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HISTORY
OF THE
STATE OF NEW YORK.
BY
JOHN EOMEYN BRODHEAD.
SECOND VOLUME.
FIRST EDITION.
NEW YORK:
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
FRANKLIN SQUAKE.
1871.
^
"2^/7 3 ^.V
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 187], by
John Romevn Brodhead,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
PREFACE
TO VOLUME SECOND.
When this volume was begun, it was my purpose to bring its
contents down to the accession of Queen Anne of England, and
the chapters embracing the years between 1691 and 1702 are ready
for the printer. But, by the affluence of original authorities, and
the temptation to use them, perhaps, too liberally, this book, in
spite of laborious condensation, may have grown unfashionably
large ; and these chapters must be reserved for another volume —
should the public manifest a desire to learn more of early 'New
York, down to the inauguration of ^Yashington.
Descended from an. English officer who helped his king to con-
quer Dutch New Netherland, as well as from a colonial Hollander
who stood up manfully for his Kepublican Fatherland, I feel no
partiality in telling the history of liie greatest European plantation
in America. My object has ]been to exhibit the truth honestly and
minutely. In doing this, I have long and carefully studied the re-
ceived authorities relating to the colonial annals of our country,
and also all that I have seen, recently brought to light. If I have
missed my aim, let my failure be imputed to incapacity rather than
to lack of industry or candor.
John Roivietn Beodhead.
Neio York, February, 1871.
CONTENTS.
C II A r T E R I.
1GG4.
War at hand; Louis the Fourteenth, page 1 ; The Dutch Republic, William of Orange,
and John De Witt, 2 ; England and Charles, 3 ; James, Duke of York, 4 ; The En-
glish King's jNIinisters, 5 ; Downing, G ; Canada, New England, New Netherland,
and Virginia, 7; Admirable Situation of New Netherland, 8, 9 ; Territorial Jealousies
in North America, 10, 11 ; Charles's Policy, 12 ; English new Navigation Law, 13 ;
New Netherland to be seized by England, 14 ; The Duke of York's Patent, 15, 16 ;
Colonel Richard NicoUs, 17; Royal Commissioners, 18; Instractions of the Commis-
sioners, 19 ; English Expedition against New Netherland, 20 ; Infatuation in Hol-
land, 21 ; Swedish Complaints, 22 ; States General refuse to defend New Netherland,
23 ; New Amsterdam blockaded, 24 ; Stup-esant returns from Fort Orange, 25 ;
The Metropolis defenseless, 2G ; Nicolls demands the Surrender of Jlanhattan, 27 ;
Stuyvesant's Letter to the W. I. Company ; Willett and Winthrop, 28 ; Winthrop's
Letter to Stuy^-esant, 29 ; Stuyvesant tears up Winthrop's Letter, 30 ; Stuyvesant's
Justification of the Dutch Title, 31 ; Nicolls at Gravesend, 32 ; Submission of Long
Island to the English ; New Amsterdam beleaguered, 33 ; Panic in the Metropolis,
34; English and Dutch Commissioners appointed, 35 ; Articles of Capitulation agi'ced
upon, 3G ; Surrender of New Netherland to the English, 37-41.
CHAPTER IL
1GG4-1GG5.
Fort Amsterdam given up, and the English Flag hoisted, 42 ; New York and Fort
James named ; Nicolls's new Goverament, 43 ; English and Dutch Church Service,
44 ; Fort Orange submits, and is named Albany ; IManning commander ; Brodhead
in command at Esopus, 4G ; Oath of Allegiance requii-ed from the Dutch, 47 ; York-
shire and Albania, 48 ; Nicolls's Grants of Land, 49 ; Conquest of the Delaware by
the English, 50-53; Connecticut Boinidarj', 53; Long Island adjudged to New York,
54 ; Boundaries established between New York and Connecticut, 55 ; Long Island
Affairs, 5G ; The Dutch Government demands Restitution of New Netheriand, 57 ;
Hostihties begun by England, 58 ; Nicolls seizes the W. I. Company's Estate, 59 ;
Stuy\-esant retunis to Holland ; New City Officers in New York, 60 ; Provincial Rev-
enue, CI ; Royal Commissioners in New England ; Nicolls establishes a Court of As-
sizes in New York, 02 ; Long Island or Yorkshire divided into Ridings, 63 ; Purpose
of the Court of Assizes, 64 ; The Duke of York's Power to make Laws, 65 ; Enghsh
Laws established, 66; Meeting at Hempstead; Nicolls's Code, 67, G8 ; Hempstead
Address to the Duke of York, 69; "The Duke's Laws," 70-73; Race-course at
Hempstead ; Albany Affairs, 74 ; City Government of New York changed, 75 ; Wil-
lett Mayor, 76 ; The Dutch dissatisfied, 77 ; Holland appeals to France against En-
gland, 78 ; War declared between Holland and England, 79 ; Feeling in New York,
y] CONTENTS.
80; Berkeley and Carteret, 81 ; James conveys a part of New York to tliem, and
calls it "New Jersey," 82 ; The Duke's Letter to Nicolls, 83 ; Philip Carteret Gov-
ernor of New Jersey, 84-86 ; Delaware and Pemaquid, 86 ; Admiralty Court in New
York, 87 ; NicoUs's Instructions to Brodhead at Esopus, 88 ; Purchase of Esopus
Lands ; NicoUs's new offers to Planters, 89 ; Case of Witchcraft, 90 ; Dutch Prop-
erty confiscated by Nicolls ; Condition of New York, 91, 92 ; War between the Dutch
and English in Em-ope, 93-96.
CHAPTERIIL
1666-1668.
France declares War against England ; Charles's Colonial Orders, 97 ; New York and
Canada, 98 ; The Jesuits oppose the Liquor Trade, 99 ; De Mezy recalled, and Cour-
celles Governor of Canada; Talon Intendant, 100 ; Tracy Viceroy of New France,
101 ; The Iroquois and Onnontio, 102 ; Courcelles's Expedition against the Mohawks,
103; Action of Nicolls, 104; The Delaware Territorj-, lOG; Discontent on Long
Island ; Nicolls warns the seditious, 107 ; Narrative of the Hempstead Delegates ;
Action of the Court of Assizes, 108 ; New Land Patents, 109 ; New York and Al-
bany, 110 ; Eoyal Commissioners recalled. 111 ; NicoUs's Eeport on New York, 112,
113; Submission of the Western Iroquois to Canada, 114; The Oneidas and Mo-
hawks submit to the French, 115; Tracy's Expedition against the Mohawks, 117-
119; Precautions of Nicolls, 120; Van Curler drowned in Lake Champlain, 121;
Brodhead suspended from command at Esopus, 121-123 ; Naval War between the
Dutch and English, 124; Great Fire of London, 125; Krynssen in Virginia, 126;
New York Privateer in Acadia, 127; French Missionaries assigned to the Iroquois,
128-131; Stup-esant and the West India Company, 132, 133; The Dutch in the
Thames, 134 ; Treaty of Breda ; New Netherland given up to England, 135 ; Feeling
in London ; Fall of Clarendon, 136 ; Stuyvesant's return to New York, 137 ; Martha's
Vineyard and Nantucket, 138 ; Fisher's Island granted to Winthrop, 139 ; Delaware
Affairs, 140 ; Nicolls leaves New York, 142.
CHAPTER IV.
1668-1673.
Colonel Francis Lovelace Governor, 143, 144 ; Esopus Affairs ; a Printing-press want-
ed, 145; Jesuit Missions among the Iroquois, 146-148; New Jersey Affairs ; Staten
Island adjudged to New York, 149, 150; The English refuse Free Trade to New
York, 151; Triple Alliance, 152; Aspect of the Metropolis, 153, 154; Panic on
Long Island, 155; Marbletown, Hurley, and Kingston, 156, 157 ; Provincial and
City Seals, 157, 158 ; Ministiy of the Reformed Dutch Church, 159 ; Court of As-
sizes, 160; The Mahicans and Mohawks, 161 ; Jesuit Explorations in the West, 162;
La Salle, Dollier, and Galinc'e explore Lakes Ontario and Erie, 163 ; Delaware Af-
fairs, 164, 165 ; Lovelace buys Staten Island from the Indians, 165, 166 ; Esopus and
Albany Affairs, 167 ; No foreign trading Vessels on the Hudson, 168 ; Iroquois and
the French, 169, 170 ; Case of Witchcraft, 171 ; Long Island To-nms seditious, 172,
173; Lutherans, 174; Reformed Dutch Church in New York, 175, 176; Captain
James Carteret, 177 ; Iroquois Missions, 178 ; The French in the Northwest, 179 ;
Courcelles's Voyage to Lake Ontario, 180, 181 ; North River Vessels, 182; Purchase
of the "Domine's Bouwery" by Lovelace, 183; Death of Stuyvesant, 183; England
and France unite against the Dutch, 184 : William Prince of Orange, 185 ; Death of
Nicolls, 1 86 ; English Plantation Council, 1 87 ; New York, Massachusetts, and Rhode
Island, 188, 189 ; Mainland rebuked by New York, 190 ; George Fox in America,
CONTENTS. vii
191; Jesuit Missions, 102; Fort at .Cataracouy projected; Frontenac Governor of
Canada, 193, 194 ; Law of Divorce in New York, 195 ; Post to New England estab-
lished by Lovelace, 196-198; Pemaquid, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket, 199;
New Jersey Affairs, 200; Lovelace in Connecticut, 201 ; English " Test Act" passed ;
how it atiected the Duke, 201, 202 ; War between the English and Dutch, 202 ; "Or-
ange Boven;" AYilliam the Third, 203; Death of De Witt, 204; Expedition of Ev-
ertsen and Binckes, 205 ; the Dutch reconquer New York, 206-208.
CHAPTER V.
1673-1674.
British Sovereignty extinguished in New York, 209 ; Province again named New Neth-
erland, 210; Anthony Colve appointed Governor, 211 ; City of New York named
New Orange, 211, 212; Esopus and Albany reduced, 213; Lovelace arrested, 213,
214 ; Eastern To\\iis on Long Island submit to the Dutch, 215-218 ; Ivingston named
Swanenburg, and Albany Willemstadt, 218; Dutch Church again established, 219 ;
Letter from New Orange to the States General, 220, 221 ; English and French Prop-
erty confiscated, 223 ; Andries Draeyer Commander at Willemstadt, 224 ; Fortifica-
tion of New Orange, 225 ; Long Island Affiurs, 226-228 ; The New England Colo-
nies, 229 ; Connecticut and Colve, 230, 231 ; New England Vessels captured, 232 ;
New Orange Regulations, 234 ; Achter Col or New Jersey, 235 ; Jesuit IMissions,
236, 237 ; Frontenac's Visit to Lake Ontario, 237-239 ; Fort Frontenac built at Ca-
taracouy, 239 ; La Salle Commander, 240 ; The Upper Mississippi explored by Mai-
quette and Jolliet, 240, 241 ; New Orange taxed for Fortifications, 242 ; Dutch Expe-
dition to Shelter Island, 243 ; Action of the States General ; Joris Andringa appoint-
ed Governor of New Netherland, 245, 246 ; England wishes to regain New York, 247 ;
Marriage of the Duke of York to Mar}- of Modena, 248 ; Treaty of Westminster ; New
Netherland restored to King Charles by tlie Dutch, 249-251 ; Dutch in New Nether-
land disgusted, 252 ; Connecticut Boundary, 253 : Capture of French Forts in Aca-
dia by the Dutch, 254 ; Reformed Dutch Church ; FeeHng against the Restoration of
New Netherland to England, 255, 256 ; Major Edmund Andros commissioned to. re-
ceive New Netherland for the King, 257, 258 ; Orders of the States General to Colve
about the restitution of New Netherland, 259.
CHAPTER VL
1674-1G78.
Effect of the Treaty of Westminster, 260 ; Duke of York's new Patent, 261 ; Major
Edmund Andros commissioned Governor of New York, 262-264 ; Anthony Brock-
hoUs Lieutenant, 264; Dyer Collector of New York, 265; New Jersey Affairs, 268;
Andros at New York, 270; New Netherland restored to England, 271; Andros's
Proclamation, 272 ; Former Grants confirmed, 273 ; Lovelace's Estate seized for the
Duke of York, 274 ; Long Island Towns submit to Andi'os, 275 ; Trial and Sentence
of Manning, 276; Andros requires Oaths of Allegiance from the Dutch, 277 ; Mar-
tha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and Delaware, 278 ; Duke of York disapproves of popu-
lar Assemblies, 279 ; Connecticut Boundary, 279, 280 ; Philip of Pokanoket and New
England Policy, 281, 282; Rhode Island proposes Arbitration, 283; Philip begins
War, 283 ; Andros at Saybrook, 284 ; Connecticut Protest pronounced "a Slander"
by Andros, 285 ; New York offers Lands to Emigrants, 286 ; Andros named " Coi'-
laer" by the Mohawks, 287; Robert Livingston appointed Indian Secretary, 287;
Domine Nicolaus van Rensselaer, 288 ; Massachusetts Coopers not liked on Long
Island, 289 ; Andros helps Rhode Island, which rebidies Massachusetts, 290 ; Massa-
viii CONTENTS.
(.hiisetts asperses New York, 291 ; Connecticut Agents at New York, 292 ; Duke sus-
tains Andros's action about Connecticut, 293 ; Andros at Schaghticook, 29i ; Pliilip
slain near ilount Hope, 295 ; Pemaquid burned, 29G ; Charles's Plantation Commit-
tee ; Randolph sent to Boston, and insulted, 297, 298 ; Massachusetts Agents sent to
England, 298 ; The Iroquois conquer the Andastes, 299 ; Jesuit Missionaries ; Prai-
rie de la jSIadeleine ; Caghnawaga on the Saint Lawrence, 299 ; Domine Van Rens-
selaer, Leisler, and Milborne; Dock in New York, 300; Delaware Affairs, 301 ; Fen-
wick sails to the Delaware, and is imprisoned in New York, 302 ; Duties levied by
New York on New Jersey Importations, 303 ; Quintipartite Deed for East and West
New Jersey, 303, oO-l ; New York refuses New Jersey a separate Port, 30.") ; Andros
and New Jersey Quakers, 305 ; Burlington founded, 306 ; Andros asserts English sov-
ereignty over the Iroquois, 30G, 307 ; Hennepin among the Mohawks, 307 ; La Salle
builds Barks on Lake Ontario, and returns to France, 308 ; New England called
" Kinshon" by the Iroquois, 309 ; Maryland Agents in New York ; Greenhalgh sent
to the Senecas, 309, 310 ; Fort Charles at Pemaquid, 310 ; New Paltz Patent, 311 ;
Andros returns to England, and leaves Brockholls in charge of New Y''ork, 312 ; New-
York described by Andros, 313.
CHAPTEll VIL
1G78-1G83.
William of Orange married to Mary of England, 3U, 315 ; Peace of Nimeguen, 315 ;
Andros knighted by Charles, 315; Andros suggests the Consolidation of New En-
gland ; His Report about New York, 31G ; The King absolves New York from the
"imputation" of Massachusetts, 317; Andros returns to New York with Chaplain
Wolley ; Bolting of Flour ; Population and Shipping of the iletropolis, 318 ; Leisler
and other New Yorkers redeemed from the Tui-ks, 319 ; Fen wick arrested on the Del-
aware and sent to New York, 320 ; Andros complains of New England ; Case of
Jacob JNIilbome, 321 ; Louis authorizes La Salle to explore the Mississippi, 322 ;
French at Niagara, 323 ; Hennepin among the Senecas, 324 ; La Salle builds a Ves-
sel above Niagara, 325; Launches the "Griffin" above Niagara, 325; Embarks on
Lake Erie or " Conty," 326 ; The Iroquois at Albany ; " Corlaer governs the whole
Land," 327; Conquest of the Andastes by the Iroquois, 328 ; Virginia Agents at Al-
bany, 328 ; Andros at Pemaquid, 328 ; Dutch Labadists in New York, 328 ; Dutch
Ministers in New York ordain Petrus Tesschenmaekei", 329 ; Coopers fined for strik-
ing in New York ; Bolting Flour ; Shoemakers, 330 ; Imported Indian Slaves de-
clared free in New York, 331 ; New Dutch Church in New York, 331 ; Chaplain
Wolley retui-ns to England, 332 ; Trouble between New York and New Jersey, 332 ;
Andros proposes Beacons and a Fort at Sandy Hook, 333 ; Carteret seized at Eliza-
bethtown, and tried and acquitted at New York, 333, 33-1 ; Pemaquid Affairs, 335 ;
Andros at Boston, 336 ; Negro Slaves in jMassachusetts and New York, 337 ; Habeas
Corpus Act in England ; Freedom of the English Press ; Tories and Whigs, 338 ;
Penn's Argument for the New Jersey Quakers, 339 ; Sir William Jones's wary and
fallacious Opinion, 310, 341 ; James releases East and West Jersey, 342 ; Andros
recalled, 343 ; Lewin sent by the Duke as his Agent to New York, 343, 344 ; The
great Comet of IGSO, 345; Andros leaves New York ; Brockholls Commander-in-
Chief, 345; Pennsylvania chartered by Charles II., 346-348 ; Brockholls relinquishes
Pennsylvania to Penn, 349 ; Carteret's Claim to Staten Island denied, 350 ; New
York Merchants refuse to pay Duties to the Duke, 351 ; Collector Dyer tried and his
Case refeiTcd to the King, 352 ; Petition of the Court of Assizes to James, 353, 354;
Disaffection in New York, 355 ; Duke of York's orders to Brockholls, 356-358 ;
CONTENTS. ix
Perm's Frame of Government ; Kandolph again in Boston, S'jO ; Massacliusetts sends
Bribes to England, 360 ; Connecticut Boundary Question referred to the Duke, 360,
361 ; Selyns returns to New York, 361 ; La Salle's Adventures in the Mississippi Val-
ley, 362, 363 ; Louisiana named, 364 ; De la Barre appointed Governor of Canada,
365 ; James grants the Delaware Territory to Penn, 366 ; Philadelphia founded, 367 ;
Penn's Treaty at Shackamaxon, 363 ; Rudyard succeeds Carteret as Governor of
New Jersej', 368 ; Canada and New York Affairs, 369,
CHAPTER VIII.
1683-1685.
Colonel Thomas Dongan appointed Governor of New York, 370 ; Dongan's Commission
and Instructions, 371-373; James allows an Assembly in New York, 374; Spragg
Secretary, Santen Collector, and Gordon Chaplain in New York, 374 ; Dongan ar-
rives in New York, and summons an Assembly, 375 ; Dongan, Penn, and the Susque-
hanna Lands, 3 76 ; Dongan renews Andros's claim of English Sovereignty over the
Iroquois, 377 ; De la Barre against the IroquoLo and La Salle, 378 ; Louis thinks La
Salle's Discovery "useless," 378 ; Dongan warns Castin at Pemaquid; Jealousy in
Boston, 371) ; Clergymen in New York, 380 ; Address of the Court of Assizes to the
Duke, 380, 381 ; Easthampton's Address to Dongan, 381 ; A Majority of the New
York Assembly Dutchmen ; Nicolls Speaker, and Spragg Clerk, 382 ; Charter of
Liberties adopted by the New York Assembly, and a Revenue granted to the Duke of
York, 383, 384 ; Democratic Idea in New York ; ' ' The People" the fountain of Sov-
ereignty, 384, 385 ; New York divided into Counties, 385, 386 ; Courts of Justice es-
tabhshed, 386; Naturahzation Law, 387; Connecticut Boundary, 387-389; New
York City Government ; The City divided into Wards, 389, 390 ; Metropolitan Court
of Sessions ; Bolting of Flour, 391 ; Shipping of the Metropolis, 391 ; The City's Ad-
dress to the Duke ; New York and New Jersey, 392 ; Dongan opposes Penn ; James's
Orders to Dongan ; The Susquehanna Lands, 393 ; Dongan's Orders for Pemaquid,
394 ; Dongan's Indian Policy finn for New York, 395 ; Lord Effingham, Governor of
Virginia, visits New York, and is made a Freeman of the City, 396 ; Dongan and Ef-
fingham at Albany; Effingham named "Assarigoa" by the Iroquois, 397; Duke of
York's Arms put on the Iroquois Castles, 398 ; Speeches of the Iroquois to Dongan
and Effingham, 399, 400 ; Dongan's Dispatches to London by Baxter, 401 ; De la
Ban-e's Expedition against the Iroquois, 401, 402 ; Viele at Onondaga, 402 ; Grande
Gueule opposes Corlaer ; The Iroquois free, 403 ; De la Barre at Fort Frontenac ;
Goes to La Famine ; Conference there ; Grande Gueule insults De la Barre ; the
French succumb and make a Treaty with the Iroquois, 403-405 ; Louis orders robust
Iroquois to be sent to his Galleys, 406 ; Pemaquid ; Esopns ; Easthampton Affairs,
407 ; Josias Clarke Chaplain in place of Gordon, 407 ; David Jamison, a Scotch
"Sweet Singer," comes to New York and teaches a Latin School there, 407, 408 ;
Second meeting of the New York Assembly ; Provincial Navigation Law, 408 ; Coint
of Oyer and Terminer established ; Rudyard Attorney General, 409 ; City Corpora-
tion ; Staten Island, 410; No " innovation" on the Hudson River to be suffered;
Staten Island "without doubt"' belongs to New York, 411 ; Perth's Letter to Don-
gan; Dongan's reply, 412; Connecticut Boundary Commissioners appointed, 412;
Colonial Post with New England established by New York, 413 ; Massachusetts and
Connecticut Boundaries, 413; Rye-House Plot in England; Princess Anne of En-
gland married to Prince George of Denmark, 414 ; Charles dispenses with the Test
Act, and restores James to his Offices, 415 ; James signs the New York Charter, 415;
Massachusetts Agents foiled in London •, Charles determines to quell that Colony, 416;
X , CONTENTS.
The Massachusetts Patent canceled, 417; Debate in the British Council; Halifax;
Decision about the New England Government ; Kirke appointed its Governor ; No
Assembly allowed, 417-41!) ; Duke of York suspends the New York Charter ; Hali-
fax, Louis, Charles, and James ; The King and the Duke, 420.
CHAPTEE IX.
1G85-1688.
Decease of Charles II. ; Accession of James II., 421 ; New York Colonial Records sent
to the King's Plantation Oifice, 422 ; New York a royal Enghsh Province ; James
does not confirm its Charter, 423 ; Orders of James's Priiy Council to New York,
424 ; James II. proclaimed King in New Y''ork, 425 ; Address of the Metropolitan
Coi-poration to James, 426 ; Jews in New York, 426, 427 ; Last Meeting of the New
York Assembly, 427, 428 ; Thanksgiving ; Court of Exchequer, 428 ; Dongan gives
Passes to New Yorkers to hunt in the West, 429 ; Conference with the Iroquois at
Albany, 430 ; Louis removes De la Baire, and appoints Denonville Governor of Can-
ada, 431 ; Dongan and Denonville ; New Jersey ; Reid and Scott, 432 ; James con-
siders Colonial Affairs ; Co^nnecticut, Rhode Island, Jersey, and Delaware in danger,
433 ; New England regulated ; Randolph Deputy Postmaster, 434 ; Baptism of Ne-
groes in the Enghsh Plantations, 434 ; Louis revokes the Edict of Nantes, 435 ; Penn
gains the Delaware Territory, 435, 436 ; Press Censorship revived in England, 436 ;
William Bradford begins to print in Philadelphia, 437 ; Dongan granted Lands on
Long Island, 437 ; Dongan's Charter to the City of New York, 438 ; Albany incor-
porated as a City, 439 ; Robert Livingston Clerk of Albany, 439, 440 ; Dongan op-
poses Denonville's Policy about the Iroquois, 440-442 ; Lamberville deceived by De-
nonville, 442 ; Dongan again sends Rooseboom and others to the West ; MacGregorie
sent after Rooseboom, 443, 444 ; Huguenots sheltered in New York, 444 ; Palmer
and West sent to Pemaquid, 444, 445 ; Dudley and Randolph installed at Boston ;
Quakers unjustly taxed at Plymouth, 445, 446 ; Connecticut claimed by James ; Dud-
ley and Treat against Dongan, 446, 447; Consolidation of his American Colonies the
Idea of James ; Royal in place of Colonial Despotism, 447, 448 ; James commissions
Sir Edmund Andros to be his Governor of New England, 448, 449 ; James allows
Liberty of Conscience to "all Persons" in New England, 450; Great Seal of New
England, 451 ; Its " remarkable Motto" taken from Claudian, 451 ; English Soldiers
sent to Boston by James II., 451 ; Captain Francis Nicholson Lieutenant under An-
dros, 451 ; James orders Pemaquid to be taken from New York and annexed to New
England; Dongan in favor of the change, 451, 452 ; James gives Dongan a royal
Commission, 452 ; Dongan's Instructions, 453 ; James repeals the New York Charter
of Liberties, 453 ; The Church of England established in New York, 454 ; English
Schoolmasters to be licensed in New York, and Liberty of Conscience declared by
James, 454; "No innovation" to be allowed on the Hudson River; Royal African
Company ; Conversion of Negroes and Indians in New York ; No unlicensed Print-
ing in New York, 455 ; Orders of James's Plantation Committee to Dongan, 456 ;
James 11. establishes the English Episcopal Church in New York ; Bishop Compton ;
Ai-chbishop Sancroft, 456 ; James's Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction in his American Colo-
nies, 457 ; Rev. Alexander Innis Chaplain at Port James, 457 ; Dongan receives his
royal Commission ; His Counselors sworn ; Population of New York in 1686, 458 ;
The New York Assembly dissolved by Order of James 11. , 458 ; First Laws passed
by Dongan and his Council, 459 ; Kingston Patent, 459 ; Quakers in New York not
exempted from Military Service, 459 ; Northern Boundary between New York and
New Jersey, 459 ; Dongan complains of East Jersey, Smuggling, and Interlopers,
CONTENTS. xi
4G0 ; Dongan wishes a Tort built on Sandy Hooli to command the Channel to New
York, 460; Thinks that New Jersey should be reannexed to New York, 461 ; The
Mouth of the Hudson Eiver at Sandy Hook, 461 ; Inconvenience of a separate Port
in New Jersey, 461 ; Collector Santen suspended and sent a Prisoner to England, 462 ;
Van Cortlandt and Graham Joint Collectors in Santen's place, 462 ; Palmer and
Bayard sworn Counselors, 462 ; Dongan's Report on New York sent to England, 462 ;
Its interesting Details ; Militia of the Province ; Prolific Woman ; Forts James, Al-
bany, and Charles, 462, 463 ; Dongan advises Pemaquid to be annexed to Massachu-
setts, and Connecticut to New York, 463 ; Eight of New York to Connecticut, 464 ;
English, Scotch, Irish, and French Immigrants into New Yoi'k, 464 ; Petition of
French Protestants to James II., 464 ; Religious Persuasions in New York ; The
Dutch Church used by Episcopalians, etc., 464, 465 ; No Beggars nor Idlers in New
York, 465 ; Address of the Corporation of New York City to King James II., 465 ;
Case of Stepney, a Dancing-master, 465 ; Dongan appoints a New York Postmaster,
466 ; William Nicolls made Attorney General of New York, 4G6 ; A New York Ship
pillaged by Irish Pirates, 466; The Iroquois the "bulwark" of New York against
Canada, 466 ; Dongan's Advice to James unheeded, 466, 467 ; Sir Edmund Andros
at Boston, 467 ; Assumes the Government of New England, 467 ; Dudley Licenser
of the Press, and Judges appointed in the Dominion of New England, 467 ; How An-
dros's coming to New England afiected New York, 468 ; Dongan surrenders Pema-
quid or Cornwall to the New England Government, 468 ; Artful Letter of Connecti-
cut to Loi"d Sunderland, 408 ; Dongan sends Palmer and Graham to Connecticut,
469 ; Palmer and Graham's Report to Dongan, 470 ; Dongan's Report to Lord Sun-
derland, 470 ; Assumed Submission of Connecticut to James, 471 ; Dongan reproves
the Conduct of Connecticut, 472 ; Andros takes the Government of Connecticut into
his hands, 473 ; The Senecas seek the Protection of Corlaer, 474 ; Whitehall Treaty
of Neutrality in North America, 475 ; Vaudreuil in Canada ; Denonville's Expedition
against the Senecas, 476 ; Iroquois sent Prisoners to France, 476 ; Lamberville in
Danger, 477 ; The French at Irondequoit ; La Fontaine Marion shot, 478 ; Denon-
ville's Advance, 479 ; French take Possession of the Seneca Country, 480 ; Denonr
ville builds a Fort at Niagara, 480 ; Dongan's Conference with the Iroquois at Al-
bany, 481 ; No French Priests to be allowed among the Iroquois, 482 ; Dongan sup-
plies the Iroquois with Arms, 483 ; War Tax in New York, 484 ; Palmer goes to En-
gland with Dongan's Dispatches, 485 ; Spanish Indian Slaves again set free, 486 ;
BrockhoUs in Command at New York, 487 ; Dongan winters at Albany, 488 ; De-
nonville sends Vaillant and Dumont to Albany, 489 ; James's Declaration of Liberty
of Conscience, 490 ; French Protestant Refugees favored by James, 490 ; Perth Am-
boy made a Port subject to New York, 491 ; New Royal Seal for New York, 491 ;
Plowman appointed Collector of New York, 492 ; James's Instructions to Dongan
about the Iroquois, 492 ; Agreement between James and Louis to prevent Colonial
Hostilities, 493 ; The French assert Sovereignty over the Iroquois, 494 ; Negotiations
of the French Agents with Dongan at Albany, 494 ; Dongan's Report to Sunderland,
495; Dongan calls on the neighboring Colonies for Help, 496 ; Address of New York
to the Kiiig, 496.
CHAPTER X.
1G88-16S9.
Colonial Administration of James the Second, 497 ; Popular Representation not allow-
ed in the English Colonies, 498 ; James faithful to England, 499 ; New York Con-
solidated with New England, 500 ; Andros appointed Viceroy of the Dominion, 501 }
xii CONTENTS.
Jf.mes's new Commission to Andros, 502 ; Andros's Instructions, 503 ; Francis Nich-
olson appointed Lieutenant Governor, 504 ; New Tax levied in New York, 505 ; The
Reformed Dutch Church asks to be Incorporated, 506 ; New York, Canada, and the
Iroquois, 507 ; Grande-Gueule rebukes Denonville, 508 ; Denonville makes Peace
with the Iroquois, who assert their independence of England and France, 508 ; French
Fort at Niagara demolished, 509 ; Indian Slaves to be set Free, 509 ; Tax Law Sus-
pended, 510 ; Andros at Pemaquid, 510 ; Keturns to Boston, 511 ; Graham and Ja-
mison favored by Andros, 511 ; Palmer made a New England Judge, 511 ; Andros
in New Ywk ; The Seal of New York broken, 512 ; New Jersey reduced, 512 ; New
York dislikes Annexation to New England, 513 ; New York and Massachusetts very
different, 511: ; Laws passed at New York by Andros, 515 ; Selyns's Opinion of An-
dros ; Hinckley's Opinion of Dongan, 51G ; Birth of the Prince of Wales ; Eejoicings
in New York, 516 ; Andros at Albany calls the Iroquois " Children," 517 ; The Mo-
hawks wish to remain "Brethren," 518 ; Adario captures the Iroquois Delegates, 519 ;
Denonville baffled ; Callieres sent to France, 520 ; Andros returns to Boston, leaving
Nicholson in command at New York, 521 ; Andros goes to Maine as General, 522 ;
Traitorous Boston Merchants ; Garrisons established in Maine by Andros, 523 ; Buc-
caneers or Pirates imprisoned by. Nicholson in Boston, 52-1 ; The old Boston Mint
coins Piratical Plate, 525 ; The Massachusetts Hedge broken by Episcopal wild
Beasts ; Misrepresentations of Andros, 526 ; The New York Confidents of the Gov-
ernor, 527; Puritan hatred of Episcopacy ; Mather goes to London, 528; Sir Wil-
liam Phipps High Sheriff of New England, 529 ; Mather kindly received by James,
529 ; Massachusetts wishes James to establish a Colonial Landed Aristocracy, 530 ;
James favors Penn, 531 ; James's Second Declaration for Liberty of Conscience, 532 ;
Trial and Acquittal of the Bishops, 532 ; Birth of the Prince of Wales, 532 ; The
Prince of Orange invited to England, 532 ; The Prince's Policy, 533 ; Cornells Ev-
ertsen of Zeeland ; William lands at Torbay, 533 ; James's Proclamation and Letters
to the American Colonies, 53-1 ; Lovelace, Coi-nbury, and others flock to William,
53-t ; James throws his Great Seal into the Thames and goes to France, 535.
CHAPTER XL
1688-1C89.
William in London, 536 ; Orange Ribands worn, 536 ; William's first Colonial Acts,
537 ; The Prince's Circular Letter not sent to Boston, 537 ; The Convention Parlia-
ment : Its Declaration of Right copied from the Dutch, 538 ; William and Mary King
and Queen of England, 539 ; William's Plantation Committee, 539 ; All Persons to
remain in their old Offices in the Plantations until farther Orders, 540 ; English
Corporation Bill ftiils, 541 ; Phipps and Mather's Petition to William, 541 ; Wil-
liam wishes to preseiTe the Dominion of New England whole, 542 ; James and
Phipps, 543 ; Phipps goes to Boston, 543 ; The Plantations to be made more de-
pendent on the Crown of England, 544 ; James in Ireland, 544 ; War declared
between England and France, 545 ; Colonial Policy of Louis, 545 ; Iroquois Pris-
oners sent home from France, 546; Callieres's Project approved by Louis, 547;
Denonville recalled, and Frontenac appointed Governor of Canada, 547 ; Fronte-
nac's Instructions in regard to New York, 547 ; Andros's Proclamation from Pem-
aquid, 548 ; Andros returns to Boston, 549 ; A "general Buzzing" at Boston, 550;
Politics of the Boston Gentlemen ; Lies circulated, 551 ; Insurrection in Boston, 552 ;
Andros Imprisoned by the Boston Insurgents, 553 ; Plymouth does not like " to trot
after the Bay Horse," 554; Secession triumphs, 554; Connecticut revolts, 555;
Phipps's Felony at Boston, 555 ; Inconsistency of the Boston Revolt, 556 ; Virginia,
CONTENTS. xiii
Maryland, and Pennsylvania, 55G ; Nicholson Lieutenant Governor at New York,
557 ; Phillipse, Van Cortlandt, and Bayard Resident Counselors, 558 ; Convention of
Officers called in New York, 559 ; Nicholson's Letter to the Boston Eebels, 560 ;
Long Island in trouble, 560 ; Nicholson's Eeport to AVilliam sent by Eiggs to En-
gland, 561 ; Andros's verbal Orders to Nicholson, 561 ; Baxter and Eussell suspend-
ed, 562 ; Excessive Protestantism in New York, 563 ; Nicholson insulted and misrep-
resented, 563 ; Jacob Leisler a German, not a Dutchman, 564 ; Dutch Influence in
New York ; Leisler's Declaration, 566 ; Leisler in Fort James, 567 ; Leisler's Proc-
lamation from Fort James, 568 ; Leisler's Address to William, 569 ; Nicholson leaves
New York ; Letter of the Council to the English Government, 570 ; Leisler assumes
the Command, 571 ; William and Mary proclaimed in New York, 572 ; Leisler's Con-
vention at New York, 573 ; Committee of Safety ; Leisler Captain of the Fort, 574 ;
Leisler commissioned as Commander-in-Chief by his Committee of Safety, 575 ; Leis-
ler writes to William, 576 ; Jacob Milborne ; His bad Advice, 576 ; Michaelma^
Charter Election in New York, 577 ; Leisler attempts Albany, 578 ; Bleecker and
Schuyler, 579; Bayard at Albany, 580; The Albany Convention, 581; Millet an
Oneida Sachem, 582 ; The Iroquois ravage La Chine, 583 ; Leisler writes to Wen-
dell and Bleecker at Albany, 584 ; Eival Governments in New York and Albany, 585 ;
Leisler's Despotism, 586 ; Milborne sent to Albany, 587 ; Bleecker and Schuyler op-
pose Milborne, who is baffled at Albany, 588 ; Connecticut sends Soldiers to Albany,
589 ; Bayard denounces Leisler, 589 ; Phillipse submits to Leisler, 590 ; The Fourth
and Fifth of November Holidays in New York, 591.
CHAPTER XII.
IG89-1C91.
Trouble in London about the Colonies, 592 ; WiUiam's Letter to Massachusetts, 593 ;
His Letter to'Nicholson at New York, 593 ; Eiggs brings the King's Dispatches to
New York, 594 ; Henry Sloughter appointed Governor of New York, 594 ; Nicholson
made Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, 595 ; Stoll foiled in London ; Matthew
Clarkson appointed Secretary of New York, 596 ; Leisler seizes the royal Dispatches
to Nicholson and his Council, brought by Riggs to New York, 597 ; Leisler assumes
to be Lieutenant Governor, 598 ; He appoints Counselors, and makes a Seal for New
York, 599 ; Leisler issues new Commissions and erects Courts, 600 ; Leisler's Letters
to the King and Bishop Burnet, 600 ; Bayard and Nicholson Prisoners in the Fort,
601 ; Albany Convention declares against Leisler, 002; Frontenac at Quebec, 603;
French Message to the Iroquois ; Grand Council at Onondaga, 604 ; The Iroquois stick
to " Quider, " 005 ; Advice to attack Quebec, 605 ; Frontenac's Expedition against
Schenectady, 606 ; Schenectady attacked, 607 ; Domine Tesschenmaeker and others
killed, and Prisoners taken, 608 : Captain Alexander Glen, or Coudre, 608 ; The French
return to Canada, 609 ; Albany advises an attack on Canada, 609 ; The Mohawks at
Albany, 610 ; The Albany Convention sends Barentsen to New York, and Livingston,
Teunissen, and Garton to New England, 61 1 ; Albany urges the union of all the British
Colonies against Canada, 611 ; Leisler imprisons Andros's officers, 611 ; DonganinNew
Jersey, 612 ; Leisler rebuked by Connecticut, 612 ; Leisler tries to arrest Livingston,
613; Massachusetts cold toward New York, 613; DeBruyn and others sent by Leisler
to Boston ; Fort Orange surrendered to them, 614 ; Suffolk County disregards Leisler's
authority, but his Assembly meets, 615 ; A Colonial Congress at New York ; Its Ac-
tion, 616; New York Cruisers against the French, 617; Frontenac sends D'Eau to
Onondaga, 617 ; Conference at Albany with the Iroquois, 617 ; D'Eau seized at Al-
bany and sent to New York by the Iroquois; Kryn, the great Mohawk, slain, 618;
XIV CONTENTS.
StoU returns from London with bad News for Leisler, 618 ; Address of the principal
Inhabitants of New York to William and Mary, G19 ; Leisler assaulted; Sends Let-
ters to the King by Blagge, 619 ; Leisler appoints Milborne General, who is objected
to by Connecticut and Massachusetts, 620 ; Winthrop appointed General ; Marches
to Albany ; Council of War at Wood Creek, 620 ; Epidemic Small-pox ; The Army
marches back to Albany ; Leisler imprisons Winthrop, and is rebuked by Connecti-
cut, 621 ; Captain John Schuyler's successful Expedition against La Prairie, 622 ;
Leislers intemperate Letters to Massachusetts and Connecticut, 622 ; Phipps re-
pulsed at Quebec ; Massachusetts obliged to issue Paper Money, 623 ; New York
Cruisers take French Prizes, 623 ; Assembly at New York ; Laws passed, 623 ; Al-
bany Officers appointed, 624 ; Leisler quarrels with the Dutch and French Clergy of
the Province, 624, 625 ; Huguenots at New Eochelle, 625 ; Milborne sent to subdue
the opponents of Leisler on Long Island, 625 ; Clapp's Letter against Leisler to the
t Secretary of State, 625, 626 ; Viele Agent at Onondaga, 626 ; Boston advises Leisler
to be moderate, 626 ; Leisler's abusive Letter to Connecticut, 626 ; Last Acts of
Leisler's Despotism, 627 ; William's New York Goverament, 627 ; Sloughter's Com-
mission ; Assembly ; Council, 627, 628 ; Sloughter's Instructions ; Councilors, 628 ;
Andros and others sent to England and discharged, 629 ; Dudley a New York Coun-
cilor, 629 ; New Provincial Seal ; Soldiers for New York ; Major Richard Ingoldesby
commissioned, 630 ; Blagge in London ; His Papers referred to Sloughter, 631 ;
Sloughter sails for New York, and is carried to Bermuda, 631 ; Ingoldesby at New
York ; Demands the Fort ; Leisler very angry at the demand ; Refuses Compliance,
631, 632 ; Leisler obstinate, 632, 633 ; Leisler opposes Ingoldesby, 633 ; Leisler keeps
Councilors Bayard and Nicolls Prisoners, 633 ; Leisler's fresh Lies, 634 ; Action of
the Eoyal Council, 634 ; Leisler's Proclamation, 634 ; Clarkson writes to Connecti-
cut; Allyn's Advice to Leisler, 635; "'Peace Address" from Kings and Queens
Counties, 635 ; William Kidd, a Privateer, 635 ; Leisler's Declaration against In-
goldesby ; Reply of the Council, 635 ; The Council consider Ingoldesby chief Com-
mander, 636 ; Leisler fires on the Troops ; Persons killed ; The Block-house surren-
ders, 636 ; Arrival of Sloughter ; Councilors sworn, 637 ; Milborne and De la Noy
imprisoned, 637 ; Leisler's Submission to Sloughter, 638 ; Leisler imprisoned, and
Bayard and Nicolls set free ; An Assembly called, and Officers appointed by Slough-
ter, 638 ; Domine Seljnis's Sermon, 638 ; Sloughter appoints a Special Commission of
Oyer and Terminer, 639 ; The Prisoners indicted by the Grand Jury, 639 ; Leisler
and Milborne refuse to plead ; Opinion of the Governor and Council on the King's
Letter to Nicholson, 640 ; Eight of the Prisoners convicted ; Two acquitted ; Prison-
ers sentenced and reprieved, 640 ; Blagge's Memorial answered, 641 ; Sloughter's Re-
ports to England, 641 ; Jamison Clerk of the Council ; Dellius returns and is reward-
ed, 641 ; The Assembly meets ; Its Members, 642 ; Speeches of Sloughter and Dud-
ley to the Assembly, 642 ; Assembly's Resolutions against Leisler's arbitrary Acts,
642 ; Rebellion abhorred by the Assembly, 643 ; The Assembly resolves that the Co-
lonial Laws of James are void, 643 ; The Council does not concur in this Resolution,
643 ; Assembly's Address to William and Maiy, 644 ; Assembly Bills to be drawn by
the Attorney General, 644 ; Law passed to quiet Disorders, 644 ; Law declaring the
Rights of the People of New York, 645 ; Courts established, and Judges appointed,
646 ; Revenue Act, 646 ; Kidd rewarded, 646 ; Amnesty Law ; Certain Exceptions,
G47 ; Sloughter's Proclamation, 647 ; Petitions for Leisler's pardon ; His Execution
demanded, 647 ; Resolution of the Council ; Sloughter signs the Death-warrant of
Leisler and Milborne, 648 ; Leisler and Milborne executed ; Their dying Speeches,
648 ; Their Execution a Political Mistake ; Its Consequences to New York, 649.
CONTENTS. XV
f
APPENDIX.
Note A Page 651
NoteB 653
NoteC 653
NoteD 658
NoteE 659
NoteF 661
Note G 662
Note H 662
IxDEX 665
HISTORY
STATE OF NEW YORK.
_
CHAPTER I.
1664.
The year sixteen hundred and sixty-foni' found the cnAr.i.
strongest powers of Europe on the brink of a fierce war. ^ ,
That war determined the fate of New York. war at
In France, Louis the Fourteenth was pushing up to its ^"'°'^-
pinnacle the idea of absolute monarchy. The king was
himself the state. Laborious and untiring, Louis had the
rare faculty of choosing well his subordinates. Colbert
became his minister of finance ; Lionne, of foreign affairs ;
Louvois, of war. Conde, Luxembourg, and Tm-enne, his
victorious generals, earned him bloody renown. The
French king was a devout son of the Eoman Church. France
But, above all other characteristics, he had the instinct of the Four-
grandeur and the thirst for glory. " There is stuff enough ^^^
in him," said Mazarin, " to make four kings and an honest
man." If Louis was not the greatest sovereign, he was
" the best actor of majesty that ever filled a throne." More
than any other monarch, he had " the marvellous art of
reigning." Supreme in France, he wished to sway all Eu-
rope, and to that end he directed his subtile diplomacy.
He soon established a control over the half French king of
England. "With the. United K'etherlands he made a treaty
of alhance. But the system of bribeiy by which Louis
succeeded almost every where else, failed when it was used
against the chief servants of the Dutch BepubHc.
After the death of the second William of Orange> in
XL— A
2 HISTORY OF THE STATE OE NEW YORK.
cnAP. I. November, 1650, the dignity of stadtholder had remained
"77~~~ in abeyance, and the Dutch executive authority had been
administered by statesmen whose political opinions were
opposed to those of the deceased prince. One of these
opinions was that the almost royal power which the stadt-
holdera,te gave to the house of Orange was dangerous to
the republic. A few days after the death of William, liis
widow, who was the daughter of Charles the First of En-
The Dutch gland, gave birth to a son, whom she desired to name
.indwii- Charles, but who was baptized William Henry, in the
Third. ^ great Dutch Church at the Hague. He succeeded liis fa-
ther as William, the "Bhird Prince of Orange. This event
roused the apprehensions of the Louvestein, or aristocratic
party, at the head of which was the young John De Witt,
a disciple of Descartes, already conspicuous for his abihty,
firmness, and integrity. So highly were his talents and
prudence esteemed, that he was frequently called " The
wisdom of Holland." His mind was well compared with
that of Richelieu. In 1653, De Witt was made Grand
Pensionary of Holland, and thenceforward he became the
real chief magistrate of the republic. To gratify Crom-
well, he procured an act of the States excluding the Prince
of Orange fi-om the office of stadtholder. Upon the resto-
ration of Charles the Second to the throne of England,
this act, so insulting to his nephew, was repealed. De
John De Witt, nevertheless, remained at the head of Dutch affairs,
wliich he directed Avith consmnmate skill and nearly regal
authority. His coimtry had reached the zenith of its pros-
perit}' and glojy. Domestic trade and manufactures main-
tained a growing population in content and abundance;
while foreign commerce, searching every shore of the
globe, poured continual riches into the warehouses of Hol-
land and Zealand. An alhance had secured the friend-
ship of France. A similar treaty promised peace with En-
gland ; and Charles, solemnly professing gratitude and af-
fection toward the Dutch people, confided to the States of
Holland the guardianship of his infant nephew, William
of Orange. With the king apparently so Avell disposed, it
seemed as if enduring fi-iendship was established between
the two great Protestant nations of Europe — continental
Holland and insular England.
Witt.
ENGLISH JEALOUSY OF THE DUTCH. 3
It "was an interesting circumstance that the royal family chap. i.
of Great Britain was connected with the Kino; of France ""
-J OOA
and the Prince of Orange in a nearly equal degree. To-
ward Louis and William, Royalist Enghshmen felt much
more kindly than did the men of the Commonwealth.
But Englishmen generally hated both Frenchmen and Hoi- England
landers with strong national antipathies. The court poets uonai an. "
praised the frivolous French, whose fashions were imitated *'p**'®'-
at Whitehall, while they lampooned the honester Dutch,
whose national virtues were a reproach to their king and
to themselves. Even the most accomplished English schol-
ars were superciliously ignorant of the literatm'e of Hol-
land, .then so rich in varied learning. Yet, with all their
affectation of contempt, the English were intensely jealous
of the Dutch, whose enterprise, outrunning their own, had
estabhshed a profitable commerce in Asia and Africa.
The Ka^^gation Act of the Commonwealth, de^■ised to crip-
ple the foreign trade of the Netherlands, was made more
vindictive just after the Restoration. Dry den but uttered
the envy of his countrymen when he wrote of the Hol-
landers—
"As Cato fruits of Afiic did display,
Let us before our eyes their Indies lay ;
All loyal English will like him conclude,
Let Ca;sar live, and Carthage be subdued. "*
Nevertheless, there was no cause of war between En- ,
gland and Holland. The British sovereign ostentatiously
professed liis own good feeling toward the nation which charies the
he allowed his corn-tiers to abuse. But there was no faith *^'^°° '
in the frivolous King of England. Of all her monarchs,
Charles the Second was the meanest and most insincere.
If Louis of France was the best actor of majesty, Charles
of England was the greatest dissembler that ever sat on a
throne. He did not lack talent, nor education, nor the
training of adversity, but he did lack conscience, a sense
of shame, and an honest heart. His early years had been
passed in his father's palace, whence he had been driven
into strange lands. Dimng the period of the Common-
wealth he had wandered among princes and peoples, en-
during vicissitudes of fortune which few royal personages
• Satire on the Dutch, 1G02.
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
James,
Duke of
York.
cuAP.i. ever had the advantage of enjoying, but profiting nothing
from an experience which should have made him one of
' the greatest of kings. At the age of thii-ty years he was
recalled to England and crovrned its sovereign. But
Charles brought back with him from his exile no proper
sense of his kingly office. Like a prodigal heir, who pos-
sessed an estate after long nm'sing by a prudent guardian,
he came home to Whitehall, eager to expend a splendid
inheritance. His selfish heart, and easy temper, and glib
tongue enabled him calmly to put by every embarrassing
question of public concern, while he submitted liimself to
the most degraduig influences. It followed that the reign
of Charles the Second was the most execrable of any in
the annals of England.
