Keller, justice of the peace, April 19, that year. It pro-
vided that before the proposed marriage Catherine waives all right to all dower
or expectancy of dower in lands of Creeger, on condition that he, by his last
will and testament, would provide for the payment to her of $500, This was
actually accepted by the prospective bride.

In January, 1865, another marriage contract — a strange agreement was
perfected between Catherine (Fridel) Kuemet, widow of Fridel, and her sec-
ond husband, George Kuemet. After a few disagreements the wife left Mr.
Kuemet to look after his own affairs. His repentance soon followed, when he
agreed to lodge S400 with the superior of the convent of Maria at the IManger,
Wolf Creek, to be paid out only on the following conditions: That the lady
retiu-n to live with him, the money to go to her in case of his death, or in case
of her dying first, then to the childi-en of her first marriage. ' 'But should
both parties separate again (which God forbid), then the priest or bishop should
investigate whether Kuemet kept his promises to treat his wife dutifully, edu-
cate her two children until they receive second confirmation, and to disclaim
all ownership to her property owned before marriage with him, and also
whether Catherine has discharged her duty as wife, when the money shall be

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 237

ordered in conformity with such investigation. Should both parties be the
cause of such provocations and mischievous conduct, then neither of them shall
have the money, and the same shall be apj)ropriated for the reformation of
both in the best possible manner. ' ' This agreement was made between Kue-
met and Joseph Henry Dress, and witnessed by William Lang, May 16, 1866.

Pioneer Women. — There are few sons and daughters, to-day, let us hope,
who have not a good idea of the pioneer mother, and entertain toward her a
respect born of all that is noble in humanity. She came into the forests with
her young husband to make a home for a family, and, by her woman' s work
and woman's judgment, made that home to which her childi'en look back for
their happiest days. She was the cook, tailor, dress-maker, and oftentimes
cloth manufacturer, for the whole household, and, with all this, kept the cabin
as neat and clean as if such work were her only care. All this was accom-
plished without any of the modern appliances, without the noise and hurry of
modern times, and generally without the grumbling that the modern lady be-
stows upon almost every little easy task which domestic life now may call
upon her to perform. She took a pleasiire in this work, and her life was one
long stream of usefulness and health, of benevolence and peace. She made
herself an actual something which any community would miss, and accom-
plished all this without drudgery. She read and learned and taught as a con-
sequence of her active life, and in her declining years di-ew rich rewards from
her works, going higher, to the better land, with a consciousness of duty
done below. She was the Christian mother, whose example it is now found so
hard to imitate.

Tobacco Smoking Fashionable. — When the Hall family settled in Bloom
Township, over a half century ago, it appears that the women smoked tobacco,
and one who did not smoke this weed was the exception. Mrs. Rice, in a recent
contribution to pioneer history, says : ' 'Our neighbors were a strange mixture
in regard to nationality, and we could never get used to their ways or language,
and if you wou.ld ask them a question in regard to a given quantity, they
would say: 'O, yes, we have a right smart chance.' When we had lived there
but a few days a girl called in to see me, and almost the first thing she said
was, 'Mrs. Rice, do you smoke?' 'No, indeed,' said I. 'Well,' she said,
'you will have to, or nobody will think anything of you, for everybody smokes
around here.' I told her I was sorry, but I neither could nor would smoke to
miake friends with anybody. But I found lots of friends, and did not smoke
either, and when we were sick, and they knew it, they were very kind, and when
we had the misfortune to have our house burnt down with all its contents,
homes and hearts were opened to us, and, although we would not take pecu-
niary aid of them, for we had plenty of i*elatives who were both able and wil-
ling to assist us, they turned out with men and teams, and in a few days we
had. a nice home again. And the seven years we lived there, though years of
sickness and toil, we look back upon as among the happiest of our lives."

Female Costume. — Among the moral folks a fashionable dress goods was
turkey-red calico, with flashy yellow flowers, large as an oak leaf. The great
scoop bonnet and smoke-stack leghorn formed the headgear. Shoes were
made from cow-hide leather, with the seams on the outside. Many of such
curiosities are in possession of Mrs. S. S. Stickney.

It will not be claimed that the pioneers were faultless; perfection would not
be expected of them. They were impulsive, too firm in many erroneous ideas
to be liberal, too narrow in experiences of the world to be able to apjilaud vir-
tue in others or deciy vice in themselves. With all this, they were men of the
period — in fact, in advance of the period — strong in heart and arm, enthusi-

238 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

astic and earnest in the work which they had undertaken, and never equaled
in the greatest task of their lives, which raised up the wilderness to a garden,
and gave to Ohio one of her greatest divisions. Looking back some years over
a half centiu-y ago, all the faults of the pioneer must be credited to the time
in which he* lived, and all his virtues to himself , so that, with the poet, the
writer of this prose will say, with all his heart:

All honor and praise to the old pioneers;

You never may know all their story;
What they found but a desert a garden became,

And their toil and success is their glory.

CHAPTER IV.

ORGANIC HISTORY.

ORGANIZATION, COMMISSIONERS' BOARD AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

IN the second part of this work, the Histoiy of Ohio, the political divisions
of the State are named, and their organization noted. The act of Feb-
ruary 12, 1820. authorized the New Purchase or the territory acquired under
the Indian treaties, to be laid off into fourteen counties, one of which— Seneca
— was to embrace surveyed Townships 1, 2 and 3, north of latitude 41°;
Ranges 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17, east of the first Ohio meridian. This territory
was attached to Sandusky County for judicial purposes until April, 1824, a
period of four years. Dui;ing this time a ten-itory (now known as Thompson,
Reed and Venice Townships, with a strip two and a half sections in width,
along the east side of the territoiy, now known as Adams. Scipio and Bloom
Townships), 143| square miles, was set off April 25, 1820, by the commis-
sioners of Sanduskj^ County, under the name of Thompson Township. The
toAvnship of Seneca was set off May 8, 1820. This embraced the whole coun-
ty outside of the original Thompson Township and the reservations. In June
following, that portion of the present township of Clinton east of the San-
dusky River, was established under its present name, and one year later the
present township of Eden was ordered to be organized, and the election to be
held at John Searle's house June 4, 1821.

Organization of Seneca County.— The act of the legislature passed January
22, 1824, provided for the organization of Seneca County, the election of offi-
cers, continuation of law suits, etc. , etc. The elections under the act were
held in April, 1824, when Agreen Ingraham received 190 votes for sheriff, and
Leverett Bradley 206 votes for coroner. Those, with the commissioners, Clark,
Olmsted and Whitmore, were the only officers elected in April (vide Political
History).

The seat of justice for Seneca County was not located until March 25,
1822, when Herford, Spink and Miner, the commissioners appointed for that
purpose, arrived and selected the village on the east bank of the river to be
the county seat.

In the following pages a review of the transactions of the commissioners'
board fi-om June, 1824, to the close of the Rebellion, is given.

Transactions of the Commissioners' Board. — At a meeting held at Tiffin,

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 239

Jtine 7, 1824, William Clark, Jesse S. Olmstead and Benjamin Whitmore, com-
missioners present, a petition to build a road from the northeast corner of Section
16, Township 2, Range 14 east, to Levi Cressa's house and Bowes' land on
the State road, was granted. Joseph Pool, George Stoner and W. D. Sher-
wood were appointed viewers, and David Risdon, surveyor. A permit was
granted on the petition of Isaac Gurnee to build a road from Zinn's Mill to
Henry Crow's, on the State road. Ezra Brown, Elisha Clark and Rd. Jaqua
were viewers, and Franklin Baker, sui-veyor. On petition of Thomas Boyd, a
road was ordered fi-om the south side of Stony Creek to the Seneca Reserva-
tion. Thomas Boyd, William Wright and William Anway were appointed
viewers, and David Risdon, sui-veyor. Thomas Boyd and Lowell Robinson
petitioned to have the road known as the Mansfield and Tiffin Road reviewed,
with the object of changing its course before its opening. Rd. Jaqua, Ed.
Sutherland, John Seitz, Lowell Robinson, R. Munsell and George Denison were
reviewers.

June 7, 1824, Thomas Boyd presented a petition to the commissioners,
signed by many qualified electors of Eden Township for the establishment of
Bloom Township. The petitioners stated: "Laboui'ing under grate inconvin-
ance from the distance of attending Public Elections, and also having a suffi-
cient number of quallified electors in the township, we therefore pray that the
Honorable board to sit off said Township, No. 1 and 2 in the 16th Range, and
constitute it a legal Township, to be known by the name of Bloom Township. ' '
The commissioners, in granting this petition, decreed that Townships 1 and 2,
in the Sixteenth Range, formerly organized with the township of Eden, and
Townships 1 and 2 in the Nineteenth Range, together with fractional Town-
ships No. 1 and 2 in the Eighteenth Range be established as one township,
under the name of Bloom.

Bloom Township was established June 7, 1824. On the same date Milton
McNeal was appointed treasurer of Seneca County, and David Risdon tax col-
lector. A petition to have a road from fractional Section 19, Range 18, on
the county line, thence on the best route from Tiffin via Monroe to Norwalk,
was granted. S. D. Palmer, Chris Stone and Thomas Webb were viewers.
This authority was repealed immediately. June 8. 1824, John Mimm was
allowed |12. 18 for repairing court house. Judge Jacques Hubbard was allowed
$6 for three days' services as associate judge of Seneca County, and a similar
amount was allowed Judge Matthew Clark. The sum of $2.25 was allowed
Nathan Whitney for listing Thompson Township; Joseph Osborne was allowed
$3.75 for listing Eden Township; George Park, $1.87i^ for listing Clinton
Township; Joseph Keeler, $2.25 for listing Fort Seneca Township, and D.
Smith was allowed $3 for services as clerk of the commissioners' board for three
days, and $1.43^ for a blank book which he purchased (a book which could be
purchased to-day for 30 cents. — En.). June 9, 1824, the commissioners
authorized the auditor to purchase blank books for the use of the county offi-
cers, and pay for them from the first moneys received into the cou.nty treasury.
They also authorized payment to Benjamin Whitmore and Jesse S. Olmstead for
three days' service, and to William Clark for one day's service as commission-
ers. This completed, the first meeting of the commissioners of Seneca County
was something of the past.

December 6, 1824, Dr. Dunn, Thomas Boyd and Benjamin Whitmore,
commissioners, met at Tiffin. Elisha Clark presented a petition for a road from
Seneca Creek, ' ' at the Heights of Land, at the present new travelled Road, ' ' to
the southwest corner of east half of southwest quarter, of Section 28, thence
to ' ' Henry Crows' new dwelling house. ' ' Franklin Baker, John Downs and

240 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

Selden Graves were apj>ointed viewers, and were instructed to meet at John
Gibson' s house on December 24, to view and locate the road. Case Brown
petitioned for a road from the corners of Sections 18, 14, 23 and 24, in Clinton
Township, south to the Kilbourne State road, at Sections 13 and 14, Eden
Township. Eoswell Munsell, Henry Blackman and Richard Jaqua were ap-
pointed viewers, William Clark, surveyor, and Hamilton McCollister's house
was designated as the place of meeting. On the same day, on petition of David
Clark, the same viewers and surveyor were ordered to locate a road from Honey
Creek through the center of Clinton Township, on Section line between 14 and
15 and 10 and 11. December (3, 1824, William Anway presented a petition
for the establishment of Scipio Township, signed by sixteen legal voters. John
Cary presented a petition for a road from his house in Crawford Township, to
Joseph Gates' (or Gales') house, thence to the county road and from Joseph
Chaffee's west. Cyprian Stevens, Peter Carr and Elisha Brayton were ap-
pointed viewers, and David Risdon, surveyor.

December 6, 1824, a petition was presented to the commissioners, which was
recorded as follows: "December 6, 1824, Mr. William Anway presented a
petition to the board from the inhabitants of the second township in Range 16,
now attached to Bloom Township, beg leave to represent to your honors the
nedcessity of seting off and organizing said township, and we wish your honors
to order the same organized, together with such other townships or parts of
townships as your honors should, in your wise consideration, think proper to
attach to said"^ township, and that the name may be known by the name of
Scipio Township. ' ' This petition was granted by the board, who declared a
legal organized township, to be known by the name of Scipio Townsnip, to-wit :
The second township in Range 16; second township in Range 17 and second
fi-actional township in Range 18 shall constitute the same.

On petition presented by Neal McGaffey, December 7, 1824, a road from
the public ground at Fort Ball, running across the Sandusky River to the pub-
lic ground at Tiffin, was authorized. Jesse Gale, George Free and Charles B.
Fitch were appointed viewers, and David Risdon, surveyor. On petition of
Joseph Chaffee, authority was granted the people of Crawford Township to
elect three trustees and one treasurer, on December 25, 1824, to take charge of
the school lands belonging to Crawford Township. Hopewell Township was
established December 7, 1824.

The following is of record: "December 7, 1824, the inhabitants of Seneca
Township presented an application for a new township, to be set off and or-
ganizedas follows, to-wit: Composing of original surveyed Township 2,
in Range 13, also the original surveyed township in Range 14, excepting
a fraction on the east side of the Sandusky River, to be known by the name of
Hopewell Township, was granted by the board, and ordered that the qualified
electors of said Hopewell Township shall meet at the house of Joseph Pools, in
said township, on Saturday, December 25, 1824, and proceed to elect township
officers. ' ' The board of commissioners declared the above township legally or-
ganized and to be known by the name of Hopewell Township, and at the same
time and place the qualified electors shall proceed to elect three trustees and
one treasurer, whose duty it shall be to take charge of the school lands belong-
ing to said township, and dispose of the same as the law directs.

December 7, 1824, Town 1, Range 13. and Town 1, Range 14, were estab-
lished as one township, under the name of Seneca Township, and the electors
ordered to meet at the house of Abram Courtwi-ight, December 25, 1824.

W^illard Wright presented a petition asking for a county road fi-om the
countv line, south of David Clark's house to the county road running from

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 241

David ITnderhiirs to Sandusky, where the road crosses the center line of
Thompson Township, thence to the Kilboiirne road, and thence by William
Frink's house to Tiffin. Agreen Ingraham, Rollin Muller and Ira Bassett
were aj^pointed viewers, and David Eisdon, surveyor, with instructions to lo-
cate the road on January 11, 1825. Elisha Smith was allowed |3 for list-
ino- Seneca Township. Chris Stone was allowed $1, and Thomas Webb $6
for viewing new roads. The roads from Zinn" s Mill to Eden Township, and
from Honey Creek to Seneca Reservation, were declared public highways,
December 7, 1824-. Reuben W^illiams asked for a road from the James Bearn-
sides lane or Mansfield road, in Section 28, Town 2, Range 15, by Eight-
een Mile Run and William M. Ewen's house, and thence to the Kilbourne road.
Bearnsides, Williams and Leverett Bradley were appointed viewers. De-
cember 8, 1824, it was voted that Thomas Boyd be commissioner for one year,
Benjamin Whitman for two years and Dr. Dunn three years. The auditor was
ordered to call on Sandusky for settlement of revenue and expenditure.

December 8, 182-4, the north room in George Park's house was rented,
at $1 per month, to be used for clerk and auditor's office. The commissioners
concluded their first year' s work by declaring new roads to be public highways,
and appropriating pay for their clerk, D. Smith, and themselves.

December 8, 1824, the commissioners ordered that the fraction on the
west side of Sanduskj^ River, included in original Township 2 north, Range
15, together with the fraction on the east side of the river, included in Town
2 north, Range 14, be attached to Clinton Township.

At a meeting of the commissioners, held March 7, 1825, Township 1,
Range 15; Township 1, Range 16; and Township 1, Range 17, south of base
line, Avere set ofP as one township under the name of Sycamore, and an elec-
tion ordered to be held March 25, 1825.

A road was authorized fi-om James T. Percas land Section 2, Township
3, Range 16, to the town of Tiffin. Willard Knight, W. D. Sherwood and
Joseph Pool were appointed viewers and David Risdon, surveyor. William
Mead, John Craig and Alexander McNutt entered security for the establish-
ment of this road. Elijah Bra}i;on petitioned for a road from his saw-mill, via
Chaffee's and Whitaker's stores, to the state road. Agreen Ingraham, Rollin
Moler and James Gardin were appointed viewers; E. Brayton and James
Richards were securities. A road from Upper Sandusky to the city of San-
dusky was authorized. On the application of the inhabitants of Crawford
Township, the electors of Township 1, Range 13 south, were ordered to elect
on the last Saturday of March, 1825, three trustees and one treasurer to
manage the school lands of the district. A similar decree was entered in the
case of Scipio Township, the meeting to be held at John Wright' s house.
On petition of Neal McGaffey a road from the east end of Miami Street, Fort
Ball, to the public square of Tiffin was authorized. McGaffey, Ingraham and
John Galbraith offered secm-ity.

In March. 1825, John Mimm asked for a road from Tiffin to Thomas
Leaper's house, on the Negro Town road. N. Egbert, James Earl and S. S.
Palmer, viewers, Solomon Kuder and Josiah Hedges were securities. Russell
Vibber, John Seitz and Willard Knight were appointed viewers of a road from
the north end of Washington Street to intersect the easterly end of Adams
Street, in the town of Fort Ball. In March, 1825, the electors of Clinton
Township were ordered to meet in April and elect three trustees and one
treasui-er to take charge of the school lands of Clinton. William Connell
was appointed keeper of the standard measiu'e on March 9. On the
same day the commissioners declared the roads which they authorized to be.

242 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

public highways, and, after appropriating their own and clerks' salary ad-
journed.

The fourth session of the commissioners was held June 6, 7 and 8, 1825.
A number of road petitions were granted, and bills aggregating about $70
were ordered paid; including $4.50 to George Park for use of room for fom-
and a half months.

The commissioners assembled in special meeting July 4, 1825, to consider
proposals for building a jail. Elijah Farquson was granted the contract on
his bid of $450. Josiah Hedges signed the contractor' s bond. An adjom-ned
meeting was held October 15, to receive Assessor "William Patterson's account.
He was allowed for assessing the county, $48.

The principal business of the commissioners, in session December 5, 6 and
7, 1825, pei-tained to roads. December 5, organic changes were made in
Clinton and Hopewell Townships. December 7, Neal McGfaffey was allowed
$17.85 for blank books and repairing clerk's and aiiditor's room, and David
Smith $4. 50 for blank books supplied to the auditor. Benjamin Whitman
was allowed one day's pay for services on the Board of Equalization and one
day's pay for inspecting work on new jail. Chris. Stone, appraiser of Clinton
Township, was allowed $1 for his services dm-ing the year 1825. Each of the
commissioners received pay for three days' services.

December 5, 1825, Agreen Ingraham presented a petition from the
inliabitants of the townships of Clinton and Hopewell, praying that all that
part of the original siuweyed township of Clinton, lying on the west side of
the Sandusky Eiver, should be attached to Hopewell Township. This petition
was granted, it appearing to the commissioners that the want in bridge con-
veniences justified a partition of the original town of Clinton.

The commissioners met March 6, 1826, when on petition they authorized
the establishment of " Tyamochtee " Township from Crawford Township.
Thomas Johnson was allowed $51 for blank books. Elijah Farquson received
$150 on account of jail building in $15 orders. The time of completing the
jail was extended to July 1, 1826. March 31, 1826, the commissioners
met to accept the jail building fi-om the contractor, and issue orders for $200
in his favor.

March 7, 1826, an application was made to the commissioners to set
off Township 1, Range 14 south, from Crawford Township and establish the
township of " Tyamochtee," which was granted. The electors of Crawford were
ordered to meet' in April at the house of Joseph Chaiff er to choose officers,
and the electors of the new township to meet at the house of Jesse Gales.

The special meeting of June 5 and 6, 1826, was devoted to road affairs
and accounts. Josiah Hedges was allowed $25.85 in exchange of an order
issued and paid for the location of the seat of justice for Seneca County, on
the treasurer of Sandusky County. Milton McNeal was reappointed treasurer
of the county, and William Patterson tax collector. Thomas Boyd, Ben
Whitmore and James Gordon were commissioners.

The meeting of December 5, 1826, was devoted to road permits and organic
changes. Reed and Adams Townships were set off; a portion of Clinton was
attached to Hopewell. The commissioners organized with James Gordon, com-
missioner for one year; Timothy P. Roberts, for three years, and Thomas Boyd,
two years.

Reed Township was set off December 5, 1826. It comprised Township 2,
Range 17, together with the fractional Township 2, Range 18, including land
east to Huron County line. The election was ordered to be held at Seth Reed' s
house in January, 1827.

r.^

^££

■CyAiJi-(H4.dJ_.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 245

Adams Township was set off December 5, 182G. It comprised fractional
Township 3, Range 16, including one tier of sections off the west side of
Township 3, Range 17. The election was ordered to be held at Samuel AYhite-
man's house December 25, 1826.

The commissioners decreed that all that part of Clinton Township, or Town-
ship 2, Range 15, lying on the west side of the Sandusky River, should be
attached to Hopewell Township, December 5, 1826.

The meeting of March 5, 1827, granted authority to construct a number of
new roads. Milton M. Neal reported $643.69 in county orders, being part of
his credits as treasurer for 1826. Neal McGaffey presented 127.05 as amount of
office rent and stationery. David Risdon was appointed assessor; a bounty of $2
in addition to State bounty, was offered by the commissioners in March, 1827.
A special meeting was held in June, 1827. David Risdon received $63.50 for
assessor's services of 1827. The taxes decided upon were 3 mills per dollar
for State tax; 8 mills per dollar for county tax; 3 mills per dollar for road
tax, and | mill per dollar for school purposes. In August, 1827, the board met
to consider the propriety of building a bridge across the Sandusky River, and
ordered one day's pay for each member.

December 3 and 4, 1827, Case Brown, Timothy P. Roberts and Thomas
Boyd, county commissioners, met at Tiffin. William Toll, jailer, presented
his bill of $3.46 for fees and boarding prisoners. The repairs of the jail, in

1827, cost abont $70.

The commissioners met March 3, 1828. John A. Rosenberger presented a
petition, praying that a part of the original town of Clinton, on the west side of
the Sandusky, should be attached to Clinton Township; not granted. David
Bishop was appointed sealer of weights and measures. The board at a special
meeting held March 24, 1828, decided to build a court house, and on April 11,

1828, advertised for proposals. There is no record of their meeting on April
14, 1828.

Granting petitions to establish roads was the only business of importance
before the board in December, 1828.

The commissioners in session, March 2, 1829, ordered that the State treas-
ury be called upon to pay $15.91-i\, the amount of three per cent fund
apportioned to Seneca County, under the act of February 9, 1826. The clerk of
the court of common pleas was authorized to purchase a desk for his office.

At a special meeting held June 1, 1829, Ezra Gilbert presented a petition
from the people of Township 1, Range 17, praying to have that township set
off under the name of Venice.

The township of Venice was set off June 1, 1829; as then established, it
comprised Township 1, Range 17, and fractional Township 1, Range 18. which
was attached to Bloom, formerly. The petition to establish was presented by
Ezra Gilbert.

David Beck was allowed $24 for making a secretary's desk for clerk's office,
in June. 1829. Joseph Howard, the county clerk, was allowed $10 in advance
to piirchase stationery for the use of his "^office. The board of equalization
made hea\T additions to the capital of local merchants.

The commissioners— James Gordon, T. P. Roberts and Case Brown — met
December 8, 1829. They allowed George Donaldson, trustee of the meeting-
house, $18 as rent of the same, for May, August and November terms of coiu't
in 1829. William Toll, jailer, presented his accoimt for the year, which
amounted to $12.42^.

This session of the commissioners opened March 1, 1830, with Gordon,'
Brown and Roberts, present. Apart fi-om the establishment of public roads,

246 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

little other business was transacted. Jacob Plane, treasm-er, was instructed to
demand from William Clark the county orders he received in June, 1828. The
$15.91fo of the three per cent fund was appropriated for the Mt. Vernon road
between Tiffin and Morrison State road. Matthew Clark was allowed Si 1.12
for a stove for the jail. ^o^ r-n

At the June meeting AVilliam Toll, jailer, was all9wed $88. <9 for boarding-
Peter Pork, 211 days; Walter Bates, 49 days; Merrit Goodyear, 2 days;
together with jailer's fees, for the year ending June, 1830. One-half of three-
fom-ths of a mill was authorized for township tax in Hopewell, / mills for
county purposes and 3 mills for road pui'poses. Harry Blackman, of Bloom
Township, was appointed a commissioner to expend the three per cent fund on
the Kilbourne State road. In August a special meeting was held, which
adjoiu-nedto September 18.

January 27, 1831, a meeting was held to consider road petitions. At the
June meeting a number of roads were authorized; Pleasant Township was
established. The tax levy was 8 mills for county purposes, 3 mills for roads and
1 mill for schools. A special session was held in December, 1831.

At a meeting of the commissioners, held June 6, 1831, a petition was pre-
sented by Caleb Pace, fi'om the inhabitants of Seneca Township, praying for a
new township, to be named Pleasant. The board ordered that fi-actional
Township 3, Range 15, and all that part of the Seneca Indian Reservation, lying
within Seneca County, be established under the name of Pleasant.

The commissioners met March 5, 1832. A number of road petitions were
oranted and viewers appointed. Loudon Township was established. In June,
1832, Liberty Township was set off. The tax levy was placed at 5 mills for
county pm-poses, 1 mill for school purposes, and 3 mills for road purposes.
Jackson Township was established December 4, 1832. The simi of !?6 was
allowed to George Donaldson, trustee of the meeting-house, as rent for that
building diu'ing the IMarch term of court.

The commissioners, in their order of March 5. 1882, decreed that Town-
ship 2 north. Range 18 east, be organized as a separate township under the
name of Loudon.

December 4, 1832, the inhabitants of Township 8, Range 13, Jackson,
petitioned the board to set off that division of the county as a separate town-
ship, under the name of Jackson. This petition was granted.

A petition was presented by John S. Fleck, fi'om the inhabitants of Town-
ship 3, Range 14, Liberty, then attached to Seneca Township, June 5, 1882.
In gi-anting this petition, the commissioners conferred the name of Liberty
upon the new township.

March 4, 1833, John Keller. David Risdon and Case Brown, commission-
ers, assembled at Tiffin. At this meeting the question of changing the town-
ship boundaries was discussed. The boundaries of Thompson, Scipio, Adams,
Clinton and Pleasant Townships were altered so that each would comprise an
original surveyed township. In March, 1833, John Tennis presented a peti-
tion praying for the organization of Township 2 north, Range 13, for school
purposes. This petition was granted.

In June, 1883, a number of road petitions were granted. In December
that portion of original township of Clinton, lying .west of the Sandusky, was
detached from Hopewell and attached to Clinton. The commissioners decided
to erect countv buildings, in December, 1833, and made application to Valen-
tine Pentzer, of Mechanics Town, Va., for a loan of $6,000. Calvin Bradley
and John Baugher were appointed commissioners to visit the county seats of
Lorain, Portage and Richland Counties, and to take a correct description, cost,

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 247

etc., of eacli court botise. John Seitz, Marcus Y. Graff and John Crum wore
commissioners.

The question of erecting good county buiktings was discussed in Novem-
ber, 1838. John Baugher and Calvin Bradley were appointed commissioners
by the board to visit Ravenna, Elyria and Mansfield, with a view of selectino-
a plan for the new county buildings. The site for the jail was purchased from
Josiah Hedges.

In March, 1833, at the twentieth meeting, the boundaries of Thompson
were so altered as to embrace the original surveyed townships 3 north. Ranges
17 and 18. -

The boundaries of Scipio Township were so changed under order of March
4, 1833, as to embrace Township 2 north. Range 16.

The boundaries of Adams Township were so altered in March, 1833, as to
embrace the original surveyed Township 3 north. Range 16.

The boundaries of Clinton Townshij) were changed in March, 1833, so as
to include the fractional part of the original surveyed Township 2 north, Range
15, which lies in the Seneca Reservation.

The boundaries of Pleasant Township were changed in March, 1833, so as
to embrace only original surveyed Township 3 north, Range 15.

On x:>etition of George W. Gist, that portion of the original township of
Clinton, on the west side of Sandusky River, was detached fi-om Hopewell and
reattached to Clinton, December 3, 1833. In March, 1834, David Risd on ^pre-
sented a remonstrance from the inhabitants of this i^art of the county.

In January, 1834, the visiting committee in re court house matters reported
in favor of adopting the style of the Portage County building. The bill of
expenses presented by this committee was $93. 80, which was ordered to be
paid. January 17, the board ordered advertisement for proposals to build a
court house, and February 14, the commissioners entered into a contract with
John Baugher to build a court house in the town of Tiffin, for $9. 500. David
Campbell was allowed $2 for printing the proposals in the Tiffin and Sandusky
Clarion.

In March, 1834, the twenty-second meeting of the commissioners accepted
a deed from Josiah Hedges for a certain lot of land for the purpose of erecting
a jail, valued at $150, in part payment of materials named in said Hedges'
bond due said county. Marcus Y. Graff*, one of the commissioners, notified Mr.
Hedges that the commissioners required payment of the residue of the moneys
and materials due on said bond. David Risdon presented a remonstrance fi'om
the people of that portion of Clinton Township west of the river, against the
action of the commissioners in reannexing it to Clinton in their order of
December, 1833. The board decreed that it was inexpedient to repeal their last
order in regard to this biennial question. A petition was presented by Charles
W. Foster from twenty electors in Loudon Township, praying that three trus-
tees and a treasurer be elected to take charge of School SectiorL 16, agreeable
to an act to incorporate the original surveyed township. The petition was
granted. In March, 1834, Enoch Trumbo asked for an order to elect trustees
and treasurer to take charge of School Section 16, in Jackson Township. The
order was issued.

Brown and Magill were allowed $3. 25 for printing notices to build court
house, and Calvin Bradley $15 for furnishing di-aft and bill of particulars for
court house. Orders for those amounts were issued in March, 1834. A sum
of $50 was appropriated towai'd building a bridge over Rock Run. at the
east end of Market Street, in the town of Tiffin. The board gave a bond to
Jacob Stem, and authorized him to obtain a loan of $6,000. David E. Owen.

248 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

county auditor, was allowed $58. 79 for his services for the year ending March
6, 1884. In May, 1834, Jacob Stem obtained the loan of $6,000, and lodged
the amount in the Baltimore Savings Institution, Maryland. The board loaned
this money to Stem until April, 1835, the interest being considered equivalent,
to his services in raising the money. In June $59. 42 were appropriated for
the sustenance of AVarren C. Burns, a convict in the county jail, from Septem-
ber. 1833. to May, 1834; James W. G. McCluer received this money. At the
June meeting Enoch Umsted was allowed $18 for the use of Methodist Episco-
pal Church as a court room in May, 1834. The cost of assessing the county, in
1834, was $47.25. The tax of 1834 was 5 mills for county. 2h mills for county
buildings. 1 mill for schools and 3 mills for roads. Nicholas Goetchius, John
Crum and John Seitz, were commissioners. In Augxist. 1834. $2,000 were
paid John Baugher on account of work on the court house. The commission-
ers, in November, 1834. were John Seitz, Benjamin AVhitmore and Lorenzo
Abbott. A sum of $45 was granted Alonzo Rawson for advertising ' ' Exhibit
of Receipts and Expenditures" in the Independent Chronicle.

March, 1835, session of the commissioners was devoted mainly to the con-
sideration of petitions for county roads. Willard Whitney presented a peti-
tion asking relief fi-om tax on his mercantile capital, as assessed in 1834.
Reuben "Williams resigned his office of assessor. M. Y. GrafP reported the
expenditure of $50 on the Rock Run bridge, at the east end of Market Street.
In April a special session was held. The June session opened with Benjamin
Whitmore, Lorenzo Abbott and John Seitz, present. The tax le\'y ordered was
4|^ mills, county; li mills, school, and 2 J mills for road purposes, of which
total, 1^ mills were ordered to be reserved for public buildings. Three mills
were added to the road tax in Scipio Township. In December, Nicholas Goet-
schius and Joel Stone presented bills for sustaining the prisoners Benjamin
Aleut and James King. A sum of $18 was allowed Henry Ebbei-t as rent for the
Methodist Episcopal Church in use during two sessions of the court in 1835.
Abel Rawson was allowed $25 for office rent and fire-wood for the year ending
December 6, 1835. John Walsh was sworn in as assessor. Alonzo Rawson
was allowed $2.75 for printing the sheriff's proclamation.

During the spring and summer sessions of 1836 a large number of road
petitions was presented and granted. The tax levy ordered was 4 1 mills for
county purposes, 1 ^ mills for school purposes and 3 mills for road purposes.
A further appropriation of $100 was made to complete the AVest Market Street
bridge. In August, 1836, David E. Owen, auditor, resigned, and Levi Davis
was appointed. In September, 1836, Ebenezer Smith was granted $100 to
build a bridge over Beaver Creek. In December $27 were granted as rent for
use of Methodist Episcopal Church during the three terms of coiu-t. Eli
Norris received $17.50 as rent for jury room during two terms in 1834, three
terms in 1835 and two terms in 1836.

In March. 1837, Lowell Robinson was appointed county assessor. John C.
Donnell and A. Maloney were appointed assistant assessors. The auditor was
sustained in his suit against Latham Stone & Co. , ' ' for attempting to show
their natural curiosities and horsemanship at Republic, on May 21, 1837."
One hundred and thirty-three dollars were appropriated toward the free bridge
over the Sandusky road on West Market Street. About this time the now
familiar notice, " no person shall be allowed to ride over this bridge faster than
a walk, ' ' was adopted. The limit of traffic was confined to ten head of cattle
or ten head of hogs at any one time.

The tax levy for 1837 was4| mills for county, 1 mill for school and 3 mills
for road purposes. In August, 1837, it was resolved to re-roof the court house,

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 249

and. in November. Uriah P. Coonrad presented a bil] of $281.50 for this work.
In March, 1838, Isaac P. Ingraham was appointed assessor, vice the
assessor elect, who failed to give bonds. Joel Stone received |38 for services
in guarding prisoners at night during the year ending June 9. The first
account for lamp-oil was rendered about this time. John W. Vrowman was
released from payment of $7.30. tax on $1,000 alleged to be loaned by him on
interest. In December Francis Bernard was allowed $9 for calcimining and
cleaning the county jail. Abel Kawson was allowed $29 for record book and
transcription of Seneca lands. John Teny, John Seitz and Lorenzo Abbott
presided at the last session in 1838.

MEETINGS FROM 1839 TO 18(36.

The several sessions of the commissioners in 1839 were principally devoted
to road matters. In December Joshua Seney was allowed $30 for attorney's
services rendered in the suits against Josiah Hedges and Jonathan Reed & Co.

In January, 1840, Lorenzo Abbott and Andrew Moore, commissioners,
present, $11 were granted to Samuel A. Griswold for printing. John
Terry was present in March, 1840. In June the tax levy was fixed at 3f mills
for county, 1 mill for school and 3 mills for road purposes. The taxes on
Josiah Hedges' saw-mill, $6.37i, were remitted in December, 1840.

The transactions of the commissioners in 1841. outside of road affairs, com-
prise the appointment of G. J. Keen, county agent, to collect $64 from James
Durbin, formerly county surveyor, paid him on an order issued July 10, 1838,
for obtaining plats and field notes of Seneca County from the surveyor-general' s
oifice, a duty which had to be performed in 1840 by John Teny. In March,
1841, the sheriff' was authorized to give the use of the court house for religious
and political meetings, as he may deem proper. In June, 1841. the aiiditor
was instructed to advertise for proposals to rebuild the court house in the
Van Burenite and Gazette of Tiffin, the Ohio Statesman and Ohio State Jour-
nal, of Columbus, the Norurilk Experiment the Sandusky Democrat, and the
Findlay Courier. For some time after the com-t house was destroyed in 1841,
courts were held in the Methodist Protestant Chiu-ch. The county paid the
Methodist Protestant Society $25 for rent for use of church in Mav and June.
1841.

In July, 1841, the question of rebuilding the court house was before the
board; John Baugher proposed to complete the carpenters' and joiners' work
for $2,990; Jacob Emick and Jacob Rowk contracted to do all the stone and
brick work for $800 ; Allison Philips the plastering for $450. These proposals
were accepted. John Andrews' bid to point the brick work for $150 was
accepted. George Stoner. John Terry and Andrew Moore were the commis-
sioners.

In March, 1842, Robert G. Pennington presented a petition to the board,
setting forth that the Seneca County Agricultiu-al Society had organized
according to law, and asking for a county subscription. The commissioners
appropriated $100. At this time also the act of January 13, 1829, to "improve
the breed of sheep, ' ' was adopted by the board of Seneca County.

In April, 1842, Uriah P. Coonrad received $13.75, for boarding an insane
man named Samuel Dorland. At the same time Dr. Ely Dresbach pro-
nounced the man' s insanity only periodical, and the commissioners ordered his
discharge.

Vincent Bell asked that the assessment for 1842, on his saw and grist-
mills, be remitted, as they were useless. In December Joseph McClellan
took his place on the board. John G. Breslin's bill of $202.50 for publish-

250 HISTOKY OF SENECA COUNTY.

ing the delinquent list of the county, was allowed. The notes of the Gran-
ville Bank and other uncurrent notes were ordered to be exchanged. Eden
Lease presented a bill of $3. 75 for guarding of the jail five nights during
the confinement therein of Thomas C. Bartlett. Dr. N. R. E. McMeen
received $2, for medical services to another prisoner, named Hiram Coch-
rane.

In June, 1843, the lightning-rod man placed a rod on the jail, at a cost
of S20. The new court house was completed in the summer of 1843. Pro-
posals for building a jail and sheriff's residence were opened June 9, 1843,
T. B. Piatt's bid of $3,487 was accepted, but he failed to give bond. The
contract was sold the same mouth to Ephraim Biker, of Erie County. In
December Morris P. Skianer took his place on the board.

In April, 1845, a disagreement between Piatt and Bicker in re the building
of the jail was settled by arbitration. "The business of the board during the
year was confined to road affairs.

In January, 18-10, the commissioners ordered the auditor to effect an
insurance on the court house. The tax levy for 184(3 was 5 mills for county,
bridge and public buildings, 1 mill for school, and 3 mills for road purposes.
In March, 1847, H. T. Dewey was permitted to place a clock in the court
house steeple, which he should be allowed to remove at pleasui'e if the county
or citizens did not deem it worthy of being paid for. This was not adopted,
but some years after Philip Siebold furnished a clock, which was used until
the last court house was taken down.

In March, 1847, Josiah Hedges siu'rendered his toll-bridge charter
(granted under the acts of January 13, 1829, February 9, 1830. February 7,
1832, and February 7, 1833) to the commissioners, on condition that the county
would build a free bridge. The original bridge, at the north end of Washing-
ton Street, was swept away January 1, 1847. In March and April the board
appropriated moneys to build the Washington Street bridge and other
bridges throughout the county. The tax levy ordered was 1 mill for road,
1y%- mills for county, i^ of a mill for school and t^ of a mill for bridge pur-
poses.

In March, 1848, the council of Tiffin was authorized to build on the public
square, in part occupied by the court house, and on the south side of the same,
along Market Street, a market house and engine house, and to have control of
the same for twelve years, after which the commissioners retained the privilege
of disposing of the location, while the council held that of disposing of the
buildings. In December John W. Patterson, William Lang and F. W. Green
formed a joint committee of the commissioners and council to superintend the
digging of a well on the public ground of Tiffin.

In June, 1849, the commissioners adopted the professional tax, assessed
as follows: Phvsicians, George A. Hudson. B. N. Freeman, J. S. Sparks, H.
Niles, Peter J. Smith, $1.50 each; W. W. Belville, $1; B. Eaymond, E.
Lynch, S. W. Bricker, James Fisher, Andrew Hepburn, Joseph Boehler, R.
McD. Gibson, Henry Ladd, Robert C. Castles, George W. Patterson, Simon
Bu-cher, Benjamin E. Vanatta, J. M. Ball, William L. Hamilton, H. L. Harris,
12 each; Ely Dresbach, J. A. McFarland, $4 each; Henry Kuhn. Rufus Nor-
ton, JosephMyers. $3 each; George Sprague, Grafton Bernard, Andrew Ben-
ham, J. D. Davidson, Jonathan Munger, Benjamin W. Day, Alonzo Lockwood,
William Wilson, John Bricker, Josiah Brown, R. P. Frazier, R. D. Williams,
David Heming, Isaiah Frederick, F. S. Kendall, Cyrus Pierce. Walter D.
Hutchias. W.^G. Ronipr, S. B. O wings, D. N. Pelors and F. A. Warren, $1
each.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 251

In June, 1849, the commissioners adopted the professional tax in the case
of the Lawyers, and assessed them as follows: ^\ . \\\ Culver, $1.50; John
L. Lamaraux, Leander Stem, James P. Pillars, John L. Graves, Kichard
Williams and William M. Johnson, $1 each; AVilliam Lang, $250; Joel W.
Wilson, Warren P. Noble, E. G. Pennington, Jesse Stem, $3 each; Luther
A. Hall, 12; Abel Eawson and William H. Gibson, $4 each.

In March, 1852, Philip Spielman. county clerk, presented a petition fi'om
the bar, requesting a complete index to the court dockets to be made. The
clerk was ordered to make a complete index up to that time, for which reason-
able pay would be granted, and to continue the index henceforth without pay.

John J. Steiner was appointed auditor, September 13, 1852, vice Eichard
Williams, deceased,

May 24, 1853, commissioners Saul, Bui'ns and Clark decided to purchase a
farm to be used as a poor farm. On the 25th the board examined the farms of
H. H. Steiner, Henry Creager, Charles Miller, W. C. Hedges, Henry Carpen-
penter, David Eickenbaugh and Daniel Brown. March 18, 1854, the lands
of Samuel Herrin, I. C. B. Eobinson and heirs of J. C. Murray were
purchased. In December, 1855, the commissioners visited the infirmaries of
Champaign and Clarke Counties, and David C. Myers was instructed to di-aft
the buildings at Champaign.

In June, 1852, the board appropriated $100 for the benefit of the Teachers'
Institute, on petition of S. S. Eickley and others. A number of appropria-
tions was made for the purpose of building new bridges and repairing old
ones in the several townships. The grant of a pai-t of the public square by the
county to the city of Tiffin, made March 10, 1848, was rescinded March 17,
1852, by the commissioners: Barnev Zimmerman. David Burns and Samuel
Saul.

John C. Dewitt was appointed surveyor, vice G. H. Heming, resigned,
September 9, 1853.

Thomas Heming was appointed county treasurer, June 9, 1854.

January 31, 185G, the commissioners, accompanied by D. C. Myers and
N. N. Speilman, visited the poor farm, and staked out the site of the infirmary
Ijuildings. September 19, same year, the board accepted the buildings.

In Jiuie, 1856, the sum of $36, in uncurrent and counterfeit money, was
destroyed by the treasurer.

The petition of Joseph Hedges, to have a strip of forty-four feet taken ofP
of the public square, for the purpose of widening Virgin Alley, was negatived
by the board, December 6, 1856.

In December, 1858, the board appropriated $100 to Independent Fire
Company No. 4, toward the purchase of a fire engine.

In December, 1858, the auditor of Seneca County was ordered to redeem
the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 12, Town 3, Eange
12, Wood County, sold by Wood County for the taxes of 1 856 and 1857. This
land belonged to Seneca County fi*Qm 1845 to January, 1862, when it was sold
to M. P. Skinner for a small consideration.

In March, 1859, the first oi'der was issued to have the newspapers in the
auditoi-'s office bound.

In March, 1860, the petition to incorporate the town of Bettsville was dis-
missed for the reason that the board did not consider it just ' ' to incorporate
men against their will. ' '

September 7, 1861, the Soldiers' Belief Committee, of Tiffin, petitioned
the board to aid in the support of volunteers' families. The sum of $250 was
appropriated. December 16, 1861, a tax lew of one-half of 1 mill per

252 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

dollar on assessment was ordered, and on the same day $4, 500 were borrowed
from Tomb, Huss & Co. , for one year at 6 per cent for the retired soldiers'
families.

In 1861 the controversy between the corporation of Tiffin and the county
commissioners, in respect to the title of the court house square, was amicably
settled. The city agreed to pay all costs and waive claim to title, and to join
the county in building a new engine house.

In September, 18(32, the commissioners authorized the issue of bonds to be
negotiated by John M. Naylor, military treasurer, and proceeds applied to the
payment of bounties to volunteers. September 6, the sum of $2,000 was
borrowed fi-om Samuel Hen-in at 8 per cent interest, to be applied to the
relief of soldiers' families. In January, 1863, the plan for distribution of
relief fund was changed, the new plan gi-anting $2.65 per week to a soldier's
wife without children, and $4. 64 to a wife with three or more children. In
March, 1863, a sum of $3,000 was transferred from the county fund to the
relief fund. A bounty of $25 was offered in May, 1863, to all who would
enlist in the One Hundred and First Regiment or in the One Hundred and
Twenty-third Regiment. In June a fm-ther transfer of $2,000 was made from
the county to the relief fund. The amount of soldiers' remittance fi-om
December," 1863, to March 10, 1864, was $8,535, and of the relief fund $7, 290.
From March 10, to June 9, 1864, the amoimt of soldiers' remittance was $4,-
530; from Jime to September 8, $1,610, and from September 8 to December 8,
1864, $6,850.26 relief fund and $3,566.25 soldiers' bounty. The soldiers'
remittance was $31,278. From December 8, 1864, to March 8. 1865, there
was paid out as soldiers' remittance, $16,640; military fund, $5,169.65; relief,
$12,873.80. and bounties, $37,570.36.

In February. 1864. the sum of $2,000 was transfeiTed from the relief fund
to the county* fund in lieu of the transfer of 1863. In March, 1866, the
amount of relief money due the townships and wards of the county was $9,443,
to be distributed among 1,472 necessitous persons, being a fraction of $6.41i^
to each person. The amount of relief appropriated for February, 1866, was
$7, 360, or $5 to each person entitled thereto.

In June, 1866, there were only 286 persons entitled to moneys from relief
fund in the county. The sum of $7,672.43 was appropriated, of which $6,864
was ordered to be distributed in the several townships and wards. July 5,
1866, the amount to be refimded by the townships to the county treasurer was
$12,759.44.

A sum of $140 was appropriated by the county to Ind. Steam Fire Com-
pany No. 4, toward the purchase of a steam engine.

Edson T. Stickney was appointed county treasurer April 29. 1865, vice S.
W. Shaw, deceased.

June 9, 1865, permission was granted for cattle, sheep and geese to run
at large within Seneca County.

In April, 1865. the qiiestion of the distribution of relief fund was consid-
ered and equalized; a few townships, having received more than their quota,
were ordered to pay the amount overdrawn to the county treasurer.

From March 8, to May 1. 1865; $1,655.78 were paid out to soldiers' fam-
ilies; $11,497.45 soldiers' remittance, and $508 soldiers' boimty. From May
1, to September 12, 1865, the amount of soldiers' remittance was $47,890.45;
of relief, $9,443; of bounty, $27,271.49; volunteer bounty and military, $90.
From September 12, 1865, to March 8, 1866. the soldiers' remittance
amoimted to $1,647.75; military fund, $1,656.25; township boimty, $38,688.
25; and volunteer bounty, $41.62.

? w.>^

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 255

In July, I860, the transfer of moneys from the relief, military and volun-
teer bounty fund to the county and bridge fund, was ordered. The sum of .|7, 000
was transferred from the relief and military fund, and $7,586.00 fi-om the
volunteer bounty fund.

From March to September, 1866, there was paid out for relief of soldiers'
families, $8,006.58; soldiers' remittance, $177.33; volunteer bounty, $263.45;
military, $3, '255. 60; township bounty, $16,177.84.

To recount the work of the county board since 1866 is beyond the scope or
object of this history. The most important acts of that body are noticed how-
ever, in connection with that division of the history which they effect. Thus,
the history of court houses and jails is given with this chapter, and so on to the
end. In closing the organic chapter the historian takes much pleasure in
acknowledging the courtesies of the late Auditor Stoner, of the Deputy Audi-
tor, and of Auditor Norton, the present incumbent, and in congratulating the
county on possessing many valuable records of this important office.

Treasurer Heabler. — The death of Coiinty Treasurer Heabler resulted in
the discovery of a large deficit in the county funds. The first inquiry was
made by the county commissioners, George Heabler and Capt. Miller, chief
clerk in the deceased treasurer's office, in presence of George Hepler, Lester
Sutton and A. B. Brant, a committee appointed by the bondsmen. The cash
actually received was $153,541.22, and assets, $140,689, leaving $12,852,22
unaccounted for. Mr. Heabler was city as well as county treasurer, and on his
bonds were the following citizens:

First County Bond — S. A. Ringle, G. AV. Lemmon, Jacob Wise, Isaac
Tanner, William King, George W. Hoke, E. Weaver, George Hepler, John F.
Hoke, Henry Meyer (tailor), A. B. Brant. Samuel Ernest, Lester Sutton,
Henry Woolfert, J. M. Sillcox, Samuel H. Leonard, J. W. Link, Henry Heab-
ler.

Second County Bond — J. L. Couch, Lester Sutton, W. Everingim, J. F.
Hoke, S. A. Ringle, A. B. Brant, Jacob Wise, W. Souerwine, W. King,
Edward W^eaver, S. H. Leonard, H. F. Myers, C. Smeltz, Isaac Tanner,
George Hepler. George Heabler, Henry Heabler.

First City Bond— J. L. Couch, F. Steigmeyer, G. W. Steigmeyer, M. C.
Steinmetz, W. Souerwine, W. Everingim, Andi-ew Hoern, J. W. Armatage.

Second City Bond — Lester Sutton, James L. Couch, J. F. Hoke, S. A.
Ringle, A. B. Brant, James Wise, Henry Heabler.

Recorder s Office. — Recorder Bennehoff completed, in May, 1885, a general
index record of all patent deeds recorded in the county, by which he can tell in
a moment whether or not the patent deed of any piece of land in the county is
recorded. This is a great convenience, as heretofore it took from one to
twenty-four hours to ascertain this. The plan of the book is excellent and a
credit to the Recorder.