Charles had a brother, three years younger than him-
self, James, Duke of York and Albany. As the king had
no legitimate offspring, the duke was heir presmnptive to
the British throne. Although married to a daughter of
his brother's chief minister, James was a cold-blooded lib-
ertine ; and, while he professed to be a Protestant, was
gradually becoming a Boman Catholic. His temper was
harsh and obstinate, his understanding slow, and his views
narrow; but his word was sacred. He loved the details
of business as much as the king detested them, and with
all the method of a conscientious clerk, he seemed to work
. for work's sake. To aid in supporting his dignity, the rev-
enues of the post-ofiice, estimated at about twenty thousand
pounds a year, were settled on the duke by an obsequious
Parliament. One of the first acts of the Mng was to ap-
point his brother lord high admiral of England. In exe-
cuting the duties of this ofiice, which involved all the ad-
ministration of the navy, James was assisted by a Board
of Admiralty, of which John Lord Berkeley, of Stratton,
and Admiral Sir William Penn, were commissioners. Sir
George Carteret treasurer, and Samuel Pef)ys clerk. The
duke's own private affairs were managed by three com-
The duke's missioners. Sir William Coventry, who also acted as his sec-
retary, Henry Brouncker, and Thomas Povey, who was
likewise his treasurer and receiver general.
There was at this time, properly speaking, no ministry
to conduct the public affairs of England. The privy coun-
commis
£iouer3,
THE ENGLISH " CABAL" AND PLANTATION COUNCIL. 5
cil were the nominal advisers of the sovereign. Each de- chap. i.
partment of the government was directed by a comiselor ~
responsible for his own acts, but not for those of his asso- "
ciates, as is the modern British cabinet minister. The
most important, and by far the most able of the king's Ministers
servants, was the lord chancellor, Edward Hyde, Earl of the second.
Clarendon, and father-in-law of the Dulve of York. The
secretaries of state were Sir William Morrice and Sir
Henry Bennet, afterward Earl of Arlington. Sir Anthony
Ashley Cooper, Lord Ashley, and afterward Earl of Shaftes-
bury, was president of the council, and Thomas, Earl of
Southampton, lord high treasurer. These five chief minis- The En-
ters were collectively called " The Cabal," or cabinet. The " cabai."
affairs of the colonies and foreign plantations of England
were managed by a council appointed by the king, consist-
ing of the chief ofBcers of state and others, among whom
were Lord Say and Sele, John Lord Berkeley, Sir George plantation
Carteret, Denzil HoUis, Robert Boyle, Sir "William Cov-
entry, and the poet, Edmund Waller. They were specially
instructed to acquaint themselves with the condition of
each colony, correspond with the governors, cause the Act
of Navigation to be strictly executed, provide for the settle-
ment and maintenance of " learned and orthodox minis-
ters," and endeavor to bring the several colonies into more
certain uniformity of government, and render " those domin-
ions useful to England, and England helpful to them."*
Of all the servants of Charles the Second, the one whose
influence was at this moment most pernicious was Sir
George Downing, his envoy to the United Pro^dnces. Downing.
Downing was a nephew of the elder John Wintlirop, and
was one of the earliest, ablest, and basest graduates of
Harvard College in Massachusetts. He was sent by Crom- .
well ambassador to Holland, where he insulted his exiled
king ; but as he was " capable of managing a bad design,"
he was forgiven and taken into the favor of Charles at the
Restoration. Those who knew Downing best described
him as " a crafty, fawning man," a " perfidious rogue," a
" most ungrateful villain," and " a false man who betrayed
* Pepys's Diary (Bohn's ed.), ii.,312; iii., IGT, 328, 331 ; Letters of D'Estrades, ii., 487;
Rapin, ii., 635 ; Llngard, xii., 2C6 ; Macaulay, i., 211, 212, 2T3 ; iv., 435 ; New York Colo-
nial Documents, iii., 32-36; Sainsbury's Calendar of State Papers, i., 492,493,494; ante,
vol. i., p. 686.
1664.
6 . HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
liis trust." The renegade certainly seems to liave merited
his damaging portrait. " If we may believe history, he was
a scoundrel." He was "keen, bold, subtile, active, and
observant, but imperious and imscrupulous ; naturally pre-
ferring menace to persuasion ; reckless of the means em-
ployed and the risk incuiTed in the pursuit of a proposed
object ; disliking and distrusting De Witt and the Dutch,
and forearmed with a fierce determination not to be foiled
or overreached."*
Downing lost no opportunity to inflame English jealousy
of the Hollanders. His correspondence with Lord Chan-
cellor Clarendon, who seems to have as much to dp with
the foreign department as the secretaries Morrice and Ben-
Downing'3 net themsclvcs, oxhibits a constant desire to provoke the
cnce. ' king into a war with the United Provinces. Pretexts were
not wanting. The Dutch East and West India Companies
were charged with colonial aggressions. Charles, howev-
er,- disliked hostilities, although he hated De Witt, whom
he considered the chief obstacle to the advancement of
his nephew, William of Orange. The Duke of York, on
the other hand, absolutely detested the Zealanders, who
had punished, less promptly than he wished, the authors of
some 'libels against himself. Besides,, said Clarendon, " hav-
ing been, even from his childhood, in the command of
armies, and in his nature inclined to the most difficult and
dangerous enterprises, he was already weary of having so
little to do, and too impatiently longed for any war in
which he knew he could not but have the chief command."
Moreover, James was the governor of the new Royal Afri-
Engiishne- cau Company, which, besides selling their negro slaves "at_
gros a\e3. ^j^^ Barbados, and other the king's plantations, at their own
prices," imported into England fi*om the coast of Guinea
" such store of gold that administered the first occasion for
Origin of the coinage of those pieces which from thence had the de-
guineas. j^Qjj^jjjg^|.jQjj Qf guineas.^^ The Dutch West India Company
were accused of injuring the duke's African interests ; but
* Hutchinson's Massachusetts, i., Ill, 510 ; Savage's Winthrop, ii, 240-243 ; Mass. Hist.
Soc. Coll., xxxvi., 536-544 ; Palfrey's New England, ii., 431 ; John Adams's Works, x., 329 ;
Pepys, i., 204, 2C5; Evelyn, ii., S; Burnet, i., T9S ; Lister's Life of Clarendon, ii., 231; D'Es-
trade's Letters, ii., 3G3, 304; K Y. Col. Doc., ii., 410^18 note; aii^*", vol. i.,p. 700. There
is a curious narrative of an interview between Charles the Second and Do^nling at the
Hague, while the latter was Cromwell's ambas-ador, in the Antiquarian Kcpertorj-, and in
the Universal Magazine for November, 17T0, vol Ixv., p. 245.
EUROPEAN COLONIES IN NORTH AMERICA. 7
even Downing could not make out a fair case against tliem. chap. i.
Nevertheless, Sir Kobert Holmes was secretly dispatched
with a squadron to the coast of Guinea, where he seized j-ebmary'.
the Dutch fort of Cabo Corso, and committed other acts of
affsression, which Lord Clarendon afterward admitted were
"without any shadow of justice."^^'
Another motive influenced the mind of James, and even-
tually governed the action of Charles. This arose out of
the condition of affairs in ISTorth America. There, for
nearly half a century, England, France, and Holland had European
each, with various success, endeavored to appropriate terri- North
tory and plant and rear dependent colonies. France, the '^^"'^'''•
pioneer, had first pushed her adventurous way through the
valley of the Saint Lawrence, and had set up the emblem
of her national faith beside the banner of her king among
the savage tribes which inhabited its borders. Thus arose
her dominion over New France, or Canada and Acadia. Canada.
Farther south, England had clung to the sea-coast, the clear
waters of which were alive with the finest fish, and where
commodious harbors invited her emigrants to linger near
those cr)'stal waves which could roll unbroken to Land's
End. Yet England had not explored nor occupied the
whole of that more southern coast. Midway between Vir- virgini.i
ginia and New England — in a region, the most of which no England.
European eye had seen before — colonists from Holland,
following the track of the Half Moon of Amsterdam,
planted themselves, without question, among the native
Americans, from whom they bought the soil, and thus add- New Neth-
ed a New Nethekland to the Dutch Eepublic.
The progress of the various enterprises by which these
several territories were first colonized has already been
minutely traced. Each has its own peculiar history, event-
ful, romantic, and instructive. Of none of them were the
motives of the projectors or the views of the promoters ex-
actly alike. Canada was peopled by Europeans, speaking
the French tongue, and professing the Roman faith. New
• Pepy?, ii.,6S, 128; Clarendon's Life, ii., 232-234; Lister's Clarendon, ii., 2-11, 251, 258-
2G2; iii., 288, 290, 801, 302, 347; Basnage, i., 711 ; Aitzema, iv., 579; D'Estrades, ii, 364,
435; Lingard, xii., 165-16S ; Rapin, ii., 036; Davies's Holland, iii., 19, 20, 25; Anderson's
Colonial Church, ii., 279, 280 ; Cobbett's Parliamentary History, ir., 292, 293 ; awC^, vol. i., p.
735. Anderson, in his Origin of Commerce, ii., 473, 526, seems to think that guineas were
first coined in 1673. But Pepys, ii., 4S3 ; iv., 20, alludes to them, in 1606 and 1068, as al-
ready at a premium in London.
8 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cnAT.r. Netherland was colonized by Protestant emigrants from
a fatherland which had conquered in the most glorious
Motites of strife for civil and religious liberty that the world has ever
ttou°^^" "^tnessed! Virginia was occupied by loyal Englishmen
who admired the hierarchy ; ISTew England chiefly by Pu-
ritans who abhorred prelacy ; Mainland by larger-minded
Roman Catholics. But all these were Britons, who spoke
the tongue of Shakspeare and Milton ; who, much as they
differed among themselves respecting creeds or fashions,
were the subjects of one common sovereign ; and who, ar-
rogant and exclusive by nature, looked upon other races as
their inferiors, and willingly combined against them as
national foes. Their hereditary hatred of foreigners ac-
companied the English emigrants across the Atlantic, and
even burned more brightly in some parts of the wilder-
ness. There was a constant tendency on their part, and
English in- especially among the New England Puritans, to quarrel
so ence. ^^j^]^ ^j^^ overbcar both their neighbors, the Koman Cath-
olic French of Canada, and the Protestant Dutch of l^^ew
Ketherland. This tendency had already resulted in the
conquest of Acadia, or Nova Scotia, from the French, by
order of Cromwell, in 1654. That acquisition the Pro-
tector declined to restore, and made it a British province.
Cromwell's His dcsigu to rcduce the Dutch possessions, which were
ofxl?v'''°° the more coveted because they were so advantageously
Sud!^'^' situated, was abandoned in his treaty with De "Witt, by
which England virtually conceded New Netherland to
Holland.'^*
The Dutch province was indeed the most admirably sit-
uated region in North America. Its original limits in-
cluded all the Atlantic coast between Cape Henlopen and
Admirable Moutauk Poiut, and all the inland territory bounded by the
of Ne'w'' Connecticut Yalley on the east, the Saint Lawrence and
fani^^' Lake Ontario on the north, and the affluents of the Oliio,
the Susquehanna, and the Delaware on the west and south.
Within those bounds is the only spot on all the continent
whence issue divergent streams which find their outlets in
the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the Atlantic Ocean, and the
Gulf of Mexico. Diagonally across its surface runs a
* Charlevoix, ii., 199-204; Chalmers's Political Annala, i., 18T; Pepys, iii., 120, 344; Wil-
liamson's Maine, i., 301 ; Palfrey's Xew England, ii., 372 ; Proud, i., 281; Grahame (ea.lS4S),
i., 406 ; Smith, i., 3ST ; ante, vol. i., p. 580.
ADMIRABLE CHAKACTERISTICS OF NEW NETHERLAND. 9
chain of the AUeghanies, through which, in two remarka- chap. i.
ble chasms, the waters of the Delaware and the Hudson
flow southward to the sea. At the head of its tides, the -^""*-
Hudson, which its explorers appropriately named " The its physic-
Great Eiver of the Mountains," receives the current of the teristics.
Mohawk rushing in fi'om the west. Through the valleys
of these rivers, and across the neighboring lakes, the savage
natives of the country tracked those pathways of travel and
commerce which civilized science only adopted and im-
proved. Along their banks grew up flourishing villages, all
contributing to the prosperity of the chief town, which, with
unerring judgment, had been planted on the ocean-washed
island of Manhattan. In addition to these superb geo-
graphical peculiarities, every variety of soil, abimdant min-
eral wealth, nature teeming with animal and vegetable life,
and a cKmate as healthful as it is delicious, made New
l^etherland the most alluring of all the European colonies
in America. From the first, it was always the chosen seat
of empire.*
It was an admirable decree of Pro^adence which or-
dained that this magnificent region should first be occu-
pied by the Bata^aan race. If originally as homogeneous influence
as the English, that race had certainly become less selfish founder.''
and exclusive. The well-considered policy of Holland at-
tracted to her shores many of whom their own lands were
not worthy. This magnanimity was rewarded by almost
unexampled national prosperity. After achieving their
own independence and establishing a republic on the basis
of religious toleration, the Dutch colonized the American
province which they had discovered, and at the same time
invited strangers of all races to come and find homes along
with themselves in its temperate and attractive territory.
The Batavian emigrants brought with them the liberal
maxims of their fatherland. Soon, eighteen different lan-
guages were spoken in New Amsterdam.f Thus, by de-
grees, grew up the germ of a mighty cosmopolitan state.
In spite of the stunting mismanagement of the West India
Company, to wliich its government had been unwisely in-
trusted, New Netherland gave early promise of coming
* Lecture on the " Topography and History of New York," by Governor Horatio Sey-
mour, Utica, 1856 ; also Golden, in Col. Doc, vl, 122 ; Doc. Hist., iv., 112.
t^n<e,vol. i.,p. 374.
10 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP.i. grandeur. The fatherland scarcely appreciated the trans-
Atlantic dominion which its emigrants had founded. But
the growing greatness of that dominion, which had long
excited the jealousy of its New England neighbors, at
length moved both the pride and the cupidity of the En-
glish com-t to seize it as a royal j)rize.
To estimate properly the course which Charles the Sec-
ond now pursued, we must consider the irreconcilable views
of title to American territory which the English and the
Dutch severally maintained. They may be stated thus :
As Columbus had discovered the New World, which should
have borne his name, in the service of Spain, the Pope
granted it to the Spanish sovereigns. A few years after-
ward the Cabots, under commissions of Henry the Seventh
of England, discovered Newfoundland, and sailed at a dis-
tance along the North American continent as far south as
the latitude of Gibraltar. By virtue of these discoveries,
The terri- the English sovereigns claimed dominion over all that part
tionia of North America along the coast of which the Cabots
Ameiica. had sailcd. But, as the previous sweeping title of Spain
was in the way of the English claim. Queen Elizabeth, in
1580, annoimced the principle that " prescription without
possession is of no avail ;" or, in other words, that actual oc-
cupation must follow discovery in order to confer a valid
right. Accordingly, England did not question the title of
France to Canada and Acadia. But, as the discoveries of
Yerazzano and of Gomez, farther to the south, did not lead
to French or Spanish colonization, James the First granted
a patent in 1606, under which the English asserted an ex-
clusive right to colonize all the Atlantic coast between Cape
Fear and Acadia not " actually jjossessed by any Christian
prince or peoj^le." Under this patent no English mariner
had searched the shore between Buzzard's Bay and the
Chesapeake, when Henry Hudson, in 1609, in the servic^of
the Dutch East India Company, explored " the great River
of the Mountains." Tiiis gave' the Hollanders an unques-
tionable title by discovery, which they soon fortified by far-
ther visitation and actual occupation. In 1614, the States
General granted a trading charter which recognized " New
Netherland" as a Dutch territory. Six years afterward,
James the First granted, in 1620, a second patent for " New
THE QUESTION OF TITLE IN AMERICA. H
England in America," which included all the region be- chap. i.
tween the fortieth and the forty-eighth degrees of latitude,
and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. But his patent ex-
pressly provided that no territory was intended to be grant-
ed which was " actually possessed or inhabited by any other
Christian prince or estate." This proviso clearly excepted Canada
New France and New Netherland. Nevertheless, from the N^therilnd
time of the landing of the first Puritan emigrants on new Ne^y En-''
Plymouth beach, the English pertinaciously insisted onfjft^
styling the Dutch occupants of New Netherland " intrud-
ers" into New England. With inconsistent logic but char-
acteristic assurance, they maintained their own title under
the patent of James, while they denied that of the Hol-
landers, which was recognized in its proviso. This they
continued to do, although the House of Commons in 1621
confirmed Queen Elizabeth's doctrine, and insisted that
" occupancy confers a good title by the law of nations and
natture." In 1635, the grantees of the New England pat-
ent conveyed to the Earl of Stirling the territory of Pema-
quid, between the Saint Croix and the Kennebeck in Maine,
and the island of Matowack, or Long Island. The Dutch,
however, utterly denied the Enghsh claim to any part of conflicting
Long Island, and expeEed Lord Stirling's agents. At length English
Peter Stuyvesant, the director of New Netherland, by a "^ '*"™"
treaty made at Hartford in 1650, surrendered to the En-
ghsh all the territory south of Oyster Bay on Long Island,
and east of Greenwich on the continent. This treaty was
ratified by the States General in 1656, but no reciprocal
action was taken by the British government. Cromwell,
however, after directing an expedition to take New Nether-
land, recognized the Dutch title by the treaty of 1654 ; and
no demonstration was afterward made against what New
England men pertly considered " a thorn in the side."*
Thus stood the question when Charles the Second was
restored to the throne. The antipathy of the Puritan colo-
nists of New England against their Dutch neighbore in New
Netherland, which to some extent seems to have moved the
• Ante, vol. i., p.iges 4, 11, 3G, 63, 64, 96, 139, 250, 262, 519, 5S2, 5S3, 5S6, 621, 625, 643, 653,
6S5; Thurloe's State Papers, i., 564,721, 722; ii.,419; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxii., 230-232;
Sainsbury's Calendar, i., 204 ; Chalmers's Political Annals, i., 6, 82, 83 ; Kennett's England,
ii., 4S0; Parliam. Debates, i., 250, 251 ; Smith, i., 387 ; Proud, i., 2S1 ; Palfrey, ii., 371, 372.
Smith, i., 7, errs in attributing to Richard Cromwell the instructions given by Oliver in Feb-
ruaiy, 1054 ; and Grahame, i., 409, follows Smith ; see ante, vol. i., p. 5S3.
12 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. I. Protector, had no similar influence on the king. Charles
had no sympathy with the likes or the dislikes of his New
Poucyof' England subjects. His restoration had been a sore disap-
^j^^^^^'^^pointment to tliem. They had received the tidings with
"scrupulous incredulity." They had acknowledged him
as king with a very grim austerity. Constant complaints
were preferred against them at Whitehall. In the sum-
mer of 1661, Henry, the fourth Earl of Stirhng, complained
to the king of the " intrusion" of the Dutch upon Long
Island, and petitioned that they might be subdued or ex-
pelled. Lord Stirling's petition was referred to the Coun-
cil of Plantations, at the head of which was Clarendon.
But before any action was taken, the king granted to Jolm
Winthi'op a charter for Connecticut, which appeared to
cover a large part of E^ew ISTetherland, together with " the
islands thereunto adjoining." The charter, however, was
violently opposed; and it finally passed the great seal in
April, 1662, with the understanding that the king would
" send Commissioners into those parts, who upon the place
should settle all differences and pretences upon the bounds
of each colony." In the following September, Clarendon
declared in the Plantation Committee that the king would
dispatch commissioners, and the Duke of York was re-
quested " to consider of the choice of fit men." Charles
himself, m April, 1663, announced to the Privy Council
that he intended to send commissioners speedily to New
England, " to see how the charter is maintained on their
part, and to reconcile the differences at present among
them."*
There was another subject which was now pressed upon
The En- the kiuff's attention. The Navigation Act of 1660 had been
elishNavi- ^
gationAct. opculy disregarded or clandestinely evaded in the British
American plantiations. One of the chief obstacles to its
execution was charged to be the existence of the Dutch
province. The trade carried on between New Netherland
and New England on the one side, and Maryland and Vir-
ginia on the other, was alleged to be " very much to the
prejudice of England, and to the loss of his majesty, in re-
• Chalmers's Pol. Ann., i., 249, 250, 253, 256, 25T, 293, 3S6, 432; Col. Doc., ii., 389 ; iii., 32,
42, 43, 55 ; vii., 431 ; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxxii., 2S4 ; Duer's Life of Stirling, 31 ; TnimbiiU's
Connecticut, i., 523 ; Col. Rec Conn., i., 5S1 ; ii., 3-11 ; Palfrey, ii., 540-545, 574, 575; ante,
VOL i., p. 189, 7G2, 720 ; N. Y. II. S. Coll. (1869), 1-57.
NEW ENGLISH NAVIGATION LAW. 13
spect to customs, many thousand pomids yearly." Lord cuap.i.
Baltimore, the Proprietary of Maryland, promised to " do
his best to prevent" this trade ; and Sir William Berkeley,
the royal governor of Yirginia, was ordered to enforce the
law. Still, the intercolonial traffic was continued. Parlia- New navi-
ment accordingly enacted a new law in 1663, which pro-^*'*°° *^'
hibited the importation of European commodities into the
English plantations, except in English vessels fi-om En-
gland. In June of the same year, the Privy Council or-
dered all the American governors to enforce this act, which
the king was determined to have " very strictly observed,
in regard it much concerneth the trade of this kingdom."
At last, in December, 1663, the farmers of the customs,
who were paying the king nearly four hundred thousand
pounds a year for their monopoly, demanded redress for
the " great abuses committed and done as well by the in-
habitants and planters on, as by the masters, mariners, and
traders to, Yirginia, New England, Maryland, Long Island,
etc., who, under pretence of fmiiishing some of those plan-
tations and other his majesty's dominions, do both, by land
and water, carry and convey great quantities of tobacco to
the Dutch, whose plantations are contiguous, the custom
whereof would amount to ten thousand poimds per annum
or upward, thereby eluding the late Act of Navigation and
defrauding his majesty." This brought the question to a
crisis. The Navigation Law, meant to cripple the commerce
of the Dutch and foster that of the English, must be main-
tained. It could be enforced, and it was enforced in En-
gland. It was evaded, and it could not be enforced in
America as long as New Netherland existed as a Dutch
plantation. New Netherland, therefore, must no longer
exist.*
This convenient and characteristic logic was exactly
adapted to the situation of Charles the Second. The read- England
iest way to sustain it was to insist that New Netherland seizeTew
was " the true and imdoubted inheritance of his majesty," land.^'^'
and to subject it accordingly to English rule. It so hap-
pened that three persons had just before this time come
* D'Estrades, ii., 312 ; Chalmers's Pol. Ann., i., 242, 260, 261 ; Holme?, i., 330; Anderson
on Commerce, li., 475; New Haven Rec., ii., 510-512; Col. Doc, iii., 40, 44, 50, 209, 210;
Lister's Clarendon, li., 453; iii., 308; Statute 15 Ch. II., cap. xvii. ;Grahame,i., 92; Bancroft,
ii., 43 ; Falfrey, ii., 566 ; anle, vol. i., 685, 702, 725, 735 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll. (1869), 1-57.
14 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK.
Chat. I. ovGi' to Londoii, wlio Were admirably qualified to stimulate
English animosity against the Dutch colonists in America.
Scott B^x- These persons were John Scott and George Baxter, who
ter.and cherislied no " a-ood opinion of the law" under which they
Mavenck -»
testify, liad smarted in New Netherland, and Samuel Maverick, a
zealous Episcopahan who had formerly lived in tribulation
in Massachusetts. All the three made universal profes-
sions of loyalty. Scott, especially, was clamorous for a roy-
al grant to him of the government of Long Island, nearly
the third part of which he pretended to have purchased.
But Lord Stirling's claim, which had not yet been acted
on by the Council for Plantations, stood in his way. The
three American witnesses, however, were called before the
board, and ordered to draw up a statement of " the title of
his majesty to the premises; of the Dutch intrusion; of
their deportment since and management of that possession,
and of their strength, trade, and government there ; and
of the means to make them acknowledge and submit to liis
majesty's government, or by force to compel them there-
unto or expulse them." The result of these witnesses' la-
bors and of Downing's arguments fi'om the Hague was to
satisfy Lord Clarendon that N'ew JSTetherland belonged to
do^a opin- *^® kii^oj ^i^d that it had been " only usurped" by the Dutch,
ion. yj^i^Q i^ad " no colour of right to pretend to" its possession.
The chancellor's opinion, although it was utterly inconsist-
ent with truth and reason, was conclusive. The difficult
point was that the Dutch were, and for half a century had
been, in uninterrupted possession of the Yalley of the Hud-
son and its neighborhood. How the English could best
gain possession became the question.*
It was certain that the government at the Hague would
not acknowledge any English pretension of right to Dutch
New Netherland. The States General had, indeed, just
directed their ambassador at London to insist on " the de-
termination of the boundary line" between the English and
Dutch possessions in North America. They also requested
i| jnn'ry. the king to issue orders " for the immediate restoration of
niaLtain ^ tlic to^\^ls aud places in New Netherland invaded by his
rights. subjects within the aforesaid limits, and for the cessation
* Col. Doc, iii., 40, 48, 105 ; Listei^'s Clarendon, iii., 276, 347 ; Hutchinson's Massachusetts,
i., 147; Collection, 380, 381; Palfrey, ii., 664-507, .583; Aspinwall, In Mass. }I. S. Proceed-
ings, 1SG2, 00-73, note; N. Y. U. S. Coll. (1SG9), 19-G7 ; antr, vol. i., 579, 020, 071, 725.
ENGLAND BESOLVES TO SEIZE NEW NETHERLAND. 15
of all fui'ther usurpations." Of this action Clarendon was chap. i.
promptly informed by Downing, to whom De Witt had also
spoken about the "encroaching" of the English upon the
Dutch in K"ew ISTetherland. " It would be good, I tliink," 15 janua-
was the crafty envoy's advice to the chancellor, " after "^^
three or four months' delay, to give them for answer that
his majesty -will write into those parts, to be informed of
the truth 0:^ the matter of fact and right on both sides."
The next month, ref e Ang to the complaints of the West 12 Febm-
India Company against the aggressions of the English, he
suggested "if his majesty think fit to leave that matter to
me, I shall deal well enough with them."*
Yet Charles and his ministers were for some time per-
plexed whether they should view the Dutch " intruders" as
subjects or as aliens. At length the king's com*se was de-
termined. In spite of treaties, at the risk of war, it was Engiisii
resolved that the principle announced by Queen Elizabeth ordered.
and afiirmed by Parliament in 1621 should be repudiated
and reversed. New Netherland must be seized at all haz-
ard, and the English claim by " prescription" must be main-
tained against the Dutch title by actual discovery and con-
tinuous occupation. An expedition " against the Dutch in 29 Febm-
Kew England" was ordered. But this was kept profoundly ^^'
secret, lest the States should send a squadron to aid the
weak garrison at Manhattan. A quiet grant to the king's
own brother would be both the readiest assertion of title
and the best apology for any consequences. This, indeed,
had been decided upon before Scott returned to America
with the royal orders to enforce the navigation laws. Its
execution was perhaps hastened by his report to Under
Secretary Williamson of the condition of affairs at the
western end of Long Island.f
Lord Stirling's interest was accordingly purchased by
Clarendon for his son-in-law, who promised to pay for it
three thousand five hundred pounds. Long Island, of The Duke
which the greater portion was already subject to the crown, patent.
being thus secured to the Duke of York by a color of title,
* Col. Doc., ii., 224-229; Aitzema, v., 64, 65; HoU. Merc, 1664, 13-15; Lister's Claren-
don, iii., 2T6, 277, 27S ; ante, vol. i., 730.
t Ogilby's America, lfi9; Chalmers's Rev. Col., i., 116; Col. Doc, ii., 302, 024, 325, 332,
379,350,400,507; iii.,47,4S; New Haven Rec, ii., 510, 515; an^e, vol. i., 725, 72G. On the
29th of February, 1664, a waiTant for £4000 was issued on account of the expedition against
New Netherland : Am. and W. I. (S. P. O.), 372.
16 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. I. the rest of New Ketherland was added by the mere word
of the Idno;. The Connecticut charter was entirely disre-
garded. A patent to James was prepared, to which his
father-in-law hastened to affix the great seal. The descrip-
tion of the premises conveyed was framed in part from
Lord Stii'ling's original grant, which Clarendon borrowed
12 March, for the purposB. By liis patent, Charles the Second grant-
ed to liis brother, and to his heirs and assigns, the territory
of Pemaquid, in Maine, between tile Saint Cfoix and the
Kennebeck, " and also all that island or islands commonly
called by the several name or names of Matowacks or Long
Island, situate, lying, and being towards the west of Cape
Cod and the Narrow Higansetts, abutting upon the main
land between the two rivers there called or known by the
several names of Connecticut and Hudson's River; together,
also, with the said river called Hudson's E-iver, and all the
land from the west side of Connecticut to the east side of
Delaware Bay, and also all those several islands called or
known by the names of Martin's Yinyard, and Nantukes,
Territorial othcrwise Nautuckett." The inland boundary most con-
extent of. • 1 1 • ^ •• /rT r T 1 -I n
the Duke'3 sistent With this description was " a line from the head or
Connecticut Eiver to the source of Hudson's River, thence
to the head of the Mohawk branch of Hudson's River, and
thence to the east side of Delaware Bay." The grant " was
intended to include all the lands which the Dutch held
there." These territories were to be held of the king in
free and common soccage, and imder the yearly rent of
forty beaver-skins, when demanded. The patent invested
the Duke of York and his heirs, deputies, and assigns with
"full and absolute power and authority to correct, punish,
pardon, govern, and rule" all British subjects inhabiting the
territory, according to such laws as he might establish, and
The duke's in cascs of ncccssity according to the " good discretions" of
govern- liis dcputies, providcd that such laws should be, not contra-
ry, but agreeable to the statutes of England. It granted
him authority to appoint and discharge all officers, execute
martial law, regulate trade and the tenure of lands, send
out emigrants "not prohibited or under restraint," expel
all persons living under his government without his license ;
and it declared that, notwithstanding any uncertainty or
imperfection, or any former grants to any other persons,
THE DUKE OF YORK'S PATENT. 17
or any statute to the contrary, this patent to the Duke of cuap. l
York should be " good and effectual in the law, to all in- ' ~~
tents and purposes whatsoever." This instrument, clearly '■^''
defective in many material points, was much less cumber-
some than those which the kings of England had previously
sealed to American proprietaries. It was the most impu-
dent ever recorded in the colonial arcliives of England.
But its crisp clauses warranted all that a despot could de-
sire."^
The duke's parchment title now appeared to be com-
plete. The next step was to give it validity by obtaining
possession. James was informed that his newly-patented
territory might peld him thirty thousand pounds a year,
and he was anxious to enjoy his anticipated revenues,
peaceably or by force. To this end, it was necessary that
the person to secure and govern the prize should be well
selected. The duke was singularly fortunate in the choice
he made. There was at tliis time in his household Colonel
Richard Mcolls, a gentleman whom he had long known, coionei
and in whom he justly felt great confidence. Nicolls was nIcoUs!
born in 1624, at Ampthill, in Bedfordshire, where his an-
cestors had lived in great esteem. Tlis father was a barris-
ter of the Middle Temple, and his mother a daughter of Sir
George Bruce, ancestor of the Earl of Elgin, At the Uni-
versity he distinguished himself as a scholar ; but on the
breaking out of the ci\'il war in 1643, he left his college
and joined the royal forces, in which he obtained the com-
mand of a troop of horse. Is^icolls adhered faithfully to
the royal cause, and shared its fortunes. Attaching him-
self in Paris to the Duke of York, he served with him in
the French army under Tureniie, and afterward on the
other side under Don John of Austria and the Prince of
Conde. At the Restoration NicoUs returned to England,
and was made a groom of the bedchamber to the duke.
His sincerity, courage, capacity, and prudence recommend-
ed him for the most important trust which liis patron could
now confer. Nicolls was' accordingly commissioned by the 2 Apnu
* Patent,', i., 100 ; Duer's Life of Stirling, 37, 3S ; T>' Es'trndei', iii., 334 ; Chalmers's Ann.,
i., 5T3, S80 ; Col. Doc, ii., 295-29S, 400, .50T ; iii., 4T, 48, 215, 215, 240, 260, 60G, 60T, T96 ; v.,
330, 506; vi., 508; vii., 431, 564, 596, 597; viii., 107, 436, 440; Maine H. S. Coll., v., 2-6;
Learning and Spicer's Grants and Concessions, 3-8 ; Smith's N. Y., i., 15; Thompson, ii.,
303-311 ; Wood, 6, nnte ; Palfrey, ii., 53 1 ; antp, vol. i., 725, 7?6. The original patent, beau-
tifully engrossed, is in the State Library at Albany; a copy is in Appendix, Note A.
II.— B
18
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1664.
Appointed
Deputy
Governor.
Royal
Commis-
sionera to
New En-
gland.
£5 April.
Duke of York to be liis deputy governor during pleasure,
within his American proprietorsliip, to execute all the pow-
ers granted by the patent, and obey such orders as he might
receive. A set of instructions fi'om the duke was also given
to Nicolls for his general guidance.*
The king now determined to send commissioners to New
England, as he had announced his purpose of doing a year
before. They appear to have been selected by the Duke
of York. The first was Colonel Richard ]S[icolls, whom he
had just commissioned to be the deputy governor of his
yet unpossessed transatlantic territory. The second was
Sir Robert Carr, a needy Royalist knight, of loose princi-
ples, avaricious, and supercilious, and a " rank papist," who
had already been talked of as governor general of JS^ew
England. The third was Colonel George Cartwright, of
Nottinghamshire, " naturally morose, saturnine, and suspi-
cions," but clear-sighted and energetic. These three were
officers in the royal army. The fourth commissioner was
Samuel Maverick, an ardent Episcopalian, who had lived
fi'om his youth in Massachusetts, of which he was the
avowed and well-informed enemy, and who, with Scott and
Baxter, had just before advised the Council of Plantations
respecting the best means of subduing New Netherland.
To these fom* persons a royal commission was issued, di-
recting them, or any three or two of them (of whom NicoUs
was always to be one), to visit the several New England
colonies, and " examine and determine all complaints and
appeals in all cases and matters, as well military as crim-
inal and civil, and proceed in all tilings for the providing
for and settling the peace and security of the said country,
according to their good and sound discretion, and to such
instructions as they, or the survivors of them, have, or shall
from time to time receive."t
* Col. Doc, ii., 234, 400, 507 ; iii., 133, 154 ; Thompson's Long Island, ii., 325; Clarke's
James II., i., 54 ; Chalmers's Pol. Ann., i.. 513 ; Lyson's Magna Britt., i., 3S ; Lister's Claren-
don, !., 36S ; ii., 259 ; N. Y. H. S. Prnc, 1844, App., IIG-IIS ; Notes and Queries (2d series),
iii., 214-216; Nichols's Topographer and Genealogist, iii., 539-544; Learning and Spicer,
CG5-667 ; Patents, i., 14C ; aiite, vol. i., 727, 736. A copy of Nicolls's Seal is in Hist. Mag.,
ix., 177. A copy of Nicolls's Commission is in Appendix, Note 15. His Instructions from the
Dulce, which were exhibited at Hempstead in March, 1605, are not on record at Albany, nor
did I fin'1 them in the State Paper Office at London. Perhaps they were lent to Evelyn in
1071, ;>nd he may not have returned them : Pepys, iv., 221, 222 ; Evelyn, iii., 241, 240 ; jwst,
p. 422, note.
t Hutch. Mass., 1,225, 230, 250, 535; Evelyn, ii., 05 ; Chalmers, i., 3S6, 432; Winthrop,
INSTRUCTIONS OF THE ROYAL COMMISSIONERS. 19
It was the duty of the secretary of state to prepare in- chap. i.
structions for the commissioners. But the lord chancel- ~
lor had given minute attention to the affairs of the N^ew
England colonies, and, in the plan which he drew up for
their visitation, had considered them as " ah-eady well-nigh
ripened to a commonwealth." To Clarendon, therefore,
appears to have been assigned the task of drafting the com-
missioners' instructions, of wliich there were different sets 23 Apni.
relating to the several colonies. In those for their private tiona of the
direction they were thus instructed : " You may inform all sl'oiieii"
men that a great end of your design is the possessing Long
Island, and reducing that people to an entire submission
and obedience to us and our government, now vested by
our grant and commission in our brother the Duke of
York, and by raising forts or any other way you shall judge
most convenient or necessarj^, so to secure that whole trade
to our subjects, that the Dutch may no longer engross and
exercise that trade which they have wrongfidly possessed
themselves of ; that whole territory being in our possession
before they, as private persons, and without any authority
from their superiors, and against the law of nations and the
good intelligence and alliance between us and their supe-
riors, invaded, and have since wrongfully obtained the same,
to the prejudice of our crown and dignity, and therefore
ought in justice to be resumed by us, except they will en-
tirely submit to our government, and live there as our good
subjects under it ; and in that case you shall let them know,
both by private significations and treaties, or by any public
declaration set out by you in our name, that we will take
them into our protection, and that they shall continue to
enjoy all their possessions (forts only excepted), and the
same freedom in trade with our other good subjects in
those parts." It would be difficult to find in any official
document of any government a more impudent falsehood
than the one in this clause, that the " whole territory" of
JSTew Netherland had been in the " possession" of the En-
i., 27; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxxii., 284 ; Maine II. S. Coll., i., 301 ; Barry's Mass., i., 390; Col.
Doc, iii., 04,92,94; Patents, 1., 148-150; Hazard, ii., 63S; Trumbull's Conn., 1., 522; ante,
vol. i., 736. Palfrey, ii., 580, note, errs in confounding Sir Robert Cavr, Knight, the com-
missioner (who died at Bristol, 2d June, 1667 ; Col. Doc, ill., 161 ; Morton's Meraoi-ial, 315,
note ; Smith, 1., 33, note), with Sir Robert Carr, Baronet, of Sleeford, in Lincolnshire, who
married a sister of Secretary Bennet, and certainly was alive in IOCS: compare CoUins's
Peerage, iv., 312, 330; Evelyn, i., 40! ; Pepys, iii., 200, 427.
20 HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. I. glisli crowii before the Dutch "-wrongfully obtained the
same." Several other particular directions were given to
* the commissioners, who, when in New England, were to
avoid giving any offense in matters of religion, and even
to frequent the Pm'itan churches, wliile their own Episco-
palian chaplain was not to wear his sui-plice, " which, hav-
ing never been seen in those countries, may conveniently
be forborne at tliis time." The main object of the king,
however, was to obtain such alterations in the charters of
the New England colonies as would give him the appoint-
ment of their governor and of the commander of their mi-
litia. " We should look upon it as a good omen," said
Charles, " if they might be so wrought upon at the General
Assembly as that Colonel Nicolls might be chosen by them-
selves for their present governom-, and Colonel Cartwright
for their major general."
E-oyal letters were also addressed to the several colonies.
The reasons for the visit of the commissioners were ex-
plained in soothing language ; the motives for subduing the
Dutch, and " the benefit and advantage which, with God's
2p Ai)rii. blessing, must accrue" to New England fi-om the reduction
ters. of New Netherland, were seductively exliibited, and a full
compliance with all the king's desires was required. "■ For
the glory of the matter," these letters were dated on Saint
George's day.*
The Duke of York, who, as lord high admiral, directed
the fleet, now borrowed several men-of-war from the king.
They were the Guinea, of thirty-six guns, Captain Hugli
Hyde ; the Elias, of thirty. Captain Wilham Hill ; the
Tiie En- Martin, of sixteen. Captain Edward Grove ; and a cliar-
diiioif'^^^' tered transport, the William and Nicholas, of ten, Captain
>?ew"" Morley. About four hundred and fifty of the king's vet-
fm±'' eran soldiers, fonning three full companies, which were
commanded by Colonels NicoUs, Carr, and Cartwright, were
embarked on the squadron. NicoUs was commander-in-
chief of the expedition. Among the commissioned ofiicers
serving under him were Captains Matthias Nicolls, Daniel
Brodhead, Robert Needliam, Harry Norwood, and Ensign
Sylvester Salisbury, of the British army, some of whom,
* Col. Doc, ii., 23T; iii., 51-G3; Oldmixon, i., 23S ; Tninibtill, i., 523; Holmes, i., 333,
)U>te; Hazard, ii.,30-i; Palfrey, i., 193, ?io<e; ii.,6a0, 6TS, 579, 5S2-536; iii., 23S.
THE ENGLISH EXPEDITION AGAINST NEW NETHERLAND. 21
intending to settle themselves permanently in the Dutch chap.l
province after its reduction, were accompanied by their
families. The forces were " exceedingly well fitted with all
necessaries for waiTe, with such ingineers and other expe-
dients for the forcing the strongest fortifications." Nicolls
and Cartwright went on board the Guinea, wliile Carr and
Maverick embarked in the Martin. The expedition set sail i§ ^^7-
fi-om Portsmouth, with orders to assemble in Gardiner's
Bay, at the eastern end of Long Island.*
Intelligence of these preparations soon reached the
Hague. Stu}^esant had already warned the West India 29 Febiu-
Company of the intended grant of Charles to the Duke of ^^'
York, and that not only Long Island, biit the whole of New
Netherland, would be lost, unless speedily re-enforced fi'om
Holland. But the company, now on the brink of bank-
ruptcy, wrote back, with mar^^elous infatuation, that the
king, " being inclined to reduce all liis kingdoms under one 21 Apiii.
form of government in Chm'ch and State, hath taken care
that commissioners are ready in England to repair to H^ew
England to install bishops there, the same as in Old En-
gland ; therefore we believe that the Enghsh of the North,
who mostly left England for the aforesaid causes, will not infamaiion
give us henceforth so much trouble, and will prefer to live
under us with freedom of conscience, rather than risk that
in order to be rid of om* authority, and then again to fall
under a government from wliich they formerly fled." Nev-
er was the Puritan sentiment in New England more thor-
oughly misapprehended than by the Dutch "West India
Company. Scarcely had this absurd letter been dispatch-
ed before the real pm'pose of NicoUs's expedition was bet-
ter understood. In great concern, De Witt sought from
Downing some explanation of the report of the English
" sending to take New Netherland." The British envoy f ^ siay.
replied, " I know of no such country but only in the maps ;"
and he boldly insisted that " the Enghsh had the first pat-
tern of first possession of those parts." The Dutch govem-
* Col. Doc., ii., 243, 372, 410, 4:3, 445, 501 ; iii., 6.5, 6C; Mass. H. S. Coll., x.xxvi., 5Q7;
Smith,!., 10; Clarke's James n.,i., 400; Pepys, iv., 353 ; N. Y. General Entries, i., 2, 3, 2?,
27, 2S; Valentine's Manual, ISGO, 532; Wood, 144; a7ifc, vol. 1., 730,744, «o/e. Of the En-
glish officers who accompanied Nicolls, the family of Captain Matthias NicoUs settled on
Long Island, and tho.=e of Capt.iin Pnniel Brodhead and Ensign Sylvester Salisbury in L'l-
efer County, in the province of New Yorlt. Numerous descendants now bear these ancestral
names. See abo X. Y. II. S. Coll. (1860), 57.
22 HISTORY OF THE STATE OE NEW YORK.
cuAP.i. ment was now sufSciently warned of the danger which
menaced ISTew Netherland. But a purblind confidence in
the honor of Charles, and an unjust estimate of the impor-
tance of its American province to the fatherland, clouded
the judgment of De Witt, Prompt ordei's to De Ruyter,
who was now on his way to the Mediterranean, might have
hurried his squadron to Manliattan in time to assist Stuy-
vesant, and give the Duke of York's expedition a memo-
rable repu^lse. But, unhappily, the Dutch province was im-
der the immediate government of a commercial monopoly
which had but little popular sympathy. " What !" cried
the commonalty at the Hague, " must we have a war for
the East and West India Companies? We will rather pull
them by the ears."* And so the fatherland abandoned New
Il^etherland to her fate.
i^icolls's squadron worked slowly to the westward. It
was nearly ten weeks before the first of his ships reached
New England. In the mean time, Appleboom, the Swedish
minister at the Hague, awakened from its sleep of eight
l^ June, years the complaint of his king against the proceedings of
com^^^^^ Stuy^^esant on the Delaware in 1655. In a well -written
plaints, memorial to the States General, he demanded that the West
India Company should be ordered to restore the " wrested
lands" to the Swedish Company and pay all damages.
This should be speedily done, because it was reported that
the Dutch Company " were themselves now questioned by
j^^ August, others in those parts." Two months afterward, the Am-
sterdam chamber submitted a full justification of their pro-
ceedings against the Swedes ; and here the question, which
9 October. ^^^^ been revived " for form's sake," was ended.f
Appleboom's suggestion was almost a prophetic sneer.
The Dutch were, indeed, effectually " questioned by others"
in New Netherland. In alarm at the now certain destina-
28 June ^^^^^ ^^ Nicolls's squadrou, the West India Company de-
sjaiy] manded assistance from the city of Amsterdam, and asked
the States General for " three hmidred soldiers as a re-en-
forcement for New Netherland, and a ship of war to op-
* Lister's Clarendon, iii., SOT, 310, 318, 320, 322 ; Kennetfs England, iii., 251, 253; D'Eg-
trades, ii., 435; Col. Doc, ii., 230-237, 367, 400, 408, 421, 431, 432, 492, 493, 505, 507 ; Letter
of W. I. Co. to S. G., 20 June, 1664, MS., N. Y. Historical Society; Mass. Eec, iv. (ii.), 101-
110; Palfrey, ii., 576, 650,587.
t Col. Doc, i., 615; ii., 240-242, 246, 247, 258-200; Aitzema, v., 247-C40; IIoll. Merc,
1064,135-137; Lister's Clarendon, iii., 359; anfe, vol. 1., 622.
THE ENGLISH EXPEDITION AGAINST NEW NETHERLAND. 23
pose the English, designs there." But Yan Gogh, the am- CHAr. i.
bassador at London, reported that the king constantly pro- ~
tested that " he would not in any way violate his alhance g^ j^^^ '
with the Dutch ;" and the States General, wishing to give lu juiy.
no umbrage to England, refused the company's request for GenerlTi'n-
assistance. Early in the autmmi, Yan Gogh wrote that it ^^^ ^^^^^'
was rmnored that the English had taken Long Island, and i^^^*^''
intended to reduce New Amsterdam and the rest of Isew 1-3 ^^p'-
jSTetherland. Soon afterward the West India Company no- g^Jc'tober
tified the States General that Stuy\^esant's dispatches an-
nomiced that the Duke of York had already reduced Long
Island, and was about to attack ISTew Amsterdam, the cap-
ital, " and thereby to erase the name of New Netherland
from the map, and cause a loss of millions to the company."
The same week intelligence reached London that the Dutch 29 sept.
had been " beat out" of Guinea and New Xetherland, " with- ^ '^''°^'-
out pubhc knowledge or reason," according to the honest
notion of Pepys, the clerk of the Admiralty. The Idng did
" joy mightily at it." The mask need no longer be worn.
" But," said Charles to his vice-chamberlain Carteret, laugh-
ing, " how shall I do to answer this to the ambassador when
he comes ?"'^
Meanwliile Nicolls and Cart wrig-ht, with part of the 23 juiy.
Nicolla at
squadron, had reached Boston after a tedious voyage, and Boston.
had dispatched a letter to Winthrop requiring the assist-
ance of Connecticut. This was very readily given. At
the suggestion of the commissioners, the Massachusetts au-
thorities, with evident unwillingness, ordered two hmidred s August,
volunteers to be called out to aid in reducing New Neth-
erland. The West India Company, as we have seen, had
cherished the absurd bebef that the Pm'itan colonists would
not assist the royal forces in overthrowing the government
of New Netherland, in which " freedom of conscience" was
so fully recognized. But the English jealousy of the Dutch,
which New England fostered, together with a cm-ious notion
of loyalty to the king, prevailed over Puritan dread of epis-
copacy. Nevertheless, the backwardness of Massachusetts
• Col. Doc, ii., 243-240,253,255,250; Lingard, xii., 16S; Davie3,iii., 25; Rapin, ii., 63T,
638; Parliamentary History, Iv., 29S-302; D'Estrades, ii., 453, 460, 494; Lett, of De Witt,
iv., 306, 342 ; Pepys, ii., 171. It is another instance of the ignorance which English scholars
fo constantly display in re.^ard to American history, that the editor of Bohn's recent edition
of Pepys repeats tlie erroneous statement of Hume, vi., 3S3, ami others, that the expedition
sent against New Netherland was commanded by Sir Robert Holmes.
24 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. I. gave NicoUs and Cartwright an opportunity to complain
to Secretary Bennet. As soon as the rest of the Enojlish
•0 Jul ships reached Boston, McoUs wrote again to AVinthrop at
Hartford, and also to Captain Thomas Willett at Plymouth,
desiring them to meet the commissioners at the west end
of Long Island, whither the expedition soon afterward
jgAnsust. sailed. The squadron, piloted by New England mariners,
TuJf a^Ny- anchored at Nyack or New Utrecht Bay, just inside of Co-
^'^^' ney Island. Here the royal commissioners were joined
by Winthrop and his son Fitz John, with Willys and sev-
eral other Connecticut magistrates. Willett also appeared
on behalf of the new Plymouth colony, and " greatly rec-
ommended himself to the commissioners by his acti\dty and
intelligence." Scott was likewise at hand, with men from
New Haven, " pressed by authority," to go with him to Long
Island. A number of militia, summoned fi'om Southold
and the other towns at the eastern end of the island, soon
appeared in arms under the command of Captain John
Connect!- Youngc. Tliomas Clarke and John Pynchon also came
outhfi^" from Boston with a report of its military arrangements,
^eus dde- But, as there was already an overpowering force collected,
^^^^^- the services of the Massachusetts troops were found to be
unnecessary.""'
j^ August. All the approaches to New Amsterdam by land and wa-
^tOTdifm' ter were immediately blockaded, and communication be-
biockaded. i^QQj^ the city and Long Island, Bergen, and Achter Cul
was cut off. The block-house on Staten Island, opj)Osite
the squadron, was occupied. Several coasting vessels, on
their way to the South River, were captured. Tlie Long
Island farmers were forbidden to furnish any supplies to
the capital, on pain of destruction of their property. At
3§ Anguat. tlie samc time a proclamation was issued by the commis-
sioners on board tlie Guinea, copies of which were " scat-
tered broadcast" among the Dutch towns, and soon found
piociama- tlicir way to the burghers of the metropolis. " Forasmuch,"
r!oy.i;com- were its words, " as his majesty hath sent us, by commission
iuLs.^i.mei-s. ^^j^^igj. i^jg great seal, among other tilings to expel or to re-
* General Entries, i., 2-7 ; Col. Doc., ii., 235, 236, 372, 409, 410, 438, 444 ; Hi., 65, 66, 84 ;
Chalmer.s, Ann., i., 386, 387, 573 ; Mass. Rec, iv. (ii.), 117-128, 141, 149, 157-lOS; Mas?. II.
S. Coll., xviii., 92-94; xxxvi., 527, .'i23 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 230, 231; Barry, i., 390, 391; Pal-
frey, ii., 57S, .'i86, .'591 ; iii, 236, 238; Morton'.'! Mem., 311, no^e .• New Haven Rec., ii., 550;
Trumbull, i., 2CT ; Smith, 1., 17, 18 ; Wood, 27 ; Thompson, i., 127 ; ant£, vol. i., 737.
PROCLAMATION OF THE ROYAL COMIVHSSIONERS. 25
duce under his majesty's obedience all such foreigners as chap. i.
have without his majesty's leave or consent seated them-
selves amongst any of his dominions in America, to the prej- ■'■""*•
udice of his majesty's subjects and the diminution of his
royal dignity, We, his Majesty's Commissioners, declare and
promise that whosoever, of what nation soever, will, upon
knowledge of this proclamation, acknowledge and testify
themselves to submit to this his majesty's government, as
his good subjects ought to do, shall be protected by his
majesty's laws and justice, and peaceably enjoy whatsoever
God's blessing and their own honest industry have fur-
nished them with, and all other privileges with his maj-
esty's English subjects. We have caused this to be pub-
lished that we might prevent all inconveniences to others,
if it were possible ; however, to clear ourselves from the
charge of all tliose miseries that may any way befall such
as live here and will not acknowledge his majesty for their
sovereign — whom God preserve." The inhabitants of the
several towns on Long Island were also specially sum-
moned to meet the commissioners at Gravesend on the fol-
lowing Thursday.*
In the mean time, Stuy^^esant, on receiving the letter
which the West India directors had written to him in
April, was somewhat relieved fi'om fear of an attack by
the English, although he could not refrain from ^vriting to 25 juiy.
the company that the design of the royal commissioners ^ August,
was rather against New Netherland than for the "imao;-
ined reform of New England." Willett, of Pljnnouth, who
liad originally warned him of the danger, now contradicted
his previous statements, and the director incautiously went 27 j«iy.
up to Fort Orange to repress some disorders among the In- |tuy?e'ant
dians in its neighborhood. Upon learning the approach of oran-e
the English expedition he hurried back to Kew Amster- Returns to
dam, which he reached only the day before the Guinea ^terafm.'"
anchored in Nyack Bay. Accordiner to the rule " in such , . .
critical circumstances," the burgomasters were called into Tae city
council, and every thing possible was done for the forti- t^at^eT
ficatioii and defense of the city. But its condition was counciK" °
* Col. Doc, ii., 372, 410, 411, 434, 438, 443, 444, 476 ; General Entries, i., 7, 8 ; Colonial
Manuscripts, x. (iii.), 290-303 ; Albany Rec, xxii., 307, 385; Smith, i., 387, 3SS ; S. Smith's
New Jersey, 30, 37 ; Oyster Bay Rec, A., 10 ; O'Call., ii., 521, 522; Thompson, i., 124, 125 ;
an«r, vol. i., 738 ; N. Y. II. S. Coll. (1809). 53, C3.
1664.
26 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK.
Chap. I. hopeless from the first. No aid could be obtained from
Long Island. The regular soldiers in the garrison did
not exceed one hundred and fifty ; and the burghers — of
whom only two hundred and fifty were able to bear arms —
thought more of protecting their own property than of de-
fending the open town. The v/hole city force, placed man
Defense- by man four rods apart, could not guard its breastwork.
tionofthe Fort Amsterdam itself was untenable against a regular be-
metropohs. ig^guering, having been originally built to resist an attack
of the savages rather than an assault by European arms.
Houses were clustered around its low earthen walls, which
in some places were not over ten feet high, and were com-
manded, within pistol-shot on the north, by much higher
ground on the " Heere-weg," or Broadway. Its six hund-
red pounds of serviceable powder were not suflicient for
more than a few hours' firing. Long before its extremity,
Stuyvesant had given his mihtary opinion, which modern
judgment has only confirmed, that " whoever by water is
The river mastcr of the river will be iii a short time master by land
'^ '^ ■ of the feeble fortress." The contingency he dreaded had
now happened, and the English squadron was in full com-
mand of the harbor. Nevertheless, the director resolved
to hold out to the last. At the request of the burgomas-
ters, and to ascertain the condition of affairs on Long Isl-
and, he sent four commissioners, representing the council
If August, and the city, down to the English commanders, with a let-
se*n^tr°' ter inquiring the object of their coming, and why they re-
wiwre- mained at Nyack without giving notice to liim. Nicolls
^'"^^' answered them that he had come to reduce the country to
the obedience of the King of England, whose commission
he exhibited ; that he would not argue about his majesty's
right, which he would leave to be vindicated by the king
liimself ; and that, the next day, he would send a letter to
New Amsterdam " over the ferry."*
Colonel Cartwright, Captain Needham, Captain Grove,
and Mr. Thomas Delavall accordingly came up to the city
gg August, on Saturday morning with a letter from NicoUs to Stuy-
• Alb. Rec, xviii., 276-29T, 311, 312; Colonial MSS., x. (iii.), 251, 299 ; xv., 140 ; Mass.
Rec, iv. (ii.), 101-106; Palfrey, ii., 5T6; New Amsterdam Kec., v., 552-554, 607-570 ; Val.
Man., ISGO, 592 ; ISGl, 603-605 ; Col. Doc., ii., 235, 24S, 367, 368, 371, 372, G76, G77, 40S-411,
421, 431-434, 43S, 44!\ 441, 44-3, 446, 469, 474, 4T5, 494, 499, 505, 50S; Gen. Ent., i., S, 9;
Smith, i., 18 ; S. Smith, 37, 38 ; Hazard's Reg. Penn., iv., 30, 31 ; Letter of Drisius, 15 Sept.,
1664 ; antr^ vol. i. , 737, 738, 741.
THE SUREENDER OF NEW NETHERLAND DEMANDED. 27
vesant, asserting the " im questionable riglit" of the English chap. i.
king " to these parts of America," and requiring the sm--
render of the " town situate upon the island commonly j^.^^ig fg
Ivnown by the name of Manhatoes, with all the forts there- mands the
*' , ^ ' ^ surrender
unto belonging," at the same time assuring him " and every of Maniiat-
respective inhabitant of the Dutch nation that his majesty,
being tender of the effusion of Christian blood, doth by
these presents confirm and secure to every man his estate, Terma of-
life, and hberty, who shall readily submit to his govern- ^^^
ment, and all those who shall oppose his majesty's gra-
cious intentions must expect all the miseries of a war
which they bring upon themselves." A copy of the proc-
lamation of the royal commissioners was also sent. Fond
of parade, and determined to " keep up state" to the last,
the Dutch director received the English delegates with a
salute of artillery which expended a large proportion of
his slender stock of powder. As Kicolls had omitted to
sign his summons, it was retm-ned to the delegates, and a stuyvesant
delay was thus gained. StujTesant, on his part, showed nlt^s*^ ''
them his commission as Director General of New jN^ether-
land, and the grant of the States General to the West India
Company in 1621, which, he insisted, gave as much power
and authority as the King of England had given or could
give to any colony in America. The municipal authorities,
with some of the burghers, now assembled at the City Hall,
and agreed that the city should be so fortified as to prevent
a surprise, that thus " good terms and conditions" might be
obtained fi'om the enemy. But, as protracted resistance
was out of the question, a copy of the Enghsh communica-
tion was to be demanded from the director.
On the following Monday morning, i^icolls,ha^dng signed
liis summons, sent it back with a note of apology by Cap- 32Aiigii8t.
tains Hill, Needham, and Matthias NicoUs. Another salute jJ^J^
was fired, and on the departure of the Enghsh deputies the ^^"'^^^
' ^ o i summons.
burgomasters asked Stuyvesant for a copy of the smnmons,
to be shown to the citizens. But the director, fearing that
its easy terms might lead them to capitulate at once, re-
fused. The burgomasters endeavored to explain the pur-
port of the summons, but the citizens insisted upon seeing
for themselves. Stuyvesant then went in person to their
meeting, hoping to dissuade them from their purpose.
28 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. I. " Sucli a coui'se," liG Said, " would be disapproved of in the
fatherland : it would discourage the people, and he would
* be held answerable for the surrender." At last, finding it
coramuni- usoless to rosist the popular will, the director furnished the
the^peopis. required copy, with a protest that he should not be held re-
sponsible for " the calamitous consequences."*
With a sorrowful heart Stuyvesant now drew up a dis-
patch to the West India Directors, informing them of his
"perilous and very alarming" situation. "Long Island is
gone and lost." The capital, threatened by Old and IsTew
22 August. England forces, could not hold out long. " The company
1 septem. ^g ggolded and cursed by the inhabitants, in regard that not-
withstanding the so often renewed and successive warn-
stuy^-e- ina-s and remonstrances from time to time, no attention has
sant's let-
ter to the been paid, and none of the solicited succor obtained. Yea,
paiiy. ' it is loudly and openly proclaimed, to the contempt and
shame of your faithful servants, that your honors by pre-
meditation abandoned the inhabitants, if you did not in-
tend to expose them for sale, and endeavored to devote
them to slaughter." This dispatch was intended to be sent
by the recently arrived ship Gideon, which was to pass that
1 night " in silence through Hellgate." But, upon considera-
tion, Stuyvesant refused to let the vessel sail, and Gelde,
her master, could only protest against his detention.f
By this time Nicolls had become better informed of the
state of affairs in New Amsterdam through Willett, who
wiiiett was " more acquainted with the manners and customs of
winthrop. the Dutch than any Englishman in the country." Win-
throp had also explained to him how easily the citizens
might be induced to compel Stuyvesant to surrender, if
they were assured that their intercourse with Holland
22 August, would not be interrupted. NicoUs accordingly wrote to
1 septem. Wiuthrop, " As to those particulars you spoke to me, I do
Nicoiis's assure you that if the Manhadoes be delivered up to his
Winthrop. majcsty, I shall not hinder, but any people from the Neth-
erlands may freely come and plant there, or thereabouts ;
and such vessels of their owne country may freely come
• General Entries, i., 9-11; Alb. Rec, xviii., 311-317; xxli., 314, 315; Col. MSS., x. (iii),
.309, 311 ; XV., 143, 144 ; Col. Doc., ii., 441, 443, 469, 4S)S ; Hazard's Reg. Penn., iv., 31, 41 ;
Smith, i., lS-21 ; S. Smith, 3S, 39 ; Thompson, i., 12S ; Bancroft, ii., 314 ; O'Call., ii., 522,
523; anfc, vol. i., 738, 739.
t Alb. Rcc, xviii., 302-304; xxli., 31S-321; Col. JISS., x. (iii.), 313; xv.,141; Thompson,
L, 128, 129 ; General Kntries, i , 34, 141 ; Col. Doc, ii., 22?, 430, 469, 744.
WINTHROP'S LETTER TO STUYVESANT. 29
1664.
thither, and any of them may as freely returne home in chap.i.
vessels of their owne country ; and this and much more is
contained in the privilege of his majesty's Enghsh sub-
jects ; and thus much you may, by what means you please,
assure the governor." In thus promising the people of
!N^ew Il^etherland a fi'ee intercourse with Holland, in viola-
tion of the English Navigation Acts, Nicolls exceeded his
instructions fi-om the king, which authorized him to assure
the Dutch colonists only " the same freedom in trade with
our other good subjects in those parts ;" and he even as-
sumed more power than his own sovereign possessed, who
" could not dispense with the laws by permitting a com-
merce which they had prohibited."*
Having, nevertheless, gained his point, Winthrop ad-
dressed a friendly letter to Stuyvesant and his comicil, i^acpfem."
urging them to "speedily accept his majesty's gracious ten-
der," and adding that " otherwise you may be assured that AVintuiop-s
both the Massachusett colony and Connecticutt, and all the s1,uyve-
rest, are obliged and ready to attend his majestie's service;
and if you should, by wilf uU protraction, occasion a gen-
erall rising of the English colonies, I should be sorry to
see the ill consequences which you will bring upon your
people thereby, of which I hope and persuade, in reall com-
passion, that you will not run so great an hazard to occa-
sion a needless warre, with all the evills and miseries that
may accompany the same, when nothing but peace, and lib-
erties, and protection is tendered. I have, I hope, obtained
of their honors this farther addition to their former free
tenders for the good of yourselves, your friends, and allies,
that any of your friends in Holland that will come over
hither shall have free liberty to inhabite and plant in these
parts, under his majestie's subjection, and to transport
themselves in theire owne country ships, which (if you con-
sider well) gives you such a settlement in your present con-
dition, that you will find little alteration but your submis-
sion to and acknowledgment of his majestie's emj)ire (for
the most apparent future good of all your people), who
hath imployed such persons of honor and worth that your
people may be happy under their government." To this
• Gen. Ent , i., 12; Morton's Memorial, 311, note; Col. Doc, iii., 57, 1C5; Chalmera, i.,
574, 590 ; OCaU., ii , 52.'! ; on'^, p. 19 ; vol. l, 739.
30 HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOKK.
Chap. I. letter Nicolls, Carr, and Cartwright added their autograph
~ ~ approval and assent " that it be sent to the governor of the
1^^^- Manhadoes."*
Winthrop, with his son Fitz John, and Willys of Con-
necticut, accompanied by "Willett of Plymouth, and Clarke
and Pynchon of Massachusetts, came up the next day with
23 August, this letter from Gravesend "in a row-boat with a white
wlnufrop fi^&?" ^^ t^^ ^ity wharf, whence they were " immediately
at New conducted to the nearest tavern." Another salute was
Amster-
dam, fired as they landed, and Stuyvesant went with his council
and the two burgomasters to greet them. The Enghsh
delegates declared that they had come to offer " all the in-
habitants, in the king's name, fair conditions, and, in case
these were not accepted, to excuse themselves for any mis-
chief that might follow — it being their business, as they
bad been ordered by England's majesty, and were therefore
obliged to assist General ISTicoUs." Many " speeches and
answers" passed at the long conference. On taldng leave,
Winthi'op handed his own sealed letter to Stuj^'esant, who,
when he returned to the fort, opened and read it before the
council and the burgomasters. Its effect was immediate.
In a short time the burgomasters came back to the council
chamber, and demanded a copy of Winthrop's letter to be
communicated to the city authorities. This Stuyvesant de-
cHned to allow, thinking it " rather disadvantageous than
favorable to communicate such letters to the inhabitants."
The burgomasters insisted that the director " ought to com-
municate to the commonalty all that had any relation to
the public welfare." Stuyvesant explained the disastrous
consequences of so doing ; but the burgomasters persisted,
and as they went away, " greatly disgusted and dissatisfied,"
stuyvesant the dircctor, against their protest, tore the letter in pieces,
wntiZp's " in order thereby to prevent its communication." Shortly
letter. aftcrward, most of the burghers assembled at the City
Hall; the work on the palisades suddenly stopped; and
three of the principal citizens, " not belonging to the gov-
ernment," came to the council chamber and peremptorily
demanded a copy of the letter. The fi'agments were shown
to them, but no reasoning would satisfy ; and Stuyvesant
. • This letter was published for the first time in 1S63, from Winthrop's original drift, in
Mass. II. S. Coll., xx.xvi., 527-529 ; N. Y. II. S. (Joll. (1SG9), 5S.
STUYVESANT'S JUSTIFICATION OF THE DUTCH TITLE. 31
was obliged to liasten to tlie City Hall, " to encourage and chap. i.
appease the burghers, and bring them back to work." In
vain did he try to pacify them; complaints against the -'•""*•
company's shameful neglect of the people's representations
were uttered on all sides ; and a prolonged defense of the
city, without hope of relief, was declared to be impossible,
"seeing that to resist so many was nothing else than to
gape before an oven." In vain did the director again re-
fuse a copy of the letter, because " it did not concern the
commonalty, but the government," and, moreover, it had
been torn up. " The letter ! the letter !" was the only re-
ply. Fearing a mutiny, Stuy^^esant returned to the coun-
cil chamber; and Bayard, the clerk, having made a copy a copy giv-
of Winthrop's mutilated writing, gave it to the timorous duz^ns.^
burgomasters . *
Meanwhile Stuyvesant had been preparing a reply to the
summons of NicoUs. It was an overwhelming argument, 23 August.
tracing the history of New Netherland, denying the English gtijy'ye."'
pretension, and maintaining the Dutch title by first dis- ^g"'j>4"fj.'-
covery, uninterrupted possession, purchase of land fi'om the *|l^ ^"''^^^
native owners, and the recognition of the sovereignty of the
States General by the articles of peace with England. For
these reasons, the unsoundness of the English claim was
" as manifest and palpable as the brightness of the sun at
noonday." At the same time, the director proposed to re-
new the agreement with Scott in the previous March, that
the question of boundaries on Long Island should be ami-
cably determined by the king and the States General, " in
order to prevent bloodshed here and further trouble in Eu-
rope," which must follow any hostile aggressions.
This letter was conveyed by four of Stuy^^esant's ablest
advisers, two from the council and two from the city, who
were instructed to "argue the matter" with the Enghsh 23 August.
commander. But Nicolls, declining discussion, told them KicoCde-
that the question of right did not concern him ; it was to cusllon.'^'
be considered by the king and the States General. He must
and should take the place ; and if the reasonable terms lie
• Col. Doc, ii., 308, 369, 444, 445, 469, 4T6 ; iii., 165; Alb. Eec, xxii., 316; Col. MSS., X.
(iii.), 311, 313; Smith, L, 20; Trumbull, i., 26S; Bancroft, ii., 314; O'Call., ii., 523, 524;
Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxvi., 528, 529 ; ante, vol. i., 739. According to Smith, Trumbull, and
others, Stuyvesant tore Winthrop's letter " in a fit of anger;" according to his own account,
in Alb. Rec, xxii., 316, and Col. Doc., ii., 445, " to prevent its communication" to the people.
32 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. I. had oifered were not accepted, he would attack the city,
for which purpose, at the end of forty-eight hours, he would
bring his forces up nearer. " On Thursday, the fourth," he
added, " I will speak with you at the Manhattans." The
Dutch deputies replied, " Friends will be welcome if they
come in a friendly manner." " I shall come with my ships
and soldiers," said ISTicoUs, " and he will be a bold messen-
ger, indeed, who shall then dare to come on board and so-
licit.terms." To their demand, " Wliat, then, is to be done ?"
Nicoiis-8 He answered, " Hoist the white flag of peace at the fort,
repiy.'°"^ and then I may take something into consideration." "With
this imperious message the Dutch delegates returned sad-
ly to New Amsterdam."'''
Seeing that Stuyvesant was disposed to hold out, Nicolls
24 August, directed Hyde, of the Guinea, " to prosecute, with the ad-
Anl^ttaTk "^'ice of the captains under his command, his majesties'
ordered, (^l^ii^ and iutcrest by all waj's and means as they shall
think most expedient for the speedy reducing of the Dutch
under his majesties' obedience." The transport ship Wil-
liam and Nicholas was also " pressed" for active service,
and an agreement was signed with Morley, her captain, to
indemnify her owners in case she should be damaged.f
At the appointed day, a great number of the inhabitants
25 August, of Long Island assembled to meet the royal commissioners
Nkous at at Gravesend, Winthrop and the other Connecticut mag-
oravesend. jg|;j.ates wcrc prescut. Nicolls, in their presence, pubhshed
the king's patent to the Duke of York, with his own com-
mission, and demanded the submission of Long Island to
his authority. On the part of the inhabitants living east
of the Dutch towns there was no doubt respecting alle-
giance. They were already British subjects, and under the
jurisdiction of Connecticut. The only question was about
coming under the Duke of York's government. Winthrop,
on behalf of Connecticut, declared that as the Idng's pleas-
ure was now fully signified by his letters patent, the j mis-
diction which that colony had claimed and exercised over
Long Island " ceased and became null." Nicolls, on the
part of the duke, replied that he would not displace any of
• Col. Doc, ii., 406, 411-414 ; Gen. Ent., i., 15-20 ; Alb. Kec, xviii., 319, 320; xxii., GIT ;
Col MSS., X. (iil.), 313; xv., 144; Hazard's Reg. Penn., iv., 41, 42; Val. Man., ISGO, 592;
Smith, i., 20-26 ; B.incroft, il , 314; O'Call., ii, 526 ; an«c, vol. i., 72S, 740.
t Gen. EDt.,i.,ai,22, 27, 28; Smith, i., 27 ; .S. Smith, 40 ; Hazard, l;eg. Penn., iv., 4^4 .
NEW AMSTERDAM BELEAGUERED BY THE ENGLISH. 33
the civil officers appointed by Connecticut, but would con- cqap. i.
firm tliem to act under him "until a convenient season
served to convene deputies fi-om all the towns on the isl-
and, when and where laws were to be enacted and civil of-
ficers estabhshed." Tliis assurance seemed to explain the
vao-ue promise in the proclamation of the commissioners,
that all persons submitting to the royal government should
eniov " all other privileges with his maiesty's English sub- submission
J J ^ '-' • T -\ • r T oiLonglil-
iects." It was, at all events, considered satistactory. Long and to the
J ' -i-nTi 111'ii Duke of
Island, chiefly inhabited by Englishmen aheady subject to York.
the crown, submitted at once to the authority of the Duke
of York ; and the volunteer forces from its eastern towns,
joined by those of New England, marched fi-om Amers-
f oort and Midwout toward Brookl^Ti, to assist in reducing
the Dutch capital.*
Observing the approach of the English forces, Stuy^'e- ^sAugust.
sant m'ote once more to Nicolls, that although by his or- Ituyv'e'l"''
ders he was " obliged to defend our place," yet, to prevent l^J"^^
the shedding of innocent blood, he proposed that commis- 1"^^^°-
sioners should be appointed on both sides to treat about " a
good accommodation," and that in the mean time all hos-
tilities should cease. The Enghsh commander replied fi-om
Gravesend that he would willingly appoint commissioners 25 August.
" to treat upon articles of surrender." At the desire of * '^'p"^"^'.
Stuyvesant's delegates, orders were given to Commodore
Hyde not to fire first on the city. But Kicolls refused
their request that the troops should not be brought nearer.
"To-day I shall arrive at the ferr}^," he added: "to-mor-
row we can agree with one another." f
The regular soldiers, consisting of thi-ee full companies,
eager for booty, were then landed at Gravesend, whence
they marched up to the ferry at Brooklyn, where the auxil- tij^ Kn-^^^
iaries from Long Island and New England were abeady sta- at Brook-'
tioned. Two of the ships moved up near Nooten, or Gov- ^°'
ernor's Island. The other two frigates came on with full
sail, and ffuns ready to open broadsides, and, passing in fi'ont Ke^ a™.
t I'TT^iTT ^Tr J. 1 sterdambe-
of Fort Amsterdam, anchored m the East Kiver. VV atcli- leaguered.
ing them from the parapet as they sailed along, Stuy\-esant
* Deeds, ii., 43, 44 ; Wood, 2T, 2S, 87, 1T3, ITT; Thompson, i , 126, 127; ii., 323, 323 ; Col.
Doc, ii., 407, 408, 414, 445, 501 ; Col Rec. Conn., i. 424, 42T, 429 ; ante, vol. i., T38, T34.
t Gen. Ent., 1, 13, 14, 15; Alb. Kec, xviii., 321 ; Col. MSS., xv., 144; Col. Doc, ii., 414;
Hazard, Reg. Pena., iv., 31 ; Smith, i., 27 ; S. £mitl), 41, 42 ; ante, vol 1., 740.
II.-C
1664,
34 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. I. wRS about to Order his gunner to lire, when the two Domines
Megapolensis led him away between them, imploring him not
to begin hostilities. Leaving fifty men in the fort-, under
the command of Fiscal de Sille, the director, at the head of
one hundred of the garrison, marched into the city, in or-
der to prevent the English from landing " here and there."*
Panic in By this time the Dutch regular soldiers themselves had
tropX. become more disposed to plunder than to defend. They
openly talked of " where booty is to be got, and where the
young women live who wear chains of gold." Warnings
had come from Long Island that the New England auxil-
iaries of Nicolls declared " that their business was not only
with New Netherland, but with the booty and plunder, and
for these they were called out and enrolled." The " curs-
ing and talking" of these Eastern adventurers forced the
citizens of New Amsterdam to look upon them as their
" deadly enemies, who expected nothing else than pillage,
plunder, and bloodshed." The whole population on Man-
hattan Island was about fifteen hundred, of whom only
two hundred and fifty were able to bear arms. Opposed
to these were more than a thousand effective soldiers and
sailors in the English squadron, besides the re-enforcements
from New England and Long Island. Moreover, it was
understood that six hundred Northern savages and one
hundred and fifty French rovers, with English commissions,
had offered their services against the Dutch. Seeing them-
selves thus " encircled round about," with no means of de-
liverance, and considering " the notorious and palpable im-
possibility of being able to defend and hold the place," the
city authorities, clergy, and oflficers of the burgher guard,
5 septemT ^^ ^lic suggestiou of the elder Domine Megapolensis, adopt-
ijeuion- ed a remonstrance to the director and his council, implor-
sufyve- ** ing them to accept the conditions offered by the English
commander. His threats, it stated, " would not have been
at all regarded, could your honors, or we, your petitioners,
expect the smallest aid or succour. But God help us !
whether we turn for assistance to the north or to the
south, to the east or to the west, it is all in vain." Ninety-
three of the principal citizens, including all the municipal
« Col. Doc, ii., 414, 422,444, 445, 501, 502, 5 3, 5f)8, 509; Val. Man., ISGO, 592; Drisius to
ClaBsls of Amsterdam, 15 Sept., 1064; ante, vol. i., 740.
eant.
STUYVESANT AGREES TO SURRENDER. 35
officers, and Stiiy vesant's eldest son, signed the paper. The cuap. i.
threatening answer of JSTicoUs to the Dutch commissioners
had meanwhile been spread among the people, and many -'^""*-
of them, with their ^ves and children crying and prapng,
besought the director to parley. To all their supplications
he sturdily repHed, " I had much rather be carried out
dead !" But now he was obliged to yield to inevitable ne- stuyvesant
cessity, and prevent the mischiefs about to overtake, " evi- ^*^
dently and assuredly, the honest inhabitants."*
The lesson in Saint Luke's Gospel taught Stuyvesant
how vain it was, with ten thousand men, to resist him that
came with twenty thousand. Tet there was one balm for
the director's wounded spirit. NicoUs had voluntarily pro-
posed "to redeliver the fort and city of Amsterdam, in New
Netherland, in case the difference of the limits of this prov-
ince be agreed upon betwixt His Majesty of England and
the High and Mighty States General." A full power to
agree upon articles with the English commander or his 26 August.,
deputies was accordingly given by the Dutch director and ^ septem.
his council to Counselor John De Decker, Commissary Dutch
Nicholas Varlett, and Doctor Samuel Megapolensis, repre- sionera ap-
senting the pro\"incial government, and Burgomaster Cor- ^™ ^ '
nehs Steenwyck, old burgomaster Oloff Stevensen van
Cortlandt, and old schepen James Cousseau, representing
the city. Nicolls was now encamped at the Brooklyn fer-
ry, " before the Manhatans," with the royal " beleaguering"
forces. On his part, he promptly named liis two col-
leagues. Sir Robert Carr and Colonel George Cartwi'ight, English
with John Winthrop and Samuel Willys of Coimecticut, liolTn'
and Thomas Clarke and John Pynchon of Massachusetts, °^™^*^-
as his commissioners. " The reason why those of Boston
and Connecticut were joined in the treaty," NicoUs after-
ward explained to Arhngton, " was because those two col-
onies should hold themselves the more engaged with us if
the Dutch had been over-confident of their strength."!
The next morning, which was Saturday, the plenipoten- "^ '^°""''^-
0 Septem.
* Alb. Rec, xviii., 320, 321 ; Col. MSB., xv., 144 ; Col. Doc, ii., 248-250, 369, 423, 444, 446,
4T6, 503 ; Driaius's Letter ; Val. Man. , 1S60, .592, 593 ; ante, vol. i. , 741.
t Col. Doc, ii., 414, 440; iii., 103 ; Gen. Ent., i., 30-33 ; Alb. Rec, xviii., 323, 323; Col.
MSS., XV., 144, 145; H.izartl'3 Ann. Penn., iv., 44; O'Call., ii., 531 ; Saint Luke's Gospel,
xiv., 31 ; ante, vol. i., 741, 742. Smith, i., 27, inaccurately says that Stuyvesant agreed to
surrender "on condition the English and Dutch limits in America were settled by the
crown and the States General."
36 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP.i. tiaries ou both sides met by agreement at Stup'esant's
" Bouweiy," or farm. Their only dispute was about the
• Dutch garrison, whom, as the English refused to do it, the
city deputies agreed to convey back to Holland. The proc-
Artidesof lamatiou of the royal commissioners and the reiterated
tfon agreed promiscs of Mcolls formed the basis of the twenty - four
"^°°* articles of capitulation. These declared all the inhabitants
of ISTew I^etherland to be " free denizens," and secm-ed to
them their property. Any persons might come from Hol-
land "and plant in this country," while Dutch vessels
might "freely come hither, and any of the Dutch may
freely retm-n home, or send any sort of merchandise home,
in vessels of their own country," For the next six months,
intercom*se with Holland was to continue as before the
coming of the English. The Dutch inhabitants were to
" enjoy the liberty of their consciences in divine worship
and Chm-ch discipline," as well as " their own customs con-
cerning their inheritances." All public buildings were to
continue in their existing uses, and all public records to be
respected. All inferior civil officers were to remain as they
were until the customary time for new elections ; and the
town of Manhattan might choose deputies ^vith " fi-ee voices
in all public affairs." Owners of houses in Fort Orange
were to enjoy their property " as all people do where there
is no fort." The articles of capitulation were to be con-
sented to by Nicolls, and delivered to Stuyvesant, together
with copies of the king's patent and the Duke of York's
commission, by eight o'clock the next Monday morning,
" at the old mill,"* Witliin two hours afterward, the fort
and town " called New Amsterdam, upon the isle of Man-
hattoes," were to be surrendered, and the military officers
and soldiers to " march out with their arms, drmns beating
and colors flying, and lighted matches."t
2s August. These very advantageous and conciliatory terms were
7 septem. ' explained to the burgher authorities at the City Hall on
" This "old mill," which wna the nenrest point on Manhattan to " the ferry" iit Brooltlyn,
w.is on the shore of the East River, near what is now the foot of Roosevelt Street, but then
at the outlet of a brook running out of the "Kolck," afterward vulgarly called "the Col-
lect:" see Valentine's Manual, 1S53, 551, and 1SC3, C'21, and the maps appended; ante, vol.
i., p. 1G7, note. We owe the recovery of these maps to the research and care of George II.
Moore, the present librarian of the New York Historical Society.
t Gen. Ent., i., 23-26, 33 ; Col. Doc, ii., 250-253, 414 ; Smith, i., 27-32 ; S. Smith, 43^0 ;
Hazard's Keg. Penn., iv., 43 ; HoU. Merc, 1G64, 15-3, 154; Alb. Rec, xviii., 325 ; Col. MSS.,
XV., 145; Chalmers's Ann., i., 574; 0'Call.,i., 532-535; ftJi^e, vol. i., 742, 762.
THE ENGLISH CONQUEST OF NEW NETHERLAND. 37
Sunday afternoon, " after the second sermon." It was the chap. i.
last religions service that was expected to be celebrated ~~Z
under the Dutch flag in Kieft's old church in Fort Amster- ^^^^^ ^^_
dam. The next morning Stuyvesant and his council, hav- ^^e'°eo \e
ing ratified the articles of capitulation, exchanged them
with NicoUs, who, on his part, dehvered the stipulated doc- 29 August.
uments ; and thereupon New Amsterdam was surrendered, AnideT'
and " the Enghsh, without any contest or claim being be- ^fg^^^^j.
fore put forth by any person to it, took possession of a fort g[f/j!^g^™gr-
built and continually garrisoned about forty years at the ^^^
expense of the West India Company."*
The story of the reduction of Long Island and New
Amsterdam has now been minutely told : the unexpected
blockade of the port by the English ; the overwhelming
force of the invaders ; the weakness of Fort Amsterdam
and its garrison ; the almost solitary heroism and loyalty
of Stuyvesant ; the natural resentment of the city burghers
against the authorities in Holland, who had left them un-
protected against surprise ; their common prudence, which
preferred the easy terms offered by the English command-
er to the consequences of an unavailing resistance and a
capture by storm ; their reasonable dread of being plun-
dered by the English colonial volunteers from the east;
the inevitable capitulation of the metropolis, and the con-
sequent surrender of the whole Dutch province. There
was, indeed — as Stuyvesant reluctantly confessed — "■ an ab- The Dutch
solute impossibility of defending the fort, much less the defense-
city of New Amsterdam, and still less the country."f
On the part of England this conquest of New Nether-
land was an act of peculiar national baseness. It was a
scandalous outrage. It was planned in secret, and was ac- Tiie con-
, quest a
complished with deliberate deceit toward a friendly gov- scandalous
ernment. None but Englishmen had the impudence to do °" '^^°'
so vile a wrong. Its true motive was carefully concealed
• Col. Doc, ii , 414, 415; Alb. Eec, xviii., 323, 324, 326 ; Col. MSS., xv., 145; Gen. Ent.,
i., 31, 32 ; avte, vol. i., 763. Smith, i., 32, errs in stating that Stuyvesant refused, for two
days, to ratify the articles, because they were "very disagreeable" to liira. The true rea-
son was that a Sunday intervened, and the articles themselves provided for their due exe- •
cution on Monday.
t Col. Doc, ii., 366. Tlie first dispatches which Nicolls sent home, containing an account
of his transactions with the New England colonies and the surrender of New Netherland,
were lost at s a in the Elias frigate, as will be stated hereafter: see OoU Doc, iii.,C8, 92,
103 ; Pepys, ii., 185 ; post^ p. 50, note.
38 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. L in all the diplomatic statements which attempted to justify
"777! the deed. The nayis-ation laws of Enojland, which were
■ chiefly meant to cripple the commerce of her great mari-
time rival, could not be enforced in America as long as
that rival possessed so important a province there. The
intensely selfish spirit of those laws eagerly employed the
most unjustifiable means to maintain them. Because En-
gland coveted New Netherland, and not because she had
any rightful claim, she treacherously seized it as a prize.
The whole transaction was eminently characteristic of an
insolent and overbearing nation. On no other principle
than that which frequently afterward governed the preda-
tory aggressions of England in India and elsewhere can
her conquest of the Dutch province be defended.
Nevertheless, unjustifiable as was the deed, the tempta-
tion to commit it 'was irresistible. Its actual execution was
The event probably only a question of time. The event itself could
uievi a e. ]-^^j.^i-^y havc bccu avoidcd by the Dutch government, unless
all their previous policy had been reversed, and the holding
of New Netherland at all hazards against any enemies been
made an indispensable obligation. But this could not have
been expected. Neither the West India Company — now on
the brink of banki-uptcy — nor the States General adequate-
ly valued their American province. It was not until toward
the end of their rule that the importance of New Nether-
land and the necessity of securing it seriously engaged the
attention of the authorities in Holland. Even then their ap-
parent indifference encouraged the mousing designs of En-
gland. Charles the Second decreed that the United Neth-
erlands should no longer have a foothold in North America.
The decree was executed ; and the Dutch province became
the easy prey of undeclared enemies, who sneaked, in time
of peace, into her chief harbor. New York replaced New
Netherland on the map of the world. Although wars in
Europe followed, the result in America was the same.
Holland retired from the unequal strife, lea\'ing France
and Spain to contend for a season with England for ulti-
mate supremacy in North America.
What En- By the conquest of New Netherland England became
ed. the mistress of all the Atlantic coast between Acadia and
Florida. On the north and west her colonies were now
THE ENGLISH CONQUEST OE NEW NETHERLAND. 39
bounded by the French possessions, on the south by those chap. i.
of SjDain, on the east by the ocean. Yet, although the
British American dominions thus became geographically
united, they were neither homogeneous in character nor
sympathetic in feeling. The Puritan colonies, while they
rejoiced in the subjection of their "noxious neighbors" to
the crown of England, had themselves no respect for their
own ungodly sovereign. The aid which they had given to
the royal commissioners was a fatal political mistake, if
any purpose of independence was really cherished. They
thus lost the best opportunity they ever had of securing
their local governments, because the king was now master
of the most advantageous position on the continent, from
which he could, if necessary, direct military and naval op-
erations for their reduction in case of revolt. Maryland,
equally removed from Puritan severity and Cavalier license,
was content that its territorial dispute should at all events
be adjourned. Virginia, perhaps, felt less interest in the
event, although the prompt loyalty of her people, who had
hastened to proclaim their restored sovereign, was natural-
ly gratified at the extension of his dominion over all the
neighboring coast between Cape Henlopen and Montauk
Point.
In the progress of years, a common allegiance and com-
mon dangers produced greater sympathy among the Anglo-
American plantations. JSTevertheless, although incorpora-
ted into the British colonial empire, New York never lost Prevaiiins
her social and political identity and her salutary moral in- New York.
fluence. It was her lot to sustain fiercer trials, and gain a
more varied experience, than any other American state.
It was equally her destiny to temper the narrow character-
istics of her English sister colonies with the larger ideas
which slie had herself derived from Holland. Midway be-
tween ]^ew England and Virginia, she stood for nearly a
century guarding her long frontier against the attacks of
Canada ; and at length she became the Prvox Peovestce,
on which hinged the most important movements of that
sublime revolt against the oppression of England, the only
parallel to which was the successful struggle that the fore-
fathers of her first settlers maintained against the gigan-
tic despotism of Spain.
40 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. I. TliG terms of capitulation offered by Nicolls and accept-
ed by Stnyvesant were, perhaps, the most favorable ever
Liberal poi- g^^^nted by a conqueror. In theory, the king only resumed
Duklof^ his rightful authority over a province which had been in-
York. trusively occupied and improved by the Dutch. Once re-
duced under his own proprietary rule, the Duke of York
hoped that it would become not only profitable to himself,
but a valuable accession to the colonial dominions of the
crown, to which he was the presumptive heir. His policy,
therefore, was to obtain peaceful possession of the territory,
and at the same time induce its Dutch inhabitants to re-
main there and become loyal English subjects. Indeed, the
duke's patent authorized him to govern British subjects
only. The most liberal inducements were accordingly of-
fered to the people of New i!^etherland, with ostentatious
benevolence. On the other hand, the Dutch colonists, cha-
grined at the imbecility and seeming indifference of the
authorities in the fatherland, and having many causes of
complaint against their own provincial government, accept-
ed the change of rulers calmly and hopefully, if not with
positive satisfaction.
Yet, by becoming British subjects, the Dutch inhabitants
The people of E"ew Nctlierland did not gain politi(;al freedom. Fresh
fngby the uamcs and laws, they found, did not secure fresh liberties.
^ ■"°°' Amsterdam was changed to York, and Orange to Albany.
But these changes only commemorated the titles of a con-
queror. It was nearly twenty years before that conqueror
allowed for a brief period to the people of ISTew York
even that faint degree of representative government which
they had enjoyed when the three-colored ensign of Hol-
land was hauled down from the flag-staff of Fort Amster-
dam. New Netherland exchanged Stnyvesant, and the
"West India Company, and a I'epublican sovereignty, for
Nicolls, and a royal proprietor, and a hereditary king.
The province was not represented in Parliament ; nor could
the voice of its people reach the chapel of Saint Stephen
at Westminster as readily as it had reached the chambers
of the Binnenhof at tlie Hao-ue.
Nevertheless, to all the changes which befell them, the
Loyalty of Dutcli colouists of Ncw York submitted with cliaracteristic
' good faith. No more loyal subjects than they were ever
THE ENGLISH CONQUEST OF NEW NETHEliLAND. 4^
brouglit under the British crown. Yet it was not pleasant cuap. i.
for them to watch the red cross of England waving where
the emblems of the Netherlands had floated for fifty years.
To Holland they felt a deep, nnalterable, hereditary attach-
ment. Nor have the yicissitndes of time extinguished that
sentiment in their descendants. Two centuries have scarce-
ly weakened the Teneration which citizens of New York of
Dutch lineage proudly cherish toward the fatherland of
their ancestors. Year by year the glorious and the genial
memories of Holland are renewed by those whom long
generations have separated from the country of their fore-
fathers. But colonists usually retain more affection to-
ward their fatherland than those who remain at home ever
feel toward the emigrants who leave its shores. As years
roll on, the contrast becomes more marked. Two centu- Holland
ries have almost wiped out of the recollection of Holland -sll^ ^
the once familiar name of New Netherland. A few of the Ztd^^'
more curious of her scholars and her statesmen may some-
times, by careful search, discover the meagre paragraphs in
which her ponderous histories dismiss the &torj of her an-
cient trans- Atlantic province. But the people of the Low
Countries scarcely know that New York was once their
own New Netherland, or that they* have any right to the
glory of lla^ing laid the foundations of the mightiest state
in the American Union, and the metropolis of the Western
World.
42 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAPTER II.
1664-1665.
cuAP. II. On Monday morning, the twenty-nintli of August, six-
;; ~" teen hundred and sixty-four, Peter Stuyvesant, having per-
29 A^igust foi'ii'^sd his last official act as Director General of New
s septem. jN^etlierlajid by ratifying the articles of capitulation, placed
The Dutch himself at the head of his garrison, and marched out of
of Fort Fort Amsterdam with arms fixed, colors flying, drums
dam. " beating, and matches lighted. Wheeling to the left, the
veteran led his sullen troops down the Beaver Street to the
North River. From there they were hurried on board the
"West India Company's ship Gideon, which v/as preparing
to sail for Holland. This was so arranged because the
Dutch soldiers were enraged at not being allowed to strike
a bloAV, and the British infantry were prudently kept out
of sight until they were safely embarked. In the mean
time the English regulars had taken post near the old mill.
The Long Island and Noav England auxiliaries, by previous
agreement between Stuyvesant and Nicolls, were kept to-
gether on the Brooklyn side of the river, and were not al-
lowed to enter the city, because the burghers " were more
apprehensive of being plundered by them than by the oth-
ers." As the Dutch garrison marched out, the ensign of
the United ProATinces was hauled down, and an English
The En- coi'poral's guard took possession of the fort and hoisted the
houted?^ British flag, which NicoUs liad borrowed from the frigate
Guinea. Leaving Colonel Cartwright with his company,
which was stationed at the ferry, to occupy the city gates
and the City Hall, Nicolls advanced at the head of his own
and Sir Robert Carr's companies, and, accompanied by the
burgomasters, marched into the fort. After being formal-
ly inducted by the civic authorities, wlio " gave him a wel-
come reception," the Englisli governor performed his first
EICHAKD NICOLLS, GOVEENOR. 43
official act by directing that the citj of New Amsterdam chap. ii.
should thenceforth be called " New York," and Fort Am-
sterdam " Fort James."* ^g^ York
The surrender being thus accomplished without blood- j"^^"""'
shed, NicoUs at once dismissed the Long Island and New named.
England volunteers. The Massachusetts delegates were
sent back, with the thanks of the royal commissioners to 29 August.
her General Court. The governor also addressed a letter and°and'
to Captain John Younge, of Southold, who commanded gw vJi-
the Long Island militia, desiring him to make out a listdSmiKcd.
of those who had taken up arms " for their king and coun-
try," so that they might be suitably rewarded, and promis-
ing that deputies from the several towns should, " in con-
venient time and place, be summoned, to propose and give
their advice in all matters tending to the peace and benefit
of Long Island."t
The new provincial government was now organized.
The governor's subordinate. Captain Matthias NicoUs, of Nicoiia'a
Ishp, in Northamptonshire, who had accompanied him emmeat'
fi'om England, and was a lawyer, was appointed secretary
of the province. Captains Robert Needham and Thomas
Delavall, also from England, together with Secretary
NicoUs, Thomas Topping, of Southampton, and William
Wells, of Southold, were named counseloi'S. On extraor-
dinary occasions, Stuyvesant's late secretary, Cornehs van
Euys'en, and Schepen Johannes van Brugh, were some-
times called on to assist. Delavall was also appointed col-
lector and receiver general of New York and its neighbor-
hood.:}:
The Dutch municipal officers were continued in their
places by virtue of the articles of capitulation. The day
after the sm'render, the Court of Burgomasters and Sche-
pens of the city of New York assembled to transact their 3q August.
ordinary business, and proceeded to administer justice as if ^ ^^p^^'"*-
* Alb. Rec.jXvjii., 32G; Col. MSS., xr., 145; Gen. Ent.,i., 32, 55; Hazard's Reg. PeuD.,
iv., 50; NewAmst. Eec, v., 50T-5TO; Val. Man., 18G0, 592, 593; Col. Doc, ii., 250-253, 41.5,
422, 440, 44.5, 440, 501, 502, 509, 7^ ; Bushwick Eec. ; Thompson, ii., 1G5; (uitc, vol. i., 742,
743, 7G3. As the old style was used in England, it was now introduced into New York. I
shall therefore follow that supputation, adding, whenever necessary, the corresponding
date in the new style in a line under the old. The historical, and not the English legal
year, will, however, be used between 1 January and 25 March.
t Gen. Ent.,i.,29, 30; Thompson, i., 127; Smith, i.,S2,
t Patents, i., 3; Deeds, ii,. 24; S. Wood,144; Thompson, ii., 390; Val. Man., 1847, 351,
360; 1S52, SSI; 1853, 3S0, 3S3.
44 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. II. nothiiig uiiusual had occurred. A few days afterward
they wrote to the West India Company, by the ship Gid-
-fi-se tem ^°^^' "^^^^^ch, with a pass from Nicolls, took home the late
tjityoffi- sjarrison, under the command of Ensign Nyssen, describ-
ued. ing the surrender, and adding that, " since we have no lon-
ger to depend upon your honor's promises or protection, we,
with all the poor, sorrowing, and abandoned commonalty
here, must fly for refuge to the Almighty God, not doubt-
ing but He will stand by us in this sorely afflicting con-
juncture." By the same vessel Stuyvesant and his late coun-
f^ septem. cil also scut the company an official account of the capitu-
liouand. lation, and declared " that they would prefer to suffer ship-
wreck in the empty praise and esteem of the world, than,
waiting to the last moment without hope of relief, subject
every thing to bloodshed, or at least to the danger of being
jDlundered."* Domine Samuel Drisius, one of the coUegi-
15 Septem. ate ministers of the Dutch Church, also wrote an interest-
ing letter to the Classis of Amsterdam, detailing the circum-
stances of the surrender, f
For the first time, the Enghsh Episcopal service was
English now celebrated in ISTew York. The articles of capitula-
wmrer/ tioii oxprcssly declared that all public buildings should
eemce. continue in their previous uses, and that the Dutch should
enjoy their accustomed divine worship and church disci-
11 October, phue. Pro\asion was accordingly made by the burgomas-
ters and schepens for the due support of the Domines
Megapolensis and Drisius, until the governor should make
farther arrangements. The chaplain of the English forces
had, however, no proper place in which to celebrate divine
service, except in the Dutch Church in the fort. It was
very cordially arranged that after the Dutch had ended
their own morning worship in their church, the British
chaplain should read the Church of England service there
to the governor and the garrison. This Avas all the footing
that the English Episcopal Church had in New York for
more than thirty years.:]:
* Gen. Ent., i., 34, 35, 141 ; New Amst. Eec, v., 555, E60-5T0 ; Val. Man., 1S60, 592, 5D3 ;
Col. Doc , ii, 422, 504, 744; Mass. Hist. Soc , Tnimbull Tap., xx., 73 ; Col. MSS., x. (iii), 323.
t A translation of this letter, which pves several details heretofore unknown, was pnh-
li^hed for the first time in the Appendix to Brodhead's Oration on the Conquest of New
Netherland, delivered before the New York Historical Society on 12 Oclober, 1SG4.
X Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii., 265; Col. Doc, iil, 262, 415; iv., 325, 526 ; New Amst. Eec, v.,
539; Hist. Mag., \. (U.), 322; Benson's Mem.,ii. N. Y. II. S. Col], (ii.), 103; Humphreys's
EICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOE. 45
Meanwhile, Fort Orange and Esopus, altliougli included chap. ii.
in the capitulation, remained to be reduced under the
duke's authority. Accordingly, as soon as the Gideon had 9 ggpte^
sailed for Holland with the Dutch garrison, and the safety
of the capital was thus assin*ed, Ils^icoUs commissioned his
colleague. Colonel Cartwright, to go up the river with his ^|Septem.
company and occupy those places. The authorities and to Foit
inhabitants of Fort Orange were required to aid him in "^^"^"^
obtaining quiet possession, and to obey him according to
the governor's instructions, especially "in case the Mo-
hawks or other Indians shall attempt any thing against the
lives, goods, or chattels of those who are now imder the
protection of his majesty of Great Britain." Yan Kensse-
laer was also directed to bring the title j^apers respecting
Kensselaerswyck down to New York for the governor's in-
spection, and, in the mean time, to obey Cartwright's or-
ders. In order to secure the transfer to the English of the
fi'iendship which the Iroquois had cherished toward the
Dutch, Nicolls requested some persons who had experience
in dealing with the savages to accompany the military offi-
cers of the expedition. One of these was "Willett, of Plym-
outh, and the other was Captain Thomas Breedon, of Bos-
ton, formerly governor of Nova Scotia, who had visited
Fort Orange in 1662. Cartwi'ight's cliief mihtary subor-
dinates were Captain John Manning and Captain Daniel
Brodhead. Manning seems to have formerly commanded
a trading vessel between New Haven and Manhattan, but
was now in the regular service. Brodhead was a zealous
Koyalist, of Yorkshire, England, where his family had lived
" in the credit and reputation of gentlemen," and who, hav-
ing a captain's commission from the king, embarked with
liis household for America in the expedition of NicoUs.*
When Cart^vi-ight reached Fort Orange, he found that septemter.
De Decker, one of Stuyvesant's late plenipotentiaries at
the capitulation, had hurried up thither from New York,
Hist. Ace. 201 ; Thompson, ii., 205; Christian Journal, quoted in Dr. Benian's sketch of
Trinity Church, 11. The names of the earliest chaplains of the English forces in New York
are not knonn. The fir.^t that has come down to us is that of the Rev. Charles Wolley, a
graduate of Cambridge, who officiated from Aug., 16TS, to July, IGSO: Hist. Mag , v., 153, ISO.