Public Buildings of the County. — In the first pages of this chapter it is
stated that the commissioners sold to Elijah Farquson the contract for build-
ing the first jail, July 4, 1825. This was a solid log box, laid off in two
compartments, with its vulnerable points marked by wagon-tire bindings. At
the south end of this little j^enal institution there was a frame building erected,
which was the jailer's official residence for some short time, and, in its later
days, John Fiege's cabinet-shop. This building stood on the southeast corner
of the public square, was completed the last day of March, 1 826, at a cost of
$450. The brick used in building the chimney of this jail were the first
burned in the county. Thomas Chadwick was the brick manufacturer, while
the jailer, W^illiam Toll, was the bricklayer, the first completing his kiln in the

256 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

summer of 1827, ^ud the latter finislimg tlie chimney in the fall of same
year.

During the winter of 1840-41 this pioneer county building was torn down,
as it was declared to be a trap for inducing practical jokes on the law.

Second Jail. — Succeeding the demolition of the old county prison, male-
factors wei-e variously disposed of.

Proposals to build a county jail at Tifl&n were advertised for up to Ju.ne,
1848. when the bid of Epraim Rikei-, |'3,487, to build a jail and sheriff's house
on Madison Street, opposite St. Mary' s Cemetery, was approved.

The new county jail and sheriff' s residence was completed in April, 1878.
The contractors were: X. N. Sj^eilman, of Tiffin, excavation, di'ainage, stone
work and brickwork; Fort AVayne Foundry Company, the iron work; Scudder
Chambei-lain, Tiffin, carpenter work; W. F. Gearhart & Co., Dayton, Ohio,
galvanized iron work; Rood & Co., Toledo, plumbing and gas-fitting; G. B.
Alexander, Delaware, painting and glazing; J. S. Norton & Co., Toledo, slate
work and cresting; Miller & Herrig, Tiffin, plastering. D. W. Gibbs, of
Toledo, was the architect. This building fronts on Market Street, in rear of.
the new court house. Under Sheriff Whalen's administration this institution
is well managed. ..

Court Houses. — The first meetings of the commissioners' board were held
in. Abel Rawson's office until December, 1824, when the county rented from
George Park a room in Eli Norris' tavern, standing where is now the National
Hall Building. This room was used as the clerk's and auditor's office, and
commissioners' room, until moved to the Hedges Building, on Yirgin Alley,
a two-story frame house which stood on a part of the site of the present Adver-
tiser office,.* and in which Judge Lane opened the first court April 12, 1824.
The recorder and sheriff' used their own offices and charged the county rent
for same. In May, 1829, the commissioners arranged with Donaldson, trustee
of the Methodist meeting-house, to have the use of such house for terms of
courts until the completion of a county building, then proposed. This old
church, a brick structure, stood where the Joseph Harter marble yard is now
located; was early English in style, and used by the sacred and profane indis-
criminately, until Aixgust 19, 1836, when the first county coui-t house was
completed. (Vide Transactions of the Commissioners' Board. Chap. IV.)

The court house, which was begun in 1884, and completed August 19,
1886, was destroyed by fire. May 24, 1841. Owing to the energy of the i:)eo-
ple, part of the county records was saved. The office of Cowdery & Wilson
was in this building, in connection with which is the story of Judge Lang's
extraordinaiy escape. Cowdery learned that a number of valuable papers
were not yet saved from the flames, and asked Judge Lang, then a young man,
to rescue the ' ' pigeon-hole ' ' and its contents. Without hesitating the latter
leaped into the room, cast out the "pigeonhole," and jumped fi'om the window
at the moment when the logs and sand of the second floor fell in. Even after
leaping to the ground, the cornice and debris came tumbling down, from under
which he had to be extricated.

From the destruction of the first court house to the completion of the sec-
ond one, in J anuary, 1848, courts were held in the Methodist Protestant Church,
while the official business of the county was carried on at such places as suited
the convenience of the officers. July 28, 1841, John Baugher, under con-
tract with the county, entered upon this work of rebuilding. The walls of
the old house, then standing, were used in the restored structure, and this

*The Hedges frame building on Virgin Alley was purchased about 18.56, by P. H. Ryan, for f200, and
Oioved to luoutli of Kock Creek.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUXTV. 257

(with the additions made in 1866) was the court house of Seneca County, until
vhe spring of 1884, when the building was removed to give i^lace to the present
house, the officers being transferred to a large brick building and fi-ame annex,
which fi-onted on Market Street, opposite the "Lang House," just east of the
south vestibule of the present building and the county jail. The cost of resto-
ration was over $4,400. The court house square was cleared of the old locust
trees in April, 1863.

The New Court House. — The corner-stone of this magnificent building was
laid June 24, 1884, with appropriate ceremonies. The members of the com-
mittee, appointed by the commissioners to arrange for the laying of the corner-
stone, met at the office of N. L. Brewer, and organized by electing N. L.
Brewer, chairman; J. A. Norton treasurer, and E. B. Myers secretary. On
motion the following named gentlemen were appointed as a finauce committee,
to raise funds to bear the necessary expenses of the occasion :

J. A. Norton, chairman; A. B. ^Hovey, John M. Nay lor, S. B. Sneath, John
D. Loomis, George E. Seney and John M. Kaull. The ward committees
comprised: First "Ward. E. B. Hubbard. Jacob Scheibley and Joseph Van
Nest; Second Ward, Ai Kaup, William Dore, W. P. Noble; Third Ward, J.
M. Hershberger, R. W. Shawhan and Jeremiah Rex; Foui-th Ward, J. H.
Ridgely. George D. Loomis and John Ehrenfi-ied ; Fifth Ward, J. N. Willard.
A. M. Hart and Julius Kiessling.

The corner-stone is a huge rock six feet two inches in length, two feet ten
inches wide, and one foot seven inches thick, and weighs over 6,000 pounds.
It was placed in position by the Masonic order, with the usual impressive cer-
emonies. The officers officiating were G. M., J. M. Goodspeed, of Athens;
P. G. M., A. H. Newcomb, Toledo. Sam Stackerwilliams, Newark: G. S.
W., A. F. Yance, Urbana; G. J. W., Levi C. Goodale, "Cincinnati; G. Treas.,
J. M. Chamberlain, Newark; G. Sec, John D. Caldwell, Cincinnati; G.
Tyler, C. C. Park, Tiffin; G. Chaplain, Rev. J. S. Reager; G. J. Deacon, Dr.
G. E. Davis.

Gen. W. H. Gibson delivered the orations in English, wl ile Judge Will-
iam Lang delivered an historical address in German. J. H. Good, D. D. ,
invoked the blessing on the work. Mayor Royer delivered the addi-ess of wel-
come, Rev. Mr. Reager offered prayer, and then the huge copper box, contain-
ing mementoes of our times, was placed within the stone, which was put in
position by the Masons. The box contains the following mementoes:

Copies of the Senem Advertiser, Tiffin Tiffin Turner Society.

Tribune. Tiffin Neics, Tiffin Presse, Daily K. of P., Pickwick Lodge.

Herald, Daily Courier, Fostoria Democrat, Grace Reformed Church.

Fostoria /?CT/ew,Bettsville Enterprise,Gree-a. Tiffin Zouaves.

Spring Times, Bloomville Record, Attica Ebenezer Evangelical Church.

Journal, College Monthly. Tiffin Fire Department.

Historical sketches and names of officers, Tiffin Bruderbund Society,

and members of the following societies: Isaac P. Rule Post, G. A. R.

Tiffin Lodge No. 77. F. & A. M. Leander Stem Post, G. A. R.

Metliodist Episcopal Church. Eureka Lodge, Prudential order of Amer-

Trinity Episcopal Cliurch. ica.

First Evangelical Church. First Reformed Church.

Presbvterian Church. I. O. O. F., Kansas, Seneca Co., Ohio.

First Baptist Church. St. Joseph's Church membership.

St. Mary's Catholic Church. Bloomville G. A. R.

Tiffiu Public Schools. Electric Light Company.

Tiffin Lodge Knights of Pythias. Green Spring I. O. O. F., Roll of Lodge.

Knights of St. George. Venice Lodge I. O. O. F., Roll.

St. Patrick's F. A. and B. A. Adrian Lodge No. 494, L O. O. F.

Heidelberg College. Wyandot Lodge No. 141, I. O. O. F.

Seneca County Medical Society. Fostoria Lodge No. 317.

258 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

Seneca Lodge 35. Spanish 25 cent piece of 1784.

Oakley Lodge 317. List of Attorneys in Seneca County.

Bloomville Lodge 667. Photograpli of old court house building,
Melmore Lodge 174. and historical sketch of same.

Tiffin Water Works. Gold dollar, silver dollar, silver 50 cent
Also: Court docket of May term, 1884. piece, silver 25 cent piece, silver 10 cent

Premium list Seneca County Agricultural piece, silver 5 cent piece, nickel coin.

Society, 1883. copper 1 and 2 cent coins.

Catalogue Heidelberg College, 1884. Memorial badge and Ohio Building Stone
Official Directory of the City of Tiffin, Company's memo.

Seneca County. Cards of Contractor R. C. Greenlee.

Caldwell & Lane, Iron Contractors. Lang's History of Seneca County.

Tiffin Public Library catalogue and offi- Card of Commercial and National Ex-

cers. change Banks.

The memorial badge worn by the participants in this celebration was quite
in keeping with the elaborate details of the ceremony. The cost of this mon-
ument to Seneca County's advancement, was about $215,000, or about $5.40
per capita of the estimated number of inhabitants in 1885. A complete state-
ment of costs and expenses in connection with the building of the hew court
house, purchasing additional real estate, etc., is given as follows:

Real estate appropriated by proceedings in the probate court:

Property of Fiege Bros $18,000 00

Property of H. F. Fiege 6,900 00

Property of William Lang 3 600 00

Property of Vannest heirs 2,300 00

Attorney's fee: N. L. Brewer 250 00

Court costs 266 61

131,816 61

Deduct amount received for the Fiege Buildings. . . 665 00

Engine House 100 00

Fence around old grounds 455 00

$1,220 00

Total addition to real estate $30,096 61

M. E. Myers, architect for plans and specifications. 4,500 00

COURT HOUSE BUILDING.

Original contract price $145,778 00

Extra work in foundation 1,355 90

Repairing damage done by frost, etc 834 00

Other extras to date 658 65

Estimate of all future extras 500 00

Total cost of building 149,126 55

OTHER CONTRACTS LET.

Shaw, Kendall & Co., steam heating 7,950 00

Contract price of boiler house $4,464 00

Extra on boiler house, iail connection, etc 604 16

5,068 16

Estimate on furniture (order not yet completed). .. 8,000 00

Tower and office clocks in place 1,990 00

Tower bell in place 815 00

MISCELLANEOUS.

Grading lot, paving walks and street estimated. ... 2,000 00

Gas or electric light fixtures 1,500 00

R. G. Pennington, superintendent, May 1, 1883, to

November 1, 1885 3,175 32

Rent for Probate office, . hree years 300 00

Advertising for bids and other' items 300 00

$214,821 64

HISTORY OF SEx\ECA COUNTY. 259

The total value of taxable property in the county is $21,845,520; so it will
be seen that the total assessment in behalf of this improvement will be less than
1 per cent, on such valuation; and if paid for in ten years will require the pay-
ment of 11 per year upon every thousand dollars of valuation on the duplicate.

A tigiTre representing the goddess of justice surmounts this magnificent
structure, being placed in position May 26, 1885.

County Poor Institution. — In the pages dealing with the transactions of
the commissioners' board, the minutiae of the history of the Infirmary and Poor
Farm are given: while in the political chapter the vote on the question of their
establishment, as w^ell as the votes polled for members of the infirmary direct-
ors' board, are of record. June 7, 1841, the question of establishing an
infirmary was submitted to the board. Fourteen years later a site was selected
in Eden Township, and in 1856 a building was erected by Messrs. Speilman,
Myers and Toner, under contract with the commissioners. The farm comprises
240 acres which (with improvements) is valued at $78,000.

CHAPTER V.

POLITICAL HISTORY,

TT^ROM what has been written in the history of Ohio, regarding her politics,
J-} as well as that which appears in the Organic Chapter, just given, the reader
may acquaint himself wuth the events leading up to the organization of this
division of the State. From 1824 to 1832 county elections were held accord-
ing to law; but owing to the comparatively small interest taken in local affairs,
the distances and inconveniences of travel, such elections were carried out
much on the principle of society elections of the present day, with one great
objection, that men gathered at the polls, voted, drank whisky^, smoked, swore,
wrestled and fought, all for holiday fun. In 1832 this free and easy method
may be said to disappear. The campaign of that year called forth all the
energies of the people and their standard bearers, and gave to political life a
stimulus which won for it an important place in the minds of the people.
Since that time party warfare has been carried on regularly. The first elec-
tions were held in the county (Thompson and Seneca Townships) in October,
1820, when twenty votes were polled for the ofiices of Sundusky County. In
September, 1821, nominating caucuses were held at Lower Sandusky, and in
October of that year the candidates received the following vote in what is now
known as Seneca County:

ELECTION, OCTOBER, 1821.
COMMISSIONER. RErEESENTATIVE.

David Smith , 16 Lyman Farrel 26

Jiles Thompson 10

AUDITOR.

^E^^TOR. jogial, Rumeiy 15

Eben Merry 25 H.J.Harmon 10

D. Alford Kelly 1

The Sandusk}- County candidates of 1822 and 1823 received a full vote
from the settlers of Seneca; but beyond the total numl^er of votes polled there
is no record.

•26

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

The special election for officers of Seueca County was held in April. Ib'U
wlien Aa-reen Ingraham received nineteen votes for sheriff and was elected:
Leverett BradleyT 200 votes for coroner, and was elected; and William Clark,
Jesse S Olmsted and Benjamin Whitmore were elected county commissioners;
Milton McNeal was appointed treasiu-er; David Risdon, tax collector; David
Smith clerk and recorder; Neal McGaffey, clerk of courts; William Cornell,
Jaques Hulburt and Matthew Clark, associate judges. Ingraham' s bondsmen
for $5,000, were Rollin MoUer, Michael Schaul, Joseph Pool and J. A. Eosen-

^^ The first annual election took place in October, 1824. David H. Beards-
ley was elected State senator; Jeremiah Everett, representative; Agreen Ingra-
ham sheriff; David Smith, auditor; Christopher Stone, coroner; Benjamin
Whitmore. Thomas Bovd and Dr. Dunn were elected commissioners; Milton
McXeel was appointed treasurer, and Rudolphus Dickenson was appointed
proseciitor. The vote recorded for Allen Trimble, for governor, was 230, and
for David Morrow, 50. The Presidential election in November resulted as fol-
lows: John Q. Adams, Federalist, 112 votes; Henry Clay. Whig, 37 votes;
"and Andi-ew Jackson, Democrat, 2(3 votes.

ELECTIONS 1825.

The elections of 1825 lIiow a severe fight
for member of the Legislature:

Josiah Hedges ;33

Jeremiah Everett ^^

William Cornell ^j

Josiah Rumery ly

Hal-vey Harmon 1

The contest for county commissioner was
carried on between Thomas Boj-d and Will-
iam Claris, the former receiving 244 votes
and the latter 154. The other officers of
the county weie re-elected, held over, or
reappointed.

ELECTIONS loZO.

In 1826 Abel Rawson was appointed
prosecutor; Timothy P. Roberts and James
Gordon elected county commissioners; and
all the other officers re-elected. Eber Balder
was eleclcd representative in the State
Legislature. Milton McNeal was re-ap-
pointed treasurer, and William Patterson,
tax collector.

ELECTIONS 1827.

There were no less than seven candidates
for the Legislature before the people in (spe-
cial election) 1827, viz.: Josiah Hedges,
Geor^'-e Poe, Samuel Treat, Eber Baker,
Washington Conkliu, Joseph Chaffee and
Joseph* S. Newell. Hedges, who received
195 votes, and Baker, 80 votes, were the
only candidates who received votes in
Seneca County. The others, however, re-
ceived many votes in the representative
district, which then comprised Crawford,
Marion, Sandusky and Seneca Counties.
The annual election of 1827 resulted in the
choice of Samuel M. Lockwood. Case
Brown was elected commissioner; Agreen
Ingraham, treasurer, and David Risdon,
county assessor.

:317
9i»

317
99

283

112

ELECTIONS 1828.
PRESIDENT.

J. Q. Adams, Fed

Andrew Jackson, Dem

GOVERNOll.

Allen Trimble

J. W. Campbell

CONGRESS.

M. Barlley

W\ H. Hunter

Reuben Wood (Jackson)

SENATOR.

AsaSanford ^'

David Campbell 823

George Anderson (Jackson) 88

Abel Rawson was elected recorder; Will-
iam Patterson, sheriff; Jacob Plane, treas-
urer; David Smith, auditor; James Ciordon,
commissioner, and William Toll, coroner.

ELECTIONS 1829-30-31.

In 1829 Timothy P. Roberts was elected
commissioner, the other officers holding-
over.

The elections of 1830 resulted in a major-
ity of three for Gov. Lucas, and in the elec-
tion of Sam. M. Lockwood, State senator;
Josiah Hedges, representative; David Bish-
op, sheriff'; Abel Rawson, recorder and
prosecutor, and Case Brown, commissioner.
Joseph Howard was appointed clerk.

The elections of 1831 may be considered
the dawn of political enthusiasm in Seneca
County. Whigs and Democrats made regu-
lar nominations, and swore by their party
platforms. Harvey J. Harmon was elected
representative; David Risdon, commission-
er; John W^right, county assessor; Benjamin
Pittinger, Selden Graves and Agreen Ingra-
ham, associate judges. David E. Owen,
elected auditor, was proposed by Daniel
Dildine, Sr., as fully qualified to fill the
office of auditor. He was the first Democrat
ever elected in Seneca County.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

■261

ELECTIONS

1832.

A meeting was held in August, 1833, for
the purpose of nominating candidates for
the various county ottices. John L. Flack
presided, with Gabriel J. Keen, secretary.
The AVhigs met sul)sequeutly and made
their nominations, while the Wirt or anti-
Masonic party reported through William
Clark, Andrew Love and John Baker that it
was inexpedient to make nominations for
county officers.

The Wirt party was well organized. In
September, 1832, a committee of vigilance
was formed in each township, while a cen-
tral county committee directed the proceed-
ings. The members of these committees,
in each township, are named in the follow-
ing list:

Clinton Township. — George Ebbert. Jacob
Plane, Samuel Rider, George Donaldson,
D. H. Philip, James Mercer, Calvin Brad-
ley, E. Bates, Asa Crockett and Grafton
Bernard.

Scipio Townsliip. — A. Hance.Moses Spen-
cer, W. Smith, William Anwa3^ Timothy P.
Roberts and Charles Foz.

Eden Township. — John Searles.A. Bratz,
H. McCollister, John Wolf, T. J. Baker,
Mathew Clark, Noah Seitz, William Con-
nell and Elijah Musgrave.

Thompson Township. — Samuel Clark,
Thomas Clark and Ransom Purdy.

Hopewell Township. — O. Hart, John
Crum, John Roseuberger. Joseph Ogle and
Andrew Love.

Reed Township. — Ezra Witter, Thomas
Bennett, Seth Reed, Elijah Reed and George
Raymond.

xidams Township.— Samuel Elder, S.
Whiteman and Thomas Longwith.

Liberty Township. — A. Crum, J. Siberil,
J. Craum and Charles Foster.

Bloom Township. — Dr. McMuUen, John
Seitz, J. C. Marter, T. Boyd and George
Face.

Seneca Township. — John Crocker and
Peter Lot.

Venice Township. — Henry Speaker and
John Ford.

The two tickets in nomination. September
8, 1833, and the vote received in October, of
that year, are given thus:

CONGRESS.

Elutherous Cook, D 482

William Patterson, W 549

SENATE.

Charles Lindsay, D 482

Daniel Tilden, W 549

REPRESENTATIVES.

Andrew Lugenbeel, D 482

Samuel M. Lockwood, D 483

Jeremiah Everett, W • 549

Thomas McMullen, W 549

SHERIFF.

David Bishop, D -J83

WMUiam Toll, AV .549

AUDITOR.

David E. Owen, D 482

George W. Gist, W ,549

COMMrSSrONER.

John Keller, D 4S2

Enoch Umsted, W '.'.' 549

Ethan Smith, Ind

CORONER.

George Flack, D -, 433

Francis Bernard, W .049

PRESIDENT.

Andrew Jackson, D 555

Henrv Clay, W' 594

William Wirt, A. M .' ."

The vote by townships, in October, 1832,
was for Democrats, in Clinton, 105; Hope-
well, 55; Pleasant, 23; Seneca, 89; Liberty,
23; Loudon, 11; Scipio, 58; Bloom, 30;
Adams. 17; Thompson, 38; Eden. 32, and
other precincts, 53; aggregating 482 votes.

The Whig vote was in Clinton, 130; in
Hopewell, 78, in Pleasant, 41; in Seneca,
30; in Liberty, 14; in Loudon, 6; in Scipio,
70; in Bloom, 49; in Adams, 30; in Thomp-
son. 43; and in Eden, 78; aggregating 549
votes.

A small vote was polled in Venice and
Reed Townships, of which no regular
record was made.

The November elections drew forth the
full strength of each narly in the county.
The Jackson Democrats polled 555 votes,
and the Clay Whigs, 594 votes. There is
no record of anti-Masonic votes, nor is it
thought that the Wirt party cast a vote in
this county for the head of the anti-Mason
ticket. The first political jollilicatiou
party ever held in the county, was that by
the Democrats December 6, 1832, at
Goodin's Hotel, Tiffin, David E. Owen, pre-
siding. Henry Croni.se, George Flack,
Nathan L. Wright, Joseph CTraff, Col. R.
Jaqua, Uriah P. Coonrad, Gabriel J.
Keen, E. Brown, Jacob Kroh, Col. John
Goodin, A. Eaton, Sanmel S. Martin. J. H.
Brown, E. Locke, Frederick Kishler, P. J.
Price, William Anderson, John Campbell,
William H. Kessler, Joshua Seney and A.
Mainz were the leading participants.

ELECTIONS 1833-34-35.
Jeremiah Everett wa? elected representa-
tive; John Goodin, treasurer; Sidhev Smith
(Sea), prosecutor; John Crum, Marcus Y.
Graff and John Seitz, commissioners:
Reuben Williams, assessor, and David
Owen, auditor. Mr. Owen was appointed
receiver of the Ohio Canal Land Office, at
Tiffin, August 27, 1833. In June, 1838, Van
Buren appointed him receiver of the Wj^an-

262

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

dot Indian Land Office. In May, 1840, he
was succeeded by John Goodin.

In March, 1833, the auditor was ap-
pointed clerk of the commissioners' board
by nature of his office. , , .

The elections of 1834 resulted in the ,
choice of Joseph Howard, State senator; ;
Jacques Hulburt, representative; Luther A
Hall clerk: David E. Owen, auditor: Joel
Stone, sheriff; Lorenzo Abbott and Benja^
min Whitmore, commissioners, and Eli ;
Norris, coroner. With the exception of
Owen, all were Whigs. James Findlay,
(Whig) was nominated for governor, and ;
Mordecai Hartley (Whig) for Congress.

In 183o, W. B. Craighill was elected ,
representative; Luther A. Hall, clerk: ^
John Goodin, treasurer; Selah Chapin,
prosecutor; Benjamin Whitmore, commis-
sioner, and John Webb, assessor. i

ELECTIONS 1830.

The campaign of 1836 was opened the
last day of April by a meeting of Demo-
cratic-Republicans,held at the Seneca Hotel
Tiffin. Col. Henry C. Brish. presided. A
vigilance committee was appointed for each
township. In June, following, the Young
Men's Democratic-Republican Convention
was called to consider the advisability
of holding a State convention. The
Whigs also took steps to organize, and i
by August, the Democratic-Republicans ,
and Whigs had placed the following names
before the people as the choice of then-
conventions.

PRESIDENT.

Martin Van Buren, D. R 1129

William H. Harrison, W 948

CONGRESS.

William H. Hunter, D .- 914

Jabez Wright, W <o9

SENATOR.

David E. Owen, D gl8

Joseph Howard, W 850

REPRESENT.\TIVE.

William B. Craighill, D 935

Ezra Williams, W 747

SHERIFF.

Elam Lock, D Party vote

Joel Stone, W

AUDITOR.

Levi Davis, D Party vote

No Whig nominee.

RECORDER.

Daniel Dildine, Jr., D Party vote

JosiahF. Reed, declined.
John Goodin, declined.
No Whig nominee.

COMMISSIONER.

Lewis Seitz, D Party vote

Charles W. Foster, W

ASSESSOR.

John W. Eastman, D Party vote

John C. Donnell, W

SURVEYOR.

George W. Gist, D Party vote

Jonas Hershberger, D., declined.

David Risdon, W Party vote

CORONER.

Levi Keller, D Party vote

Eli Norris, W

This was the first time a county recorder
was elected— previously, he was appointed.

ELECTIONS 1837.

Samuel Treat was elected representative;
John Goodin, treasurer; John J. Steiner,
prosecutor; Lorenzo Abbott, commissioner,
and Robert Holley, county assessor. James
Durbin was appointed surveyor to succeed
David Risdon, who served from 1824 to
183G.

SCHOOL EXAMINERS 1837.

Selah Chapin, Jr Elected

John P. Cornell

Joseph Howard

ASSOCIATE JUDGES.

Andrew Lugenbeel Elected

Lowell Robinson

Henry C. Brish (pending).

ELECTIONS 1838.

The nominations by the Democratic-
Republican Convention were made at
Jamieson's house, September 23, 1838.
John Clagget presided, with S. H. Brown,
secretary. In July, the State convention
and Whig county convention were held.
The elections of October, 1838, are of rec-
ord as follows:

GOVERNOR.

Wilson Shannon, D 117-

Joseph Vance, W 959

CONGRESS.

George Sweeney, D 1173

Joseph M. Root, W 938

■ SEN.VTOR.

William B. Craighill, D 1167

Sardis Birchard, W 939

REPRESENTATIVE.

i JohnWelch,D 1155

Evan Dorsey. W 943

SHERIFF.

Levi Keller. D 1233

William McClure, AV 810

AUDITOR.

Levi Davis, D 1277

Joseph Lease, W. . 81 <

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY,

265

COMMISSIONER.

John Terry, D 1163

Benjamin Whitmore, W 923

ASSESSOR.

Samuel S. Martin, D 1182

Jesse Whiteman, W 905

CORONER.

Henry McCartney, D 1125

EliNorris, W 868

In May, 1838. a call for a Whig meeting
was signed by Dr. Kuhn, Eli Dresbach, Jo-
siah Hedges, Joseph Howard and Erastus
Bowe, to consider the question of abolishing
slavery. Dr. Kuhn was the only one who
survived to witness the triumph of the Ab-
olition party — in 1865. At that time he was
on surgeon's duty, at Camp Dennison. A
great Whig meeting was held at Fort Sen-
eca, with Robert Holly president, May 12,
1838. Minor meetings were held through-
out the county.

The first regularly organized temperance
meeting, held at Tiffin, was that of July 4,
1838, after the great celebration of that day.

ELECTIONS

1839.

Henry C. Brish was elected associate
judge,and David E. Owen State librarian.in
January, 1839. John Welch (D.) received a
majority of 184 over Abel Rawson, people's
ticket, for representative; W. H. Kessler,
(D.) beat John Walker (W.) and John P.
Cornell, People's candidate for the record-
ership; and Andrew Moore (D.) was elected
commissioner over John Seitz on the Peo-
ple's ticket; Jonas Hershberger (D.) was
elected surveyor, and Joshua Seney (D.)
beat Levi Davis (Ind. D.) and John Park,
People's candidate for the treasurership of
the county.

ELECTIONS 1840.
GOVERNOR.

Thomas Corwin, W 1446

Wilson Shannon. D 1607

CONGRESS.

James Hedges, W 1445

George Sweeney, D 1604

SENATOR.

Andrew CofBnberry, W 1447

John Goodin, D 1583

REPRESENTATIVES.

Lorenzo Abbott, W 1466

R. S. Rice, W 1439

McAnelly, D 1606

Wood, D 1.590

SHERIFF.

John Baugher, W 1399

Levi Keller, D 1625

COMMISSIONER.

Lorenzo D. Shawhan, W 1434

George Stoner, D 1604

AUDITOR

Thomas Treat, W 1436

Gabriel J. Keen, D 1597

ASSESSOR.

Micajah Heaton, W 1406

Benjamin Carpenter, D 1618

CORONER.

Timothy P. Roberts, W 1347

Daniel Brown, D 1630

PRESIDENT.

W. H. Harrison, W 1483

M. Van Buren, D ". 1616

J. J. Birney, L

Joshua Seney, elector, D 1616

Loudon Township gave a majority of ten
to the Whigs.

CLERK.

C. F. Dresbach (appointed).

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

Abel Rawson, W. (did not run).

Joel W. Wilson, D 1602

The Democratic Whigs and Van Buren
Democrats formed the leading parties.

The year 1839, as well as 1840, may be
said to be devoted, by the people of Seneca,
to Whig, Democratic and variegated poli-
tics, log-cabin raisings, meetings, conven-
tions and caucuses. Agriculture and com-
merce were only secondary considerations;
even the record of election passed un-
heeded. A log-cabin was dedicated, at
Tiffin, July 8, 1840. A. Rawson, L. A.
Hall, Jos. Howard, H. Kuhn and J. K.
Gibson formed the Whig central commit-
tee.

In 1840 the office of county assessor was
abolished by the Legislature, and the duties
of assessment assigned to the township as-
sessors.

ELECTIONS 1841.
REPRESENTATIVES.

Ezekiel Rice, W 845

Chas. W. O'Neil, W 850

Geo. W. Baird, D 1143

AmosE. Wood, D 1144

COMMISSIONER.

Case Brown, W 892

John Terry, D 1047

TREASURER.

Levi Davis, W 908

Jos. Seney, D 1040

266

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

ELECTIONS 1842.

A mass convention of the Whigs of north-
western Ohio was held at Tiffin, September
23, 1843. September 12, 1842, a county
convention was held here.

GOVERNOR.

T. Corwin, W 1268

W.Shannon, D 1829

Leicester King, Ab 35

SENATOR.

Sidney Sea, W 1175

Moses McAnelly, D 1811

Lowell Robinson, Ab 46

COMMISSIONER.

Evan Dorsey, W 1266

Jas. McClelland, D 1811

Joseph Jackson, Ab. . .- 38

AUDITOR.

Joseph Lease, W 1200

G.J. Keen, D 1866

Kites, Ab 36

RECORDER.

Daniel Cunningham, W 1226

W. H. Kessler, D 1858

Watson, Ab 36

SHERIFF.

Joel Stone, W 1348

U. P. Coonrad, D 1736

Bennett, Ab 33

REPRESENTATIVES.

John Webb, W 1245

John C. Spink, W (retired)

Chapman. W 1257

H. C. Brish. D 1839

Geo. W. Baird, D 1822

Boyd, Ab 36

Williard, Ab 36

CORONER.

Wm. Campbell, W (retired)

Geo. H. Show, D 1709

Joseph Gibson, W 1353

Watson, Ab 37

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

Jesse Stem, W 1340

J. W.Wilson, D 1758

SURVEYOR.

David Risdon, W 1289

Thos. Heming, D 1775

R. G. Perry, Ab 34

Total vote 3148

ELECTIONS

1843.

Henry St. John, D 979

Lowell Robinson, L 34

REPRESENTATIVES.

Samuel Waggoner, D 951

W. B. Craighill.D 979

Joshua Maynard, L 35

James Merrick, L 46

TREASURER.

Richard AVilliams, D 993

R. G. Perry, L 35

COMMISSIONER.

Morris P. Skinner, D 970

Joseph Jackson, L 36

The Democrats were opposed by the Lib-
erty party. In February, 1842, the Liberty
party made its first appearance in Seneca
County, at Republic. A resolution against
the teachings of F. D. Parish was carried
by the meeting.

Richard Williams was Commissioner of
the Bankrupt Court for Seneca County,
Ohio, in May, 1842.

ELECTIONS 1844.
PRESIDENT.

James K. Polk, D 2318

Henry Clay. W 1707

James G. Birney, L 41

GOVERNOR.

David Tod. D 2218

Mordecai Bartley, W 1582

CLERK OF SUPREME COURT.

Joshua Seney. D

CONGRESS.

Henry St. John. D 2197

Abel Rawson, W 1582

SENATOR.

Amos E. Wood, D 2206

Sardis Birchard, W 1580

REPRESENTATIVE.

Henry Cronise. D 2141

Henry Kuhn, W 1567

SHERIFF.

Uriah P. Coonrad. D 2215

G. F. Kaestner, W 1546

AUDITOR.

Fred W. Green, D 2238

Isaac Small, W 1547

CORONER.

Geo. H. Show, D 2205

Dan. Cunningham, W 1568

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

Wm. Lang, D 2157

R. G. Pennington, W 1594

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

267

COMMISSIONER.

Jacob Decker, D

W. P.White, W

2178

1559

Abel Rawson was a member of the Whig
National Convention held at Baltimore in
1844.

The above returns show a Democratic
gain in Seneca County of about 600 over
1840.

Democratic Hickory Clubs were organized
in the townships of Weneca County, during
the spring and summer of 1844.

Meetings in favor of the repeal of the
Union of Ireland and Great Britain were
held throughout the countj^in March, 1844.

ELECTIONS 1845.
REPRE SENTATIVE .

Daniel Brown, D 985

Keating, W 101

COJIMISSIONER.

Jos. McClellan, D 987

Schuyler, W 100

TREASURER.

Richard Williams, D 996

Joshua Maynard, W 98

RECORDER.

W. H. Kessler, D 995

Watson, W 103

ASSOCIATE JtTDGES.

Henry Ebert

Wm. Toll

Andrew Lugenbeel

SURVEYOR.

Thomas Heming, D 977

Myers, W 99

ELECTIONS 1846.
GOVERNOR.

David Tod, D 1962

Sam Lewis, L 157

William Bebb, W 1263

CONGRESS.

Rodolpus Dickenson, D I860

Joseph Jackson, L 140

Ely Dresbach, W ' 1361

SENATOR.

Henry Cronise, D 1894

Geo. Donelson, L

John L. Green, W 1228

REPRESENTATIVE.

Warren P. Noble, D 1859

Sam Myers, L

John Zimmerman, W.* 1312

*John Zimmerman was killed in the Nolan sand-
bank about 1851.

COMMISSIONER.

Morris P. Skinner, D 1990

E. S. Bartlett. L

Squire Rosenberger, W 1240

AUDITOR.

Fred W. Green. D 2039

Chancey Pool, L

John Seitz, W 1205

SHERIFF.

Eden Lease, D 2023

Harrison McClelland, L

John Zimmerman, W 1206

CORONER.

Sam Herrin, D 1938

John Wilkison L

W. P. White, W 1228

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

William Lang, D 1901

Pierce, W 1281

This campaign is memorable for the in-
terest it created throughout Ohio. Whigs
sang such couplets as:

Get out of the way each local railer.
Clear the track for Scott and Taylor.

The Democrats and Liberals had equally
ridiculous little songs, and all parties still
sang, drank, swore and fought as they did
twenty years before.

ELECTIONS 1847.
REPRESENTATIVE.

Warren P. Noble, D

TREASURER.

Geo. Knupp, D

RECORDER.

R. M.C.Martin, D

COMMISSIONER.

Jacob Decker, D

Elected without opposition.

Chas. F. Dresbach died in November,

1847.

ELECTIONS 1848.
PRESIDENT.

Zach. Taylor, W 1637

Lewis Cass. D 2826

Martin Van Buren, F. S 483

GOVERNOR.

J. B. Weller, D 2071

Seabury Ford, W 1403

CONGRESS.

Rudolphus Dickenson, D 1994

Cooper K. Watson, W 1421

SENATE.

John W. O'Neil, Ab 1486

Joel W. Wilson, D 1947

268

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

REPRESENTATIVES.

Jacob Souder, Ab 1491

John G. Breslin, D 19»5

COMMISSIONER.

Samuel Saul, D 2016

Elisha Umsted, Fed o51

M. B. Cain, V. B 624

AUDITOR.

Fred W. Green, D 2015

T. P. Roberts, Fed "795

J. A. McFarland, V. B 636

SHERIFF.

Eden Lease, D 2126

G. M. Ogden, V. B 517

Jos. Gibson, Fed 786

CORONER.

SamHerrin, D 2012

A. W. Childs. V. B 593

D. Parmer, Fed 857

SURVEYOR.

Geo. H. Heming, D 2012

G. Jones, V. B 593

B.F.Parker, Fed 857

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

Warren P. Noble, D 1991

W. H. Gibson, Fed 920

J. P. Pillars, V. B 576

ELECTIONS 1849.
CONGRESS.

A. E.Wood, D 1941

REPRESENTATIVES.

John G. Breslin, D 1361

Isaac DeWitt, W 769

John G. Breslin voted to repeal the Black
laws, and was named among the Abolition-
ists.

TREASURER.

George Knupp, D .' 1887

COMMISSIONER.

Barney Zimmerman, D 1715

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.

For 1945

Against 90

The tickets in the field were the regular
Democratic and what was known as the
Bolters' ticket. The Abolition candidate
for the Legislature was elected. Samuel J.
Bayard was appointed one of the Commis-
sioners on boundary line between Mexico
and the United States.

ELECTIONS APRIL, 1850.
DELEGATE TO CONVENTION.

EdsonT. Stickney, D 1660

Abel Rawson, W 1578

JohnEwing, D* 1882

♦Senatorial district delegate from Seneca, Wyandot
and Hancock.

POOR HOUSE VOTE.

For Poor House 1031

Against 1315

The office of associate judge was abolished
by the Legislature tliis year. Thomas
Lloyd, chosen to fill vacancy, was the last
associate judge elected in Seneca County.

ELECTIONS OCTOBER, 1850.
GOVERNOR.

Reuben Wood, D 1977

William Johnson, P. T 1081

Edward Smith, Ab 30

BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS.

Alex. G. Conover, P. T 1077

Alex. P. Miller, D 1960

REPRESENTATIVE.

Jacob Decker, D 1598

Isaac Dewitt, P. T 1383

SHERIFF.

Stephen M. Ogden, D 1651

William Burkhalter, W 228

Samuel Rule, P. T 1072

AUDITOR.

Richard Williams, D 1677

R. G. Pennington, P. T 1347

RECORDER.

Jacob Wolf, P. T 1208

R. M. C. Martin, D 1784

Charles F. Dresbach, W 33

CONGRESS.

Fred W. Green, D 1756

SENATOR.

Michael Brackley 2197

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

W. P. Noble, D 1632

W. H. Gibson, P. T 1386

COMMISSIONER.

Levi Davis, P. T 1344

David Burns, D 1669

CORONER.

Jeremiah Williams, P. T 1314

George Ransburg, D 1669

ELECTIONS 1851.
GOVERNOR.

Reuben Wood. D 2311

S. F. Vinton, W 1345

TREASURER.

John G. Breslin, D 2206

A. A. Bliss. W 1406

JUDGE OF COMMON PLEAS.

Lawrence W. Hall, D 2115

Cooper K. Watson, W 1500

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

269

SENATOR.

Joel W. Wilson, D 2118

Abel Rawson, W 1543

KEPRESENTATIVE .

Jacob Decker, D 1976

William G. Gibson, W 1692

PROBATE JUDGE.

William Lang, D 2302

Gabriel J. Keen, W 366

CLERK OF COURT.

Philip Speilman, D 2215

M. V. Bogart, W 1437

TREASURER.

Thomas Heming, D 2180

John Kerr, W 1443

COMMISSIONER.

Samuel Saul. D 2127

Lorenzo Abbott, W 1443

PROSECUTINC4 ATTORNEY.

William M. Johnson, D 2202

Leander Stem, W 1475

SURVEYOR.

George H. Heming, D 2255

Aaron Schuyler, W 1417

ELECTIONS 1852.
SUPREME JUDGE.

Wm. B. Caldwell, D 2128

D. A. Haynes, W 1169

BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS.

James B. Steedman, D 2123

David H. Beardsley, W 1171

CONGRESS.

Fred W. Green, D 2133

Jas. H. Godman, W 1140

AUDITOR.

John J. Steiner, D 2122

Matthew Clark, W 1169

SHERIFF.

Stephen M. Ogden. D 2146

James Robinson, W 1119

COMMISSIONER.

Calvin Clark, D 2160

Timothy P. Roberts, W 1115

CORONER.

Geo. Ransburg, D 2142

PRESIDENT.

Franklin Pierce, D 2809

Winfield Scott, W 1972

John P. Hale, F. S 118

ELECTIONS 1853.
GOVERNOR.

William Medill, D 1870

J. W. Barrere, W 873

Sam. Lewis, Ab 249

LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR.

James Myers, D 1833

L J. Allen, W 94l

TREASURER.

John G. Breslin, D 1844

Backman, W 769

Chafin, Ab 203

SENATOR.

Robert Lee, D 1868

Geo. Leith, W 932

John D. Paine (D.) for representative;
Thomas Heming (D.) for treasurer, David
Burns (D.) for commissioner; William M.
Johnson (D.) for prosecutor; and Wm.
Kline (D.) for recorder, received the full
party vote of the county, and were elected.

ELECTIONS

1854.

SUPREME JUDGE.

Jos. R. Swan, F. S 2703

S. F. Norris, D 1273

BOARD PUBLIC W^ORKS.

Jacob Blickensderfer, F. S.

i A.P.Miller,D 1178

CONCJRESS.

C. K. Watson, F. S 2687

■ Josiah S. Plants. D 1264

AUDITOR.

Wm. Stevens, F. S

J. J. Steiner, D

1168

I PROBATE JUDGE.

J. K. Hord, F. S 2781

Wm. Lang, D 1095

i TREASURER.

I Thomas Heming, D 3834

I No opposition.

i CLERK OP COURT.

Philip Speilman, D 3847

No opposition.

SHERIFF.

Eph. C. Wells, F. S 2684

Piper, D 1222

COMillSSIONEK.

Isaac Stillwell, F. S 2833

Levi Keller, D 1248

CORONER.

Alvison Flumerfelt, F. S 2719

Julius C. Mitchell, D 1219

270

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

This was the first time in fourteen years
the Democracy of Seneca was defeated.
The Know-nothings and Fusionists opposed
the regular Democratic nominees. During
the year 1854 a Know-nothing circle was
organized at Tifiin, followed by one at Fos-
toria, and the organization subsequently
spread throughout the townships. It is
stated on good authority that the United
Brethren refused to take the oath of the
Know-nothings, but supported the party at
the polls.

John P. Reynolds printed the tickets for
the Know-nothings of Seneca County, in
the office of the Tiffin Tribune. Seven
years later, many of the same class, who
were so friendly to the Whigs of 1854, took
out an issue of this journal, and burned it
in the streets of Tiffin.

ELECTIONS 1855.
GOVERNOR.

Salmon P. Chase, R 2332

William Medill, D 1961

TREASURER.

John G. Breslin, D 1918

W. H. Gibson, R 2352

PUBLIC WORKS BOARD.

A. G. Conover. R 2342

James B. Steedman, D 1965

SENATOR.

James Lewis, Am 2273

W. P. Noble, D 1978

REPRESENTATIVE.

Joseph Boyer, Am 2273

John W. Paine, D 1987

COMMISSIONER.

James Boyd, Am 2278

And. Lugenbeel, D 1996

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

L. A. Hall, Am 2310

R. L. Griffith, D 1963

The American ticket referred to above
was also called the Know-nothing ticket.

ELECTIONS 1856.
PRESIDENT.

James Buchanan, D 2605

J. C. Fremont, R 2565

Millard Fillmore, Am 103

DISTRICT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTOR.

Robert G. Pennington, R 2565

SUPREME JUDGE.

Rufus p. Ranney, D 2396

Josiah Scott, R 2420

SUPREME COURT.

Ozias Bowen, Am 2402

C. W. Searle, D 2396

CONGRESS.

L. W. Hall, D 2416

Cooper K. Watson, R 2354

Wm. T. Wilson, Am 57

JUDGE OP COMMON PLEAS.

M. C. Whiteley, D 2404

D. W. Swigart, Am 2421

AUDITOR.

Walter S. Burns, D 2384

James M. Stevens, Am 2423

TREASURER.

Geo. H. Heming, D 2419

Louis Seitz, R 2371

SHERIFF.

Jesse Weirick, D 2459

Erastus Bowe, R 2357

RECORDER.

Wm. Kline, D 2482

S. J. Kirkwood, R 2330

COMMISSIONER.

Robert Byrne, D 2394

Enoch Trumbo, R 2422

CORONER.

J. W. Love, D 2394

Henry Stone, R 2419

INFIRMARY DIRECTORS.

And. Lugenbeel, D., long term 2447

J. D. Loomis, R., long term 2365

A. S. White, D., middle term 2300

Dan. Brown, R., middle term 2391

M. P. Skinner, D., short term 2402

John Kerr, R., short term 2447

Jacob Milburne and James Lewis went to
Tiffin to search up Know-nothings. There
they met one York, who introduced them to
the Know-nothing society, and one of them
was sworn in, Milburne refusing to swear
political ostracism against foreigners. James
Lewis returned to Fostoria and organized
a society there in the basement of the old
frame Methodist Episcopal Church, when
100 members were initiated, among whom
was James Mofflt, now of Milgrove." In the
southeast part of Loudon the members of
the United Brethren Church refused to take
the oath of secrecy, but in lieu thereof they
took a number of the party tickets and
voted for the party, the county giving a
large party majority. At Tiffin the Know-
nothings carried every point. The late
Henry Ebert was grand counsellor for
Seneca County, and chief worker at Tiffin.

ELECTIONS 1857.
GOVERNOR.

H. B. Payne, D 2459

S. P. Chase, R 2198

P. Van Trump

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

271

JUDGE OF COMMON PLEAS.

Geo. E. Seney, D 2470

John C. Lee, R

2171

Robert McKelley, D 2446

Guy C. Worth, R • • • 2223

REPRESENTATIVE.

John W. Paine, D 2453

Charles Foster, R 2190

PROBATE JUDGE.

Truman H. Bagby, D 2446

Gabriel J. Keen, Ind

JohnK. Hord, R 2139

CLERK OF COURT.

Geo. S. Christlip, D

Geo. H. Kyle, R

2386
2159

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

Robert L. Griffith, D 2450

Leander Stem, R 2197

COMMISSIONER.

Henry Opt, D 2380

Isaac Stillwell, R 2040

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Jonas Hampshire, D 2420

Benj. Tomb, R 2110

SURVEYOR.

Thomas Burnsides, D 2560

ELECTIONS 1858.
SUPREME JUDGE.

Thos. W. Bartley, D 2285

Peck, R 2236

CONGRESS.

Lawrence W. Hall, D 2165

John Carey, R 2337

AUDITOR.

Walter S.Burns, D 3163

Erastus Bowe, R 2333

TREASURER.

Samuel Herrin, D 2290

Louis E. Holtz, R 2144

SHERIFF.

Jesse Weirick, D 2468

J. V. Jones, R 2013

JUDGE OP COMMON PLEAS.

Josiah S. Plants

COMMISSIONER.

Robert Byrne, D 2284

Wilkinson, R 2220

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

T. Swander,D 3279

Wm. Randall, R 2240

CORONER.

JohnHouck, D 2165

J. W. Lawhead, R 2204

LAND APPRAISERS.

Edwin Pennington, John Gersbert, John
Seitz, David Burns, D. Rickenbaugh, Wm.
Fleet, Rezin Ricketts, Gideon Jones. Dan
Lynch, Nicholas Rosenberger, IraAllerton,
S. Bemenderfer, R. R. Titus, A. C. Baker,
S. J. Recher, T. P. Roberts, John Buun.

ELECTIONS 1859.
GOVERNOR.

RufusP. Ranney, D 2661

Wm. Dennison, R 2461

SENATOR.

Thos. J. Orr, D

James M. Stevens, R

2487

BOARD OF EQUALIZATION.

R. R. Titus. D 2756

Thos. V. Rebor, R 2369

REPRESENTATIVES.

M. P. Skinner, D 2634

William Lang, D 2429

Jones, R 2531

Huber, R 2499

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

Robert L. Griffith, D

N. L. Brewer, R

2423

RECORDER.

Albert Beilharz, D 2699

John E. McCormick, R 2394

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Andrew Lugenbeel, D 2704

Wm. Randall, R 2417

COMMISSIONER.

Michael Beard, D 2647

JohnSwigart, R 2456

SURVEYOR.

Denis MoUoy, D 2551

L. E. Holtz, R 2533

ELECTIONS 1860.

PRESIDENT.

Abraham Lincoln, R

Stephen A. Douglas, Ind. D.

John Bell, Union

John C. Breckenridge, D. .

SUPREME JUDGE.

T. J. S. Smith, D

Jacob Brinkherhoff, R

CONGRESS.

Warren P. Noble, D

John Carey, R

3053

3175

3185
2918

3057
3040

272

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY

PROBATE JUDGE.

Truman H. Bagby, D 3168

John H. Pittinger, R 2916

CLERK OF COURT.

Geo. Christlip, D 3113

M. Heaton, R 2835

Isaac Kaey, D .
E. G. Bowe, R.

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Barney Zimmerman. D.
Hiram McClellan, R. . . ,

3113

2968

Stephen A. Douglas visited Tiffin, Ohio,
September 24, 1860, and addressed the larg-
est Democratic meeting ever held in north-
west Ohio.

TREASURER.

Samuel Henin, D 3184

Scudder Chamberlain, R 2913

SHERIFF.

Francis Wagner, D

Levi Weirick, R

2960

COMMISSIONER.

Henry Opt, D 3137

Wm. Holtz, R 2941

3181

3101

Paul Bolinger, D

John H. Nighswander, R 2937

Political life in 1860 may be summed up
as one continued round of excitement and
uncertainty. The shadow of civil war was
visible, while in Kansas, affairs took such a
course as to leave the question of war or
anarchy to be resolved, immediately. The
material interest taken by the people of
Seneca in the Kansas sufferers, is shown by
the following report:

First Ward, Tiffin $87 22

Second " " —per Rev. McLean. . . 20 00

" Zenser 12 75

Reed Township— per J. Sanford 44 54

—per H.B.Rakestraw 33 40

Seneca " — per J. Brinkerhoff.. 60 00

" — per H. Davison. ... 11 25

—per J. Galbraith... . 14 25

Scipio— per Daniel Brown 8 88

Republic— per Rev. J. A. Brown

(Thanksgiving Day)... 25 12

Egberts Church 14 13

Lodi and Rock Creek 1 75

Hopewell— per Levi Keller 19 22

— per Schloser 2 85

Adams— per H. Hall 39 55

Thompson— per J. C. Horner 86 00

Bloom— per J. Boyd and T. D. Reed. . 71 15

Eden— per D. Richards 80 62

Clinton— per J. S. L. D. and H. E. . . 10 00

$642 68

There has been remitted from this place

to S. C. Pomeroy, secretary of the Execu-

tive Committee, at Atchison. Kas., in sundry
drafts on New York, $514.22.

H. G. SPAYTHE,
December 21, 1860. Treasurer K. R. F.

While the great majority in the Xorth
looked toward the horizon and beheld the
cloud of civil war advancing as the sunlight
disappeared, there were many in both North
and South, hanging between doubt and
certainty. Many looked upon war as inev-
itable, and every one had an opinion or a
prophecy. The Abolitionist, the slave-holder,
and men who called for peace, all expressed
themselves. To point out clearly the sub-
stance of all suchopinions,in the first month
of 1861, the following is selected from the
Raleigh (N. C.) Standard. "If war once
breaks out it will rage in the interior, on
our sea coast, on the high seas and on our
frontiers. One section will let loose the
Indians on another section. Twenty mil-
lions of Northern people will at once become
our enemies. They will war upon us along
a line of 3,000 miles, from the Atlantic to
the Pacific. One section will call in foreign
troops against another section. One con-
federacy will humble itself before the powers
of Europe, to get better commercial terms
than the other confederacies. Meanwhile,
war will rage. Negro property will cease
to be valuable: because the products of slave
labor and of all other labor will be in a
great degree cut off from the markets of the
world. The negroes will know, too, that
the war is waged on their account. They
will become restless and turbulent. Heavy
taxes will result from the wars. These
taxes must be paid mainly out of slave labor.
Strong governments will be established, and
will bear heavily on the masses. The masses
will at length rise up and destroj^ every-
thing in their way. State bonds will be
repudiated. Banks will break. Widows
and orphans will be reduced to beggary.
The sword will wave everywhere paramount
to all laws. The whole world outside the
slave-holding States, except Great Britain,
is opposed to our system of slavery, and the
whole world, with'slave labor thus rendered
insecure and comparatively valueless, will
take sides with the north against us. The
end will be— Abolition."

ELECTIONS

1861.

GOVERNOR.

Hugh J. Jewett, D 2843

David Tod, R 2623

SECRETARY OF STATE.

Wm. W. Armstrong, D 2857

Benj. S. Cowen, R 2600

SENATOR.

Wm. Lang, D 2814

AV. C. Parsons, R 2615

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

275

REPKESENTATIYE.

R. R. Titus, D 2906

John J. Steiaer, R 2531

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

Alfred Landon, D 2919

Dan. F. DeWolf, R 2531

COMMISSIONER.

Robert Byrne, D

Levi Keller, R

2585

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Thomas Swander, D 2863

Jacob Hossler, R 2602

ELECTIONS 1862,
SUPREME COURT.

Rufus P. Ranney, D 3115

F. T. Buckus, R 2114

SECRETARY OF STATE.

W. W. Armstrong, D 3090

W. S. Kennon, R.

CONGRESS.

Warren P. Noble, D

S. T. Worcester, R

AUDITOR.

Isaac Kagv, D

J. H. Brinkerhoff, R.

TREASURER.

Silas W. Shaw, D

Scudder Chamberlain, R.. .

SHERIFF.

Edward Childs, D

Levi Weirick, R.

2129

3131
2094

3142
2094

3107
2108

2172

RECORDER.

Albert Beilharz, D 8177

John S. Smith, R 2031

COMMISSIONER.

Peter Ebersole, D 3106

A. C. Baker, R 2117

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Andrew Lugenbeel, D 3111

Levi Keller, R 2118

SURVEYOR.

Denis Malloy, D

Louis E. Holtz, R

CORONER.

Paul Bolinger, D

Lewis Seitz, Jr., R ,

3104
2126

3105
2117

A large meeting was held at Spetzler's
schoolhouse in January, 1862, to protest
against flooding the State with negroes.
Ira Gulie was chairman, and Benjamin F.
Siple, secretary.

The tickets in the field for State oflBcers
were the Democratic and Abolitionist. For
county officers, Democratic and Republican.

ELECTIONS 1863.

O. L. Vallandigham, D 3229

JohnBrough, R 2906

BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS.

JohnH. Heaton, D 3267

Barrere, R 2905

SENATOR.

William Lang, D.
Charles Foster, R.

3242

2917

REPRESENTATIVE.

Rassellus R. Titus, D 3271

Welker, R 2903

CLERK OF COURT.

William M. Dildine, D 3241

James M. Stevens, R 2927

PROBATE JUDGE.

William M. Johnson, D 3270

Andrew H. Byers, R 2904

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

Alfred Landon, D 3272

Nelson L. Brewer, R 2903

COMMISSIONER— LONG TERM.

Thomas W. Watson, D 3266

D. F. Cramer, R 2911

COMMISSIONER— SHORT TERM.

Samuel Grelle, D 3269

Dicken, R 2907

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Barney Zimmerman, D 3271

Baker, R 2903

soldiers' vote, 1863.

Republican 321

Democratic 20

elections 1864.
president.

Abraham Lincoln, R 3042

George B. McClellan, D 3285

Republican soldiers' vote 492

Democratic soldiers' vote 125

VICE-PRESIDENT.

Andrew Johnson, R 2883

George H. Pendleton, D 3033

SECRETARY OF STATE.

William W. Armstrong, D 3033

Smith, R 2833

SUPREME JUDGE — LONG VACANCY.

Machias C. Whiteley, D.

276

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

CONGRESS.

Warren P. Noble, D 2953

" " " Soldiers' vote 86

R. P. Buckland, R 2387

" " Soldiers' vote 435

The county officers elected in 1864 were
all Democrats, viz. : Edward Childs, sher-
iff; John F. Heilman, auditor; Silas W.
Shaw, treasurer; Samuel Grelle, commis-
missioner; Thomas Swander and George S.
Christlip, infirmary directors, and Jonas M.
Hershberger. coroner.

ELECTIONS 1865.
GOVERNOR.

Gen. Geo. W. Morgan, D 3058

J. D. Cox, R 2755

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR.

William Lang, D 2988

A. G. McBurney, R 2764

SENATOR.

Curtis Berry, Jr., D 3024

James A. Haigh, R 2762

REPRESENTATIVE .

Isaac Kagy, D 3018

L. M. Strong,R 2751

TREASURER.

J. H. Zahm, D 3008

J. E. McCormick, R 2740

RECORDER.

J. T. Martin, D 2910

Thomas Kaup, R 2894

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

John McCauley, D 2930

N. L. Brewer, R 2746

COMMISSIONER.

Peter Ebersole, D 3045

Jonas Foster, R 2815

SURVEYOR.

Denis Malloy, D 3021

S. B. Gray, R 2761

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

H. Noble, D 3012

Benjamin Reeme, R 2761

The soldiers' vote was 52 Republican,
and 12 Democratic. The tickets were
known as Democrat and Union.

ELECTIONS 1866.
SECRETARY OP STATE.

William H. Smith, U 2979

Benj. Lefevre, D 3343

CONGRESS.

R. P. Buckland, R 2963

T. P. Finefrock, D 3336

JUDGE OF COMMON PLEAS.

C. K. Watson, R 2947

Chester R. Mott, D 3335

COUNTY CLERK.

Thos. J. Kaup, R 3022

W. M. Dildine, D 3292

PROBATE JUDGE.

G. J. Keen, R 2952

W. M.Johnson, D 3356

SHERIFF.

Levi Weirick, U 2998

P.P.Myers, D 3310

AUDITOR.

I. L. Cramer, U 2957

J. F. Heilman, D 3353

COMMISSIONER.

William Sneath, U 2991

T. W. Watson, D 3303

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Patrick Whelan, U 2991

Eden Lease , D 3329

CORONER.

Daniel Behm,U 2976

James Paine, D 3341

ELECTIONS 1867.
GOVERNOR.

R. B.Hayes, R 2739

A. G. Thurman, D 3584

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR.

JohnC. Lee, R 2709

Dan. S. Uhl, D 3584

SENATOR.

George W.Leith, R 2726

Curtis Berry, Jr., D 3588

REPRESENTATIVE.

Horace Hall, R 2684

Edson T. Stickney, D 3622

. TREASURER.

David Huss, R 2733

Jacob M. Zahm. D 3580

COMMISSIONER.

John Rice, R 2720

H. B. Rakestraw, D 3586

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

Upton F. Cramer, R 2718

John McCauley, D 3584

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

John W. Barrick, R 3733

Uriah P. Coonrad, D 3579

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

277

ELECTIONS 1868.
PRESIDENT.

U. S. Grant, R 2977

Horatio Seymour, D* 3340

CONGRESS.

William H. Gibson., R 2878

Ed. F. Dickenson, D 3588

AUDITOR.

William L. Myers, R 2871

Walter S. Burns, D 3602

SHERIFF.

Robert Adams, R 2884

Peter P. Myers, D 3584

RECORDER.

John O. Kaup, R 2964

James T. Martin, D 3504

COMMISSIONER.

Isaac Karn, R 2889

Joseph E. Magers, D 3597

SURVEYOR. ,

Samuel B. Gray, R 2864

Denis Maloy, D 3572

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Martin Wagner, R 2963

Harrison Noble, D 3512

CORONER.

William Davis, R 2908

Sylvester B. Clark, D 3565

JUDGE OP COMMON PLEAS.

James Pillars was elected judge of the
Fourth sub-division, Third District,in April,

1868.

Luther A. Hall was presidential elector in
1868, from Ninth Congressional District.

ELECTIONS

1869.

GOVERNOR.

Geo. H. Pendleton, D 3242

William S. Rosencrans. D. ..did not accept.
Rutherford B. Hayes, R 2581

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR.

Thomas J. Godfrey, D 3230

John C. Lee, R 2559

PROBATE JUDGE.

A. Landon, D 2543

W. M. Johnson, R 3177

*WarreD P. Noble was elected an alternate dele-
gate to the Democratic National Convention, at
New York, with Thomas Beer, delegate. Owing to the
latter'3 illness, Mr. Noble representd the district in
the Convention. William W. Armstrong was elected
Delegate-at-large to the Democratic National Conven-
tion.

TREASURER.

William Lang, D 3041

D. M. Neikirk, R 2656

CLERK.

J. C. Milhelm, D 2880

Henry Brohl, R 2862

REPRESENTATIVES.

E. T. Stickney, D 3265

JohnSeitz, D 3203

J. V. Jones, R 2573

D. D. Ogden, R 2531

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

Frank Baker, D 3236

H. E. Thompson, R 2531

COMMISSIONER.

Stephen M. Ogden, D 2950

Levi Keller, R 2855

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Eden Lease, D 3196

Dorsey Hartsock, R 2504

SENATOR, THIRTY-FIRST DISTRICT.

S. R. Harris, R 2583

A. E. Jenner, D 3233

ELECTIONS 1870.
SECRETARY OF STATE.

Wm. Heisley, D 8176

Isaac R. Sherwood, R 2690

BOARD OF EQUALIZATION.

Dickson, D 3153

Titus, R 2689

CONGRESS.

Chas. Foster, R 2851

E. F.Dickenson, D 3020

SHERIFF.

J. T. Kaup, R 2842

JohnWerley, D 2942

AUDITOR.

Henry Brohl, R 2767

G. A. Allen, D 3121

COMMISSIONER.

Levi Keller, R 2772

H. B. Rakestraw, D 3102

CORONER.

James Lewis, R 2718

James Van Fleet, D 3177

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Miron Sexton, R 2718

U. P. Coonrad, D 3100

ELECTIONS 1871.
GOVERNOR.

Geo. W. McCook, D 3200

EdF. Noyes, R 2608

P. M. Weddle, Pro 49

278

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR.

Samuel F. Hunt, D 3197

Jacob Mueller, R 2604

CLERK SUPREME COURT.

Chas. Patterson, D 3206

Rodney Foes, R 2607

Azra Alderman, Pro 45

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.

For 4203

Against 1296

, SENATOR.

A. E. Jenner, D 3180

U. F. Cramer, R 2642

REPRESENTATIVE.

JohnSeitz, D 3147

Isaac Seitz, R 2684

JUDGE OF COMMON PLEAS.

A. M. Jackson, D 3161

C. R. Mott, R 2588

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

Frank Baker, D 3178

K L. Brewer, R 2643

TREASURER.

William Lang, D 3054

C. C. Park, R 2720

RECORDER.

Wm. DeWitt, D 3217

Wm. R. Smythe, R 2629

COMMISSIONER.

Jos. E. Magers, D 3057

John A. Bradner, R 2731

SURVEYOR.

P. H. Ryan,D 3129

P. J. Wilson, R 2652

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Jesse Weirick, D 3204

Myron Sexton, R 2627

ELECTIONS 1872.
SECRETARY OF STATE.

Aquilla Wiley, D 3757

Allen T. WlkofE, R 3166

Ferd Shumaker, Pro 52

CONGRESS.

Rush R. Sloane, D 3586

Chas. Foster, R 3170

Gideon T. Stewart.Pro 49

JUDGE OF COURT OF COMMON PLEAS.

James Pillars, D 3726

No opposition.

CLERK OP COURT.

JacobC. Millhime, D 3838

Abner Niebel, R 3097

PROBATE JUDGE.

Alfred Landon, D 3341

Upton F. Cramer, R 3513

Wm. M. Johnson, R. died after nomi-
nation.

SHERIFF.

John Werley, D 3601

Edward Jones, R 3299

AUDITOR.

Levi D. Kagy, D 3699

James M. Stevens, R 3241

PRESIDENT.

U.S. Grant, R 3128

Horace Greely, D 3462

Charles O'Connor, D

Black, Tern

COMMISSIONER.

Steven V. Ogden, D 3563

Isaac Stultz, R 3336

CORONER.

James Van Fleet, D 3756

Daniel Behm, R 3192

INFIRMARY DIRECTORS.

G. W. Bachman (three years), D 3756

Peter Haefling (two years), D 3719

John L. Cross (three years), R 3174

Henry Davidson (two years), R 3185

ELECTIONS 1873.
GOVERNOR.

Wm. Allen, D 3182

E. F. Noyes, R 2290

Gideon T. Stewart. Pro 203

Isaac C. Collins, — 33

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.

J. D. O'Connor, D 2634

R. G. Pennington, R 2257

SENATOR.

John Seitz, D 3191

David Harpster, R 2282

David F. Hamilton, Pro 213

REPRESENTATIVE .

Jas. A. Norton, D 3174

Luther A. Hall, R 2143

R. McD. Gibson, Pro 282

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

Geo. W. Bachman. D 3196

E. C. Boyd, R 2305

TREASURER.

Francis Wagner, D 2984

James H. BrinkerhofE, R 2428

Jeff. Freese, Pro 171

COMMISSIONER.

Robert McClellan, D 3095

Peter Brayton, R 2397

Christ. Bonnell, Pro 212

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

279

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

John Britt.D 2994

JohnM. Kaul, R 2381

David Butler, Pro 215

CORONER.

Geo. W. Willow, D 3197

Joseph Miller, R 2313

The Republicans fell behind their vote in
1872, 876, and the Democrats, 575.

ELECTIONS 1S74.
SECRETARY OF STATE.

Wm. Bell, D 3871

A. T. Wikoff, R 3005

J. R. Buchtel, Pro 132

CLERK OF SUPREME COURT.

Arnold Green, D 3069

Rodney Foos, R 3012

S. B. Foster, Pro 133

CONGRESS.

Geo. E. Seney, D 3721

Chas. Foster, R 3200

W. G. Mead, Pro 62

JUBGE OF COMMON PLEAS.

Thos. Beer, D 3865

Josiah Scott, R 3006

SHERIFF.

G. Acker, D 4068

C. Y. Brundage, R 2773

J. P. Woodruff, Pro 121

AUDITOR.

L. D. Kagy, D 3874

John Rice, R 3025

RECORDER.

Wm. DeWitt, D 3958

Gabriel J. Keen, R 2892

Jeff. Freese, Pro 132

COMMISSIONER.

Sol. Gambee, D 3878

Geo. Stearns, R 2985

C. Bonnell, Pro 130

SURVEYOR.

Denis Malloy D 3790

E.C.Cooke, R 3132

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Peter Haefiing, D 3841

John 31. Kaul, R 3002

D. Butler, Pro 131

ELECTIONS 1875.
GOVERNOR.

Wm. Allen, D 4015

R. B. Hayes. R 3221

BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS.

V. Hagan. D 4043

Thatcher, R 3284

SENATOR.

E. T. Stickney, D 3786

Thos. J. Monnett, R 3250

REPRESENTATIVE.

James A. Norto^, D 3848

Alfred L. Shafer, R 3446

CLERK.

Jeremiah Rex, D 3774

J. H. Pittinger, R 3526

PROBATE JUDGE.

Upton F. Cramer, R 3743

Jacob F. Bunn 3584

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

Geo. W. Bachman, D 3891

Lester Sutton, R 3393

SUPREME COURT COMMISSION.

Yes 4694

Xo 1568

TREASURER.

Francis Wagner, D 3919

James M. Stevens, R 3402

RECORDER.

Thos. J. Kintz, D 3938

J. W. Shaw, R 3335

COMMISSIONER.

N. G. Hayward, R 3666

W. T. Histe, D 3650

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Chas. Mutschler, D 3774

Chas. G. Owen, R 3434

CORONER.

Geo. W. Willow, D 3935

Eli Spitler, R 3332

AMENDMENT TAXING DOGS.

Yes 1686

No 947

ELECTIONS 1876.
PRESIDENT.

Samuel J. Tilden, D 4516

Rutherford B. Hayes, R 3793

Peter Cooper, G 4

Green Clay Smith, Pro 11

James B. Walker

SECRET.\RY OF STATE.

Milton Barnes, R 3827

Wm. Bell, D 4493

JUDGE OF COMMON PLEAS.

Thos. Beer, D 4400

No opposition.

280

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

CONGRESS.

Chas. Foster, R 3965

JohnH. Hudson, D 4348

AUDITOR.

Hiram Longbrake, R 3864

V. J. Zahm, D 4432

SHERIFF.

Edward Jones, R 3730

Geo. D. Acker, D : 4584

COMMISSIONER.

William Ash, R 3925

Robert McClellan, D 4366

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

D. J. Neikirk, R 3900

JohnBritt, D 4300

Among the Presidential electors were
Wra. Lang and G. W. Stokes.

George E. Seney was elected delegate to
the Democratic National Convention, held
at St. Louis, Mo., in 1876.

ELECTIONS 1877.
GOVERNOR.

R. M. Bishop, D 3945

W. H. West, R 3009

L. H. Bond. — 3

H. A. Thompson, Pro 84

Stephen Johnson, G 26

SENATOR.

John Seitz, D 3960

Lovell B. Harris, R 2903

REPRESENTATIVE.

James A. Norton, D 3928

Daniel C. Rule, R 3034

I. H.Davis, Pro 78

TREASURER.

John W. Barrick. D 3619

James J. Zint, R 3339

J. W. Stinchcomb, Pro 65

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

G. B. Keppell, D 3877

John H. Ridgley, R 3060

Florence Cronise, Pro 100

COMMISSIONER.

Solomon Gambee, D 3905

Jacob Raymond, R 3020

Jesse Bower, Pro 92

SURVEYOR.

Samuel Nighswander, D 3983

Ed. C. Cook, R 3080

JUDICIAL— COMMON PLEAS.

Henry H. Dodge, D 3948

Jacob F. Burkett, R 3038

John M. Hammond, Pro 85

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Lewis Spitler, D 3742

Patrick Duffcv, R 3058

A. T. McDonald, Pro 91

CORONER.

Wm. Smith, D 3890

Jacob Wise, R 3032

J. A. Buckingham, Pro 86

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT.

For 703

Against 3467

FREE BANKING LAW.

For 1155

Against 3316

ELECTIONS 1878.
SECRETARY OF STATE.

David R. Paige, D 4210

Milton Barnes, R 3345

Andrew Roy, G 544

Jeremiah N. Robinson. Pro

CONGRESS.

E. B. Pinley, D 3966

Charles Foster, R 3710

O. C. Brown, G .- 441

PROBATE JUDGE.

Jacob F. Bunn, D 4200

U. C. Cramer, R 3391

Benjamin F. Siple, G 470

CLERK.

Jeremiah Rex, D 4298

James T. Boyd, R 3237

O. B. Seitz, G 526

AUDITOR.

Victor J. Zahm. D 4042

J. N. Willard, R 3393

John H. Carpenter, G 554

SHERIFF.

Lloyd N. Lease, D 4120

James J. Zent, R 3109

Jacob Windnagle, G 754

RECORDER.

Thomas J. Kentz, D 4240

Harry Davidson, R 3232

W. H. Gordon, G 560

COMMISSIONER.

W. T. Histe. D 4237

N. G. Hawward, R 3095

James D. Rider, G 683

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

George Heplar, D 4570

Charles Mutschler, R 1584

Nicholas Lauer, G 533

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

281

ELECTIONS 1879.
GOVERNOR.

Thomas Ewing, D 4627

Charles Foster, R 3931

Gideon T. Stewart, Pro 18

A. Sanders Piatt, G 108

BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS.

Patrick O'Marah, D 4670

James Fullington, R 3853

James H. Horton Pro 17

George W. Piatt, G 121

JUDGE, FIRST SUBDIVISION, TENTH DISTRICT.

John McCauley. D 4549

John Stillings, R 3939

SENATOR, THIRTY-FIRST DISTRICT.

Moses H. Kirby, D 4680

Stephen R. Harris, R 3383

John Flick, G 119

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS.

Judicial, for 5193

Elections, Section 3, Article 2 5104

" 1, " 3 5350

" 4, " 10 5473

REPRESENTATIVE.

Amos Decker, D 4645

William Fleet, R 3845

John W. Kaga. G 131

TREASURER.

John W. Barrick. D 4685

David M. Neikirk, R 3854

Jacob Thomas, G 130

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

Guilford B. Keppell, D 4663

Rush Abbott, R 3877

Jesse N. Lee, G 116

COMMISSIONER.

James H. Fry, D 4586

Charles Leiner, R 3955

Jacob S. Armstrong, G 131

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Joseph E. Magers, D 4659

Jacob Rickenbaugh, R 3875

Samuel Grelle, G 130

CORONER.

William Smith, D 4661

H. Whiteman, R 3870

J. H. Price, G 137

The national vote was 108 against 544 in
1878.

The Prohibition vote was 18. The Demo-
crats polled 177 votes more than on any
previous year.

ELECTIONS

1880.

PRESIDENT.

James A. Garfield, R 4008

W. S. Hancock, D 4845

James B. Weaver, G 109

Neal Dow, Pro 23

SECRETARY OF STATE.

William Lang, D 4700

Charles Townsend, R 3853

Charles A. Lloyd, G 116

CONGRESS.

Morgan D. Shafer, D 4636

JohnB. Rice, R 3967

John Seitz, G 130

BOARD OF EQUALIZATION, THIRTY-FIRST
DISTRICT.

Jonathan S. Hare, D 4746

SHERIFF.

Lloyd N. Lease, D 4834

Gideon H. Reese, R 4749

H. Stolzenbach, G 09

SURVEYOR.

Samuel Nighswander, D 4745

John A. Speilman, R 3837

Jerry Hill, G 123

COMMISSIONER.

Edward Childs, D 4469

George Heplar, R 4102

Orville J. Fry, G 104

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Lewis Spitler, D 4495

David Asire, R 4012

John W. Sonder, G 115

In April, 1880, the question of building
pike roads was submitted to the people of
the county; 1,578 votes were recorded in
favor of this enterprise, while 5,156 opposed
the project. Tiffin alone gave a majority
in favor of such roads.

ELECTIONS

1881.

GOVERNOR.

J. W. Bookwalter, D 4273

Chas. Foster, R 3205

John Seitz, G 115

A. R. Ludlow, Pro 276

ATTORNEY-GENERAL.

Frank C. Dougherty, D 4273

Geo. K. Nash, R..." 3380

SENATOR.

Moses H. Kirby. D 4194

Martin Deal, Pro 38S

282

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

REPRESENTATIVE.

A. Decker, D 4080

W. O. Dean, R 3341

David Hale, G 183

J. T. Reed, Pro 229

PROBATE JUDGE.

J. F. Bunn, D 4228

J. M. Bever, R 3321

B. F. Seiple, G Ill

C. C. Nestlerode, Pro 243

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

P. M. Adams, D 4213

J. C. Rickenbaugh 3342

J. K Lee. G 116

J. R. Wilson, Pro 246

CLERK OF COURT.

James V. Magers, D 4132

J. H. Cole, R 3890

C. R. Martin, G 103

J. B. Wagner, Pro 247

TREASURER.

John Heabler, D 4271

D. M. Neikirk, R 3287

H. Spitler, G 99

M. Borough, Pro 245

AUDITOR.

F. E. Stoner, D 3967

W. H. Schlosser, R 3604

Jerry Hill, G 99

R. C. Young, Pro 230

COMMISSIONER.

W. T. Histe, D 4152

E. Thoma, R 3247

P. King, G 104

W. Cook, Pro 238

RECORDER.

J. H. Bennehoff, D 4112

R. A. Cole, R 3415

John Heck, G 104

W. H. Schultz, Pro 253

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Geo. Heplar, D 4222

Jacob Kemmet, R 3314

A. Horn, G 100

D. F. Hamilton, Pro 249

CORONER.

E. Lepper, D 4204

T. McManigal, R 3269

J. M. Sparks, G 118

M. P. Croninger, Pro 268

SOLDIERS' MONUMENT.

For 3017

Against 2877

ELECTIONS

1882.

SECRETARY OP STATE.

James W. Xewman, D 4481

Chas. Townsend, R 3391

George L. Hafer, G 89

Ferd. Thomas, Pro 67

JUDGE SUPREME COURT.

John W. Okey, D 4465

John H. Dovle. R 3406

Lloyd G. Tuttle, G 89

John ^V. Rosenbrough, Pro 67

CONGRESS.

Geo. E. Seney, D 4661

Lovel B. Harris, R 3189

John Seitz, G 104

H. C. Smith, 2

Martin Deal, Pro 40

JLT5GE OF COMMON PLEAS.

Henry H. Dodge, D 4548

Jacob F. Burkett, R 3324

SHERIFF.

Thos. F. Whalen, D 3950

Amandus Betts, R 3936

M. T. Lutz, G 75

COMMISSIONER.

Daniel P. Lynch, D 4285

Jacob R. Strandler, R 3617

Philip King, G 80

INFIRMARY DIRECTORS.

William Kline, D., full term 4434

John L. Cross, R., full term 3441

James Sanders, D., short term 4423

James J. Patton, R., short term 3403

Nicholas Lauer, short term 91

Orville J. Fry, G., short term 92

ELECTIONS 1883.
GOVERNOR.

Geo. Hoadlv, D 4910

J. B. Foraker, R 3677

Charles Jenkins, G 52

Ferd. Schumaker, Pro 113

TREASURER.

Peter Bradv, D 4919

JohnC. Brown, R 3665

John Seitz, G 58

John M. Whiton, Pro 107

JUDGE OF COMMON PLEAS.

George F. Pendleton, D 4864

L. M. Strong, R 3844

George R. Havnes, G 1

Wilham H. Johnson, Pro 10

>/?^^^

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

285

SENATOR.

J. H. Wmiston, D 4929

Philip King, G 68

Martin Deal, Pro 133

REPRESENTATIVE.

David J. Stalter, D 4762

Rush Abbott, R 3796

W. H. Patterson, G 45

A. T. McDonald, Pro 107

TREASURER.

John Heabler, D* 4953

John B. Runyan, R 3598

John Shannon, G 68

Jesse B. Wagner, Pro 105

COMMISSIONER.

Edward Childs, D 4614

Levi Keller, R 3887

Edward Wagner. G 43

Em. Strowman, Pro 89

SURVEYOR.

Sam. Nighswander, D 4820

W. O. Bulger, R 3682

Rud. Emerson, G 47

D. Malloy, Pro 138

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Dan. Metzger, D 4852

N. D. Egbert, R 3691

David Betts, G 55

John D. Reed, Pro 108

CORONER.

Edward Lepper, D 5023

Geo. A. Blackwell, R 3642

W. H. Bare, G 52

AMENDMENT.

For Prohibition majority 972

First amendment, yes, 757; no, 3905

Second admendment yes, 3789; no, 3169

OCTOBER ELECTIONS 1884.
SECRETARY OP STATE.

James W. Newman, D 5064

James S. Robinson, R 3849

Evan Morris, Pro 110

Peter M. Herold, Nat 47

SUPREME JUDGE.

Chas. D. Martin, D 5051

Wm. W. Johnson, R 3878

John W. Rorebaugh, Pro 110

James R. Grogan, Nat 48

BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS.

John H. Benfer, D 5016

Charles A. Flickenger, R 3889

Wm. J. Kirkendall, Pro 121

Wm. B. Ogden, Nat 52

* Dr. Isaac Kagy was appointed treasurer, July 2,
1885, vice John Heabler, deceased.

JUDGE OF COMMON PLEAS.

Geo. F. Pendleton, D 5016

Asher Cook, R 4004

CONGRESS.

Geo. E. Seney. D 5129

Dan'l Babst, R 3770

Chris C Nestlerode, Pro 117

Geo. W. Vail, G 50

PROBATE JUDGE.

Harrison Noble, D 4931

John F. Sohn, R 3949

Henry Cromwell, Pro 127

JUDGES OF THIRD CIRCUIT.

John J. Moore, D 5032

Thomas Beer, D 5019

Henry W. Seney, D 5037

Jacob Scroggs, R 3894

John A. Price, R 3894

I. N. Alexander, R 3889

J. W. Timberlake, G 35

John Z. Crutzer, G 34

Robt. E. Parker, G 35

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.

Perry M. Adams, D 5051

A. Stackhouse, R 3856

James R. Wilson, Pro 116

COUNTY CLERK.

Jas. V. Magers, D 5050

Wm. H. Schuler, R 3851

J. Truman Bever, Pro 133

A. B. McClellan 3

AUDITOR.

Francis E. Stoner, D* 5051

W. H. Schlosser, R 3865

Ed. Bennuduffer, Pro 134

SHERIFF.

Thos. F. Whalen, D 5080

Frank M. Kelly, R 3835

John E. Snyder, Pro 119

COMMISSIONER.

T. H. Bagby, D 4573

Ed. F. Gray, R 4339

William Cook, Pro 98

RECORDER.

John H. Bennehoff, D .5053

Ira E. Strong, R 3870

Joseph Rhoad, Pro 108

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

James Sanders, D 4968

Isaiah Kline, R 3921

Peter Koffman Pro 136

The Democratic vote for secretary of State
was 5,064, and the Republican vote, 3,849.

*J. A. Norton was appointed auditor in August
1885, vice F. E. Stoner, who died, August 10, 1885. '

286

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.
NOVEMBER ELECTION, 1884.

Adams

Green Sprins
Big Spring. .

Bloom

Clinton

Eden

Hopewell. . .
Jackson, N.
Jackson, S.

Liberty

Bettsv'ille. . .

Loudon

Fostoria.. . .
Pleasant . . .

Keed

Scipio

Seneca

Thompson. .
Ver"

Dem.

Vote.

lice

Tiffin, First Ward. . .

" Second Ward.

" Third Ward. .

Fourth Ward.

157

350

234

241

178

232

121

198

323

152

245
320
339
202
223
279
196

Fifth Ward 298

4,950 4,004

Rep.

Vote.

Peo-
ple's
Ticket

111

239

154

203

155

157

104

191

516

181

170

232

124

207

165

174

191

152

133

Prohi-
bition.

271
138
444
497
400
390
382
216
135
225
296
294
866
352
362
478
369
416
560
377
411
486
352
442

117 I 9,159

James G. Blaine and Gen. Logan represented the Republicans; Grover Cleveland and
Thomas Hendricks the Democrats; Benjamin F. Butler the People's ticket, and St. John
the Prohibition ticket. Dr. Norton was delegate to the Democratic National Convention
held at Chicago in 1884.

ELECTIONS, OCTOBER, 1885.

GOVERNOR.

J. B. Foraker, R 3601

George Hoadly, D 4444

A. B. Leonard, P 253

G. W. Northrup, G 83

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR.

R. P. Kennedy, R 3613

J. G. Warwick, D 4445

STATE SENATOR.

John Hopley, R

Williston, D

C. C. Nestlerode, P

3609

4447

246

REPRESENTATIVE.

R. L. Knapp, R 3654

E. B. Hubbard, D 4369

J. W. Rhodes, P 248

AUDITOR.

F. M. Hart, R 3616

I. A. Norton, D 4357

J. W. Bonnell, P 228

TREASURER.

J. M. Kaull, R 3467

B. F. Myers, D 4573

Harry Cromwell, P 231

COMMISSIONER.

Levi Haines, R 4537

Henry Hoeltzel, D 3539

W. H. Norris, P 200

INFIRMARY DIRECTOR.

Adam Kiefer, R 3685

William Kline, D 4329

Peter Coffman, P 228

CORONER.

Alja Bickford, R 3604

Edward Lepper, D 4431

Dr. A. Benham, P 241

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS.

Yes. No.

Township officers 6182 836

Section 2, Article 3 6421 605

Section 1, Article 3 6407 597

Section 2, Article 10 6414 577

The amendments related to the aboli-
tion of the October Election System, a per-
nicious custom coming down from olden
times. The majority given by the State in
favor of the amendments settled the doom
of October's annual political sun-dance.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 287

COUNTY CONVENTIONS, 1885.

The Democratic convention assembled at Tiifin, August 22, 1885, when T.
H. Bagby was chosen chairman, pro fe»;..and Kora F. Briggs, secretary; and
the following committees appointed:

Credentials. — Adams, ^V. C. Shellhammer; Green Spring, A. McHasser;
Big Spring, Jacob Bloom; Bloom, Henry Kirgis; Clinton, George Keo-erreis;
Eden, Joseph Walter; Hopewell, Henry Downey; Jackson (N. P.T, Norh
Rhinebolt; Jackson (S. P. ), Christ Stahl; Liberty, Anson Anderson; Bettsville,
(P.). Abram Kerchner; Loudon, S. Ricketts; Fostoria, C. C. Clark; Pleasant'
William Shuman; Reed, Ed. Yale; Scipio, X. F. Charles; Seneca, Joseph
Sailor; Thompson, Frank Matz; Venice, Jacob Ringle; First Ward, W.R. McFar-
land; Second Ward, John B. Schwartz; Third Ward, Elias Boehler; Fourth
W^ard, Joseph P. Myers; Fifth Ward, Julius Keissling.

Resolutions. — Adams, Charles W. Coffman; Green Spring, John Joseph
Big Spring, H. C. Smith; Bloom, J. L. Hershberger; Clinton, T. L. Park
Eden, Samuel Koch ; Hopewell, Milton Ricketts; Jackson (N. P.), Homer Noble
Jackson (S. P. ), Daniel Parish ; Liberty, W. Brown; Bettsville, C. O. Snyder
Loudon, T. J. Leahy; Fostoria, N. Biu'tscher; Pleasant, George Sechman
Reed, J. L. Lake; Scipio, Samuel Musselman; Seneca, Jacob Smith; Thomp-
son, Joseph Dick; Venice, J. W. Walker; Tiffin, First Ward, Dr. Leon McCol-
lum; Second Ward, Leonard J. Martin; Third Ward, Anthony Krupp; Fourth
AVard. Jacob Scheiber; Fifth AVard, John Houck.

Permcment Organization. — Adams, Daniel Metzger; Green Spring, A. Mc-
Hasser; Big Spring, Andrew Werley; Bloom, Jacob Klahr; Clinton, Columbus
Harding; Eden, John Vorndi-an; Hoj^ewell, S. M. Kime; Jackson (N. P.),
Martin Mm-phy; Jackson (S. P.), J. E. Chilcoate; Liberty, A. C. Reice; Betts-
ville, (P.), B. F. Seem; Loudon, John Rinebolt; Fostoria, George Yarger;
Pleasant, Joseph Bauman; Reed, Hiram Hippler; Scipio, E. T. Stickney; Sen-
eca, John L. Clark; Thompson, Charles Paine; Venice, A. B. Brant; First
Ward, Frank Holmes; Second Ward, P. M. Adams; Third Ward, J. C. Royer;
Fourth Ward, Harvey Piatt; Fifth Ward, John W. Barrick.

Central Committee. — Adams, Daniel Metzger; Green Spring, John Joseph;
Big Spring, B. G. Wullenschneider ; Bloom, J. W. Snyder; Clinton, T. H.
Bagby; Eden, G. A. Allen; Hopewell, L. D. Creeger; Jackson (N. P.), W. F.
Myers; Jackson (S. P.), Joseph Shoup: Liberty, George Hoke; Bettsville, C.
W. Harris; Loudon, George D. Acker; Fostoria, N. Burtscher; Plexisant,
George Willow; Reed, J. W. Gambee; Scipio, Henry Mansfield; Seneca,
Charles Nepper; Thompson, Alonzo Bm-man; Venice, F. H. Steigmeyer;
Tiffin, First Ward, W. W. Keller; Second Ward, William H. Dore; Third
Ward, Charles Baker; Fourth Ward, Loiais Ulrich; Fifth Ward, Julius Keissling.

Congressman Seney was elected permanent chairman, the reports of com-
mittees were received, and the convention proceeded to nominations. Dr. E. B.
Howard was selected as representative; James A. Norton, auditor; Benjamin
F. Myers, treasurer; Henry Hoeltzel, commissioner; William Kline, Infirmary
director, and Edward Lepper, coroner.

The Prohibitionist convention, assembled at Tiffin, August 26, 1885. Harry
Cromwell was chosen chairman, and H. G. Day, secretary. The convention
was opened by prayer, by Rev. R. Rock, of Fostoria. The following commit-
tees were appointed : Prohibition Work, J. W.Rhodes, chairman; Finance, Rev.
A. Crabtree, chairman; Nominations, C. C. Nestlerode, chairman; Resolutions,
Rev. R. Rock, chairman. The following county ticket was nominated : repre-
sentative, James W. Rhoades; auditor, Jesse W. Bonnell; treasurer, Henry
Cromwell; commissioner, William H. Norris; infirmary director, Peter CofiF-
man; coroner, A. Benham, M. D.

288 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

The Republican county convention assembled August 29, 1885, when ex-
Gov. Foster was elected chairman, and J. C. Rickenbaugh, secretary. The
delegates were:

Adams.— R. B. Harris, D. C. Rule, A. Parmeter, A. Cole, William Zech-
man. Committeeman, R. B. Harris.

Clinton. — James Patterson, Norman D. Egbert, Lewis ClouseV, D. M. Nei-
kirk, John K. Rohn, James Stinchcomb, Lysander Reynolds, Edward H.
Swander. Committeeman, James Patterson.

Eden. — Isaiah Kline, C. Y. Brundage, A. R. Fleet, James Brinkerhoff, I.
R. Holmes, Adam Keifer, Horace Klaiss, James Patton, G. W. Kishler, I. L.
Cross.

Liberty. — James Lott, B. Stackhouse, B. Struble, F. C. Miller, Scott
Sheets, Upton Ash, Marion Feasel, Amandus Betts, H. Cromer, C. H. Zeis,
Edward Chatman, George Hartsock, John Jones.

Pleasant. — O. P. Saine, J. R. Drown, J. H. Loose, W. W. Jones, Byron
Rule, Ephraim Parker, J. R. McDonald, A. L. Shafer.

Scipio. — J. W. Stewai-t, ^\. S. Eastman, James H. Knapp, J. L. Anway,
George Stearns, D. B. Crissel, B. F. Moore, E. F. Gray, Leon Smith, A. T.
Jones.

Seneca. — Levi Haines, John M. Laughlin, William Sheldon, Daniel Reisz,
Henry Davidson, Si-., S. P. Bemisderfer.

Tiffin— First Ward.— C. K. Walker, Dr. H. L. Wenner, John L. Lott,
W. W. Sheibley, Charles Strauch, Henry Strouse, W. S. Cramer. Alternates,
Harry Ford, Andrew Shriner.

Second Ward. — A. C. Baldwin, A. M. Campbell, George Transue, William
Roland, Rush Abbott, George B. Stone, Jeff. Daywalt, J. F. Zeller. Com-
mitteeman, George B. Stone.

Third Ward. — George Delauter, H. Housel, Charles Morlock, John Fan-
ning, Joseph Secrist, James A. Sohn, Lewis Morlock. George M. Eidt.

Foui-th Ward. — Levi Weirick, Daniel Seeholtz, R. A. Gray, William Clay.
Ed. Jones, J. T. Sterner, John Helm.

Fifth Ward.— E. W. Stephenson, A. H. Pope, J. N. Williard, Philip
Scheib, Jesse Sneath, H. S. Wenner, J. W. Myers. James S. Yerk. Com-
mitteeman, E. W. Stephenson.

The nominations made were as follows: For representative, the names of
Russell L. Knapp, of Tiiiin; J. H. Loose, of Pleasant, and J. H. Brinkerhoff,
of Eden, were announced. Mr. Knapp was nominated on the first ballot.
For auditor, William Derr. of Clinton, and F. M. Hart, of Hopewell, were
announced, and Mr. Hart nominated on the first ballot. For treasiu-er. John
M. Kaull was nominated by acclamation. For commissioner, Levi Haines, of
Seneca; William Ash, of Jackson; J. J. Cessna, of Liberty; W. H. A. Boyd,
of Jackson, and S. B. Hossler. of Bloom, were presented. Mr. Haines was
nominated on the second ballot. For infirmary director, Adam Kieffer, of
Eden Township, was nominated on the second ballot. For coroner, Norman
D. Egbert, of Clinton Township, was nominated by acclamation; he declined,
when A. Bickford was selected. The county central committee (composed of
one member fi-om each ward and township) selected the following executive
committee: J. C. Rickenbaugh. Tiffin; Dr. T. J. Livers. Tiffin; U. F. Cra-
mer, Tiffin; George B. Stone. Tiffin; Dr. H. L. Wenner, Tiffin; Dr. William
Harman, Attica, and A. M. Dildine, Fostoria. The executive committee or-
ganized by electing J. C. Rickenbaugh chairman, and Judge U. F. Cramer
secretary.

October Elections and Liquor Question. — All through the State, a movement

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 289

among business and professional men has started, which has for its object, the abo-
lition of the present system of electing State officers in October. Ohio is the only
State that does so, and all classes vigorously ask that Ohio be put in the roll
of November States, for the sake of peace and the business interests. The
October State and November presidential elections of this year knocked the
bottom out of business. Hand in hand with the movement, is one for the
adoption of a registration law, in place of the present slipshod systeni. The
Legislature has already, by joint resolution, resolved to amend Section 4 of
Article X, relating to the election of township officers, and Articles II, III and
X, so as to provide for the election of all State and county officers in November,
instead of October. This question was decided affirmatively by the people in
October. 1885.

Another, and perhaps the most interesting question before the people, is
that known as the liquor question, or the Scott Law. A statement by the
commissioner of internal revenue, shows that, at the close of April, 1830,
the total number of liquor dealers in the State, as evidenced by the payment
of the special tax, at the close of the tax year, April 30, 1883, was 15,735, of
which number, 15,399 paid the tax as dealers in all kinds of liquors, and 336
as exclusively in malt liquors. The Scott law was passed April 17, 1883, and
took effect in the payment of the tax, June 20. 1883. From a statement fur-
nished by the auditor of the State of Ohio, the number of the retail liquor
dealers paying under the Scott law up to September, 1883, was 10,631. They
paid a revenue of tax of $1,785,509.85. This would show by the operation
of the law, a reduction 6f the number of retail liquor dealers, of about 5,000.
Four weeks later, in October, 1833, the crusade for the second amendment,
and against the Scott law, was commenced in earnest and resulted in a Demo-
cratic Legislature and supreme court.

At the close of April, 1884, there were 13.218 liquor dealers paying special
tax and on April 30, 1885, 14,920. The .Scott law was repealed April 14,
1884, but a part of it was re-enacted. In November, 1884, the majority of
the State Supreme Court declared the tax unconstitutional, and soon the work
of refunding the special liquor tax was commenced. The Supreme Court of
Ohio, before whom the validity of the tax was brought, comprised Judges
Mclllvaine, Follett, Okey, Owens and Johnson, — two Republican and three
Democratic judges.

CONCLUSION.

In this chapter a full effort has been made to deal intelligibly with political
battles for the last half century. To this end all disquisition had to be avoided
and a close adhesion to facts observed; therefore, he who expects to find the
writer's opinions on the different parties and their platforms in this work,
must be disappointed; for he who would be just in local history must not ex-
press an opinion, particularly as the readers of such works are all able to form
their judgment on the facts as presented. In connection with the chapter, it
must, however, be said, that a great amount of labor and expense has been
the result of former official carelessness in the matter of election records.
Without the aid of the press, within and without Seneca County, it woixld be
impossible for the State oi* county to supply the names and figures and party
tickets given in these pages, and to the press, particularly to the Advertiser,
the writer is principally indebted for the success which, he believes, marks
this chapter.

290 HISTORY UF SENECA COUNTY.

CHAPTER XL
THE COUKTS AND BAE.

AS man is the capital of nature, so does he afford to man a subject for
deep inquiry. It has been understood throughout the ages that crime is
hereditary. The gambler who placed his fortune at the small mercy of a die
long centuries ago, may possibly be the ancestor of a notorious mountebank
of the present time; and the creature whose passions led him to the crime of
murder, while yet Csesar ruled the Roman empire, may possibly have been the
first of a race whose representatives disgraced every generation of the j)f^st
and continue to stain the civilization of our time. Whatever faith may be
placed in the hereditary theory of crime by the great majority of people, it
seems to be approved by facts; demonstrations of passions transmitted fi'om
father to son are common, and therefore it is not a matter of surprise to learn
that he who is convicted of a great crime followed in the very footsteps of
some ancestor. Though the advance of civilization has materially retarded an
indulgence in criminal acts, it has not stayed the workings of nature in regard
to the fierce passions of man. They who in former times followed the voca-
tions of their fathers, now seek out varying labors, and thus the tendency of
intuitive viciousness is held in check, though it can never be wholly subdued.

Very few hereditary criminals join the fortunes of an early settlement;
they come in after years, often with the best intentions, and for a time observe
all the conventionalities of life; but afterward the ruling passion begins to re-
assert its terrible superiority over the mind, and the result is crime, some-
times insignificant, but generally monstrous and shocking.

To preserve the lives and properties of the people against the machinations
of such men, the State promulgated her ' 'statutes, ' ' or legal rules, which not
only prescribed the penalties and punishments to be inflicted on transgressors,
but also defined the manner in which the laws should .be administered.

The people of Seneca put these laws in operation the moment they organ-
ized the township of that name. The old justices, associate judges and chief
justice were the centei's of equity. The primitive appearance of the early
courts, the desire to do justice, evident in the words and gestures of the
judges, their genial dispositions, and the free and easy characteristics of the
bench, bar and clients, made the administration of the laws, admirably dem-
ocratic, fiilly suited to the requirements of the time, and capable of adjusting
all discords that might creep into existence within the young county. Under
the second order of affairs many cases of a serious character were present-
ed to the courts. With the advance in population and knowledge new
sources of discord became known — land disputes, boundary rights, even
forgery and perjuiy became common, and the era of divorce was introduced.
A few murders were perpetrated, one of which is treated on in the Indian
Chapter, and other causes, calling for legal aid, sprang up, and as the coui't
calendar extended itself, so also ambitions grew, and out of the evil came the
good that gave to the county a large number of men learned in law and
public economy.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 291

Men of that large profession, who can speak

To every cause, and things indeed contraries,

Till they are hoarse again, yet all be law;

That with most quick agility can turn

And return, make knots, and undo them.

Give forked counsel, take provoking gold t

From either side and put it up.

The first robbery, and the first law case which occurred in Seneca County, was
in 1821, when the Indian captive, William Spicer, was robbed of several thou-
sand dollars. This Spicer had his cabin and stock farm on top of the
plateau, on the west side, opposite the north end of the island in the Sandusky,
and four miles south of the old military post. AVhile alone in the cabin a
carpenter fi'om Fort Ball, named William Kollins, entered, told Spicer to give
up his gold and silver, and then struck him to the floor. "While in a semi-con-
scious state, he heard Rollins laugh and address other men who joined him: but,
on recovering, the robbers were gone and with them several thousand dollars
in gold and silver. Loiiis Papineau was then constable, and he, assisted by
Benjamin Barney and Caleb Eice, arrested Rollins, Butler, Case and Downing,
brought those of them who did not escape to trial, and succeeded in having
Rollins sentenced to eleven years in the penitentiary.

The history of the courts and bar of Seneca County may be said to l^egin
with the settlement of Rudolphus Dickenson, at Fort Ball, in 1824, and the
opening of the circuit court in Hedges' Building on Virgin Alley, April 12,
the same year. During the short period which elajised between the date of
his settlement at Fort Ball and the opening of the circuit court, the cele-
brated case of Spencer vs. Hedges, known to Judge Lane as the "Dam" case,
was prepared by him. Judge Ebenezer Lane, Associate Judges William Cor-
nell, Matthew Clark and Jacques Hulburt opened court on April 12; when
Neal McGaffey w^as appointed clerk. Agreen Ingraham, who was elected
sheriff a few days prior to April 12, opened court in regular form. The
case of Spencer vs. Hedges was begun in September, lS2-t, the particulars of
which are given in Vol. I, Court Records, now in Clerk Mager's office, at Tiflin.

The first case on record was that of Josiah Hedges vs. Jesse Spencer, tried
in chancery before Judge Ebenezer Lane, September 21, 1824, on a bill filed
May 3, 1824, in the clerk's office. R. Dickenson, for the defendant, filed his
demurrer, denying the sufficiency of the plaintiff's case as well as the authority
of the court. In April, 1825, the plaintiff withdrew the suit and the defend-
ant was empowered to recover costs.