* Gen. Ent.,i., 34, 35, Ul; Kenss. JISS. ; Col. Doc, i., 490; ii., 422, 502; iii., 80-41, 65,
S^, 140, 270; ix.,75; Munsell's Ann., vii., 07; Morton's Mem , 311, no(e ; Hutch. Mass., i.,
2l.\ 220, 224, 225; Mass. Kec, iv. (ii), 69, 75; Hazard, ii., 432, 463; Palfrey, i., 163; ii.,
405, 525, 575; New Haven Rec, ii., 6S-75; Josselyn's Voyages, 153; ii. N. Y. H. S. Coll ,
i., 334; (1869), IG, 37, 57, 337, ante, vol. i, 519, 525, 579, 5S5, 704, 730, 743.
46 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. II. aiid was endeavoring " to alienate tlie minds of his majes-
ties' Dutch subjects from that happy reconcilement with-
Fortor ^^^^ bloodshcd upon articles so lately made." But the
ange sub- counsclor's efforts were vain. La Montas-ne and the masr-
mits. ... . -r •
istrates had no disposition to resist. Little change was
made except in the name of the place, which was thence-
Named ai- forth to be called "Albany," after the Scotch title of the
^^°^' Duke of York. All the inferior officers and civil magis-
trates were continued in their places. An English garri-
Manning son occupiod the little fortress, which was named " Fort
com an - j^^^^^jV ^^^ placcd iu chargo of Captain Manning. Soon
eptem. j^fj.gj.^g^j.j^ several Mohawk and Seneca sachems appeared
First En- at the fort, and signed with Cartwright the first treaty be-
with the**^ tween the Iroquois and the English. It was covenanted
Iroquois, ^j^^^ ^-^^ Indians should have all the commodities from the
English which they formerly had from the Dutch; that
offenses should be reciprocally punished ; and that the Riv-
er Indians, and those below Manhattan, should be included
25 septem. in the treaty. The next day it was farther agreed that
the English should not assist the hostile Eastern tribes, that
they should make peace for the Iroquois with the nations
down the river, that the Iroquois should have free trade,
and " be lodged in houses" as formerly, and that, if they
should be beaten by the Eastern tribes, they should " re-
ceive accommodation" from the English. The friendship
thus established continued to be maintained with remark-
able fidelity on both sides for more than a century, until
the American Revolutionary War.
On his return from Albany Cartwright landed at Eso-
pus. As at Albany, care was taken to conciliate the in-
habitants. William Beekman was retained in his place as
schout, or sheriff, while Thomas Chambers remained com-
missary, and Matthys Capito secretary of the village of
urodhead Wildwyck. A 2:arrison of regular soldiers occupied the
ID com- 1- o cj 1
mand at foi't, uudcr the command of Captain Brodhead. The only
Esopus. .. -I • ^ /-^ ' 1 • T -< • 1 '
opposition which Cartwright experienced during his expe-
dition was from De Decker, at Albany ; and Nicolls, on
30 Septem. learning his conduct, ordered the too patriotic Hollander to
leave the government within ten days. The deputies who
10 October, accompanied Cartwright from Albany agreed to written
articles with JSTicolls that the inhabitants there " should en-
EICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 47
joy all the articles of surrender" made at New York, and cnAP.ii.
that former local arrangements were generally to remain ~
in force. Jeremias van Rensselaer was also confirmed in jg October,
his authority, on condition that a new patent should be ob- ^y"^^^^''^''"
tained from the duke, and the inhabitants of Eensselaer-
wyck should take the oath of allegiance.*
By the articles of capitulation, the Dutch, who were
three fourths of the inhabitants, were at liberty to sell
their lands, and remove with their families and personal
effects t*o Holland. But NicoUs, fi'om the first, had been
anxious to retain them all in their present homes, and in-
duce them to become British subjects. He therefore went
to the meeting of the metropolitan burgomasters and sche- u October,
pens, and having sent for Stuyvesant, Van Euyven, and
the Dutch ministers, invited them to take an oath to be oath of ai-
true subjects of the King of Great Britain, and to obey all required.
commands from his majesty, the Duke of Tork, or his gov-
ernors and ofiicers, while they lived in any of his majesty's
territories. This obligation did not involve any permanent
renunciation of allegiance to the Dutch government. Nev-
ertheless, great reluctance to take it was shown, as the ar-
ticles of surrender, while they declared that " all people
shall still continue free denizens," did not provide for their
swearing to a new allegiance. After much debate, "all
the meeting roundly declared" that they could not take
such an oath unless the governor should add to it " con-
formable to the articles concluded on the sm-render of this
place." Their reason for insisting was that otherwise they
might " nullify or render void the articles." Domine Mega-
polensis and Secretary Yan Euyven, however, " saw no im-
pediment" to taking the proposed oath.
A few days afterward the burgomasters called upon is October.
NicoUs, with whom, in the presence of Cartwright and
Willett, the matter of swearing was again discussed. To
put an end to the "false and injurious aspersion" regarding
it by which the minds of the inhabitants were by this time
distracted, Nicolls declared in writing " that the articles of
surrender are not in the least broken, or intended to be bro-
ken, by any words or expressions in the said oath." This 20 October.
• Gen. Ent, 1, 36-50 ; Col. Doc, iii., 67, 6S, P4 ; Colden (ed. 1755), i., 34 ; Smith, i., 33 ; ii.
N". Y. H. S. Coll., i., 384; Slunsell, vii., 97, 98 ; Val. Man., 1847, p. 370 ; Esopiis Records ;
O'CaU., ii., 305, 431, 552 ; ante, vol. i., 714, 72D, 732, 744, T61.
48 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. II. answer satisfied all. Tonneman, the schout, altliough in-
tending to return to Holland in the next ship, did not re-
21 October ^^^^® ^^ ^^^^® ^^® obligatioii. Ill the course of the next five
26 October ^^J^' upward of two hundred and fifty of the Dutch iiiliab-
AUegiance itauts, includiiiar Stuyvesant, Yan Ruvven, the Domines
Bwoin by ' '-' "^ " '
the Dutch. Megapolensis and Drisius, Beekman, Yan Kensselaer, and
others from New York, Esopus, and Albany, swore allegi-
ance to Charles the Second and the Duke of York.*
The governor's statesmanship was quickly vindicated.
The " Yroedschap," or great council of the city, having been
22 Novem. called togctlicr to elect a successor to Tonneman, chose Al-
12 Decern, lard Aiitlioiiy ; and NicoUs, confirming their choice, gave
the new sheriff a commission and instructions for liis guid-
ance. As the soldiers had already become unruly, NicoUs
21 Novem. appointed Anthony Wharton to be provost-marshal, to keep
them fi-om interfering with the citizens, and to punish of-
22 Novem. f eudei's. Tlic city authorities testified their good will in a
city'a let- letter to the Duke of York, drawn up by Burgomaster
Duke of Steenwyck, praising Nicolls as a " gentle, wise, and intelli-
gent" governor, under whose wings they hoped to " bloom
and grow like the cedar on Lebanon." To this end they
prayed that the city of ISTew York might have the same
commercial privileges as the king's subjects in England, or
even be as free from burdens as Boston ; in which case,
in a few years, the duke would derive great revenues from
a province which would be " then peopled with thousands
of families, and having great trade by sea with ISTew En-
gland, and other places in Europe, Africa, and America."t
Thus was an imperial territory added to the dominions
of England. Specific names were now given to the acqui-
sition, so as to " comprehend all the titles" of the Duke of
Yorkshire York. The province itself was called " New York." Long
nndAiba. ^^^^^^^ ^^^^g designated as " Yorksliire." The region be-
tween the Hudson and the Delaware, of which httle was
known beyond the few hamlets near Manhattan, was
named " Albania."
Of all the territory of New York, Albania offered the
greatest attractions to emigrants. It was considered the
• Gen. Eiit., i., 4% 50; New Amsterdam Pef., v., G14-G1S; Val. Man., 1S61, GOS-GOT ; Col.
Doc, ill., 74-T7 ; II. B. Dawson's " Sons of I.iljerty in \cw York," 14-lG
t New Amat. Rec, v., G43-Gi6 ; Patents, 1 , 161-1&5; Val. -Man., ISGI, GOT, G08; Valen-
tine's City of New York, 161-163.
ma.
RICHAKD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 49
most " improveable part" of the province "in respect not chap.il
only to tlie quantity of the land, but to the sea-coast and ~~
Delaware River, the fertility of the soil, the neighborhood "
to Hudson's Eiver, and, lastly, the fair hopes of rich mines."
Communipaw, Bergen, and Staten Island, already settled settle-
by the Dutch, were now to gain new neighbors. John Albania.
Bailey, Daniel Denton, and others, of Jamaica, on Long Isl-
and, asked leave to buy and settle a tract of land on the 26 Sept.
After Cull River,* which they had formerly intended to
do, but had been " obstructed by the then ruling Dutch."
McoUs, wishing to give the Long Island people some " re-
ward for their fidelity" previous to the surrender, cheer-
fully assented, and promised the petitioners " all due en- so Sept.
couragement in so good a work." Bailey and Denton,
with their associates, soon bought from the savages the 28 October.
land between the jRaritan River and Newark Bay, which
had been purchased thirteen years before by Augustine ^^
Heermans. The English pm'chase, however, was confirmed 2 Dec. • '
by NicoUs to Captain John Baker and John Ogden, who
had bought out Denton's interest, and to Bailey and their
associates, upon condition of their "doing and performing / ■,
such acts and things as shall be appointed by his royal
highness the Duke of York or his deputy." Before long, , ' /
four famihes from Jamaica began the settlement of what ,
was soon afterward known as Elizabethtown.f
The mihtary and naval ofiScers who accompanied McoUs
from England also became large landliolders. Captain ;
James BoUen, the commissary of ammunition at Fort Grants of
James, and others, received a grant on Staten Island. A 24 Dec.
tract at Hackensack was granted to Captain Edward Grove, 3 October.
of the Martin. To Captain William Hill, Lieutenant Hmn- y^^ \
phrey Fox, and Master Coleman, of the Elias, were sever- ''\''
ally allotted parcels of land on Staten Island. The naval
grantees, however, had scarcely time to take possession of
their domains ; for their ships, being no longer required for ., „
service at New York, were sent back to England with dis- •''"[
* This was an English corruption of the Dutch name " Achter Cul" (now called Newark
Bay), which was given because it was achter^ or " behind" the bay of New York. The pas-
sage leading to this cul was called the "Kil van Cul," and is now known as " the Kills."
See ante, vol. i, 313, note.
t Col. Doc, iii., 105; Chalmers, i., 615, 624, 655; Patents, i., 20; Elizabethtown Bill in
Chanceiy (174T), 25-28 ; Learning and Spicer, 66S-6T3 ; Smith's N. Jersey, 62 ; Gordon, 27 ;
Whitehead's E. J., 1!), 36-39 ; Index N. J. Col. Doc, 4T ; Thompson's L. I., ii., 103 ; Den-
ton's N. Y., 13, 15 : ante., vol. :., 53T, 707, 70S, 724.
IL— D
uave
torv.
50 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. II. patcliGS fi'oni NicoUs amiouiicing the success of the expe-
dition, and the establishment of the duke's government in
^^^^- what was lately I^ew ^N'etherland.*
An important question had been meanwhile presented
for the action of the royal commissioners. The Duke of
^* Ten-i- York's patent included only the territory lying east of the
Delaware, and the authority of Mcolls as governor extend-
ed no farther. Yet the commissioners were instructed by
the king to reduce to his obedience the Dutch wherever
seated within his claimed dominions in IsTorth America.
Nicolls soon learned that the Maryland people were " in
some sort overawed" by the city of Amsterdam, to which
the Delaware settlements belonged, and that, unless those
possessions were acquired, the gaining of New York would
be " of small advantage to his majesty." Without regard-
ing Lord Baltimore's pretensions, the commissionei*s de-
termined " to reduce the Delaware, thereby to assure this
place for liis royal liighness."
... . Five days after the capitulation of Is^ew Amsterdam,
... NicoUs, with Cartwi'ight and Maverick, accordingly com-
^-j-s&j)t. missioned their colleague. Sir Robert Carr, to go with the
tQ^^v^^°° Gruinea, Captain Hyde, and the William and Nicholas, Cap-
ori^th "cei- *^i^^ Morley, and " all the soldiers which are not in the fort,"
astixic. ajj(j reduce the Delaware settlements. Carr was instructed
to promise the Dutch the possession of all their property
and all their present privileges, " only that they change
their masters." To the Swedes he was to " remonstrate
their happy return under a monarchical government, and
his majesty's good inclination to that nation." To Lord
Baltimore's officers in Maryland he was to declare that
^ their proprietor's pretended right to the Delaware being
"a doubtful case," possession would be kept for the king
" till his majesty is informed and satisfied otherwise."t
Carr's expedition sailed fi'om New York just before Cart-
* Patents, i., 5, 7-9, 22 ; Col. Doc, ii., 470 ; iii,, GS, 02, 103. The Eliiis was wrecked near
the Lizard, and all the letters in her sent by NicolU wore lost. For this reason, among
others, th3 early records rchiting to New York in the State Paper Office are so defective.
Captain Hill and a few men were saved. Hill afterward obtained another ship, was at the
battle of Lowostoffa the next June, then at Barbadoes, and in the autumn of 1CG7 returned
to Englaud from France, where he had been a prisoner. Captain Grove arrived safely with
the .Martin, and behaved like a cowsird at Lowestoffe. He was "•reckoned a prating cox-
comb and nf no courage," and was certainly an adept in the business of bribing for office :
Pcpys, i., 401, 402 : iii., 294 ; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxxvii., 190.
t Gen. Knt, i., 53, 53, 59 ; Hazard's Reg. Penn., 36, 37 ; Col. Doc, ii., 296 ; iii., 52, 57, 63,
G9,70; Col. MSS.,.xx.,l.
' RICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 51
Wright's went up to Fort Orange. After a tedious voyage, chap. u.
prolonged by the ignorance of the pilots and the shoaliness
of the Delaware, the ships anchored above New Amstel. g^ g^p^ '
The Swedes were soon made fiuends. But the Dutch at lo octobei-.
first were obstinate for a defense. After a long parley,
Fob Oothout and five others, on behalf of the burghers,
signed articles of capitulation as favorable as those which ix o='-
had been agreed to by Stuyvesant. But Hinnoyossa, the
city's governor, with less than fifty soldiers, resolved to de-
fend the fort. The next Sunday morning the ships drop- -^^ oct.
ped down, and fired two broadsides each, while a company of°°^e oei-
of foot, under the command of Lieutenant John Carr, a son ^^'■^»'°-
of Sir Robert, with Ensign Arthur Stock, stormed the works.
The Dutch fired three volleys of musketry, but none of
their ordnance, on their assailants, who did not lose a man ;
while three of the garrison were killed and ten wounded.
Carr now landed from the Guinea, and claimed the pillage
for himself as " won by the sword." Assuming an author-
ity independent of Nicolls, he claimed to be " sole and chief
commander and disposer" of all affairs on the Delaware.
With quick rapacity, he appropriated Hinnoyossa's farm to Kapacity cf
himself, Schout Yan Sweringen's to his son John, and Peter
Alricks's to Ensign Stock. To Captains Hyde and Morley
he granted a tract of land in the upper part of the river, J-^ Oct
called by the Indians " Chipussen," which he erected into a
manor by the name of " Grimstead." The Dutch soldiers
were sent into Virginia to be sold as slaves. The property
of the city of Amsterdam, as well as that of the inliabitants
about New Amstel, was remorselessl}^ seized. To complete
the work of Carr — in such disgraceful contrast to that of
Nicolls at Manliattan — a boat was sent down to the Hoar-
kill, where all the city's effects were plundered, and even
the inoffensive Mennonists, who formed " the Quaking So-
ciety of Plocklioy," were stripped " to a very naile."
The ships were quickly sent back to New York with a M Oct.
report from Carr of his proceedings, and of the hostile at-
titude of the Susquehanna Indians, who were then at war
with the Iroquois Senecas. But Carr himself, instead of
returning to assist in executing the royal commission,
would not leave the Delaware. His colleagues thought
~ Cn,rr re-
his conduct there presumptuous and disgraceful. Theytuked.
52 HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOKK.
caAr. II. peremptorily required him to return to New York ; and
Cartwright S,nd Maverick commissioned Mcolls to proceed
24 Oct ^^ Delaware Bay, " there to take special care for the good
a Movem. government of the said place, and to depute such offi-
cer or officers therein as he shall think fit, for the man-
agement of his majestie's affairs, both civil and military,
until his majestie's pleasure be further known." In ^vl'it-
rNwem. ^^S ^0 Secretary Bennet, Nicolls rebuked Carr's conduct,
and added that because of his absence, "his majestie's com-
mission can not be pursued in the several colonies of New
Nicous'3 England unless I should leave New York, and thereby put
Secretary to hazard the security of all at once, contrary to the opin-
ions of Colonel Cartwright, Mr. Maverick, and all the rea-
son which God hath given me. For we do concur that we
came to serve his majesty and not our own ends." Mcolls
farther urged that merchandise for the Indian trade and
the necessities of the inhabitants should be promptly sent
out. By the loss of the former Dutch trade, thousands in
Virginia, Maryland, and New England were deprived of
their accustomed necessaries, and would not laiow how to
live " without speedy care be taken from England." If
Lord Baltimore should solicit the grant of Delaware to
himself, the king ought to look upon his patent as forfeit-
ed, for trading with the Dutch contrary to the Navigation
Act. NicoUs also submitted that if the Dutch should at-
tempt to recover either New York or Delaware, the king
should " enjoin all his colonies, none excepted, under severe
penalties, to resist and expel all such foreigners out of these
his majesty's territories." With these dispatches the Guinea
26 Oct. was ordered to follow the Elias and the Martin to England.
But her departure was delayed by a mutiny wliich broke
out among the soldiers in the garrison of Fort James, and
22 Novem. she did not sail until nearly a month afterward. Captain
Harry Norwood, whom Nicolls not long afterward recom-
mended as his own successor, returned in her to England.
In pursuance of the commission of his two colleagues,
NicoUs Nicolls visited the Delaware, accompanied by Captain Rob-
gosB to the •
Delaware, ert. Nccdham, whom he proposed to leave there as his dep-
uty in command. Carr was severely rebuked, and obhged
to give up much of his ill-gotten spoil. Nevertheless, he
could not be persuaded to leave the place for some time.
RICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 53
1664.
The name of New Amstel was now changed to New Castle, cuap. ii.
and an infantry garrison established there. As Needham's "
presence at Fort James, to act as first counselor, was desir-
able, Captain John Carr was appointed commander of the
Delaware, in subordination to the government of New
York, to which it was annexed " as an appendage ;" and
thus affairs remained for several years.*
Upon the return of Nicolls to New York, the royal com-
missioners proceeded to execute a very delicate duty. The
Connecticut Charter of 1662 covered not only the entire
territory of New Haven, but also a large part of New Boundaiy
Netherland. The Dutch rejected the claims of the Hart- necucut.
ford Court, and New Haven stoutly refused to yield to Con-
necticut, because her charter had been surreptitiously ob-
tained " contrary to righteousness, amity, and peace." The
Duke of York's patent, however, not only comprehended
Long Island and other neighboring islands, but the whole
of New Haven, and the greater part of Connecticut, includ-
ing Hartford itself. When this became known, both the
wrangling Puritan colonies were seriously troubled at a
specimen of majestic usurpation which outdid their own
encroachments on the Dutch territory. Yet Connecticut
was in no condition to oppose so powerful an antagonist
as the presumptive heir to the crown. New Haven was
still more helpless. Her only alternative was submission
to Connecticut, or annexation to New York. After a sor-
rowful debate, her General Court determined to submit to,^}^"si"'-
■ ^ 14 Septem.
Connecticut ; yet final action was postponed until it could
no longer be avoided.
In this dilemma it was important to conciliate the royal
commissioners. At their first meeting after the surrender
of New Netherland, the Connecticut Court voted a present isoctoter.
of five hundred bushels of com to NicoUs and his col-
leagues. They also appointed Mathew AUyn, Nathan Gold, Agents
James Richards, and Captain John Winthrop to go with New York.
Governor Winthrop to New York and congratulate the
commissioners, "and, if an opportunity offer itself, that
they can issue the bounds between the duke's patent and
* Gen. Eut, i., 53, 55, 56, 5T, 60, 61, 62, 67 ; Coll. MSS., xx., 1 ; Col. Doc, ii., 369, 411, 421,
434, 438 ; iii., 68-74, 83, 103, 104, 109, 113, 115, 345, 346 ; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxxvii., 309-311 ;
Chalmers, i., 634 ; Hazard's Reg. Penn., i., 37; iv., 56 ; Ann. Penn., 355-369 ; S. Smith's N.
J., 40-50 ; Proud, i., 122-124 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll. (1869), SI ; antc^ vol. i., 717, 744.
54 HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1664.
Chap. II. oui's (so Rs ill tlieii' judgments may be to tlie satisfaction of
the court), they are impowered to attend the same." John
Howell and Captain John Younge, of Long Island, were
desired " to attend the same service." Horses were like-
wise presented by Winthrop to the royal commissioners.*
The Connecticut delegates accordingly ^dsitedl^ew York,
where they were received by NicoUs, Cartwright, and Mav-
soNovem. erick. Both patents were produced, and all that could
be said on each side was fully considered. The question
about Long Island was soon decided. The duke's patent ex-
pressly included it by name ; that of Connecticut did not.
Moreover, Governor Winthrop, at Gravesend, a few days
before the surrender, had declared that the jurisdiction
formerly exercised by Connecticut over Long Island " ceased
and became null." The commissioners, therefore, at once
determined that the southern boundary of Connecticut
Loag i3i. should be the Sound, and that Long Island should be un-
judged to der the government of the Duke of York, " as is so ex-
■ pressed by plain words in the said patents respectively."
But Connecticut claimed that, under her charter, her
territory extended across the continent to the Pacific Ocean.
On the other hand, the Duke of York's patent covered all
her territory west of the Connecticut River, and left her
only the narrow strip between the east side of that river
and Rhode Island. Moreover, she had not yet obtained
possession of ITew Haven. Her charter had been granted
only upon Winthrop's promise of submission " to any alter-
ation" in her boundaries which might be made by the
king's commissioners. Their authority to declare Hart-
ford itself within the jurisdiction of 'New York, as it had
once been within the jurisdiction of New Netherland,
could not be disputed. The original Indian deed of 8
June, 1633, to Commissary Yan Curler, of the land around
Hartford, was appealed to in proof. But the commission-
ers were supplicated not to enforce the duke's patent to its
full extent, which would deprive Connecticut of her " very
bowels and principal parts." In the judgment of JSTicoUs,
such a decision would " cast dishonor upon his majesty,"
* Col. Rec. Conn., i.,415, 42T, 4."n, i?,',: iii., 480 ; New Haven Rec, ii., 4G7-4S3, 491-54S;
Mass. II. S. Coll., xxxvii., .^11 ; Col. Doc, iii., 184 ; Clialmers, i., 293-200 ; Doc. Hist. N. Y.,
i., .'304; Tnimbull, i., 249-2T2, 515-521; Palfrey, ii., 545-r)5G, 53:'-595; iii., 23G; ante, vol.
i.,51!>, 702, 733.
RICHAED NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 55
and be "to the utter ruin of that colony, and a manifest chap. n.
breach of their late patent." Besides, in the delicate rela-
tions in which the commissioners were placed respecting
all the I^ew England colonies, it was important this should
be made " a leading case of equal justice." They there-
fore determined that five towns, which "had been pur- Five town >
chased, possessed, or gained" by Hartford, or by Newuonnecti-
Haven, should be " rehnquished to Connecticut by virtue
of their precedent grant from his majesty." Such a settle-
ment, they " were assured, would be an acceptable service"
to the Duke of York, although to the diminution of his
patented bounds.
At the same time, it was distinctly understood on both
sides that the dividing line should run "' about twenty miles
from any part of Hudson's River." An agreement to this
effect was drawn up between NicoUs and Winthrop and so Kovem.
his colleagues. To define the starting-point and the com-
pass direction of this boundary, an amendment was insert- Boundary-
ed, describing it as running from the head of Mamaroneck main laua^
Creek to the north-north-west, until it reaches the Massa-
chusetts line. The amendment seems to have been pro-
posed by the Connecticut delegates, who assured NicoUs
that the boundary thus described would be " twenty miles
every where from Hudson's River."
Upon this basis the roj'al commissioners the next day i Deccm.
signed an instrument, in which, after declaring Long Island
to be under the government of the Duke of York, they or-
dered " that the creek or river called Mamaroneck, which
is rej)orted to be about thirteen miles to the east of West-
chester, and a line drawn from the east point or side, where
the fresh water falls into the salt at high-water-mark, north- Boundaries
north-west to the line of the Massachusetts, be the western ed.
bounds of the said colony of Connecticut ; and all planta-
tions lying westward of that creek and line so drawn to be
under his royal highness's government ; and all plantations
lying eastward of that creek and line to be under the gov-
ernment of Connecticut." Winthrop and his colleagues at
the same time gave their " consent to the limit and bounds
above mentioned."*
* Gen. Ent., i., TO, 71 ; N. Y. Col. MSS., xxii., 5 ; lxi.x., 1-6 ; N. Y. Senate Doc, 185T, No.
165, p. 7, 39, 41, 42, 100-104; Col. Doc, ii., 130, 140 ; iii., 55, 106, 23S; vii., 5G4, 507; Col.
56 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1664.
13 Decern.
CHAP.n. For the moment, this settlement of the dispute seemed
to be satisfactory to both parties. The submission of 'New
Haven to Connecticut was soon completed. But NicoUs
and his colleagues were strangers, and ignorant of the ge-
ography of the country. They supposed that they had
adopted substantially the same boundary agreed to by the
Dutch and English colonies in 1650. Unfortunately, they
Trickeiy of " relied upon" the assurances of the Connecticut delegates,
cut. and were deceived by " wrong information" which no hon-
est or intelligent adviser could have given. The line as-
sented to and intended by Nicolls — twenty miles every
where from the Hudson River — instead of starting at
Mamaroneck, should have started several miles farther to
the east, neal" Stamford ; and, instead of running north-
north-west, it should have run due north. But the duped
commissioners established a line, the starting-point of
which was about ten miles from the Hudson, and which,
crossing that river near Peekskill, intersected the prolong-
ed southern boundary of Massachusetts near the north-
west corner of the present New York county of Ulster.
All the territory north and east of this line was thus ap-
parently assigned to Connecticut and Massachusetts. Tlie
absurd error was soon detected, and the boundary was nev-
er ratified by the Duke of York or by the crown. But the
pertinacity with which Connecticut clung to what looked
very much like a mean deception on her part was after-
ward the cause of great controversy.'^"
Long Island being now settled under the Duke of York's
Long isi- authority, NicoUs, to conciliate its inhabitants, addressed a
1 Decern. " letter to Howell and Younge, who acted as tlieir represent-
atives at New York. Referring to his promise when he
dismissed the troops in August, after the surrender, he in-
formed all persons that Long Island was declared to be
under the duke's government ; that, as it was now winter,
he would not trouble the inhabitants to send deputies to an
Assembly in relation to the affairs of the island ; but that,
Rec. Conn., ii., 341, 570-573 ; iii., 330 ; New Haven Rec, ii., 555, 55G ; Smith, i., 3G-3S, 297;
ii., 305, 300 ; Trumbull, 1., 273, 523, 525; Wood's Long Island, 28, 170, 173; Thompson, i.,
126 ; ii., 323; Dunlap, ii., App. ccvi. ; ante, vol. i., P6, 1S9, 234, 235, 519.
* Col. Rec. Conn., i., 441; ii., 341, .572, 573; iii., 3.30; Neiy Haven Rec, ii, 551-5,57; Col.
Doc, iii., 04, 230, 231,235, 23S, 247, 257, .3,33, 356, 406, 7G1; iv.,C25; v.,69S; vi., 125, 776,
8S5; vii.,5G3, 564,5:!6, 597; viii., 345; Hutch. Coll., 412; Smith, i.,SS; Chalmers, i., 296,
576; Trumbull, L, 274 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll. (1SC9), 76.
RICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 57
as soon as tlie weather should permit, he would notify cnAP.n.
them of the time and place of meeting. In the mean time,
the existing magistrates should remain in their places un-
der the duke's government. 'No new taxes had yet been,
thought of ; those laid by Connecticut should continue for
a time ; but the people might " assure themselves of equal
(if not greater) freedoms and immunities than any of his
majesty's colonies in New England." Upon the return of
Howell and Younge, a town meeting was held at East 21 uecem.
Hampton, at which, " understanding that we are oE from
Connecticut, and the magistrates not willing to act further
on that account, that we may not be without laws and gov-
ernment, it is agreed the former laws shall stand in force
till we have further order from New Tork."*
In the mean time, the "West India Company had informed ki 0'=*-
the States General of the English conquest of New Nether-
land, by which the republic had " lost a pro^dnce, the ap-
pearance whereof was wonderful to behold." The States
at once directed Yan Grogh, their ambassador at London, |i oct.
to expostulate with the king, and demand " prompt restitu-
tion and reparation." Yan Gogh, in an audience with
Charles, denounced the capture as " an erroneous proceed- g Novem"
ing, opposed to all right and reason, contrary to mutual '""^^^g^^"''''*
correspondence and ffood neighborhood, and a notorious i^^ent de-
J- o o 7 nounce the
infraction of the treaty lately concluded." Finding that conquest of
. , T • 1 1 NewNeth-
lie could no longer dissimulate, the king replied with the eriand and ,
(iGins.iid its
audacious falsehood that his " dependency" New Nether- restitution.
land " had been settled and occupied before this by the
English, who only permitted the Dutch nation at the outset
to settle there, without an}'- authority having been thereby
conferred upon the Dutch West India Company." The
next day Clarendon wrote to Downing that the Dutch need f^^^°^^'
not expect the king to restore his conquests ; " for they have
no color of «-ight to pretend to New Netherland, nor is our
possessing that the least violation of the treaty." Downing
accordingly told De Witt that the king was not account- ^5 Novem.
able to the Dutch government for what he had done in
America, " no more than he should think himself obliged
to let them know his mind, or to have their consent, in case
* Gen. Ent., 1., 29, 65, 66; Thompson's L. I., i., 127, 311, 382, 383; ii., 323, 324, 32T;
Wood, 177 ; Dunlap, ii., App. xxxvii. ; Col. Doc, iii., 86 ; Doc. Hist., i., 452 ; ante, p. 43.
58 - HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. II. lie should tbiiik fit to proceed against any Dutcli that live
in the fens in England, or in any other part of his domin-
■ ions." Without stopping to demonstrate the transparent
absurdity of this comparison, the Grand Pensionary peremp-
torily replied that New ISTetherland " must be restored." ■•'
5 Decern. '^'^^ loug afterward Downing presented an insolent me-
morial to the States General, in which any reference to
Is^ew Ketherland was avoided. It was now clear that no
redress was to be expected fi-om England. Secret orders
j3_ Decern. Were therefore sent to De Ruyter, who commanded the
De Euyter. Dutch squadrou on the coast of Afiica, to reduce the En-
glish possessions there, after which he was to proceed on
his voyage home, " and inflict, by way of reprisal, as much
damage and. injury as possible on said nation, either at
Barbadoes, IsTew IS^etherland, Newfoundland, or other isl-
ands and places imder their obedience."
C4 Novem. j^^ |.|^g opeuiiio; of Parliament, the kins: laid g-reat stress
4 Decern. . 7 o &
upon the proceedings of the Dutch in Africa and the East
Indies, but did not allude to his own treacherous conquest
f- Decern, of New York. A few days afterward Yan Gogh had un-
satisfactory interviews with the king and the Duke of
York, both of whom were evidently disposed to hostilities.
With his report, the ambassador communicated to the States
General, for the first time, a copy of the Idng's grant of New
Netherland to the Duke of York.
1^- Decern. It was uot long before Downing informed the British
government of the secret orders which the States General
had sent to De Ruyter. Bennet and Coventry warmly
urged hostilities against the Dutch. The Yriyj Council
Hostilities immediately directed letters of reprisal to be issued against
England. " tlic sliips, goods, and servants" of the United Provinces.
According to British custom, without any formal declara-
tion of war, one hundred and thirty Dutch merchant ves-
sels were seized in the English ports.f
* Col. Doc, ii., 272-285 ; iii.,77-Sl; Aitzema, v., 193 ; Sec. Kes. IIoll., ii., 445; DeWitt,
iv., 3S6, 387, 390, 391, 393 ; IIoll. Merc, 1G04, 178 ; D'Estrndes, ii., 530, 538 ; Lister's Clar-
endon, ii., 209 ; iii., 3415-351 ; Hume, vi., 3S5.
t Col. Doc, ii., 235-298; iii., 85; Pari. Hist., iv., 2P6-303 ; Cl.arke'aJnmps II., i., 401-404;
Aitzema, v., 93, 94; De AVitt, iv., 413; Sec Eos. IIoll., ii., 4,59 ; 1 1 oil. Merc, 16G4, 185,186;
Lister, ii, 270 ; iii., 352-355; Basnage, i., 714; Davics, iii., 27, 28; rcp)v,ii., 18(3, 192; Mar-
tin, i., 2C9. Downing stopped at nothing to gain his objects. He told I'epys "that he had
BO good ppics tliat he hath had the keys taken out of DeWitt'.^ pocket when he was a-bed,
and his cIoi?Gt opened, and papers l)ronght to him and left in his hands for an hour;" .and
"•that he huth always had their most private debates that have boon but between two or
PJCHAED KICOLLS, GOVERNOR 59
Intelligence of the threatening aspect of affairs in Eu- cnAP.ii.
rope had meanwhile reached NicoUs by way of Boston. -< (^^ i
As a measure of precaution, he ordered all the estate of 13 oecem.
the "West India Company in the hands of Stuy\'esant and " ^'*™'
Yan Ruyven to be put under arrest. A few days after- 2t Decem.
ward all persons were directed to report what they knew acUoh of
about the property thus sequestrated to the benefit of the
Duke of York.^-
The "West India Directors, on their part, felt the loss of
ISTew ISTetherland very keenly. Stuyvesant's official report
was unsatisfactory. The "licentious prating" of the sol-
diers who had returned in the Gideon from New York only
increased their annoyance. They determined to " disavow
all the articles and capitulations" made with the English
by the governor and council, and endeavor to regain New
Netherland. Accordingly, they sent one of their ships to i| Novem.
New York, with a dispatch to Stuy^^esant, requiring him to indiatkmi-
come home and give " by word of mouth more comfort" stuyve!'^""
than his letters had afforded. They also desired Yan Ruy- ^°'^^-
ven to save what he could of their property.
When these letters were received at New York, NicoUs, 1665.
anxious for news, required Stuyvesant and Yan Ruyven to '^ ^^^'
bring them to him. As the West India Company appeared
determined to annul the capitulation and retake the j)rov-
ince, he felt himself " obliged so far to abide their displeas- g^jj^^^''^.^^
m-e as to seize upon their effects, and to remit the decision Nicoiis
11 p 11 1 1 seizes the
to his majesty, whether, after such a letter, they ought to company-s
claim any benefit by articles which in so contemptuous a
manner they have disavowed."
Stuy\"esant, however, could not avoid going to Holland
to defend his action ; and NicoUs granted him a passport x May. '
to go and return, with his son and his servants. Consider-
ing the need of supplies to New York, Nicolls also licensed
the West India Company's ship " Crossed Heart" to go to
and return from Holland with merchandise. By her Yan
Ruyven wrote to the Amsterdam directors that it was gMay"'""
" impossible to keep" New Netherland against the " vast,
overwhelming force of the assailants ;" and that, if their
three of the chief of them brought to him in an hour after, and an liour after that hatli sent
word thereof to the king." — Pepys, iv., 72, 73; see also Temple's Work', i., 307.
* Col. Doc, iii., 84 ; Gen. Ent., i., 70, 78, 79 ; Col. MSS., x.xii., 1 ; Smith, L, 33.
60 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap, il honors had been personally present, they would, " without
doubt, have considered it better and more Christian-like to
agree to some conditions, than be obliged to look upon the
ruin of the place and the murder of the poor people,
women and children, without being able to do any thing
^2- May. to prevent it." A few days afterward Stuyvesant appear-
retm^Tto cd, f or tlio last time, in the - Court of Burgomasters and
Schepens, to take his leave, and asked of them a certificate
of his deportment while their governor. The city author-
ities declared " that his honor hath, during eighteen years'
administration, conducted and demeaned himself not only
as a director general, as according to the best of our knowl-
edge he ought to do, on all occasions for the best interest
of the West India Company, but besides as an honest pro-
prietor and patriot of this province, and as a supporter of
the Reformed rehgion."*
Notwithstanding all the changes which had occurred in
the province, the city magistrates of whom Stuyvesant thus
took leave still exercised the same powers which he had
himself conferred on them twelve years before. When
their term of service expired, the burgomastei's and sche-
pens named their successors, as they had done under the
2 Feb'iy. Dutch govcmment. This they did on the usual day, and
in pursuance of the sixteenth article of the capitulation.
New city The ucw officcrs were confirmed by NicoUs, and announced
to the commonalty after the usual ringing of the bell.
They were Cornelis Steenwyck and Oloff Stevensen van
Cortlandt, burgomasters ; Timotheus Gabry, Johannes van
Brugh, Johannes De Peyster, Jacob Kip, and Jacques Cous-
seau, schepens; and Allard Anthony, schout. An oath,
6 Feb'ry. drawu up by Nicolls, was taken by them, to do right and
justice to all persons, and demean themselves in their
places " according to the good and wholesome laws which
are or shall be ordained by virtue of liis majesty's commis-
sion to his Royal Highness the Duke of York, within this
government and city of New York." A controversy soon
arose between the pro^^ncial and the city authorities.
• Col. Doc, ii., 361, 365, 369, 37T, 420, 4T0, 744; iu., 164; TrumbuU Papers, Mass. Hist.
Soc, XX., 73 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 231, note; Gen. Ent., i., 16S, 169, 170; New Amst. Rec, v.,
755; Val. Man., 1S61, 620, 621. Stuyvesant, accompanied by ^gidius Luyck, the late prin-
cipal of the grammar-school at New Amsterdam (who now returned to study theology in
Holland), landed from the " Crossed Heart" at Bergen, in Norway. From there they pro-
ceeded to Amsterdam, in July, 1665, in the company's yacht the Musch.
b
EICHAED NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 61
By the capitulation, the burgomasters were bound to pro- chap.ii.
Yide quarters for the soldiers who could not be lodged in
the fort. NicoUs therefore proposed that one hundred gg March
of them should be quartered amons; the inhabitants, who sowiers
-, -, ^ . ' quartered,
were to be compensated ; and that, in consideration of
this, the city should have, in addition to the great excise,
the income of the scales and of the ferry. The municipal
authorities endeavored to comj)ly with the governor's req-
uisition ; but they were so unsuccessful that he accused e Apru.
them, aj^parently without justice, of sloth. The English
soldiers were quarrelsome and insolent, and the Dutch
burghers were unwilling to receive them into their houses.
Most of the citizens preferred to pay an assessment in
money ; and the matter was finally arranged in this way, i9 April,
to the satisfaction of all parties, under the supervision of
Captains Delavall and Sahsbmy.*
The provincial revenue had, up to this time, been left Provincial
unsettled. Two months after the surrender, ISTicolls had ''^^®"*'®-
directed that the customs rates, " according to English
law," should be paid to Delavall, the collector. lie now
enacted that, mitil farther order, imported liquore should 2t FebTy.
be taxed ten per cent., Indian goods ten, other goods eight,
and English manufactm-es five per cent. These duties
were to be paid in beavers, at eight guilders, or thirteen
shillings and four pence each. Export duties were also
laid on beaver and tobacco.f
McoUs, however, was a friend of colonial enterprise.
Paulus Richards, one of the burghers at New York, in-
tending to establish a vineyard at the " Little Fief" on vineyanis.
Long Island, and manufacture wine, the governor granted lo jan'ry.
him several special privileges. All the produce of Rich- *
ards's "vdnes, if sold in gross, was to be forever free from
any imposts ; if sold in retail by him in any one house in
New York, his wines were to be free for thirty years ; and
* N. Y. City Rec, v., CSO, CS2, T18-T25, T37-T43 ; vi., 86, ST ; Gen. Ent., i., 83, 84 ; Col.
Doc, iii., 117 ; Val. Man., 1S4S, 1'25; 1850,190; 1801,008-620; a»ite, vol. i., 548, 578,613,
640, 674, 762. Among the burghers thus assessed, Jeronimus Ebbinck, Frederick Phillipse,
Peter Stuyvesant, Cornelia van Ruyven, Paulus Leendertsen van der Grist, Johannes van
Brugh, and Oloff Stevensen van Cortlandt paid four guilders a week ; Allard Anthony, Jo-
hannes de Peyster, Jacob Kip, Simon Jansen Koraeyn, and Carel van Brugh, tliree guilders;
Jan Evertsen Bout, Evert Duyckinck, Johannes De Witt, Hans Kierstede, Jacob Leisler, and
Paulus Richards, two guilders ; Isaac Bedlow, Augustine Heermans, .^Egidius Luyck, and
many others, one guilder. The Dutch domines wei^e not assessed.
t Gen. Ent., i., 63, 112, 113; Thompson, i., 144.
62
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. II.
1665.
January.
Uoyal com-
missioners
in New En-
gland.
4 Feli'ry.
Policy of
Kicolls.
Court of
Assizes.
any person who, during that time, should plant vines in
any part of the proyince, should pay five shillings for each
acre so planted to Richards, " as an acknowledgment of
his being the first undertaker and planter of vines in these
parts."*
Soon after the arrangement of the Connecticut bound-
ary, Cartwright and Maverick went to Boston to prosecute
their duties as royal commissioners. But they could do
nothing- without the presence of ISTicoUs or Carr. The
governor of ISTew York was too much occupied to leave
his post. Carr could not be persuaded, for some time, to
quit the Delaware and follow the king's commission. At
length he came to JSTew York, and went on to join his col-
leagues at Boston. The commissioners, finding much op-
position there, detennined to visit the other colonies, and
wait imtil the next Aj)ril before opening their business
with Massachusetts, when they hoped that NicoUs would
be able to join them. They were not deceived. Connecti-
cut answered their inquiries with prudent facility. Their
stumbling-block was to be Massachusetts.f
Meanwhile, the details of the system upon which he was
to administer his government in IsTew York had seriously
occupied the attention of McoUs. The policy of the Dulce
of York was to win the Dutch, who were three quarters of
the population, to become contented Enghsh subjects. To
this end, as little alteration as possible was to be made in
the form of administration to which they had been accus-
tomed. The director general and his council had been the
executive authority in IsTew I^etherland. Thq. deputy gov-
ernor of the proprietary and his coifncil were now the ex-
ecutive authority of New York. XicoUs accordingly " cop-
ied," or rather " continued," with some modification, " what
had been already established by the Dutch." He erected
a " Court of Assizes," which, like its New ISTetherland proto-
type, was the supreme tribunal of the province, lia^dug both
common law and equity, as well as original and appellate
* Deedg, ii., ST ; Hist. Mag.,Tii., 30. New Netherland was famous for its native wines
before 1C50: Col. Doc., i., 277. Lord Bellomont, in 1700, ivrote enthusiastically about the
"fair clusters of grapes" which he saw about Albany; Col. Doc, iv., 7S7. Dentou, 1-1,
speaks of "grapes great and small" as natural to Long Island.
t Col. Doc, iii., 64, 83, 84, 87-S9, 93 ; JIass. H. S. Coll., xx.wi., 532 ; Jlass. Rec, iv. (ii ),
141 ; Plymouth Kec, iv., 85 ; K. L Rec, ii, 60, SC-S9, 91, 93 ; Palfrey, ii., 597-606 ; Barry, i.,
396 ; Arnold's Rhode Island, i., 314.
1665.
EICHAED NICOLLS, GOVEENOE. 63
jurisdiction. In this court, the governor and his counsel- chap. ii.
ors possessed the same powers that had formerly been
exercised by the Dutch director and his counselors. But
the peculiar condition of New Yoi'k required that other
members should be added to the Court of Assizes. York-
shire, or Long Island, peopled chiefly by Englishmen, with
Westchester and Staten Island, was erected into a shire, Ridings of
and, like its English namesake, was divided into three dis-
tricts or ridings. What is now Suffolk County formed the
East Riding ; Staten Island, King's County, and the town
of Newtown, in Queen's, the West Riding ; and the remain-
der of Queen's County, with Westchester, the North Riding.
The governor and council were to appoint a high - sheriff uigh-sher-
every year over the whole of Yorkshire, and also justices uce" ^"''
of the peace, who were to continue in office during the
governor's pleasure in each of the ridings. These justices
were to hold a " Court of Sessions" in each riding three coun of
times a year, in which the go^'ernor or any counselor might "
preside. Besides their local duties, the high sheriff and
the justices were to sit with the governor and his council
in the Court of Assizes, which was to meet at New York
once a year, on the last Thursday in September. This
court was invested with " the supreme power of making,
altering, and abolishing any laws" in the government of
New York.*
The Court of Assizes thus established by Nicolls was no
advance toward democracy. It was not, in any popular
sense, a Legislature. It had not even the representative
character .enjoyed by Stuyvesant's " Landt-dag," or Assem- The court
bly. Its members were wholly dependent on the govern- not a^lt
or's will, and they were expected to perform their legisla- ^®™'^^^'
five function with the usual docility of a French " bed of
justice." The governor and his council remained the real
law-makers, as well as the interpreters of the laws they
made. Before long, it is true, the Court of Assizes delib-
* Chalmers's Pol. Ann., i., 575, 596; Rev. Col., i., 117; Col. Doc, iii., ISS; N. Y. H. S.
Coll., i., 321, 336, 342, 259, 374, 3S5, 391 ; aiite^ vol. i., 163, 247, 276, 277, 327, 405, 414, 431,
467, 540, 548, 570-575, 729. Chalmers, in Pol. Ann., i., 575, says that NicoUs •■'■ erected," and
in Rev. Col., i., 117, that he " continued," the Court of Assizes, one of " the prior customs
of the Dutch." The crronpons statements of Smith, i. , 41, 47, on this point, are corrected by
Chalmers, Pol. Ann., i., 536, and by Wood, 90, note. I can not doubt that the Court of As-
sizes was establi.shed, if it v/as not completely organized, before March, 1665, tlie period
Btated by Wood ; compare II. B. Dawson, and N. Y. ]I. S. Coll. (1869), 76.
64 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. ii. eiated with closed doors upon the general concerns of the
province, and made such changes in the laws as were
• thought proper. But the Duke of York, who, by his pat-
ent, had " full and absolute power," disapproved of legis-
lative assemblies as inconsistent with the form of govern-
ment which he had established in his province. Yet he
supposed that no harm and much good might result from
the justices being allowed once a year to meet with the
governor and his council, and make desirable changes in
the laws, which, after all, were subject to liis own approval.
These justices, he complacently assumed, would be chosen
by the people themselves as " their representatives, if an-
purposc of other constitution were allowed," Moreover, the Court of
of Assizes. Assizes was the most convenient place for the publication
of any new laws, or of any business of general concern.
In estabhshing that court, the duke's deputy did not con-
cede any political privileges to the people. All its officers
were his own subordinates ; none of them his colleagues,
NicoUs was, and he continued to be, a provincial autocrat,
who exercised, indeed, his delegated powers with the pru-
dence and moderation which belonged to his character, but
who, in adroitly allowing his official dependents apparently
to share with himself the responsibility of .legislation, did
not in the least cm-tail his own vast authority,*
The governor and liis council, who at present were the
only members of the Court of Assizes, were early called
upon to frame a body of laws for the province. Its con-
dition was more anomalous than that of any other Ameri-
can plantation. It had no charter hke the jSTew England
colonies. It was not a royal province like Virginia. As
a proprietary government, it resembled Maryland in some
respects ; yet Lord Baltimore's charter was very different
from the despotic patent of the Duke of York. When
Charles the Second granted New Ketherland to his broth-
er, he affected to consider it a resumption of British terri-
tory, the possession of which England had never enjoyed,
ugai effect and Holland had maintained for half a century. In re-
giish con- ality, he obtained possession only by a conquest from the
ques . Dntch, and upon articles of capitulation. Excepting Aca-
* Col. Doc, ii., 29C; iii., 230; Chalmers's Ann., i., 5S1, GOO; Court of Assizes, ii., 320,
325, 414; Wood, 90, 91 ; Thompson, i., 141, 142 ; post, p. 293.
KICHAED NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 65
dia and Jamaica, New York was the first colony which the chap. n.
Enghsh arms ever gained. The rights wliich the king~~~
thus acquired over the Dutch territory were those of a
conqueror, limited, however, by the terms agreed upon at
the surrender. This principle did not affect that part of
Long Island wliich was actually British territory before the
capitulation, and where, of course, the English law prevail-
ed. But with respect to the Dutch possessions, the right
of conquest governed; which was, that where a country-
was conquered by or ceded to England, the sovereign might
establish such government and laws as he should think
proper, but that the ancient laws of such conquered or
ceded country were to remain in force, if not contrary to
the law of God, until the king should change them. Ac-
cordingly, Charles authorized the Duke of York " to make. The Duke
ordain, and establish all manner of orders, laws, directions, powe/^
instructions, forms and ceremonies of government and '^^ ^ '^^^'
magistracy fit and necessary for and concerning the gov-
ernment of the territories and islands aforesaid, so always
as the same be not contrary to the laws and statutes of this
our realm of England, but as near as may be agreeable
thereunto, and the same at all times hereafter to put in
execution, or abrogate, revoke, or change, not only within
the precincts of the said territories or islands, but also upon
the seas in going and coming to and from the same." The
duke thereupon commissioned Mcolls as his deputy, " to
perform and execute all and every the powers which are
by the said letters patent granted." But, before he could
obtain peaceable possession of New Netherland, Nicolls
was obliged to concede special privileges to its inhabitants,
which placed them in many respects upon a better foot-
ing than the king's own English subjects on Long Island.
Among other things, the Dutch were to enjoy their own
church disciphne and customs concerning inheritances.
Besides these guaranteed rights, they were, as a conquered
people, entitled to be governed according to their ancient
laws, which were to remain in force until changed by the
actual authorities in the province.*
• Chalmers's Pol. Ann., i., 674; Rev. Col., i., 116, 117 ; Calvin's Case, 7 Coke's Bep., 17;
Show. Pari. C, 31; Cowper, 204; Blackstone's Comm. ; Jacob, v., 159; Col. Doc, iL, 296;
Learning and Spicer, 666 ; ante, vol. i., p. 762 ; pnsf, App. A and B. I venture, with much
deference, to express my opinion that Mr. Barnard, in hia sketch of Rensselaerwyck, 136, and
II.— E
QQ HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK.
Chap. II. It was nevertheless generally understood that " English
~~ lawes" were to be estabhshed in New York at the end of
six months after the surrender. In writing from Boston,
4 Feb. Cartwright advised NicoUs that the Dutch "will rather
take that for oppression which shall be imposed on them
afterward, than for the present acknowledge your indul-
gence in letting them for a while longer use their own
lawes." But, if the governor hesitated at following his
colleagues' advice with i*espect to the Dutch portion of the
province, he had no doubt in regard to Yorkshire. Before
Kngiish the surrender, in explaining at Gravesend the phrase of
estebiuii-^ the proclamation that all persons submitting to the royal
government were to enjoy "all other privileges with his
majesty's English subjects," he had promised the people of
Long Island that at a convention of delegates from their
towns, " laws were to be enacted and civil officers estab-
lished." A few days afterward, he told them that they
should be summoned " to propose and give their advice in
all matters tending to the peace and benefit" of the island.
Again he assured them " of equal (if not greater) freedoms
and immunities than any of his majestie's colonies in New
England." These expressions appear to have been differ-
ently understood by Nicolls and by the Long Island people.
The latter supposed that the New England system was to
be transplanted into New York, with all the machinery of
royal corporations to perpetuate their benefits or abuses:
Power of The governor, on the other hand, was the deputy of a pro-
make Lws. pirietor who centred in himself all the delegated authority
of the king possessed by any of the New England ohgarch-
ies. It was his function under a royal patent, as it was
theirs under royal charters, to make laws. NicoUs, how-
ever, was desirous to adopt in New York all that he might
find good or expedient in the several codes of the New En-
gland colonies. For this purpose he aj^pears to have ob-
tained copies of those of Massachusetts and of New Haven,
the latter of which had been printed at London in 1656.
He also applied to Winthrop for a copy of that of Connec-
ticut, ^vhich existed only in manuscript ; but a transcript
Chancellor Walworth, in IT Wendell, 5S7, and Mr. Butler in ii. N. Y. H. S. Coll., ii., 4n,
have not ncciirntely stated tlie condition of the law in Xew York immediately after the sur-
render. Certainly Long Island waa differently situated from the rest of the province.
EICHARD NICOLLS, GOVEEXOR. G7
could not be made for him in time to be of use. With the chap. ii.
assistance of members of the Court of Assizes, he made it
his " whole business to prepare a body of lawes" to be sub- ^^^^ p^.^;.
mitted to the general meeting proposed to be held on Long "^^Ifi^^
Island. These laws were largely borrowed from those " in
practice in his majesty's other colonies in New England,"
but with a relaxation of their severity against those who
differed '' in matters of conscience and religion."*
To fulfill his promises, Mcolls ad^lressed a letter to each s Feb.
of the towns on Long Island, announcing that in discharge
of his "trust and duty to settle good and known lawes
within this government for the future," and receive their
" best advice and information in a general meetino-," he Meeting
called at
had appointed such a meeting to be held at Hempstead on Hemp-
the last day of February, to which he invited each to"\ra to ^
send two deputies chosen by a majority of the tax-payers.
These deputies were to be " the most sober, able, and dis-
creet persons ;" and were to produce at the meeting the doc-
uments showing the boundaries of their respective towns,
notify the Indian sachems whose presence there might be
necessary, and bring with them certificates of their due
election, " with full powers to conclude any cause or mat-
ter relating to their several towns." A similar letter was
sent to Westchester. But no deputies were summoned
fi'om New York, Esopus, Bergen, or any other town in the
province.f
At the appointed day the Convention met at Hempstead. 28 Feb.
It consisted of thirty-four delegates — two from each of the
English and Dutch towns on Long Island, and two from
Westchester. Some of them had been members of Stuy-
vesant's last General Assembly of New Netherland a year
before. New Utrecht sent Jacques Cortelyou and Younger Delegates.
Fosse ; Gravesend, James Hubbard and John Bowne ; Flat-
lands, Elbert Elbertsen and Roeloff Martense ; Flatbush,
John Stryker and Hendrick Jorassen ; Bushwick, John
Stealman and Guisbert Tennis ; BrookljTi, Frederick Lub-
bertsen and John Evertsen ; Newtown, Richard Betts and
* Gen. Ent.,i., 23, 29, 60; Deeds, ii., 43 ; Col. Doc, ii., 251; iii, 80, 88, 114; iv., 1154;
Thompson, i., 1-26, 127, 382; ii , 323, 824, 327; Dunlap, ii., App. xxxvii. ; Smith, i., 3SS;
Hist. Mag., viii., 211 ; Trumbull MSS., xx., 74 ; ante, p. 25, 33, 43, 57.
t Gen. Ent., i., 93-85; Wood, 87, SS ; Thompson, i., 131, 132 ; Bolton, ii., ISO ; Journ. Leg.
Council of N. Y., i.. Int., iv.
68 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap, il J oliii Coe ; riiisliing, Elias Doughty and Richard Cornhill ;
Jamaica, Daniel Denton and Thomas Benedict ; Hempstead,
• John Hicks and Robert Jackson ; Oyster Bay, John Under-
hill and Matthias Harvey ; Huntington, Jonas Wood and
John Ketcham; Setalcott (or Brookhaven), Daniel Lane
and Roger Barton; Southold, Wilham Wells and John
Younge ; Southampton, Thomas Topping and John How-
ell ; Easthampton, Thomas Baker and John Stratton ; and
Westchester, Edward Jessop and John Quinby.*
28 Feb. The governor opened the meeting by reading the duke's
patent and his own commission; and told the delegates
that their fii'st business should be to decide some of their
local differences about boundaries, which were afloat before
he came to the government ; but that " he had prepared a
body of general laws hereafter to be observed." These
Nicoiis's were delivered to the delegates, who, upon perusal, found
posed. ' them to be chiefly compiled from the laws then in force in
New England, " with abatement of the severity against
such as differ in matters of conscience and rehgion." The
delegates, however, were not satisfled. Most of them rep-
resented towns which had recently been under the juris-
diction of Connecticut ; and they supposed that in promis-
ing them " equal, if not greater fi-eedoms and immimities
than any of his majestie's colonies in New England," NicoUs
meant to establish in New York a government resembling
those of his Puritan neighbors. The inhabitants of South-
old especially had signifled their desire that all civil ofiicers
should be annually elected by the freemen, that all military
ofiicers should be chosen by the soldiers, that no magistrate
should have "any yearly maintenance," and that taxes
should be levied only by consent of a majority of the dep-
uties at a General Court. But the code prepared by the
governor recognized none of these points. The delegates
Objected therefore objected against some of its clauses, and proposed
others. Several of their amendments were accepted by
NicoUs, who moreover promised that when any realsonable
alterations should be afterward offered by any town to the
* Gen. Ent.,i., 9C ; Joum. N. Y. Leg. Council, Int., v. It will be obsei-ved tliat the names
of several of these towns are different from those which they had borne under the Dutch
authority. Flatlands was formerly Amersfoort ; Flatbush, Midwout ; Bu.shwick, Boswyck ;
Brooklyn, Breuckelen; Newtown, Middleburgh or Hastings; Flushing, Vlissingen or Ncw-
arke ; Jamaica, Eustdorp or Crafford ; and Oyster Bay, Folestone : see ante, vol. i., 610,
723, T29.
EICHAKD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 69
Sessions, the justices should tender them at the next Assizes, chap. n.
" and receive satisfaction therein." He further declared
that "he expected no benefit for his labours out of the
purses of the inhabitants," but that it was absolutely neces-
sary to estabhsh a system of county rates to support the
public charges. The delegates accordingly " pitched upon
the form and rule" then observed in Connecticut, with
which most of them were famiHar. But when they asked
to be allowed, " according to the custom of the other colo-
nies," to choose their own magistrates, Nicolls exhibited his
instructions from the Duke of York, " wherein the choice
of all the ofiicers of justice was solely to be made by the
governor." Upon this point the delegates were pacified by
the consideration " that a Parhament of England can nei-
ther make a judge nor justice of the peace." To stop fur-
ther debate, Nicolls told them that they had seen and read
his commission and instructions, and that if they would
have a greater share in the government than he could allow,
they " must go to the king for it." This was decisive. The
delegates found that instead of being popular representa-
tives to make laws, they were merely agents to accept those
already prepared for them. Nicolls's code, as amended, i March.
was now formally promulgated at the " General Meeting." code pro-
During its session, which lasted ten days, several orders '""'s'^'®'^-
were made respecting the boundaries of some of the towns.
The only act which the delegates really performed was
to adopt a loyal address to the Duke of York, in which, i March.
. Address to
after acknowledging their dependence, they declared their the Duke
" cheerful submission to all such laws, statutes, and ordi- °
nances which are or shall be made by virtue of authority
from" his royal highness ; whose rights under the king's
patent they would forever maintain, and whom they be-
sought " to accept of this address, as the first-fruits of this
General Meeting, for a memorial and record against us,
our heirs and successors, when we or any of them shall fail
in our duties."*
The I^ew York code thus promulgated at the Hemp-
• Deeds, ii , 1-15, 43, 4S; Col. Doc, iii., 91, 260; N. Y. H. S. Coll., i., 307; ii. (ii.), 32;
Journ. Leg. Council of N. Y., i., Int., v. ; Thompson, i., 132, 13G, 3S2; ii., 324, 325, 327;
Wood, 87, 8S, 171-175; Dunlap,ii., App. xxxvi. ; Bolton, ii., ISO; Smith, i., 41; Chalmers,
i., 577, 578, 598. The duke's instructions, which NicoUs exhibited at Hempstead, were not
recorded in the New York provincial archives, as was his commission : ante, p. 18, note.
70 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAp. II. stead meeting is generally known as " The Duke's Laws."
It was arranged in an alphabetical order of subjects, like
"The * ^^^ New England codes. A very general analysis of its
Law!" pro\'isions is all that can now be attempted.
The Com-t of Assizes — as an existing; institution — was
"b
to meet in the city of New York once a year, on the last
Courts. Thursday in September. But, in pressing capital cases, the
governor and council might issue commissions of Oyer and
Terminer. Inferior courts of Sessions, composed of the
justices of the peace, and in which any counselor might
preside, were to be held three times a year in each rid-
jurymen. ing of Yorkshire. Trials by jurymen, who were not to
exceed seven, except in capital cases, were provided for.
Arbitrators might be appointed in small causes between
neighbors. Whenever the law was silent in any case, the
Sessions were to remit it to the next Assizes, where mat-
ters of equity were to be decided and punishments award-
ed " according to the discretion of the bench, and not con-
trary to the known laws of England."
Each town had a local court for the trial of small causes
under five pounds, which was to be held by the constable
and six overseers, and from which there was an appeal to
the Sessions. Eight " men of good fame and life" were to
Overseers, be choson as overseers for each town by a majority of the
freeholders. Four of these overseers retired at the end of
Constable, eacli year, and from them a constable was to be annually
chosen, on the first or second of April, by the freeholders,
who was to be confirmed by the justices at the next ses-
sions. The constable and overseers had power to make
local ordinances in the several to^s^ms.
Sheriffs. A high -sheriff over Yorkshire was to be annually ap-
pointed by the governor from each riding in rotation, and
also an under-sheriff or high-constable in each riding. Jus-
tices of the peace were to continue in ofiice during the gov-
ernor's pleasure. But the governor and council might, by
special warrant, displace any ofiicer within the government
" for neglecting of his ofiice, or other notorious misdemean-
or and misbehavior."
Eatc?. Each inhabitant was to contribute to public charges in
Church and State according to his estate. Assessments
were to be made every year, after the first of June, by the
EICHAED NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 71
officers in each town. Provision was made for the en- chap. ir.
f orcement of the rates imposed ; and all the plantations ~
within the government were " fully comprehended in tliis "
law."
The tenure of lands was to be from the Duke of York.
All persons were required to bring in their old grants and
take out new patents fi-om the governor, upon the seal-
ing of wliich a fee was to be paid. After the first of
March, 1665, no purchase of lands from the Indians was Lands.
to be valid unless the governor's leave was obtained, and
the savage owner acknowledged satisfaction before liim,
upon which a grant was to be made by the governor and
recorded in the secretary's office. All conveyances in the
several ridings were also to be recorded in New York.
I*s^o barter with the savages m ammunition, fire-arms, Indians,
strong liquors, or furs, was allowed without the governor's
license. All harm done by the English to them, or their
cattle, or corn-lands, was to be promptly and justly satis-
fied, as fully " as if the case had been betwixt Christian and
Christian." But no Indian was to " be suffered to Powow,
or perform outward worship to the devil, in any towm with-
in this government."
There was no particular Protestant denomination more Religion,
favored than any otlier in the province. The English
Episcopal Church was not established. The Reformed
Dutch Church, by the articles of capitulation, preserved its
ancient ecclesiastical system. But in every parish a church churches,
was required to be built, the expense of which, and of the
maintenance of its minister, was to be provided for by the
chnrch-wardens, appointed yearly by the overseers and con-
stables. No minister was to officiate vvdthin the govern-
ment but such as should produce testimonials to the gov-
ernor of his having " received ordination, either from some
Protestant bishop or minister within some part of his maj- Ministers.
esty's dominions, or the dominions of any foreign prince
of the Reformed religion." Thereupon tlie governor was
to induct such minister "into the parish that shall make
presentation of him as duly elected by the major part of
the inhabitants householders." Each minister was to
preach every Sunday ; and on the fifth of November, the Sundays
anniversary of the gunpowder treason ; on the thirtieth of days.
72 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. u. January, when King Charles the First was beheaded ; and
on the twenty-ninth of May, when King Charles the Sec-
ond was born and restored to the throne. He was also to
pray for the king, queen, Duke of York, and the royal
family, baptize the children of Christian parents, and mar-
ry persons " after legal publication or sufficient license."
No congregations were to be disturbed during divine serv-
Freedom ice ; " uor sliall any person be molested, fined, or imprison-
0 re gion. ^^ ^^^ differing in judgment in matters of religion who
profess Christianity."
Negro Negro slavcry was recognized ; but servants were pro-
■" ^''^^' tected from tyranny and abuse. No Christians were to be
kept in bond slavery except those sentenced thereto by
authority, "or such as willingly have sold or shall sell
themselves." All servants were prohibited from trading
or trucking " any commodity whatsoever." If servants ran
away, justices and constables were authorized to press men,
horses, and boats, at the public charge, and bring them
back by force.
Ail males above sixteen years old, except certain exempt
MiHtia. persons, were subject to military duty. Enrollments, the
supply of arms, the appointment of officers, and the pun-
ishment of offenders were provided for. In each town
there were to be four days of training every year ; and in
each riding a general training of all the towns once a year.
Once in every two years there was to be general training
of all the soldiers within the province. No person was
obliged to bear arms beyond the limits of the government ;
but volunteers might be raised by beat of drum to assist
the neighboring English colonies. All defensive or vin-
dictive wars against the Indians were to be maintained by
a general assessment on each town.
Capital In many respects the duke's capital laws followed those
0 eaeei. ^^ ^-^^ Ncw England colonies. Denying the true God,
murder, treason, kidnapping, the strildng of parents, and
some other offenses, were punishable with death. But
witchcraft and blasphemy were not included. There were
other reg- numcrous regulations respecting the administration of es-
tates, boundaries of towns, brewers, births and burials, con-
veyances of lands, surgeons and midwives, children and
servants, marriages, laborers, orphans, pipe-staves and casks,
RICHAKD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 73
sailors, weights and measures, the destruction of wolves on chap. n.
Long Island, and wrecks and whales. Inn-keepers were
not allowed to charge " above eight pence a meal, vdth
small beer," and were always to have a supply of " strong
and wholesome" malted liquor. No mares were to be car-
ried out of the government to other plantations without
special license. Cattle and horses were to be marked with
a letter which distinguished each town on Long Island and
Westchester. Every town was to provide a pair of stocks
and a pound ; and a pillory was to be erected in each place
where the Courts of Sessions were held.
The code was intended to be ultimately the law of the operation
IT . T T n ', •• , ' , of the code-
whole province, and several oi its provisions went into gen-
eral operation at once ; but many of them were evidently
apphcable only to Long Island and its neighborhood. The
inhabitants of the Yalley of the Hudson, most of whom
were Dutch, hardly understood the yet strange English
tongue. Only by degrees could the institutions which they
derived from Holland, and under which they had lived so
long, be safely altered. ISTicolls, therefore, prudently ab-
stained from enforcing the new code in New York, Esopus,
Albany, and Schenectady. From the original manuscript
deposited in the office of the Provincial Secretary at Fort
James, copies and translations were made for the several
towns on Long Island and Westchester. It was not until
more than a century after the "Duke's Laws" had be-
come obsolete that they were first printed as historical
curiosities.*
Upon the adjournment of the Hempstead meeting. Coun-
selor William Wells, of Southold, in the East Riding, was
commissioned by the governor to be high-sheriff of York- ii March.
shire. Captain John Underbill, of Oyster Bay, who had points".*^
been so prominent in the affairs of New Netherland, was
appointed high - constable and under-sheriff of the North is March.
Riding ; and similar appointments were made for the oth-
• Col. Doc, Hi., 104, 1S8, 230; Chalmers, i., 506; Wood, 8S-90; Thompson, i., 13S-150;
Butler, in ii. N. Y. H. S. Coll., ii., 33; Daly's Introduction, 21-25; Dankers's and Sluy-
ter's Journal, 106. The Duke's Laws, copied from the transcript in the Easthampton
town-clerk's office, deposited there on 24 June, 1065, are printed in the first volume of N.
Y. Hist. Soc. Coll., 305-428, published in 1811. There is a copy in the Secretary of State's
office at Albany, approved by the Duke of York, and certified by his secretary, Matthew
Wren, which was probably brought over by Governor Lovelace in IOCS. A much-needed
compilation of all the laws of New York previou-i to 1001 has been, for several years, prom-
ised by Mr. George H. Moore.
74 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1665.
er . ridings. Daniel Denton, of Jamaica ; John Hicks, of
Hempstead ; Jonas Wood, of Huntington ; and James Hub-
bard, of Gravesend, were appointed justices. Underbill
22 April, was also made surveyor general of Long Island. All these
appointees had been delegates to the Hempstead meeting,
and, by thus promptly favoring them, the governor expect-
ed to silence their murmurs.*
NicoUs's visit to Hempstead was the immediate cause
of the establishment of a race-com"se on Long Island. To
improve the provincial Dutch or Flemish breed, which was
better adapted to slow labor than to fleetness or display,
the governor directed that a plate should be run for every
May. year. The ground selected for the course was in the town
Race-
course at of Hcmpstcad, ou a part of the great plain, about sixteen
stead. miles long and four broad, which was covered with fine
grass like the English downs, and where could be found
"neither stick nor stone to hinder the horse heels, or en-
danger them in their races." For many years this remark-
able tract was known as " Salisbury Plains." The race-
course itself was named " l^ewmarket," after the famous
English sporting ground, and it long continued to be the
favorite annual resort of the governors of New York and
the farmers of Long Island, f
Captain John Manning, the commander of the garrison
6 April, at Albany, was now commissioned as schout, with instruc-
affairs. tious similar to those of the schout of New York. Not-
withstanding the Duke's Laws, the municipal affairs of Al-
bany continued to be managed as they had been under the
Dutch, by commissaries elected by the people, and con-
fii'ined by the governor. Excepting some differences be-
tween the townspeople and the soldiers there and at Esopus,
there was little to disturb their tranquillity.:]: .
Thus occupied in arranging his government, Nicolls had
been imable to act as a fourth commissioner to the New
England colonies. His colleague, Cartwright — while con-
is April, ceding that the duke's deputy had work enough at New
York, where " the bare hearing of impertinences, without
* Deeds, ii., 16, 17, 19, 2f); Gen. Ent., i., 115; Punlnp, ii., App. xxxv.; Wood, 150;
Tliompson, i., 130; ii., 157, 35D ; lUker's Newtown, 70; Bolton, ii., 170, ISO; ante, vol. i.,
550, 671, 7-2S ; N. Y. II. S. Coll. (1S69), 70.
t Thompson, i., 271, 272 ; ii., 63 ; Dunlap, i., 110 ; rrime's L. I., 71 ; Denton's Now York
(Gowan's cd), C, Dl, 35 ; Burnaby, in Pinkerton, xiii., 739; Oldmixon, L, 275.
t Patent?, i., 155; Col. Doc, iii.,94, 117, 143.
EICHAED NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 75
the framing of laws, tlie ordering of the soldiers, the gain- chap. ii.
ing of the Dutch, the governing of the Enghsh, the regu-
latiug of the trade, and the providing of necessaries, is
more than enough to trie one" — urged that the chief busi-
ness of the commissioners was now at Boston, where,
" though they should refuse us all three, having a preju-
dice against us, you, whom they respect and honor, might
be prevalent with them, because acceptable to them."
Finding that his presence was indispensable at Boston,
NicoUs appointed Captain Eobert ITeedliam to command 20 April.
in Kew York during his absence. As the new code had Boston.
just gone into operation. Captain Topping, High-sheriff
Wells, and Secretary NicoUs, all members of the Court of
Assizes, were appointed to sit with the justices of the East, 2iApra.
North, and "West Ridings of Yorkshire at their approaching
sessions, and explain the laws to them,*
The visit of xS icolls to Boston was unavailing. Massa- May.
chusetts, " presmnptuous and ref ractoiy," repelled the royal The royai
commissioners, who " could obtain nothing that might be sionei-s're-
satisfactory to his majesty's desires." Finding that their ^'^
time and labor were lost upon men " misled by the spirit
of independency," Carr, Cartwright, and Maverick went
eastward to Maine, and NicoUs hastened back to New York, 26 May.
at any rate with a better reputation for prudence and dis-
cretion than was accorded to either of his coUeagues.f
The first care of the governor, after his return, was, in
obedience to the duke's instruction, to make the city gov- city gov-
ernment, which had remained unaltered for nearly ten New York
months since the capitulation, " conformable to the custom ^ "'^^^ '
of England." To do this in the most conciliatory manner,
he selected, as the first mayor of New York, Captain Thomas
Willett, of Plymouth, who, while he was an Englishman,
was highly esteemed by the Dutch. Tie had been one of
Stuyvesant's negotiators at Hartford in 1650, and had acted
with discreet friendship at the surrender. So much did his
prudence on the Albany expedition impress Cartwright, that
he wrote to Nicolls from Boston, " I believe him both a 4 Feb.
* Deeds, ii., 23, 24; Gen. Ent., i., 116-119 ; Dunlap, ii., App. xxxvL ; Col. Doc., iii., 93,
94 ; Val. Man., ISCl, C13 ; N. Y. II. S. Coll. (1369), 75.
t Col. Doc, iii., 95-103; Mass. Eec, iv. (ii ), 141, 143, 177-215; Hutch. Mass.,!., 234-250;
Coll., 417-422; Chalmers's Ann., i., 3SS, 3S0, 502-504; Rev. Col., i., 114; Bancroft, ii.,
S4-S6 ; Barry, i., 39S-400 ; Palfiey, ii., 60T-61S ; Williamson, i., 411.
76 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1665.
Chap. u. veiy honest and an able gentleman, and that he will serve
you both for a mayor and a counsellor." At Nicolls's re-
quest, Carr, while on his way to Boston, visited Willett at
Eehoboth, and obtained for him from Governor Prence
leave of absence from Plymouth, to assist in remodeling the
city government in New York, as he was " more acquainted
with the manners and customs of the Dutch than any En-
ghshman in the country, and his conversation was very ac-
ceptable to them." No better choice could have been
made.""'
12 June. NicoUs, by a proclamation, now revoked " the form and
ceremony of government of this his majesty's town of New
York, under the name of Schout, Bm'gomasters, and Sche-
pens," and declared that its future government should be
administered by persons who should be known by "the
jiayor, name and style of Mayor, Aldermen, and Sheriff, according
andsiTeriff. to tlic custom of England in other his majesty's corpora-
12 June. tions."t By a separate instrument of the same date, he
ordained that " the inhabitants of New York, New Harlem,
with all other his majesty's subjects, inhabitants upon this
island commonly called and known by the name of the
Manhattan's Island, are and shall be forever accounted,
nominated, and estabhshed as one body politic and corpo-
rate, under the government of a mayor, aldermen, and sher-
iff ;" and he appointed Thomas Willett to be mayor ; Thom-
as Delavall, Oloff Stevensen van Cortlandt, Johannes van
Brugh, Comelis van Ruyven, and John Lawrence, to be
aldermen, and AUard Anthony to be sheriff. These oflEicers
were to hold their places for a year, and any four of them,
of whom the mayor or his deputy was always to.be one,
were to have full authority to govern the city according to
the general laws, " and such peculiar laws as are or shall be
thought convenient and necessary." Of the new corporate
• CoL Doc., iii., 6S, 8T, 94 ; Morton's Memorial, 251, 304, 311 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xiv., 100,
293; xxxvi., 532; Aniold's Rhode Island, i., 314; Deane's Bradford's Plymouth, 260; Sav-
age's Winthrop, i., 022 ; Palfrey, 1., 163 ; Thompson, i., 130; Val. Man., 1S53, 379, 380; ante,
vol. i., 519, 525, 585, 736, 743. After serving as mayor of New York in 1665 and 1667, Wil-
lett remained tliere acting as a counselor until the Dutch conquest, when he returned to his
farm at Rehoboth, in Seekonk, Bristol county, Massachusetts, where he died on the 4th of
August, 1074. A rough stone with an inscription still marks the place of his burial. His
son Thomas remained in New York, where he became prominent; and his great - gi-eat -
grandson. Colonel Marinus Willett, was mayor of the city in 1807 — Munsell, iv., 22; Col.
Doc, ii., 617,647; Val. Man., 1861, 563; Val. Hist. City of N. Y., 246, 247.
t Ogilby, in his America, 169, remarks that in New England the only municipal officer
retaining his Old-country name was "constable."
Willett
mayor.
EICHAED NICOLLS, GOVERNOE. 77
authorities three were Englishmen — Willett, Delavall, and chap. ii.
Lawrence; and four were Hollanders — Yan Cortlandt, Yan
Brugh, Yan Ruyven, and Anthony. The latter had been
prominent in the late government, and eminently repre-
sented the Dutch element ; while Anthony, the old schout,
only assumed a new title when he became sheriff.
Nevertheless there was much dissatisfaction shown when
the governor appeared in the Court of Burgomasters and i4 June.
The Dutch
Schepens to install the new officers. Burgomaster Yan dissatis-
Cortlandt, who had been selected to be alderman, objected
that the new charter violated the sixteenth article of the
capitulation ; but Mcolls quietly showed him that the old
officers had been continued, and new ones elected in Feb-
ruary, who had been retained until now. Yet " divers de-
bates occurred," because the magistrates wished the Dutch
system to be retained, under which they nominated their
own successors, while under that established by the English
governor they were to be chosen by himself without any
restraint. NicoUs, however, told them that he had received
letters from the Duke of York " to make the government
of this city conformable to the custom of England," and
that, while he acknowledged the good conduct of the for-
mer magistrates, he had qualified some Englishmen for
office, " on purpose that parties may be better aided on
both sides, as well English as Dutch, who go to law, and the
better to strengthen the peace and quiet of the inhabitants
of this place." The new magistrates were then sworn and The new-
installed, and were proclaimed to the commonalty after installed.
" the customary ringing of the bell three times."
Thus were inaugurated the first mayor and aldermen of Mayor-s
the city of New York. The new court was organized the
next day, and Johannes Nevius was retained as secretary, 15 June,
assisted by Nicholas Bayard to translate his Dutch minutes.
Soon afterward Nevius resigned, and Bayard was appoint- is juiy.
ed secretaiy in his place. Little change was made in the
mode of judicial proceedings, except the substitution of the
English tongue for the Dutch. Jury trials, as provided for
in the code, were ordered to be held on the first Tuesday
of each month. But suitors generally preferred to have
their causes disposed of in the summary manner to which
they had been accustomed ; and many forms peculiar to
78 HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. II. the Dutcli jurisprudence continued for half a century to
be recognized in " The Mayor's Court of the City of New
1665.
York,
3J*
Meanwhile important events had happened in Europe.
1664. The States General represented to the King of Finance the
feoiunT™ "^'I'oi^g which the King of England had done them in cap-
appesis to turing ISTew Netherland, and asked for the aid guaranteed
1 ranee ~ ; ^ o ^
against jj-y the trcatv of 1662. This appeal embarrassed Louis,
whom Charles had tried to persuade that he was the ag-
grieved instead of the aggressor. D'Estrades, writing from
15 i^ecem. the Haguc, urged his sovereign " to prefer England to the
States," because he could thereby " procure the restitution
of Acadia from Penobscot to Cape Breton, being eighty
leagues of coast, where there are fine harbors, and oblige
the King of England, by the same treaty^ to declare war
against the Iroquois, whom the Hollanders, who have their
plantations adjoining, have always assisted with arms and
munitions against us. By this means your majesty Avould
free Canada from the only enemies which she has in that
country ; and by attacking them on the Canada side, and
on that which the English occupy, they would all be de-
stroyed in a year." Finding that the designs of Louis on
■jrpr the Spanish ^Netherlands controlled his action, the States
8 January. General informed him that they were ready to adjust their
Theresto- differences with King Charles, by restoring every thing
New Ne°th- tlicy had taken from him, if he would " bind himself to re-
mami'ed!^' *store Ncw Nethcrlaud," and other prizes.f
1664. In reply to the Dutch statements. Downing insisted that
s§ Decern. ]vj"ew Nctherlaud was within the New England patent ; that
memorial, tlic treaty of 1654 had not cut off the English claim ; and
even if it did, that the New England colonies had ^'•jui^a
helli within tliemselves, without appealing first into Eu-
1665. rope." A committee of the States General soon published
9 Febr'y. ^ a demolition" of Downing's memorial. " The English,"
it was conclusively argued, " have no other title to the pos-
* Gen. Ent., i., 120-124; N. Y. City I!ec., v., 7S0-TS4 ; vi., 3, 4T; Col. Doc., ii., 37.% 407,
445, 473; Doc. Hist., i., 3S9, 390; Val. Man., 1S52, 3S1, 383, 339, 391, 3r5, 473, 476, 402;
1S53, 380, 3S3, 3S:> ; ISCO. COl, C02, COS; Thompson, ii., 303; Daly's Introductory Sketch,
14, 25, 20 ; Ilofiman's Treatise, i., 19 ; ii., 3-5 ; ante, vol. i., 388, 410, 548, 040, 089, 703, 720,
728, 738.
t Col. Doc, ii., 280-291, 305, 300; De Witt, ii., 2, 4, 14-17 ; D'E.=tradei=, ii., 550, 555-50-1,
.507, 5(18, 5T0, 575-577 ; iii., 5, 10, 11, 13 ; Eapin, ii., 039 ; Aitzema, v., 93, 288-294 ; Listers
Clarendon, iii., 352 ; Basnage, i., 718, 719, 737 ; Martin, i., 209 ; ante, vol. i., 580.
RICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERXOR. 79
session of what they hold, namely, New England, than chap.ii.
those of this nation have to New Netherland, to wit, the
right of occupation ; because all those countries being des- j,^^^ ^^^^^^
ert, uninhabited, and waste, as if belonging to nobody, be- tuei^ri-ht.
came the property of those who have been the first occu-
pants of them. It is thus the English have occupied, and
this is the title by which they possess New England, as
those of this nation New Netherland. The right which
the English found on the letters patent wherein their king
grants such a vast extent to the limits of the English, so as
to include also all the possessions of this nation, is as ridic-
ulous as if your high mightinesses bethought yourselves of
including all New England in the patent you would grant
to the West India Company; therefore a continued pos-
session for such a long series of years must confer on this
nation a title which can not be questioned with any ap-
pearance of reason.""
Affairs now approached a crisis. The West India Com-
pany was authorized " to attack, conquer, and ruin the En- c Febr'y.
glish every where, both in and out of Em^ope, on land and
water." The East India Company equipped twenty shij)S. The Dutch
The herring and whale fisheries were suspended, in order fleet? ^
to man the war vessels of the nation. Fourteen millions
of guilders were voted for the fleet and the fortifications.
The Dutch, who lived by commerce, resolved that they
must fight to deliver themselves fi-om the English yoke;
and all the cities broke out in cries of joy at the hope of
triumph. As De Ruyter was far away in the West Indies,
Wassenaar of Opdam was made admiral, with the yoim-
ger Tromp and other renowned commanders mider him.f
The English Parliament granted two millions and a half English
of pounds sterling ; and Holmes was sent to the Tower, so tikfnr"'"
that if the Dutch should be successful, he might be made
" a sacrifice, as Sir Walter Ealeigh was." The Duke of
York prepared to take command of the fleet. At length 22 rebr-y.
the king, without the concurrence of Clarendon or South- t\^r de'-
ampton, issued a declaration of war, full of bitterness *^^^'^®'^-
against the Dutch.:}:
• Col. Dnc, ii., 203-304, 30T-331 ; Aitzema, v., S56-06S.
t Col. Coc, ii., 306, SOT; D'Estrades, iii., 32, 42, G3; Aitzema, v., 413-443 ; Basnage, i.,
736; Davies, iii.,29, SO; Pepys, il, 205; Lister, iii., 301.
t Pepys, ii., 187, 190,199, 215; Kennett, iii., 252 ; Lister, ii., 271-276 ; Aitzema, v., r6S ;
80 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap, il Cbarles also wrote to Nicolls and liis colleagues, inf orm-
ing them of De Ruyter's expedition, and enjoining them
28jan'y' " ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ possible diligence for their security." They
T Feb'y. wcre, moreovcr, directed to observe all ordei-s from the
thecoio- Duke of York, whom the king had authorized to grant
letters of marque against Dutch ships, and condemn them
in Admiralty. Clarendon likewise warned NicoUs that he
"must expect all the mischief the Dutch can do him."
jiFebr'y. The Dukc of York directed that his province should be
put " into a posture of defense against the Dutch." He
2SFebr'y. also appointed Nicolls and Captain Philip Carteret sub-
commissioners in Admiralty, to dispose of all prizes in any
of the ports or harbors of New England."
These dispatches were brought by Carteret to Yirginia,
and forwarded thence to New York, As soon as he re-
22 June, ccivcd them, NicoUs issued a proclamation for the confisca-
xicoirs."^ tion of the "West India Company's estate, which had al-
24 June, ready been attached. Letters were also sent to the several
New England governments inclosing copies of the king's
orders, and instructing them how to treat Dutch prizes in
any of their ports. The inliabitants of Long Island were
30 June, especially warned to be ready against Dutch invasion. The
2s June, comuioualty of New York were called together to consult
about fortifying the city on the river side. The governor
offered to contribute palisades and wampum, and promised
" not to constrain any inhabitant to fight against his own
nation." Steenwj^ck, the deposed burgomaster, declared
Feeling in that he wouM always be a faithful subject. But the burgh-
ers generally were not zealous to prepare defenses against
an expedition which might restore the authority of their
fatherland. " Some of the people answering said that the
to^vn was sufficient enough; others that they could not
work before they had their arms restored to them again ;
and many other excuses; but no categorical answer was
given."f "*-
Basnage, i., 736 ; Lingard, xii., 170 ; Davies, iii., 30 ; Rapin, ii., C3S, 639 ; Pari. Hist., iv.,
303-309. There is an interesting account of the origin of tliis war in Temple's Works, i.,
S07-310.
• Col. Doc., iii., S5, 86, 92, 104; Val. Man., 1S47, 353 ; N. Y. Surrogate's Rec. Wills,!, 9.
t Col. Doc, iii., 67, 92, 103; N. Y. City Rec, vi., 19, 29; Col. MSS.,xxii.,l; Val. Man., 1852,
4S0, 484 ; 1853, 381 ; Gen. Ent., i., 76, 125-132 ; Ord. Warr. and Lett., ii., 2 ; Col. Rec Conn.,
ii., 21 ; Mass. IT. .S. Coll., xxx., 52; Trumbull, i., 278; Thompson, i., 140 ; Smith, i., 38, 41.
De Ruytcr was actually on his way from the West Indies to Newfoundland in May, 1665.
If he had visited New York, as he intended, he would easily have reconquered the prov-
RICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 81
The condition of the metropolis was told in a letter from cuap. ii.
Nicolls to Lord Arlington : " We have had no ship or the
least supplies directly out of England since the surrender, 3^ j^,^ *
which hath brought the soldiers and planters into very ^j°^j^g"'°"
great wants of meane necessaries, though I will still have metropoiL-.
hopes that a place of this importance will fall into due con-
sideration with his majesty and royal highness." The col-
onies had less cause to apprehend De Ruyter than the pri-
vateers, " and this place doth not apprehend either or both ;
for we have no sliips to lose, no goods to plunder, but a
ragged sort of a fort, put into the best posture of defence
possible, well fitted with cannon, no want of ammunition
for the present, and as many soldiers as will not lose liis
majestie's interest but with their own lives." Fort James,
indeed, with its low ramparts, greatly needed strengthen-
ing. But Cartwright thought that it could not be kept
" two hours by having its walls raised higher," and ad\dsed
that " a battery upon the point would be of greater advan-
tage, and more considerable than the fort itself, if ever the
town be fortified."*
While Nicolls was thus securing his government, annoy-
ing orders came to him from England. The Duke of York
had dismembered his province, and had laid the foundation
of another American state. James was fond of naval af-
fairs, and a degree of intimacy existed between him and
his assistants in the Admiralty Board. One of them, John,
Lord Berkeley of Stratton, a brother of the Governor of Berkeley.
Virginia, had been the duke's own governor in his youth,
and afterward was made treasurer of his household. At
the request of James, the king, two years before his restora-
tion, had raised Berkeley to the peerage. Berkeley wa^a
" bold and insolent" man, weak, popishly inclined, " not in-
corrupt," and very arbitrary. The Treasurer of the Ad-
miralty, Sir George Carteret, " the most passionate man in carterct.
the world," had been Governor of the Channel Island of
Jersey, where he received Charles while Prince of Wales,
and which he afterward gallantly defended against Crom-
ince. But, being short of provisions, lie was obliged to hasten homevrard. See Aitzema, v. ,
409, 477; Le Clerc, iii., 79, 80; Basnage, i., 744, 745; Davies, iii., S3; Kennett, iil., 253,
257; Col. Doc.,ii., 2S9, 422; Mas.s. Eec^ iv. (ii.), 154, 276,280; N.Y.H.S. Coll. (1869), 74,75.
* CoL Doc., iii., 87, 101, 103 ; Val: Man., 1S59, 548-552, and the map of 1661 appended,
showing the situation of the fort.
IL— F
82 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. II. "well's forces. At the Restoration, Carteret rode with the
king triumphantly into London, and was made chamberlain
iobo. ^£ i^^g household. Both Berkeley and Carteret were mem-
bers of the Council for Plantations, and in the spring of
1663 had, with Clarendon, Albemarle, Ashley, and other
courtiers, obtained a grant of Carolina.*
The two royal favorites early prevailed on the Duke of
York to convey to them a part of his splendid American
domain. They seem to have been prompted by Captain
John Scott, " who was born to work mischief, as far as he
is credited or his parts serve him." Disappointed in his
own aim to get a part of Xew Netherland, and well know-
ing its geography, which the duke did not, Scott contrived
to make Berkeley and Carteret the instruments of his mal-
ice by inducing them to prociu-e from its proprietor the
cession of one of the most valuable parts of his province.
James, not yet in possession, was easily cajoled. Nicolls's
1664. expedition was yet on the Atlantic, when the duke, by
24 June." dceds of lease and release, in consideration of " a compe-
wnteys'^a tcut sum of moncy," conveyed to Berkeley and Carteret,
YoriTt^^^ and their heirs and assigns, the portion of his territory
Tnd^^irte- "^hich he described as "that tract of land adjacent to Kew
ret. England, and lying and being to the westward of Long Isl-
and and Manhitas Island, and bomided on the east, part by
the main sea and part by Hudson's River, and hath upon
the west Delaware Bay or River, and extendeth southward
to the main ocean as far as Cape May, at the mouth of
Delaware Bay, and to the northward as far as the north-
ermost branch of the said Bay or River of Delaware, which
is forty-one degrees and forty minutes of latitude, and
crosseth over thence in a strait line to Hudson's River
in forty-one degrees of latitude." In memory of Carteret's
gallant defense of the island of Jersey, this " tract of land"
was " hereafter to be called by the name or names of New
Called CaBsarea or New Jersey." Thus the name of New Jersey
sey.'-^ ^ " was given in London to a part of New Netherland before
it had been conquered from the Dutch,
The Duke of York's release of New Jersey was in the
• Pepys, i., 31, S8 ; ii., 271 ; Clarke's James II., i., 54 ; Burnet's Hist., i., 207, 61S, 619 ;
Chalmers, i., 517; Lister's Clarendon, i., 296, 307, 341, 36S, 372 ; iii., 7, 419; "SVhitehead's
East Jersey, 30, 31 ; Col. Doc., iu, 410, 699; CoUins's Peerage, iv.,lG7, 212.
RICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 83
ordinary form of conveyances of land. It merely con- chap, ii.
firmed to his grantees a part of liis province, which, he de-
scribed as "that tract of land" between the Hudson and j-j^^^^^j.*
the Delaware, and the " royalties" and " hereditaments" be- ^f yq^]^^®
longing to the same, with their " appurtenances." This comey-
land and its appurtenances was conveyed " in as full and
ample manner as the same is granted to the said Duke of
York" in his patent from the king. By that patent the
king granted New Netherland to his brother in free and
common socage, subject to the yearly rent of forty beaver-
skins. In the same " full and ample manner" James now
released to Berkeley and Cai-teret a " tract" of this terri-
tory, subject to the rent of twenty nobles a year. This
was the legal scope of the instrument, which, in words
usual in deeds of real estate, conveyed a tract of land and
its appurtenances to Berkeley and Carteret as amply as the
same had been granted to the Duke of York by the king ;
namely, in socage, subject to an annual rent. The king,
however, besides his gift of territory, had intrusted to his
brother and his assigns " full and absolute" authority to
govern all English subjects inhabiting witliin the same.
This jurisdiction the duke did not convey. Nevertheless, Powers of
as he did not reserve it, his grantees assumed that he had ment not
transferred to them " every right, every royalty, and all the
powers of government which he himself possessed." It
was not until many years afterward that this interesting
question was settled.'^
As soon as news of the reduction of New Netherland
reached England, Berkeley and Carteret hastened to avail
themselves of their grant, by procuring from James a let- 2s Novem.
ter to Nicolls, " signifying the same to him, and requiring letter to
him and all others therein concerned to yield their best
assistance in the quiet possession and enjoyment of the
premises to all such persons as my said grantees should at
any time appoint and authorize to negotiate their affairs in
those parts." Soon afterward they signed and published ...
an instrument which, under the title of " The Concessions New jei-sey
and Agreement of the Lords Proprietors of the Province of sions."
• Col. Doc, ii., 243 ; iii., 46, 4S, 105, 229, 240, 285 ; Pepys, ii., 103 ; Learning and Spicer,
8-11 ; S. Smith's New Jersey, 60, 61, 567-5T0 ; Gordon, 20, 23, 24, 43, 43 ; Chalmers, i., 613,
614, 624, 625 ; Grahame,i.,462, 463 ; Bancroft, il, 315; Whitehead, 31, 32 ; ante, vol. 1, T25,
736; ii., 14,21.
84 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap, il New CsBsarea or IS^ew Jersey," formed its liberal eonstitu-
tion. At the same time, Captain Philip Carteret, a cousin
Ph«i Car- ^^ ^"' George, was commissioned as governor, and received
teret gov- i^g instructions from the Proprietors.*
ernor. i
With about tliirty emigrants, several of whom were
Frenchmen skilled in making salt — which was apparently
intended to be the staple of Xew Jersey — Carteret sailed
for New York in the sliip Phihp, belonging to Sir George.
Carteret in The vcsscl was drivcu into the Chesapeake, and anchored
13 jlin'e^' at ISTe^vport ISTews. From there Carteret transmitted to ISTic-
oUs some of the dispatches intrusted to his care. He also
forwarded several letters to Captain James BoUen, the com-
missary at Fort James, among which was one fi'om Berke-
ley and Carteret, containing a copy of the duke's grant of
22 June. Ncw Jcrscy. As soon as he received them, Bollen showed
these interesting documents to his chief .f
This was the fii'st intimation to ISTicoUs of the dismem-
berment of ]iis government of K^ew York. The duke's own
dispatch to him had not yet been delivered by Carteret ; but
he could not doubt the news which Bollen communicated.
Surprise of EQs surprisc was grievous. For ten months he had exer-
Nicous. gjgg(j dominion, as the deputy of James, over ancient New
8 April. Netherland. Only a few weeks before, he had confirmed
to Goulding, Bowne, and others, from Long Island, the
lands between Sandy Hook and the mouth of the Earitan,
upon which the towns of Middletown and Shrewsbury
were afterward settled. He had looked upon " Albania,"
within which thi-ee new towns were ah-eady begun, as the
most " improveable part" of the pro^dnce of New York.
And now the mortified governor was warned to give up
* ElizabethtOTvn Bill in Chancery (1747), 12-lG, 35; Learning and Ppirer, 12-,"! ; Smitli's
N. J., 512-521; CoUins's Peerage, iv., 208; Whitehead's ICast Jer.sey, 32-G6 ; Gordon, 2-t-27 ;
Bancroft, ii.,315-31G; Chalnier3'3Ann.,l.,G14, 015; N. J.ll. S. Proc, i. (ii.),23, 30, 31; Masa.
II. S. Coll., xxxvii., 319. The New Jersey "Concessions," among other things, provided
that the inhaliitaiits should eveiy year elect representatives to a General Assembly, and
that there was to be imposed no " tax, custom, subsidy, tallage, assessment, or any other
duty whatsoever, upon any colour or pretence, upon the said province and inhabitants there-
of, other than what shall be imposed by the authority and consent of the said General As-
sembly, and then only in manner as aforesaid." Tliese memorable words— whicli were bor-
rowed from the Petition of Right assented to by Charles the First in 1628, and recognized by
him in his charter of Maryland in 1032 — were adopted by the Assembly of New York in 1083
and 1001, and by that of Massachusetts in 1602. See Chalmers, i., 204, 205; Pvapin, ii.,
270, 271 ; Kennett, iii., 42 ; Lingard, ix., 317-321 ; Gordon's American Revolution, i., 47,
G6, 97, 99.
t Mass, n. S. Coll., xxTc., 49-53 ; Eliz.abethtown Bill in Clianceo', 28 ; Smitli's New Jersey,
C7; Whitehead's East Jersey, 36 ; Col. Doc., ii., 470; iii., 103, 105; Rhode Island Kec.,ii.,8J.
EICHAKD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 85
that desirable region. Thenceforth " New Jersey" was to chap. ir.
take the place of " Albania" on the map of America. Too
good an officer to disobey, NicoUs could not refrain from a ju,y
manly remonstrance against his master's improvident grant, ^'^«=°"8 ""f
'' ~ J: o 7 monstrates
" to the utter disconraa;ement" of any that mio-ht desire to t" t^e
T 1 . . -r^ "^ ° duke.
hve under his protection. " For my boldness," he added,
" I can at last but beg pardon. ISTeither can I suppose
that my Lord Berkeley or Sir George Carteret knew how
prejudicial such a grant would prove to your roj^al high-
ness ; but I must charge it upon Captain Scott, who was born
to work mischief as far as he is credited or his parts serve
him."* Hoping that he might yet induce the duke . and
his grantees to make other arrangements, NicoUs urged that
the latter should give up New Jersey, and receive " a better
and a more entire tract of land, worthy of great considera-
tion to my Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, wliich
is that part of Delaware Biver which is reduced fi-om the
Dutch, if it is not already disposed ; if so, then that my
Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret may have a hun-
dred thousand acres all along the sea-coast, which is a most
noble tract of land, but it will cost them twenty thousand
pounds before it will yield a penny, and their children's
children may reap the profit."t
This letter may have caused the duke to repent liis pre-
cipitate grant ; but it reached him too late. Toward the
end of July, Carteret arrived at New York. After exhib- 29 juiy.
iting his authority to Nicolls — with whom he had been now York,
joined as a sub-commissioner in Admiralty — he received
from him, according to the duke's orders, quiet possession
of New Jersey, whither he proceeded with his ship. Early
in August, Philip Carteret landed at the head of his fol- August
lowers, carrying a hoe on his shoulder, " thereby intimating lamis'fn
his intention of becoming a planter with them." He chose ^yT'^'^'^"
for the seat of his government a spot on the north bank of
* Nicolls, on his return to London in IOCS, told the king, the queen, and the duke enough
about Scott to make the latter " forsake Whitehall :" see Mass. 11. S. Coll., xxxvji., 315, 31G.
t Col. MSS., xxiv., 1 ; Hist. Mag., ii., 293 ; Learning and Spicer, 061-663 ; Smith's N. J.,
C2-G7 ; Whitehead, 39, 40, 57, ISO ; N. J. H. S. Proc, i., 165; Col. Doc, iii., 105, 174. Chal-
mor.", i,, 614, 615, 624, 625, erroneously states the date of this letter of Nicolls — of which
only a fragment exists in the State Paper Office— as November, 16S5. It was evidently
written before Carteret arrived at New York from Virginia (on 29 July, Col. Doc, iii., 103),
and about ten days after Bollen showed the governor the letter he had received from the pro-
prietaries of New Jers-v. which was on th3 20th or 22d of June (>Lass. H. S. Coll , xxx., 52 ;
Col. Doc, iii., 1C5) ; N. Y. IL S. Coll. (1869), 74. Its date, therefore, must have been about
the beginning of July, 1605.