The next entiy is made May 1. 1826, in the case of Thomas Butler vs.
Josiah Hedges and Jesse Spencer; the plaintiff being represented by C. Boult,
and O. Parish and R. Dickenson for defendants. In June, 1826, the case was
still before the courts, A. Coffinberry, representing Hedges, and continued to
May, 1827, and the demurrer sustained. In November, 1827, Ebenezer Lane,
Jacques Hulburt, William Cornell and Matthew Clark presided. In IMareh,
of that year, the case of Spencer r.s. McNeal was concluded, the complaint
being that the former left a note of about $150 value on the counter of the
latter, which was taken posession of by McNeal, and that he delivered to him,
by mistake, another note of $900, both of which McNeal refused accounting
for. A. Coffinberry was for plaintiff and Dickenson for McNeal. The bill
was dismissed with costs, it being apparent to the court that the defendant
had settled such notes. This was followed by the case of Spencer vs. Dicken-
son; A. Coffinbery for plaintiff', and O. Parish for defendant. The defeat
which waited upon Spencer was disastrous.

In November, 1828, Dickenson & Rawson. representing Abraham and

292 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

Isaac Van Meter, appeared before Judge Lane and associates against Isaac
Brandt, and stated that the plaintiffs were tenants in common with the three
Brandts in 1,000 acres, known as the Van Meter Tract, granted to John Van
Meter, deceased, and his wife's three brothers, the Brandts, by the treaty of
September 29, 1817, and by that of St. Marj^'s, in 1818; also that Abram, son
of John Van Meter resides at Fayette, Ind. , and Isaac in Belmont County,
Ohio, and the three Brandts on the original grant. The bill prayed for a
partition of the reservation. The bill was tiled in 1827, continued by their
attorneys C. L. Boalt and O. Parish, and dismissed with costs, in November,
1828. by request of Van Meter's attorneys, on account of informality.

In November. 1828, the case of MeiTitt Goodyear vs. Charles Fitch and his
children A. Goodyear and James F. Goodyear, arose out of one of those pecul-
iar family quarrels which are bred by strong drink. Dickenson & Rawson
appeared for the father. Owing to the absence of the childi'en in New York
State the case was continued to November. 1829, when the conditional deed
given, pending the reformation of Merritt Goodyear, was declared invalid, and
a deed ordered to be executed by Charles B. Fitch, guardian of Goodyear' s
childi-en, to the reformed father for the east half of the southwest quarter of
Section 15, Town 2 north. Range 15 east.

The case in chancery of Josiah Hedges vs. Thomas Butler. Agi'een Ingraham,
Alexander Long and Sally Armstrong, administrators of Robert Armstrong,
(deceased), and Silas Mclntire Armstrong and Catherine AiTustrong. was heard
in November. 1828; was presented by R. Dickenson, Thomas Butler, heir of
Paul D. Butler, and James Piu'dy, guardian ad litem of Silas, Catherine and
John Armstrong, answered the complainant, and had the bill dismissed. This
case, as well as that of Isaiah, Jane and Marcus Heylin vs. Spencer, Hedges,
Long and the Annstrong family (brought before the court at this time) are
made imj^ortant by the fact that they relate closely to the settlement of Fort
Ball. The case of Agreen Ingi-aham vs. Mary, Benjamin, Martin, Fronica,
Esther and Samuel Messer. or Musser, was introduced by Abel Rawson and
R. Dickenson. May 30, 1827, was completed in November, 1828. when seventy-
five and a half acres were ordered to be conveyed to Ingraham, at §3 per acre.
This land is situated in the northern part of the southwest quarter of frac-
tional Section 36. Town 2 north. Range 14 east, and was valued by James
Gordon, William Clark and Ezra Brown, appraisers. In September. 1825,
William Sponable, son of John Sponable (deceased), applied for permission to
sell his late father's lands in this county. John Welch, David Clark and
James Mathers were appointed appraisers; but after several continuances the
case was dismissed in May. 1 829.

The bill in chancery filed by James Gordon, Joseph Pool and Sidney
Moore vs. Jesse Spencer and Agreen Ingraham was heard in May, 1829. This
was simply a suit on promissory note against Spencer, and also against Ingra-
ham. as sheriff. who held some moneys arising fi"om previous sales of Spencer's
property. The sheriff was ordered to pay to the plaintiff the sum of $162.26
and costs, $8. 71. Alexander McNutt filed a bill vs. Caleb Rice. Andi-ew Cut-
right, justice of peace, and Harry Fuller, in May, 1829, as an appeal from
justice Outright' s court (March, 1828). and a protest against a supposed decree
of the court of common pleas, alleged to be issued in 1828. Caleb Rice, the
original plaintiff', withdi-ew the suit and paid §20.40 costs.

The bill of Jacob Foncannon vs. Mary Foncannon, Jane, Amanda and
Samuel Chadwick was filed by Abel Rawson in 1829. This set forth that
Michael Foncannon (deceased in 1827), entered in February, 1822, the west half
of the northeast quarter of Section 29, Town 2 north, Range 15 east, which

(^/^^^^^^^f^

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 295

lands were claimed by the defendants. The court decreed that this property
should be conveyed to Jacob Foncannon, and that the decree should be a valid
conveyance in itself, in the event of the respondents not conveying such lands
in legal form.

In June, 1831, president Judge David Higgins, with associate judges
Selden Graves and Agreen Ingraham, present. The petition of Mrs. Shaver, to
sell land, was the first case brought before them.

In October, 1830, the bill of Josiah Hedges vs. Zane McCullough, Elliott
McCullough, Samuel McCullough, Sidney McCullough, Levi Davis, Andi-ew
Lugenbeel and Rollin Moller was filed, and heard by judges Higgins, Graves,
Pittinger and Ingraham, in March, 1832, A. Coffinberry representing Hedges.
The case against the respondents was dismissed and the plaintiff ordered to
pay all costs. The petition for partition, filed by Orrel Kilbourn, vs. Case
Brown, Elizabeth Ann, James M., Maiy Ann, William C. and Samuel C.
Stevens, heard in March, 1832, dealt with that part of Melmore on the west
half of the southwest quarter of Section 23, Town 1 north, Eange 15 east.
Elisha Williams, George Dennison and John Downs were appointed appraisers,
with instructions to set off a fourth part to Orrel Kilbourn; three equal eighth-
parts to Case Brown; and three equal eighth-parts to each of the children of
James M. Stevens (deceased). This was followed by the bills of Buckley
Hutchins and Alice Stevens, administrators of the deceased, J. M. Stevens,
asking the courts to complete the contracts of the deceased J. M. Stevens with
Daniel Palmer, George McLaughlin and John Gibson. Judge Higgins author-
ized the petitioners to complete such contracts and convey the lots referred to.
In October, 1832, Thomas W. Williams (who came from Great Britain in 1801,
was proven, by Reuben Williams and Calvin Bradley, to have resided in the
United States continuously for over five years) was naturalized. John Sulli-
van, a native of Ireland, was also naturalized, Patrick Kinny giving evidence
of his residence.

In October, 1832, Joel Chaffin applied for the benefit of the act for the
relief of insolvent debtors. David xVndricks and Benjamin Carpenter pre-
sented like petitions. In 1832, the bill of the State of Maryland vs. Jacob Plane
and Josiah Hedges, was heard to compel the former to pay over to Jacob
Rusher a large sum of money, which he took with him to Seneca County,
belonging to the said Rusher, of whom he was guardian, and to draw away
from him the protection of Hedges. Parish and Bayard were counsel for
plaintiff. Lawyer Wilcox for defendants. Owing to want of jurisdiction, the
bill was dismissed by Judge Higgins. This case was retm-ned for hearing in
183G.

In May, 1833, the case of Joseph Walker and John Walker vs. Archibald
Johnson was heard. This was a suit to compel Johnson to convey to the
Walkers certain lands on Section 14, Town 1 north, Range 14 east, which he
delayed doing according to repeated verbal and written contracts. Prior to
judgment this case was settled out of court. At this term, also, John Sonder,
executor of William Montgomery (deceased), petitioned for leave to complete
contract with John Leatherman, entered into by Montgomery ,_ in September,
1830, for the sale of six acres in the southeast corner of Section 7, Town 2,
Range 15. Sidney Smith, guardian ad litem, represented Samuel Humb,
William and Isabella Montgomery, minors. The petition was granted. In
March, 1833, Jehosaphat McCauley was arrested and imprisoned at the suit
of Henry Cronise, and in October, 1833, he applied for the benefit of the act
for the relief of insolvent debtors.

In October, 1833, the bill filed by Enoch B. Merriman and John Miller,

296 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

partners, James McCrea, Moses Champion, David C. Morrow, Jolin McCrea,
Nathan Merriman and George Moyer, vs. Edward E. Foreman, stated that
lono- before 1832 one Joseph Foreman owned lands on Section 88, Town 1
north, Eange 17 east, and also Lot 8, in Location 8; but that such lands were
now (1888) in possession of his son, the defendant; that Joseph Foreman ob-
tained several lots of goods on the strength of his ownership of the lands and
then left for parts unknown. The petitioners were represented by Eawson &
Smith. Foreman's demui-rer was set aside, and a decree against the estate,
in favor of the plaintiffs, was entered,

Delilah Litt, who died in 1888, owned the northeast part of the west half
of the southwest quarter of Section 31, Town 2, Eange 15 east. George W.
Gist was appointed administrator, and C. L. Boalt guardian of his minor heirs
ad litem.

In October, 1834, Stales Edwards applied for the benefit of the Insolvent
Debtors Act, also J. Adam Houseknecht. In May, 1835, Eobert W. McClure
made application.

In March, 1835, the case of Eeuben Williams vs. Hedges was heard. This
set forth the contract for building the Washington Street bridge. Willianis
was represented by Sidney (Sea) Smith and Hedges by S. Smith. The bill
was dismissed.

The fir.st case in common pleas was that of Jesse Spencer m. Josiah Hedges,
petition for the issue of a summons. Thi,s was heard September 22, 1824,
was granted, and served by Agreen Ingraham, the same day. Eudolphus
Dickenson appeared for plaintiff , and Coffinberry, Parish and Parker for defend-
ant. The bill then filed by Dickenson set forth the following causes of action:
"That the said Hedges, on the 1st day of May, 1823, and at divers other days
and times between that day and the commencement of this action, with force
and arms, etc. , broke and entered a certain close of the said Jesse Spencer,
situate, lying and being in the township of Seneca (Clinton), and then and
there pulled^down, prosecuted and destroyed a great part, to wit: forty perches
of a certain mill-dam of the said Jesse Spencer, of gi-eat value, to wit: of the
value of $200; and also then and there tore down and dug up great quantities,
to wit: 1,000 wagon loads of stone from oft* the said close and dam of the said
Jesse Spencer, to wit: to the further value of $300, and then and there took and
carried away, and converted the same to his, the said Josiah Hedges' own use.
***** And also, that the said Josiah Hedges, on the day
and year last aforesaid, and on divers other days and times, etc. , broke and
entered another close of the said plaintiff, situate abutting toward the west
on that part of the Armstrong Eeservation, which lies between a place forty
poles north of the place called Camp Ball, and the south line of the said Arm-
strong Eeservation, and abutting toward the east on the eastern bank of the
Sandusky Eiver, opposite the saw-mill on said reservation, etc., etc., etc."
The defendant filed a demurrer and had the case continued imtil April,^ ^'^'^^2
when Hedges was found guilty by a jury, and assessed $8 damages and $26.75
costs. The jury in this case comprised Elisha Clark, Ezra Brown, William
Foncannon, Peter Yeaky, Ezekiel Sampson, James Cutright, Jacob S. Jennings,
Samuel Scothorn, Smith Kentfield, James Mathers, John C. Donnell and Jesse
Gale.

The first bill filed for naturalization or citizenship was that by William
Doyle, of Ireland, September, 1824. There was never a more demonstrative
or devout renunciation of loyalty to any government, or a more earnest deter-
mination to be true to his new citizenship, than that made by the said Doyle
before the said court of common pleas.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 297

Peter Pork stabbed Benazah Parker at Fort Seneca October 4, 1829, was
tried in April, 1830, found guilty, and sentenced by Judge Lane to three years'
imprisonment, with costs of trial, $69. 28. The jiuy in this case comprised Ezra
Baker, Henry Keller, Thomas R. Ellis, William Whitney, Thomas Brundage,
Joseph Foncannon, Solomon Dimick, J. Baughman, Adam Pennington, Sel-
din Graves, W. L. Clark and William Hunter. In October, 1829, when the
mui-der became known. Associate Judge Jacques Hulbui-t and others secured a
warrant for his aiTest. and the judge, accompanied by John Harris, Jeremiah
Hays, Jonathan Abbott, Stephen Ross, Silas Pike, Anson Gray, Henry Yearky,
and some yoimg people, proceeded to Pork' s cabin, was admitted by his sqiiaw,
and after a hard struggle, in which Hulburt was severely stabbed, captured the
desperado. Parker was equally notorious, -and no one regretted his end, when
he died fi'om the result of wounds in January, 1831, while Pork had his whole
mischievous head cut off in 1836 by the interpreter Herrin, whose three fi-iends
he had mui'dered. Justice waited on Parker and Pork (vide Indian History).

In October. 1830, the trial of MeiTit Goodyear for the murder of Arthur
N. Dezing was begun before Judge Lane and associate judges. The murder
was committed January 1, 1830, in Clinton Township, but notwithstanding the
barbarous manner in which it was carried out, Goodyear was indicted only on a
charge of manslaughter. Abel Rawson prosecuted. The jury was made up of
the following-named persons : William L. Clark, Julius Smith, Lyman Amsden,
Thomas Clark, George Dunbar, John Kime, Jacob Garm, Ed Cooley, Noah
Seitz, Joseph McClelland, Ozias Hart and David Underhill. They held the
defendant not guilty.

In May, 1834, Patrick Mm-phy sued Andi'ew McMillan and James S. Parks
for So, 000 damages, for malpractice, in not setting and curing his dislocated arm.

Before the close of 1834 a large number of cases for gaming for money and
property were before the coui-ts, also for selling liquor without licenses, and a
few cases of charivari, assault and battery, etc. , etc.

The pioneer lawyer was a mixtm-e of the sublime and the ridiculous. Like
stage actors, these old law interpreters could appear ' ' as mad as hatters, ' ' or
"as mild as lambs," but in both conditions they remained the pioneer lawyers
still, treating one another with childlike kindness out of court, but in court,
endued with the feelings of their clients, they fumed and fretted, roared at and
badgered witnesses, and made the neighborhood of the court house seem a very
babel. The presiding judge was sometimes subjected to their peculiar, good-
natured jokes, and the old associate judges never escaped their shafts of- wit.
As a rule the only thorough enemies the old bar had were the old associate
judges, whom they called ' ' broom sticks, " " Judge Lane' s dummies, ' ' and
sundiy equally uncomplimentary names. From early morning until late at
night,^ whether traveling, in court, hotel or private house, the lawyer of early
days — the members of "'Judge Lane's gang" — never lost an opportunity to
laugh at some one' s expense, and thus, while earning their fees, they treated the
people to a circus performance which presented more solid, side-splitting fun
in one hoiu' than all Barnum' s funny men could offer in a week.

In his reminiscences of the pioneer courts. Judge Burnett writes : ' ' The
journeys of the court and bar to those remote places through a country in its
primitive state, were unavoidably attended with fatigue and exposure. They
generally traveled with five or six in company, and with a pack-horse to trans-
port such necessaries as their own horses could not conveniently carry, because
no dependence could be placed on obtaining supplies on the route; although
they frequently passed through Indian camps and villages, it was not safe to
rely on them "for assistance. Occasionally smalt quantities of corn could be

298 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

purcliased for horse feed, but even that relief was precarious and not to be
relied on. In consequence of the unimproved condition of the country, the
routes followed by travelers were necessarily circuitous and their progress
slow. In passing from one county seat to another they were generally from six
to eight, and sometimes ten days in the wilderness, and at all seasons of the
year were compelled to swim every water-coiu'se in their way which was too
deep to be forded; the country being wholly destitute of bridges and ferries,
travelers had, therefore, to rely on their horses as the only substitute for those
conveniences. That fact made it common, when piu-chasing a horse, to ask if
]xe were a good swimmer, which was considered one of the most valuable quali-
ties of a saddle horse." Twenty years after Samuel Waggoner describes the
travels of a band of lawyers in this very district of Ohio. He says: "On
Thursday morning, February 5, 1846, the day after the Whig State Convention
which nominated William Bebb for governor, a stage-coach of the Concord
pattern, owned by Neil, Moore & Co. , left Columbus for Toledo with a full load
of passengers, including Morrison E. Waite, Samuel M. Young, Hemy Eeed,
Jr.. and Abner L. Backus, of Maumee City; Ralph P. Buckland and Ruther-
ford B. Hayes, of Lower Sandusky (now Fremont); and Alfred P. Edgerton,
of Williams County. There w^ere others not remembered.

"The route of the stage was by the old 'Mud Pike,' thi-ough Delaware,
Marion, Upper Sandusky, Tiffin, Lower Sandusky and Maumee City. The
January thaw had been followed by heavy rains, and the mud was very deep;
consequently, the stage made slow progress from the start. The male passen-
gers often found it desirable to get out and walk for miles at a^ time, and
frequently a long distance in advance of then- conveyance. Near Worthington
three or foiu- of them went about half a mile to a sugar camp, and there
enjoyed a 'tafPypulh' The company reached Delaware (twenty-four miles)
at midnight. After a capital supper at the 'Old Griswold Tavern,' they
passed on. The night was dark, and before they had gone a mile the stage
upset. This caused a delay of two horn's for repair of damages to the stage,
and to procure a surgeon to sew up the scalp of a passenger. Marion was
reached about midnight of the second day out. Proceeding at about the same
rate the stage arrived at Lower Sandusky Sunday morning, having made the
distance (105 miles) in seventy-two hours. It reached Toledo (forty miles) on
Monday morning, at the end of the fourth day. The more rapid move-
ment of the last day is accounted for by the fact that between Lower Sandusky
and Perrysburg the road had been macadamized, leaving only the distance
fi-om Maumee City to Toledo to be traversed in mud. Not less interesting than
these details of the trip is the fact that each of the passengers named has been
permitted to make the passage over substantially the same route by the Colum-
bus & Toledo Railroad in about as many hours as was then required in days.

On such trips one of the party would sing such quaint old songs as ' ' Lord
Lovell, ' ' and ' 'Rosin the Bow, ' ' while all would join in the chorus.

Even as the first circuit court was preceded by Dickenson' s settlement at
Fort Ball, the coming of Abel Rawson, in June, 1825, was premonitory of the
advent of the supreme court. July 28, 1826, Judges Charles R. Sher-
man and Jacob Burnett, accompanied by almost the whole bar of northwest-
ern Ohio, appeared at Tiffin, a few of whom were present here May 5,
same year, at the second term of the common pleas court. Mr. Rawson was
appointed prosecutor during the May term, and, though a little over a year in
the county, claimed a high place among the genial legal lights who now gath-
ered around him.

The nine judicial districts formed under the constitution of 1850, the first

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 299

of which embraced Seneca, were redistricted in 1853, and this county, with
Wood, Hancock, Wyandot and Crawford, was placed in the third sub-division
of the Third Judicial District, with Lawi-ence W. Hall, judge of the district.
Judge Hall was elected in October, 1851, on the Democratic ticket vs. Cooper
K. Watson. Judge M. C. Whitely was elected in October, 1856, although his
opponent, Swigart, had a majority of sixteen votes in this county. In April,
1857, an act was passed, providing for the election of an additional judge for
this district, and in the fall George E. Seney was elected judge of common
pleas over Lee, his Whig opponent. Josiah S. Plants was elected in the sec-
ond sub-division in October, 1858. In 1866 Charles R. Mott was elected over
Cooper K. Watson, the Republican candidate. A. M. Jackson succeeded in
1871, his election being opposed by Judge Mott. On Judge Jackson's resig-
nation Judge Beer was appointed to fill vacancy. James Pillars was elected
without opposition in 187*2; Thomas Beer defeated Josiah Scott in 1874, and
was re-elected without opposition in 1876. Henry Dodge was elected in 1877,
and John McCauley in 1879, as one of the judges of the first sub-division of
the Tenth District. In 1882 Henry H. Dodge was elected; in 1883 George F.
Pendleton, who was re-elected in 1884.

The circuit court, re-established in 1884, claims Seneca County in the
Third Circuit. In October of that year, Judges Henry W. Seney, Thomas
Beer and John J. Moore were elected by large majorities over their opponents
of the Republican and Greenback parties ; as given in the political chapter.

The redistribution of judicial districts since 1857 was effected with profit
to the people. Under the act of April 8, 1858, the Tenth District was organ-
ized, and Seneca, Crawford and Wyandot named as the third sub-division,
On April 12, same year, Seneca County was set off as the first sub-division of
the Tenth District. The act of May 1, 1862, disestablished the Tenth Dis-
trict, and in its place the Third Judicial District was reorganized — Seneca,
Hancock, Wyandot and Crawford being its fourth sub-division, thus intro-
ducing Whitely, Metcalf, Latta, Lawrence and Plants to the judiciary of this
county. February 21, 1868, Marion County was added to the fourth sub-
division, and in this form it existed down to 1879, when the legislature re-es-
tablished the Tenth Judicial District, with Seneca, Wood, Hancock and Har-
din its first sub-division. Under the provisions of this act an additional judge
was elected in October, 1879, in the person of Judge McCauley.

The probate court was established under the new constitution of 1850.
William Lang was elected judge of probate that year, and served until Janu-
ary 1, 1855, when John K. Hord succeeded him. T. H. Bagby was elected in
1857, re-elected in 1860, and was succeeded by W. M. Johnson, who served
three full terms from January 1, 1864, to January 1, 1873. Upton F. Cramer
was elected in 1872, and re-elected in 1875, serving until succeeded by Judge
J. F. Bunn, January 1, 1879. Harrison Noble was elected in October, 1884,
and is the present judge of the probate court.

Ebenezer Lane, first president judge of Seneca County, was a lawyer of
Norwalk, Ohio, and one who may be said to have administered the law honestly
from the head- waters of the Sandusky to the mouth of that river, and at a
time too, when it was a difficult and dangerous task to make the circuit. He
was generally accompanied by the old bar, Purdy, Spink, Coffinbeny, Hall,
"Tom" Backus (a man who well deserved his name), C. L. Boalt, James H.
Godman, Milo D. Pettibone, J. M. May, the Parish brothers, and others.
Judge Lane was one of the supreme court judges of Ohio, and served for
years after his retirement fi-om the common pleas court.

Judge David Higgins, a good lawyer and an honorable judge, the successor

300 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

of Judge Lane, was one of the heroes of the Toledo, and was credited with the
common sense of being desirous to fly from Toledo, rather than approach the
threatened seat of justice. He was elected president judge of the Second Dis-
trict in 1829, and held the position until 1837. Prior to 1830 his name appears
among the lawyers of the circuit. While buggy-riding near Delaware, Ohio,
he was thrown out, and, as a result, lost his leg by amputation. He was ap-
pointed clerk at Washington, D. C. , and died there.

Judge Ozias Bowen, whose district comprised Seneca, Sandusky, Erie,
Marion and Crawford, succeeded Judge Higgins. He opened the spring term
(April 2) 1838, at Tiffin, and was president judge of the district until Novem-
ber, 1851, when he retired after foui-teen years' service. Moses H. Kirby was
chairman, and E. G. Pennington, secretary of a committee of the bar com-
prising Cooper K. Watson, J. Plants, J. D. Sears, E. M. Kelly and J. P.
Pillars, who presented him with an addi-ess on his retirement. He was born
in Oneida County, N. Y., July 23, 1805, and died at Marion, Ohio, Septem-
ber 26, 1871. His career was marked by kindness and courtesy to all.

Andi-ew Coffinberry, favorably and generally known as Count Coffinberiy,
was one of the leading lawyers of the fii'st circuit court of northern Ohio. He
never resided in Seneca County, but was known as a member of "Judge
Lane's gang." The Count was born in Virginia, August 20, 1778, where his
French and German grandparents settled in 1750, and moved with his parents
to Ohio in 1806. He served two years under Bainbridge and Hull, and under
his father in the war of 1812. From 1815 to 1836 he studied and practiced
law at Mansfield, Ohio, moved to Perrysburg in 1836, and died at Findlay,
May 12, 1856. His son, James Coffinberry, w^as born at Mansfield in 1818.
James Purdy, born in 1793, was known as the major of Lane's brigade.
For over half a century he was an active member of the bar of northern Ohio,
and one of the pioneer lawyers of Mansfield.

John M. May, a lawyer, as sharp as a knife, was possessed of a great fund
of men'iment.

Charles L. Boalt, brother-in-law of Judge Lane, practiced here until about
1843, and then went into railroad work. His name is connected with the fii'st
law cases heard in this county.

Orris Parish died at Columbus years ago. He was one of the best soldiers
of ' -Judge Lane' s gang, ' ' as well as one of the ablest lawyers of the old bar.
Francis D. Parish, an old resident of Sandusky, now living at Overland,
attended the first coui-ts at Tiffin.

Josiah Scott, of Bucjtus, practiced in the courts of Seneca County.
John C. Spink, commonly called the leading actor in Judge Lane's cii'cus,
was a circuit lawyer and an old resident of Wooster, Ohio. He was one of the
practical jokers of the circuit, and the musician or violinist of the old bar.
James Pui'dy was accustomed to chide Spink on his pejic/ja?;^ for mimicry,
antics, music and general mischief, but remained very much attached to this
funny man of noiihwestern Ohio.

Lawrence W. Hall, the successor of Jiidge Bowen, in 1852, presided over
the circuit court until the close of 1856.

William Lawrence, a lawyer of Bellefontaine, Ohio, entered on the duties
of judge in 1857. It is related of him that when he opened com-t at Marion,
in May, 1861, he instructed the sheriff to hoist the stars and stripes above the
court house. This official refused to do so, was brought up for contempt, fined,
and then, when he had to obey, hoisted the national flag. In 1862 he entered
the army. In 1864 he was elected a member of Congress, and in 1880 was
appointed first Comptroller of the Treasury.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 301

Josiah S. Plants, whose election as judge of common pleas, is noticed in
the political chapter, was wounded while hunting in Indiana, and died shortly
after.

Chester E. Mott, born in Susquehanna County, Penn., in 1813, was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1837. at Erie, and moved to Upper Sandusky in 181:4. He.
was elected judge of common pleas in 1865. Judge Mott has filled several
important positions in Wyandot County.

Eleutheros Cooke, an attorney of 1829-30, was the solemn man of the pio-
neer law circle, and one of the good pleaders of the old bar.

"W. H. Hunter was the attorney for Leonard H. Alexander vs. Joseph Par-
meter, of Thompson Township, in 1829.

Philomon Beecher. an old resident of Sandusky City, practiced in the early
coui'ts of the county.

Ezra M. Stone, of Norwalk, ];)racticed here in the early couiis.

Price J. Bartlett, of Fremont, was an early lawv'er.

John M. May was the trombone player, and generally accompanied Spink,
the violinist, and sometimes played a duet with Coffinbeny, another trom-
bonist.

H. J. Harmon and M. M. May were law^'ers here in 1830.

Smith & Chaffin were solicitors here in 1836.

Jude Hall was a good lawyer, and an able abettor of his fellow-lawyers in
all jokes.

Joseph M. Root, Charles Olcott. and one Parker, practiced in the early
courts.

Asa Way, an old lawyer of Republic, and W. V. Way, of Pem^sbm-g, were
on the pioneer circuit.

Rudolphus Dickenson, born in Massachusetts, December 28, 1797, was
admitted to the bar of Columbus, settled at Fort Ball early in 1824, and was
appointed prosecutor that year. He moved to Lower Sandusky in May, 1826,
and married Miss L. Beaugrand there in 182/. He was elected Congi-essman
in 1846-48, and died at Washington, March 20, 1849.

Abel Rawson, born at Warwick, Mass., May 11, 1798, studied law at New
Salem and Northfield. Mass., and was admitted to the bar in August, 1823.
He practiced at New Salem, visited New York in 1824. taught school at Dover,
Ohio, in 1824, and at Norwalk in 1824-25, and was admitted to the Supreme
Court of Ohio, in August, 1825. He settled in Tiffin in June, 1825, was pros-
ecutor fi-om May. 1826, to October, 1833, and died August 24, 1871.

Robert G. Pennington, born in Delaware County. Penn., in 1816, came
with parents to Tiffin,, May 24, 1834; entered the office of Abel Rawson in
1839; was admitted to the bar in 1842; was presidential elector in 1856. and
in 1861, with Col. Lee and Maj. De Walt, organized the Fifty-fifth O. V. L,
and joined that command with rank of quartermaster. In 1862 he was com-
missioned adjutant-general on Gen. McLean's staff.

William H. Gibson, born in Ohio. May 16, 1822; read law in the office of
Rawson & Pennington: admitted to the bar in 1845; elected State treasiu-er in
1855; was commissioned colonel of the Forty -ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry
in 1861; commanded in forty-two battles, and was commissioned brigadier
general for distinguished service. He retired from the practice of law in 1872,
and was commissioned adjutant of State in 1880.

Warren P. Noble, born in Luzerne County, Penn., June 14, 1820, came
with his parents to Jackson Township, Seneca County, in 1836; studied law
in the office of Rawson & Pennington from 1842 to 1844, and was admitted to
the bar in 1844. He was elected State representative in 1846, and re-elected

302 HISTORV OF SENECA COUNTY.

in 1847; elected prosecuting attorney in 1848, re-elected in 1850, and in 1860
and 1862 was elected member of the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Con-
gress {vide General History and Biography; also History of Tiffin).

Lnther A. Hall, born August 30, 1813, in Onondaga County, N. Y. ; arrived
at Tiffin, May 5, 1833; read law with Abel Kawson; graduated from the Cin-
cinnati Law College in 1841; was admitted to the bar the same year, and con-
tinued in practice until his death, June 16, 1880.

Frederick Lord was one of the early lawyers who studied at Tiffin.

Edson Goit, an early settler of Lower Sandusliy^ where he presided over a
grammar school ; studied law under Abel Rawson, and became one of the well-
known circuit lawyers of this district. Died at Bowling Green within past live
years.

John H. Pittinger, born December 10, 1828, in Frederick County, Md.,
moved to Tiffin with his parents in 1830 ; studied law, and was admitted to the
bar in 1850. In 1877 he was elected mayor of Tiffin, which office he filled; was
one of the organizers of the Tiffin Fire Department, assisting in forming the first
company — the old No. 1 — of which Gen. W. H. Gibson was foreman, and him-
self treasurer, afterward secretary and treasui-er. He held this office until the
formation of the Young America Hose Company, when he was elected treasurer
of that organization, and still held the office at the time of his death, wjiich took
place very suddenly, January 14, 1885.

Cooper K. Watson, born in Kentucky, June 18, 1810; was admitted to the
bar at Columbus in 1831; practiced at Newark, Delaware, Marion and Fre-
mont; came to Tiffin in 1850; was elected by the Free Soil party a member of
Congress, in 1854; died at Sandusky, Ohio,' May 20, 1880.

Joseph Howard was appointed clerk of coui't in 1830, and served until
1834. He subsequently was appointed to a position in the Department of
State at Washington, where he died.

Geoi-ge E. Seney, born at Uniontown, Penn., May 29, 1832; graduated
from Norwalk Seminary ; studied law under Luther A. Hall ; was admitted to
practice in 1853; elected judge of common pleas in 1858; went to the fi'ont
with the One Hundred and First Ohio Volimteer Infantry in 1862, before the
expiration of his judicial term, and served two years as quartermaster of that
command. In 1874 he received the Democratic nomination for Congress, lead-
ing the Republican nominee in this county by 521 votes, but losing the district
majority. He was elected Congressman in 1882, and re-elected in 1884; was
delegate to the Democratic national convention at St. Louis, and is the author
of Seney' s Code.

James Pillars was elected judge of common pleas, without opposition, in 1872.

Jesse Stem was admitted to the bar at Columbus, in 1842 ; moved to Texas,
and was there killed by the Indians.

John L. Lamareaux, a resident of Attica, was a member of the Seneca
County bar.

R. P. Buckland, a prominent lawv^er and politician, may be named among
the members of the Seneca County bar.

William Lang, a native of Germany, was admitted an attorney at law July
25, 1842 ; filled many public positions, and is still a resident of Tiffin. The
second historical work on Seneca County was written by him.

Sidney Smith, otherwise Gen. Sea, formerly a shoe-maker in Connecti-
cut, moved to Tiffin in 1832; purchased lands in Scipio Township; moved to
Cincinnati in 1838; retiu'ned to Scipio in 1840; had his name changed to Sea
in 1841, and henceforth practiced law, and made more ordinaiy noise in this
county than "Judge Lane's gang" ever could make (see Military History and
Pioneer Sketches).

t^'cna e ^ ^a-u^i^^e

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 305

Joshua Seney, born in New York City, November 20, 1 793, graduated from
Columbia College and the University Law School; came to Tiffin in 1831;
was presidential elector in 1840, clerk of the supreme court, treasurer of
Seneca County, and one of the leading lawyers of Ohio. He died suddenly,
February 10, 1854 (see General History).

William W. Culver went to Fremont, and died there.

John J. Steiner (see Military History), a native of Frederick County, Md.,
was admitted to the bar at Tiffin, and practiced law until he entered the
army.

John K. Gibson was the first law student in the county, having studied
under Abel Eawson. His death occurred in 1841, a short time prior to that
set for seeking admission as an attorney at law.

Selah Chapin, a partner of Abel Rawson, died previous to 1842.

Manly Chapin was a partner of Abel Rawson in 1838-40; he died at Cin-
cinnati.

Ciu'tiss Bates went to Iowa City, and was elected judge.

Hugh M. Martin, a native of Seneca County, read law in Gibson & Tun-
ison's office; moved to Iowa about 1859, and while traveling in Colorado was
killed by a landslide.

Alfred Landon, deceased (see Pioneer History of Tiffin).

John K. Hord, now of Cleveland, was a lawyer of this county, and one of
its probate judges.

Anson Bui-lingame, of Chinese Treaty celebrity, was a school teacher in
Eden Township; was admitted to the bar of Michigan, but never practiced in
this county.

Harrison Noble, born in Wayne County, Ohio, Januaiy 28, 1826; was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1849; was elected Probate Judge, 1884.

John McCauley, born in Columbiana County, Ohio, December 10, 1834, com-
pleted his studies at Delaware University; was admitted an attorney at law in
1860; elected prosecutor in 1865; appointed delegate to the constitutional con-
vention, vice O'Connor, deceased, and elected judge of common pleas in 1879
(see Political History).

Nelson L. Brewer, born in Washington County, Md., September 17, 1832;
graduated from Heidelberg College in 1855; was admitted to the bar in 1858.

George W. Bachman studied law at Tiffin; was elected prosecuting attor-
ney, and was mayor of Tiffin; was killed by being thrown out of his buggy.
Mrs. Bachman still resides at Tiffin.

James Welsh was the first lawyer at Fostoria, having settled there about
1849 or 1850; after five or six years he moved to Wyandot County, thence
to Hancock County, and died.

John L. Cole, Republic, was admitted to the bar in 1862.

Junius V. Jones, born in Gallia County, Ohio, January 23, 1823; moved
to W^ood County with his parents in 1832, and settled in Fostoria in 1846.
He was admitted an attorney at law in 1868, and to practice in United States
courts in 1877.

John C. Lee, born in Delaware County, Ohio, studied law, and located at
Tiffin. He was commissioned colonel of the Fifty-fifth Ohio Volunteer Infan-
try, November 25, 1861, and resigned in 1863; was commissioned colonel of
the One Hundred and Sixty-fourth Ohio National Guards, and was mustered out
in 1864, as brevet brigadier-general. In 18(37, he was elected lieutenant-governor
of Ohio, and re-elected in 1869. Gen. Lee is now a member of the law firm
of Lee, Brown & Lee, Toledo.

Milo D. Pettibone, was a native of Connecticut, and it is believed that he

306 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

was also a graduate of Yale. He came to Delaware in 1818, w^as a good scholar,
and soon became a sound and trustworthy lawyer, occupying a highly respon-
sible position at the bar to the time of his death, in 1849. He devoted con-
siderable time to speculation in land. He died before the war.

John Masten came to Fostoria before the war, and before its close went
South.

A. H. Selden was the third lawyer who came to Fostoria, arriving in 1860
or 1861, from Medina, Ohio; had his office with Squire Jones, and with Mr.
Jones was engaged as pension lawyer until 1866, when he went to Paulding
County; was elected prosecuting attorney; went to Kansas, and died there
about seven years ago.

William J. Rigby, born in Fairfield County, Ohio, May 22, 1815; was ad-
mitted an attorney at law in 1860; opened an office at Fostoria, in 1867 (see
History of City).

David Hays, a native of Beaver County, Penn, born December 19, 1819;
settled at Fostoria in 1837; was admitted an attorney at law in 1860.

Nelson B. Lutes, born in Wyoming County, Penn., March 1, 1848; settled
at Tiffin in 1870, and was admitted to the bar 'in 1873; now of the firm of Lutes
& Lutes.

John H. Ridgeley, a native of Allegany County, Md., born August 16,
1845; graduated fi-om Heidelberg College, and was admitted to the bar in 1869.
Joel W. Wilson came to Tiffin about 1840; died in 1856.
R. L. Griffith, a native of Seneca County, was mayor of Tiffin, and prose-
cuting attorney of the county. He moved to Detroit, and died there.

John Payne, a farmer of Adams Township, was admitted to the bar, and
served two terms in the Legislature!

Oliver Cowdery, born in Vermont, October 3, 1804, is said to have been
one of the compilers of the Mormon Bible, as he was one of its most ardent
followers ; came to Tiffin in the fall of 1840, where he resided until 1847, when he
rejoined Strang's Mormons in Wisconsin; proceeded to Missoim the same year,
and died there in 1848. From the fact of his books and papers being in the
court house at the time of the fire of 1841, it is said that he had an office
there, as well as on Market Street. It was he who examined Squire Jones, in
1841, for school teacher.

John Smith was an old attorney of Republic.

Albert Pike, now of Toledo, a 'foreign Hebrew, studied law at Tiffin; was
admitted to the bar there, and moved to Toledo some years ago.
T. C. Tunison, a brilliant young lawyer of Tiffin, died there.
Porter H. Jayne, born in Pennsylvania in 1853; was admitted to the bar in
1878; is now in practice at Tiffin, and is a justice of the peace.

Robert McKelly, a native of Pennsylvania, settled in Ohio in 1834;^ was
admitted to the bar in 1842, and opened an office at Bucyrus. In 1845, he
was appointed register of the United States land office, at Upper Sandusky;
held local offices; in 1857, was elected Senator from the Thirty-first Ohio Dis-
trict, and was president of the Ohio & Indiana Railroad, before its consolida-
tion.

Peter A. Tyler, an old lawyer of McCutcheonville, moved to Upper San-
dusky in 1852. After serving a short time with the Fifteenth Ohio Volunteer
Infantry he returned to Upper Sandusk>\ and some years later was wounded
in a row, from the effects of which he died.

John B. Barnes, born in Mahoning County, Ohio, June 20, 1846, was ad-
mitted to the bar May 3, 1870, located at Fostoria in 1877, now residing in
Kansas.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 307

P. B. King, who was admitted to the bar in April, 1873, moved to Merced
County, Cal., and died there in 1880.

David H. Everett, a native of Franklin County, Ohio, born February 6,
1849, was admitted to the bar in October, 1871, settled at Fostoria in 1874,
now resides in Columbus. Ohio.

J. M. Belver, a native of Seneca County, born December 9, 1853, gradu-
ated from Otterbein Universitv, Ohio, and was admitted an attorney at law,
April 11, 1878.

Charles Guernsey, born January 31. 1858, in Wood County, Ohio, was
admitted to the bar July 11, 1879, and the same year settled at Fostoria.

John A. Bradner, born at Niagara Falls, N. Y. , August 13, 1833, settled
in Ohio in 1849, and at Fostoria in 1863, was admitted an attorney at law in
1879.

Miss Nettie Cronise was admitted to the bar in April, 1873, on recom-
mendation of a committee of the bar, composed of George E. Seney, N. L.
Brewer, R. G. Pennington, John McCauley and W. H. Gibson. Miss Cronise
was the first lady admitted to practice law in Ohio. She studied at Heidel-
berg College and graduated in 1873. She was married to N. B. Lutes, who
was admitted to the bar on the same day.

Miss Florence Cronise graduated from Heidelberg College in 1876, studied
law with "Warren P. Noble, was admitted an attorney at law and is now prac-
ticing at Tiffin.

Miss Edith Sams read law at Tiffin, was admitted to the bar, man-ied a
lawyer named Seiders. and is now a resident of Paulding. Ohio.

Perry M. Adams, born in Wood County, Ohio, December 2, 1850, studied
law in the office of Hon. W. P. Noble, was admitted to the bar April 13,
1876. elected prosecuting attorney in 1881 and 1884; is now a member of the
firm of Noble & Adams.

Upton F. Cramer, born in Seneca County, January 19, 1842, studied at
Heidelberg College, was admitted an attorney at law in 1867, and elected
probate judge for three terms.

Charles H. Cramer, born in Seneca County, was admitted to the bar in
June, 1875; is now in Sandusky City.

Lafayette L. Lang, a native of Tiffin, son of William Lang, read law in
Judge Lang's office and was admitted an attorney at law in 1877; is now clerk
of the Ohio penitentiary.

John B. Schwartz, born in Texas, November 1. 1854, was admitted to the
bar in 1879, at Tiffin, Ohio.

W. L. Kershaw, born in New York City in 1856, was admitted an attorney
at law July 20, 1879; is now at Bellefontaine. Ohio.

H. J. Weller, a native of Seneca County, born January 21, 1856, was ad-
mitted to the bar June 2. 1880, at Columbus.

Frank Baker was admitted to the bar at Tiffin, practiced some time here,
moved to Chicago some years ago. where he has now a lucrative practice.

Gerald E. Sullivan, a native of Tiffin, born June 20. 1856, was admitted
an attorney at law December 12, 1878; now editing a newspaper in Iowa.

James F. Leahy, a native of County Kerry, Ireland, born May 14, 1855,
was admitted to practice, at Tiffin, December 30. 1879.

J. C. Rover, mayor of Tiffin, a native of Thompson Township, born in
1856; graduated from Heidelberg College in 1879, was admitted to the bar in
1881.

Walter S. Cramer, now attorney at law and insurance agent, was admitted
to the bar at Columbus.

308 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

John C. Eickenbaugh, partner of Mayor Eoyer, is a native of this county.

Ira E. Strong, a la-sv-yer and real estate dealer, studied law at Tiffin.

Warren F. Noble, son of Warren P. Noble, studied law in his father's
office; he was educated in the State university and admitted to the bar, at
Columbus.

Lester Sutton, Attica, born in 1836, in Steuben County, N. Y., was ad-
mitted to the bar in 18G7.

John P. Cornell went to Cincinnati; studied under Abel Rawson; died at
Cincinnati.

Alexander Brown, a native of Perry County, Ohio, born in 1832, was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1804, and settled at Fostoria in 1872.

James R. Wilson, born in Greene County, Penn. , May 19, 1825, settled
with his parents in Bloom Township, in April, 1834; he was admitted an
attorney at law in 1 866.

John W. Schaufelberger, born at Fostoria, January 29, 1853, studied at
Heidelberg College; continued law readings in Judge Seney's office, and was
admitted to the bar in 1877; is now partner of Judge Seney.

Rush Abbott, born in Seneca County, was admitted to the bar April 12,
1877.

Guilford B. Keppell, born in Seneca County, May 8, 1845, graduated from
Heidelberg College in 1869, admitted an attorney at law in 1871, and was
elected prosecutor in 1879.

H. C. Keppell, born in Seneca County, March 20, 1847, studied at Heidel-
berg College, and was admitted to the bar in 1872.

Jacob F. Bunn, born in Seneca County, June 6, 1847, graduated from
Heidelberg College in 1870, was admitted to the bar in 1871 and elected pro-
bate judge in 1878 (see Political chapter).

Jacob K. Hottal, born in Seneca County, October 8, 1846, was admitted to
the bar in 1871, and two years later becameeditor of the Tiffin Star; is now in
Georgia.

William M. Johnson was elected and re-elected probate judge some seven
years ago.

Frank Dildine. born at Tiffin, October 15, 1849, graduated from Heidel-
berg College in 1869, and was admitted to the bar in 1872; is now in Indiana.

John K. Rohn, now a lawyer of Tiffin, is a native of Clinton Township.

Leander Stem (see Military History).

Robert B. Hurd was a lawyer of Findlay in 1860.

Chester Church was a lawyer of Findlay in 1860.

William C. Hedges, son of Josiah Hedges, was admitted to the bar, but
did not practice much in the courts.

James M. Patterson read law in W. P. Nobles' office; was admitted to the
bar, and subsequently practiced in Missouri.

Thomas Burnside was admitted to the bar here, went to Missouri, where
he died near Appleton.

Orlo D. Skinner read law under Judge Seney, attended the Cincinnati Law
School, where he contracted a fever, fi-om which he died.

James H. Piatt, city solicitor, born in Columbiana County, Ohio, in 1854,
graduated fi-om Heidelberg College in 1875; was admitted to practice in 1881;
in 1883 and 1885 was elected city solicitor.

R. B. Reed read law in Judge Seney's office, and was admitted to the bar at
Columbus; is not now a resident of the county.

David W. Speilman read law at Tiffin, and studied at Cincinnati; is not
now a resident of the county.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 309

John W. Leahy read law under Judge McCanley; admitted to the bar at
Cohambus ; is now engaged in practice with his brother, James F. , in Tiffin.

Charles W. Repp was admitted to the bar, and practiced in this county.

Darius D. Hare, mayor of Upper Sandusky, was born in Seneca County in
1848; he Avas admitted to the bar in 1867.

Frank Hess read law under P. H. Jayne, was admitted to the bar in 1883,
and is now a citizen of Kansas.

John L. Lott, admitted to the bar at Columbus in 1884, is a native of
Liberty Township.

Augustus Skransewf ky is practicing law at Tiffin and engaged in real estate.

Milton Piatt read law in Tiffin, was admitted to the bar at Columbus, and
is now in practice at Findlay.

J. H. Dean read law under James Pillars, and is now a member of the
Kansas State bar.

C. A. Dimn, now of the State of Kansas, studied law at Tiffin, was
admitted to the bar here, and engaged in practice for some time previous to
going to Kansas.

Jasper Pillars, son of Judge Pillars, of Tiffin, studied law in his father's
office, and is now a practicing attorney at Bowling Green, Ohio.

William H. Dove, a native of Tiffiii, born April 6, 1862, studied law under
Warren P. Noble, was admitted to the bar in 1884, and is now practicing at
Tiffin.

John F. Sohn. now a lawyer of Tiffin, is a native of this city.

J. D. Finch, of Green Spring, is in partnership with Thomas P. Dewey.

A. J. Stackhouse, born in Columbiana County, Penn., in 1850. graduated
in 1881; read law under N. L. Brewer, was admitted to the bar at Columbus
in 1 883, and is now in practice at Fostoria.

C. S. Burton is one of the north country lawyers, having an established
law and collection office at Green Spring.

Charles G. Barnd, a native of Licking County, Ohio, came to Fostoria
from Findlay in 1881, but is not now in practice.

]\Ii-. Corbett. son of one of the old settlers of Eden Township, is studying
law in Judge Seney" s office. Other aspirants for legal honors are also to be
found scattered throughout the various law offices of the county.

Thomas P. Dewey, of Finch & Dewey, Green Sj^ring, is one of the popu-
lar lawyers of the town.

John Gwynn was a lawer of Tiffin in 1862, and continued in practice
there until his death in November, 1884.

George Gassman, born in Liberty Township. August 24, 1837, was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1867. Prof. Gassman has traveled extensively on this
continent and throughout Em-ope, and is a master of several languages. He
conducts a classical school at Tiffi.n.

Associate Judges. — Jacques Hulburt, one of the pioneers of old Fort Sen-
eca, pm-chased the fort lands in company with Shepard Patrick. He taught
the first grammar school in the county, purchased the Fort Stevenson Reserva-
tion, and, moving thither, opened a store at Fremont. He was elected asso-
ciate judge of Seneca County in 1824, served Sandusky County in the Legisla-
ture, and died December 25, 1836.

Matthew Clark, elected associate judge in 1824. was an old settler of Eden
Township. Notwithstanding his high position, one Hamilton McCollister, a
justice of the peace of Eden, had him arrested and tried for Sabbath breaking,
and had him fined November 13, 1827. This led to the cause celebre of that
time, Clark vs. McCollister for false imprisonment; Dickenson & Rawson for

310 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

plaintiff, David Higgins for defendant. The jury assessed damages at $21.50,
but McCollister appealed the case, the jury disagreed, and McCollister
brought the subject before the supreme court, where it was discontinued.

William Cornell, one of the pioneers of the county, was elected associate
judge in 1824.

Agreen Ingraham, the first sheriff, was subsequently elected treasurer, and
filled a large space in the pioneer official life of the county. He was elected
associate judge in 1831.

Selden Graves, who was elected associate judge in 1831, was a pioneer
physician, a man, in word and deed, of the old, old school. He settled in Eden
Township, March G, 1822. He served fi'om 1831 to the close of his term on
the bench, and, like the other associate judges, despised the members of the
old circuit.

Benjamin Pittinger, born in Frederick County, Md. , in 1798, came to Tif-
fin in September, 1825, with his brother John, and opened a store there, which
they carried on until 1834. In 1832 they established the Perry Street tannery.
Benjamin Pittinger was elected associate judge in 1831 on the Whig ticket,
and served on the bench with Judge Higgins for many years. In 1860 he
moved to his farm in Eden Township.

Henry Colgate Brish, elected associate judge in 1838, was a native of Fred-
erick County, Md., born in 1799, died near Tiffin, in February, 1866. In 1809
he was clerk in the recorder's office of that county, and remained until 1824,
when he married Mrs. Eleanor S. Carey. In July, 1828, they came to Seneca
County, making the trip in a small covered phaeton, and arriving July 6, that
year. Mrs. Brish, noticed among the pioneers, died recently. Gen. Brish
succeeded Montgomery as agent for the Senecas.