86 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. II. " the Kills," wliere four families had already been settled
mider the authority of Nicolls, but which, in compliment
looD. ^Q g^j. George's wife, he named " Elizabethtown." Captain
James BoUen, who seems to have been a favorite of the
proprietaries, was soon afterward appointed secretary of
New Jersey ; the annals of which, from this time forward,
assume a distinct place in American history.*
TheDeia- The Delaware territory, which NicoUs had proposed
wave tern- g-j^^^^j^j |^g taken by Berkeley and Carteret in exchange for
'New Jersey, had meanwhile been governed as an append-
age to New York, but without any special orders from En-
gland. In consideration of the good service of Captain
20 June. John Carr, its commander, a grant was made to him of the
confiscated estate of the former Schout Yan Sweringen,
who emigrated to Maryland. Hinoyossa having also gone
there, his property was given to Sir Robert Carr, and Al-
ricks's to Ensign Arthur Stock. But the trade of the place
languished for want of supplies ; and Nicolls besought Ar-
lington to send him orders at once, as the garrison there
was now maintained at his own private cost.f
After their failure at Boston, the three royal commis-
sioners visited the other New England colonies, leaving
Nicolls at New York "to attend De Ruyter's attempt."
At their colleague's request, they organized a government
remaquid. witliiu the duke's territory of Pemaquid, the few colonists
of which, chiefly fishermen, appeared to be " the worst of
men." Cartwright, weary of his unprofitable labors, and
suffering fi-om the gout, now determined to return to En-
gland. The command of his company of foot at New
26 June. Yoi'k was accordingly assigned by NicoUs to Captain Rob-
ert Needham. "With full dispatches prepared by the com-
Aiiguat. missioners, Cartwright sailed from Boston, intending to ex-
wrigiit. plain in person to the home government the condition of
affairs in New England ; but he was captured at sea by a
Dutch privateer, who took all his papers and carried him
to Spain. Massachusetts was well pleased at the misliap
which delayed injurious reports from reaching the king.
Carr and Maverick, however, before returning to New
* Col. Doc.., ii., 60T ; iii., 103 ; Smith's N. J., 6T ; Whitehead, 30, 84, 85 ; Val. Man., 1S52.
4S.S, 4')2, 495; lilizabethtown Bill in Chancery, p. 28 ; ante, p. 4!>.
t Col. Doc., iii., 82, 10^, 109, 113, 115, 340; I'atents, i., 15; S. Hazard's Reg. Penn., iv.,
74 ; Ann., 369 ; David's " Day Star," 79.
RICHAED NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 87
York, wrote to the secretary of state, inclosing fresh docu- chap. ii.
ments, amona; which was a " narrative" of the condition of
the several New England colonies. Strong prejudice was 20 Novem
shown against Massachusetts, where some dared to say, ^t^^.^ '°
" Who knows what the event of this Dutch war will be ?" si^"*^-
Carr also urged Secretary Morrice and Lord Lauderdale to 5 Deceiu.
have Delaware, Rhode Island, and all the territory as far
west as the Connecticut River annexed to the Narragan-
set country or the " King's Province," and then make him
governor over the whole, where he promised to serve liis
majesty " as faithfully as any he shall set over them."^^
The war with the Dutch obliged Nicolls to erect a prize
court at New York. He accordingly appointed Captains 23 August
Needham, Willett, and Topping, with Secretary Nicolls and coi^rtta*^
Alderman Lawrence, to be Commissioners of Admiralty for ^^"^^''"■*^
the province, and R. Charlton to be clerk of the court.
The organization of this tribunal was, however, several
times altered ; and the Mayor's Court of New York fi'e-
quently acted as a Court of Admiralty, f
Fresh troubles had meanwhile broken out between the
Mohawks and Mahicans, and some of the Dutch near Al-
bany were killed. Two of the savages were arrested and
imprisoned for the murder. Willett, the new mayor of
New York, was sent thither to advise; and, on his return, 4 juiy.
the Albany magistrates were directed to hang one of the 27 juiy.
Indians, and send the other in chains to Fort James.
Winthrop was also asked to aid in making peace between 2 August.
the Mahicans and the Mohawks. Having taken precau-
tions for the safety of New York dm-ing his absence, Nic-Nicoiuvis-
olls went up to Albany. Manning, who was needed at 23 August
Fort James, was relieved; and the command of Fort Al-
bany, with its nine cannon, and its garrison of sixty men,
was given to Captain John Baker, who was commissioned 25 septem.
to be " chief military officer" of the place. Baker was in- made com.
structed to keep constant guard and good discipline, and Albany.^
to avoid all disputes with the inhabitants, with whom he
* Col. Doc, iii., 101-113, 160; Pntentp, i., 156; Morton's Mem., 315, note; Hutch., i., 250;
Coll., 412-425 ; Chalmers, i , 27T, 206, 389, 4S3, 504 ; Maine H. S. Coll., i., 110-116 ; v., 232,
236; Williamson, i., 415-425; Rhode Islnnd Rec, ii., 93-95, 102, 110-114, 118, 12T, 132-13S,
15T, 257 ; Mass. II. S. Proc, 1858-1860, 2T4 , Palfrey, ii., 619-624.
t Court of Assizes, ii., 34.5, 346 ; N. Y. Surrogate's Ree. Wills, i., 5-10, S5-4T ; Val. Man.,
1847,352,3.53,362-367; Col. Doc, i;., 296, 297; iii., 67, 239, 260, COS; Daly's Sketch, 30, M ;
post, notes A and B. NicoUs's Admiralty power in New York came from the duke.
88 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cnAr.ii. was to live "as brothers together." In capital cases or
~ treaties witli the Indians he was to sit in the fort, with the
schout and commissioners of Albany ; but he was to have
no concern with the ordinary civil courts. He was also to
act as deputy collector, and send the entries of goods by
each sloop to Van Kuyven, the collector at New York.
Ti octoter. Jolin Sliuttc, one of Baker's soldiers, was also licensed to
be the " only English school-master at Albany," upon con-
dition that he should not " demand any more wages from
each scholar than is given by the Dutch to their Dutch
school-masters."*
Nieoiis at Nicolls also visited Esopus, where troubles had occurred
.sopu:=. (j^pjijjg |-]^g previous winter between the soldiers and the
townsmen. Beekman and the other officers of Wildwyck
iiseptem. wcrc coutiuued, and Chambers was appointed captain of
the local militia company. As it was necessary that the
commander of the regular soldiers who formed the garri-
son should have general military authority, Captain Daniel
11 septem. Brodhcad was commissioned to be " chief officer of the
command, militia iu the Esopes," and all inferior officers and soldiers
vua. ^ ' were required to obey him as such. Like Baker at Al-
bany, Brodhead was instructed to keep constant guard,
23 October, causc the village authorities to be respected, and prevent
his soldiers fi*om abusing the Indians or quarreling with
the burghers. In general, he was to use his best discretion,
but to " avoid harshness of words and heat of passion on
all occasions ; seeking rather to reconcile differences than
to be head of a party. Preserve yourself," said the pru-
dent governor, " single and indifferent as to justice between
Nicoiis'3 soldiers and burghers. Give not too easy an ear to private
tious to whisperers and insinuators, which may overrule your judg-
ment and beget a prejudice in your mind against the Dutch.
For, though I am not apt to believe they have a natural af-
fection to the English, yet, without ill usage, I do not find
them so malicious as some will seek to persuade you they
are."f
One of NicoUs's chief objects in his visit to Esopus was
• Patents, i., 20, 155, 15T, 15S, 161-164 ; Orders, Warrants, etc., ii., 3-5, 9, IT, 229 ; Col.
Doc, iii., 104, 117,119, 143; Chalmers, i., 5T6; Munaell's Ann. Alb., iii., 32T; iv., 16; vii.,
9.S-101 ; Viil. Jlan., 1S47, 354, 356, 357 ; 1S52, 484, 49n ; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxx., 54, 55; MSS.
Trumbull Papers, xxii., 74; ante, vol. i., 530, 533, 535, 733.
t Patents, i., 15S, 159, 167-169 ; Col. Doc., iii., 94; Esopus Records; Ulster II. S. Coll.,
i., 49, 52-54, 98.
RICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 89
to purchase from the savages fresh lands on wliich to settle cuap. ii.
colonists. This was the more important since the separa-
tion of New Jersey from liis government. A treaty was
accordingly executed at Fort James between Nicolls and t October,
the Esopus sachems, by which a large tract of land to the Esopus^ °
west and southwest of the " Kahanksen" Creek, in the
present towns of Rochester and Wawarsing, was conveyed
to the Duke of York. All past injuries were bm^ied on
both sides, and the sachems engaged " to come once every
year and bring some of their young people to acknowledge
every part of this agreement in the Sopes, to the end that
it may be kept in perpetual memory."*
This treaty with the Esopus Indians enabled McoUs to
offer new inducements to planters, of which the province New offers
was in great need. While at Boston in the previous May, °p''°'^'^
he had caused to be printed by Samuel Green, at the Cam-
bridge press — then the only printing-j)ress in the British
American colonies — on a half sheet of foolscap paper, " The
conditions for new planters in the territories of his Royal
Highness the Duke of York." In this document the terms
upon which lands could be purchased and held were stated,
in conformity to the "Duke's Laws," Avhich had just been
promulgated at Hempstead. " Liberty of conscience" was
prominently allowed. " The lands which I intend shall be
first planted," said Nicolls, " are those upon the west side
of Hudson's Rive"r, at or adjoining to the Sopes." In this
form numbers of copies had been distributed. As soon as
he had made the treaty, Nicolls added, in his own hand-
writing, to the copies not yet issued, " The governor hath
purchased all the Sopes land, which is now ready for plant-
ers to put the plough into, it being clear ground."t
* Col. JISS., xxii., 4; Deed?, iii., 7-10; E.=opus Records; Ul- ter H. S. Coll., i., 53-62, 97;
Ponton's N. V., 14 ; ayite, vol. i., C75, 678. This purchase of NicoUs was beyond the " new
village," now known as Hurley, v/hicli Stuyvesant had caused to be laid out after his treaty
with the Ksopus sachems in 16G0 : ante, vol. i., 678, 690, 710-714 ; Ulster H. S. Coll., i., 71, 72.
t Thomas's History of Printing, i., 226, 253 ; ii., 80; Ulster H. S. Coll., i , 07, PS. An
original of these "conditions" is in the library of the N. Y. Hist. Society ; and there is a re-
print of them in Leamins and Spicer, 667, 66S. Another original, with NicoUn's manuscript
addition (formerly beloniriiig to Ebtnezer Hazard), is in the Force Library at Washiugton;
and one of these amended copies Smith reprinted in his revised edition (1830). i., 33, 40.
It is interestinc; to note that a censorship nf the press was established by Massachusetts
on 8 October, 1662, and repealed on 27 .May, 1663. But when the royal commissioners, on
24 May, 1665, desired that certain papers should be printed, the General Court, three days
afterward, to prevent " abuse to the authority of this country by the printing- presse," again
ordered "that there shall be no printing-presse allowed in any towne within this juris-
diction but in Cambridge, nor shall any person or persons presume to print any copie but
90 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK.
Chap. II. According to the requirements of the code, the Court of
Assizes was now held at New York. It was attended by
28 septM^ the governor, liis counselors, and the justices of Yorkshire.
4 October ^^^^^I'^l amendments to the laws were adopted and promul-
courtof gated. Amona; other thino;s, all wills were required to be
Assizes. ~ "^ ~ ' ^ ■"■
deposited in the Record Ofiice at New York, and all land
patents to be recorded there. To enforce the provision in
the code, it was ordered that " all persons whatsoever who
have any grants or patents of townships, lands or houses
within this government, shall bring in the said grants or
patents to the governor, and shall have them renewed by
authority from his Royal Highness the Duke of York, be-
fore the beginning of the next Court of Assizes."*
At this court some of the sachems of the Long Island
3 October. Indians appeared before the governor, and agreed to sub-
andlffairs. mit to his authority. A few days afterward Nicolls issued
a patent to David Gardiner, confirming to him the grant
of the Isle of Wight, or Gardiner's Island, which had been
originally made to his father in 1640, by Farrett, as agent
of the Earl of Stirling. This was the promptest comph-
ance of any considerable landowner with the requirement
of the code.f
An interesting criminal case was also decided at NicoUs's
first Court of Assizes. Ralph Hall and his wife Mary
having been presented by the authorities of Brookhaven
for practicing " some detestable and wicked arts, common-
ly called witchcraft and sorcery," which, it was alleged, had
2 October, causcd two dcatlis, were arraigned before the Court of As-
witchcraft. sizcs. As the Now England penalties against that delusion
had been left out of the New York code, the prisoners were
indicted, not for witchcraft, but for murder by means of
witchcraft. Twelve jurymen, one of whom Avas Jacob
Leisler, afterward so prominent in provincial affairs, tried
the case. They found that there were "some suspicions
by the evidence of what the woman is charged with, but
by the allowance first had and obtained under the hands of such as this court shall from
time to time impower." Mass. Rec, iv. (ii.), 62, 73, 141, 211 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 248. Thom-
as, Hist. Print., i., 247, gives the date of this order eiToneously as of 19 October, 1664, in-
stead of 27 May, 1665.
• N. Y. II. S. Coll., i., 402-411 ; Col. MSS., xxii., 7, 107; Wood, 90; Hoffman's Treatise,
i., 96, 97.
t Deeds, ii., 127; Patents, i., 30; Thompson, i., 311; Doc. Hist., i., 463; Dunlap, ii., App.
cxix. ; ante, vol. i., 297, 298.
EICHAKD NICOLLS, GOVERNOK. 91
nothing' considerable of value to take away her life." As chap. ir.
to the man, there was "nothing considerable to charge him
with." The com*t thereupon sentenced Hall to give a re-
cognizance for his wife's appearance from Sessions to Ses-
sions, and be of good behavior while they remained within
the government.*
Li consequence of the war between* the United Prov-
inces and England, JSTicolls now ordered in council that all lo October,
the lands and property within the territories of the Duke of Dutch
of York, belonging to Dutch subjects who had not taken confis'l'^
the oath of allegiance to the king, should be confiscated to '^^^'^^'
his majesty's use. This decree was entered on the records ;
yet while, " for reasons and considerations" satisfactory to
the governor, it was not made public, it was to stand as
firm and effectual " as if the same had been publicly de-
clared and manifested."!
Nicolls, however, did not dislike the Dutch, Wlien it
was found that the salary of their ministers at New York
had fallen into arrear, the governor directed the mayor 26 Decem.
and aldermen to enforce a contribution of twelve hundred cimrcii
guilders for their support. As Megapolensis and Drisius
also preached in some of the parishes on Long Island, the
people of Bushwick were directed to raise a proportion of
the sum.ij:
To the duke Nicolls modestly reported : " My endeavors November.
have not been wanting to put the whole government into
one frame and policy, and now the most refractory Repub-
licans can not but acknowledge themselves fully satisfied
with the method and way they are in. '-^ '^' * I have been
* Court of Assizes, ii., 39-42; Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv., 85, 86; Yates's note to Smith, ed.
1814; Wood, 24; N. Y. H. S. Coll., i., 326; Col. Kec. Conn., i., TT; Kew Haven Col. Rec,
ii., 516. One of the last acts of Governor Nicolls, just before he left New York, was to re-
lease Hall and his wife from their bonds, on 21 August, 1C6S : Ord., Wan-., etc., ii., 216, 217 ;
Doc. Hist , iv., 86. By the statutes of England (33 Hen. VIII., cap^ 8, and 1 Jac. I., cap.
12), witchcraft, sorcery, and the invocation of evil spirits were felony, without benefit of
clergy. These English laws were not repealed until 1736. It is worthy of remark, that ou
the 10th of March, 1665, a few months before Hall and his wife were acquitted in New York,
" two wrinkled old women" were convicted of bewitching, before Sir Matthew Hale, chief
baron of the English Court of Excheqiier, at Bury Siiint P'dmonds, and were hung, protest-
ing their innocence: Howell's State Trials, vi., 647-702; Campbell's Chief Justices, !.,
f;62-566.
t New York Surrogate's I!ec. Wills, i., 1, 2; Val. Man., 1847, 351. By virtue of this de-
cree. Hog Island in Hellgate, afterward c;illed Manning's, and Blackwell's Island, was,
among other property, confiscated : Patents, i., 129. The earlier volumes of records in the
New York SuiTogate'a Office are full of documents of general interest to the state, copies
of whicli, at all events, ought to be preserved in the Secretary's Office at Albany.
t Ord., Warr., and Lett., ii.,24; Dunlap, i.,120; N. Y. City Rec.,vi., 73, 105; Thomp-
Bon, iL, 153, 159 ; Hist. Mag., i. (ii.), 322.
92 HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1665.
cuAP. II. more industrious than in all the other actions of my life to
this day ; and what I have done towards the settlement of
laws in the government, Mr. Coventry will show to your
royal highness." At the same time the governor sent over
Laws sub- " a copy of the laws as they now stand, with the alterations
the duke, made at the last General Assizes, which," he added, if the
duke should " be pleased to confirm, and cause them to be
printed at London, the whole country will be infinitely
obliged."
Condition The condition of the metropolis Nicolls told in feeline:
of Nei7 ^ '-'
Yoi-k. terms. Its whole trade, " both inwards and outwards, is
lost for want of shipping." The people of Long Island
were very poor, and labored only to get bread and cloth-
ing. From the city of New York alone " is the great hopes
of all the benefit which can arise to your royal highness ;
and, if my former proposals of encouragement meet with a
good answer, I may, without boasting, assure your royal
highness that within five years the staple of America will
be drawn hither, of which the brethren of Boston are very
sensible."
This prophetic remark was made by Nicolls after he had
visited the capital of Massachusetts in the previous spring.
Yet ISTew York, at that day, sadly wanted those comforts
to which even English private soldiers were accustomed.
" Such is the mean condition of this town, which I am sure
is the best of all his majesty's towns in America, that not
one soldier hath to this day, since I brought them out of
England, been in a pair of sheets, or upon any sort of bed
Want of but canvass and straw." Owing to the want of supplies,
the whole charge of four garrisons had fallen upon the
governor, which had nearly ruined his private fortune.
Cartwright's capture was very unluck}'^, because, among
other things, it had prevented the duke from receiving a
full detail of the condition of his province. Oppressed by
these considerations, ISTicolls asked to be relieved from his
government, and proposed as his successor " Harry Nor-
wood," who had returned to England in the Guinea, after
the conquest, and " whose temper would be acceptable both
to the soldiers and country."*
• Col. Doc, iii., 104, 100 ; Chalmers, i., 5T5, 5TC, 59T, 599 ; Gen. Ent., i., C2 ; N. Y. City
Rec, vi,, 86, 87. Norwood appears to have been governor of Dunkirk and deputy governor
KICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 93
Yet gloom was relieved by news that the English had ciiAr.n.
gained a great naval victory over the Dutch in the Korth ~
Sea, and that the Duke of York, " to whose wisdom and -*-""^-
com*age" the result was attributed, had escaped unhurt.
Tliis event was celebrated in l!^ew York with " a general
joy and thanksgiving ;" and McoUs assured his chief that Thank^-
" it hath revived our spirits, and is antidote both against ^^^^'
hunger and cold, until such time as yom- royal highness
shall think us worthy of a nearer consideration,"*
Before war opened between England and the United Affaire in
Provinces, De Witt and D'Estrades had many conferences ^""^"p^'
about the interference of France. The States General,
while insisting upon a reciprocal restitution of conquests,
were willing to adopt the French suggestion that hostihties
should be confined to Xew Netherland in America and
Guinea in Afi-ica, without affecting Europe. Charles hav-
ing accepted the mediation of Louis, the French king24Aprii.
proposed tliat New Netherland should be exchanged for 28 May.
Poleron, one of the Banda or Nutmeg Islands, which the
Hollanders had retaken from the English. But this was
declined by the Dutch, who maintained that if conquests 27 May.
were mutually restored, they would only receive back what
had been '' ravished fi-om them in full peace," and which
the Enghsh " could not appropriate by any just title, nor
retain under any probable pretext."f
Hostilities now began vigorously. Off Lowestoft'e, on the ^^ June.
coast of Suffolk, the Duke of York, with a large English f^^een li!;
fleet, fought the Dutch under Admiral Opdam, whose ship Kngi'sh nt
blew up. After an obstinate combat the Dutch retired to LowestoSe.
their ports, and the English remained, for a short time,
masters of the sea. James retm-ned in triumph to London.
An English medal was struck bearing the words " Quatuor
maria vindico" — I claim the four seas. But the bonfij-es
in London which celebrated the victory glared over a
doomed city. The plague broke out. The appalled court Novemiicr.
fled from Whitehall. During the next five months the Lon^ol!'^
metropohs was almost a desert. Thoroughfares were over-
of Tangier, and in 1G71 to have been granted the quit-rents of Virginia : Pepys, i., 46, 355;
iv.,GT, 91,130; Chalmers, i., 32S ; Evelyn, ii., S7 ; Campbell, 215, 272 ; awfe, p. 52.
• Col. Doc, iii., 104.
t Col. Doc, ii., 33C-339 ; iii., 104 ; D'Estrades, iii., SI, 85, 89, 92,93, 1G4, 168, 179, 188-102;
Aitzema, v., 373-376 ; Rapin, ii., C89 ; De Witt, ii., 6S, 70, 93 ; iv., 463 ; Basnage, i., 737-740,
8 6; Anderson on Commerce, ii., 426, 482, 433; Pinkerton, viii., 457 ; xi.,198; o«fc, p. 78.
94 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. II. growii with grass, and the awful silence was broken only
by the nightly round of the pest-cart.*
In Holland, naval defeat almost produced a revolution.
The people began to murmur against De Witt, and all
anxiously looked for the return of De Ruyter from Amer-
ica. Louis, annoyed at the growing haughtiness of Charles,
pressed De Witt to exchange New Netherland for Poleron;
and the Pensionary, avowing that the sacrifice would be
23 July, great, agreed that the French kina: miffht, " as of his own
New Neth- '-''"-' o o :'
eriand accord," propose it to the King of England. This step
ron. ° ^' was kept secret from the States General, for both Louis
and De Witt feared that the people might declare for
the young Prince of Orange. The French ambassadors at
London were directed to make the proposed offer " as from
16 August, themselves," and Louis promised to break with Charles if
it was not accepted. The States General were urged to
sustain De Witt's secret agreement ; but they only directed
20 August, the East and West India Companies, which were chiefly
interested, to give their opinions upon the proposition.f
August. The Englisli answer to the French overture was, that the
Dutch had usurped New JSTetherland, to which they had no
n.aupiity right, and that the king was surprised at a proposal to cede
ciafms.' Poleron " in compensation for a country already his own."
With headstrong subserviency. Clarendon reiterated the
falsehood that King James had granted the country, " aft-
erwards named New Netherland," to Lord Stirling ; that
" the Scotch had begun to cultivate it a long time before
the Hollanders were received there ;" and that, as the Duke
of York had bought the rights of Stirling's heirs, the Dutch
province legitimately belonged to the English, Yet the
chancellor well knew that Lord Stirling's claim affected
Long Island only, and not the rest of New Netherland.
• Aitzema, v., 37T-3S4, 443-4C0 ; Basnagc, i., 741-743; Pepys, ii., 243-330; Evelyn, i.,
417-422 ; Kennett, iii., 255, 250; Burnet, i., 218, 219; Rapin, ii„ 039, 040; CIarke'3 James
II., i., 405-422; Lister's ClarendoD, ii., 333-.335; iii., 380-384 ; Courtenay's Temple, i., 80;
Martin, 1., 270. Tlie Guinea and the Martin, two of the ships which liad assisted in the re-
duction of New Netherland, were in the British fleet in the battle of June, 1065, hut under
other commanders. Three of the captains who returned from New York were also in that
hattle with other ships. Hyde, of the Guinea, commanded the Jersey, 48 ; Grove, of the
Martin, the Success, 30; and Ilill, of the Eli.a3, -which foundered on her voyage home, the
Coventry, 22 Allen's Battles of the British Navy, i., 40 ; Aitzema, v., 444, 445; Pepys, ii.,
185,249; iii., 249; ante, i>. 50, 7iote.
t D'Estrades, iii., 197, 215, 219, 221, 242, 249, 250, 2G2, 205. 278, 295-301, 318; Aitzemn,
v., 348-388, 393 ; Col. Doc, ii., 341-353 ; Basnage, i., 743, 750-754 ; Lister, iii., 381, 387, 38S,
393 ; LambrechtBcn, 78, note.
RICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 95
The Hollanders, he argued, had only been tolerated there chap. ii.
as they would have been had they established themselves ~~
in England or elsewhere, where they would not, for that •^""^•
reason, acquire any right of sovereignty for their republic.
The ambassadors of Louis answered this burlesque of rea- Answer of
soning by showing its utter want of analogy. But they
saw that " the interest of the Duke of York prevailed," and
that Clarendon did not believe that the Dutch would break
off on the point of New ISTetherland, especially as the King •
of France himself had offered to cede it for Poleron.
This answer of Charles was justly considered by Louis as
rather " hard, dry, and haughty." He wrote at once to M August.
D'Estrades, at the Hague, " I will say to you that, having ciar^ the
examined what the Enghsh and the Hollanders have writ- Sutch 10"^°
ten upon the subject of New Netherland, it appears to me «irnd!^*"
that the right of the Hollanders is the best founded ; for it
is a species of mockery to make believe that those who
have built and peopled a city without any one saying a
word to hinder them would have been tolerated as stran-
gers in France or in England ; and habitation, joined to a
long possession, are, in my judgment, two sufficiently good
titles to destroy all the reasons of the English." At the
same time, Louis thought, that as the Dutch had already
lost their American province, they should be willing to
abandon it for the sake of peace.""'
But the States of Holland were too much interested in
the preservation of New Netherland to consent to its sur-
render. The city of Amsterdam likewise insisted upon re- 3 septem.
covering what had cost it so much. The States General
would not treat with England unless Charles receded from
his position ; and De Witt's private agreement with Louis
was repudiated. The French mediators — who thought ^iseptem.
that while the Duke of York would not give up New
Netherland, the Dutch made its restitution rather " a point
of honor" — made farther propositions to the English gov-
ernment. Charles haughtily replied that they were "not 25 October.
adapted to secure a firm peace." The West India Com-
pany, not yet satisfied with Stuy vesant's behavior, resolved 27 October.
that their own province in America should not be ex- co.Vuinot
changed for Poleron, because they had " no partnership" Ne"^ N^etii-
erland.
• D'Estrades, iii., 324, 330-354; Aitzema, v., 393; Col. Doc, u., 354, 355; Basnage, i., T54.
96 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. II. witli the East India Company, which had an entire mo-
nopoly in the Eastern seas, while not only were private
• persons largely concerned in New ISTetherland, but also
great public interests were involved which would be ruin-
ed by its loss/'^
Meanwhile Downing had left Holland, after having sent
to the States General a reply to their answer of the ninth
^^ April, of February, in which he insisted upon the English title to
Kew JSTetherland, and mendaciously affirmed that it had
not been " taken by any order" of the king. This having
10 septem. been published in London, the Dutch government ordered
their rejoinder to be printed. The absurdity of the En-
31 Decern, glisli claiui was demonstrated ; because, while James the
maintain First might iuscrt in a patent such clauses as he chose, he
toN^ew^^ could not thereby prejudice the rights of others; and,
land.^'^" moreover, he had expressly excepted territory in the pos-
session of other states. The " imaginary subterfuge" that
Charles had not directed the capture of New Netherland
was exposed by quoting his own orders to NicoUs of the
23d April, 1664. Full* appendices completed this able
state paper, which fitly closed the long correspondence be-
tween Holland and England about the conquest of New
Netherland.f
The answer of Charles to the propositions of Louis ended
any hopes of a peaceable adjustment. All the cities of
3 Decern. HoUaiid thanked God that he had not accepted them.
atTaad! Tlioy determined to bear increased taxation for war rather
than submit to dishonorable terms of peace. Yan Gogh
11 Decern, was recalled fi-om London by a letter, in which the States
General set forth their offers of reciprocal restitution, and
the British haughty repulse of them. Charles, on his part,
16 Decern, iusistod that the Provincial States of Holland were " the
real authors" of a war which seemed to "prejudice the
Protestant religion.":}; And as this eventful year closed,
the two great champions of the Peformation prepared for
a fiercer struggle.
• D'Estrades, iii., 360, 365, 371, 3S2, S95, 435, 4-14, 4T2; Aitzema, v., 395; Basnage, i.,
755; Col. Doc, li., 35T, 353. 3;il, 417-419; Courtenay's Temple, i., 75; MSS. N. Y. H. Soc.,
commimicated by M. F. A. G. Campbell, of tlie Hague.
t D'Estrades iii., 36D; Aitzema, v., 394; Col. Doc, ii., 331-335, 379-415; rtwic, p. 19.
t Aitzema, v., 394, 396, 397; D'Estrades, ill., 565, 560, 577, 531 ; Baanage, 1., 756.
EICHAED NICOLLS, GOVEENOR. 97
CHAPTER III.
1666-1668.
A FEEsn element now entered into the history of New cuap. ni.
York. Louis, reluctantly fulfilling his engagement to as-
sist Holland against England, issued a declaration of W9,r 29 j^^ *
ao-ainst Charles the Second. It was very moderate in its ^^^^■^'^e de-
cs •/ Clares war
tone ; for the French king secretly sympathized with his gp\°^^^
English brother, and was really hostile to the Republic of
heretics and merchants. " This is a great step I have
taken," wrote Louis to D'Estrades at the Hague, " for the
sole interest of the States, and in almost every thing con-
trary to my own." The next month England declared war jl Feb.
against France. Charles immediately directed his Ameri- 22 Feb.
can colonies to be on their guard against the enemy, and to colonial
reduce " all islands and plantations in those parts belonging
to the French or Dutch nation, and especially that of Can-
ada." These orders, however, did not reach New York until
the following summer. But they foreshadowed an aggress-
ive colonial policy, which, culminating in the conquest of
New France by England a century afterward, prepared the
way for the American Revolution.*
Interesting events had meanwhile happened on the
northern frontier of New York. The treaty which Nic-
oUs had so promptly caused to be made with the native
Indians at Albany, and his subsequent behavior toward
them, were meant to make them firm friends of the En-
glish, as they had been of the Dutch. The territory of the
Mohawks and Oneidas was within the Duke of York's pat-
ent ; and even at that early day the time was perhaps an-
ticipated when the five confederated nations, instead of
• Aitzema, v., 693, 695, 912; D'Estrades, iv., 47, 65, 76 ; Kennett, iii., 258; Rapin, ii.,
641, 642 ; Basnage, i., 770 ; Lavallee, iii., 212 ; Martin, i., 272 ; Coiirtenay's Temple, i., 82 ;
Col. Doc, iii., 120, 137; Col. F.ec. Conn., ii., 514; Sliea's note to Miller's N.Y., 113, 114.
IL— C
98 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK.
cbap. ni. being treated as equals, would be claimed as Englisb sub-
jects, and used as barriers against tbe neighboring French
-,".,; in Canada. Between E^ew France and New Netherland
New iork
and cana- there had been little if any disagreement, while many acts
of kindness shown by the Dutch were long remembered by
the French authorities. But now, instead of placid Hol-
land, aggressive England was sovereign of New York.
"Wliere there had been friendship was soon to be discord ;
and national antipathies, wliich could not be repressed in
Europe, were destined to begin, in the country of the Iro-
quois, an eventful struggle for ultimate su^^remacy in North
America.
Trench It had bccu the policy of France to obtain a spiritual as
o!aada^ Well as temporal dominion over the savages who encom-
passed her colonists in the New World. Wherever the
lilies were planted, there was set up the cross. With he-
roic devotion the missionaries of Christianity pushed on
their labors among the tribes south of the Saint Lawrence
and " the beautiful lake" which the Iroquois called " Onta-
rio."* Of all these confederated tribes the Onondagas were
the most friendly to the French, This was chiefly owing
to their greatest orator, Garakontie, " the sun that advan-
' ces," who had nothing savage in him " except birth and
education." A nephew of the " Atotarho," or great sachem
of the Iroquois, but himself neither sachem nor chief, Gara-
kontie had acquired immense power over his countrymen
by his eloquence and his political wisdom. He had pro-
tected the Jesuit father Simon le Moyne at Onondaga, and
had induced the remote Cayugas and Senecas to join his
own nation in releasing their French prisoners, with whom
the missionary returned to Canada in the summer of 1662.f
But the nearer Oneidas and Mohawks cherished enmity,
and even threatened Montreal. Tliis aroused the Canadian
government. The Baron Pierre du Bois d'Avaugour, who
had succeeded D'Argenson in 1661, was a soldier, who
• " Ontario" signifies in Indian " the beautiful lake :" Col. Doc, ix., 10 ; Hennepin's Lou-
isiana, 5. The note in Col. Doc, ix., 76, which renders Ontario "the Great Lake," is con-
tradictory, and seems to be eiToneous.
t Col. Doc., ix., 13, 16, 76 ; Relation (ed. Quebec, 185S), 16G1, 32-33 ; 1662, 10-12 ; Henne-
pin, Desc. de la Louisiane, 5; Charlevoix (ed. 12mo), ii., SS, lOS-119, 144; Shea's Catholic
Jlissions, 242, 24S ; Ferland, Histoire du Canada, i., 470-477 ; Faillon, Hist, de la Col. Fran-
chise en Canada, ii , 450 ; iii., 2,92; Sparks's Life of La Salle, 71; Bancroft, iii., 120-162;
ante, vol. i., S4, 704. Le Moyne died at the Cap de la Madeleine, 24 November, 1665: Col.
Doc, iii., 123 ; ix., 3S ; Shea's Missions, 248.
EICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 99
thought it his chief duty "to plant effectually ihefieur de cnAP.m.
lys'^ in New France. He recommended to Louis a scheme
of fortifications by which Quebec would be made impreg- 4 August!
nable, and the king " master of America, where all the her- go^/^dl
etics would remain only so long as might please him." The destruction
Iroquois he considered a rabble to be destroyed. To this °\^¥ ^^'^
end forts should be built on the Richelieu River, and at the
upper part of the Hudson, near Fort Orange. Three thou-
sand men should be sent to Canada to rout the Iroquois,
hinder the progress of the heretics, and open a direct com-
munication with the sea through the more genial region of
Kew Netherland. Should his bold plan be vigorously pros-
ecuted, D'Avaugour prophesied that his ambitious sover-
eign would be " master of the finest and greatest empire in
the world."
On the other hand, the Jesuit missionaries insisted that The Jesuits
their c-reatest obstacle was the drunkenness of the Indians, uqiwr
trade
who were supplied with liquors by the Europeans, and es-
pecially by the Dutch at Fort Orange. The French colo-
nists had been forbidden by severe edicts from engaging
in this traflic. But D'Avaugour would not enforce the
prohibition ; and a quarrel broke out between him and the
ecclesiastics, headed by Laval de Montmorency, the titular
Bishop of Petrde, in jpartihus infidelium, who had come
out to Quebec in 1659 as Vicar Apostolic of New France.
Laval complained to the king, who, at his suggestion, ap-
pointed the Chevalier Augustin de Mez}^, an apostate Cal- 1 May.
vinist, to succeed D'Avaugour as Governor of Canada. De Govemo'^'
Mezy arrived at Quebec in the summer of 1663, accompa- °
nied by the Royal Commissary Du Pont Gaudais, who or-
ganized the colonial government which Louis had estab-
lished after the surrender to him of all their rights by the
old Canada Company.^'
The administration of De Mezy was short and troubled, -iqqa
Its most-iiliportant event was an embassy sent by the Iro- Iroquois
quois to Montreal, in the summer of 1664, to treat for AtaitreL*''
peace. The Mohawks had been weakened and their pride
humbled by their war with the Mahicans, or " Loups."-]-
* CoLDoc.,ix.,7-lT, 25, 59, 783, 784; Eelation, 1661,10; Quebec MSS.,ii. (ii.)lTO; Gar-
neau, Hist, du Canada, i., 140-146, 155; Ferland, i., 447, 448, 476-4S3, 494-500 ; Faillon, ii.,
322 ; iii., 30-09 ; Charlevoix, ii., 88, 105, 120-123, 135, 137, 140, 145 ; ante, vol. i., 705.
t The Mahicans or Mohegans were originally settled on the Hudson River, and were
100 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. in. The far-off Senecas were in arms as-ainst their fierce neigh
bors, the Andastes, or Conestogues, or Susquehannas, who
' inhabited the region west of the Swedes on the Delaware,
near what is now Lancaster in Pennsylvania, and were
thought " the most capable of all others to exterminate the
Iroquois."* The confederate nations therefore desired
that the French should live among them and supply them
18 septem. with Europcau weapons. De Mezy was assm*ed by the
upper tribes that all except the Oneidas desired peace ; and
the fi'iendly disposition of the Mohawks was vouched for
by a letter from " one of the notables of New Nether-
land." But the governor let the Iroquois see that the
French were resolved to rid themselves of such treacherous
enemies, f
De Mezy, however, quarreled with the Jesuits, as his
predecessor had, and was recalled by Colbert. The Chev-
1665 ^^^^^ Daniel de Eemy de Courcelles, a brave ofiicer of
23 March, merit and experience, was commissioned to succeed him as
Rovemor of governor of Canada. The Sieur Jean Talon, formerly of
Md T-nion Hainault, a man of large views and enterprising mind, was
also appointed intendant of justice, police, and finance.
D'Avaugour's plans of fortification, which he had ex-
plained more fully on his return to France, and the ad-
vice of D'Estrades to destroy the Iroquois in a year, were
now favorably considered. The king's instructions to Ta-
2T March, lou declared the five nations to be " perpetual and irrecon-
cilable enemies of the colony," and ordered that war should
be carried " even to their firesides, in order totally to ex-
terminate them." A thousand veterans of the Carignan
regiment, which had just distinguished itself against the
Turks in Hungary, were detached, under the command of
therefore often called the " River Indians." Their Indian name " Mahigan" was the Algon-
quin word for "wolf," which the French translated into " Loup :" Relation, 1660, 31 ; 1661,
39; 1664, 33 ; Charlevoix, v., ITS ; Col. Doc, is., 38, 66 ; ante, vol. i., 72, 1S3, 232, 733.
* Relation, 1060, 6; 1061,31; 1663,10; 1664,33; Charlevoix, i., 134; Col. Doc, iii., 74,125,
417,797; v.,4S0; ix.,45, 66, S4, 227, 605; Doc Hist., i., 259; Shea, 24, 249, ^91. Mr. Gal-
latin erroneously places the Andastes on the Alleghany and Ohio Rivers, and calls them
Guyandots. The Mengwe, Minquas, or Mingoes were the Andastes, or Gandastogues, or
Conestogag, who lived on the Conestoga Creek, which empties into the Susquehanna. Upon
their reduction hy the Five Iroquois Nations in 1675, the Andastes were to a great ex-
tent mingled with their conquerors ; and a party removing to the Ohio, commonly called
Mingoes, was thus made up of Iroquois and Mingoes. Tlie celebrated Logan was a real
Andaste: Golden, i. ; Shea's note on Washington's Ohio Diary, p. 224; Historical Maga-
zine, ii., 294-297.
t Relation, 1663,11; 1064, 20,32-30; Charlevoix, ii., 134, 141, 142; Garncau, i.,156; Shea,
250, 251 ; Faillon, iii., 83-100 ; a7ite, vol. L, 733.
KICHAED NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 101
the Sieur de Salieres, and Coiircelles set sail with his ex- chap. hi.
pedition for Canada.* .
In the mean time, Louis had commissioned Alexander jg ^^^^^^
de Prouville, Marquis de Tracy, to be his lieutenant gen- Jj^^yj^^'^^;
eral in America, in the absence of the Count D'Estrades, France.
whom he had appointed viceroy, but who was now his am-
bassador in Holland. Tracy embarked with four com-
panies of infantry, and, after visiting the West Indies, sail-
ed for the Saint Lawrence, Among other things, the act- -\qqa.
ing viceroy was instructed to avoid quarreling with thei5Novem.
Jesuits, but not let them encroach too much. Their inter-
diction of the liquor trade had injured Canada, because the
savages carried all their peltries to the Dutch, who sup-
plied them with brandy in exchange. Another conse-
quence followed : the Iroquois allowed themselves " to be
catechized by the Dutch ministers, who instruct them in
heresy." In the opinion of Lyonne, the Jesuits should
have " closed the eye to one evil to avoid a greater." 1665
Soon after Tracy reached Quebec, he was joined by so June.
Courcelles and Talon. The squadron in which they came
brought over, besides the Carignan regiment, a number of i4 septem.
mechanics and cattle, and the first horses that had been
seen in Canada ; " in a word, a more considerable colony
than that which it came to re-inforce." No time was lost
in executing the vigorous policy which Louis had adopted.
The viceroy, with all his soldiers, went up to the mouth of 23 juiy.
the Richelieu, when the fort which Montmagny had estab- on "the "
lished in 1642 was at once rebuilt by the able engineer or sorei"'
Saurel, or Sorel, whose name is commemorated in that*''^^'"'
which the river now bears. A second fort was erected by
Chambly at the foot of the rapids, about half way to Lake
Champlain, which at first was called Saint Louis, but was
soon known as Fort Chambly. Three leagues farther south
a tliird fort was built, called Sainte Ther^se, because it was
finished on the fifteenth day of October. Here Salieres
took his post as colonel ; and the way to Lake Champlain 15 October.
was now commanded by the French, f
• Col. Doc, ix., 20-29, T85; raillon, iii., 100-110; Charlevoix, ii., 145-147, 150; D'Es-
trades, ii., 576, 577; Garneau, i., 1S8, ISO; ante, p. 78. De Mezy died at Quebec on the
5th of May, 1665, a short time before Courcelles arrived there.
t Col. Doc, ix., 18, 19, 22 ; Relation, 16C5, 3, 4, 7, 10-13, 25; La Potherie, i., 319 ; ii., 82,
83; Charlevoix, i., 357; ii., 151, 152; v., 221; Doc. Hist., i., 43-45; Warburton, i., 373;
Garneau, i., 190; Ferland, i., 320; Faillon, iii., 117-126; Shea, 251. On the map in the
102 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cnAP. ni. These vigorous measures impressed the savages. Depu-
ties from the Onondagas, who also represented the Cayu-
Decem^r S^^ ^^^ Seuecas, hastened to Tracy at Quebec, led by Gara-
The West- Jjontie, " the father of the Frenchmen." An Oneida chief
ern Iro- ' -i ^ r i • •
quois visit ioined the Western ambassadors, and spoke for his nation.
" Onnon- •> ' ^ ^ , ,
tio." Presents were interchanged between the Iroquois plenipo-
tentiaries and " Onnontio,"* by which name they distin-
j'^ Decern, guishcd the governor of Canada. A treaty was made, by
made? wliich Louis was declared the protector and sovereign of
the four Iroquois nations, and they his vassals and allies.
French families and missionaries were to be settled among
the savages, and farms near Montreal, Three Rivers, and
Quebec assigned to emigrants from the four Iroquois na-
tions. Thus these nations would " hold the French, not
merely by the hem and fringe of the garment, but clasp
The Mo- them cordially around the waist." The Mohawks were not
included, iiicluded ill tlic treaty. The representatives of the other
confederates promised to return to Quebec " within four
moons," and ratify this acknowledgment of their vassalage
to France, f
Canada ig- Up to this time the French in Canada were ignorant of
uie filigiish the political changes in New York. They supposed that
New Neth- it was Still a Dutcli province. The boundaries between
eiiand. ]N^ew FraucB and the neighboring English colonies were in-
definite ; but while tlie Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and
Senecas had just given to Louis a nominal sovereignty over
much of the territory south of Lake Ontario, the Mohawks
had never acknowledged their subjection to any European
master. Tracy therefore resolved to treat them as enemies.
16G6. An expedition into the Mohawk coimtry was organized,
and Courcelles was directed to take the command. In the
9 January, depth of wiutcr lie bcgaii his march with three hundred
regular soldiers and two hundred Canadians. The Father
Kelation of 1065, the name of Sorel is ppelled "Saurel," which seems to be the true orthog-
raphy according to Col. Doc, ix., 5'2, 53, 130.
* This word, derived from "Onnonta," a mountain, signifies, in the Iroquois tongue,
" Great mountain." It was a literal translation of the name of Montmagny, who was gov-
ernor of Canada from 1G3G to 164S ; and the savages, having become familiar with the word,
applied it to his successors in office. By the same rule they called the King of France
"Grand Onnontio." The English, who did not understand its etymology, wrote the word
"Yonnondio:" Relation, 1G41, £2 ; 1G5S, S ; Doc. Hist., 1., 32, 33, 35; Col. Doc, iii., 4S9, 733,
735; iv., 893; ix., 37; La Potherie, i., 303, 348; Charlevoix, i., 350; Colden, i., 29, 62, 70;
ante, vol. i., 591, note.
t Col. Doc, iii., 121-125; ix., 37, 38; Relation, 16G1, SS; 1GG4, 32; 1GG5, 5; Charlevoi.x,
li., 154, 155; Doc Hist., i., 40; Garneau, 1., 193; Shea, 251 ; Faillon, iii., 127, 128.
KICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 103
Pierre Kaffeix went along as chaplain. Snow four feet cuat. hi.
deep covered the ground, so that no horses could be used.
Light sledges, drawn by mastiffs, were the only mode of ^.g,,,. '
conveying provisions. Each officer and soldier was also pe^ft-.'^n ^'
obliged to carry a weight of thirty pounds, and to walk on jf^"i"'*J]'''
large Canadian snow-shoes, to the use of which the heroes
from Hungary were not accustomed. It required " a
French courage" to sustain their long and difficult march
through American forests, over deep snow, and across
frozen lakes and rivers, and to sleep in the woods, where
the cold was more severe than the rudest winters in Eu-
rope. From Fort Sainte Therese they passed southward, so jan'y.
over Lake Champlain, toward the Mohawk villages. But,
in the absence of their expected Algonquin guides, they
missed their way, and wandered in the wilderness until,
without knowing where they were, they encamped about 1% Febi-y.
two miles from Schenectady, or Corlaer.* A party of Mo- French
hawks appearing, a detachment of f usileers was sent against tady.
them, which, falling into an ambuscade, lost several killed
and wounded. The Mohawks reported their victory at
Schenectady, and exhibited the heads of four Frenchmen
as trophies. The news was dispatched to Albany, and the
next day three of the " principal inliabitants" came to in- M rebr-y.
quire why the French commander had brought " such a
body of armed men into the dominions of his majesty of
Great Britain without acquainting the governor of these
parts with his designs ?" Courcelles replied that he had
come to attack and destroy his enemies, the Mohawks, but
not to molest the English ; and that he " had not heard of
the reducing those parts to his majesty's obedience." See-
ing that the English, instead of the Dutch, were masters, he
was " disturbed in mind," and prophetically remarked " that
the King of England did grasp at all America." As it was
reported that France and Holland had united against En-
gland, Courcelles inquired particularly about the force at
Albany, thinking that he might take the place by a rapid
movement. But, learning that the fort was garrisoned by
sixty English soldiers with nine cannon, and that Baker
* The French called this place "Corlaer," after Arendt Van Curler, who had begun a set-
tlement there in 1661 : see ante, vol. i., C45, 659, 031, 732; Colden, i., 31 ; Charlevoix, ii.,
156; Col. Doc, ix., 467.
104: HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. III. had seiit down to Brodhead at Esopus for a re-enf orce-
ment, he abandoned the project. At his request, seven of
The • 1^^^ wounded were taken to Albany for medical aid. Wine
kindf^ and provisions were cheerfully supplied, through the influ-
treated. euce of Yau Curler ; but Courcelles declined the offers of
accommodation for his troops in Schenectady, lest his half-
starved followers, who had camped imder the cold blue
heavens for six weeks, might desert if brought " within the
smell of a chimney-corner." Learning that most of the
Mohawks and Oneidas had gone to attack the " wampum
makers," while the rest had retired to their castles, and
fearing that a sudden thaw might break up the ice, Cour-
celles " found it reasonable to return home, nothing effect-
The ed." He began his retreat with a show of marching to-
letieat. w^ard the Mohawk villages, but soon faced northward, and
pushed rapidly for Canada. The savages pursued their
enemies to Lake Champlain, and made some prisoners.
The French supposed that they had terrified the Mohawks,
who only took fresh courage because their vainglorious
adversaries had " vanished like false fire."*
When the news of Courcelles's expedition reached Nic-
olls, he was " surprised" at such an invasion of " these His
Majesty's dominions" in time of peace, which was " not
conformable to the practice in Em-ope." Yet he com-
mended the friendly conduct of the Albany oflicers, whose
Action of predecessors had " in all former times been very affection-
ate with Christian charity to ransom or by any other means
to convey divers French prisoners out of the hands of their
barbarous enemies." The wounded Frenchmen who had
been left there were carefully attended by Surgeon D'Hinse,
who spoke their own tongue. With Nicolls's approbation,
the officers at Albany exerted themselves so that the Mo-
hawks " w^ere at last wrought upon to treat of peace" with
the French ; and a letter from Baker and his colleagues,
announcing the event to Tracy, was handed to the Oneidas
to carry to Quebec. In consequence of the supplies which
had been furnished to Courcelles, and of an anticipated
short crop, the governor was obliged to prohibit the ex-
* Relation, 16G6, 6, 7; Col. Doc., US, 119, 120, 12T, 1.^3, 15?. 395; Doc. Hist., i., 46, 47, 50,
61, 5,5, ion ; Charlevoix, ii., 144, 156, 157 ; Colden, i., 31, 32 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., i., 161 ; Fail-
Ion, iii., 129-134.
Kicolls
EICHAED NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 105
portation of wheat from New York, except by special li- coap. hi.
(jense. ^
By this time apprehension of an attack by De Kuyter
had ceased ; but the want of trade, caused by the war and
the English na^dgation laws, was grievous to l\e\y York.
In letters to the Duke of York, and Clarendon and Coven-
try, Nicolls described the sad condition of the province.