Andi'ew Liigenbeel, born in Maryland, in 1806, moved to Seneca County in
1832, was elected associate judge in 1838, and re-elected in 1845. He died
December 10, 1863, thirteen years after his judicial term ended.

Lowell Robinson settled in Bloom Township, Section 8, in 1823, was elected
associate judge in 1838, and had the unenviable notoriety of having to vacate
the bench to answer a charge of "assault and battery," made by his wife.
Some years after this scandal he moved to California, and died there.

William Toll, reference to whom is made in the Organic and Political chap-
ters, was one of the pioneers of Tiffin. At the beginning of his public career in
the county he was deputy sheriff, and had something to do in the care of feeding
prisoners. He was elected coroner in 1830, and associate judge in 1845.

Heniy Ebbei^t was one of the hatters of Tiffin in early days, and always one
of the city's working politicians. He was elected associate judge in 1845, and
was one of the leaders of the American or Know-nothing party of this county
in 1852-55. His antipathy to foreigners was all political, for when Mrs. Hoft'-
man died of cholera, in 1834, her child, Charlotte, was adopted by the Ebberts,
the same who married Mr. Lee, of Toledo, in recent years.

Thomas Lloyd was elected associate judge to fill vacancy, and served until
the ' 'abolition' ' of the ' 'side judges. ' '

STATE BAR ASSOCIATION.

Following are the names of the officers of the State Bar Association, elected
at the meeting in Columbus, in 1885:

President — A. W. Jones, of Youngstown.

Vice-Presidents — First district, Aaron F. Perry; Second, James M. Smith;
Third, T. J. Godfrey; Fourth, S. E. Williamson; Fifth, F. F. Bingham;
Sixth, Charles F. Follett: Seventh, Wells A. Hutchins; Eighth, D. A. Hol-
lingsworth; Ninth, M. Stuart; Tenth, John McCauley,

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 311

Executive Committee— John W. Herron, R. D. Marshall, Henry Newbe-
gin, John Doyle, P. C. Smith, C. H. McElroy, C. H. Grosvenor, A. W. Train,
Rush Taggart and E. B. Finley.

On Admission — W. A. Davidson, T. J. Pringle, C. A. Layton, A. T.
Brewer, C. A. White, J. C. Devin, A. W. Vorhes, R. G. Richards, R. W. Tay-
lor and H. C. Carhart.

Judicial Administration and Legal Reform — Lawrence Maxwell, H.
Elliott, Isaiah Pillars, E. P. Greene, T. A. Minshall, A. K. Dunn, O. F.
Moore, M. M. Granger, W. A. Lynch and H. T. Van Fleet.

Legal Education — Judson Harmon, M. B. Earnhart, John E. Richie, R.
P. Ranney, James E. "Wright, V. R, Mclntre, W. B. Loomis, H. T. Stock-
well, G. F. Arrell and R. W. Johnson.

Grievances — John J. Glidden, W. M. Rockell, J. L'H. Long, L. Russell,
George Lincoln and D. Dielam.

Legal Biography — M. F. Force, E. H. Munger, S. N. Owen, J. E. Inger-
8ol, W. H. Safford, J. W. Bannon, I. H. Miller and S. R. Harris.

Thomas Corwin, so prominent in the legal circles of Ohio, was at Fort
Seneca in July, 1813, freighting over the Delaware Army Road to this point
supplies for the army. From this occupation he derives the name of ' 'Tom, the
Wagon Boy."

A few names of lawyers, omitted in this chapter, find mention in the pio-
neer section of the township histories, and many of the lawyers now residing in
the county are fully treated on in the chapters devoted to personal history
and reminiscences.

CHAPTER VIL

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY.

SO early as 1822, while yet the county was only tenanted by a few himdred
white people, the first physician arrived. The succeeding year more adven-
turous spirits pushed further westward, and thenceforward physicians came
here to reside or visit. In 1852 the medical profession was so numerously and
ably represented in the county, it was deemed desirable to organize a society.
This was accomplished the same year, when a number of physicians assembled
in the oiSce of Dr. Dresbach, adopted a constitution, and elected Dr. J. A.
McFarland president, with Dr. George Sprague secretary. There is no record
extant of the proceedings of this society. Of its members, however, the news-
paper press has kept a record, and from those old records much, if not all, re-
lating to them in the following pages, has been obtained. To the courtesy of
Dr. Gibbon, secretary of the present society, the writer is indebted for being
enabled to give the names of the physicians of the county in our own times.
Dr. Stephenson, of Hiiron County, was the visiting physician in 1819-20. Dr.
Brainard, of Sandusky, practiced medicine from that point to Tymochtee, and
attended the Seneca Indians previous to 1821.

Selden Graves, the first resident physician of Seneca County, settled in
Eden Township, March 6, 1822. In 1831 he was elected associate judge. Ely
Dresbach, born in Northumberland County, Penn. , in 1802, settled with his
parents, David and Catherine Dresbach, in Pickaway County, Ohio, and came

312 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

to Fort Ball February 23, 1823, having previously studied medicine at Circle-
ville. under Dr. Luckey. For over thirty years he labored in Seneca County,
and died at Tiffin April 14, 1853 (vide History of Tiffin).

Heniy Kuhn, born in Frederick (3ounty, Md. , in 1802. graduated from the
medical school of the University of Maryland in 1825. In 1829 he came with
his familv to Tiffin, and was among the men who cleared the fore.st on Market
Street, between Washington and Monroe Streets, that year. His office was on
East Market Street, and in recent years stood in rear of the new jail. Miss
Catherine Baltzell, of Woodsboro. *Md. . to whom he was married in 1826. died
at Tiffin in 1843. His second wife. Miss Maria Pennington, of Tiffin, sui'^dved
her husband, who died October 16, 1878.

Kobert C. J. Carey, a native of Maryland, born in November, 1800, settled
at Fort Ball in 1823, and was a partner of Dr. Dresbach. His death took
place November 9, 1 836, when he was buried in the old cemetery.

James Fisher, the founder of Elizabethtown, was born in Frederick County,
Md.. January 1, 1801, settled at Tiffin in 1832. In July, 1829. he man-ied
Elizabeth M. , daughter of Dr. Thomas Boyer, and was accompanied by his
father-in-law to Tiffin in 1832. Mis. Fisher died September 19, 1878. ' Dr.
Fisher was appointed postmaster at Tiffin shortly after his settlement here,
many years prior to his departure for Springfield, Mo.

Thomas Boyer, of Uniontown, Md. . whose daughters were married, Eliz-
abeth to Dr. James Fisher, and Mary M. to Lloyd Morris, in July, 1829, set-
tled at Tiffin in 1832, and died here'in 1835. Mrs. Boyer died in 1847.

J. A. McFarland, the first president of the old Seneca County Medical So-
ciety, settled at Tiffin in 1837; died June 1, 1883. He was delegate to the
great convention of physicians, held at San Francisco, Cal., in 18(1, and one
of the most estimable citizens of the county.

E. J. McCollum, born in Richland County, Ohio, in June, 1825, graduated
from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in March. 1853, and settled at
Tiffin about same time. He was at McCutchenville in 1849.

J. N. Heckerman, born at Chambersburg. Penn.. November 22, 1825, com-
pleted his medical course at the Columbian School of Medicine, Washington,
D. C, in 1846, and came to Tiffin in 1849.

E. W. Sullivan, born at Tiffin, March 22, 1856, graduated from the
Wooster Medical College in 18(8.

Dr. C. L. Jones, the pioneer physician of Attica, is still in practice.

H. B. Gibbon, born at Big Prairie, Wayne County, Ohio, March 12, 1852,
graduated fi-om the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Siu-geiy in June, 1877,
and located at Tiffin in 1880. He practiced for a short time at Kansas and
Bettsville, in this county.

J. B. Bland, born in Muskingum County, Ohio, July 22, 1840, is a grad-
uate of Starling (Columbus) Medical College. In 1869 he entered on the prac-
tice of medicine at Benton. Crawford County, Ohio.

L. E. Robinson, a graduate of Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1873,
located at Republic in 1876.

Benjamin S. Stover, born at Brooklyn, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, June 13, 1856,
a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, located at Republic in 1878.

H. B. Martin, born at Chillicothe, Ohio, November 15, 1823, graduated
from Charitv Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1850; came from Melmore to Tiffin
about 1866-67; died March 1, 1884.

F. W. Schwan, born at Lancaster, Penn., March 3, 1843, is a graduate of
Rush Medical College. Chicago, of the class of 1867.

W. H. Paul, born in Richland County, Ohio, April 14, 1848, graduated

^4ih:,. '~"^'

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 315

from the Miami Medical Coll_ege, Ohio, in 1872, and opened his office at Adi-ian,
Big Spring Township, in 18 /6.

Miss Julia Rumsey, a female physician of Tiffin, was lost in the wreck of
the Pewabie.

Ariel B. Hovey, born in Orleans County, Vt. , February 9, 1829, entered
Oberlin College in 1843, where he studied until 1849 and also read medicine in
Dr. Johnsons office there. In 1850 he continued his medical studies under
Prof. Ackley, of Cleveland, graduated in March, 1852, and the same year
settled at Tiffin. His death occru-red October 2, 1884.

Maurice Leahy, born in Kerry County, Ireland, March 14, 1853, graduated
from AVooster University, in February, 1878, and entered on the practice of
his profession at Tiffin, in July, that year; he studied under Dr. McCollum.
John D. O'Connor was born at Woodsfield, Ohio, September 24, 1822;
studied medicine under Dr. Dillon; graduated fiom Miami Medical College in
1858: was elected senator in 1801, re-elected in 1863; settled at Tiffin in 1866,
and died while attending an adjourned session of the constitutional convention,
at Cincinnati, February 21, 1874. In 1845 he was married to Miss Euth C.
NeflF, of Clarington, Ohio.

C. A. Henry, born in Wood County, Ohio, January 5, 1844, located at Fos-
toria in 1871, as a partner of Dr. A. S. Williams.

Park L. Myers, born at Fostoria, May 28, 1860, graduated fi'oto the Ohio
Medical College of Cincinnati in 1879, and began the practice of medicine in
Fostoria in 1880.

F. J. Schaufelberger graduated fi^om the Jefferson Medical College of
Philadelphia in 1884, and commenced practice in Fostoria same year. From
1873 to 1882 he was engaged in the di-ug trade here.

John H. Norris has practiced medicine at Fostoria since 1881. Previous
to this time he was a physician of Wood County.

Amos S. Williams has practiced at Fostoria since 1867.
John H. Williams, a graduate of Wooster, commenced practice at Fostoria
in 1877.

Dr. William C. Cole moved to Republic in 1841, thence to Tiffin.
Dr. Pennington, who died January 23, 1862, studied medicine at Tiffin,
under Dr. Kuhn. He practiced some years at Delphos, Allen Co. , Ohio.

Dr. Williams, born January, 1812, in Genessee County, N. Y., settled at
Reedtown in 1835, as a physician; died about three years ago.

Dr. Henrv Wertz was a physician in Hopewell Township in 1852.
Dr Minard Obermiller, an old resident of Tiffin, died at Toledo, Sep-
tember 28, 1884.

Dr. I. T. Gilbert, who died at Bryan, Ohio, in recent tames, was one of
the early physicians of Reed Township.

Dr. 'Robert R. McMeens, born in Pennsylvania, February 26, 1820, set-
tled at Tiffin in 1841, married Miss Ann C. Pettinger, in 1843; moved to
Sandusky in 1846; died at Perryville, Ky., October 30, 1862.

Dr. W. H. Heckerman, who graduated fi'om Heidelberg College m 1878,
studied medicine and practiced in this county; he died in January, 1885.

Dr. George W. Beigh, who was engaged in practice at Plymouth, Md., died
April 14, 1882, and his remains were brought to Republic for interment.

Dr. A. S. Uberroth, of New Riegel, met his death at Stoner Wood, on the
Indianapolis. Bloomington & Western Railroad, February 16, 1883. On the
evening of Februaiy 16 he sent a dispatch to his wife stating that he would be
at Berwick on the night express, and requesting her to send his hired man to
meet him. The hired man was at the depot at Berwick, and as Mr. Uberroth

316 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

did not arrive lie made inquiry of the conductor, who informed him that a man
answering the description of the Doctor was put off the train just south of Tiffin
because he refused to pay his fare, and claimed that he bought a ticket and lost
it. The hired man returned to New Riegel, and Mrs. Uberroth immediately
sent friends in search of her husband. They followed the railroad track from
Berwick toward Tiffin, and found the body at the place above stated.

Dr. Usher Parsons joined Gen. Harrison' s army at Camp Seneca, and sub-
sequently was with Perry on the lakes. In later years he made his home at
Cincinnati.

Dr. A. H. Christy died September 19, 1884.

Dr. J. F. E. Fanning, a son of one of the pioneers of the county, born in
Tiffin in 1844, is president of the Medical Association of Seneca County.

Dr. John Montgomery died at Adrian, January 29, 1885, aged sixty-three
years. He was for many years a resident of that part of the county.

Dr. Joseph Boehler located at Tiffin prior to 1845.

Dr. G. W. Sampson was one of the witnesses to the treaty of McCutcheon-
ville, January 19, 1832, and was an old physician of the district.

Dr. John Kerr, a Thompsonian practitioner, resided at Rome in 1847.

Dr. E. B. Hubbard, born at Chester, Mass., December 28, 1840, came to
Tiffin in January, 1874, and, with Dr. Hershiser, established the Hubbard Drug
Store, southwest corner of Market and Washington Streets. He never prac-
ticed in this county.

Dr. Hudson, who practiced in specialties in his day, died in 1869.

Dr. Simon Bricker, one of the pioneer physicians of the western part of
Seneca County, and an old resident of Fostoria, died in 1856. His was the
first burial in the Fostoria City Cemetery.

Dr. T. S. Lang located at Springville in May, 1836.

Dr. Isaac Young, a resident of this county for a number of years, was sent
to the Seneca County Infirmary in August, 1885. He was at one time quite a
prominent citizen. He was freight and express agent on the Indianapolis,
Bloomington & Western Railroad at Berwick in the "sixties," and was also a
very successful physician. He moved from Berwick to Melmore, and thence
to Fostoria. His appetite for strong drink was his worst enemy, and it seemed
impossible for him to overcome the habit. AVhile at Fostoria he, for a long
period, abstained from drink, and did a good business at his profession.

Dr. F. Jaeck died April 16, 1856, aged thirty-nine years.

Dr. A. Metz, of Fostoria, was a practicing physician and druggist there
prior to 1849.

Dr. Asa Brayton, born in Wyandot County in 1831, studied under Dr.
Metz, of Fostoria, in 1849, and entered on practice at McCutcheonville.

Dr. E. W. Dubois, son-in-law of Mrs. Ditto, died July 2, 1873.

Dr. A. A. Freyman, born August 16, 1833, died October 6, 1874.

Dr. F. W. Entriken, of Findlay, also practiced in Seneca County before
the war.

Dr. J. Snyder was proprietor of the Tiffin Eye Infirmary (Houck' s Block)
in April, 1860.

Dr. J. R. Buckingham is an old resident physician, having practiced at
Attica for years prior to 1864, when he moved to Bloomville, retui-ning in 1872.

Dr. H. G. Blaine, a member of the faculty of the Toledo Medical College;
a member of the Northwestern Ohio Medical Association, and of the Board
of Censors of the Indiana Medical College, was a member of the North-
western Ohio Eclectic Medical Association, and came to Attica in 1861.

W^illiam J. Culver, noticed among the pioneers of Scipio, was the first

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 317

physician at Eepublic. Drs. H. K. Spooner, J. A. Maguire. J. Roop and Dr
Storer have been for years identified with the profession in this division of the
county.

Henry Kegg Hershiser, born in Bedford County, Penn. , in 1831, graduated
from Cohimbus Medical College. Was in professional capacity during the
war, and siibsequently engaged in the drug business for nine years, then re-
sumed practice of medicine.

Charles Sandmeister, born in Germany in 1831, came to Thompson Town-
ship in 1853, where he commenced the practice of his profession. He gradu-
ated from the Eclectic Medical Institute, Cincinnati, in 1864.

Dr. S. D. Jones opened an office at Attica in 1847.

Dr. Stephen Fowler, the pioneer physician of the territory, now known as
Wyandot County, also practiced throughout Seneca County. He came to the
Sandusky Plains in 1827, and died at Upper Sandusky December 26, 1847.

Dr. M. H. Mills, now a resident of Attica, has practiced in the county for
about nine years.

Dr. Pagin was a visiting hydropathic doctor in 1860-61.

Dr. Gibson, of Bloom Township, was commissioned surgeon of the Seneca
County militia in 1835.

Dr. Spicer was a pioneer physician as well as a pioneer preacher. His
medical and religious methods were particularly peculiar, and sometimes led
to trouble in the locality in which he resided.

Dr. A. W. Knight settled at Attica in the spring of 1884.

Dr. Seymour came to Attica Station in July or August, 1885.

Dr. George Rubard is a native of Thompson Township, born in 1847;
graduated from Cincinnati Eclectic College in 1871, and commenced practice
at Flat Rock.

Other physicians, past and present, referred to in the history of the town-
ships, are named as follows:

Drs. D. Peters and G. H. Scoles, Springville (in 1847); George Sprague and
Hon. J. A. Norton, Tiffin; S. T. Finch and Thomas Cochran, Green Spring ; Alonzo
Lockwood, Simon Bricker and George Patterson, Rome; A. Metz, R. C. Caples
and Marcus Dana, Risdon; Robert P. Frazer, Reed; Bellville and Peter J.
Smyth, Bloom; F. M. Bell, Fort Seneca; Daniel M. Bate, Melmore; I. Breid-
inger, W. G. and G. P. Williard, Tiffin; Pierce, William L. Hamilton, F. S.
Kendall, J. S. Sparks and John Ball, Republic; Joseph Myers and Henry L.
Harris, Thompson; William Crawford, Tiffin; Charles Beilhartz, dentist
(1842), J. R. Huss and Wells, Tiffin; Barber and J. C. Myers, Venice (the former
gone to Iowa; the latter died January 18, 1884); F. H. Lang, Tiffin; A. M.
Magers, Alvada; H. C. Wells and Leon McCollum, Tiffin; J. W. Hoy, Bloom-
ville; M. Nighswander and Chancellor Martin, Fort Seneca; F. M. White,
New Riegel; H. Ladd, J. W. Holmes and Steele, Melmore; A. M. Martin,
Bloomville; Marshall Brothers, C. R. Walker, Skeggs, L. H. Sprague, I. W.
Moliere, F. W. Entrikin, A. R. McKellar, David P. Campbell, L. E. Robin-
son, J. L. Brown, and Thomas Cochran, Green Spring; W. P. Buckingham,
Bettsville; C. L. Jones, A. Force, C. A. Force, Attica; D. E. Bowman, Kan-
sas; Watson, I. H. Noiris, Myers, W. M. Cake, John Bricker and P. E. Bal-
lou, Fostoria; Charles T. Benner, Homer J. Bricker, S. W. Bricker, A. M.
Campbell, Levi Corfman, Fred Scheil and Henry C. Wells, T. J. West and
T. E. Wells, Tiffin; C. A. Henry, L. G. Williams, Fostoria; A. D. Orwig,
Reed; M. H. Mills, D. J. Deck, Venice; R. M. Sproul, Adams; W. H. Focht,
Big Spring; T. J. Foster, Bloom; O. B. Whittecar, C. M. Comer, Hopewell.

The physicians of this county, who served as army surgeons or assistant
surgeons during the war of the Rebellion are named as follows:

318 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

Drs. Leopold Zander, Eobert \\. Thrift, W. H. Park, H. B. Lung, S. A.
Smith, S. H. Spencer, J. Kling, Joseph Hebble, Henry K. Spooner, J. L.
Morris, James C. Myers, Thomas M. Cook, George S. Tingling, Walter Cas-
well, Henry F. Lacey, H. H. Kussell. O. Ferris, W. B. Hyatt, J. H. Will-
iams, N. B.' Brisbani, *R. R. McMeens, George Weeks and Gibson, of Bloom,
(latter siu'geon of Seneca Militia, during Toledo war).

The practicing physicians on the southern borders of the county, residents
of Wyandot County, previous to 1845, were:

Joseph Mason and David Watson, of Crane ; Noah Wilson, of Ridge ; David
Adams, of Richland; William Cope, of Jackson; Westbrook (1835), Hall, Chis-
ney and Ferris, of Marseilles; Clark and Foster, of Crawford; Bingham, Free,
Letson, Ranger, G. W. Sampson (1828) and Dunn, of Tymochtee; A. W. Mun-
son, of Antrim; J. H. Drumm, of Pitt, and Stephen Fowler (182 <) and J. B.
McGill. of the same township ; McConnell, of Fpper Sandusky. Dr. Fowler
was well known to the first settlers of Seneca, while Dr. Sampson settled in this
county before taking up his residence south of the county line. Dr. E. J. Mc-
Collum settled at McCutcheonville in 1849, and practiced there for two years.

MEDICAL ASSOCIATIONS.

Fosforia Medical Society. — The Fostoria Medical Society was organized
April 18, 1876, with J. W. Bricker, F. J. Bricker (removed),' R. W. Hale, R.
C. Caples, G. L. Hoege, W. M. Cake (in Michigan). A. S. Williams, C. A. Hemy,
L. Williams, A. J. Longfellow, G. N. Lewis (Michigan), A. G. Owen, E. D.
Powers (di-uggist. removed), and A. E. Watson. Shortly after the organization
of the County Medical Society, the senior members of the profession at Fostoria
joined the new association.

Seneca County Medical Society. — September 13, 1878, a number of physi-
cians met at Dr. McFarland"s otfice at Tiffin, and issued an invitation to the
physicians of the county to meet on September 25th for the purpose of organiz-
ing a society. On the day named there were present: Drs. J. A. McFarland,
A. B. Hovey, E. J. McCollum, J. F. E. Fanning, G. P. Williard, B. F. Hittle,
Maurice Lekhy, E. W. Sullivan, A. L. Waugaman, H. B. Martin, Simon Bricker,
J. W. Heckerinan, J. T. Livers, of Tiffin; T. J. West, of Melmore; Barber, of
Attica; Nighswander, of Fort Seneca; A. S. Martin, of Bettsville; Whittaker,
of Bascom; G. L. Hoege, of Fostoria; W. H. Paid, of Adi-ian; A. S. Uberoth,
of New Riegel, and H. B. Gibbon, of Kansas (now of Tiffin). A resolution to
organize a medical society was caiTied, when A. B. Hovey was elected president,
J. A. McFarland, vice-president. A. L. Waugaman. secretary, andH. K. Spooner,
treasurer. Drs. Martin, of Bettsville. Nighswander, of Fort Seneca, and Wau-
gaman presented a form of constitution, which was adopted.

J. B. Bland, of Benton; Henderson, of Green Sjjring, and Patterson, of
McCutcheonville, were admitted to membership October 23, 1878. Dr. Benner
was a member prior to this date. February 26, 1879, F. W. Schwan, of Benton;
Wert, of Mexico; Ray R. Mitchell, Bellevue; Hoy. of Bloomville ; B. S. Stover,
of Republic ; W. R. Martin, of Melmore, and Chancellor Martin, of Fort
Seneca, were received as members. June 25, 1879, G. W. Sampson, of Mc-
Cutcheonville, L. G. Williams, R. W. Hale, A. S. Williams, R. C. Caples, A.
J. Longfellow, W. M. Cake, John Bricker and C. A. Heniy, of the Fostoria
Medical Association, were admitted to membership ; Dr. Martin, of Bloomville,
was admitted Januaiy 28, 1880, and L. E. Robinson April 28, that year. Drs.
Wenner, Foucht, Keller, McKellar, J. P. Kinnaman, J. S. Tingling and W.
H. Hershiser have been admitted since 1880.

Dr. Waugaman w^as elected delegate to the American Microscopic Associa
tion convention at Buffalo, which was held August, 1879.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 319

May 28, 1879, Drs. Williard, Bland and Fanning were elected delegates to
the Ohio State Medical Society, to be held June 3, 1879, with C. Martin,
Spooner and Hovey, alternates.

Dr. Norton received the thanks of the society May 28, 1879, for his efforts
in having the anatomy act passed by the Legislature.

In September, 1879, officers were elected as follows: J. A. McFarland, pres-
ident; A. S. Martin, vice-president; A. Wangaman, secretary; E. W. Sullivan,
assistant secretary; E. J. McCollum, treasiu-er.

In September, 1880, H. K. Spooner was elected president; E. W. Sullivan,
secretary; J. F. E. Fanning, treasurer; M. Leahy, assistant secretary. Those
officers held over until the close of 1882, owing to there being no election in
1881.

The election of September, 1882, resulted as follows: President, Dr. J. U.
Heckerman; vice-president, Dr. G. P. Williard; treasurer, Dr. H. B. Gibbon;
secretary, Dr. E. W. Sullivan. Executive committee: Drs. McFarland,
Hovey and McCollum. Finance Committee: Drs. Williard, Leahy and Ben-
ner. Medical ethics: Drs. Spooner, Gibbon and Fanning. Committee on
admissions: Drs. Hovey, Williard and Sullivan. In 1883 there were elected:
E. J. McCollum, president; J. F. E. Fanning, vice-president; E. W. Sullivan,
secretary; H. B. Gibbon, treasurer. On Dr. Sullivan's removal fi-om the
county his position as secretary devolved on Dr. H. B. Gibbon, the present
secretary of the society, and Dr. West was appointed treasurer.

The election of 1884 resulted in the choice of Dr. J. F. E. Fanning, presi-
dent; Dr. F. J. Livers, vice-president; Dr. H. B. Gibbon, secretary; Dr.
West, treasurer. Dr. Wenner, of Tiffin, was elected a member of the society
and Dr. Steel, of Melmore, was also admitted a member.

Norfhicestern Ohio Eclectic Medical Association. — This is not a local associa-
tion, but owing to its social connection with Tiffin, where many of its meetings
have been held, it claims a brief notice. The last meeting of the association
was held at Tiffin, October 16. 1884. when Dr. Breidinger, the president, de-
livered an addi-ess entitled ' ' Medical Truth. ' ' Dr. DeCrow, of Gallon, read
an essay on ' ' Laceration of the Perinseum, ' ' and Dr. Sandmeister, of Bellevue,
on "Pathology and Treatment of Typhoid." The officers elected were
Dr. H. DeCrow, of Gallon, president; J. A. Grove, of Mt. Blanchard, Ohio,
vice-president; H. Thomas, of Ada, Ohio, second vice-president; W. N.
Mundy, of Forest, Ohio, secretary; J. M. Crismore, of Helena, Ohio, corre-
sponding secretary; Charles Sandmeister, of Bellevue, Ohio, treasurer.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE PRESS OF SENECA COUNTY.

A GOOD newspaper is something which is above all price, when the quality
of its goodness springs from editorial principle rather than from mana-
gereal cupidity. The newsj)aper, when well conducted, is one of the evidences
of true advancement. It is to the people a great educator, and, when faithful
to its mission, forms an exponent of national ideas, a guard against treason
from within and treachery without. Half a centmy has glided into the past,
since the first newspaper was issued in this county. With the growth of the

320 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY,

cov

mty the press has kept pace, until now one daily newspaper, and several
weekly journals are supported directly by the people; while the daily press
of Toledo, Chicago and Cincinnati meets with a very liberal patronage. In the
following historical review, the writer confines himself to a brief notice of the
establishment and progress of the local newspapers, leaving the personal history
to be treated on by the wi'iters of the last part of this volume.

TIFFIN NEWSPAPERS.

The pioneer newspaper was the Seneca Patriot, printed August 4, 1832, by
J. H. Brown, and edited by Elisba Brown. The press used on this occasion
was taken beyond the Alleghenies to Washington, Penn. , about the year 1800,
by James Colerick; thence to several localities in Virginia and Ohio by J. P.
McArdle, who located his office at Mt. Vernon, Ohio, in 1816, and published
the Register. On the establishment of a printing office at Clinton, Ohio, this
itinerant press was present, next it appears at Norwalk, then at Sandusky City,
afterward at Tiffin, finally settling at Toledo. It appears that the Brown Broth-
ers purchased McArdle' s office at Norwalk, established an office at Sandusky,
and in 1832 moved to Tiffin with their printing outfit. The Browns made an ef-
fort to conciliate all political parties, but failed in this impracticable scheme, so
that November 17, 1832, the Patriot siu-rendered to the Jackson Party, the
Whigs and anti-Masons withdi-ew their support, the editor of the Patriot
retired to Cincinnati where he died, N. Y. Magill taking his place November
30, 1833. J. H. Brown remained a little while until the office passed into the
charge of Magill, who managed it until the spring of 1834, when Abel Kawson
purchased the printing business for his brother — Alonzo Rawson.

The Independent Chronicle and Seneca Advertiser, issued on the ruins
of the Patriot April 26, 1834, was printed by Alonzo Rawson and edited by
Abel Rawson. This journal was conducted on independent principles for a
short time, but for the greater part of its two years' existence it advocated
^Yhig principles, and brewed another storm which ended in its sale in Novem-
ber, "1835.

The Tiffin Gazette and Seneca Advertiser was projected by Josiah F. Reed,
November 25, 1835, and within a short time claimed Democratic support in San-
dusky County as well as in Seneca. It reached its nineteenth number April
16, 1836, and continued regular publication until the close of February, 1838,
when Luther A. Hall pui'chased the office and abolished all its Democratic
symbols, retaining the name Tiffin Gazette and Seneca Advertiser alone.

The Tiffin Gazette, an ultra -Whig newspaper, was established in February,
1838, by Luther A. Hall and Joseph Howard. Commercially it was the suc-
cessor of the Gazette and Advertiser, biit from a journalistic stand- point it
differed very widely from its parent. As Hall abolished all signs of Democracy
in the office, so Howard attacked the old title, dropping the name Seneca
Advertiser. April 7, 1838, Joseph Howard, who succeeded JMr. Reed as
editor of the Gazette, retired. S. A. Griswold, the new editor and proprietor,
took charge the same day. Under the new management it received a thorough
support.

The list of delinquent tax-payers for the year ending September 19, 1838,
occupied seven columns of the Tiffin Gazette. This occasioned a delay in
issuino- the paper, and brought forth a request fi-om the editor that the readers
of the'Gazette would not cry, because the paper had at length got a good adver-
tisement. The i:)aper continued to be regularly issued (except for four weeks in
September and October, 1839,) until September, 1842, when it ceased publica-
tion.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 321

The Van Bnrenite joiu-nal was established by Joshua Seney, Henry Cronise
and Gabriel J. Keen in 1840, as a campaign weekly journal. It was complete
in political satire, and lived its full length, dying in the fall of 1841. The salu-
tatory, written by Joshua Seney, is given as follows : ' ' We shall advocate with
a becoming zeal, and dignifiedly in manner, the great Democratic Republican
principles, as established and taught by Thomas Jefferson. That ours is a
government of specified and limited — not general — powers, and ought so to be
strictly observed, to attain the ends for which it was established, all must
admit. The few and venerable patriots, who, when our government dated its
existence, were upon the bright summit of glory, and have lived till this late
day, are willing to exclaim that our system of government has eminently
exceeded the most sanguine expectations of those who achieved the glorious
victory upon which it was established, and became an object, not only of
admiration, but of envy and emulation by the world. It is therefore our duty,
rendered imperious by the position we occupy as a nation, to preserve for its
character as pure and untarnished as the bright and illustrious spirit of liberty,
which dictated its existence among its framers, and still serves as a beacon
light to the benighted, and a home for the oppressed of mankind, the object
foi- which the blood of our forefathers and heroes— and labor of our ages —
have been bestowed to obtain. In regard to the present Federal administra-
tion, we unhesitatingly declare that we will wage against it and its measures
an unyielding opposition. AVe would banish from us all prejudice, cast oflf all
party predilection and admonish the American people to view the awful and
deplorable condition of our country, brought about by the short Federal pre-
domination of one year, and ask themselves if this is the ' change ' to which
they were invited. The Democracy who, in trying times, have been entreated
to rally and rescue our government, must appreciate the present as a crisis
equally important, and prepare to restore her fi-om the dominion of an unprin-
cipled and reckless political party, who are now plunging her into debt, dis-
grace and dishonor, regardless of consequences. We shall endeavor to
maintain a courteous but decided position in regard to the principles we intend
promulgating, and in discussion have a strict observance for the truth of what
shall appear in our paper. " * * * * * *

The Chasseurs' Own was issued on Thanksgiving day, 1861, by the First
Ohio Volunteer Chasseurs, at the front. The names of Seneca County soldiers
engaged in editing and printing this newspaper have not been given.^

The Sundatj Advertiser was issued in May and June, 1861. This was is-
sued fi'om the Advertiser office.

The Seneca Advertiser was first issued by John G. Breslin, May 6, 1842,
he having purchased the office of the Van Burenite. Its new press and new
type established the paper, which has been carried down to oui- own times with
commercial and political success. In 1854 Mr. Breslin received the nomina-
tion for State treasurer, leased the Advertiser to John Flaugher, who conducted
the paper until the close of 1855, when W. W. Armstrong took the position of
editor and publisher. In 1857 he was sole owner of the office, and published
the Advertiser regularly until the close of the winter of 1862-63, when he re-
tired fi-om newspaper work to attend to the duties of Secretary of State, he be
ing elected to that important office in 1862. He siibsequently, in April, 1865,
became owner of the Plain Dealer, which he sold for $70,000 in December,
1884. Early in 1863 J. M. Myers and Charles Beilharz leased the Advertiser.
In 1864 Mr. Myers became sole lessee and subsequently proprietor, conduct-
ing the Advertiser with marked ability up to 1884, when he sold to L. A. Brun-
ner & Co., of which company he is still a member. The paper is now edited

322 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

by L. A. Brunner, assisted by Kora F. Briggs. The management is in the
hands of John ^Y. Geiger. John M. Myers also devotes some attention to the
literary department.

S. A. Grisworld, editor of the Lancaster Gazette, in a letter to the writer,
dated May 18, 1885, says: "I can only state that the printing press referred
to was sold by me to Jacob Kosenburg, of Findlay, Ohio, in the sjiring of
1843. Eosenbnrg, with the material of the old Tiffiji Gazette, included in my
sale to him, started a Democratic paper at Findlay, which, according to my
recollection, lived only long enough to enjoy the county printing for a year or
two. Later I was informed that the press went to Toledo, at the end of Kos-
enburg' s ownership, and I have somehow got the impression that it has been
there preserved in some collection of antique relics. Of its antecedents I have
no exact information further than that its owner, immediately prior to that of
myself, was Joseph Howard, then a prominent attorney of Tiffin, who pur-
chased it of Messrs. Brown, father and son (Justin Brown was the name of
the son). The press was a wooden ' Eamage, ' of the very earliest pattern, and if
tradition told the truth about it, was one which had been owned and worked
by B. Franklin himself. The platen was but half the size of the bed, so that
it required two pulls of the ' devil's tail ' to print one side of a foui'-page
newspaper."

The Star was established May 5, 1869, and the first number issued that
day by Elmer White and L. L. Orwig as a joiunal "Independent on all sub-
jects, neutral on none," with the office in Gross' building. The press and
material were bought fi'om the Unsere Flagge. This was a re-organization of
the Tiffln Star, said to be issued for a short time in 1868, by Frank Rader and
Elmer White. The office of the Star was purchased in 1878 by Frank Dildine
and J. K. Huddle, and conducted by Mr. Huddle successfully, from 18^4 for-
ward. In December, 1874, the Tiffin Daily Star, a 3 cent evening paper, was
issued from this office. In 1875 this enterprise, this pioneer daily newspaper
of Tiffin, ceased to exist, owing to the very limited support offered by the
people.

The Seneca County Fair Bulletin, printed in the Advertiser office, was is-
sued in October, 1869. This was a yearly journal, devoted to advertisements
and Fair news.

The Whig Standard was issued at Tiffin, by George L. Wharton. Novem-
ber 19, 1845. This was a strict Whig journal, instituted to convert the
"Locofocos," who appeared to Mr. Wharton as the very embodiment of po-
litical heathenism. In 1848 the editor transferred the Standard to Abraham
Daubach, who sold the office to Capt. McKee, one year later. The Standard
battled with its Democratic opponent until 1855, when McKee gave his edito-
rial place to W. C. Gray. Wharton's salutatory contained several paragraphs,
one of which is as follows: "We shall enter om- protest against the Locofoco
party, and labor ardently for those principles bequeathed to us by the patriots
of the Revolution— the principles of the Whig party; ji party whose origin
was our country's Revolution, and whose fidelity and patriotism achieved oui-
independence. Upon this broad basis we shall stand, adhering firmly to lib-
erty, despising anarchy and despotism, with an eye single to the interests of
our country, feeling assm-ed that upon the integrity of the Whig party rests
our destiny as a nation. "

The Western Whig Standard was issued (the first number, March 3, 1849),
by George L. Wharton, who also published The Northu-estern Continent,
October 1, 1850.

The Tiffin Tribune, successor to the Whig-Standard, was established by

hcn^QJi, /fW/^

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 825

W. C. Gray in 1855, and conducted by him until May, 1857, when the office
was purchased by H. L. McKee, of The Home Coynj^anion, then published at
Findlay, Ohio. In 1861 John Bobbins bought the office, published the Trib-
une for four years, and sold it to Abraham Kagy in 1865. About the time
the echoes of the Rebellion were dying away the office was pui'chased by
Myers & Miller. O. T. Locke, C. N. Locke and W. G. Blymer piu-chased the
paper in November, 1868, from Myers & Miller, and issued the first number under
the new management, November 5, 1868. The Tribune is now the property of
Otis T. Locke, by whom it is edited, with H. E. Simon, assistant editor and
manager, and Fred L. Wenner, local editor and reporter. Russell L. Knapp,
foreman in this office for the past fifteen years, received the Republican nomi-
nation of representative in August, 1885.

The Seneca Adler was the first German newspaper published at Tiffin, the
first number being issued on April 5, 1848, with "William Lang, editor, and John
G. Breslin, publisher. The publication of the Adler was suggested by the
political necessities of 1848, and the recommendations of the Democratic cen-
tral committee, addi'essed by John G. Breslin, William Lang, Richard Will-
iams and Joel W. Wilson, to the German residents of the county. This has
been generally known as the pioneer German newspaper of this division of the
State; but the general knowledge must be somewhat astray, since a paper
printed in German was established twenty-three days previously. The Adler
was issued every week for six months, when its political mission ended.

The Northwestern Continent was issued by George L. Wharton, at Tiffin,
October 1, 1850. In November, 1850, the names of W. J. Forbes, Charles
Warner, A. F. Reed, W. M. McCracken, appear as printers.

The Evening Herald was established by W. H. Keppel, January 9, 1877,
and conducted by him up to November, 1880, when he sold the office to the Her-
ald Printing Company. Messrs. J. A. Norton and Henning. Dr. Norton was
the editor, with Mr. Henning, business manager, and Mi-. Burdette, local edi-
tor and solicitor. Mr. Burdette was subsequently local editor and manager.
August 6, 1877, the form of the Herald was changed, and the " New Issue "
form adopted. In August, 1885, Mr. Burdette resigned, and September 1,
Charles Parker assiuned charge of the local department of the daily Herald.
IVIr. Parker learned the printer's trade with the editor of the Neivs several
years ago at Port Clinton, Ohio. Dr. E. B. Hubbard is owner and editor.

T. H. Bobbins who published the Tribune in 1863, returned in June, 1865,
to establish an abolition paper to be called the Journal. The question of what
he was going to abolish was a secret.

The Unsere Flagge was founded by J. M. Zahm in October, 1854, as a Dem-
ocratic German paper. This continued publication until January, 1867, when
it ceased to appear. The office material was sold in 1 869 to the Star.

Die Tiffin Presse, a German Democratic joui-nal, carefully edited and well
printed, was first issued January 6, 1871, by George Homan, and it has been
published continuously since that time by George Homan & Son.

The Tiffin Gazette was founded in April, 1878, by Charles L. Zahm, as a
family journal. The publication of this paper was discontinued in 1879.

The Tiffin Neics was established by D. J. Stalter, in 1880, and the first
number issued April 3, that year. Mr. Stalter purchased the printing office of
the Tiffin Gazette, from C. L. Zahm, in 1880, introduced a new equipment,
and since that year has published a first class weekly newspaper. The editor
represented Seneca County in the last Legislature.

The Tiffin Monthly Trade Revieic was issued from the press of E. R. Good &
Bros, in July, 1879. It had a circulation of about 2,000 copies per month;
but was discontinued when the Heidelberg Journal was begun. ig

326 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

The Heidelberg Monthly Journal y^as fii*st issued. October 1, 1880, byE. K.
Good & Bro. at Tiffin. This joiu'nal is devoted solely to college matters and
literary contributions, and claims a bona fide monthly circulation of 500 copies.

The Tiffin Daily Courier, a morning paper, founded in 1884, was regulary
issued by ^Ir. Mann as editor, for some time, then passed into other hands, and
soon after ceased publication.

The Enterprise was established by the Enterjjrise Printing Company, in
1885.

The Rejjorter and Advertiser, issued dm-ing the annual fair of Seneca
County, is published by J. S. Yerk & Co. for fi'ee distribution. The issue
under notice, that of September, 1882, is good in its mechanical make up and
advertising pages.

FOSTOEIA XEWSPAPEKS.

The Fostoria Neicswas founded in February, 1860, by J. H. Foster, now of
Van "Wert, and conducted by him until 1866, when. August 13. that year, Julius
V. Jones and W. G. Blymer, piu'chased the office. "Within the following year
Mr. Jones purchased the entire interest. In August, 1866. the name was
changed to Fostoria Review. When, in February, 1860, the first volume of
the Fostoria Neivs appeared, its motto was ' ' Peace with all mankind, ' ' and its
principles "Neutrality in politics." February 22, 1861, the fij'st issue of
Volume II. the Neics announced itself in favor of that party which should stand
by the Union and the Constitution, and in 1866 adopted the principles of the
Republican party. Mr. Jones sold to E. W. Thomas, in 1868; he sold to Miss
L. Foster and Mr. Wilkerson, who in turn sold it to J. V. Jones. Mr. Jones
conducted the Review until 1876, when the office was purchased by O. J. and
J. P. De Wolfe, and carried on by them until 1883, when J. P. De Wolfe be-
came sole proprietor.

The Observer, an academical paper, was published for a short time at Fos-
toria. This journal gave place to the College Echo, in 1884, a paper now
published in the interest of the College of Music and of the Fostoria Acad-
emy.

The Fostoria Democrat was foimded July 19, 1875, by Meyer & Baird, in
which firm Frank Hays had one-third interest. The Democrcdrwiis continued un-
der the original management until May, 1876, when ]\Ir. Hays purchased James
B. Baird' s interest, and, with E. C. Meyer, conducted the paper rnitil July 22,
1880, when Frank Hays pru'chased the sole control. The Democrat is a five
cohimn quarto, well printed, ably edited, and is one of the leading Democratic
papers of northwestern Ohio. The office gives employment to fi'om foiu- to
seven hands. The circulation is about 1,100 copies weekly.

ATTICA NEWSPAPEKS.

The Attica Journal was first issued April 6, 1876, by C. W. Clough, who,
that year, came fi-om Mom-oeville, Ohio, bringing with him a full equipment
for a newspaper office. He sold the office to A. H. Baldsley (now of Findlay),
who sold the office to Dr. J. C. Meyers, who, in fact, owned the Journal up to
his death, January 18, 1884, C. W. DeBrant being editor and publisher for
the greater part of this time. Shortly after Dr. Meyer's death T. B. Walker
purchased the office, and conducted the Journal to January 1, 1885, when Dr.
H. G. Blaine became editor and proprietor. G. C. Lake, who has been con-
nected with the Journal for seven years past, is local editor, and superintends
the printing room.

The Medical Compend, pronounced by Rowell to be the cheapest medical
journal in the world, Avas issued at Attica in January. 1884, and regularly

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 327

every month since that time, by H. G. Blaine, M. D. It claims a monthly
circixlation ranging from 1,500 to 2,000 copies, always increasing. The Co)u-
pend is issued m magazine form.

The Noonday Sun, issued from, the Journal oQice, Attica, March 1, 1885,
is a monthly magazine, devoted principally to religions reading; is edited by
Kev. W. A. Keesy, of the United Brethren Church.

GREEN SPEING NEWSPAPEES.

The Green Sjyring Sentinel was issued May 1, 1874, at Green Spring, by
A. D. Ames. This was a weekly newspaper; independent in political matters.

The Gh'een Spring Times was established in 1876 by C. A. Seiders, after-
ward sold to W. J. Johnson, who sold it to D. S. Caldwell, and subsequently
repui'chased it. In 1881 the office was pui'chased by M. F. Van Buskirk, of
Manstield, Ohio. In February, 1884, a partnership was formed between M.
F. Van Buskirk and H. J. Ernsberger, the latter also of Manslield, under the
firm name of Van Buskirk & Co. The Times office changed hands in August,
1885, M. F. Van Buskirk selling his interest to D. B. Kowell.

The Midual Underuriter is edited and published in the Green Spring Times
office. It was established in Columbia, Penn. , in 1876, subsequently purchased
by J. E. Vernon, of Salem, and lastly by the present publishers. It is de-
voted to the interest of assessment insui-ance, and is the only paper of the kind
extant. It is the official paper of the cause in Ohio and neighboring States.
The New Academy was founded in 1884, edited by Rev. J. S. Axtell, and
printed by the publishers of the Times. It is devoted to the interests of modern
academic training.

BLOOMVILLE NEWSPAPEES.

The Bloomville Enterprise was founded July 4, 1874, by Robert Lockhart,
preacher, who transferred his interest in it to J. N. Lee, in October following.
IVIr. Lee sold the outfit to D. W. Fisher, in October, 1874.

The Bloomville Banner, founded January 1, 1875, as successor to the
Enterprise, by D. W. Fisher, was conducted by various parties for short terms
until W. S. Hammaker took the office and published the paper with some regu-
larity for about eight months, when he ceased publication.

The Seneca County Record was founded by O. M. Holcomb, in July, 1878,
who purchased the Banner office fi'om W. S. Hammaker.

The Bloomville Record was founded in July, 1878, and the first number
issued July 5, that year, by O. M. Holcomb, of Fayette, Ohio, who purchased the
old office. The Record is an eight column folio, has a circulation of 700 and
is independent in politics.

The Bloomville Daily Record was issued July 4, 1879, from the Record
office.

BETTSVILLE NEWSPAPEES.

The Optic was founded December 15, 1882, at Bettsville, by R. M.
Scott, who conducted the paper until July 1, 1883, when F. C. Miller, John
Miller, H. S. Raff and J. L. Hosier pui'chased the office.

The Bettsville Enterprise, successor to the Optic, was founded by the pur-
chasers of the last named office and the first number issued July 13, 1883, with
J. L. Hosier, editor. This paper has now a circulation of 600. It is a neat
four-page paper, well printed, newsy, and neutral in politics. In October,
1883, Mr. Hosier purchased the interests of his partners in the office.

OTHER PUBLICATIONS.

The first history of Seneca County was published about 1847, by Consul

328 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

W. Butterfield, of Melmore. The names of the supporters of this little book
are given in the history of the townships, where such supporters resided.

The second histoiy of the county, written by Judge William Lang, was
published in 1880, an excellent work showing much care in its compilation.

There has been a work written by a citizen of the county, which, more than
any other literaiy effort, has made the name of Seneca County familiar through-
out the whole country. The author is the son of one of the pioneer lawyers of Tifiin,
and is, himself, one of the ablest members of the present bar, and. indeed, one
of the most useful members of the United States Congress. The book is titled
Seney's Code, and the author is George E. Seney.

The educational papers by Prof. Aaron Schuyler, who in early days was
connected with the Seneca County Academy at Eepublic, have earned for him
a high reputation. Prof. Schuyler afterward filled the chair of mathematics at
the "Baldwin University, Berea, Ohio. P. H. Ryan has compiled a work of
the most complete character, which awaits publication. It embraces Algebra
and Mathematics.

CONCLUSION.

Many of the printers are gone to that land where there are no " devils. "
Their "ems" have been counted, and like all good typos, they have been rewarded
a hundi-ed-fold for then- labors. Many of the editors, too, have mingled with
their old fi-iends of the composing-room, and already met their brothers in the
happy hunting grounds, where there are no weekly quarrels, no criminations
or recriminations. The experiences of the journey thither have brought forth
this grand result, and looking down on their old confreres of the press, they
wonder why it is that civilization has not yet encircled them, or left imtaught
the lessons of peace and kind words. There are many of the old printers and
editors, fortunately, left. They are not without their faults; but such faults
are the excesses of their virtues', and incidental to the profession, if not part
and parcel of oiu- own times. In the pioneer chapter and in the chapters of
this work devoted to personal history and reminiscences, mention is made of a
large number of them, and to these the reader is referred. To the whole press
of Seneca County the wi-iter is specially indebted for much substantial aid in
obtaining material for this volume, and to each of its members he offers his
sincere thanks, as history itself owes them thanks.

CHAPTER IX.

MILITARY HISTORY.

IN this chapter the writer deals with the whole military history of the county
fi-om 1782 to the present time; omitting here only local military organiza-
tions, such as Grand Army Posts and latter day militia commands, which are
referred to in the histories of the cities and townships. Nothing is taken on
presumption in the following pages, and thus, perhaps, it may happen that a
few events and names are not recorded. It is notably the case with the history
of French military occupation that no mention is made of this district. The
Frtinch militaiw posts at Sandusky, Miami, Presque Isle and Fort Duquesne
have each a history; but the travels, explorations and dealings of the French

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 329

soldiers and citizens with the Indians of this particular part of the Sandusky
country are not of record. The first authentic reference to the territory, now-
embraced in Seneca County, is contained in a report of Capt. Butler to the
British commandant, at Detroit.

It is known that the English, under Bradstreet, with Israel Putnam in
command of a company of militia and a number of Iroquois, sailed up the
Sandusky in 1764, and made a treaty of peace with the Wyandots, but whether
they proceeded fi'om Lower Sandusky to the villages of Capt. Pipe and Half-
King, which were there located, is a question that cannot now be decided.