To Arlington he wrote, "In regard the inhabitants (at 9 April,
least three parts of four) being Dutch, though now His Maj- of nicouT
esty's subjects as native English, have been seated here
divers years as a factory, and their estates as well as rela-
tions interwoven with their correspondents and friends in
Holland, unless His Majesty pleaseth to grant them some
extraordinary enfranchisement, the sudden interruption of
their factory with Holland will absolutely destroy all the
present inhabitants ; who, setting aside the innate love to
their country in this time of war after so sudden a change,
will prove better subjects than we have found in some of
the other colonies ; and, with a moderate permission, both
for time and trade, will support this government better
than can be reasonably expected fi'om new comers of our
own nation, who at first, as we find by experience, are
blown up with large designs, but not knowing the knack
of trading here to differ from most other places, they meet
with discouragements, and stay not to become wiser." After
alluding to the action of the royal commissioners, and the
" sophistry" and " pride" of Massachusetts, NicoUs remarked
that New York " will withdraw, in short time, most of their
trade hither, where I have begun to set up a school of bet-
ter religion and obedience to God and the king." Again he
urged that " a speedy consideration be taken of the neces-
sities both of the soldiers and country. For myself," he
added, " I am utterly ruined in my small estate and credit ;
and, which is worse, without very great supplies I shall not
be able to secure or make an honest defence of his maj-
esty's interest should we be attacked by a foreign force."
The English soldiers, upon whom alone he could rely, were
now dispersed into four garrisons, at New York, Esopus, Al-
* Col. Doc., iii., 126-134; Ord., Warr., Lett., ii., 30, 78, 157. Nicolls appears to have
thought of sending Van Curler to Canada, but the latter did not go until the next year : Col.
Doc., iii., 12S, 156 ; 2}ost, 121.
106 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK,
Chap. III. h&uj, and the Delaware. "My ignorance," he modestly
suggested, '"' made me bold to undertake so great a charge,
which will become a much wiser man and of a more plen-
tiful fortune."*
TheDeia- TliB Delaware territory had meanwhile been governed
ware erii- -^^ ^{qqWq ou his owu responsibility, without any directions
20 March, fi'om England. To encourage its trade, he directed that no
duties should be levied on any merchandise carried between
it and ]!^ew York. By Ensign Arthur Stock, who had acted
0 April, as commissary there, NicoUs wrote to Arlington, exposing
the fallacy of Lord Baltimore's pretensions to the Delaware
country, and urging that it might be granted to Berkeley
and Carteret in place of New Jersey. " If some course be
not taken to rectify these great mistakes," he added, " New
York, Delaware, and the Lord Berkeley's interest will de-
stroy each other." Sir Robert Carr, who was now at New
9 April. York, also renewed his suggestion that Delaware should be
united with some of the Eastern colonies, and himself made
the governor, which he thought would be " both useful and
beneficial." Nevertheless Delaware long remained an in-
convenient appendage to New York.f
In spite of the admonitions of Nicolls, few patents for
lands Avere yet issued. An important one, however, was
18 May. granted to tlie inhabitants of Haerlem, or "Lancaster,"
patent. wliicli Confirmed their former privileges, but in subordina-
tion to the city of New York, " as being within the liber-
ties thereof.":}:
Following the example of Gardiner, the owners of Shel-
sheiter isi- ter Island obtained a confirmation of their title. This
' beautiful spot, formerly known as " Farret's Island," had
come into the possession of Thomas Middleton, and Con-
stant and Nathaniel Sylvester, of Barbadoes. The latter,
who professed to be a Quaker, settled himself at Shelter
Island. In consideration of one hundred and fifty pounds,
paid " one half in beef and the other half in pork," toward
25 May. the support of the New York government, Nicolls released
* Col. Doc, iii., 114, 115. This letter, being addressed to Lord Arlington as Secretary of
State, is preserved in the British State Paper Office. Those of the same date, which Nicolls
wrote to the Duke of York, Lord Clarendon, and Secretaiy Coventry, were not deposited
there : see N. Y. H. P. Coll. (ISCO), 113-120.
t Ord., Warr., Lptt., ii., 43; S. Hazard, SCO, 3T0 ; Col. Doc, iii , 105, lO."*, 113-115; R. I.
Col. Ecc, ii., 13T, 13S ; Chalmers, i., 0.^4.
t Patents, i , 5T-60 ; Uofifraan, i., 131 ; antr, p. 7fi ; vol. i., G74, 6T5.
RICHAED NICOLLS, GOVERXOK. 107
the island forever from all taxes and all military duty. A coAr. iii.
patent was also issued confirming it to the Sylvesters as an
'• entii'e enfi*anchised to^vnship, manor, and place of itself," ^^^^
with eqnal privileges with any other town in the province.*
Visiting Hempstead again at the time of the annual
races, NicoUs made a treaty with Tackapausha, the chief ii June,
sachem of the Marsapeagues, and other Long Island tribes,
by which they covenanted to be at peace with the Enghsh
and submit to their government, f
In the mean time there was great discontent on Long Ducontent
Island, especially in its eastern towns, which were vexed Sam""
at being no longer under the government of Connecti-
cut. Southampton, Southold, and Easthampton refused to i» apiil
choose the local officers required by the duke's laws, and
would not pay their rates. NicoUs therefore warned them 21 Apni.
against sedition, and that the duke's authority would be
enforced. The oath required from the overseers seemed
to be the chief stumbling-block, and this the governor pru-
dently waived. The authors of the trouble were Howell, 3 Jiay.
of Southampton, and Younge, of Southold, whose rival and
colleague at the Hempstead meeting, William Wells, had
been made high-sheriff of Yorkshire. In the judgment of t May.
Kicolls, Younge was " a bad instrument," but had no brains
" to carry on such a business." Underhill, the high-consta-
ble of the North Riding, whose " reall hart" inclined to Con-
necticut, likewise wrote from Oyster Bay representing " the 20 Apra.
distempers of the people against the present form of govern-
ment, by wliich they are inslaved under an arbitrary pow-
er," and intimated that there were some who would " hazard
both life and estate in a mutiny and rebellion rather than
bear the burden of the public charge." Nicolls peremp- NicoHs
torily denounced the complainants as calumniators or trai- ^dufoS.^
tors, and made known his purpose to act vigorously, but ^ ^^^^-
justly, in every case.:}:
Much of this ill feeling arose from the discontent of the canse of
eastern Long Island to"svns with the result of the Hemp- tent. ^^'^°°'
stead meeting. They disliked various provisions in Nicolls's
* New Haven Col. Rec, ii., 51, 89, 92, i:2, 190-104, 304, SSO, 412 ; Col. Rec. Conn.,i., £86,
390,400,427; Cldmixon, ii., 28; Fox's Journal (Philad. ed), 4?.8, 442, 453 ; Patents, i., 05,
133; Thompson, i., 304-307, 392 ; Wood, 6, 9 ; ante, p. 90 ; vol. i, 292, 300, SOI.
t Wood, 79; Thompson, i, 94; ii.,8.
t Ord , Warr., Lett., ii., 40, 47, 50, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61 ; Maas. U. S. Co'.l., xxxvii., 192.
108 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. III. code, aiid pined for a legislative assembly after the manner
of New England. Above all, tliey were mortified by what
• they thought was servile language in the address of their
delegates to the Duke of York. This feeling grew when it
was seen that several of those delegates had been appointed
to office by the governor. Censures were so fi-eely uttered
by the disaffected, that the delegates, to justify themselves,
21 June, drew up a " Narrative and Kemonstrance," in which they
tive"'of the detailed what had occurred at Hempstead, and declared
dd^at^* that their address to the duke could not " bear any other
natural sense and construction than our obedience and sub-
mission to His Majesty's letters patent, according to our
duty and allegiance." This narrative they published and
recorded in each town, " that future ages may not be season-
ed with the sour malice of such unreasonable and ground-
less aspersions."*
Yet this did not satisfy the people. Disaffection became
60 general that the governor was obliged to interfere. At
September, the autumu scssiou of the Court of Assizes, it was accord-
the Court iugly dccrccd " that whosoever shall reproach or defame
.against se- any pcrsou or persons who have or shall act in any public
employment, either in court or otherwise, or shall \dlify
their proceedings who serve the pubhc in this Government
by authority under His Royal Highness the Duke of York,
or whoever hereafter shall any ways detract or speak
against any of the deputies signing the Address to His
Royal Highness at the General Meeting at Hempstead,
they shall be presented at the next Court of Sessions, and
if the Justices shall see cause, they shall from thence be
bound over to the Assizes, there to answer for the slander
upon plaint or information." Sedition was most violent
at Setalcott, or Brookhaven. Arthur Smith, of that place,
was convicted at the Assizes of saying that " the King was
none of his King, and the Governor none of his Governor,"
29 septem. and Sentenced to be put in the stocks. Richard Wood-
hull was also fined five pounds, and required to make
1 October, a public acknowledgment. The same punishment was
awarded to William Lawrence, of Flushing.f
* Deeds, ii.,4.0-4S; Wood, 87, 173, 175; Thompson, i., 137 ; ii., 323-32(3.
t Court of Assizer, ii., 82, 83, 84, 94; Col. MSS., xxii., 107; N. Y. II. S. Coll., i , 417;
Thompson, i., 137, 409, 410 ; ii., 3C4, 398.
KICHAED NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 109
Several amendments of the code were made at this ses- chap. hi.
sion of the Assizes. Public rates were required to be paid ~~
every year in wheat and other produce, at certain fixed 27 septem
prices, " and no other payment shall be allowed of." As ^ Qg*°ber
the law ao;ainst selling liquor to the savac^es was disreo-ard- Amend-
^ ~ . . ments to
ed, owing to the difiiculty of proof, it was ordered " that al- ti^e code.
though the testimony of heathens against Christians may
not altogether be allowed, yet, when it meets with other
apparent, circumstances, such as may be sufficient to con-
vince a jury, in such cases the Indian testimonies shall be
admitted as good proofs against the persons accused." Per-
haps the most important decree related to land patents.
" The Court having taken notice of the defects and failings
of both towns and persons in particular of not bringing in
their grants or patents to receive a confirmation of them,
or not coming to take out new grants where they are de-
fective, or where there are none at all, according to former
directions in the Law, As also taking it into their serious con-
siderations that several towns and persons within this Gov-
ernment, as well English as Dutch, do hold their lands and
houses upon the conditions of being subjects to the States
of the United Belgic Provinces, which is contrary to the
allegiance due to his Majesty, They do therefore Order that
all grants or patents whatsoever formerly made, shall be
brought in, to be confirmed or renewed by authority of his Land pat-
Koyal Highness the Diike of York, and all such as have renewed."
not patents shall likewise be supplied therewith by the first
day of April next after the date hereof ; after which time
neither town nor private person, whether English or Dutch,
shall have liberty to plead any such old grants, patents, or
deeds of purchase in law, but they shall be looked upon as
invalid to all intents and purposes."*
This stringent ordinance made great commotion. It was
vigorously enforced, because the quit-rents and fees on
renewals were necessary for the support of the govern-
ment. In the course of the next few months, Neperhaem,
Pelham, Westchester, Eastchester, Huntington, Flushing, New pat-
Brookhaven, Easthampton, New Utrecht, Gravesend, Ja- ed.^ ^'^""'^
maica, Hempstead, Newtown, Flatlands, Bushwick, Flat-
* Court of As3izea, ii., 80; Col. MSS., xxii., 107; N. Y. Hist. See. Coll., i., 414-419 ; Hoff-
man's Treatise, i., 97.
110 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
ouAP.iii. busli, and Brooklyn, paid new fees and obtained new
charters which generally confirmed to each of them their
* old boundaries, and " all the rights and privileges belong-
ing to a town within this government," But Southold and
Southampton refused to comply with this law ; and it was
not until several years afterward that they were finally
obhged to yield.*
Nicolls, however, made allowances in special cases. In
the city of Kew York, where all land titles were derived
cfrlnd^ from the Dutch West India Company, the payments for
"^itent^ new patents were greatly eased. The magistrates of Al-
f^jXovem. bany were granted a month's delay, "in regard 'tis uncer-
tain whether the river will be open before the time prefix-
ed by the Court of Assizes for bringing in jonr ground-
briefs under a penalty." They were also desired to keep
a strict hand upon the authors or reporters of strange news,
" that amongst yourselves no quarrels or disputes may arise,
and to the end that English and Dutch may live as broth-
ers." At the same time Nicolls advised Jeremias van
Rensselaer, who claimed Albany as a part of Rensselaer-
wyck, " not to grasp at too much autliority," as the ques-
tion was to be settled by the Duke of York, to whom it had
been referred. " If you imagine," he added, " there is
pleasure in titles of Government, I wish that I could serve
your appetite, for I have found only trouble."!
The roguery of some of the soldiers gave ISTicolls much
annoyance. Thomas Weall and two others of the garrison
0 Novem. at Ncw York were convicted of having stolen some goods
eoidiJrs. " out of Captain Carteret's cellar," and it was determined
that one of them should die. The fatal lot fell to Weall.
But on the Sunday evening before he was to be executed,
" a company of the chief women of the city, both English
11 Novem. and Dutch," earnestly besought the governor to spare his
life. The next morning they again interceded, accom-
panied by " many others of the better sort, and a greater
* Col. Doc, ii., 473 ; viiL, 441 ; Patents, i., 8S, 91, 99, 102, 105, 108, 111 ; iv., 50, 51, 50,
54,56,58; Bolton's Westchester, i., 125, 3T5, 517; ii., 171, 412; Faker's Newtown, 74,75;
Tliompson's L. I., i., 311, 312, 834, 335, .384, 385, 411, 467 ; ii., 81, 159, 171, 177, 1S3, 201, 220 ;
Stiles's Brooklyn, 1., 154-156 ; ante^ vol. i., 762.
t Court of Assizes, ii., 443, 444; Col. Doc, iii., 143, 144. Jeremias van Eensselaer seem-
ed to claim a right to succeed his brother John Baptist as proprietor, but NicoUa advised
him to apply the line of Ovid — FiliuH ante diem patrios iiiquirit in annos — and not to in-
quire prematurely, like a grasping son, how long his fatlier was to live. See Barn'ird's .
Sketch of Kensselaerwyck, 131-133.
RICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. Ill
number of the ordinary Dutcli women." All the privates chap. in.
in the garrison, headed by Sergeant Thomas Exton, joined
in a petition for their comrade's release. Yielding to these
influences, Nicolls drew up the soldiers on parade, andi2Noveni.
pardoned the prisoners.*
The governor's prudence was generally appreciated, and
his influence grew stronger every day. " Many old mat-
ters are ripped up and misinterpreted," wrote Yan Ruyven /y^""'-
to Stuyvesant in Holland, " but they are wisely disregard- of Nicou;^.
ed by Governor Nicolls, so that a man remarked to me that
it was the Governor's policy to follow the same course you
had observed in the case of Governor Kieft."t
On reaching London after his captivity, Cartwright had
explained the condition of affairs in IS^ew York, and the
duke had licensed two ships to sail thither with necessary
supplies ; but Mcolls could not yet be spared from his gov-
ernment. In very friendly terms Clarendon intimated to is Apru.
NicoUs
him that he might before long expect to return to England, commend-
" and then I hope some others will receive encouragement gund.
by your example to look a little abroad, and imploy them-
selves in doing good for their country." Secretary Mor-
rice also wrote him a flattering letter on behalf of the king, 12 Apni.
and enclosed a present of two hundred pounds, which Nic-
oUs gratefully received as given " at a time when money
can be least spared.":}:
Finding that it was useless to continue them in New En-
gland, the king, in gracious words, recalled his commission- 10 Apru.
ers with " considerable gratuities." Letters expressing the mXioneS"
royal approbation were Hkewise addressed to the submis- ^^'^ ^ '
sive colonies of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth ;
but Massachusetts was ordered to send over Bellingham,
Hathorne, and others, to answer for her to the king. Mav-
erick and Carr, one, or both, were also directed to return
as witnesses. These letters were sent under cover to the c August.
commissioners at Boston, where they were received by Mav-
erick early in August. By order of Secretary Morrice, a
duplicate of the one to Massachusetts, " signed and sealed,"
• N. Y. Surrogate's Rec. Wills, i., 13-lS ; Val. Man., 1S4T, 354, 355, 356.
t Col. Doc, iL, 473. Stuyvesant'a policy had been to sustain the acts of liis predecessor
Kieft : see ante, vol. i., 468, 469,472.
t Col. Doc, iii., 116, 136 ; Chalmers, i., 57S ; Ord., Warr, Lett., ii , S7 ; Alass. H. S. Coll.,
xxxvii., 312.
112 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. III. was delivered the next month by Maverick to Governor
Bellingham. But the General Court, " with an uncom-
c septera! ^^^ Strain of dissimulation," affected" to doubt its genuine-
tiono?Mi'. ■'^^^^? notwithstanding a copy had been " surreptitiously con-
sachusetts. yeycd over to them by some unknov^ni hand before the
11 septem. Original came to Boston." An answer was addressed to
Secretary Morrice, " in all humility" refusing to obey the
royal directions ; but, to avert the king's displeasure, a
present of "two very large masts" for his navy was pre-
pared at great expense, and sent to England, which it was
hoped would prove " as a cloud of latter rain." The dis-
3 Novem. obedieiice of the Puritan colony was rebuked by NicoUs,
Carr, and Maverick, but without effect.^''
24 October. In Writing to Secretary Morrice, NicoUs sharply review-
tioS'^of ed the " false sophistry" of Massachusetts, and suggested
the En- ** that tlic king might " easily chastise their undutif ulness,
frnmfnr ^ot by forcc, which might frighten the innocent as well as
nocent, but by a temporary embargo upon their trade, 'till
such and such persons are delivered into the hands of jus-
tice. The nmnerous well-affected people in that and oth-
er colonies would soon give up the ringleaders at His Maj-
esty's disposal. Neither would BQs Majesty lose any of liis
customs by that embargo ; for if strict care were taken to
send a convenient number of ships with goods suitable to
this port, all the trade of Boston would be brought hither,
and from thence carried into England; in which case, a
frigate of countenance for convoy or any emergent occa-
sion would be necessary, if possibly to be supplied out of
His Majesty's more immediate service. Indeed, in the
posture we are, every small picaroon of the enemy's is
master of all om* harbors and rivers, from the Capes of
Virginia to Piscatawa3\"t
6 Novem. At tlic saiiie time, Nicolls sent to the British government
report^n au interesting autograph report of the condition of New
York, in the form of " Answers to the several queries re-
lating to the planters in the Territories of His Eoyal High-
ness the Duke of York in America." Among other things,
• Col. Doc, iii., IIG, 13G, 140, 141, 142, ICO, 173 ; Mass. II. S. Coll., xx.xvii., 312-314 ; Ch.il-
mera, i., 149, 277, 390; Hutch., i., 253, 257, 546-54S ; Coll., 408-410; Mass. Kec, iv. (ii.),
314-318, 327 ; Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 514 ; R. I. Rec, ii., 149 ; Pepys, iii., 24 ; Bancroft, ii , 87-
89 ; B.irry, i., 400-403 ; Palfrey, ii., 006, G24-630.
t Col. Doc, ii., 473; iii.,13G, 137; Ord., Wan-., Lett., ii., 85; Chalmers, i., 578, 509; N. Y.
II. S. Coll. (1S09), 125-131, 157-159.
New York.
RICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 113
he explained that the governor and council, with the high- chap.iii.
sheriff and justices in the Court of Assizes, " have the su-
preme power of making, altering, and abolishing any laws
in this Government ;" that " the tenure of lands is derived
from His Koyal Highness," who would grant them at rents
of one penny an acre, when purchased by liimself from the
Indians, and of two shillings and sixpence for a hundred
acres when so bought by the planters ; that " liberty of
conscience is granted and assured," provided the peace of
the government be not disturbed ; that the rate for public
charges had been agreed to " in a General Assembly, and
is now managed by the Governor, his Council, and the Jus-
tices in the Court of Assizes ;" and that " the obtaining all
these pri^dleges is long since recommended to His Royal
Highness as the most necessary encouragement to these his
territories, whereof a good answer is expected."*
In the mean time, the war in Europe between England
and Holland and France seriously affected the American
colonies. Suspicious of the Canadians, Nicolls engaged june.
Winthrop and the Connecticut magistrates to mediate with
the Mahicans for a peace between them and the Mohawks.
The king's letters of the 22d of February, directing hostili-
ties against Canada, being now received, measures were
taken to stir up tlie Mohawks to war with the French. In-
formation soon afterward reached NicoUs that a large force 5 juiy.
was marching from Canada " towards Albany." The gar-
rison at Esopus was at once ordered to strengthen that
place. The governor also urged the authorities of Connec- 6 juiy.
ticut and Massachusetts to raise a cavalry expedition, which attack of
could " cut off the whole strength of Canada at once." Con- ^^^ ^'
necticut pleaded that all her hands were occupied in theiuuiy.
harvest ; and suggested that as she wished to promote peace cut refuses.
between the Mohawks and the Mahicans, it would be well
" to let the French and Mohawks try it out a while," by
* Col. Doc.,lii.,lS8; Chalmers, i., 596, 507; WHiitehead'a Index N. J. Col.Doc, 4. Chal-
mers says that Nicolls transmitted these answers in July, 16(:5. They are not dated, but
they appear to have been sent by him in November, 1666, as they are placed in the volume
in the State Paper Office next to his letter to the commissioners at Albany of 6 November,
1666 : Col. Doc, iii., 130, 143, 188; New York Papers, i., 28, 30, 31. It was firet intended
that Sir Kobert Carr should convey these papers to England, and then that Maverick should,
as one or both had been ordered home. But both were " taken sick," and neither could go.
(Jarr, however, sailed from Boston on 20 March, 1667, for Bristol, where he arrived on the
first of June foUowinjr, and died the next day : Col. Doc, iii., 160, 161 ; Hutch. Mass., i ,
i50 ; Morton's Mem., 315, note ; Smith, i., 33 ; Mass. 11. S. Coll., xxxvii., 312, 313.
XL— II
114 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. m. wbich both would be weakened. Wintbrop, bowever, learn-
ins: from Baker at Albany tbat the Frencb were endeavor-
1 AAA
26jui "^§ ^^ S^i^^ t^^® Mabicans, interfered so seasonably as to
prevent tbe going over of " many bundred" expected auxil-
iaries. Horsemen were likewise sent out from Hartford
and Springfield, wlio penetrated with great difficulty one
bundred and twenty miles tbrougb tbe wilderness as far as
Lake Cbamplain, " to discover tbe way toward Canada,"
September, and procure intelligence. Wintbrop also went to Boston to
consult witb tbe Massachusetts authorities and Sir Thomas
Temple, the Governor of ISTova Scotia. It was there unan-
imously agreed "tbat at present there could be nothing
done by these colonies in reducing those places at or about
24 October. Canada." The General Court of Massachusetts notified
ieusTe-"' Lord Arlington that the reduction of Canada was " not at
'"'^'' present feazable, as well in respect of tbe difficulty, if not
impossibility, of a land march over the rocky mountains and
bowling desarts about four bundred miles, as the strength
of tbe Frencb there, according to reports." Wintbrop also
g.-ioctober. wrote to the same effect. Privateers, bowever, were com-
com'^u!'^^ missioned at Boston, which made prize of several Frencb
fishing vessels."^
On their side the Frencb bad not been idle. As soon as
tbe Saint Lawrence was clear of ice, ten Seneca sachems
came down to Quebec to ratify the treaty which the Onon-
dagas bad made in their behalf with Tracy the previous
13 May. Deccmbcr. They now promised to send some of their f am-
of th""ves° ilies to settle in Canada as hostages, and to aclniowledge
qlwil'^tothe the King of France " henceforth as their sovereign." Tracy,
French ^^^ j^jg part, agreed to send Frencb colonists and Jesuit mis-
sionaries to the Senecas, who stipulated to build cabins for
their shelter and forts to protect them from " tbe common
enemy tbe Andastes and others."t
Thus the Upper Iroquois confirmed their vassalage to
France. But no overtures came from tbe Mohawks. Tracy
now resolved to extend bis permanent military occupation
further to the south, and directed Captain La Motte to
buikl a new fort on an island in tbe upper part of Lake
• Col. Doc, iii., IIT, 120, 121, 13T, 138, 141; Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 40, 43, 45, 514; Masa. Rep.,
jv. (it.), 316, 317, 328, 329 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xviii., 101-109 ; xxx., 63 ; Hutch. Mass., 1., 250,
2.57; Coll., 407: Bancroft, ii., 88; Palfrey, ii., 630; iii., 114-116; ante,-p.01.
t Col. Doc, iii., 125; ix.,44,45; Doc. Ui8t.,L,47; Faillon, iii.,134; anie, p. 100, no/e.
RICHAKD NICOLLS, GOVERNOE. 115
Champlain. This post, which was the first one possessed cnAP.iii.
by the French within the ancient Kmits of New York, was
named Fort Sainte Anne, but was afterward better known ^^j.^ g^^'^^
as Fort La Motte. Intended to command the Mohawk ^^^^^^^^
country, it soon caused uneasiness to the neighboring En-
ghsh colonies."'^
Soon afterward Oneida envoys came to Quebec, tardily ^ j ™^" -•
bringing the letter of the Albany officers assuring Tracy
that the Mohawks wished peace with the French. Two
detachments of two hundred men each had meanwhile
been ordered to march, under Courcelles and Sorel, from
the forts on the Eicheheu, against that nation. Under-
standing the Albany letter as a guarantee for the good
faith of the Mohawks, Tracy countermanded the expedi-
tions, and signed a treaty covenanting peace between the A July.
French and the Oneidas and Mohawks. Prisoners were to das^and"
be mutually restored, and trade with Canada by way of agrerio"
Lake Saint Sacrement was to be open to the Oneidas, who tueFrench.
now ratified the treaty made two months before by the
Western Iroquois, and, like them, acknowledged the King
of France " from this time as their sovereign." It was also
agreed that Jesuit missionaries should be sent " to make
known to them the God of the French, whom they prom-
ise to love and adore." Hostages were left with Tracy for
the faithful performance of these conditions. At the re-
quest of the Oneidas, the Father Thierry Bechefer, with
Hertel and two other Frenchmen, were sent, under their i4Juiy.
escort, to visit the soldiers whom Courcelles had left at Al-
bany, and treat with the Mohawks there, or assure them
that they might safely come to Quebec at any time within
forty days. The letter of the Albany authorities was also
published at the several French garrisons ; and all felt con-
fident that peace between Canada and the Iroquois was
secured.f
But scarcely had Bechefer and his companions gone
three days' journey from Quebec, when news came that
several French officers, who had gone out a hunting from
* Relation, 1665, 10; 1666, T,8; Doc. Hist, i., 43, 4S; ii.,162; Col. Doc, iii., 141, 145, 146,
155, 803 ; iv., 195, 404 ; ix., 601, 1050 ; Faillon, iii., 126, 13.5. Fort Sainte Anne, or La Motte,
appears to have been built on Isle La Motte, which, being east of the present boundary-line
between New York and Vermont, belongs to the latter state: N. Y. Revised Statutes, i., 64.
t Col. Doc, iii., 126-132, 153; i.K., 45,46, 52, 169, 786; Doc. Hist., i., 47, 51, 52; Relation,
1661, 34; 1666, 7 ; 1670, 45; Charlevoix, ii., 110, 111, 155; Shea, 262, 500 ; ante, p. 104.
116 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP.iii. the new Fort Sainte Anne, had been waylaid and murder-
ed by the Mohawks, and some others taken prisoners. One
French offi- ^^ ^^^^ chief victims was a nephew of the Adceroy, the Sieur
cew killed, (jg Chazy, whose name is yet commemorated in that of one
of the towns in the county of Clinton. Bechefer and the
other Frenchmen on their way to Albany were at once re-
called, and the Oneidas who escorted them were imprison-
ed. Sorel quickly collected three hundred men, with whom
he pushed on toward the Mohawk country, intending to lay
"a heavy hand every where." But when he had come
within twenty leagues of their villages he met a party of
Mohawks, who declared that they were on their way to
Quebec to restore the Frenchmen captured near Fort Sainte
Anne, and offer satisfaction for those who had been slain,
as well as new guarantees for peace. The party was led
by a half-breed known among the Indians as " Smits Jan,"
and among the French as " the Dutch Bastard."^ Believ-
ing their statement, Sorel turned about, and conducted
Smits Jan and his followers to the viceroy, by whom they
were well received. A few days afterwai'd, Agariata, a
Mohawk chief, came to Quebec and announced himself as
also a delegate from his nation. Negotiations for peace
went on prosperously^, until one day, Tracy having invited
the two pretended ambassadors to his table, the talk fell
upon the death of De Chazy. The Mohawk chief, lifting
up his arm, exclaimed, " It was this which broke the head
of that young officer !" All present were filled with indig-
Tiacy's uatiou. " You shall kill no more," said the viceroy to
' Agariata, who was at once hung in the sight of his com-
rades, and Smits Jan was committed to prison.
23 July. Tracy now sent William Coutm-e, who had been a pris-
oner with Jogues among the Mohawks, with a letter to the
Albany officers, complaining that they had deceived him as
to the peaceful disposition of that nation. Learning that
Nicoiis at a courier had come from Quebec, Nicolls voyaged up the
river, which was " pleasant enough at that season of the
year," to meet him. But before the governor reached Al-
bany, Couture had returned to Canada. Nicolls, however,
* This " Smits Jan" was the son of a Hollander and a Mohawk squaw, and had been
brouglit up among the savages, lie was one of the witnesses to Cartwright's treaty at Al-
bany in September, 1GG4, and was in the English interest : Col. Doc, iii., OS, 146, 148, 151,
435; Charlevoix, ii., 54, CS), 155, 101 ; delation, 1054, 10, 11.
Albany.
EICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 117
wrote courteously to Tracy, expressing his surprise at cuAP.ni.
Courcelles's inroad into ]N"ew York the last winter, but
declaring his purpose to promote "the European inter- ^g^^^^"^
est amidst the heathen in America, as becomes a good Answers to
. . Tracy.
Christian, provided that the bounds and limits of these
His Majesty's of England's dominions be not invaded, or
the peace and safety of his subjects interrupted." Baker
and the Albany magistrates also wrote to the viceroy,
justifjnng their conduct respecting the Mohawks, and stat-
ing that they would not intermeddle with French affairs in
future.*
Ambassadors from all the nations but the Mohawks
having met Tracy and Courcelles in the Park of thef^August.
Jesuits at Quebec, the Cayugas renewed their request
for missionaries, and the Fathers Jacques Fremin and Jesuit mis-
Pierre Raffeix were chosen to go to them. Seeing j^^q "°"'^"^^"
reason to hope for peace with the Mohawks, the viceroy
determined to chastise them effectually. Colbert had
insisted upon a prudent administration "in the present 5 Apru.
conjuncture, when His Majesty is obliged to maintain a
heavy war against the English, whom none of his pre-
decessors had ever before attacked on the sea." Talon
accordingly submitted to Tracy and Courcelles various 1 septem.-
considerations for war and for peace. It was argued,
among other things, that a successful attack on the Mo-
hawks would open the door for the seizm-e of Albany,
where the Dutch might be found inclined to aid the French
against the English, upon whom they wished " to avenge
the usurpation unjustly committed upon them," and of
whose "insupportable dominion" they were weary. An
expedition against the Mohawks was ordered, and six hun- French ex-
dred soldiers of the Carignan regiment, with an equal num- ngalnTtuo
ber of militia, and one hundred Hurons and Algonquins, ^^°'^'^^''''''-
were soon collected. Notwithstanding he was more than
seventy years old, Tracy set out from Quebec to leadi4Septeni.
his forces in person. The Jesuit Fathers Charles Al-
banel and Pierre Raffeix, and two secular priests, Du
• Col. Doc, iii., 68, 131-134, 14G, 151, 153, 157 ; ix., 52 ; Doc. Hist., 1., 47, 4S, 55 ; Rela-
tion, 1G45, 28 ; 1647, 19, 24 ; 1C4S, 11 ; 16GC, 7, 8 ; La Potherie, il., 85 ; Charlevoix, i., 409 ;
ii., 54, G9, 155, 15G ; Golden, i., 33, 34 ; Garaeau, i., 193 ; Ferland, i., 317 ; Faillon, iii., 135-
137 ; ante, vol. i., 34G, 347, 373. The Albany letters of 20 August, 16G6, did not reach Tracy
nntU April, 16G7 : Col. Doc, iii., 146, 147, 14S, 151, 152.
118 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cnAP.nr. Bois D'Esgriselles, and Dollier de Casson, accompanied
the expedition.
The general rendezvous was Fort Sainte Anne, on Lake
3 October. Champlain, It was October before the main body of
troops was ready to advance ; but Courcelles, with charac-
teristic impatience, pushed forward with four hundred men.
Tracy's ad- The rcar-guard followed four days after the main column,
under Tracy. Three hundred light bateaux and bark ca-
noes were prepared, each of which could convey five or six
persons ; and two pieces of artillery were carried along
with great labor. The viceroy endeavored to advance
cautiously, so as to surprise the Mohawk castles ; but the
watchful Iroquois scouts on the mountain tops saw the
French flotilla afar off, as it swept southward over Lake
Champlain, and the alarm was quickly spread. As the
troops debarked the savages whooped on the hill-sides, and
fired random shots at the invaders. Expecting to find
abimdance of corn in the Mohawk villages, the French
carried only small supphes of provisions. These were
soon exhausted, and the army was on the point of disband-
ing to seek food, when it fortunately entered a forest of
chestnut-trees, the just ripening fruit of which relieved the
famishing troops.
After marching thirty or forty leagues from the lake,
the French reached the first Mohawk village, which they
found abandoned. Entering it in order of battle, with
flags flying and drums beating, the hungry army discover-
ed abundance of corn buried in the earth. A second and
a third village farther west were found deserted like the
first. At length, guided by an Algonquin, who had long
been a prisoner in the canton, the French reached the fourth
Mohawk \dllage. Here the savages were observed in great
Mohawk force, and, by their hea^^ fii'e, appeared disposed to defend
Btroyed. ' their fortress with desperation. The invaders prepared to
attack it in regular form ; but, as their van came on to at-
tack, the Mohawks fled in terror into the forest, whither
the French could not pm-sue them. An old man and two
old women, too infirm to escape, and the half-roasted re-
mains of two or three prisoners, were found in the desert-
ed stronghold. It was surrounded by a triple palisade
twenty feet high, flanked by four bastions, and abundantly
EICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 11*)
supplied with water in bark tanks to extinguish fibre. Pro- chap. hi
digious quantities of provisions had been stored. Some of
the cabins, which were one hundred and twenty feet long,
and proportionably wide, and were planked on the inside,
moved the admiration of the Frenchmen.
The cross was planted, mass said, a Te Deum sung, and it octobe; .
formal possession was taken for the King of France of sessioaor
" The Fort of Andaraque," as well as all the other con- tak^"°''^
quered Iroquois strong-holds, " and of all the lands in the
neighborhood as far and in as great a quantity as they may
extend." A post, with the king's arms afiixed, was erect-
ed, amid the shouts of " Vive le Roi P'' The palisades and
cabins, with vast stores of corn, beans, and other provisions,
were then burned. On its retm-n, the expedition completed
the devastation of the other villages ; and grain " enough to
sustain the whole colony for two years" was destroyed.
Supposing that famine and the terror of the French arms
would overawe the Mohawks and keep them peaceful,
Tracy judged it unnecessary to establish a fort in their
country. Those on the Richelieu River were thought suf-
ficient to maintain the sovereignty of France. Colbert's
policy was against extending the Canadian settlements too
far from each other. For the present, the Jesuit mission-
aries were to form the advanced guard of the French
among the Mohawks. The ^aceroy would nevertheless
have pushed on westward, and humbled the Oneidas also,
if the approach of November had not warned him to re- Tracy re-
turn. The paths were now much more difiBcult to travel, Canada.
and the swollen rivers hindered the march of the troops.
On Lake Cham23lain two canoes and several soldiers were
lost in a storm. Throughout the whole march of three
hundred leagues, and during fifty-three days, Tracy, who
was a very large man, shared all the fatigues of his army,
submitting to be borne in a litter for two days only, when
crippled by the gout. Courcelles, attacked by a nervous
disease, had to be carried in the same mamier. On reach-
ing Quebec, the viceroy hung two or three of his prisoners November
by way of example, and sent the rest back to their cantons,
with Smits Jan, the Dutch bastard, after having shown
them many kindnesses. The returning Iroquois carried
the terms of peace which Tracy offered to the Mohawks,
120 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. III. and which they were expected to accept before the end of
the next June.*
IboD. After their severe humiliation by the French, the Mo-
hawks came to confer with the Albany officers. It was
now supposed that Tracy, wearied with his " two fruitless
1667. voyages," would hardly attempt another expedition. Yet
I'recau- no prccautiou was neglected. NicoUs had ^dsited the gar-
Kiwul risons on the North River the previous autumn, and had
given the Albany magistrates full directions in case the
French should attempt to do them harm. Captain Brod-
7 January, head was uow Ordered to be " ready, upon an hour's warn-
ing," with all his soldiers at Esopus, and as many of the
burghers as possible, to assist Albany in case of need,
because it was, " impossible" to send any from New York
during the winter. Van Curler was also desired to pre-
pare a map of Lake Champlain, with the French forts,
showing " how it borders upon the Maquas's E,iver."f
When Nicolls received the news from Canada brought
11 Jan. by Smits Jan, he directed that the Mohawks should be coun-
seled to insist that the French must demolish all their new
advanced forts on Lake Champlain. Baker was specially
Nicoua's instructed to advise tlie Mohawks to " make a good peace,
tions re- Or uonc, witli the French, such as may bring in beaver to
thrMo-^ Albany, and leave them without fear or Jealousy of the
French ;" and also that they " should declare to the French
that the King of England is the great Idng of all their
country and parts adjacent, and unto him they are subor-
dinate, living in peace and trading with all his subjects ;
and now they are wilhng to make peace with the French,
and will resolve to keep it, if the French will demolish
their forts, and bring no more troops of soldiers into the
King of England's country or their Plantation.";}:
On receiving the letters of Nicolls and the Albany offi-
cers written the pre^'iou8 August, Tracy explained the in-
road of Courcelles into the Mohawk country, and declared
♦ Relation, 1066, 8, 9 ; Charlevoix, ii., 157-161 ; La Potherie, ii., 123 ; iii., 55; Col. Doc,
iii., 135, 146, 151 ; iv., 352 ; ix., 41, 52-57, 786 ; Doc. Hist., i., 48, 49, 68, 51 ; Colden, i., 33 ;
Shea, 252 ; Fuillon, iii., 13S-1.'S5. Tlie map of Tracy's route is in the Library of Parliament
at Quebec: see Catalogue (1S5S), p. 1614.
t Col. Doc, iii., 143, 144, 145; Col. MSs:.,xxii., 22. The letters of NicoUs to V.nn Curler
and the Albany magistrates were translated into Dutch, at the governor's request, by Coun-
selor Van Ruyven.
t Col. Doc , iii., 140-143. Coldcn says nothing of this.
hawks.
EICHAKD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 121
that until then he did not know that New Netherland was chap. iil
not under the dominion of the United Provinces, " The
French nation," he added, "is too much inclined to ac-go^p^'
knowledsre courtesies not to confess that the Dutch have 31^^^ ,
O _ writes to
had very much charity for the French who have been pris- NicoUs.
oners with the Mohawks, and that they have redeemed
divers, who had been burned without their succour. They
ought also to be assured of our gratitude towards them,
and to any others who shall exercise such Christian deeds
as they have done." The viceroy also absolved the Albany
officers from blame in regard to the murder of his officers
by the Mohawks near Fort Sainte Anne, and invited Yan
Curler to visit him the next summer at Quebec*
Van Curler, accompanied by La Fontaine, a young French-
man whom he had rescued fi*om the savages, now went to 23 May.
Canada, with passports from NicoUs, who wrote a kind let- go^e^ to"'^ ^^
ter to Tracy. Embarking in a canoe on Lake Champlain, Tda.
he had a prosperous voyage as far as " a great bay" on its
western side, opposite the " Isles des quatres vents." Wliile
crossing this bay the canoe was upset by a tempest, and pro^vTied
Van Curler was drowned. The memory of this estimable cham-
HoUander was long preserved by the Iroquois, who insisted ^ '""'
upon calling the successive governors of NewYork "Cor- "Coriaer."
laer." For years Lake Champlain was known among the
Enghsh as " Corlaer's Lake." The bay in which he was
drowned — long called by the French "Baye Corlar" — is
now known as " Peru Bay," in Essex county, New York.f
Soon after Nicolls left Esopus, in the previous autumn,
the ill feeling which had been growing between its inhab-
itants and the garrison broke out into open hostility. The
soldiers, who, as well as their officers, were all Englishmen,
did nothing to conciliate and much to offend the Dutch
burghers. Disturbances occurred both at the village of Disturb-
Wild wj-ck and at the redoubt on the creek. When, in obe- Esopus.
dience to Nicolls's orders, Captain Brodhead was " gather-
ing some of the young burghers together" to go to Albany,
Antonio d'Elba, a French refugee, openly said, " Shall we
go and fight our friends, and leave our enemies at home ?"
* Col. Doc.,iii., 133,134, 1.50-1.54; Doc. Hist.,!., 55; ante^vol. i.,402.
t Map in Charlevoix, i., 226 ; Rel., 166S, 5 ; Ord., Warr., etc., ii., 150, 160 ; Col. Doc., ui.,
128,156,157,322,395,553,553,815,817; Golden, i., 32 ; O'Call., i., 323 ; Smith, i., 65.
122 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. ui. Mucli of tliG ill feeling was due to tlie overbearing conduct
~ of Brodliead, who did not hesitate to commit to the euard
Brodhead's ^^J ^^'^^^ offcudcd him. lie imprisoned a burgher who
overbear- -^ould keep Chi'istmas accordino; to the Dutch and not the
jng con- ■•■ "-J
duct. English style. He quarreled with and arrested Cornelis
^^ ' Barentsen Slegt, the village brewer, and a sergeant of its
militia. Slegt's wife and children thereupon ran crying
through Wildwyck. The excited villagers rushed to arms.
Finding some sixty of them drawn up before their lieuten-
ant's door, Captain Brodhead marched thither with a few
of his soldiers, and ordered them to disperse. The local
magistrates asked Brodhead to release his prisoner and
have him tried before them, which he refused, and threat-
ened to resist any attempt at a rescue. The people would
not disperse until late at night, and then only with the un-
derstanding that the whole matter should be laid before
the governor. What added to the bitterness was that Hen-
drick Cornelissen, the village ropemaker, was killed by Wil-
ham Fisher, one of Brodhead's soldiers.^
iG April. Eeports were sent down to Nicolls, who issued a special
commis- commissiou empowering Counselors ISTeedham and Dela-
Sop^s° " vail and Justice Yan Ruyven to go to Esopus, and " hear,
receive, and determine such and so many complaints as
they shall judge necessary or of moment, and to pass sen-
tence of imprisonment, fuie, correction, or suspension of of-
fice against such who shall be found guilty." At the same
time the governor guided the action of his commissioners
Nicoiis's by private instructions. They were to be attended by a file
rSuctioM" of soldiers, and were to admit but " very few" into the room
in which they might sit. The case of Fisher was " to be
the first tried, because a man is killed." But he could only
be convicted of manslaughter ; and it might turn out that
he had acted in self-defense. In regard to the " first occa-
sion" of the mutiny, as Slegt, the brewer, had first assaulted
Captain Brodhead, they were " to declare that the king's
ofiicer is not of so mean a quality as to be struck by a
burgher," and were to enlarge their discourse on this point
as they should " find fit." But as the captain had broken
his instructions several times, they were to suspend him
* Col. M.SS.,xxU.,14, 21-,T2; Alb. nec,XTiii., 32T-330, 470; Esopus Records; Col. Doc.,
iii.,l«, 149.
KICHAED NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 123
from his command for " that only fault" of keeping the cuap. in.
brewer in prison after the schout and commissaries had~77~r~
asked for his release. A few of the " most notorious" in-
surgents were to be found guilty of " a treasonable and
malicious Riot," and were to be brought to I^ew York for
" final sentence of punishment" by the governor. " Dis-
courage not the soldiers too much in public," added NicoUs,
" lest the boors insult over them ; appear favorable to the
most of the boors, but severe against the principal incen-
diaries ; and, in general, you may tell them freely that I
will proceed against every man that shall lift arms against
His Majestie's garrison, as rebellious subjects and common
enemies."*
The commissioners sat three days at Esopus. Captain 25 Apni.
. . 26 April
Brodhead fi-ankly admitted the charges against him, and 27 April!
was suspended from his command, which was intrusted to suTpend-
Sergeant Beresf ord. The burghers excused their being in ^ '
arms because the soldiers had threatened to burn the town,
and because Brodhead had imprisoned their sergeant. Four
of the movers of the insurrection, Antonio d'Elba, Albert
Heymans, Arent Albertsen, his son, and Cornelius Barent-
sen, were found guilty of a " rebellious and mutinous Biot,"
and were carried down to New York for sentence by the
governor. Nicolls was of opinion that tliey deserved death.
But, on the petition of the inhabitants and by the ad%'ice of
his council, he sentenced Heymans to be banished for hfesMay.
out of the government, and the others, for shorter terms, ers^en-
out of Esopus, Albany, and New York. These sentences ^'^^^ '
were afterward modified ; and Heymans, the chief offend-
er, became a prominent oflicer at Esopus.f
The soldiers at Albany also gave the governor much soidiers at
trouble. Several of them were convicted of stealing wam- ^^^'
pum from the inhabitants, and, upon Captain Baker's re-
port, NicoUs, with the advice of his council, decreed prompt
satisfaction.:!:
» Patents, i., 145 ; Col. Doc, iii., 149, 150.
+ Col. MSS., xxii., 24, 28. 31, 32, 99 ; N. Y. Siirr. Eec. Wills, i., 22-25; Val. Man., 184T,
35T, 358 ; Col. Doc, ii., 627 ; iii., 150 ; Ulster Hist. Coll., i., 50, 51 ; Esopus Records. Fisher,
the soldier who killed Cornelissen, appears to have been acquitted, and afterward obtained
a lot of land at Marbletown: Val. Man., 1847, 361 ; Patents, iii., 43. Captain Brodhead died
at Esopus on the 14th of July, 1C67, about two months after his suspension from command,
leaving his widow, Ann, and three sons, Daniel, Charles, and Richard.
t The details of these cases are given in N. Y. Sun-ogate's Records, Wills, i., 19, 20, 21, 32 ;
Val. Man., 1S4T, 356, 357, 361.
124 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. ih. DiScontent was still manifested in Long Island. While
~~ the governor was attending " a public meeting" at Flush-
3 July ^o5 ^® offered to fm-nish the people with powder for their
wafd ^^^ ^^^^' ^^^ receive pay for it in fii-ewood. Tliis friend-
ly proposition was covertly represented by William Bishop
9 July. as " another cunning trick." It was accordingly ordered
isishop in Council at New York, that for his " seditious words"
f "r'^edf- Bishop should " be made fast to the whipping-post, there to
stand, with rods fastened to his back during the sitting of
the Court of Mayor and Aldermen, and from thence to be
removed into the common Gaol, till further orders." This
sentence seems to have effectually quelled sedition during
the rest of Mcolls's administration."
Meanwhile England had been at open war with Hoi- .
land and France. But before France engaged in hostilities
IQQQ she made another attempt to pacify England and Holland.
^ April. A conference was held at Paris between Lord Hollis, De
fere to En- Lionne, and Van Beuningen, in which the latter offered, on
gland. ^YiQ part of the States General, " either to restore all things
to the same state they were in before the war, or to take
them as they now stand, and every one keep what he hath."
But neither of these alternatives suited Charles, who di-
rected his ambassador to leave Paris, f
^june. Another naval engagement followed off the mouth of
hveenthe thc Tliamcs, bctweeu the English fleet under Prince Ru-
Engiish"'^ pert and the Duke of Albemarle, in place of the Duke of
York, who refused to command, and the Dutch under De
Ruyter, Evertsen, and Tromp. The contest lasted four
days, and the English Vice- Admiral Sir John Berkeley and
other officers were Idlled. Both sides fought with prover-
cTiain- bial courage ; but the chain-shot which De Witt is said to
have invented, and now introduced, cut to pieces the rig-
The Dutch ging of the English, and the Dutch remained conquerors.
They had never gained such a triumph since the founda-
tion of the republic. In London, '' orders were given for
• N. Y. Purr. Itec. AVills, i., 2S, 29 ; Val. JIan., 1S4T, 359. 3G1. On the third of July, 1G6T,
the mayor and aldermen of the city of New York, with the approbation of NicoUs, sold to
Johannes Vei-veshe, of Ilarlaem, for five years, the ferry thence to Bronck side, provided he
maintained proper ferry houses, and carried over free "all men going or coming with a pack-
ett from our Governor of New Yorke, or coming from the Governor of Connecticott :" Val.
Man., 1849, 3G2 ; N. Y. City Rec.
t D'Ketrades, iv., 167, 253, 25T, 263, 270, 524; Lister's Clarendon, iii., 431-434; De Witt,
ii., 253, 255.
RICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 125
bonfires and bells," But even Charles became " melau- chap. hi.
cboly," wrote Pepys in his cipher diary, " under the ~
thoughts of this last overthrow, for so it is, instead of a -'-"""•
victory." A month afterward the fleets ena;aafed again. ^^ ''^"'y-
. . 0004 August.
On this occasion the English were victorious. Evertsen Another '
and other Dutch admirals were killed, and De Euyter and The En-
Tromp became bitter enemies. The next week Sir Robert ftoua.^'
Holmes made a piratical descent on the island of Schelling, Holmes at
on the coast of Friesland, which was chiefly inhabited by ^''''®"'°°-
unwarlike Mennonists, and, after burning several Dutch
merchantmen, destroyed nearly a thousand houses in the un-
fortified town of Brandaris. The Tower guns at London
were fired for this " late good success." But the English
government could send no supplies to the American Plan-
tations, and especially to the Carribee Islands, which were
exposed to great danger from the French. Arlington
therefore urged the New England colonies to fit out, if 28 August,
possible, an expedition for the relief of those threatened
places, which would be considered by the Idng as a mark-
ed expression of their " good affection and loyalty."