This Capt. Butler, an Irish Tory in the English army, was dispatched to
the Sandusky country by Depeyster, the British commandant, to aid the In-
dians in repelling Col. Crawford's advance, in June, 1782. On the night of
June 3, 1782, Butler's white cavalry and siounted battery, and Elliott's com-
mand camped within the great bend of the river, about fourteen miles above
Lower Sandusky (Pleasant Township), and thence proceeded to the south line
of the coxTnty, where a camp was pitched and from which point they advanced
toward Battle Island, within three miles of IJpper Sandusky, to assist the Del-
awares and Wyandots in the fight of June 5, 1782, which cost the Americans
the loss of seventy men of Col. Crawford' s force of 480, and led to the horrible
death of Crawford, in the township named after him in Wyandot County, re-
corded in the first part of this work. With Butler was Simon Girty, a less
refined villain than the captain, but equally well versed in cruelty {vide Pio-
neer History).

From 1782 to 1812 little or nothing was heard of military affairs in this
district. During the latter year Gen. Bell, acting under . orders from Gen.
Harrison, proceeded, with a small staff, down the west bank of the Sandusky
River, and marked a trail along the plateau or high ground, to be used as a
military road. John Meeker had charge of the workmen, and followed up
Bell so closely with the work that all small trees and shrubs were cleared away
between Upper and Lower Sandusky, within an hour after the general arrived
at the lower post. This highway was subsequently improved a little fi'om Del-
aware to Lower Sandusky, and by this route Harrison, Ball, Wells, McPherson,
McMahon, Croghan and other commanders led their troops northward in 1813.

Building of Fort Ball. — This military post was established in 1813, prior
to the construction of Fort Seneca, lower down. It appears that Gen. Han'i-
son sent forward Col. Ball' s cavalry command to erect quarters for the troops
at some favorable spot on the banks of the Sandusky, where they could rest
and recruit while acting as a corps of observation. Col. Ball was led to the
place by some friendly Indians, and was not disappointed when he beheld the
locality. Near the river bank a stream of crystal water poured forth from its
spring, and here the Colonel determined to erect the stockade. The command
worked steadily, and in a few days a camp (with di'ill- ground and houses) was
ready for occupation. The troops named the place Fort Ball, in honor of
their commander. After the completion of Fort Seneca a portion of Harrison' s
infantry replaced the cavalry gaiTison of Fort Ball, and made an entrenched
camp. During the month of July several soldiers died at Fort Ball, and even
on the morning of July 31, 1813, when the garrison moved to Camp Seneca, a
few died before the fort was lost sight of. John Searles, who served in the
war of 1812, moved with his family to Fort Ball in 1820, and made his home
in one of the block-houses of the old fort. Paul D. Butler and David Eisdon,
who boarded with him, lived in the same house during the building of Spencer' s
saw-mill, when Henri or Levi Creesy, the blacksmith, and David Smith,
the fiddler, had still another room in this quaint old hotel. At that time the

330 HISTORY OF SENECA COUXTY.

three block-houses were intact, all facing the river, with a half -acre parade
ground extending north. This ground was enclosed by posts twelve inches
thick, fixed firmly in the earth and fastened near the top with old bayonets,
and all surrounded by a deep ditch. The roofs of the houses were simply clap-
boards. This post was occupied at intervals until peace was restored, when
it was allowed to go the way of all fi-ontier buildings. Where the old fort
stood are the beautiful homes of a prosperous city's people, and close by
stands a magnificent pile of granite to link together the glories and sorrows of
1813 and 1801-65.

Building of Fort Seneca. — Early in June, 1813, a Mr. Connor and some
fi-iendly Indians appeared before Gen. Harrison to describe the country along
the Sandusky River, above the trading post at Lower Sandusky. Their infor
znation confirmed him in the opinion he had enteiiained of its strategic im-
portance. In June, 1813, to further satisfy himself that such a post was
necessary, he met a number of Delaware, Wyandot, Shawnee and Seneca In-
dians at Franklinton, and interviewed the chiefs regarding their military sym-
pathies. He failed not to discern that, under their assurances of friendship,
a design existed to aid the English, and seeing this he determined to erect a
fort some nine miles above Sandusky post. In July of that year he arrived on
the ground with a force of 600 men^ including Ball's and Wells' di-agoon com-
panies. During the first week the site was selected on Sections 8 and 9, Pleas-
ant Township, and lumber prepared. Then the work of construction was
caiTied forward with energy. This post stood on the west side of the river,
where the bank was about forty feet above the river-bed level. One acre and
a half of land at the springs was enclosed by oak posts twelve inches thick
and 144 inches high, with a clay wall six feet thick on the east fi'ont, and an
unstaked embankment between the ravine on the south and the single picket
fence of the foi-t. The embankment on the north was capped by a strong
chevaux-de-frise work. On the northeast corner was the bastion, used as a
store-house for ammunition. On the northwest was a strong block-house
twenty-five feet square and sixteen feet high, while sixteen feet square blocks
commanded the southeast and southwest corners.

Here the British conspired with the Indians to have Gen. Harrison assas-
sinated, and with this object hired a Shawnee, of Wapakonetta, at Maiden,
Canada, named Little Blue Jacket, to join the few Shawnees and other fiiendly
Indians, then en route to Camp Seneca, thus gain admission to the camp, and
murder the American commander. He confided his intention to Beaver, a
Delaware, in the following words : 'T will kill the General, even if I was sure
that the guard will cut me into pieces no bigger than my thumb nail. ' ' The
Beaver, already a friend of Harrison, was now a confidant of the Shawnee. His
duty was questionable. While debating within himself. Little Blue Jacket came
up, and at the sight of the drunken brawler and murderer, he formed the res-
olution to save the General. Addi-essiug the Shawnee, he said: "Blue
Jacket, you must be a great warrior. You will not only kill this white man
(Col. McPherson) for treating you as you deserve, but you will also murder
oiu- father, the American Chief, and bring disgrace and mischief upon us all.
But you shall do neither; I will serve you as I would a mad dog!'' So saying,
he struck the Shawnee to the ground, and one more of Proctor' s fellow-con-
spirators completed his earthly course.

This foi-t was untenanted * from the close of the war of 1812 to November
19, 1819, when Rev. James Montgomery arrived to take up his ofiice as agent
for the Seneca Indians. The site, three miles distant fi'om the village of Fort
Seneca, is still distinguishable, but every vestige of the building has disap-
peared, like the men who ei'ected it.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 331

Harrison at Fort Seneca. — Few readers are unacquainted with Maj.
Michael G. Croghan's magnificent disobedience of Gen. Harrison's orders in
holding Fort Stephenson "(Lower Sandusky), and in totally defeating the In-
dians and British, under Gen. Proctor, on August 2, 1813. For some time
prior to this, Gen. Harrison made his headquarters at Fort Seneca, a half
day's march up the river from Fort Stephenson. Having the opinion of a
military council that Croghan's position was untenable against the approach-
ing Indians and British, he dispatched Thomas Connor to that post with orders
for its instant evacuation. Connor and his guides did not arrive there until
July 28, when the commandant returned an answer to the general, that orders
came too late and the fort would be defended to the last. On July 30. Col.
Ball and Maj. Wells, in charge of two cavalry companies were sent for-
ward to arrest Croghan and place Wells there to cany out the evacuation.
Croghan was brought before Gen. Harrison, explained his plans, was restored
to his command, and on returning to Fort Stephenson completed his prepara-
tions and disposed his 160 men to receive the British and Indians. This re-
ception was held August 2, 1813, a most disastrous one for the English and
their allies. On August 3, Harrison' s force evacuated Fort Seneca to pursue
the allies.

Toledo War. — This ridiculous squabble of 1835. actually claimed the ear-
nest attention of the very men who laid the foundations of two great States.
No less than 300 men were enrolled in Seneca County, of whom the greater
number marched to the Michigan line under Gen. Henry C. Brish. A mention
of the fact that a large number of able-bodied men were drawn away from
their farms and their workshops in the spring of the year 1835, a time when
the county required the presence of all her workingmen, is enough to point out
the childishness of the two administrations. A full reference to this ' 'Comedy
of Errors' ' is made in the second part of this work, the history of Ohio, in the
sketch of Judge Higgins in the history of the Courts and Bar, in the pioneer
chapter, and in several personal sketches and reminiscences.

Pioneer Militia of Seneca Conniy. — On August 7, 1832, Col. Lowell Eob-
inson and Adjt. Calvin Bradley called a meeting of freeholders to meet at John
Goodin's house, at Tiffin, August 17, 1832, to elect oflicers of Company Four,
First Regiment, First Brigade, Seventeenth Division Ohio Militia. A military
review of officers of First Regiment was held August 31, 1832, at the request
of Lieut. -Col. William Toll, and repeated annually until 1834. In 1835 the
Seneca Blues organized, with Henry Ebert commanding. This organization
served five years. This was a uniformed company armed with flint-lock mus-
kets supplied by the State. Gen. George W. Gist of the First Brigade Ohio
Militia, appointed Jonathan Parker brigade major, James H. Wilson, aid-de-
camp, and John Staub, quartermaster, in June, 1830. A celebration of July
4, 1836, was the leading event of the kind up to that year. Eli Stem, briga-
dier-general First Battalion, Seventeenth Division, Ohio Militia and James
Dui-bin, brigade major, called a meeting of the First Battalion, at Sam Leard's
house, June 16, 1838.

In May, 1839, the officers of the First Regiment met at Staub' s house, in
Tiffin, the officers of the Second Regiment at Michael Hendel' s house, in Re-
public, and the Third Battalion at the house of Sam Leard, in Rome, by com-
mand of Maj. -Gen. John Bell and John Walker, quartermaster.

In June, 1839, Thomas M. Brashear was appointed brigade major; R.
W. Reid, aide-de-camp, and John Staub, quartermaster.

Col. Peter Lot ordered a muster of officers of First Regiment, at Tiffin,
August 30, 1839.

332 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

Lewis Baltzell commenced the organization of a cavalry company at Tiffin,
in November, 1841.

A military encampment at Tiffin was held in July and August, 1842.

Maj.-Gen. John Bell was coui-t-martialed in February, 1843. Brig. -Gen.
Sea, then captain in a light-horse company, was a member of the court, against
whom Bell lodged a protest which led to his removal by Sergt. -at-arms Lang.

Mexicayi War. — The fact of a war with Mexico was made known to the
people of Seneca through the press and by the following notice :

HEADQUARTERS
FIRST BRIGADE, SEVENTEENTH DIVISION, O. M.

OKDER NO. 1.

Cherry Lrncn, May 28, 1846.
Our country is invaded. Her citizens have been slaughtered on her own soil. Rise,
People of Seneca, and let them be avenged.

Every Patriot is expected to convene at Tiffin, on Saturday, the 30th day of May, inst..
at 10 o'clock, A. M., to give his voice for the honor of the UNION.

By orderof theMajor-General, Sidney Sea.

Oeneral of Brigade.

This meeting was held, and the names of foi-ty-nine volunteers were en-
rolled. The total em-ollment was fifty-six.

The volunteers were presented with a flag June 8, 1846, by W. P. Noble,
on behalf of the ladies who made it.

Under instructions from Asst. Adjt. -Gen. B. W. Price, Jr. , June 17, 1846,
the Seneca company was ordered to be attached to J. F. Chapman' s command
of the Third Ohio Volunteer Infantry.

Of the fifty-six men whose names were enrolled, thirty-nine from this
county went to the field under Capt. Chapman, viz. : John H. Flenner, first
lieutenant; Smith D. Baldwin, second lieutenant; Thomas Little and Louis
A. Beilharz, sergeants; William Boy er, James Biirrows, William Carney, John
Cobert, Edward Dougherty, Peter Schultz, James Goshorn, Ben Gee, Jacob
Hessenauer, Henry Hoffman, L. Hoeffling, N. Hall, John Kennedy, George
and Daniel Kelly, Nick Kirsh, Martin Lieb, Christian Myers, G. Melcher, J.
Morehead, Arch McMullen, W. Norris, George Probasco, Joshua Prebble, L.
Prentz, T. Rosevelt, George Rockwell, N. Richards, Aloysius Rouk, Russel
Smith, Sol Smith, M. Smith, William Smith, Jacob Wolf and William Wells,
private soldiers. Men from adjoining counties came to Tiffin and enlisted.

In November, 1846, the Seneca volunteers were at Matamoras. Up to that
date the company lost two men — Arch McMullen and George Probasco.

Col. C. J. McNulty died July 12, 1846, en route to Mexico.

The Seneca volunteers left Cincinnati in Col. Curtis' command, July 3,
1846.

Peter Foncha, a sergeant of the United States Army, was engaged in Feb-
ruary, 1847, in enlisting Seneca County volunteers for the Mexican war, on a
$12 bounty. A few recruits joined the army at that time.

Seneca in the War for the Union. — Owing to the extent of this chapter, a
plain statement of facts is only given. Local events are arranged chronolog-
ically.

The proposed attack on Fort Moultrie, December 27, 1860, by a Charles-
ton mob, caused intense excitement throughout the county.

April 17, 1861, a large war meeting was held at Tiffin. W. H. Gibson,
W. P. Noble, Dr. Kuhn, J. K. Hord, T. C. Tunison and J. C. Lee were the
principal speakers. A telegram from the adjutant-general, in reference to or-
ganization, was replied to, saying that a company was organizing, a beginning
being made by thirty-three volunteers.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 335

A part of the edition of the Tiffin Tribune was burned April 19, 1861, on
the streets of Tiffin.

The mayor appointed a force of ninety special constables, in addition to
the police of Tiffin, same month, to prevent a repetition of the affair.

The Home Guard was organized in April, ISGl. Artillery Company A was
commanded by W. H. Gibson, captain, W. H. Parks, first lieutenant, and H.
S. Kendig, second lieutenant; Cavalry Company B, by R. McD. Gibson, cap-
tain, H. A. Spayth, first lieutenant, and Frank Abbott, second lieutenant.

Capt. Franklin's company of Seneca sharp-shooters left Tiffin April 22,
1861, en route to Cleveland. Their departure was signalized by the presenta-
tion of the silk banner carried in 1860 by the Douglas Gun Squad. D. F. De-
Wolf made the presentation on behalf of Capt. Bagby. Supt. Rice, of the
S. C. & D. Railroad, furnished a special train. This company was mustered
into the Eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, at Cleveland, May 2, 1861.

Foster & Co., of Fostoria, appropriated $1,000 for the support of volun-
teers' families, in April, 1861. D. Hays also made a liberal donation for the
purpose.

The Seneca Sharpshooters organized in April, 1861, with F. E. Franklin,
captain, B. F. Ogle, first lieutenant and C. W. Barnes, second lieutenant.
The volunteers were : S. S. Keisinger, S. F. Poorman, Enoch Travis, Andrew
Shriner, John Kaup, Lem Snover, Jacob Wademan, Daniel Barnhart, George
Baugher, Henry Baugher, Charles Kipka, Jacob Rauch, Charles Ranch, J. W.
Walker, Daniel Lee, William Niles, David Bell, D. L. Dubbs, Henry Bloom,
William Brestle, F. McBride, Marcus Dawd, Henry C. Myers, John Redd, A.
D. Lutz, J. Cloidence, John Loring, John Nichols, J. M. Henry, Henry Bri-
ner, J. H. Beatty, W. H. Pockmire, Val Bennington, Nick Barks, William
Bostin, Austin Beck, J. W. Canary, Jr. , Thomas McBride, L. D. Arnold, M.
B. Linn, E. J. Naylor, Charles Lampkin, Ed Bush, J. S. Harrison, Jacob
Smith, J. L. Wilson, Henry Bair, J. AV. Long, A. Miller, P. Grqpver, J. W.
Cramer, Val Shultz, S. Z. Bean, J. A. Hoover, D. F. Derr, S. C. Sloat, J. C.
Bowersock, George W. Beard, L. Huffman, Aug Shertzberg, W. H. Haas, S.
J. Loon, D. W. Hoffman, Joseph Coller, E. W. Clark, A. H. Byers, Joseph
Wismich, Andrew Miller, C. J. Hoote, H. H. Clark, James Branderberg, Louis
Sears, Joseph Gratis, John Gordon, John Herman, Maxime Fredo, M. W.
Shoemaker, D. J. Goodsell, Jr., Charles Seewald, H. Fleiserman, J. C. Lang-
don, Joseph McDowell, N. Drill, J. A. Julien, T. Neeley, James Logan, J. P.
Arnold, J. W. Vantassell, George W. Bristle, Henry Till, Ed Jones, George
Talbot, Daniel Herring, Joseph Leipold, Alonzo Wood, Isaac B. Lightcap,
Henry Gall, Con Shoup, William McDowell, J. M. Humphries, Vincent Hud-
der, George Brown, John Blair and D. H. Dawalt. The first casuality was
that of John Cramer, who accidentally shot himself at Cleveland, April 26,
1861.

April 22, 1861, John E. McCormack entered on the work of organizing a
company. Before the close of the week ninety men enlisted, with John E.
McCormack, captain, Joseph Park, first lieutenant, and Hiram Brettin, second
lieutenant.

Company A, Eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was the first company raised
in Seneca County for the war of 1861-65.

Dr. Franklin, captain of the Seneca Sharpshooters, was elected first lieu-
tenant-colonel of the Eighth Ohio Infantry, in May, 1861.

The daughter of G. W. Beard, of Tiffin, Ohio,' was adopted as daughter of
the Eighth Regiment.

A lady, dressed in volunteer uniform, joined Company B, Third Regiment,

336 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

Governor's Guards, at Camp Dennison. She was in camp three weeks before
she reported herself to the captain as a female volunteer.

Camp Andrews, at Tiffin, was named in honor of Lovin Andrews. Capt.
McCormack' s company, of over 100 men, encamped there in April, 1861.

Gibson' s Rifle Company, formerly the Light Artillery Company, of Tiffin,
was reorganized as a rifle company, April 80. 18»)1. with W. H. Gibson, cap-
tain. Col. Gibson was presented with a very valuable horse before leaving
Tiffin with his command.

When Col. Depuy addressed the question to the Seneca company. May 26,
1861, "how many will enlist for three years' service '?" sixty-three members
of the Sharpshooters stepped 100 paces to the front, with the flag presented to
them at Tiffin. This company reorganized in June, 1861; Capt. Winslow and
Lieuts. Ogle and Barnes in command.

The Tiffin Union Grays completed organization June 6, 1861, with D. F.
DeWolf, captain, Van C. Coonrod, first lieutenant and Robert Lyle, second
lieutenant.

Lieut. -Col. Franklin and Capt. Clark left Tiffin June 3, 1861, with thirty
recruits for Camp Dennison.

The Clinton Guards completed organization June 5, 1861, with Robert
Crum, captain; Leander Stem, first lieutenant and Rev. E. E. Higbee. second
lieutenant.

A list of the Fostoria Invincibles, the first company organized in 1861, pre-
sents the following roster: A. M. Blackman. captain; M. H. Chance, first
lieutenant; Jonas Foster, second lieutenant; B. C. Harman, sergeant; A. T.
McDonell, second sergeant: J. L. Hollopeter, third sergeant; Sampson Swit-
zer. fourth sergeant; Hiram Chance, Thomas Conley, Jacob J. Bowman and
William Martin, corporals. The private soldiers were: F. J. Santer, J.
Myers, G. W. Foughty, A. Stearns, John Cregg, S. Crawford, T. Whitaker,
J. W. Swander, C. E. Fritcher, W\ W. Mourier, W. S. Bonnell, C. Warman,
J. J. Fry, F. Werner, G. M. Davidson, H. W. Kimkle, A. L. Cramer, D. F.
Eaton, Joseph Cramer, A. Wagner, G. Sabins, J. W. Grove, W. Whitaker,
N. G. Turner, G. W. McEwen, A. P. Hays, J. E. Kunkle, O. B. Burdette, R.
Adams, C. Birrer, W\ Leslie, F. M. Smith, C. Kredler, F. Metz, W. P. Noel,
F. Crowell, W. M. Dresskill, C. Days, J. R. Slaughterbeck. G. W. Bagley.
Thomas B. Boughton, M. Ash, M. Stahl, C. Wonders, A. Bates, P. Green-
swike, M. Rinehart, Moses Parkhurst, G. F. Beightle, W. Rollins, J. Hahn,
J. H. McCoy. P. Martin, H. Shontz, Jr., J. Zimmerman, M. Saum, M. M.
Hartsonck, W. Saum, M. Longernecker, J. H. Dicken, G. W. Slaughterback,
W. Miller, Jr. , W. S. Moses, blmer G. Jacobs. Em Lyberger. H. Beatty. S.
J. Graham, Ambrose Frv. William Harley, Al Everett, H. Whiteford, J. Boss-
ier, G. A. Gessner, J. M. Lacey, D. Smith, M. Miller, J. S. Oaks, George
Grove, G. W. Grove, H. H. John, J. B. Moore, Robert W. Adams, John Bry-
ant, Thomas Bouskin, Clayton Everett, A. J. Miller, S. C. Miller, J. Y. Yates,
O. P. Norris and H. S. Woolman. The original roster is printed on sheep-
skin, and was presented to the company in 1861 by J. W. Foster, of the Fos-
toria News.

In June, 1861, Republic organized a company for three years' service with
Asa Way, captain, Wesley Chamberlain, first lieutenant, and Daniel Metzger,
orderly sei'geant.

Fort Seneca Guards organized in June, 1861, with Mark Harris, captain,
Alexander Johnson, first lieutenant, and D. S. Blue, second lieutenant. This
company was well uniformed and armed with spears.

The farmers in the neighborhood of Fort Seneca organized a cavalry com-

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 337

pany in June, 1861, with Augustus Hoke, captain, Levi Z. Wagner, first
lieutenant, and John Hoke, second lieutenant.

Boos' Tiffin Cornet Band, of Tiffin, was employed by the Eighth Ohio Vol-
unteers in June, 1861.

Capt. Blackman' s company was organized in Fostoria and neighborhood in
June, 1861.

A comet was visible here diiring the last days of June, 1861, which was
taken by the superstitious to denote a long and bloody war.

Col. Franklin and Capt. E. W. Clark, Jr., in an advertisement of July 19,
1861, for volunteers in the Ohio Zouaves, state that a bounty of $100 cash and
160 acres of land will be paid to every man enlisting in that command for full
term, and $60 extra bounty to three months' service-men. who will re-enlist.

A company of Zouaves was organized at Tiffin in July, 1861, with M. Sul-
livan, captain; V. C. Coonrod, first Kent., and H. S. Kendig, second lieut.^

Twenty volunteers, under Capt. Higginbotham, left Tiffin for New York
July 22, 1861, to wait for other volunteers fi-om Green Spring and Clyde.

Col. A. S. Piatt's Seneca County Zouave Company was organized in July,
1861. In September, 1861, Messrs. Hord and Zigler were recruiting for
Piatt's Second Zouave Regiment.

On the last day of July, 1861, Col. William H. Gibson received the fol-
lowing despatch:

War Department, Washington, D. C, July 30, 1861.

Your regiment lias been accepted. Acceptance sent by mail. Muster in by companies
at Tiffin. Complete in twenty-one days.

On August 6, Capt. Langworthy' s company arrived from Hancock County,
103 strong, to be incorporated in Col. Gibson's command as Company A. The
place where they camped was named Camp Noble, in honor of Congress-
man Warren P. Noble. On August 12, the company raised by Capts.^ McCor-
mack, Porter and Abbot, joined Col. Gibson's cam]) on August 12, 1861. Be-
fore the close of August, 1861. Capts. Culver. Keller and Bartlett's three
companies had joined his command; then organized as the Forty-ninth Ohio
Volunteer Infantry, and the field official list was completed with William H.
Gibson, colonel; A. Blackman, lieutenant-colonel; F. Drake, major; H. A.
Spayth, quartermaster; V. C. Coonrod, adjutant; Dr. Shrift, surgeon; Dr. W.
H. Parks, assistant surgeon; E. H. Bush, chaplain. In the final organization
C. W. Noi-ton was appointed adjutant vice Coonrod. On September 9th, the
evening before departure, a reception was held at Camp Noble. Miss Ella
Gibson was adopted as the daughter of the regiment.

John L. Osborne and Frank Abbott were engaged in organizing a company
for the Fifty-fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry in September, 1861.

The condition of the Fifty-fifth Regiment early in October, 1861, accord-
ing to Maj. Lee's account, wi'itten at Norwalk, was as follows: Capt. Gam-
bee' s company and Capt. Steven's company nearly complete; Capts. Bement's
and Shipman's companies had the minimum; Capt. Thomas, of Bettsville, had
only sixty men; Capt. Robinson, of Republic, only forty; and Caj^ts. Patrick,
Jerry, Wildman. Powers, Sutton and Wickham had each a squad.

Lieut. -Col. Faulhaber, of Fostoria, joined his company with the Fifty-
seventh Ohio Vohinteer Infantry.

The Adi-iatic Guards. Company B, Forty-ninth Regiment, was organized
with B. S. Porter, captain, John E. McCormack, first lieutenant, and Moses
Abbott, second lieutenant.

Senecas and Wyandots, Company D, Foi-ty-ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry,
iully organized with G. W. Culver, captain, Jacob Mosier, first lieutenant,
and John Gear, second lieutenant.

338 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

Company K, Forty-ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was organized in Sep-
tember, 1861, with J. M. Patterson, captain, Kev. Mr. Turner, first lieu-
tenant, and John Smith, second lieutenant.

Capt. J. M. Steven's company of the Fifty-fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry,
was organized at Melmore in September, 18(31, with K. Eastman, fii'st lieuten-
ant, and Robert Poole, second lieutenant.

The Township Committees appointed in 1861, by the County Military Com-
mittee, in October, this year, requested the people to send articles of clothing
and blankets to those committees for the use of soldiers in the field.

The Ladies' Military Aid Society, of Seneca, was engaged actively in mak-
ing clothing for the troops during the fall of 1861.

The Seneca County Agricultural Society appropriated $325, the net pro-
ceeds of the fair of 1861, toward the support of soldiers' families.

On Thanksgiving Day, 1861, the First Chasseui's Ohio Volunteer Infantry
issued a newspaper entitled The Chasseurs' Own. A copy was sent at once to
the Tiffin newspapers by Regimental Postmaster Hope.

The Congressional Military Committee of the Ninth Congressional District,
in October, 1861, comprised: R. P. Buckland, John Jenny, H. L. McKee,
Alexander S. Ramsay. Robert McKelly and D. W. Swigart. This committee
held a meeting at Tiffin. October 11, 1861, when a military committee
for Seneca County was appointed, viz. : Leander Stem, John J. Steiner, J.
M. Zahm, Gr. M. Ogden and Charles Foster. Township committees were in
turn appointed by the county committee (see list).

Michael Sullivan, of Tiffin, was commissioned suttler of the Fifty-fifth
Regiment, with H. S. Kendig and A. W. Miller, clerks, in October, 1861.

Dr. Leopold Zander, formerly of Seneca County, served as first surgeon in
the Red Shii-t Regiment, near Washington, in October, 1861.

Col. Gibson was in command of Rosseau's brigade at Camp Nevin, during
that officer's illness, in the fall of 1861. October 14 he delivered an address
to the command, which was noticed throughout the North and South.

Victor J. Zahm, of Tiffin, was commissioned adjutant of the Third Ohio
Cavalry in October. 1861.

Lieut. B. Brundage issued his advertisement for volunteers for the Seventy-
second Ohio Volunteer Infantry, in October, 1861.

Lieut. William Smith made a last call for volunteers to fill a company for
Col. Piatt's brigade.

The Seventy-second Ohio Volunteer Infantry was formed in November,
1861, with R. P. Buckland, colonel, H. Canfiel'd, lieutenant-colonel, and O.
M. Ogden, major. Thomas W. Egbert was one of the first company com-
manders.

The organization of the Eighty-second Ohio Infantry was authorized in
November, 1861, under Col. James Cantwell.

In November, 1861, Maj. John C. Lee was promoted to a colonelcy; Adjt.
DeWolf was commissioned major Fifty-fifth Infantry, and Capt. Winslow, of
the Seneca Sharpshooters, major of the Eighth Ohio Infantry. George C.
Benham, formerly of Tiffin, was appointed assistant commissary with rank of
lieutenant, and assigned duty with the Ohio troops in Kentucky.

Lieut. James Fvirnald advertised for volunteers for the Seventy-second
Ohio Volunteer Militia, in November, 1861.

Leroy Crockett was appointed major of Seventy -second Infantry, vice G.
M. Ogden, declined; John B. Rice, surgeon, and Dr. Kaul, assistant surgeon.

Up to December 1, 1861, a force of l.'23() men represented Seneca County
in the Eighth, Twenty-fifth, Forty-ninth, Fifty-fifth and Fifty-seventh Ohio

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 339

Infantry commands, in Company I, First Chasseui's, and in the Third Cavahy.
In addition to this number 300 men from this county were serving in various
commands.

A great fair for the benefit of soldiers was held at Union Hall (formerly the
Wigwam) on December 22, 1861.

Capt. S. S. Carroll, of the Tenth United States Infantry, was appointed
colonel of the Eighth Ohio Infantry, vice DePuy, resigned.

There were only nineteen deaths in the Forty-ninth Regiment fi-om date of
organization to December 1, 1861, including Hollingshead, who died at Camp
Nevin, December 1.

A loan of $4, 500 was made by Tomb, Huss & Co. to the commissioners, in
January. 1862, at 6 per cent. This money was devoted to the relief of the
soldiers' families. Under the act of May 10, 1861, providing for the relief of
soldiers' families, the commissioners authorized a tax of one-half of 1 mill per
dollar valuation, adopted a series of rules, and appointed relief committees
for the townships.

The amounts allowed to soldiers' families per week are given as follows:
Wife without children or parents, $1; guardian of minor children of soldiers,
$1; wife with one child, $1.25; wife with two childi-en, $1.50; wife with three
or more children, $1.75.

The township certifying committees were appointed in January, 1862.

Capt. Callahan, of the Forty-ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, resigned in
January, 1862, when Isaiah Bernard was commissioned in his j^lace.

Rev. W. G. Caples (formerly of Fostoria), chaplain in Price's rebel com-
mand, was made prisoner, and incarcerated at St. Louis, in February, 1862.

Capt. Higginbotham, of the First United States Chasseurs, sent forwax'd his
command fi'om Tiffin, in March, 1862. David Milne was first lieutenant, and
Henry Ellis, second lieutenant, of this command.

A meeting to rejoice over the occupation of Nashville by the Union troops,
was held March 5, 1862, with J. W. Miller, president, and J. D. Loomis and
G. W. Cunningham, vice-presidents.

Maj. DeWolf received a present of a valuable horse fi'om his Tiflin fi-iends,
March 17, 1862. The presentation was made at Camp Kelly, Va. , by U. R.
Flenner.

At the battle near Winchester, in March, 1862, the Eighth Ohio Volunteer
Infantry lost six killed and a large number wounded.

Maj. Crockett, Surgeon Kaul, David Kaul, Capt. Buckland and others
were taken prisoners at Pittsbiu'g Landing; Lieut. J. Post was killed.

The Scipio Soldiers' Aid Society was organized April 18, 1862, with JNIrs.
D. M. Rhoad, president; jMrs. Dr. Hamilton, vice-president; Mrs. Lyman
Hall, treasurer, and Mrs. John Milliman, secretary.

The Tiflin three-months' men organized at Camp Chase in June, 1862, with
A. H. Byers, captain, J. B. Hymer, first lieutenant, and W. L. Myers, second
lieutenant. This company returned at the close of September, 1862.

David Hays, N. Portz and M. Ebersole entered on the work of organizing
a military company in the neighborhood of Fostoria, August, 1862.

Judge William Lang received authority to raise the One Hundi-ed and
Twenty-third Infantry Regiment, in August, 1862. Company A was organized
with F. K. Shawhan, captain; H. L. McKee, first lieutenant, and J. W. Leon-
ard, second lieutenant. Much indignation was exhibited by all parties when
Gov. Tod refu.sed to issue a colonel' s commission to the organizer.

The Squirrel Hunters, organized at Cincinnati in September, 1862, elected
Michael Sullivan, of Tiffin, captain, G. M. Ogden, of Republic, first lieuten-
ant, and William Naylor, of Tifiin, second lieutenant.

340 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

Dr. W. H. Park was promoted brigade surgeon in December, 1862.

The Melmore Aid Society was organized in 1802, with Mrs. E. H. Webb,
secretary. Miss Mary Ebert was the secretary of the Ladies' Aid Society of
Tiffin.

In January, 1863, Drs. Gibson and McCollum, and Messrs. WiUiam Nay-
lor, Michael Sullivan, H. A. Buskirk and Andrew Arndt left Tiffin to take care
of the wounded at Mui'freesboro.

The Forty-ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry arrived home February 17, 1864.
The reception to this regiment of thirty-one battles was as demonstrative as it
was deserved. This command returned to the field on March 14, same year.

Three soldiers of the Forty-ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry were shot in
Fulton's di-ug store, at Bucyrus, March 14, 1864, by a copperhead mob.

The quota of the county under the call for 500,000 men was 512; under
the call for 200,000, in 1864, it was 278.

Rev. G. S. tPhillips, of Tiffin, was elected chaplain of Forty-ninth Regi-
ment in April, 1868.

The National Guards of Seneca, called out in April, 1864, for 100 days'
service, assembled at Tiffin in May, and elected John C. Lee, colonel, vice
DeWolf resigned. A. S. Bement was elected lieutenant-colonel; Michael Sul-
livan, major; D. M. Arndt, adjutant, and A. C. Baker, quartermaster. The
lailing price of substitutes ranged from $100 to $150.

The list of Seneca County soldiers, on board the exploded steamer ' 'Sultana,
at the time of its destruction were J. M. Feseler, Company B, Foi-ty-ninth In-
fantry; N. Gregory, Company C, Fifty-fifth Infantry, saved; B. Pease, Com-
pany's, Fifty-fifth Infantry; Jacob Rohr, Company H, One Hundred and
First Infantry, saved; E. Sharp, Company E, Fifty-fifth Infantry; J. A.
Shaffer, One Himdred and First Infantry; Lieut. E. J. Squire, One Hundred
and First Infantrv; S. E. Whyler, Company D, Fifty-fifth Infantry, saved;
John Huffey, Forty-ninth Infantrv, saved; James M. Phenceie, Forty-ninth
Infantry, saved; Albert Miles, Fifty-fifth Infantry, saved; Capt. Taggert,

The United States 10-40 bonds, authorized by Congress March 8, 1864,
were presented for sale by the Tiffin banking firm of Tomb, Huss & Co. , in
May. 1864.

The proclamation of the auditor of Seneca County, Isaac Kagy, issued
June 17, 1864, treated on the relations of the militia act of March 81, 1864,
to the em-olled militia of Seneca County.

The Eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry arrived at Tiffin July 15, 1864, where
a public reception was tendered.

The funeral of Maj.-Gen. McPherson took place at Clyde July 29, 1864.
His death took place within sight of Atlanta, after leading his command 140
miles into the heart of Georgia.

The number of enrolled militia in Seneca County in July, 1864, was 2,043,.
together with 2,036 actually in service at that time.

In August, 1864, notice was given that should the 725 men called for as.
the quota of the county, under the call for 500,000 men, not be filled by Sep-
tember 5, the quota would be increased to 1,450 men.

The One Hundi-ed and Sixty-fourth Regiment, Ohio National Guards, re-
tiu-ned to Tiffin August 27, 1864, after 100 days' service. The command lost
twenty men while in service, and left a number in hospital at Washington.

The Home Relief Association was reorganized in October, 1864, with Mr.
Burns D. Fisher, president, and Mrs. ^\. H. Moe, secretaiy.

Walter Burns, a Seneca County Volunteer, in Company E, Twenty-first

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 341

O. V. I., serving under Sherman, in the march through Georgia, captured
Gen. Howell Cobb's $25,000 pacing mare. Some time after this young
Biu-ns was captured by the Eebels, who shot him through the brain and cut
his throat. His companions found his remains, and avenged his death with
Indian determination.

Peter Kissler of the Eighth O. V. I., re-captured Col. Hundley of the
Thirty-first Alabama Infantry, while escaping in Federal di-ess fi-om Johnson's
Island.

Under the call for 300,000, dated December 18, 1864, the quota of the
Ninth District was placed at 1,888 men. The quota of Seneca County was 386.
Tiffin City made a levy for bounties equal to $100 for each recruit, thirty-seven
being the quota of the two wards. The greatest excitement prevailed. No
one knew whose name might turn up in the lottery of death, and all heartily
wished that the war was over.

The military statistics of Seneca County, published January 20, 1865, are;
as follows: Number of soldiers in service, 2,036; of whom 219 died and 153
were disabled in the service. The number of soldier' s families was 576, com-
prising 1,599 persons. Of this number 291 families of 994 persons were ne-
cessitous. The amount received from soldiers in the army for deposit in the
county treasury was $33,011, from November 15, 1863, to November 15, 1864;
which with $1,578 to credit of lodgments for year ending November 15, 1863,
gave a total of $34,589. Of this total all was disbursed save $18,007 in treas-
ury November 15, 1864.

Capt. McCormack, formerly of the Forty-ninth O. V. I., was engaged in
enrolling a company for the One Hundi-ed and Eighty-seventh Eegiment, in
January, 1865. A government bounty of $100 and a local bounty of $400, for
one year's service were offered.

Capt. John Eeid, of the Eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, was court mar-
tialed in February, 1865, and found guilty of embezzling $13,910 due substi-
tutes and di-afted men who were being transported fi-om Tod Barracks to the
Army of the Potomac. He was cashiered and forever prohibited fi'om holding
any United States office, and ordered to be imprisoned until the sum embez-
zled was restored.

Maj. Skiles, commanding at Tod Barracks, gave the first news (in April,
1865, ) that no more soldiers were required.

The news of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln arrived April 15, 1865.
Newspapers, without regard to politics, used mourning lines, business houses
closed, bells tolled, flags were ch-aped, and the whole county placed under a
cloud of sorrow.

Provost Marshal John J. Steiner, of the Ninth District, resigned in April,
1865, when Capt. Wildman, of Norwalk, was appointed.

Company D, One Hundi-ed and Twenty-third Infantry, arrived at Tiffin, June
30, 1866.

Companies B and F, Fifty-fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, arrived at Tiffin,
in July, 1866.

EECOED OF OFFICEES.

Officers of the Forty-ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. — Col. W. W. Gibson,
took command in July, 1861, was commissioned in September of the same year,
and served as brigade commander. Col. Joseph R. Bartlett was commissioned
colonel in June, 1865, and mustered out same day with rank of lieutenant-
colonel.

The lieutenant-colonels of this command were A. M. Blackman, from Au-
gust 17, 1861, to September 30, 1862, when he resigned; Levi Drake, Septem-

342 HISTORY OF SExNECA COUNTY.

ber, 1862, to January 1, 1863, when he was killed at Stone Kiver. Benjamin
S. Porter succeeded Drake and served until api:)ointed major in the Invalid
Corps in July, 1863. Samuel F. Gray served from October, 1863, to October,
1864; Luther M. Strong, from December, 1864, to March, 1865; Joseph R.
Bartlett, fi'om May, -1865, to date of promotion; Milton F. Mills, fi'om June

26, , to June 26, 1865, mustered out on day of promotion, with rank of

major.

All the above named, except Gen. Gibson, served as majors prior to promo-
tion. The following named majors were not promoted: J. Kessler, June 26,
1875, mustered out same day; George W. Pool, Sej^tember 4, 1865, mustered
out same day.

The surgeons were R. W. Thrift, commissioned August 17, 1861; W. H.
Park, September 23, 1864; each served a full term, the latter having been com-
missioned assistant surgeon. August 17, 1861. H. B. Lung, S. A. Smith and
Samuel H. Spencer served as assistant sm-geons.

The chaplains were Eurotus H. Bush and George S. Phillips, the latter
from 1863 to 1864, former for one year in 1861-62.

The captains of this command in order of date of commission were: A.
Lano-worthy, Benjamin S. Porter. Amos Keller (killed at Stone River, Januaiy
1, 1863), George AY. Culver, William Callahan, Joseph R. Bartlett, Luther M.
Strong, Orrin B. Hays, George E. Lovejoy and James M. Patterson, all of whom
received their commissions September 18, 1861. Samuel F. Gray, Jonas
Foster, Lyman W. Mow, John E. McCormack and Morris C. Tyler were com-
missioned captains in 1862; Hiram Chance, killed June 24, 1863; John Green,
Daniel Hartsough and Samuel M. Harper were commissioned in 1863. John
L. Hollopeter, J. Kessler, George W. Pool, Thomas J. Ray, Shephard Green
(mortally wounded November 26, 1864), Theo C. Perault (died August 25,
1864), James Ewing, Jacob Her, George S. Crawford, Dwight R. Cook, Francis
R. Stewart and Milton F. Miles received their commissions in 1864; Nathan L.
Lutz. Anthonv W. Adams and Jonathan J. Rapp were commissioned captains
in 1865.

Those who served as first lieutenants are named as follows and the year in
which their commissions were issued-, noted: Charles A. Norton, Samuel F.
Gray, JohnE. McCormack, Aaron H. Keller (died of wounds January 26, 1863),
Jacob Mosier, Jonas Foster, Morris C. Tyler, Daniel Hartsough, Hiram Chance,
A. F. Prentice and William C. Turner in September, 1861; James W. Davidson,
William Martin, Moses Abbott (declined), C. W. Drake, John Green. J. L.
Hollopeter, John Kessler, Samuel M. Harper, M. F. Miles and H. A. Spavth
in 1862; J. A. Redman, M. Cowgill. Shephard Green. J. C. Miller, T. C. Pero,
G. W. Pool, Thomas J. Ray and Isaac H. White in 1863; James Ewing. John
C. Ramsav (killed at Dallas, Mav 27, 1864), Jacob Her. John Gleck, Silas W.
Simons (killed May 27, 1864). Charles Wallace (killed June 21, 1864). George
S. Crawford, Dwight R. Cook, F. R. Stewart, John K. Gibson (died of wounds),
N. L. Lutz, D. M. Fultz, A. W. Adams, J. J. Rapp. John Vandanburg. E. P.
Dana, J. W. Cline, J. J. Fiy and C. W. England in 1864; George W. Vail,
Ezra P. Phelps, James F. Harper, John H. Yarger, James J. Zint, C.
Flaiigher, B. H. Fansey, Caspar Snyder, F. H. Gibens and William Whittaker
in 1865.

The second lieutenants were Henry A. Spaythe, James W. Davidson. Moses
Abbott. Amos B. Charlton. John Green. William Martin, Timothy Wilcox, S.
M. Harper, John L. Hollopeter. C. W. Drake and John C. Smith received their
commissions September 18, 1861; M. F. Miles, John Kessler, Jeremiah Bern-
ard, W. F. Cannon, G. S. Blackman, A. N. Ellis, A. G. Brown, INIilton Cow-

^j^-^^C^ y^^i^Aji^

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 345

gill, J. A. Eedmond, John C. Eamsey, J. C. Miller, I. O. Totten. I. H. White,
S. Green, T. J. Ray, Theo. C. Perault were commissioned in 1862; Jacob Her,
John Glick, Harvey Johns, Jacob Woolf (killed in 1863), Henry F. Arntt
(killed in 1863), Silas W. Simons, Charles Wallace and George S. Crawford
were commissioned in 1863; John K. Gibson, Edwin HafP, F. R. Stewart, D.
R. Cook, K L. LiTtz, Sheldon P. Hare, W. F. Gibbs and Daniel M. Fultz re-
ceived their commissions in 1864.

The foregoing roster and the record of private soldiers show, that the
Forty-ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry claimed about 500 men from Seneca
County. The total enrollment was 1552. Of the officers 8 were killed in battle,
6 mortally woiTuded and 14 wounded; 127 privates were killed in battle,
71 died of mortal wounds, 165 died of disease or fatigue, 7 died in Rebel
prisons, 616 were discharged on account of wounds or disability. The com-
mand was mustered out November 30, 1865.

Officers of the Fifhj-fifth Ohio Volimteer Infantry.— Col. John C. Lee
ranked as colonel of this regiment from November 25, 1861, was commissioned
January 20, 1862; resigned May 8, 1863, when Charles B. Gambee, who en-
tered the service as captain in September, 1861, was promoted to fill the va-
cancy. He was killed May 15, 1864, and on June 6, 1865, Lieut. -Col. Edwin
H. Powers, who entered the service as captain in 1861, was promoted colonel
and served until mustered out.

The lieutenant-colonels were George H. SafPord, ranking September 11,
1861, resigned in March, 1863. when Maj. Gambee w^as promoted lieutenant-
colonel, and in March, 1863, Maj. Stevens was commissioned, vice Gambee
promoted. Edwin H. Powers was commissioned June 27, 1864, and was suc-
ceeded by Charles P. Wickham, who served as lieutenant-colonel and was
mustered out with rank of major.

The majors were Lee, Gambee. Stevens and Wickham promoted. Daniel
F. DeWolf, commissioned November 25, 1862, ranking fi-om November, 1861,
Rudolphus Robbins, ranking from May 8, 1861, was killed May 15, 1864, and
Hartwell Osborne, ranking June 6, 1865, and mustered out same day with
rank of captain.

The surgeon was Jay Kling, succeeded in 1864 by Joseph Hebble. The
assistant surgeons were H. K. Spooner, J. L. Morris, Joseph Hebble and
James C. Myers.

The first chaplain, John G. W. Cowles, served about six months, and Al-
fred Wheeler one year. In August, 1863, the troops appear to have ignored
the uses of a chaplain, as no one was appointed to succeed Rev. Wheeler.

The captains of this command were Charles B. Gambee, August M. Be-
ment, Horatio N. Shipman, David S. Brown, F. A. Wildman, James M. Ste-
vens, R. Robbins, I. C. Terry, H. Robinson (killed at Chancellorsville),
Ed H. Powers, B. F. Eldi-idge and Charles P. Wickham, all commissioned
in 1862. Henry Miller, Albert E. Peck (killed May 15, 1864). Frank W.
Martin, Robert Bromley, Franklin J. Sauter (killed at Chancellorsville),
Charles D. Robbins and H. W. Persing in 1863. Hartwell Osborne, F. W.
Boalt, R. W\ Pool, Francis H.^ Morse, Butler Case, C. M. Stone (killed March
16, 1865), C. M. Smith, August M. Wormley, T. W. Miller, Henry H. Moore,
John R. Lowe. Jesse Bowsher, W. S. Wickham, O. B. Gauld,' Russel H.
Bever, were commissioned in 1864. Benjamin F. Evans, Joseph H. Gallup
and John H. Boss, Jr., received their commissions in 1865.

The first lieutenants of this command who are not named above, as pro-
moted, were Robert G. Pennington, W. D. Sherwood, Jacob Thomas, R.
Eastman, R. F. Patrick, all commissioned in 1862, ranking from the fall of

346 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

1861. B. C. Taber, Eaymond Burr, Thomas O'Leary (commissioned in 1862),
Charles M. Stillman, James P. Jones, Phil C. Lathrop, Pliny E. Watson,

A. B. Chase (commissioned in 1864), Adam Cramer, Lewis Peck, H. B. War-
ren, F. Eesser or Eessecqne, James T. Boyd, John Bellman, E. Fewson,
Thomas S. Hosier, John Burkett and Henry J. Pelton, commissioned io 1865.
W. E. Childs and W. H. Hessinger declined commissions and served as private
soldiers.

Among the second lieutenants whose names do not appear among the high-
er officers were*" William H. Long, A. Cranston, James K. Agnew, Walter
W. Thomas (died April 6, 1862), Nelson Crockett, Hemy M. Began, Edward
Bromley (died March 24, 1863), and a few others to whom complimentary
commissions were issued after muster out on July 1(^, 1865. A large number
of fii-st and second lieutenants were promoted, and their names appear in the
rank of last promotion.

This command claimed on its roster 1,350 men, of whom 750 were either
killed or wounded in battle, and eight officers died of wounds received in
battle.

Officers of the One Hundred and Fir^t Ohio Volunteer Infantry. — Col.
Leander Stem ranked fi-om August 14. 1862, was commissioned September 15
of that year, and killed December 26 following. He was succeeded by Maj.
Isaac M. Kirby, who commanded the regiment until final discharge.

Lieut. -Col.' John Trautz served fi-om August 9 to October 14, 1862, when
he resigned and was succeeded by Moses F. Wooster. who died of wounds
Januaiy 3, 1863. John Messer, his successor, resigned in 1864, when B. B.
McDonald was commissioned and served until muster out of command.

The majors were Wooster. Kirby and McDonald promoted. Daniel H. Fox,
who served fi'om February, 1864, to September that year, and John A. Latti-
mer, who served fi'om .May, 1865, to muster out. Surgeon Thomas M. Cook
served the full term. The assistant surgeons were George S. Yingling, Wal-
ter Caswell, Henry T. Lacy and H. H. Eussell. Oliver Kennedy ser\^ed as
chaplain fi'om August, 1862, to November, 1863, and E. M. Cravath from Jan-
uary. 1864, to muster out.

Among the captains were Lieut. -Cols. Kirby. McDonald and John Messer,.
and Maj. Lattimer. Charles C. Calaghan. T. C. Fernald. H. G. Sheldon, W.
C. Parsons, Jesse Shreiver, Newcomb M. Barnes. Montgomery Noble, Frank-
lin Pope, Lyman Parcher. Leonard D. Smith, Asa E. Hillier, all commissioned
in 1862. D. H. Fox, John P. Fleming, M. F. Ebersole. S. B. Becksvith, W.
H. Kelmer and Eobert D. Lord, in 1863. George E. Seney. AVilliam N. Beer,

B. F. Bryant, H. C. Taggart, I. B. Eeed. H. D. Olds. John F. NefP and
George W. Hale in 1864. James M. Eoberts and Jay C. Butler in 1865.

Of the first lieutenants Seney, Fleming, Ebersole. Smith, Beckwith, Pope,
Lord. Fox, Beer, Lattimer, Taggart, Bryant. Hale. Olds, Neff, Eeed, Eoberts,
Hillier, Parcher, Kelmer, J. C. Butler were promoted. Charles McGrath was
killed at Chickamauga; Alex C. Hosmer died May 12, 1864; J. B. Curtis and
Isaac Anderson resigned; H. G. Ogden, Eobert Lysle, Philip T. Kline
resigned in 1863; John M. Butler and John G. Petticord resigned in 1864;
E. J. Squire, John S. Millman, Jay C. Smith, J. F. Webster, William E.
Davis, O. J. Benham. C. Mosfoot, James E. Homer, John Shuman and David
Allison served as first lieutenants until mustered out.

Among the second lieutenants who did not arrive at a higher rank, were
John B. Biddle. killed December 31, 1862: O. L. Peck, honorably discharged
in April, 1864: Isaac P. Eule, killed at Chickamauga; Samuel Strayer, died
February 6, 1863, and Samuel S. Blowers, resigned January 9, 1864.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 347

This command was mustered out at Hiintsville, Ala., June 12, ISGo, and
subsequently discharged at Camp Taylor, near Cleveland.

Officers of the One Hundred and Twenty -tliird, Ohio Volunteer Infantry. —
The first actiial colonel of this regiment was Judge William Lang, who pre-
sided over and took a most active part in its organization from August 14 to
October 14, 1802. Owing to some peculiar influence exei'cised over Gov. Tod,
Judge Lang's claims to the honors of commander were set aside in favor of
one William T. Wilson, who had nothing whatever to do w^ith the organization
of the regiment, but received a colonel's commission October 14, 1862, rank-
ing from September 20, that year. The history of this command is a record of
military toils and misfortunes up to the day of Ap2;)omattox, when it was rescued
by the victorious Union troops from the hands of the rebels, who held the
whole command prisoners. Col. Wilson was mustered out June 12, 1865.

H. B. Hunter was commissioned lieutenant-colonel October 14, 1862, and
served until December 8, 1864, when he was succeeded by Maj. Horace Kel-
logg, who aided Judge Lang in organizing the regiment in August, 1862, and
served with the command through all its j)erils.

Maj. A. Baldwin Norton commissioned in August, 1802, resigned March 3,
1803, when Kellogg succeeded him. On the latter' s promotion, John W.
Chamberlin was commissioned as major until June, 1805.

The first chaplain was Rev. L. Molin, whose election was also set aside in
favor of Rev. Charles G. Ferris, who resigned in June, 1804. Dr. O. Ferris
was commissioned surgeon in October, 1802, resigned in November, 1804, and
was succeeded by AVilliam B. Hyatt, formerly assistant surgeon. J. H. Will-
iams and Napoleon B. Brisbine were assistant surgeons.

The first captains were John W. Chamberlin, Hoi-ace Kellogg, Charles
Parmeter, F. K. Shawhan, Samuel W. Reed, Curtis Berry, Sr., Charles H.
Riggs, John Newman and Richard A. Kirkwood received their commissions in
October, but ranked from August, 1802, when they shared with Judge Lang
and others in the work of organization. Lewis Zimmers was commissioned
November 3, 1802. and Alonzo Bobbins in December, 1802. V. R. Davis,
D. S. Caldwell. William H. Bender, died in South Carolina, September 15,
1804; Dwight Kellogg, J. F. Randolph, Jr., and O. H. Rosenbaum received
their commissions in 1803; Edwin H. Brown, W. V. McCracken in 1804;
Abner Snyder, H. S. Beverton, B. F. Blair, M. H. Smith, Josephus F. Schuy-
ler and Joshua W. Leonard in 1805.

The first lieutenants, whose records do not show promotion to a higher
rank, were Edgar Martin, R. B. Ferris, Caleb D. Williams, who was killed
July, 1804; James H. Gilliam, who died; F. B. Colver, honorably discharged,
April, 1805; J. W. Leonard, T. W. Boyce, M. W. Willoughbv, E. E. Husted,
C. H. Sowers, C. M. Keys, David Miller, F. A. Breckenridge, F. C. Wick-
ham, George A. Scoby and James Healy. all mustered out with regiment;
S. A. Johnson, honorably discharded in January, 1805; J. B. Pumphrey, on
detached service at muster out; Geo. D. Acker, resigned in 1805.

Among the second lieutenants not promoted, were A. P. Ingerson, resigned
in 1803; W. A. Williams, honorably discharged, July 29, 1804; W. B, Jen-
nings, Seymour C, Lester, Charles Long and Moses Allison mustered out.

SENECA SOLDIERS IN THE WAR OF 1801-05.

The following list of soldiers from this county iif the late war is based upon
the corrected list published in the Tiffin News last spring. Many changes and
additions have been made, and the record confined to name, date of enlistment,
company and number of regiment, and date of death or discharge. Where the

348 IIISTORV OF 8EiN£CA COUNTV.

regimental number only is given, it refers to one of the Ohio Volunteer Infan-
tiy or Ohio National Guard commands, the former numbered fi'om One to One
Hundi-ed and Twenty-nine, the latter fi'om One Hundi-ed and Thirty to One
Hundi-ed and Seventy-two, and other volunteer commands from One Hundred
and Seventy-two to One Hundred and Ninty-seven. Where soldiei's enlisted
in cavalry or artillery commands or in regiments of other States, or in United
States' commands, the full regimental title and number are given.

Adams, C A., 8th, died in hospital at Washington, D. C, iu Nov., 1862.

Armitage, George W.,Co. D 86th, e. May 10, 1862.

Armitage, John W., e. fall 1862, militia; dis. Aug. 24, 1864.

Armstrong, J. G., Co. G 164th, e. May 2, 1864; died Aug. 16, 1864.

Alspaugh, Michael, Co. K 101st, e. Aug. 18, 1862; dis. April 12, 1865.

Auble, Peter, Co. G 164th. e. May 2, 1864.

Arnold, Abraham M., Co. G 43d, e. Dec. 25, 1861; dis. Aug. 1, 1863.

Arudt. Henry F., Co. B 49th, e. Aug. 12, 1861; killed Nov. 25, 1863, at Mission Ridge.

Axt. Harman, Co. I 2d, e. April 17, 1861; dis. Aug. 9, 1861; re-e. Sept. 10, 1861, Co. I 4th,

U. S. C, dis. Sept. 10, 1864.
Arndt. Samuel F.. e. Co. B. 101st, wounded at Stone River, Dec. 31, 1862; died Jan. 3,1863.
Ash, Jacob, Co. E 164th, e. May 2, 1864.
Amende, F. A., Co. A 164th, e. May 2, 1864.
Ash, Abraham, Co. E 164th, e. May 2, 1864.
Atkins, Richard, Co. A 164th, e. May 2, 1864.
Alcott. R., Co. I 164th, e. May 2, 1864.

AUcutt, David, Co. I 123d, e. Aug. 18, 1862; dis. June 29, 1865.
Albert, John Q., Co. I 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. June 13, 1865.
Ash, E. R., Co. K 101st, e. Aug. 14, 1862; dis. Sept. 18, 1865;
Alley, James H.,Co. E 48th, e. July 20, 1861; re-e. Jan. 1, 1864; dis. Nov., 1865.
Adams, Martin, Co. I 123d. e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. June 13, 1865.
Adams, R., e. Aug. 27, 1861; dis. Sept. 22, 1862.
Abbott, Capt. Moses, Co. B 49th, e. Aug. 12, 1861; re-e. Co. C 108th, July 29, 1864; dis.

July 25, 1865; died May, 1885.
Abbott, Lyman, Co. D 123d, e. Sept. 24, 1862; dis. March 16, 1864; re-e. Co. B 195, March

15, 1865, final dis. Sept. 18, 1865.
Anders, David B., Co. H 101st, e. Aug. 13, 1862; dis. June 19, 1865.
Acker, George D., Co. I 123d, e. Aug. 18, 1862; dis. March, 1865.
Armstrong, John W., Co. K 101st, e. Aug. 14, 1862; dis. June 29, 1865.
Arnold, L. D., 8th, trans, to 6th U. S. C.

Aunspach, Edward, Co. C 93d P. V. I., e. Sept. 21, 1861; dis. Oct. 28, 1864.
Ames, Dillen, Co. K 9th O. V. C, e, 1863; dis. Aug. 20, 1865.
Altaffer, Isaac M., Co. H 38th, e. Sept. 1861; dis. June 18, 1862; appointed to navy June

18. 1864; dis. Mar. 26, 1866.
Ash, G. W., Co. E 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 20, 1864.
Barnes, C. W., a Seneca County soldier and lieutenant in his command was wounded at

Antietam and died at Chambersburg, Penn., Oct. 4, 1862.
Burns, Walter (see history items preceding roster).
Brendle, George, Co. D 58th, e. Dec. 6, 1861; dis. Aug. 6, 1862.
Blackwell, George A., Co. G 55th, e. Sept. 21, 1861; final dis. July 21, 1865.
Bleckley, Andrew, Co. K 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. June 13, 1865.
Boos, Charles F., 55th, e. Oct. 12, 1861; dis. Aug. 1862.
Brewer. Capt. M. L., Co. A 164th. e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Beals, Thomas M., Co. K 4th U. S. I., e. June 21, 1873; dis. Dec. 16, 1873.
Beard, Selden M., Co. D 123d, dis. June 28, 1865.
Beard, G., W., 8th, transferred.

Beckmau, Solomon, Co. K 66th, e. 1863; dis. at Washington.
Beard, Osro R., Co. D 123d, e. Aug. 17. 1862; died at Wilmington, Apr., 1865.
Beard, Samuel, cavalry, e. Nov. 1863; dis. at Indianapolis, Ind., Nov. 10, 1865.
Burns, C. H., Co. K 45th, e. July 3. 1862; dis. June 12, 1865. •

Buessay, Peter, Co. 1164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Buskerk. Albert, Co. A. 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Burkhart, William, Co. B 86th, e. May, 1862; re-e. farrier of Co. L 10th O. V. C, dis. July

24,1865.
Boyd, Franklin, Co. E 123d, e. Aug. 12, 1862; dis. June 12, 1865.
Boyd, William, Co. G 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Burkhalter, William H., e. at Tiffin.

Boyer, Jeremiah, Co. I 68th. e. Dec. 30, 1864; died at Rome, Ga.. JulvU, 1805.
Brandeberry, Andrew, Co. D 86th, e. July 18, 1861; re-e. Co. E 10th O. V. C, Oct. 20, 1862;

transferred to Co. A 14th U. S. I., Feb. 7, 1863; final dis. Oct. 20, 1865.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 349

Bowman J. J., Co. H 21st, e. April 17, 1861; re e. Co. I. 123d; dis. May 20, 1865.
Beverson, William, Co. G 16tli P. V. I., e. May 15. 1861; re-e. Co. D 87tli P. V. I., 8th

army corps, Sept. 19, 1861; dis. Oct. 3, 1863.
Bower, Joseph A., Co. D 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. June 12, 1865.
Buckley, Michael, Co. E 72d, e. Dec. 2, 1861; re-e.; final dis. at Vicksburg, Miss., Sept.

16, 1865.
Bowen. H. C, Co. M 1st O. V. H. A., e. July 23. 1863; dis. at Columbus, Aug. 4, 1865.
Bowe C. W., Co. A 164th, e. May 2, 1864; re-e. Co. B 195tli, Feb. 7, 1865; dis. Dec. 18,

1865; died in Kansas, July 25, 1884.
Borer, Stephen, Co. H 57th. e. Nov. 8, 1861; dis. Nov. 21, 1864.
Berger, Wm. A., Co. E 164th, e. May 2, 1864; died in Washington, Aug. 13, 1864.
Berger, Jacob H., Co. K 101st, e. Aug. 4, 1862; died at Chattanooga, Tenn., Nov. 13, 1863.
Boehler, E., Co. G 3d O. V. C, e. Sept. 12, 1861; dis. Oct. 3, 1864.
Barger, John, Co. H 101st, e. Aug., 1861; dis. June 30, 1865.
Babcock, Joseph N., Co. H 49th, e. Aug. 15, 1861; re-e. same company, Jan. 15, 1864; dis.

March 11. 1865.
Bonnell, E. W., Co. I 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Billyard, Thomas, Co. I 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Bonnell, Christian, Co. I 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Beams, S. Z., wounded at Romney, and dis. from 8th O. I.
Bonnell, Moses, Co. I 123d, e. Aug, 22, 1862; dis. June 29, 1865.
Benham, George, Co. A 49th, e. Aug. 6, 1801; dis. at Columbus, Ohio, Aug. 13, 1864.
Bricker, John Homer. Co. D 86th, e. May 26,1862: re-e. Co. I 86th, Aug. 1, 1863; re-e. Co.

A 164th, May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 26, 1864; re-e. Feb. 27, 1865; dis. Dec. 18, 1865.
Bower, Sam., Co. E 164th. e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Baird, AVilliam H., Co. B 55th, e. Sept. 1862; re-e. in Lookout Valley, Tenn., Dec. 13,

1863; final dis. Aug. 1865.
Burditt. O. B., Co. H 21st, e. April 23, 1861; re-e. Co. I 123d, Aug. 22, 1862; dis. fall of

1864; re-e. 164th, May 2, 1864; final dis. Aug. 27. 1864.
Bish, Henry, Co. D 99th. e. Aug. 12. 1862; dis. at Camp Dennison, Jan. 21, 1865.
Bean, Joseph, Co. D 72d, e. Nov., 1861; re-e. .same company; Us. June, 1865.
Burger, James A., Co. D 123d, e. Feb. 23, 1864; dis. June 15, 1865. .

Bower, Moses, Co. F 8th. e. April 8, 1861; dis. June 24, 1861. '

Brinkler, A. W., Co. I 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; killed Sept. 3. 1864, at Berryville, Va.
Burrier, John, Co. B 55th, e. Sept. 19, 1861; final dis. July 11, 1865.
Bonnell, John, Co. I 101st. e. Aug. 12, 1862; dis. June 12, 1865.

Burks, David P., Co. D 50th I. V. I., Aug. 26. 1861; dis. at Indianapolis, Ind., Jan. 5,1865.
Bowersock. John C., Co. B 48th, e. Aug. 2, 1861; wounded at Pittsburg Lauding, April 7,

1862, dying next day.
Burton, Cyrus S.. Co. E 47th, e. Dec. 4. 1864; dis. May 31, 1865.

Beeler, W., Co. K 3d brigade, 3d div., 11 armv corps, e. August 22, 1862; dis. June 12, 1865.
Beaver. Russell H., Co. H 5th, e. September 25, 1861; dis. July 2, 1865.
Bear, Joseph, Co. C 86th. e. Aug. 1. 1863; re-e. May 2, 1864. 164th; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Bogart, Jacob, Co. K 164th, e. May 2, 1864, re-e. Sept. 16, 1864, Co. K 45th; dis. April 3,

1866.
Bowersox. David R., Co. D 123d, e. Aug. 22. 1862; dis. June 29. 1865.
Braum, Fred G.. Co. K 100th, e. Aug. 2', 1862; dis. Jan. 21. 1865.
Bemisderfer, Simon P., Co. I 101st, e. Aug. 12, 1862; dis. June 12, 1865.
Babione, Elias, Co. A 111th, e. Aug. 13, 1862; dis. June 27, 1865.
Bassett, William James, Co. K. 123d, e. in 1864; died in service at Columbus, Ohio, Jaa.

4, 1865.
Bartlett. Hiram, Co. E 49th, e. Jan. 1864; dis Jan. 30, 1865.
Burkert, Joseph. Co. H 169th, e. May 2. 1864; dis. Sept. 4, 1864.
Betts, J. F.. Co. F 55th, e. 1861; dis. 1862.
Briner, Henry, Co. A 8th. e. April 18. 1861; dis. July 16, 1864.
Brobst, Franklin S., Co. G 15th. e. in 1861 Co. K 49th, re-e. at Tiffin, April 8, 1862; dis. at

Louisville, Ky.. March 16. 1863.
Baeler, George, e. Co. C 180th; dis. at Columbus, Ohio.

Bender, Jerry. Co. I 3d Col. Cav., e. 4ug. 23, 1861; dis. at Denver, Dec. 29, 1864.
Betts, A., Co. D 123, e. Aug. 1862; dis. June, 1865.

Bachtel. Samuel. Co. B 195th, e. Feb. 14. 1865; died at Alexandria, Va.. Sept. 26, 1865.
Behm, Daniel, Co. K 164th. e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Behm, Abraham, Co. K 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1804, died in Seneca County.

Aug., 1883.
Beelman, Jacob, Co. A 169th, e. May, 1864; dis. June. 1864.
Boyd, J. T., Co. G 55th, e. Sept. 25, 1861; dis. July 25, 1864.
Boyd, Jacob H. C, Co. E 186th. e. Feb. 6. 1865; d'is. Sept. 18, 1865.
Byers, H., Co. K 101st. e. Aug., 1862; dis. Jan.. 1865.
Barrack, G. W., Co. B 164th, 'e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 2, 1864.

350 HISTORY UF SENECA COUMV.

Buvtel, G. W., Co. A 8th, e. April 18, 1864; re-e. Co. K 4tli U. S. I., March 4, 1865; dis.

March. 1866.
Burkett. Abraham. Co. B 55th, e. Sept. 30, 1861; re-e. Jan. 1, 1864, same company; dis. at

Cleveland, Ohio, Julv 17, 1865.
Burnside, John, Co. D 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862, dis. June 28, 1865.
Bercaw, S. W., Co. G 6th, mustered in Sept., 1863; dis. April, 1865.
Beck, Israel, Co. B 58th, e. Feb. 23, 1864; dis. Sept. 16, 1865.

Bonnell, Rd., Co. I 101st, e. at Tiffin, Aug. 2, 1862; died Feb. 5, 1863, at Nashville, Tenn.
Bonner, William. Co. D 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. June 29, 1865.
Bray ton, Peter, e. May 29, 1862; dis. Aug. 1, 1862.

Breymau, Mahlon, Co. D 150th P. V. I., e. Aug.. 1862; surgeon by detail; dis. April 2,, 1863.
Burd, John, Co. B 207th P. V. I., e. Sept. 1864; dis. June 5, 1865.
Boyd. Hugh W. A., Co. C 86th, e. June 15, 1863; re-e. Co. E, 164th, May 2, 1864; re-e. Co.

G, lb3d, Oct. 10, 1864; dis. July 17, 1865.
Bartheson, Cephas, Co. A 49th, e. Aug., 1861; re-e. same company; dis. April 2-, 1865.
Borer, George J., 197th, e. April 5, 1865; dis. July 31, 1865.
Beals, Halsey, Co. B 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Bellman, John G., Co. K 182d, e. Oct. 1, 1864; dis. July, 1865.
Bender, William H., Co. 1 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; held at Libby prison 15 months; died at

Columbus. S. C, Oct. 8, 1864.
Backenstop, William, Co. I 123d, e. Aug. 16, 1862; dis. June 12, 1865.
Bonnell, James P.. Co. C 164th, e. May 2. 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Brooks, Samuel. Co. B 64th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Babbett, Lewis, Co. D 34th, e. Dec, 1864; dis. Feb. 20, 1865.
Baker, Frederick, Co. E 47th, mus. in Sept. 28, 1864; dis. May 31, 1865.
Baugher, George. Co. A 8th, e. April 17, 1861; dis. 1864.

Bate, Joseph M., Co. 1 137th, e. April 2. 1864; re-e. March 10, 1865; dis. May 15, 1865.
Bloom, F. P., 55th, e. Oct. 4, 1861; dis. Aug. 18, 1862.
Bloom H., 8th, transferred.

Brooks, Theron, Co. B, 164th, e. May 2. lo64; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Barrack, S. F., Co. B 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Bastian, Alfred, Co. D34th, e. Nov., 1868; dis. July, 1865.

Baker, Samuel, Co. B 164th, lieut., service 100 days, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 2., 1864.
Beelman, Edmund, dis.

Brown, Delaplaiu, Co. D 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. June 15, 1865.
Beatty, J. H., 8tli, was killed, May 12, 1864, at Spottsylvania.
Camp, J. L., 8th, wounded at Winchester; was discharged.
Coughlin, John, Co. D 123d, e. Feb. 4, 1864; dis. June 28, 1865.
Crawford, James, U. S. Receiving Ship "Grampus," ship's steward, e. March 13, 1864; dis.

Cridler, Charles W^ Co. H 21st, e. April 23, 1861; re-e. Co. A 15th U. S. I., Sept. 3, 1861;

dis. May 16, 1863.
Craun, Isaac, Co. E 164th. e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Crauu, Jacob A., Co. G 111th, e. Aug., 1862; dis. July, 1865.
Cashuer, Jonathan, Co. G 55th, e. Sept. 25. 1861; dis. April 25, 1863.
Carson, Jacob, Co. C 123d, e. 1862; dis. 1865.
Cheney. Robert, 9th Ohio Sharpshooters, forming Co. G 20th. e. Feb 29, 1864; dis. June

1, 1865.
Craig, H. M., Co. G 118th P. V. I., e. July 38, 1863; dis. July, 1865.
Crosley, John A, J., Co. G 25th, e. June 18, 1861; re-e.; dis. June 18, 1866.
Chilcote, John W., Co. H 49th, e. Aug. 15, 1861; dis. May 10, 1865.
Collier. James T., Co. K 49th. e. March 8, 1862; dis. Nov., 1865.
Craig, A. W^illiam, Co. A 111th, e. Sept. 5, 1862; dis. March 7. 1863.
Church, Luther E., Co. I 9tli O. V. C. e. Nov. 10, 1863; dis. Nov. 24, 1865.
Chamberlain, James, 1st Heavy Artillery, e. Sept.. 1863; dis. Aug., 1865.
Campbell, Robert R., Co. E 98th P. V. I.; dis June 25, 1865.
Carrick, Charles, Co I 67th, e. Aug. 12, 1862; dis., S. C, May 7, 1864.
Corbett, Martin, Co. B 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Coon, Jacob, Co. H 57th, e. Nov. 8, 1861; dis. Nov. 21, 1864.
Carrick. P., Co. B 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Cline, Charles, Co. C 64th, e. Sept. 22, 1864; dis. July 16, 1865.
Cline, Jacob, Co. D 49th, com. first lieut., e. Aug., 1861; resigned in May, 186.>.
Cline, Geo., e. in Jacob Cline's Co.; was dis. at Atlanta in Sept., 1864.
Chitterlev, M. A., Co. G 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 16, 1864.
Campbell A. M., Co. A 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Campbell, John W., Co. B 12th, e. April 28, 1861; re-e. Co. D59th; dis. July 3, I860.
Corigan, Peter, Co. D 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. June 28, 1865.

CuiTigan, Edward W., Co. H lOist, e. Aug. 5, 1862; re-e. Co. B 195th, Feb. 28, 1860; dis.
Dec. 18, 1865.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 351

Chadwick, H. C, Co. C 1st U. S. C, e. Dec, 1856; re-e. Co. L 1st Mich. V. C, at De-
troit Mich., Jane 10, 1863; final dis., at Salt Lake City, Utah, Jan., 1866.

Cramer, John W., Co. D 86th, e. May 27, 1863; dis. Dec. 35, 1863.

Chamberlain, S. O., Co. E 49th, e. Aug. 13, 1861; re-e.; final dis. Dec. 31, 1865.

Craun T. M., Co. A 31st. e. April 13, 1861; re-e. Co. F ooth, Sept. 13, 1861: re-e. m Co.
C 49th, April 13, 1863; dis. Sept., 1865.

Courtney, William, e. May 3, 1864; dis. July 37, 1864.

Cuager, Michael J., e. Sept. 16, 1861; dis. May 5, 1863.

Chamberlin, J. W., Co. A 133d, e. Aug. 13, 1862; twice brev. major; dis. June 3, 1860.

Crimshaw, Samuel, Co. G 131st P. V. I., e. March 2, 1863; dis. Dec. 1, 1864.

Carpenter, John H., Co. I I33d, e. Aug. 33, 1863; dis. June 15, 1865.

Cook. William, Co. D 3oth, e. Oct. 3, 1864; dis. Nov. 3, 1865.

Crunning Ira S., e. 100th; held at Belle Isle 6 months; died from ill treatment.

Carpenter, Daniel, Co. C 65th, e. Oct. 37, 1861; dis. Dec. 1, 1865.

Crosley, Jacob, Co. G 35th, e. Feb. 16, 1863; dis. June 18, 1866.

Chance. M. H., Co. H 31st, e. April, 1861; re-e. in Aug., 1861; dis. Aug., 1864.

Cook, Lloyd A., Co. G 187th N. Y. V. I., e. Sept. 34, 1864; dis. Sept., 1865.

Craven, John, Co. C 123d, e. June 20, 1864; dis. at Washington, June 20, I860.

Craun, Jacob, Co. G 65th, e. Oct., 1864; dis. July, 1865.

Childs, Francis, Co. H 146th, May 14, 1864; dis. Sept., 1864. , , .. ^ -.

Chance, T. H., Co. C 9th Ind. V. I., e. April 14, 1861; re-e. Co. K 30th Ind. V. I., Sept.
15, 1861; final dis. July 14, 1865.

Carlisle, T. G., Co. I 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. June 13, 1865.

Cramblet, Elisha, Co. G 43d, e. Dec. 31, 1861; dis. July 19, 1863.

Cramer. I., e. Sept. 17, 1861; re-e.; dis. Aug. 38, 1865. „^ ,op.

Cake, William M.,reg. surgeon. 53d, e. Oct. 3, 1861; dis. Feb., 1864; re-e.; dis. Sept. 30. 1864.

Caldwell, David, Co. C 6th, e. June 16, 1863; dis. Feb. 10, 1864; re-e. Co. D. 6th O. V. C,
Feb. 13, 1864.; dis. Virginia, Aug. 7, 1865.

Canary, J. W., served in 8th. .

Cramer, Adam, Co. B 55th, e. Sept. 30, 1861; re-e. Jan. 1, 1864; final dis. Aug. 13, 1865.

Cramer, Upton F., Co. D 164th. e. May 3, 1864; dis. Aug. 33, 1864.

Cole, James H., Co. F 2d, e. April 17, 1861; dis. Aug. 4. 1861; 153d, re-e. ; dis. Nashville, Tenn.

Crawford, J. S., Co. H 3d 111. V. C, e. Aug. 6, 1863; dis. June 11, 1865.

Curtis, L. R., Co. F 100th, e. Aug. 8, 1863; dis. July 1, 1865.

Cahill, Patrick, Co. H 3d Battalion, 18th U. S. A., e. March 24, 1862; wounded at Mis-
sionary Ridge. 1863, captured at Mumfordsville, Ky., 1863, paroled; dis. March 24, 1865.

Chilcote. Joseph S., Co. I 133d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; wounded near Winchester, Va., captured
at Richmond, June 15. 1863; dis. July J 3. 1865.

Covell, Joshua. Co. A 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.

Carlisle, William H., Co. I 9th O.V.C. e. Oct. 24, 1863; dis. July 6, 1865; died Aug. 16, 1879.

Copley, John B., 78th, mus. Sept., 1864; died at Jefferson Barracks, Mo. Feb. 10, I860.

Cunningham, G. W., Co. G 81st. e. Nov. 9, 1861; dis. Nov. 9, 1864.

Cowgin, Milton, Co. G 15th. e. April 20, 1861; re-e. Co. D 49th, Aug., 1861; captured at
Stone River, Dec. 31, 1863.

Cole, Leonard G., Co. H lOlst, e. Aug. 3, 1863; dis. June 13, 1865.

Crooks. Henry, Co. A 164th, e. May 3, 1864; dis. Aug. 37, 1864.

Copley, Richard, Co. D 180th, e.; dis. Aug., 1865; died in Auglaize Co., O., March, 1868.

Colwell, F. N. and A. D., served in 8th O. V. M.

Deacon, Isaac, 49th, died at Louisville, Ky., in Sept., 1861.

Dowd, Michael, died at Grafton, Va., in Sept., 1861; served with 8th.

Dean, William O., Co. G 164th, e. May 3, 1864; dis. Aug. 37, 1864.

Durfee, Dialectus D., 64th O. M., e.; died.

Decker, Jacob, Co. C 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 37, 1864.

Dunn. Arlington, Co. D 133d. e. Aug. 33, 1863; dis. June 28, 1865.

Doran, James. Co. C 180th, e. Sept. 2, 1864; dis. July 12, 1865.

Doran. John B., Co. C 180th, e. Aug. 29, 1864; dis. May 3, 1865.

Doran, George W., Co. K 49th, e. Sept. 2, 1863; killed at Alatoona, Ga., May 37, 1864.

Dundore, Adam. Co. I 101st, e. Aug. 19, 1863; died at Danville Hospital, Nov. 1, 1863

Dildine, Samuel H., Co. A 8th, e. June 18, 1861; dis. July 13, 1864; died May 30, 1884.

Dildine, A. H.. 8th; was killed at Gettysburg July 3, 1863. _

Daywalt, Wallace P., Co. I 101st, e. Aug. 13, 1863; dis. Camp Dennisou, Ohio, May 35, I860.

Dildine, John H., Co. H 55th. e.; died of wound at Portsmouth Grove, R. I.

Drake, A. W., Co. H 88th, e. July 3, 1863; dis. March 15, 1864.

Debusmann, Frederick. Co. K 107th. e. Aug. 25, 1862; dis. July 12, 1865.

Dickeu, J. M., Co. E 186th. e. Feb. 13, 1865; dis. Sept. 19, 1865. ^r a r tt

Debusman, Jacob, e. at Missouri July, 1861; service in Fremont's Battery No. 4; Co. K
107th, re-e. Aug. 25, 1863; dis. Aug. 10, 1865.

Drenning, Samuel, Co. E 49th, e. Dec. 30, 1863; dis. Nov. 30, 1865.

Dickens, Jesse S., Co. K 49th, e. Sept. 5, 1861; dis. at Texas, Nov. 30, I860.

352 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

Davwalt, David H., Co. A 8th, e. April 19, 1861; Co. B 49th, re-e.; mus. out Dec. 22, 1865.

Dildine, James,. Co. F 9th Iowa V. I., e. Aug. 27, 1861; dis. Sept. 24, 1864.

Dildine, Henry A., Co. 1 123d, e. Aug. 21, 1862; re-e. Co. 1 164th; dis. Aug. 27, 1864; died

Feb. 12. 1868.
Dildine. A. M., Co. E 49th. e. Aug. 4. 1861; dis. June 2. 1865.
Dozer, Je^se L., Co. A 26th 111. Vet. V. I., e. Feb. 14, 1864; dis. July 28, 1865.
Derr, William, Co. D 164th, e. May 2. 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Davwalt, William J., Co. B 49th, e. Aug. 12, 1861; dis. June 24, 1865.
Diehl, Philip, Co. A 8th, e. May 12, 1861; dis. July 14, 1864.
Debusmaun, William A., Co. t) 86th, e. May 27. 1862, re-e. Co. A 164th, May 2, 1864.

dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Diehl, Julius, blacksmith, e. Dec. 19, 1864; dis. March 28, 1865.
Davis, John W.,Co. A 49th. e. Aug. 4,1861; wounded May 27. 1864; dis. Oct., 1864.
Dicken, J. W., Co. K 101st, e. Aug. 12, 1862; dis. May 27, 1865.
Duffer, Patrick. Co. E 25th, e. Oct., 1863; dis. June, 1865.
Doe, C. A., Co. 1 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. June 12, 1865.
Drenning, Samuel, Co. E 49th, e. Dec. 30, 1863; dis. Dec. 30, 1865.
Davidson, J. H., Co. D, 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. June 25, 1865.
Disler, Jacob, Co. G 111th, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. Aug. 27, 1865.
Durfee, Homer, Co B 55th, e. Sept. 19, 1861; died of wound at Washington Sept. 11,

1862. . He was buried at Fort Seneca.
Day. Homer, Co. K 46th, e. Feb. 17, 1864; dis. Nov. 30, 1865.
Drayton, George, Co. A 67th, e. Dec, 1861: dis. 1864.

Decker. Simeon. Co. D 64th, drafted Sept. 23, 1864; dis. Camp Deunison May 26, 1865.
Derr. John T., Co. D 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Drew, Horace, Co. K 164th. e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Dennis, Phares, Co. A 131st P. V. I., e. July 25, 1862; dis. May 23, 1863.
Dittman, John F., Co. G 42d Ind. V. I., e. July 20, 1862; dis. July 20, 1865.
Doughty, Arthur, Co. D 22d, e. Sept. 3, 1861; re-e. July 21, 1863, Co. L 11th O. V. C; dis.

July 21, 1866, in WVoming.
Ebersole, M. A., received severe wounds in the Georgia campaign, and died July, 1864.
Etcher, Louis, Co. B 57th, e. March 31, 1864; dis. Aug. 14, 1865.
Ennis, John B., Co. D 123d, e. Aug. 24, 1863; dis. at Washington July 3, 1865.
Echelberry, J. Peter, Co. H 101st, e. Ausr.. 1862; Co.K 164th, re-e. May, 1864; dis.Dec..l864.
Echclberrv, Niles W.,Co.G 3dO.V.C., eTSept. 12, 1861; re-e. insamecompany Jan. 14,1864;

dis. Jan. 3, 1866.
Earbart, George W., Co. C 193d, e. March. 1865; service two months.
Emerson, ILeonard K., Co. G 49th, e. Sept. 3. 1861; dis. Sept. 1, 1863; died Sept. 25 fol.
Emerson, William W., Co. G 49th, e. Aug. 15, 1861; dis. March 3, 1863.
Emerson, John H., Co. I lOlst, e. July, 1862; dis. close war; died Nov. 16, 1867, at Tiffin.
Emerson. Bartholomew, Co. G49th, e. March 1. 1862; killed at Mission Ridge Nov. 25, 1863.
Egli, Jacob. Co. H 107th, e. Aug. 12, 1862; dis. June 13, 1865.

Ewiug, J. T., Co. E 49th, e. Aug. 20, 1861; sameco., re-e. Jan. 1, 1863; dis. Dec. 28, 1865.
Emmons, Lorenzo P., Co. E 49th, e. Aug 12, 1861; dis. Aug. 24, 1864.
Eveubeck, Benjamin, Co. E 130th, e. May 5, 1864; dis. Dec. 15, 1864.
Eissler, John, Co. K 107th, e. Sept. 19. 1862; dis. June 30, 1865.
Eaton, D. F., Co. A 21st, e. April, 1861; Co. B 57th, re-e. Jan., 1862; killed at Shiloh,

April, 1862.
Enos, George. Co. 1 1st O. V. H. Art., e. Jan. 13, 1863; dis. July 25, 1865.
Evy, Lewis, Co. E 186th, e. Feb. 14, 1864; dis. Aug. 28, 1865.
Enslow, James, Co. I 164th, e. May 2, 1864; died at his home in Crawford County, Jan.

9. 1866.
Egbert, N. D., Co. I 101st, e. Aug. 12, 1862; Co. H 164th, re-e. May2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Engler. William, Co. A 49th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Sept. 1864.
Fogel. Frederick, Co. A 13th, e. April 15, 1861; dis. 1864.
Ferris, O., surgeon of 15th, e. May, 2 1861, same rank, 123d, re-e. Dec. 14, 1862; dis. June 8,

1865; died at Upper Sandusky, Ohio, May 8, 1876.
Fisher, Frederick, Co. G4th, e. April 18, 1861; at Franklin, Va., re-e. June 11, 1862; dis.

July 28. 1865.
Fres, Robert, 38th. e. Sept., 1861; died at Chattanooga, March 8, 1863.
Frees. Hiram, Co. E 49th, e. Aug., 1861; died at Atlanta, Ga., May, 1864.
Fo.x, Robert, Co. B 55th, e. Sept. 22, 1861; dis. Oct. 6, 1862.
Faulhaver, Phillip, Co. B 57th, e. Oct. 4, 1861; captain; killed at Vicksburg, Miss., Dec,

28, 1862.
Flenner, Jos. L., lieutenant 2d; was drowned at Cincinnati in Sept., 1861. His services at

the first battle of Bull Run won him promotion.
Flenner. U. L., Co. G 12th Ind. V. I., e. April 22, 1861, Co. D 86th, sergeant; re-e. June 7,

1862; in detached service, P. A. Taylor's detachment, re-e. Feb. 27, 1864; final dis.

Aug. 22, 1865.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 355

Fitz, G. W., Co. M nth Peun. V. C, e. Sept. 9, 1863; dis. June, 1864.

Fetro, Daniel. Co. D 1st 111. V. Art., e. Nov lo, 1861; dis., 1864. ,

Frederick, Calvin Z., Co. D 4yth. e. Jan. 4, 1864; dis. Jan. 4 1866.

Frederick, Jacob, drafted for one year, Sept. 25, 1863; dis. Sept. 25, 1864.

Fish H. W.. Co. H 88th, e. July 25, 1863; dis. July o, 1865.

Frederici, Frank, Co. A 48th Penn. V. I., e. Aug. 15, 1861; re-e.; dis. at Alexandria, Va.,

July 17, 1865.
Fraver, John. Co. I 101st, e. Aug. 11, 1862; dis. June, 1863.

Foglesong, Simon. Co. C 180th, e. Sept. 2. 1864; died at Lenora Institute, S. C, April, 1865.
Ford, James, Co. C 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 16, 1864.
Funk, C. M., Co. 1 101st, e. Aug. 14, 1862; dis. June 19. 1865.
Ferguson, A.. Co. I 21st, e. Aug. 15, 1861; dis. April 4. 1865.
Frost, J. R., Co. H lOlst, e. Aug. 10, 1862; dis. Dec, 1863.
Franklin, A. G., Co. 1123d, e. Aug. 18, 1862; dis. June 12, 1865.
Fortney, A., served with 8th.
Foster, Capt. Jonas, Co. H 21st, e. April 23, 1861; Co. E 48th, e. at Fostoria, Aug., 1861;

dis. April 27, 1864.
Fell, John, Co. A 8th, e. June 11, 1861; dis. July 13, 1864.

Fatzinger, Tillman W.. Co. I 47th, Penn. V. I., e. Aug. 5, 1861; dis. Sept. 18, 1864.
Flovd. Joseph E., Co. C. 12th Penn., V. Q., e. Jan. 27, 1862; dis. Feb. 21, 1865.
Free, W. H., Co. G 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Fisher, D. L., Co. G 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Flavian, W., Co. H 65th, e. Oct. 22, 1864; dis. Oct." 21, 1865.
Frankhouser, Nicholas, Co. G8th, e. April 9. 1861; dis. July, 1864.
Frankhouser, H., Co. G 65th, e. Sept. 26, 1864; dis. June 16.^1865.
Frankhouser, S., Co. A 64th, e. Sept., 1864; dis. May 28,1865.
Frary, Justin, was captured at Chickamauga and died in Danville prison, Va.
Frontz, John, Co. I72d, e. March 20, 1864; dis. May 29, 1865.
Frontz, Samuel, Co. E 25th, e. April, 1861; dis. Julj^ 20. 1864.
Fox, James B., Co. H 101st, e. Aug. 15, 1862; discharged.
Fables, George, Co, K 101st, e. Aug. 15, 1862; dis. Aug., 1865.
Feasel. Isaac. Co. K 1st O. V. H. A., e. Sept. 27, 1864; dis. June 20, 1865.
Frees, Amon. Co. K 101st, e. Aug. 12, 1862; dis. Julv 13, 1865.
Farver, John K., Co. A 111th, e. Aug. 14, 1862; dis. Dec. 21. 1865.
Fleet, John Henry, Co. E 123d, e. May, 1864; dis. June, 1865.
Funk, Henry K.. Co. K 49th, e. Oct. 26, 1861 ; re-e.; dis. Dec. 21,1865.
Fritcher, Geo. W., Co. H 49th, e. Aug. 15, 1861; dis. May 29, 1863.
Fizer, James E., of the 7th Iowa Infantry, died at Bird's Point, Mo., Nov. 10, 1861.
Goodsell, D. J., Jr., was killed at Gettysburg, while serving with 8th.
German, D. F., Co. E 8th, e. April 1, 1863; re-e. May 2, 1864, Co. A 164th, final dis. Aug.

16, 1864.
Gettinger, W. H., Co. H 55th, e. Sept., 1861; dis. Sept., 1864.
Green. M. W., Co. A 25th, e. Oct. 17, 1864; dis. Oct. 12, 1865.
Gallatin, Henrv, Co. E 17th, e. April 19, 1861; re-e. Sept. 12, 1861, Co. E 49th; final dis.

June 16, 1865.
Groeich, Joseph, Co. I 7th O. V. S. S., e. October, 1862; dis. June, 1865.
Gibson, W. H., {vide hist, of Regt.) The general had seven nephews in his regiment,

of whom only one survives.
Gibbius, F. H.. Co. E 49th, e. Aug.'12, 1861; final dis. Dec. 30, 1865.
Green, James N., Co. A 8th, e. June 3. 1861; dis.
Gettinger, Robert H. Co. D 164th, e. May 1, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.

Gormley, L. A., Co. A 144th, e. May 1, 1864; re-e. 1864 Co. F. O.V.C, Kirkpatrick's brig-
ade; dis. June 6, 1865.
Click, William H., Co. H 49th, e. Aug. 15, 1861; re-e. Jan. 1, 1864; dis. Nov. 30, 1865.
Grofi, Silas W., Co. D 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. Aug. 3, 1865.
Griflan, Thomas, Co. K 12th Ind. V.I., e. Aug. 11. 1862; dis. Jan. 18, 1865.
Gruver, John, Co. A 160th. e. May 2. 1864; re-e. March. 1865, Co. D 187th; dis.March,1866.
Gettinger, John D., Co. H 55th, e. Oct. 12, 1861; dis. Oct. 23, 1864.
Gifford Samuel, Co. G 49th. e. Feb. 22, 1864; dis. Nov. 30, 1865.
Grummel, Henry, Co. K 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. June 13, 1865.
Grove, David, Co. D 2d Md. Art.; dis. June 7, 1865.
Godfrey, John, Co. B 21st. e. Aug. 28, 1861; dis. Sept. 24, 1864.
Garrison, T. M., gunboat Moneean, e. Aug. 22, 1864; dis. May 22, 1865.
Grove, Abraham, e. Co. E 7th Md. V. I.; re-e. in Co. D, 33d U. S. I., Dec. 1, 1866; dis.

Feb. 28. 1868.
Gorham, Jacob, Co G 147th Pa. V. I., e. Sept. 15, 1862; dis. Dec. 4, 1864.
Gaddas, J. W., Co. G 25th, e. June 18, 1861; dis. June 18, 1866.
Green, Owen P., Co. H 101st, e. Aug. 7, 1861; dis. June 19. 1865.
Green, John G., Co. B 55th, e. Sept. 20, 1861; dis. July, 1865.

856 HISTORY OF SENECA. COUNTY.

Oreen, G. H., Co. 1 164tli, e. Mav 2. 1864; dis. Aug. 27. 1864.

Grar, R. A., Co. C 6Ttb. e. Dec, 1861; dis. April 5, 1862.

Gaddas, Jolin, Co. C 164th. e. May 11, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.

Gilbert. John W., Co. A 44th Ind. V. I., e. Aug. 25, 1861; dis. Sept. 14, 1865.

Gries, P. J., Co. K 3d O. V. C, e. Oct.. 1861; dis. Aug. 18, 1862.

Green, Isaac H., 164th, e. Maj- 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, f864.

Georgia, Ansil. Co. F 4th Mich. V. I., e. Sept. 5, 1864; dis., at Detroit, Mich., Maj' 26, 1866.

Gabower, Charles, Co. K 107th, e. Aug. 19. 1862; dying in field hospital July 12. 1863.

Good, Noah, Co. B 55th. e. Sept. 23. 1861; transferred to Bat. A 1st 111. Art.; dis. Oct., 1864.

Grove, Levi, Co. E 49th, e. Aug. 18, 1862; mortally wounded at Atlanta, Ga.. Aug. 2,

1864, dying same day.
Gifford, G. W., Co. G 164th, e. May 2. 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Greise, T. J.. 8th, was captured at the Wilderness.
Gray, Henry, Co. B 164th, e. May 2. 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Gray, John'H., Co. C 39th Mo. V. I., e. 1863; dis. 1863.
Gregory, O., Co. H 166th, e. Mav 2. 1864; dis. Sept. 25, 1864.

Gaines, Bondy, Co. G 55th, e. Sept. 21, 1861; died at Grafton, W. Va., March 8, 1862.
Groves, Sampson F., Co. M 1st O. V. H. A., e. Dec. 22, 1863; dis. Aug. 3, 1865.
Higginbotham, T. P., colonel of 65th X. Y. Chasseurs, was killed at Cedar Creek, on the

Shenandoah, Oct. 19, 1864. His company, which was raised in Seneca County, fought

with this command.
Harr, Thomas, Co. F 1st Md. Y. C. e. April 2, 1862; dis. April 28, 1865.
Hartsock, G. W., Co. K lOlst, e. Aug., 1862; re-e. Co. K 164th, May 2, 1864: final dis. Aug.

27, 1864.
Heilman, John, Co. C 180th, e. Sept. 12, 1864; dis. Aug., 1865.
Hunt, Frank M., Co. I 55th, e. Sept. 18, 1861; dis. Oct. 24, 1864.
Harrison, A. J., e. July 21, 1861; dis. July 7, 1865.
Haines, Owen, Co. B 164th, e. Mav 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.

Harst, Joseph W., Co. C 48th, e. May 28, 1862; transferred to 164th; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Hunker, Matt. W., Co. D 43d, e. Xov. 16. 1864; dis. Julv 13, 1865.
Hawkins, Richard, Co. A 21st, e. Aug. 28. 1861; wounded Julv 13, 1865.
Hawkins, Richard, Co. A 21st. e. Aug. 28, 1861; wounded July 9, 1864; dis. Sept. 24, 1864.
Hospelhaun, George. Co. G 3d O. V. C. e. Aug. 1, 1861; prisoner at Kenesaw Mountain,

June 27, 1864;' dis. July 15, 1865.
Houcks, William. Co. B 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Heddem, H. F., Co. C 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 16, 1864.
Heater, John L., Co. K 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. xlug. 27,1864.
Hoover, Martin, Co. D 34th, e. Aug. 1, 1861; dis. April, 1865.
Hoover, J. A., dis.
Heslington. Thomas C, Co. G 1st battalion, 15th U. S. I., e. Sept. 7, 1861; re-e. Co. A

164th Mav 2, 1864; dis. Aus. 27. 1864.
Harman, ChaVles, Co. C 49th, e. Aug. 12, 1861; re-e. Co. C 49th, Aug. 15, 1862.
Haas, M. D., Co. — 86th, e. June 2, 1862; re-e. Co. I, June 16, 1863; re-e. May 2, 1864; dis.

Aug. 27, 1864.
Helm, John, e. for service in the Mexican war at Chicago, June 17, 1846, 1st 111. V. I., dis.

June 17, 1847; e. Co. G 2d, April 17, 1861; dis. Oct. 11, 1863.
Hushour, A., Co. E 104th, e. Feb. 19, 1864; re-e. Co. G 102d June 27, 1864; dis. June 18,

1865; was in three-months' service, e. July 3, 1861, dis. Nov. 17, 1861.
Haas, A. F., Co. 1 128th Penn. V. I. e. Aug. 6, 1862; re-e. Battery L, 3d Penn. H. A.,

Feb. 25, 1864; dis. Nov. 9, 1865.
Heck, D. G., Co. B 176th, e. Mav 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Hartzell, H. W., Co. I 8th, e. March 30. 1862; dis. May 25, 1865.
Hissong, Lyman J., Co. I 68th, e. Oct. 21, 1861; re-e. March, 1865, 5th U. S. H. Art.,

major, promoted lieut-col. ; brevetted colonel by President Johnson at expiration of

term of service; dis. June, 1866.
Hayes, Orrin B., Co. H 49th, e. Au2. 20, 1861; first enlistment at Fremont, April 23, 1861,

Co. H 21st; dis. Aug. 12, 1861; died at Fostoria Nov. 30, 1863.
Hartsoch. Dorsey, Co. K 101st, e. Aug., 1862; dis. May 31, 1865.
Henry, George W., Co. I 9th O.V. C, e. Nov. 9, 1863; dis. July 20, 1865.
Hossler, P. J., 8th, served a full term with this command.
Hathaway, W. W., 8th, discharged for disability.
Heisserman, H. 8th. dis. for wounds received Dec. 13, 1862.
Helsel, Jacob, Co. A 72d. e. Nov. 8, 1861; dis. March 20, 1865.
Haas, W. H., 8th, served full term.

Harper, Frank, a nephew of Gen. Gibson, and a captain in 49th, died in Kansas, Oct.^ 1885.
Harper, S. M., a brother of Frank, was a captain in the same command, died in Kansas

two years ago, both of wounds received or disease contracted during the war.
Hewitt, F. K., Co. C5th N. Y. V. Art., e. Mar. 6, 1862; re-e.: final dis. Feb. 13, 1865.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 357

Hughes, Gilbert, Co. K 101st, e. Aug. 12, 1862; dis. May 27 1865.

Hale, Allen, Co.H 49th, e. Aug. 15, 1861; re-e. to Co. I 164th, May 2,1864; dis Aug 2^ 1864.

Hall Georo-e W in the Mexican war, Co. I McGroden's bat. 1st L. A., e. Aug. 1847; dis.

Oct 1848; Co. E 48th, e. Sept. 8, 1861; re-e. Feb. 28,1864; dis. Dec. 30, 1865.
Heilman, John, Co. D 58th, e. Oct. 16, 1861; dis. Sept 1864 ,^ ,o^^ ^r q

Hollopeter. John L., 21st, e. Apr. 22, 1861; re-e. Co. H 49th, Aug. 15, 1861; re-e. Mar. 3,

1863; dis. May, 1866, with rank of major. „ ,. t .r ^o^r.

Hamilton, George, Co. B 125th N. Y. V. I., e. Aug. 2, 1862; dis. June 15, 1865.
Hartman, Lewis, Co. A 164th; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Holt, William, Co. A 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.

Herzog, Felix, Co. C 57th, e. Jan. 7, 1862; dis. Aug. 1862. r , rr * i -.qp-

Hartsook Nelson, Co. E 49th, e. Mar., 1864; died in camp near Green Lake.Tex., Aug. l,18bo.
Heabler, George, Co. C. 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Hiskey, R. B., Co. D 34th, e. Dec. 1862; service 4 years. „ , ,^. ^ ^ .^ , ^,,
Hartzell, James, Co. D 123d, e. Aug., 1862; killed at the 2nd Winchester, Va.. battle.
Holtz William, Co. I 101st, e. Aug. 12, 1862; died in Andersonville prison, Mar. 20, I860.
Horner, Hezekiah, Co. D 34th, e. Sept., 1862; dis. May 27, 1865
Heisserman, Henry, Co. A 8th, e. Apr. 16, 1861; dis. Apr. 4, 1863.
Hahn, Martin, Co. B 57th, e. Sept. 19, 1861; dis. Oct. 3, 1864.
Hoover, John A., Co. K 101st, e. Aug. 14, 1862; dis. June 12, 1865.
Hartzell. A. J., Co. K 28th Penn. V. I., e. Aug. 8, 1861; dis Dec 22, 1865
Hays, Austin P., Co. H 21st, e. April 23, 1861; re-e. Co. II 49th, Aug. 20, 1861; died on the

march near Huntsville, Ala., July 6, 1862.
Hufifsey, John, Co. B 49th. e. Aug., 1861; dis. 1865.
Haines. E. M., Co. C 21st Penn. V. C, dis. July, 1865.

Harter. Joseph, 55th e. Oct. 2, 1861; dis. Aug. 26, 1862. ,. ^ , , ,o^„ ,.,,,

Hale. Robert W., 5th, O. V.'C, asst. surgeon, e. Apr. 16, 1862;dis. Sept. 1, 1862;re-e.l64th,

May 2, 1864, surgeon; dis. Aug.27, 1864.
Halty, Charles, Co. H 55th, e. Oct. 22, 1861; dis. Oct. 1864.
Hart, Francis M., Co. D 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. June 30, 1865.
Hathaway, Philo W., Co. K 144th, e. May 11, 1864; dis. Sept. 1864.
Hemming, Albert, Co. K 101st, e. April 20, 1861; dis. June 15, 1865.
Hospelhaun, Henry, Co. D 49th, e. Aug. 8, 1861; killed at Kenesaw Mountain.
Holmes, Edwin, Co. H. 55th, e. Sept. 16, 1861; dis. Oct. 8, 1862.
Haef ale, Nicholas, Co. A 31st, mus. Sept. 20, 1864; dis. July 1, 1865.
Harley, J. D., Co. F 55th, e. Sept. 1861; dis. Oct. 15, 1864.
Harris, Vachel H., U. S. gunboat "Benton," e. Sept. 8, 1864; dis. Aug. 4, 1865.
Heifer William, Co. 1 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864. ^, r. -.cui

Huffman J. W., Co. C 65th, e. Nov., 1861; re-e. Co. D 85th, July, 1862; re-e. Co. C lb4th.

May 11, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Hiteshaw, Alfred, Co. D 49th, e. Aug. 15, 1861; dis. Aug. 16, 1864
Hollinger, John N., Co. K 2d P. V. I., e. April 27, 1861; re-e. Co. K 60th N. Y. Chasseurs,

March 15, 1862; dis. March 15, 1865.
Halter, John, Co. A 111th, e. Aug., 1862; dis. July 16, 1865.
Henry, J. M., 8th, served full term.

Hemminger. Lewis, Co. A 111th, e. Aug. 5, 1862; dis. June 27, 1865.
Hawkins. Simon, Co. G 36th. e. Aug. 11, 1862; dis. July 5. 1865.
Hossler, Samuel B.. 164th. e. Mav 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27. 1864.
Hoatz, Moses H., Co. K 107th, e. Aug. 26, 1862; dis. July 26, 1865.

Hicks, Abraham, Co. B 49th, e. Jan. 29, 1864; died Feb. 27, 18b4, at Chattanooga, lenn.
Holtz, Jacob S., Co. H 164th, e. May 2, 1864; died July 1, 1864, at Fort Strong Hosp., Va.
Horton, John W., Co. F 101st, e. Aug. 9, 1862; dis. May, 1865.
Huffman, Andrew W., Co. I 123d, e. Aug. 17, 1862; dis. June 12, I860.
Heabler, David, Co. C 164th, e. June, 1862; dis. Sept., 1864.
Hunt, Edward M., Co. I 55th, 1862; killed at Resaca, Ga., May lo, 1864.
Hill. Jerry, Co. H 101st. e. Aug. 9, 1862; dis. April, 1863.
Huffman, Joseph, Co. I 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. June 12, 1865.
Isler, Isaac, Co. B 55th, e. 1861; re-e. close of 1863; dis. August, I860.
Jones E.. 8th, wounded at Gettysburg and discharged.
Jewett, John K., Co. M 1st, O. V. H. A., e. June 22, 1863; dis. Aug. 2, 1865.
Johnson, Philip, Co. I 101st. e. Feb. 15, 1864; dis. Nov. 2, 1865.

Jackson, Joseph, Co. A 111th, e. Aug 14, 1862; dis. July 14, 1865. ^ ^ , „ ,^ ^ . ^^
Jones. AVilliam W., Co. G 2d P. V. I., e. April 26, 1861; re-e. Co. C 6th P. V. C, Aug. 22,

1861; re-e. Co. C 17th P. V. C Sept. 10, 1862; final dis. Aug. 22, 1865.
Jones, William, Co. E 1st Del. V. I., Sept., 1862; transferred May, 1864, to New Hamp-
shire" battle ship; transferred to sloop-of-war "John Adams"; dis. Sept. 14, 18bo.
•Johnston, John, Co. H 49th e. Aug. 15, 1861; dis. for wound, June 2, 1865.
Johnson, Isaac, Co. D 49th, e. Dec. 24, 1863; served one year. -r.- t^ 01 iQ«o

.Jones, William I., Co. C 88th I.V. I., e. Sept. ,1861, serg.; killed at Stone River, Dec. 31, 1863.

358 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

Jones, James M., Co. F 103d, e. Sept. 8, 1863; dis. June 22, 1865.

Jones, Decatur, e. May 11, 1862; dis. April 28, 1863.

Keiffer, A. R. 8th, dis.

Kelley Francis M.. Co. C 23d, e. May 20, 1861; re-e. Nov. 15, 1863; dis. July 26, 1865.

Keller, Levi, Co. D 123d, e. Aug. 20, 1862; dis. June 19, 1865.

Kaup, A. T., 55th, e. Oct. 4, 1861; dis. Aug. 18, 1862; wounded mortally at Gettysburg;

died July 24, 1863.
Kuapp, Russell L., Co. B 132d. e. May 2, 1864; dis. Sept. 14, 1864.
King, W. H., Co. I 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Kintz, William J., Co. B 49th, e. Aug. 19, 1861; re-e. Jan. 1, 1864; mus. in at Grafton, May

17, 1861; dis., Co. C loth, Aug. 19, 1861; final mus. June 24, 1865.
Kuder, Benjamin F., Co. F 5th P. V. I., e. Jan. 13, 1862; dis. Jan. 12. 1865.
Keffer. Peter D., Co. D 86th, e. May 28, 1862; re-e. Co. F. lOth O. V. C, Oct. 25, 1882: dis.

June 25, 1864.
Kisinger, J. A., Co. I 101st, e. Aug. 15, 1862; dis. at Clinton, Iowa.
Kisinger, William H., Co. K 65th N. Y. V. I., e. July 15, 1861; dis. Sept. 12, 1864.
Kaufman, Adam, Co. B 57th, e. Sept. 16. 1861; dis. July 28, 1864.
Knepple, John C, Co. C 49th, e. March 10, 1862; dis. June 30, 1863.
Krieger, Jacob, Co. K 101st, e. Aug. 14. 1862; dis. June 12, 1865.
Kooken, Jefferson, Co. K 55th, e. Nov. 7, 1861; re-e. Co. 1 123d, Dec. 25, 1863; shot blind

at Winchester, Va., Sept. 19, 1864; dis. May 26, 1865.
Kesling, George, Co. H 72d, e. Oct. 3, 1862; dis. Aug. 1, 1863.
Kimball, John, Co. C 164th, e. May 29, 1862; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Kipka, J. C, 8th, was killed at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863.
Kiessling, Julius, Co. H 4th U. S. I., e. June 11, 1863; dis. Nov. 28, 1870.
Keller, A. O., Co. A 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Kaup, Thomas A., Co. 1 1st brigade, 1st division, 4th Army Corps, e. 1862; dis. June 11,

1863; died in Tiffin, Oct. 13, 1876.
Kishler, George W., Co I 101st, e. 1862; re-e. Co. A 164th, May 3, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Keesy, William Allen, Co. I 55th, e. Oct. 24, 1861; drafted Co. D 64th, Sept. 23, 1864; dis.

June 16, 1865.
Klair, George, Co. G 164th, e. May 2, 1864: re-e. Co. B 195th, Feb. 23, 1865; dis. Dec. 15, 1865.
Keller, W. H., Co. A 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Kuder, James S. Co. G 180th, e. Aug., 1864; drs. July 20, 1865.
Koch. Samuel M., Co. C 129th P. V. I., e. Aug. 5, 1862; re-e. battery G, 2d P. H. A.,

at Philadelphia, Dec, 1863.
Koch, Wilson J.. Co. A 89th P. V. I., e. Sept., 1862; re-e. battery G 2d P. H. A.;

transferred, 1st U. S. Flying Art., Nov., 1864; sent back to battery G, April, 1865;

wounded at Petersburg, Va., Sept., 1864.
Kaskey. John, Co. B 195th, e. Feb. 15, 1865; dis. Dec. 18, 1865.

Kline. C. M.,Co. H55th,e. Nov. 25,1861; dis. July 20, 1865; died at Liberty Center, Jan. ,1870.
Kersliner, J. K.. 8th O. I., full term.

Kershner, Levi, Co. K 164th, e. May 2. 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Kistner, Christian, Co. K 107th, e. Aug. 18, 1862; dis. June 2, 1865.
Kiser, L. D., Co. G 178th, e. April 18, 1861; dis. June 28, 1865.
Kershner, J. A , Co. K 199th P. V. I., e. Sept. 6, 1864; dis. June 28.
Klair, Jacob, Co. F 197th, e. March 22, 1865; dis. Aug., 1865.
Koch, Hubert, Co. D 133d, e. Sept. 22, 1862; dis. June 29, 1865.
Kuder, W. J., Co. C 180th, e. Aug., 1864; dis. July 20, 1865.
Linn, M. B., 8th, died Sept., 1861, at Grafton, Va.

Lee, Wilbur, Co. I 101st, e. July, 1863; re-e. in the 100 days' service; dis. Aug. 18, 1865.
Libensparger, Louis, Co. G 25th, e. Feb. 20, 1864; dis. June 18, 1866.

Leeper, Edward, Co. 1 101st, e. Aug., 1862; re-e. Co. A 164th, May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Leitner, Julius, Co. H 49th, e. Aug. 1, 1861; transferred; dis. Nov. 18, 1865.
Lysle, Robert, Co. I 101st, e. June 27, 1862; re-e. Co. 1 86th, June 16, 1863; dis. Feb. 10, 1864.
Lewis, J. R., Co. A 8th, e. June 11, 1861; dis. July 13, 1864.
Langdon, H. L., C. Lampsin, J. B. Lightcap, R. Lowe and J. W. Long, served full term

with 8th
Lutz, Harrison S., Co. 128th P. V. I., e. Aug. 9, 1862; dis. June, 1864.
Leonard, W. L., Co. K 38th. e. Jan. 23, 1864; dis. July, 1866.
Lamberson, Virgil D., do. H 101st, e. Aug. 12, 1862; Co. I Marine Regiment, re-e. March

11, 1863; dis. Jan. 34, 1865.
Lauizenhizer, John. Co. A 164lh, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Leightner, A. J., Co. D 123d. e. Aug. 22, 1863; dis. June 15, 1865.

Limbaugh, Christian, Co. I Kentucky Independents, e. June 29, 1862; dis. July 10, 1865.
Lewis, John B., Co. K 10th Ind. V. I., e. April 33, 1861; Aug. 6, 1861, e. in Rabb's Bat-
tery; Co. B 64th, drafted Sept. 34, 1864; dis. June 22, 1865.
Lutz, M, T.,Co. B49th, e. Aug. 16, 1861; sunslruck in Texas, July 10, 1865; dis. Jan. 1, 1866.
Lane, Joseph W., Co. F 55th, e. Sept. 20, 1861; dis. at Louisville, Ky., July 11, 1865; died.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 359

Lutz, Scott M., Co. I 101st, e. Aug. 30, 1862; died of typhoid fever at Nashville, Tenn.,

Dec. 30, 1862.
Leedes, Isaac B., Co. A 21st. e. Aug. 28. 1861; dis. Jan. 7, 1863.
Lowe. George W., Co. I 101st, e. ; deceased.

Leeward, Charles, Co. A 8th, e. April 13, 1861; reg. reorganized June 22, 1861, for 3 years.
Livers, T. G., 194th, app. asst. surgeon, March 20, 1865; promoted surgeon June 26,' 1865.
Lackens, L W., Co. I 99th Penn. V. L, e. Feb. 22, 1865; dis. July 11, 1865.
Linhart, John McCron. Co. H 7th Va. V. I., e. Sept. 2, 1861; dis. Dec. 12, 1862.
Leech, W. H. H., Co. E 49th; e. Aug. 12, 1861; dis. Oct. 25, 1865.
Leech, Oliver G., Co. I 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. at Cleveland Aug. 27, 1864; died Sept.

15, 1864, at Fostoria.
Luallen, Joseph R., 65th U. S. Chasseurs, e. 1861; sergeant, 67th N. Y^ Yet. V. I. or U. S.

Chasseurs, re-e. Sept. 1, 1864; dis. July, 1866.
Lemp, George. Co. I 164th. e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.

Lambright, Isaac, Co. B55th,e. Sept. 22, 1861; diedof measles at Frederick, Md., Sept., 1862.
Lepard, Isaac, Co. M 1st O. H. A., e. Dec. 30, 1863; dis. Aug., 1865.
Lebold, John, Co. A 25th, e. June 19. 1861, dis. June 19, 1864.
Lockhart, Samuel, Co. D 49th. e. Feb. 24, 1864; dis. Nov. 30, 1865.
Lumbar, Francis A., Co. G 25th, e. June 18, 1861; dis. June 18, 1866.
Longley, S. J., Co. E 186th, e. Feb. 1865; dis. Oct. 1866.
Lang, David A., Co. E 164th, e. May 2. 1864; dis. Aug. 20, 1864.
Lewis. John W.. Co. K 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Latham. James, Co. B 164th, e. at Tiffin, May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Littler, A., Co. D 8d O. V. C. e. Sept. 10, 1861; dis. Aug., 1865.

Lawrence, James L., Co. G3dO.V. C, e.Aug. 29. 1861; wounded near Franklin. Tenn., 1862.
Leidy, L. C, Co. B 195tli, e. Feb. 20, 1865; dis. Dec. 24. 1865.
Ludwig. Jacob J.. Co. D 72d. killed at Meridian, Miss., June 13, 1865.
Loomis. W.. Co. B 164th. e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27. 1864.
Lutzenberger. T.. Co. B 164th. e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27. 1864.

Lehman. N. S., Co. G 164th, e. Mav 4,1864; re-e. Feb. 14.18ff5, Co. B195th; dis. Dec. 24. 1865.
Luman. David. Co. A 64th, e. Oct" 7, 1864; dis. June 6, 1865.
Layman. H. T., Co. E 101st, e. x\ug. 5. 1862; dis, Aug. 1865.
Lytle. William. Co. D 10th O. V. C. e. spring. 1864; dis. May 27. 1866.
Lehman, S. S., Co. D 86th, e. May 27, 1862; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Lanning, William, Co. C 122d, e. June 29, 1864; dis. July 15, 1865.
Lyberger, N. B., Co. K 49th, e. Oct. 1861; dis. in Tennessee, 1865.
Luman, Anson, Co. C 180th, e. Aug. 3, 1864: dis. July 25, 1865.
Lutz, Matthew T., Co.' B 49th, e. Aug. 16, 1861; dis. Dec. 31, 1865.
Lockhart, James, Co. B 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Loughlin, John M., Co. F 101st, e. July 29, 1862; dis. June 12, 1865.
Libe, Henry A., Co. I 3d O. V. C, e. Sept. 10, 1861 : dis. 1865.

Lombard, William, e. Mav 22, 1863; re-e. in Co. C 164th, May 11, 1864; dis. Oct. 5, 1865.
. Musgrave, W. H., of Co. K 49th, died at Nashville, Tenn., Feb. 5, 1863.
Metcalf, George, Co. H 14th. e. Sept. 5. 1861; dis. July 21, 1865.
Moore, James C, Co. A, 55th, e.'Jan. 1, 1862; dis. Jan. 1, 1865.
McHener. A. D., Co, C 164th. e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 16, 1864.
McHener, Eli, Co. I 123d. e. Oct. 1861; killed at Winchester, Va., Aug. 13, 1863.
McHener. Martin W., Co. L 123d, e. Oct. 1861; killed at Bearville. Va., 1863. '
Martin, John E., Co, F 30th O. V. C, e. Dec. 16, 1863; dis. Aug. 5, 1865.
Martin, James H. F., Co. A 72d, e. March, 1864; dis. July 24, 1864.
McMartin, John, Co. A 72d. e. July, 1864; dis. Sept. 1864.
McCormack, J. E., Co. B 49th, e. Aug. 13, 1861; re-e. in Nov., 1864, Co. B, 135th:

brevetted major Sept., 1865; dis. Dec. 24, 1865.
Miller. William M.. Co. K 49th, e. Sept. 5, 1861; e. again May 2, 1864, Co. C, 164th;

dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
McBride, F., 8th; served full term.

Miller, William H.. Co. D 164th, e. May 2, 1864: dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Miller, Daniel F., Co. I, 164th, e. May 2, 1863; died at Washington Aug. 19, 1864.
Miller, W. W., Co. 1 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Miller, A. K., 8th.

Maule, Charles L., Co. D 43d, e. Nov. 16, 1864; died at Goldsboro, N. C- March, 1865.
Martin, Dr. F. B., asst. surg. 192d, e. March 15, 1865; dis. Aug. 18, 1865.
Martin, S. H., 8th.

Montague. L., Co. G, 12th O. V. C, e. 1863; dis. at Camp Chase.
Myers. William L.. Co. A 8th. e. April, 1861; re-e. Co. D, 86th, 1862; re-e. Co. I 86th. June.

1863; 1st lieutenant, dis. 1863.
Myers, William, 8th, was wounded at Gettysburg July 3, 1863.

Myers. D. K., Co. A 164th, e. May 2, 1864; assigned to med. dep.; dis. Aug. 27. 1864.
Myers, A. J., Co. A 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.

360 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

Mitchell, Joseph, Co. E 25th, e. June 12, 1861; dis. July 26, 1864.

Mvers, Joseph P., Co. I, 101st, e. Aug. 8, 1862; dis. 1865.

Martin Gideon, Co. D, 123d, e. Dec. 23, 1863; dis. June 28, 1865.

Mvers William H., Co. I 47th Penn. V. I., e. Aug. 5, 1861; e. April 24, 1861; dis. July 27,

■" 1861; third enlistment in Fhx., Oct. 8, 1863; dis. Jan. 16, 1866.
Mizen, J. A., Co. A 83d Penn. V. I., Sept. 16, 1861; dis. Sept. 15, 1864.
Myers, Jacob, Co. H 55th; dis. July 11. 1865.
Mays John P., Co. A 88th, e. Aug. 28, 1862; dis. July 3, 1865.
Myers H C Co. B 49th; dis. Nov. 30, 1865; died April 15, 1883, at Tiffin.
Murray, A. C., Co. B 55th, e. Sept. 20, 1861; dis. Nov. 4, 1864.
Mvers W. H., Co. F 8th, e. May 14, 1861; dis. July 13, 1864.
Mbser, Martin, Co. K 133d P. V. I., e. Aug. 12, 1862; Co. K 208th P. V. I., re-e. Aug. 19,

1864; dis. June 8, 1865.
Miller, Anselm, 6th Ind. Bat. Art., e. Sept. 8, 1861; dis. Sept. 19, 1864.
Martin Paul, Co. D 25th N. Y. Militia, e. April 16, 1861; Co. D 18th P. V. C, re-e. Sept.

1862; dis. May 23, 1865.
Maring, J. S., Co. E 15th, e. Aug. 30. 1861; dis. Sept. 20, 1864.

Miller Aden Walter, Co. I 101st, e. Aug. 12, 1862; killed at Chickamauga, Sept. 19, 1863.
Mason, James P., Co. C 102d, e. Aug. 4, 1862; dis. July 8, 1865.
Mowen, David C, Co. D 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. March 11, 1865.
Miller, W. L., Co D 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Myers J H Co I 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; killed at Milroy, Va., June 13, 1863.
Morgan, G., Co. K 21st, e. Aug. 28, 1861; dis. May 5, 1863.
Myers George, Co. B 57th, e. Sept. 30, 1861; dis. Aug. 16, 1862; died at New Riegel, July

27, 1869.
Miller, Henry, Co. B. 57th, e. Sept. 22, 1861; dis. Sept. 26, 1864.

Mowry, David, Co. K 101st, e. Aug. 11, 1862; and in 1st U. S. Eng.; dis. June 30, 1864.
Myers, J. L., Co. C 193d, e. March 14, 1865; dis. Aug. 12, 1865.

Mohler, John H.,Co. K 101st, e.Aug.14,1862; re-e.Co. K 21st, Feb.lO,1864,dis.June 18,1865.
McCormack, O., 8th, died in hospital at Culpepper Court House, in Oct., 1863.
Musser, Charles, 9th Ind. Bat. L. A., e. 1863; dis. Aug. 27, 1863.
McDole, Joseph, 7th O. Ind. Bat., e. Feb. 28, 1864; dis. Aug. 11. 1865.
McCracken, John L., Co. H. 21st, e. Feb. 25, 1864; dis. Jan. 11, 1865.
Mason, J. P.. Co. C 102d, e. Aug. 2, 1862; dis. July 8, 1865. ^^ . ^ ^ ,„,o.,
Millhime, Edward, Co. E 49th, e. Aug. 13, 1861; died at Camp Nevins, Ky., Dec. 12, 1861.
McDonel, George H.. Co. D 72d, e. Dec. 29, 1863; dis. Oct. 10, 1864.
McLaughlin. Michael, Co. E 11th 111. V. I., e. March 1, 1865; dis. Sept. 30, 1865.
Maclntyre, Peter W., Co. G 128th, e. Nov. 12, 1863; dis. July 5, 1865.
Maloney, Thomas H., Co. I 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis^ June 13. 1865 ^^ , ^. ^ ^ ^^^
Marshman, Robert, Co. K 32d, e. Aug. 12, 1861; re-e. Feb. 1864, Co. K 32d; dis. Aug. 1865.
Moses John, Co. I 72d, e. Oct. 16, 1861; re-e. Jan., 1864; final dis. Sept. 11, 1865.
McEw'en. George W., Co. H 49th, e. Aug. 15, 1861; re-e.; final dis. Dec. 31, 1865.
Martin, Jacob W., Co. K 101st, e. Aug. 14, 1862; dis. June 12, 1865.
Mitchell, Joseph, Co. E 25th, e. June 12, 1861; trans, to 75lh; dis. July 26, 1864.
Michaels, Leroy, Co. A 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 2i. 1864.

Miller Jacob C, Co. E 49th, e. Sept., 1861 ; killed at Mission Ridge, Tenn., Nov. 25,1868.
Martin, John K., Co. D 56th, e. Sept. 20, 1861; died in Bloom, April 10, 1862.
Munger, Charles F., Co. B 55th, e. Oct., 1861; dis. July 11, 1865
McAllister, James, Co. B 2d Iowa V. C, e. Aug. 22, 1861; dis. Sept.. 1864.
McClelland. T. A., Co. A. 12th O. V C, e. Oct. 1, 1863; dis. Dec, 1865.
Martin, George M., Co. K 164th, e. May 2, 1864; re-e. Feb. 14, 1865, Co. B 195th; dis. Dec

10, 1865.
Martin, John A., Co. A 5th, O. V. C, e. Feb., 1863; dis. Nov. 25, 1865.
McDowell. Andrew S., Co. D 123d, e. Aug., 1862; dis. June 12, 1865.
Mclntire, Valentine, Co. B 49th, e. Feb. 22, 1864; dis. Nov. 30, 1865.
Mirer, John, e. Co. F 55th; dis.
Miller, George S., e. Sept. 20, 1864; dis. Jan.. 1865.
McKcen, John K., Co. B 1st Iowa V. C, e. May 8, 1861, and re-e. Dec. 16, 1863; dis. Feb.

15, 1866.
Merchant, W. J., Co. K 49th, e. Sept. 5, 1861; dis. Sept. 10, 1863.
Miller, John R., Co. H 169th, e. May 4, 1864; dis. Sept 4, 1864.

McMeen Robert.Co. I 101st, e.Aug.12,1862; wounded; died Jan.l9,1863,at Nashville,Tenn
McKev George S., Co. E 101st, e. May 14, 1862; dis. June 19, 1865.
May, Emory W., Co. H 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Miller, W. H. H., Co. H 14th, e. Sept. 5, 1861; dis. July 20, 1865.
McDaniel, J. H.. Co. D 72d, e. March 28, 1864; dis. Aug. 7, 1865.
Mills, W. A., Co. G 55th, e. Aug. 11, 1862; dis. June 17, 1865.

Moore Theodord; R.. Co. C 164ih. o. May 11. 1864; dis. 1864: now lives in Indiana.
Moorei D. B., Co. C 123d, e. Aug. 20, 1862; dis. June 14, 1865.

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 361

Minich.Elias, e. April 4. 1864; dis. Oct., 1866.
Milrov, Oliver, Co. H o5th, e. Sept. 16, 1861; dis. Sept.. 1865.
Miller S.. Co. F 2d Midi. V. C, e. Sept. 16, 1885; dis. Aug. 18, 1865.
Mohr, James F., Co. K 176th Penn. V. I., e. Nov. 7, 1863; dis. Aug. 19, 1863.
McCarter, James, Co. C 126th, e. 1863; dis. 1865.

Meao-her, W. T., a member of Capt. Way's company, was killed near Cheat Mt. Dec., 1861.
Norton, R. M., Co. A 8th, e. April, 1861; served three years.

JSTorton, James A., Co. K 101st, e. Aug. 16, 1862: commissioned first lieutenant in 133d U.
S. I., Oct. 7, 1864; made prisoner at Chickamauga Sept. 21, 1863, and released same
day.
Norton, Rufus H., Co. I 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.

Neff, Heurv. Co. G 8th, e. April, 1861; re-e. Sept. 26, 1864, Co. I 33d; dis. June 5, 1865.
Naylor C T Co. A 8th, e. April 16, 1861; wounded; twice captured bv Mosby's com-
mand; dis. July 14, 1864.
Negele William, Co. A 55th, e. Sept. 22, 1861; dis. Feb. 27, 1862.
Niebel, John, Co. B 195th, e. Feb. 22, 1865; dis. Dec. 18, 1865.
Norris, Omar P., 25th, e. April, 1861; re-e. July, 1862. Co. B 111th; dis. July, 1865.
Norris, Chas. P., 101st; died at Louisville, Ky., Nov. 35, 1863.
Norris, James, Co. H 49th, e. Aug. 15, 1861; re-e. Co. H 49th, Feb.. 1864.
Neiderhouser, J. J.. Co. K 101st, e. Aug. 4, 1863; dis. June 25, 1865.
Norton, C. G. Co. K 101st, e, Aug. 2, 1862; dis. July 9, 4866.
Noble, John, Co. D 86th, e. Aug. 1, 1863; dis. Dec 1863; re-e. Co. I 164th, May 2, 1864;

dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Nedvy, John F., Co. K 49th, e. in 1862; dis. at Columbus.
Niebel, J. H. Co. A 123d, e. Aug. 20, 1863; dis. at Columbus, Ohio.
Nolan, John. Co. D 86th, e. ]\Iay 27, 1862; dis. Sept. 25, 1862.
Norris, Thomas C Co. B 111th, e. July, 1862; dis. Aug. 1. 1865.
Needham, Samuel A., Co. I, 9th, e. Dec. 1862; dis. July 30, 1865.
Nighswander, David, Co. G 8th, e. April 35, 1861; dis. July 16, 1864; re-e. July 16, 1864;

final dis. Oct. 17, 1865.
Niebel, Elijah, Co. D 73d, e. Oct. 29, 1861; dis. and re-e. Jan. 1, 1864; dis. June 19, 1865.
Needham, Amos K., Co. I. O. V, C, e. November, 1863; dis. July 20, 1865.
Neelv F., 8th; served full term.

NighWauder, B., Co. B 195th, e. June 15, 1865; dis. Aug., 1865.

Nighswander, Dr. Martin, Co. B r5th, e. Sept. 15, 1861; dis. and re-e. Jan. 1, 1864; final
dis. June 10, 1865.

Nesbitt, Samuel, Co. H 49th, e. Sept. 9, 1861; dis. Sept. 13, 1864.

Neikirk, D. J., Co. G, 164th; mus. May 8, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.

Neikirk, Samuel Co. K 101st, Aug. 15, 1862; Co. K 164th, re-e. May 2, 1864; final dis. Aug.
27, 1864.

Noble. Montgomery, Co. K. 101st, e. July 30, 1862; dis. May 30, 1863.

Nuson, William, and Joseph served in 8th.

Nichols, J. H., 8th; served full term.

Ogle, B. F., e. in 8lh, Dec. 1861; resigned Dec.1862.

Osterholt, Derick D., Co. K 138d. e. Aug. 30, 1862; dis. Feb. 26, 1863.

Osmund, W. H., Co. B 57th. e. Oct. 1, 1861; dis. Oct. 1. 1864.

Olmstead. C, Co. I. 164th, May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.

Ohmler. Jacob, Co. I 164th, May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.

O'Connell, Michael, Co. I 101st.

Olds, H. B., Co. G 55th, e. Sept. 25, 1861; dis. and re-e. Dec. 31; dis. July 25, 1865.

Ogden, H. G., Co. G 25th e. May 18, 1861; dis. March 1863; re-e. May 3, 1864, Co. H 164th;
final dis. Aug. 37, 1864.

Owens, J. F., Co. D 164th, May 3, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.

Owens, Allen D., Co. B 166th; dis. in 1864.

Olds, Gilbert O.. Co. G 55th, e. Sept. 35, 1861; dis. Dec. 1, 1864.

Ogden George S. Co. G 35th, e. June 18, 1861; sent to Washington and died.

Orwig, J. S., Co. K 101st, e. Aug. 30, 1863; dis. Mav, 1863.

Orme, A. J., 8th, and 6th U. S. Cav.

Orwig, J. B., Co. I. 101st; died April 18. 1865

Pittenger, R. M., Co. D 164th; dis. Aug. 37. 1864.

Powers, Robert S., Co. B 38th P. V. I., e. Feb. 1, 1864; dis. June, I860.

Powell. Andrew. Co. D 133d, e. Aug. 32, 1862; dis. June 28, 1865.

Post, William, Co. G 3d, e. Nov., 1861; dis. April 4, 1863.

Palmer. A., 8th, dis.

Parks, David, Co. G 55th, e. Sept., 1861; killed May 1, 1863.

Pitticord, John G., Co. K 101st, e. Aug. 2, 1862; dis. Oct., 1865.

Park, C. C, Co. D 86th, e. May 27, 1862: dis. Dec. 25, 1862.

Park. John. Co. D 86th. e. May 27, 1863; dis. Sept. 25, 1863; Co. A 164th; re-e. May 3,
1864; dis. Aug. 37, 1864.

362 HisTor.Y OF senega county.

Parks, Peter, Co. B 49th. e. 1864; dis. 1865.

Park, T. L.. Co. H 164tli, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27. 1864.

Pew, Samuel, Co. A 164th, e. May 2. 1864; dis. Aug. 27. 1864.

Page, W. J. Co. C 1st, e. Sept. 9, 1861; dis. Sept. 9, 1864.

Preble, Edward, Co. B 4th, U. S. I., e. in the Mexican War in 1847; Co. B 55th, e. in the

Civil War, Sept. 20, 1861; dis. Sept. 20, 1864.
Peters, Joseph D., Co. E 197th, e. March 6, 1865; dis. Aug. 8, 1865.
Poorraan, George S., Co. A 164th. e. May 2 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Phillips, John W.. Co. D 144th. e. Mar 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 8, 1864.
Pancoast, William, Co. G 25th, e. June 18. 1861; dis. June 25, 1864.
Pancoast, George W., Co. G 49th, e. at Mission Ridge, Nov. 25, 1863.
Pockmyer, W. H., wounded Sept. 13. 1862; and dis.
Quinn David, Co, I 101st, e. Jan., 1864; dis. Oct. 19, 1865.
Ranch J. J., 8th. was killed July 3, 1863.
Rouch, Chas., 8th, died in hospital Sept., 1861.
Ray, H. H., served full term with 8th.
Redd. J., dis. for disability from 8th.

Richardson, W. P., killed Sept. 17, 1862. while with 8th Inf.
Reiflf, J. W.. Co. K 144th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 31, 1864.
Richards, William, Co. I 71st. e. Dec. 9, 1864; di». Nov. 30. 1865.
Reid, W. L., Co. K 164th, e. Mav 2,* 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Ruddick, C. E., Co. A 71st, e. July 5, 1861; dis. May 5, 1862.
Reese, J. D., Co. K 101st, e. Aug. 16, 1862; dis. July 1, 1865.
Robinson. W. H., Co. G 55th, e. Sept. 25. 1861; dis. July 31, 1865.
Robinson, Horace, Co. G 55th, c. Aug.. 1861; wounded Mav 2, 1863.
Ringle, Andrew. Co. G 149th; dis. Aug. 23, 1864.

Rogers, James P., Co. D 68th; e. Nov.. 1862; dis. andre-e. March, 1864; dis. Julv 10, 1865.
Rule, Isaac P., Co. I 101st, e. Aug. 12, 1862; mortally wounded Sept. 19, 1863.
Robinson, Charles F., Co. G 25th, e. June 18. 1861; dis. Julv, 1864.
Robertson, John, 65th, e. Oct. 11, 1861; dis. Oct. 11, 1864.
Richardson. C. F., Co. G 55th, e. Nov. 25, 1861; dis. Aug. 27, 1865.
Rossiter, William, Co. I 123d, e. Aug. 22. 1862; dis. June 12. 1865.
Ross, William. Co. A 72d, e. March 1, 1864; dis. June 13, 1865.
Reisz, Daniel, Co. B 64th, mus. Sept. 28, 1864; dis. June 16, 1865.
Rover, L. B., Co. D 34th. e. Aug.. 1862; dis. Aug., 1865.
Robenalt. William. Co. G 49th, e. March 10, 1862; dis. March 10, 1865.
Robertson, John, Co. K 80th, e. Jan. 7, 1862; dis. Jan. 6, 1865.

Runneals, James C. e. Aug. 14, 1861; dis. Sept. 10, 1864; died at Fostoria in May, 1884.
Romig. John, e. May 2, 1864; and served 100 days with 164th.
Ruch, David T., e. May 2, 1864, in 164th.

Richardson, Charles, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. Feb. 6, 1863; died near Tiffin. Ohio, in 1874.
Richardson, Joseph, e. in 1861; wounded at Antietam, and dis. in 1864.
Ritchart, W. H., e. Dec. 28, 1861; dis. March 30, 1863.

Rhodes, Daniel, e. Aug. 22. 1862; wounded at Winchester, Sept. 19, 1864; dis. April 11, 1865.
Rogers. L. B., e. May 2. 1864; dis. Aug. 27. 1864.

Reed, G. W., e. Aug. 16, 1862; died iii Cumberland Hospital in Jan., 1863.
Raymond, Jacob, e. May 2, 1864; dis. after 100 days' service.

Reinbolt. Henrv, e. Mav 2, 1864; re-e. Nov. 5, 1864, in 18th U. S. Inf. ; dis. May 18, 1866.
Reinlx>lt, Joseph, e. in 1863, 101st Regt.

Reinbolt, Michael, e. Aug. 11, 1862; served three years in 101st.
Reinbolt, Adam, e. in 1864, 15th U. S. Inf.; was dis. in 1867.
Rienbolt. Frank, e. in the 17th U. S. Inf.. June. 1866.
Rodegel, Jacob, e. in 55th; died at Frederick City. Md., Sept. 20, 1862.
Rodegel, Isaac, died at Murfreesboro, Teun., while serving with 49th, April 14, 1863.
Rodegel. Daniel, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864. Served three years in the State Militia.
Reynolds, Lysander, e. May 2, 1864; served 100 days.
Ruess, Anthony, 164th, e. May2, 1864; served 100 days.

Ryan, Nathan, e. May. 1863; was in the hands of the rebels for 8 months; dis. Julj' 1864.
Robbins, T. H., e. Apr. 20. 1861; dis. July, 1865.
Ridgley, J. H., e. June, 1863, re-e. Apr., 1865; dis. July, 1865.
Rhorbacker. G. W., e. Feb. 1. 1862; dis. Feb. 28. 1865.

Reeme, D. E.. e. Aug. 22, 1862, wounded Sept. 19, 1864, captured; dis. June 22, 1865.
Reitcr, Chas., e. Mar. 14, 1865; dis. Sept. of that year.

Rollins, W. B., e. Apr. 14. 1861, re-e. 49th. was wounded, held prisoner; dis. Mar. 21, 1865.
Seewald, Chas., e. 8th, wounded at Gettysburg; died at Washington. July, 3, 1863.
Sanford, Benjamin F., Co. G3dO. V. C, e. Sept. 9, 1861; dis. Mar. 22, 1862.
Shoalts. Jacob, Co. B 72d. e. Nov. 9, 1861; dis. Sept. 13. 1862.
Saliers, H. A.. Co. E 123d, e. Aug. 16, 1862; dis. 1865.
Spencer, Samuel, Co. H 186th, e. Sept., 1861 ; dis. Oct. 16, 1864.

/i /^, U^^^-^^-^.^

HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY. 365

Suter, David, Co. K 8tli, e. Dec. 21, 1861 ;dis. Aug. 29, 1865.

Sisdale, Charles C.,Co. E 123d, e. 1862; dis. Nov. 4, 1864.

ShauU, Samuel R., e. 1862; served 3 years.

Spayth. HenryA., 49th; dis. June, 1863; died at Tiffin, July, 1878.

Schaefer, Joe, Co. K57th, e. June 20, 1862; re-e. Co. G 2d"N. Y. Mounted Rifles, Jan. 20,

1864; dis. Aus;. 17, 1865.
Strausbaugh, William C, Co. K 101st, e. Aug. 14, 1862; dis. Dec. 13, 1863.
Straw, David, Co. M Md. State Guards, e. Mar. 1862; dis. May, 1865.
Seaman, John, Co. D 3d O. V. C, e. Apr. 1861;dis. Aug., 1865.
Smothers, Henry E., Co. I 95th, e. Aug. 1862; dis. June, 1865.

Shiley, Andrew, Co. E 21st, e. Sept. 1861; died at Murfreesboro, Tenn., Apr. 27, 1862.
Swallow, Abel, Shertzberg. Schriener, Slart, Sloat, Smith, J. Snover, Snyder, J. W.

Sopher, Sener, C. and Stoner, P., served with 8th.
Smith, George, Co. E 32d, e. Feb. 15. 1865; dis. July, 1865.

Seney, George E., 101st, e. July 28,1862; dis. Dec. 1864; now congressman for 9th district.
Scannell. M., Co. A 164th, e. May 2, 1864; re-e. Co. C 130th, Nov. 3,1864; dis. July 20, 1865,

at Charlotte, N. C.
Sheibley, W. W., Co. E 1st battalion Penu. V. I., e. July 16, 1864; dis. Nov. 14 1864
Stanley, W. B., band 55th, e. Oct. 4, 1861; dis. Aug. 18, 1862.
Schuler, William H., Co. B 115th. e. July 12, 1862; dis. July 5, 1865.
Snyder, W. A., Co. B 49th; dis. Nov. 30, 1865.
Speier, Wm., Co. K 107th, e. Aug. 20, 1862; dis. Oct. 6, 1864.
Shuler, A. J., Co. M. 1st N. J. V. C, e. Oct., 1861; re-e. Co. I 9th N. J. V. I., June, 1863;

dis. May 26, 1865.
Snyder. Merret, Co. D 208th Penn. V. I., e. Aug. 25, 1864; dis. June 1, 1865.
Sheets, Frank. Co. D 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. June 28, 1865
Stone, M. C, Co. D, 65th, e. Nov. 15, 1864; dis. June 20, 1865.
Schreiner, Andrew, Co. A 8th, e. Apr. 17, 1861; dis. July 13, 1864.
Shaull, Jacob S., Co. D. 64th, e. Sept., 1864; dis. at Nashville, Tenn. in 1865.
Shaull, David N., e. at Tiffin, service two j'ears.
Strayer, Thomas H., Co. B 144th, e. Aug. 8, 1862; dis. July 31, 1865.
Stoner, J. C, Co. H 101st, e. Aug., 1862; dis. June 20, 1865.
Schneider, Clement, Co. K 123d, e. Oct. 16, 1862; dis. March 4 1864
Seeholtz, Daniel. Co. A 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Stolzeubach, H. J., Co. G 2d Penn. H. A., e. Penn., Jan. 13, 1864; dis. Jan. 29, 1866.
Schnor, Leonard, musician 55th, e. Oct. 12, 1861; dis. Sept. 2, 1862.
Shaull, George J., served three moiTths.

Stockman, Martin, Co. B 123d, e. June, 1862; service three years.

Schwartz, Augustus, e. in Mexican -war from Md., Sept. 4, 1848; dis. Texas, Sept. 4, 1856.
Smith, Henry, Captain in 2d. 111. Cav., was made prisoner at the battle of Lexington, Ky.
Schneider, Michael, Co. K 123d. e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. June 12, 1865.
Stem, Leander, 101st, e. Sept., 1862; colonel, mortally wounded at Stone River, Dec. 31,

1862; died at Murfreesboro, Tenn., Jan. 5, 1868; the G. A. R. Post at Tiffin, is named

in his honor.
Snyder, Simon, Co. I 101st. e. Aug. 14. 1862; dis. June 24, 1864.
Stofer, B. F., Co. F 10th, O. V. C. e. Sept. 5. 1862; dis. July 24, 1865.
Stone, U., Co. A 164th, e. May 2. 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Sherpan, Eldridge, Co. G 55th, e. Sept. 25, 1861; dis. Jan. 22, 1864.
Stover, W. H., 49th, e. at Tiffin, Aug. 15, 1861; 19th batterv O. L. A., re-e. Aug. 11, 1862;

dis. June 28, 1865.
Schmidt, Bruno, Co. K123d, e. Sept. 10, 1862; dis. June 5, 1865; died at Tiffin, May 26, 1876.
Snyder, H. D., Co. H 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864; Co. B 195th, re-e. Feb. 1865;

dis. Dec. IS, 1865.
Strawman, J. G. , Co. H 14th, e. Sept. 1 1861; dis. July 5, 1865.

Stewart, F. R. Co. H 49th, e. Aug. 15, 1861; captain, Dec. 21, 1864; dis. Dec. 31, 1865.
Schuyler, Josephus S., Co. I 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; dis. June 12, 1865; died at Fostoria,

April 29, 1881.
Snook, James H., Co. 1 101st. e. in 1864; died at Wilmington. S. C, March, 1865.
SipleB., Co. B 164th e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864.
Stearns, Sylvester, Co. K 49th, e. Sept. 5, 1861; dis. Nov. 30, 1864.

Simons, Silas W., Co. E 49th, e. Aug. 4, 1861; Co. E 49th, re-e. Feb. 10, 1864, captain.
Snyder, Eli, Co. I 123d, e. Aug. 12, 1862; dis. June 12, 1865.
Snyder, David W., Co. D 88th Ind. V. I., e. Aug. 4, 1862; dis. Aug. 28, 1865.
Shoe, J. W., Co. E 49th, e. Aug. 12, 1861; dis. Dec. 30, 1865.
Sprout, D. A., Co. E 49th, e. Aug. 12, 1861; dis. Nov. 23, 1865.

Sabin, William, Co. B 55th, e. Sept. 20, 1861; dis. July, 1865; died Fostoria, Dec. 21, 1865.
Sabins. James, Co. K49th, e. Sept. 3, 1861; dis. Jan. 7, 1864.
Schneider, Anselm, deceased.
Sheller, John J., Co. 1 123d, e. Aug. 22, 1862; service 2 years and 10 months.

366 HISTORY OF SENECA COUNTY.

Shroades, Samuel A.. Co. A. 1st 111. V. L, e. July 3, 1861; re-e. Nov. 25, 1861, Co. K. 57th;

(lis Dec 22 1864.
Smith Henry Co. E 49th, e. Feb. 29, 1864; dis. Dec. 30, 1865.
S^va 'e JohZco B IstU. S. Fusiliers, e. Sept. 25, 1861; Jan. 28, 1862, re.e. Co. I 1st III.

V. 'l. a. ; dis. Feb. 1865.
Stoliper, Jacob, died at Nashville, Tenn.
Saur Uriah Co F 55th, e. Sept. 15, 1861; dis. Aug., 18bo.

Stewart wilUamH., Co.' K 101st. e.' Aug. 1862; re-e. May 2, 1864, 144th; dis. Aug. 1861.
Sparks, James P., Co. H 101st, e. Aug. 11 1862; dis. July 5 1865. _
Shetterly, James K., Co. G 55th, e. Aug. 6, 1862; dis. June 16, I860.
Saum, Solomon, Co. K 101st, e. Sept., 1862; dis. June, I860.
Snencer R B 2d Ky. V. I., e. May 13, 1861; re-e. June 4, 1861, Co. D 24th; re-e. Oct. 25,

1862, Battery M 4th U. S. Art.; re-e. Sept. 7. 1864, Miss. Squadron on "Black Hawk;

StonlT Frfnk M,° e.^Co^ G^ 27th N. Y. V. I. ; re-e. March 24, 1864, 1st N. Y. Vet. Cav. ; dis.

Stone" Capt. C. M., Co. G 55th; was killed near Goldsborough, N.^C, March 16, 1865. He
was interred on Smith's farm, N. C. _ , „ ,. . ^ 1

Spooner, Henry K., 55th. e. Sept. 15, 1861, surgeon, with rank of lieutenant of cavalry;
promoted surgeon of 61st, ranking as major; promoted surgeon in charge ot 1st divis-
ion, 20th army corps, June 25, 1864; dis. April 1, 1865.

Stahl, Israel, Co. C 86th, e. June 15, 1863; dis. Feb. 10,1864.

Stalev Eli Co F 8th e. May 5, 1861; dis. May 5, 1863.

K'Baker Co B 55th. e.^Sepl. 15. 1861;r£.e. Co. K 49th; dis^ March 25. 1863.

Spooner, Jesse M., Co. G55th, e. Sept. 25, 1861; dis. Dec. 2o. 1864.

Sage Edwin R., Co. K 144th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. after six months service.

Six, H. S., Co. A 164th. e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 27, 1864 ^^ t ., . n n

Shaw, Patrick J., Co. H 12th Mass. V.I., Nov.1863; Co. G 29th Mass. V. I., then to Co. C,

Seitz,1saarCo.'G'l64th. e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug- 27, 1864.

Rinnlp Richard Co E 21st e. Aug. 20 1863; dis. Aug. 1864.

laum Wm Co. H 21st e April 23, 18(51; re-e. May 2° 1864. Co. E 164th; dis. Aug. 27,1864.

Smith, A. J. C, Miss. Squadron; e. Nov 1863; dis. Aug 1864.

Sprineer John C. 5th, e. the Mexican War, Sept. 1, 1846; dis Aug 25. 1848. ,

sS Samuel, Co. B 55th. e. Sept. 20. 1861; dis. July 13, 1862 died July 30,1864, Fostoria.

Schatzel. Jacob, Co. E 192d. e. Feb. 17, 1865; dis. Aug. 18, 1865_

Shinness, Benjamin, Co. A 164th, e. May 2. 1864; dis Aug. 2*. _ 1864.

Simonis, Peter. Co. B 43d, e. Nov. 29, 1864; dis. July 13, I860. _

Shaull. James M., Co. I 65th, e. 1861; died Feb., 1864 at Alexandria, Va.

Sirouse. John, Co. K 164th, e. May 2^ 1864; dis^ Aug. 27. 1864

Saltsman, Norman. Co. G 189th. e. Feb. 23. 1865; dis. Sept. 28 1865.

Shawman, Jacob. Co. G 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug. 2 < 1864.

Shireman. John. Co. D 144th, e. May 2. 1864; dis. Aug., 1864^

Shirkey. William. Co. E 164. e. May 4, 1864; dis.Aug. 27 1864

Shaull. Dennis H., Co. A 164th, e. May 2 1864; dis. Aug 2, 1864.

Snyder, John W., Co. A 8th, e. June 10, 1861; dis. July 13, 1864.

Shaw, WilUam F.. Co. K 49th, e.; dis. May, 1863.

Swigart. W. H., Co. G 25th, e. June 22 1861; dis. Aug. 1862

Schuster, Joseph. Co. F 55th, e. Sept. 21, 1861; dis. Sept 30 1864.

Spindler. H. C. Co. A 164th, e. May 2, 1864; dis. Aug 2^- 1864.

Stiger. David. Co. A 64th, e. Oct., 1864; dis. Sept. lo, 1865.

Stull. R. Solomon, Co. C 180th, e. Sept. 19, 1864; dis. May 29 1865

Shaull, George N., Co. K 101st, e. Aug 30, 1862; dis. Dec. 24, 1862.

Sullivan, Michael, 164th, e. May 2, 1864; major; dis. Aug. 27, 1864. t. , on iftfiQ

Sechraan. Jesse D.. Co. K 101st. e. Aug. 30, 1862, died Murfreesboro Tenn.. Feb. 20, 1863.

Shuman, William F.. Co. K. lOlst. e. Aug. 30. 1862; dis. June 25 1865_

Sheidler. Abraham D.. Co. B. 195th. e. Feb. 13 I860; dis. Dec 19 1865^

Shedeuhelm James AV.. Co. K 65th, e. July 15, 1861; dis. Sept. 1<, 1864^ ^^ ^, 0.=

SeHers Da^id, (?o G I64th, e. May 2, 1864? re-e. Feb. 25, 1865, Co. B 195th