In Holland, the conduct of Holmes at Schelling embit-
tered the national resentment against England. De Witt,
who felt the unpopularity which threatened to overthrow
his administration, vowed that he would never sheathe the
sword until he had obtained revenge. But before his vow
was fulfilled, London was visited by a calamity scarcely
less appalling than the pestilence by which she had been
desolated the year before. A great fire, which lasted for septemiier.
three days, consumed every house, church, and hall in London,
ninety parishes, between the Tower and Temple Bar. This
" marvellous year" was commemorated by Dryden in mag- Dryden-s
nificent verses, full of bitterness against the Dutch, wliich mirabuia."
before long won for him the laurel crown.*
When the news tardily reached the North American 1667.
colonies by way of Barbadoes, Massachusetts set the ex- J*""*'?,
ample in contributing for the relief of the sufferers. Not
* Aitzema, v., G97-731; Basnage, i. , 7T2-TS4 ; Kennett,iii., 259-202 ; Clarke's James II.,
i.. 423, 424; Burnet, 1., 22S-2.02; Rapin, ii., 042, 643; I'epys, il., 391, 431, 435, 439^448;
Evelyn, ii., 6, 11-17 ; D'Estrades, iv., 322, 402, 432; Davies, iii., 45-54; Martin, i., 273, 274;
Dryden's Annus mirabilis ; Lister, ii., 360-305; Knight, iv., 279-290; Col. Doc, ii., 601; iii.,
147,154; M.1SS. H. S. Coll., XXX., 66; Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 515, 516. Dryden'a patent as Poet
Laureate was dated 1 8 August, 1670, but his salary began immediately after the death of Sir
William Davenant, his predecessor, in IOCS.
126 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. III. loiig afterward, upon the receipt of Arlington's letters,
""■ Wiuthrop went from Connecticut, and Maverick from New
Mardi York, to consult with the authorities at Boston in regard to
Colonial sending aid to the Carribee Islands. But there was too
apprehen- o
sions. much danger to be apprehended near home, both from
Canada, and from the Dutch and French ships at sea, to
justify an expedition for the relief of the " dear country-
men" in the West Indies. This was communicated by
7 May. "Wiuthrop to ArHugtou in a very loyal letter excusing the
apparent indifference of the New England colonies. Mav-
June. erick also informed the secretary that such were the straits
to which NicoUs had been reduced for want of supplies in
New York, that he had been obliged to pledge his personal
credit for more than a thousand pounds, to carry on his
government.*
The apprehensions of the English that the Dutch and
French might attack their West India colonies were well
founded. Commander Abraham KrjTissen, sailing from
6 March. Flushing with three ships, surprised the English colony of
takes suri- Surinam, in Guiana, and left a military force to secure it,
under the command of Maurice de Rame, and Ensign
Colve. Not long afterward, a frigate belonging to the
Duke of York, coming from Guinea with a cargo of ivory
and negroes, was captured by the Dutch at Surinam.
Krynssen had meanwhile joined the French squadron
commanded by Lefebvre de la Barre, and assisted in de-
feating the English off the island of Nevis. Thence the
jnne. Dutch commaudcr sailed to Virginia, where he captured,
in virgi- in the James Eiver, twenty-six English vessels, one of which
was a man-of-war. After scuttling most of them, Kryns-
sen returned to Flushing, bringing along with him eleven
prizes laden with tobacco.f
This daring exploit so near home alarmed and mortified
Nicolls, who attributed it to the " negligence and ill con-
duct" of the officers in Yirginia. Every precaution was
therefore taken for the defense of New York. The mag-
istrates of Southampton, Easthampton, and the other towns
• Col. Doc, iii.,154-15G, 161 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 250, 257; Coll., 411, 412; Mass. Eec, iv.
(ii.), 310, 311, 335, 345, 347 ; 547; Palfrey, ii., 631.
t Wageniiar, xiii., 406-408; Richesse de la Ilnllando, i., 213; Basnage, i., S09 ; D'Es-
tradep, v., 83, 250, 261, 262; lie Witt, iv., 642, 677; Ailzema, vi., 123, 426-428, 438, 440;
Burk, ii., 149; Campbell, 267: Pinkcrton, xii., 292 ; Col. Doc, ii., 518-622 ; iii., 155,161,107;
ix., 167 ; N. Y. Senate Doc, 1S44, No. 42, p. 5.
nia.
EICHAED NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 127
at the east end of Long Island were ordered to turn one cuap. hi.
third of their militia into cavalry, and to be ready at an
hour's notice ; while the other two thirds were to remain at ^^ j^j^ '
their homes for the security of their estates. Connecticut, ^^^^^^i
fearing a French incursion from Canada, did the like. But ^icoua.
" the grandees of Boston were too proud to be dealt with,"
alleging that the king was well satisfied of. their loyalty, and
had recalled and disgraced his commissioners. Nicolls,
however, anxious to harass the enemy, commissioned Ser- so juiy.
geant Thomas Exton, of the garrison at Fort James, to be priTOte°eV
captain of the privateer Cedar, of New York, and sent her ^ *^ "*■
under his command to act against the French and Dutch.
Exton soon captured and burnt two French forts, Saint
Mary and Du Coudray, in Acadia, and came to Boston with i4 October.
" as many guns and other plunder" as his ship could carry.
On reaching New York, Exton reported his proceedings, 4 Novem.
and the spoil he had taken was condemned as good prize.*
In their war against the Mahicans during the summer,
the Mohawks had committed some depredations at Had-
ley and Northampton, in Massachusetts, and had murdered 00 August.
a young savage, whose scalp they exliibited at Albany.
The victim " was servant to an Englishman at Northamp-
ton." On learninoj this outrage, Nicolls went to Albany to 10 October.
1 . 1 . .IT . 1 n. mi Nicolls at
mterpose his authority with the native belhgerents. ihe Albany.
General Court of Massachusetts, however, conceiving that
they could treat independently with the New York Iro-
quois, wrote to " the chief sachem of the Mohawks" that
such doings were contrary to their promise not to molest
any Indians " that woare Enghsh cloakes, or that had their
haire cutt short;" and hoping for satisfaction and better
behavior in future.f
The war in Europe had meanwhile obliged Louis to
recall Tracy to France, with several companies of the Tracy
Carignan regiment. These orders surprised the viceroy, Canada.
who was expecting Yan Curler to visit him at Quebec, and
was obliged to embark just as his coming guest was meet- May.
ing his death on Lake Champlain. Courcelles was nowcourceiies
left in command as governor general of Canada. The
• Col. Doc, iu., 15T, 15S, 161, 162, 167 ; Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 63, 81 ; Val. Man., 184T, 355,
362 ; N. Y. Surr. Rec. WUla, i., 16, 35 ; Patents, i., 171, IT'2 ; Court of Assizes, ii., 154, 155. I
do not find any reference in the French authorities to Kxton's exploits in Acadia.
t Col. Doc, iii., 162 ; Relations, 1667, 28 ; 1668, 4 ; Mass. Rec, It. (ii.), 359-361.
128 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cu-vp.iii. king had approved the treaties made with the Western
Iroquois the year before, because he expected thereby " to
acquire a possession adverse to the actual or future preten-
sions of the European nations." But, as the Mohawks had
shown no disposition to submit to the French, Colbert di-
6 April, rected Courcelles to undertake a new expedition against
that nation during the next summer, "for the purpose of
utterly destroying them if possible, or at least of increas-
ing the terror they entertain of ILis Majesty's forces, and
placing them in a position not to trouble the country."
Courcelles had " a sufficiently strong inclination to return
to the charge." But, a few days after the viceroy's depart-
june. ure, Mohawk and Oneida deputies came to Quebec to de-
and onei- claro tlicir submission to the French, and solicit tliat mis-
Quebec, sionaries might be sent to their cantons. The Canadian
expeditions the year before had so awed these proud na-
tions that, in spite of the efforts of Nicolls and his officers
at Albany, they showed their sincerity by bringing several
of their famihes to Canada as hostages. Talon, suspecting
that the Mohawks had " yielded considerably to existing cir-
cumstances, and to the war witli the Mahicans, fi'om which
they were suffering," thought that they had not brought
hostages enough. But, as Colbert desired to " Frenchify"
the savages, a treaty was concluded to the apparent satis-
Miasion- faction of botli parties. Jesuit missionaries were at once
si^nedto selected to go among the several Iroquois nations. The
Father Jacques Fremin, who had been with Dablon at
Onondaga in 1656, and the Father Jean Pierron,'who had
just arrived from France, were assigned to the Mohawks.
Father Jacques Bruyas, who had been about a year in Can-
ada, and had already gi\'en proof of that talent which was
to make him so distinguished as an Indian philologist, was
appointed to go to the Oneidas. Three other Jesuit fathers
held themselves ready to work among the Onondagas, Cay-
ugas, and Senecas.*
14 July. The next month the Mohawk and Oneida envoys set out
Pierron, witli Fremiu, Pierrou, and Bruyas for their mission grounds,
yas. '"' On reaching Fort Sainte Anne, at the foot of Lake Cham-
• delation, 165T, 9 ; 1GG7, 2, 2S ; 1668, 3 ; Charlevoix, ii., IGl, 163, 164, 1T6, ITS ; Col. Doc.,
Hi., 151, 152; ix., 53, 59, 60, 130, 720, 7ST; Doc. Hi.-^t., iv.,190; Shea, 254, 274, 294, 500; Gar-
neau, i., 195 ; Faillon, iii., 156-158 ; ante, vol. i., 044.
the Iro-
quoia.
RICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 120
plain, tliey were delayed a month by apprehension of a chap. ui.
Mahican ambuscade. At length, on the eve of Saint Bar-
tholomew's day, finding that the Mahicans had retreated, 23 wmV*;
the party embarked, and followed the north coast of the
lake. From morning to night, the fathers, unused to the
toil, rowed " like poor galley-slaves," for efV-ery hand in the
light birch-bark canoes was obhged to work. In this man-
ner they "traversed gaily the w^hole of this great lake,
already too renowned by the shipwreck of several of our
Frenchmen, and quite recently by that of the Sieur Cor-
laer." On reaching the outlet of Saint Sacrement* they
crossed the portage, and at the head of the lake met fom--
teen Mohawk warriors, who were stationed there as senti-
nels to watch for a new army of Frenchmen. But, on
learning the peaceful errand of the missionaries, they
" made themselves their valets," and joyfully carried their
luggage. A few days of pleasant journeying brought the
party near the first palisaded village of the Tortoise tribe
of the Mohawks, on the north bank of the river, " called
Gandaouague,f which is that which the late Father Jogues Gandaou-
moistened with his blood, and where he was so badly treat- cighnaw.i-
ed during eighteen months of captivity." The missionaries ^^'
were received with all honor by the savages, who were de-
lighted to see among them peaceful Frenchmen in place
of those who so recently appeared " as furies, setting every
thing on fire." Two leagues further to the west they came
to the village called " Gandagaro," or " Kanagaro," belong-
ing to the Bear tribe.:}: Thence they proceeded four leagues
more, passing beyond Canajoharie,to the 'sdllage of the Wolf
tribe, and the capital of all the Mohawk' country, called
" Tionnontoguen,"§ which that nation "had rebuilt at a'^'°°''™'°-
• Tliis was called by the Indiana " Tionderoga," meaning in their language "the place
where two rivers meet." The French called it " Carillon," on account of the noise of the
waterfall in the outlet : see Benson's Mem., 06. The English called it " Ticonderoga :" see
Col. Doc., vii., 399, 795, 9S4; x., 721 ; ante, vol. i., p. 18, note.
t Kelation, 1668, 6 ; 1670, 23. This village, called '■'■Oiieugioure" by Jogues, and '■'•Kagh-
7iewage" by the Dutch, was the site of tlie modem village of " Caghnawaga," in the county
of Montgomery : Relation, 1640, 15; Col. Doc, ii., 712. Want of taste has recently belittled
this sonorous, significant, and historical name into " Fortda:" see Hist. Mag., ix., 371, 872;
X., 20, 115, 321, 322. The word "Caghnawaga" (which was afterward transferred to the
Catholic " Reduction" on the Saint Lawrence, near Montreal) means, in tlie Mohawk lan-
guage, " the Rapids," or " a carrying place:" Col. Doc, ii., 712 ; iii., 250, note; Index, 282^-'
Doc Hist., iii., 074 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll., iiL (u.), 159, 171 ; Shea's Catholic Missions, 256, 304 ;
ante, vol. i., 423, 659. t Col. Doc, ii., 712 ; iii., 250.
5 This village seems to have been not far from Fort Plain, or Palatine. It was removed,
in 1689. " an English mile higher up," and was again burned by the French in 1093 : Doc.
tt!— I
130 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. III. quarter of a league from that which the French had burn-
ed the year before." It was situated on a hill, about a
" ' • bowshot from the north bank of the Mohawk Eiver. Like
Caghnawaga, the capital was " double - stockaded round ;"
and it contained about thirty cabins. Here the missiona-
ries were received with a grand fusillade, " each one firing
from his cabin, and two swivels going off at the extremi-
ties of the village."
u septem. On the day of the exaltation of the Holy Cross, the six
Mohawk villages assembled at Tionnontoguen, and were
Mission of harangued by Fremin, after the Veni Creator had been
of the Mo- chanted. Having reproached them for their cruelties to
the French, the father declared that their Great Onnontio
would receive them as his subjects. To enforce his speech,
Fremin planted a tall pole, at the top of which was a
wampum belt, and explained that the first Iroquois who
should kill a Frenchman would be thus hung. The awed
savages offered a place for a chapel ; mass was soon cele-
brated in the rude building, at which all had worked with
zeal ; and the Mission of Saint Mary of the Mohawks was
established.*
Leaving Fremin and Pierron among the Mohawks, Bru-
Brnyas at yas now wcut thirty leagues farther west to found a new
ipra'Lcis mission among the Oneidas, who were esteemed " of all the
fhrcTnet Iroquois the least numerous in fact, but the most proud
^'^^' and insolent." A small chapel, quickly built by the sav-
29 Septem. agcs, was consccratcd on the feast of Saint Michael the
Archangel. Here Bruyas labored diligently ; but the Mis-
sion of Saint Francis Xavier of the Oneidas never answer-
ed French hopes.f
The Jesuits soon found that the strong liquors wliich
were sold to the savages by their European neighbors
greatly hindered conversions. Pierron therefore asked an
13 Septem. interview with the English authorities. Nicolls, who was
Hist., ii., 50, 8S; Col. Doc, iv., IG, 82. A note in Col. Doc, ix., 762, erroneously states that
Tionnontoguen (which was on the north side of the Mohawlc, and several leagues 70fst of
Caghnawaga) was the site of Fort Hunter, which was built in 1712, on the south side of the
river, east of Caghnawaga, at the mouth of the Scoharie Creek. The note appears to con-
found "Tionnontoguen" with " Tiononderoge," the castle of the "Praying Maqitas," which
was built in 1G90, and was the site of Fort Hunter : compare Col. Doc, iii., 1C3, 250, 483,
559,565,771,772; iv., 16, 64, SI, 82,391; v., 279, 280, 349, 372, 960; vi., 15, 16; vii.,577;
ix, 550, 558; x.,677; Doc Hist., i., 340; ii., 50,88; iii., 543,631 ; Munsell's Annals, ii., 67,
93, 99, 108 ; post, 583.
• Relation, 1667, 28; 1668,4-13; 1070,23; N. Y. H. S. Coll., iii. (ii.), 159 ; Col. Doc, ii.,
712 ; iii., 163, 250 ; Shea, 254^258. t Relation, 1C68, 13-10 ; Shea, 259, 275.
I
RICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 131
then at Albany, invited the father to meet him at Sche- chap. hi.
neetady, and a pleasant conference followed. The French
missionary did not fail to acknowledge that the kindness ^^ Q^to^'r
he had received amona: the Dutch at Schenectady had Perron
O V IQe6t3 Nlc-
kindled a friendship which " diversity of reHgion should oiis at
not quench." Leaving Fremin alone at Tionnontoguen, dy.
Pierron then returned to Quebec, which he did not reach
until early the next year.*
Meanwhile there had been little direct intercourse be-
tween England and her North American colonies. The
only vessel that had reached New York for many months 7 May.
was Sir William Davison's ship, the " Orange Tree," wliich
came from Hamburg under the king's special license.
Necessaries of all kinds grew very scarce; and, although want of
rumors came by way of Bilboa and Fayal that peace had New York.
been concluded between England and France, it was fear-
ed that "some extraordinary disaster" had befallen the
kins;. In writing to Lord Arhngton, NicoUs reported the 12 Novem.
o o O 7^ ± Nicolls's
mihtary precautions he had taken during the summer, and report to
with just pride in New York, observed that "when His
Majesty is truly informed how advantageously we are post-
ed by situation to bridle his enemies and secure all his
good subjects, I humbly presume to think that His Maj-
esty would afford much of countenance and regard unto
us, notwithstanding that His Majesty hath granted the *
whole tract to His Eoyal Highness."t
There was, indeed, reason to apprehend that some great
disaster had happened to the King of England. He had 1666.
expressed his desire to make peace with the Dutch, and jfe septem.
the States General had renewed their offers of reciprocal
restitution or retention of all that either had taken before or , ^ „ ' ;
n r^^ ^ i • 2ff March.
during the war. At the suggestion of Charles, plempoten- Plenipoten-
tiaries were appointed on each side to negotiate at Breda.:}: Breda.
In the mean time Stuyvesant had reached the Hague,
and presented to the States General his report of the sur- iqq^
render of New Netherland. This having been referred to 19 October.
• Relation, 1G6S, 12, 13, 62; Col. Doc, iii., 162, 163; Rensa. MSS. in O'CaU., i., 33T, 33S ;
Shea, 258, 259. t Col. Doc., iii., 162, 167 ; Ord., Warr., Lett., ii., 165, 166.
t Aitzema, v., T24, T32, 750-766; vi., 4, 9, 12, 236-239 ; D'Estrades, iv., 391, 469, 515, 609 ;
v., 8, 26, 63, 109 ; Basnage, i., 790, 801 ; Lister's Clarendon, ii., 36S-374 ; iii., 443, 453 ; Ra-
pin,ii., 644; Courtenays Temple, i., 99, 112; Martin, i,276 ; Pepys, iii., 66, 67, 72, 82, 94;
arUe, 78, 93, 96, 124.
132 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. III. the "West India Company, they insisted that their late di-
rector had not done his duty, and prayed the States to dis-
iijan'y.' ^PP^^^"^ ^f "the scandalous surrender of the aforesaid
s^'^J^e^^' country, and consider such example detrimental to the
2 A°ra state." Stuyvesant urged that his case should be prompt-
ly decided, so that he might return to New Netherland, and
bring back to Holland " his sorrowful wife and family, with
his property." The States General, however, required
17 ApiiL him to answer the objections of the West India Company.
After six months' delay, in order to procure additional tes-
29 October, timouv f roui Ncw York, Stuyvesant submitted an able vin-
snnfs re- dlcatiou of liis conduct, supported by proofs. Among oth-
^^" ers was a letter from his former subordinate, Yan Ruyven,
" still the Company's resident and agent" in New York,
and, at the same time, high in the confidence of NicoUs.
IT August. " I can not mj^self imagine," wrote the late secretary of
New Netherland to his old chief, " on what pretext the loss
of the country can be laid to your charge. Was not every
possible effort used for its preservation % And was not its
dangerous and ruinous condition notified, and assistaijce
for redress solicited % and was it not protested that other-
wise every thing would be lost % Certainly yes ; not once,
nor one year, but for several years, and by almost every
ship. What more can be demanded from a Governor ?"*
166T. In a long and petulant rejoinder, the West India Com-
The w.'^i." pany labored to shift the responsibility for the loss of New
u^Ser.'^ Netherland from themselves to Stuyvesant. But it was
now useless to prolong discussion. The States General had
offered to Charles the alternative of reciprocal restitution
or retention of conquests as the basis of a treaty. They
had triumphantly established the Dutch title to New Neth-
erland against the asserted claims of England, but they
could not make its restitution the only condition of peace.
Finding how the case stood, the West India Directors
26 March, represented to their High Mightinesses that they had rear-
The impor- " o */
tance of cd Ncw Netherland " like a foster child " at an " excessive
New Neth-
eriand. expeusc," for forty-six years, and urged that its restitution
by England should be insisted upon. To this was append-
ed a memorial from many prominent merchants of Hol-
land, setting forth the importance of regaining New Neth-
* Col. Doc, i J., 361-37P, 419-425,427-483; ante, p. 60, JWtfi.
EICHAKD NICOLLS, GOVERNOK. 133
erland, possessed by. the Dutch for nearly half a century chap. m.
" by a just and indisputable title," and " inhabited by more
than eight thousand souls, consisting of about fifteen hun-
dred families, all natives and subjects of this state, who
went thither formerly to gain a livelihood and to settle, on
a promise of being sustained and protected." Its restora-
tion by treaty was urged, " the rather that in case the afore-
said country be left to and remain in the power and hands
of the English nation, it could gain and obtain therefrom,
in time of war, considerable advantages over this state and
its inhabitants, as well because it will be able to draw and
receive thence, and therefore from its own lands and colo-
nies, almost all the wares which, being necessary for its
equipments, it has hitherto been obliged to obtain from the
Baltic, as that, whenever it shall possess and be master of
nearly the entire northern part of America (for the French
will be illy able to hold Canada against that nation), it can,
without people here in Europe having the least knowledge
of the circumstance, fit out a considerable fleet of large and
small ships there, * * -• whereby said English nation then
would found, and extend considerably, its pretended do-
minion over the sea."*
But these statesmanlike arguments were now too late.
Charles accepted the alternative which he pretended the Jg Aprii.
States General had proposed, " namely, that each party
should remain in the possession of all things which had
been acquired on one side or the other during this war."
On the other hand, the States instructed their ambassadors s May.
at Breda to adhere to their oifer actually made on theuonsat
sixteenth of the previous September, namely, " that it be
left to His Majesty's choice to make peace by a reciprocal
restitution, on both sides, of what is seized by force of arms
or detained from the other, either before or after the com-
mencement of the war; or else that the one party retain
what it hath taken by force of arms, or otherwise seized
from the other, as well before as after the commencement
of the war." The plenipotentiaries were also directed to
procure, if possible, from the King of France, the cession
to the republic of some of the colonies which he had taken
from the EngHsh, as some equivalent for the relinquish-
' Col. Doc, iL, 401-515 ; Ees. HoU., 1C6T, 120, 133.
134 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
onAP.m. ment of New ISTetherland by the Dutch, which sacrifice
~ ~~ Louis had fii'st suggested.*
By this time the real importance of New York had be-
come better appreciated by the European powers which
1666 ^^^'^ chiefly interested in its fate. From Quebec, Talon
13 Novem. had suggcstcd to Colbert that Louis should, after an ar-
wLhes rangement with the Dutch government, procure the cession
gSa^ew from England of New Netherland to himself, by which
ilnd.^"^' means he "would .have two entrances into Canada, and
would thereby give the French all the peltries of the North
— of which the English have now partly the advantage, by
means of the communication with the L-oquois which they
possess by Manatte and Orange — and would place those
barbarous tribes at His Majesty's discretion ; who could,
moreover, approach New Sweden when he pleased, and
^ggY ^^^^ ^e^ England confined within its limits." This idea
27 October. Talou reiterated the next year ; but Colbert was obliged to
6 April, content himself with directing the subjugation of the Iro-
quois by the French. Louis, now engaged in active hos-
tilities in the Spanish Netherlands, could do nothing to ob-
tain the cession of New York either fi'om Holland or En-
gland, and liixiited his efforts to regaining Acadia, which
Cromwell had wrested from France.f
20 May. A difficult poiut soou occurrod at Breda. The Dutch
offer was craftily misstated by Charles, and the negotiations
were delayed. Observing this, De Witt, who could not for-
get his vow to avenge the outrage which the English had
perpetrated the year before at Schelling, thought that the
time had come for a memorable retaliation. The large
sums voted by Parliament for the fleet had been squander-
ed by the Idng on his unworthy favorites, and most of the
Enghsh ships were laid up in ordinary. The Grand Pen-
The Dutch sionary accordingly dispatched De Ru}i;er and Cornelis de
Th*^e3. Witt to the Thames. Sheerness and the dock-yard at Chat-
ham were surprised ; several of the finest vessels in the En-
1 1 June, glish nsiYj were burned ; and the " Eoyal Charles," which
liad brought back the restored king in triumph from Sche-
veningen, was carried off as the chief prize of the Dutch
* IVEstrades, v., 175, 2ni ; Aitzema, vi., 27-31 ; Sec. Res. IIoll., ii., 62S-552; Col. Doc,
ii., 516, 517; Rapin,ii., 645; Martin, i., 275; Courtcn.iy'a Temple, i., 100 ; oji^c, p. 131.
t Col. Doc, ix., 56, 57, 53, 60 ; D'Estrades, v., ISl, 20S, 250, 333, 344.
EICHAED NICOLLS, GOVEKNOE. 135
avengers.* London was deprived of its supplies, and cnAP.m.
threatened for several weeks by the blockading Holland-
ers, who, had they been better informed of the condition of p^jgi^^ ^^
the capital, and acted with prompt -^dgor, might from the London.
White Tower have dictated their own terms of peace to
the fugitive sovereign at Windsor. While his sliips were
burning at Chatham, Charles was gayly supping with his
parasites at Whitehall, and all were " mad in hunting of a
poor moth." But the nation felt, with Evelyn, that En-
glishmen had suffered " a dishonor never to be wiped off."
Well might Nicolls, at New York, after waiting the whole
summer for a ship from England, apprehend that " some 12 Novem.
extraordinary disaster" had befallen his majesty .f
De Witt's galling success in the Thames had a marvel-
ous effect at Breda. The English ambassadors agreed to Effect at
the principle that each party should retain the places it had 30 June,
occupied, and Charles was obliged to recede from his posi-
tion and accept the terms insisted upon by the Dutch. A
treaty between England and Holland was soon concluded, f i J"iy-
, Treaty
By tlie third article it was stipulated that " each of the said made.
parties shall hold and possess in future, in perfect right of
sovereignty, propriety, and possession, all such countries,
islands, towns, forts, places, and colonies, and so many as
each, whether during this war or before, in whatever time
it may have been, shall have taken and retained from the
other, by force and by arms, or in whatever manner it may
have been, and that in the same manner as they shall have
occupied and possessed them on the -l-^th of May last, none
of the said places excepted." The same day another treaty
was signed between France and England, by which Acadia Acadia ro-
stored to
was restored to Louis, in exchange for Antigua, Montserrat, France.
and a part of Saint Christopher's.:}:
By the treaty of Breda the Dutch West India Company New Netu-
lost New Netherland, while the East India Company gained en up by""
the treaty
of Breda.
* A part of the stern of the Eoyal Charles ia still preserved aa a trophy in the dock-yard at
Rotterdam.
t Aitzema,vi., 35-46,109-120; D'Estrades, v., 240-361,332, 390; Kennett, iii., 205; Lis-
ter's Clarendon, ii., 3TG-3S1 ; iii., 454-463; Basnage, i., 803, 804; Evelyn, ii., 27, 28; iii.,
214; Pepys, iii., 142-155, 164; Rapin, ii., C45; Burnet, i., 250; Clarke's Jamea II., i., 425,
426 ; Martin, i., 286 ; Col. Doc, iii., 16T ; ante, p. 125, 131.
t Dumont, vii., 45; Aitzema, vi., 55; D'Estrades, v., 303, GS4, 385, 462, 464, 4T6 ; Bas-
nage, i., 806, 807 ; Temple, i., 4S1 ; Courtenay's Temple, i., 112 ; Li-^ter'a Clarendon, ii., 881 ;
DeWitt,ii.,537; Charlevoix, ii., 204; Hume, vi., 400-402; I.ingard, xii., 211-215; Hazard's
Eeg. Penn.,iv.,120; Kapiii, ii.,045, 646; Anderson, ii., 4' 2, 403; Martin, i., 2ST.
13G HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP.iii. Poleroii. Surinam, having been conquered before the 10th
of May, was also confirmed to the United ProAdnces. Its
acquisition somewhat reconciled the Dutch people to the
loss of New Netherland ; and all, except the West India
shareholders and the regents of the city of Amsterdam,
-21 August, seemed to be content when the peace was proclaimed at
the Hague.
Feeling in But iu Loudou the feeling was very different. The
church-bells rang out merry peals. Yet no bonfires show-
ed the national joy — "partly," wrote Pepys, "from the
dearness of firing, but principally from the little content
most people have in the peace." They lamented " the giv-
ing away Poleron and Surinam, and Nova Scotia, which
hath a river 300 miles up the country, wdth copper-mines,
more than Swedeland, and Newcastle coals, the only place
in America that hath coals that we know of; and that
Cromwell did A^alue those places, and would forever have
made much of them." In this feeling Massachusetts
shared when it became known that England had parted
with " a place so profitable to them, from whence they
drew great quantities of beaver and other peltry, besides
the fishing for cod." Public sentiment, both in and out of
Parliament, strongly condemned the king. A scape-goat
Fnii of became liecessary at Whitehall ; and Clarendon, who had
' served his sovereign with austere fidelity, was meanly de-
so August, prived of the great seal, which, at the very moment it was
demanded from him, he was aflixing to the proclamation
of the Peace of Breda. This was followed by a quarrel
between the Duke of York and his secretary. Sir William
-2 septem. Coventry, who gave up his place, and was succeeded in it
the duke's by Mattlicw Wren, a son of the Bishop of Ely, and secreta-
r}'- to the fallen chancellor, upon whose recommendation
James made him his OA\ai most confidential ofiicer.*
The Peace of Breda finished the controversy between the
West India Company and Stuyvesant. As the fatherland
had relinquished its ancient province to England, the vete-
ran felt no scruple about ending his days under a govern-
* Lambreclitgen, SO; Aitzeraa, vi.,54; Basnage, i., 803, 810; Lingard, xii., 215-220;
Hume, vi., 402-400; Lister, ii., 3S3-4U; Chalmer?, Ann., i., r.OO, 57S; Itev. (Jol., i., 118;
I'epys, ii , 301 ; iii., 22T, 233-23C, 240, 242, 24-t, 24T ; Evelyn, i., 335, 409 ; CanipbeH's Clian-
cellora, iii., 232 ; Clarke's James II., i , 420-433 ; Col. Doc, iii., 241 ; llutcli. Coll., 480 ; Life
of Clarendon, Cont. (l)xf.), ii!., t92, 293, 294.
accretaiy.
EICHAED NICOLLS, GOVERNOR 137
ment to which he had already sworn a temporary alle- chap.iii.
ffiance. But, before returninsr to America, lie tried to obtain ~"
a relaxation of the English na\dgation laws in favor of New
York by allowing it a direct commerce with Holland ; urg- stuyvesant
ing to the Duke of York that the capitulation should be free trade,
ratified, and that its sixth article especially — which allowed
a free trade with the Netherlands in Dutch vessels — should
be " observed, or in some measure indulged." This was
very necessary, because the Indians, in trading their bea-
vers, especially prized Holland duffels and Utrecht iron-
ware, and, for want of them, would traffic with the French
of Canada, " who are now incroached to be too neare neigh-
bom-s unto us ;" and because, as no shij)s were to go to New
York from England this season, there would be destitution
unless it should be relieved from Holland. Stuyvesant
therefore asked permission to dispatch two Dutch vessels
from Holland to New York, that so " the inhabitants, being
plentifully supplied, may cheerfully follow their vocations,
and bless God for the opportunity of enjoyment of all peace
and plenty under the auspicious wings of your Royal High-
ness's paternal care and protection."-
As the Duke of York could not grant such a request,
Stuyvesant petitioned the king in council. On the report
of a special committee, without reference to the Council of it cct.
Trade, Charles ordered that " a temporary permission for 23 oct.
seven years, with three ships only," be granted to the Dutch givS!^"""
" freely to trade" with New York ; and the duke was author-
ized to grant his license to Stuyvesant pursuant to Nic-
olls's passport. The capitulation of New Netherland was
not formally ratified, but it was recognized as obligatory.
Having gained for his countrymen- this concession in their stuyve-
f aver, Stu}wesant returned to spend the remnant of his days tum to '^'
calmly in New York. f iew\or .
The Peace of Breda brought welcome relief to Nicolls. xicoiis ra-
The duke yielded to his many requests to be recalled from
an administration which he had conducted so well. It was
diflScult to find a proper successor in a court thronged with
needy place-hunters, few of whom were qualified to govern
an American province. James selected Colonel Francis
' Col. Doc, ii., 251 ; iii., 1G3, 1G4 ; ante, vol. i., p. T62.
t CoL Doc, iii., 164-16T, 1T5-1T9, 23T ; v., 496 ; vii., 5S6 ; Val. Man., 1S4T, 3T0.
158
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IIL
1667.
Lovelace.
1668.
1 January.
I'eace pro-
claimed in
New York.
Commer-
cial enter-
prise.
Grants of
land.
3 Febr'y.
Martha's
Vineyard
and Nan-
tucket.
Lovelace, a brother of John, Lord Lovelace of Hurley, and
a favorite of the king, of whose " honorable privy cham-
ber" he was one of the gentlemen. It seems to have been
Lovelace's chief " affliction" that at his departure from En-
gland he was unable to see Secretary Arlington.*
At length official intelligence of the Peace of Breda
reached NicoUs, whose pleasant duty it was, at the open-
ing of the new year, to amiounce the good news in his gov-
ernment. This was done by warrants addressed to each
justice, requiring a general publication of the proclama-
tions announcing the auspicious event.f
A new order of things at once opened. The success of
Stuyvesant at London aroused the repressed commercial
enterprise of the Dutch merchants; of whomYan Cort-
landt, Cousseau, Ebbing, and others set sail for Holland
during the summer, to settle old accounts and prepare for
increasing trade.:]:
The peace also enabled NicoUs to reward some of his
English subordinates. Among the effects of Dutch sub-
jects which had been confiscated by the decree of 10th of
October, 1665, were Hog Island, and the two " Barent's"
Islands in the East River. Hog Island was now granted
to Captain John Manning, whom the governor had just
before appointed sheriff of Xew York. The Barent's Isl-
ands were at the same time patented to Collector Thomas
Delavall.§
A question respecting the jurisdiction of New York was
now settled by Nicolls. The islands of Martha's Yineyard
and Nantucket, although contiguous to the coast of New
Plymouth, were included by name in the Duke of York's
patent. In 1641 they had been conveyed by Stirbng and
Gorges to Thomas Mayhew and his son, who, after 1654,
finding that they were out of the jurisdiction of Massa-
* Chalmers, i., 578, follows the error of Smith, i., 42, in stating that Lovelace assumed the
administration of New York in May, 1GC7. lie appears to have arrived at New York in the
spring of IGCS, and did not relieve Nicolls until August of that year. See N. Y. Surrogate's
Records, Wills, l.,D5; Val. Man., 1847, 3G2 ; Col. Doc, ii., 5S0; iii.,174.
t Ord., Warr., etc., ii., 193 ; Col. Doc, ii., 522. t Col. Doc, iii., 17S.
} Patents, i., 129, 131; Ord., Warr., Lett., ii., 177; Col. Doc, ii., 654; Val. Man., 1S47,
351; 1853, 330; 1855, 493-497; Smith, i., 299 ; IIofTman's Treatise, i., 147, 148; Benson's
Mem., 90; C. WoUey, 00; ante. p. 9\. Hog Island was known as Manning's Island, and
afterward as Blackwell's Island. The "Barent's Islands" became Englished into Great
and Little "Barn" Islands, one of which is now known as AVard's Island, and the other »s
Randall's Island. All the three now belong to the city of New York. See the " Nicolls
Map,"Val. Man., 1803.
RICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOR. 139
chusetts and New Plymouth, exercised a kind of independ- chap. in.
ent government in their remote habitations. An English
vessel having been driven ashore on one of the neighboring
Elizabeth Islands, and seized by the Indians, the matter was
reported to Nicolls, who sent a special commission to May- s January,
hew, and instructed him to summon the offending sachems
before him at " Martin's Yineyard," and also to request
Governor Prince, of New Plymouth, to reprove the disor-
derly savages within his jurisdiction. " I have not been
forward," he added, " in trivial cases, to contest for my *
master's bounds ; knowing, however, that all the islands,
except Block Island, from Cape Cod to Cape May, are in-
cluded in my master's patent. The first scruples will be
soon removed ; however, in cases of this consequence, 1 .
must declare myself both in point of power and readiness
to protect and defend my master's honor and interest.*
Another case of "scruple" was decided without diffi-
culty. A few miles from Stonington, in Connecticut,
is an island, about nine miles long and one broad, which
the Dutch discovered in 1614, and named the " Visscher's" Fisher's
or Fisher's Island. As it was near the mouth of the Mys- granted to
tic, John Winthrop obtained a grant of it in 1640 from ™ "^°^'
Massachusetts, and in the following year the assent of the
Hartford Court; and in 1644 he bought it from the sav-
ages. But, as it was included in the Duke of York's patent,
Winthrop procured fi-om Nicolls a confirmation to himself 28 March.
of Fisher's Island " as an entire enfranchised township,
manor, and place of itself ; and to have, hold, and enjoy
equal privileges and immmiities with any other town, en-
franchised place, or manor, within the government of New
York ; and to be in nowise subordinate or belonging unto,
or dependent upon any riding, township, place, or jurisdic-
tion whatsoever." In vain Connecticut afterward attempted
to assert her authority over Fisher's Island. It still forms
part of Suffolk County, in the State of New York, and was,
until recently, owned by Winthrop's descendants.f
For some time after his arrival at New York, Lovelace
• Col. Doc, ill., 168-170; Hough's "Nantucket Papers," x.-xv., 1-22, 70; Mass. Rec, Iv.
(i.),199; Palfrey, ii., 196, 339; Hutch. Mass., i., 161; Mather's Mag., ii., 424, 427.
t Patents, iii., 5; Col. Eec. Conn., i, 64, 65; iii., 64,283; Mass. Kec, i., S04; Mass. 11. S.
Coll., XXX., 54, 78 ; xxxvi., 368 ; xxxvii,, 83 ; Palfrey, ii., 234, 624; Thompson, i., 388-390 ,
N. Y. Bev. Stat., ill, 2 ; ante, vol. i., 57.
140 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. 111. occupied liimself in becoming familiar with the govern-
~~~ ment he was soon to administer. One of his duties was to
13 April ' pi'Gside in the Admiralty Com-t ; and a case having been
cou'?tTn"^ removed from the Mayor's Court to that tribimal, Lovelace
j^ewYgrk. took his Seat with Kicolls on the bench. A controversy
had arisen between the owner of the ship Cedar and the
privateers who went in her to Acadia the year before, and
who had taken a Spanish prize which they brought into
New York. After several hearings the court pronounced
IS April, a sentence, a remarkable feature of which was, that an
Indian man, who had been taken " as part of their prize,"
should be sold, to defi-ay the charges on both sides.'^^
DeLware Affairs ou tlio Delaware had meanwhile gone smooth-
ly along. A new church had been built by the Swedes in
1667 at Crane Hook, near Fort Christina or Altona, now
known as Wilmington, in which Lokenius, the Lutheran
clergjTnan, who appears to have led rather a godless life,
continued to minister. By an order of Nicolls, the local
21 April, government of the Delaware territory was now regulated
more clearly. Captain John Carr was to remain as com-
mander-in-chief at Newcastle, assisted by Alricks and oth-
ers as counselors, and the Duke's laws were to be publish-
ed and observed. Li all cases of difficulty the directions
of the governor and council at New York were to be sought
and followed. Not long afterward, the Mantes, or Eed
Hook Lidians, having committed several murders, Nicolls
s June, and Lovelace, in a joint letter, directed Carr and his coun-
selors to make all necessary rules for .the government of
both Christians and Indians, and report them to New York
for confirmation.f
The military establishment of the whole province was
Military uow scttlcd. The garrison at Newcastle was to have a
ments^fn Heuteuant, a corporal, and eighteen men ; that at Esopus,
ince^"^" a sergeant and twenty-one men ; and that at Albany, a lieu-
tenant, a sergeant, a gunner, a drummer, and twenty men.
At Fort James, in New York, there were to be a lieutenant,
♦ N.V.Surr. Rec. Wills, i., 25-51; Val. Man., 1S47,3G2-3G9; Col. MSS.,xxii., 40-49; Onl.,
Warr., Lett., ii, 191; ante, p. 127. Captain Richard Morri?, formerly of liarbadoes, first ap-
pears as a New Yorker in connection with this matter of the ship Cedar: compare Dunlap,
i., 2T2 ; Bolton's Westchester, ii., 2S4, 286; Col. Doc, ii., 595, C19.
t Ord., Warr.. Lett., ii., 207, 2flS; S. Smith, 51, 52; S. Hazard, Ann. Penn.. 140, 332, 348,
371, 372 ; Kepr. Penn., i., 37, 38 ; iv., 74 ; Proud, i., 124 ; Upland Records, 24, 25 ; ante, voL
L, 225, 248, 511, 610, 031, 734.
KICHARD NICOLLS, GOVERNOE. 141
an ensign, a gunner, a marslial, a surgeon, four sergeants, cnAp.ni.
four corporals, and eighty men. As a special encourage-
ment to the settlement of the newly-purchased country
back of Esopus, NicoUs granted thirty lots of thirty acres 6 April. •.
each to the soldiers in the garrison there.*
After the recall of the royal commissioners, Massachu-
setts extended her authority over Maine, which drew fi'om
NicoUs a strong remonstrance. But this was unheeded. In 12 June.
a farewell letter the Governor of New York sharply admon- so juiy.
ished the Boston Court, avowing himself "concerned dm*- letter to
ing life in the affairs of New England ;" adding, " You know settT'' "'
that my station hath been a frontier place towards the In-
dians, who had too much influence upon the spirits of the
Dutch in former times, but are now in a competent meas-
ure reduced to a better compliance in their behavioui-s to-
wards us, and have given me some testimonies of their de-
sires to Hve in peace with our nation ; for they have made
me a present of two youths which have been their prison-
ers a few yeai-s : they were taken in Maryland. Also they
have promised to bring me another young man remaining
with them. So that though they have a warr with the En-
glish in Maryland, because the English there do take part
with their Indians, yett you may guesse these heathens are
yet desirous of peace with the English, of which I have long
since advertised the Governour of Maryland."t
In company with his successor, Nicolls made a last visit 7 Jni7.
to Albany, against the monopoly of the Indian trade at
which place the magistrates of New York had protested.
While there, the two governors jointly issued new instruc- August,
tions to Captain Baker for the regulation of the garrison fairs.
and in regard to transactions with the Indians, and other
matters growing out of the treaty of Breda. There -was
now to be a general amnesty and oblivion of all " seeds of
distrust and jealousy ;" and, in future, no complaints were
to be brought before the governor at New York " but such
as are of high nature, and the proofs grounded upon suffi-
cient testimonies.":};
• Col. MSS., xxii., 50 ; Ord., Warr., etc., ii., 206 ; Coll. Ulster H. Soc, i., 50, T2 ; ante, 89.
t Col. Doc, lii., 170-173; Hutch.,!., 260-267; Coll., 427, 428 ; Mass. Kec, ir. (ii.), 370-373,
400,404; Chalmers, i., 484; Palfrey, ii., 632-634 ; Williamson, 1., 431-438.
t Ord., Warr., etc., ii., 229-233 ; Col. MSS., xxii., 10 ; Munsell, vii., 100, 101 ; New York
City Eec, vi., 387 ; ante, p. 83.
142 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
On his return to New York, McoUs prepared to take leave
1668.
of liis government. His predecessor Stuyvesant, having ir-
regularly sealed some patents after the surrender of New
8 August. Netherland, received a formal pardon for himself and liis
secretary Van Ruyven. A new patent was also given to
15 August. De Sille, Cortelyou, and others, confirming the town privi-
leges of New Utrecht. At the same time, Samuel Edsall
received a patent for Bronck's land, opposite Haerlem. As
21 August, a crowning act of grace and justice, Nicolls released Ralph
Hall. Hall and his wife from the recognizances which they had
been required to give when charged with witchcraft in
1665," there having been no direct proofs nor further pros-
ecution of them, or either of them, since."*
17 August. The authorities of the city of New York now sisrned a
NicoUs '' ~
leaves loval addrcss, which they asked Nicolls to deliver to the
New York. ^j :> j
duke, near whose person he was to resume liis service. All
the freemen of the metropolis were divided into two com-
panies, and ordered to appear in arms at the governor's de-
parture. A few days afterward, Nicolls, having transferred
28 August, his functions to Lovelace, embarked for England, with every
demonstration of respect and regret from those who, receiv-
ing him as a conqueror, bade him farewell as a friend. In-
vested with extraordinary powers, he had used them with
the moderation and integrity of a true gentleman ; and the
people, whose prejudices he had avoided wounding, " loved
the man whose orders they disliked." His former colleague,
25 August. Maverick, thus wrote to Lord Arlington : "After liis abode
letterabout here f OUT years (where he hath lived with screat reputation
Nicolls. t/ \ o jr
and honour), he is now returning home. I must needs ac-
company him with this character — that he hath done His
Majesty and His Royal Highness very considerable service
in these parts, having, by his prudent management of affairs,
kept persons of different judgments and of diverse nations
in peace and quietness, during a time when a great part of
the world was in warrs. And as to the several nations of
the Indians, they were never brought into such a peaceable
posture and f aire correspondence as by his means they now
are."t
• Ord., Warr., etc., iL, 216, 21T, 220 ; Patei;b>, iv., 54 ; Thompson, ii., 191 ; Bolton, ii., 283,
284; Doc. Hist., iv.,8G; a»if(',p. 91; vol. i., p. 2GS.
t X. Y. City Rec, vi., 397, 480 ; Col. Doc., iii., 174, 175 : Chalmers, i., 578 ; Smith, i., 42 ;
Hutch. Coll., 428.
PEANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOK, I4.3
CHAPTEE TV.
1668-1673.
About thirty miles west of London, on the Berkshire cnAr.n^
side of the Thames, in the parish of Hurley, there stood, ;t~
until a few years ago, a large country house, built in the
Elizabethan style, and called " Lady Place." Covering the Lady piaco
site of an ancient Benedictine monastery, from which it'' ^^^^'
was named, it had been erected by Sir Richard Lovelace, a
lucky comrade of Drake. With the rich Spanish spoil he
had won, the retired adventurer had laid out terraced gar-
dens around his Tudor mansion, the wide hall of which
opened on the placid river, and had adorned its stately gal-
lery with beautiful Italian landscapes. The heir of the old
knight greatly improved this place, and was created, by
Charles the First, Baron Lovelace, of Hurley. His sons,
John, the second Lord Lovelace, and Francis, a colonel in
the army, adhered to the royal cause. Francis Lovelace coionei
appears to have visited "Long Island" in 1650, under a Lovelace,
pass from Cromwell's Council of State, and to have gone
thence to Virginia. At its surrender to the Common-
wealth forces in 1652, he was chosen by Sir William Berke-
ley to convey the tidings " to the late King of Scots." The
zeal of Lovelace in the interest of Charles the Second led
to his being committed a prisoner to the Tower by Richard
Cromwell, on a charge of high treason. This only in-
creased his favor with the king at the Restoration. He
was enrolled as one of the knights of the " Royal Oak," an
order which Charles proposed to institute as a reward to
his faithful followers in adversity, but was more substan-
tially recompensed by being made " one of the gentlemen
of His Majesty's Honorable Privy Chamber." In due
time, the king's favor induced his appointment by the Duke Appointed
of York as the successor of Nicolls in his government.* Ne^York!
" LyBon's Magna Britiji., 299; Burke's Dormant Peerage, iii., 498, 499 ; Salnsbury'a Cal-
144 HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF KEW YOEK.
cuAr.iv. Lovelace was in many respects unlike his predecessor.
He was phlegmatic rather than enterprising, and lacked
Character *^^ energy and decision so necessary in a provincial gov-
ofLove- ernor far removed from the observation of his superiors.
lace. ^ . ^ ^
Yet he was of " a generous mind, and noble ;" upright and
good-natured, and by the very moderation of his character
unwilling to disturb the policy by which NicoUs had ad-
ministered the government of New York with such suc-
cess. For several months he had enjoyed the opportunity
of studying his predecessor's conduct. With a commission
similar to that of Xicolls, Lovelace also brought with him
to New York a formal confirmation by the duke of the
code of laws established at Hempstead. Lovelace's in-
structions, among other things, required him " to make no
alterations in the Laws of the government settled before
his arrival."*
Having received from IsicoUs the cipher in which lie
was to correspond with the secretary of state in case of
•2s August, necessity, Lovelace announced to Lord Arlington his in-
inataiied. stallatiou iu the government of New York, " being the
middle position of the two distinct factions, the Papist and
Puritan," and asked " some instructions" how he might
steer his course, so as most to advance the interest of the
king and the duke.f
•2 septem, Lovclacc's couucil, at A'arious periods, consisted of Cor-
coilnctr nelis Steenwyck, the mayor of New York ; Thomas Willett
and Thomas Delavall, former mayors; Ralph Whitfield,
Isaac Bedlow, Francis Boone, and Cornells van Ruy^^en,
aldermen ; Captain John Manning, the sheriff of the city ;
Dudley and Thomas Lovelace, the governor's brothers; and
Matthias Nicolls, the provincial secretary. Van Puyven
24Xovcm. was also appointed to succeed Delavall, who went on a
endar, i., 339, 3G1, 376, 379 ; Clialmers, i., 124 ; Hevcrly (erl. 1^55\ t,\ 51 ; Rurk, ii., Sl-91 ;
Thurloe, vi.,151; vii., 55S, 538, 6-22 ; Col. lloc, ii., 580; M.icnulay, ii.," 494; Kniglit's En-
gland, iv., 430; Lond. Quart. Kev., July, 1S59. The nephew of Governor Francis Lovelace
was John, the third lord, who was prominent in the Kevolution of lOSS. Upon his death
without issue, the barony descended to his second cousin, John, the grandson of Francis,
who became the fourth Lord Lovelace, and was appointed by Queen Anne governor of New
York, where lie died in May, 1700.
• Court of Assizes, ii., 231 ; M8S., Secretary's Office, Albany; Journals I.«g. Council, i..
Int., v., vii. ; Col. Doc, iii., 104, 218,220, 2G0; Mass. H. S. Coll., x.\x., TS; Smith, i.,42, 4C;
S. Smitli, V3 ; K Y. H. S. Coll. (1SC9), 32: ante, IS, 73.
t Col. Doc, iii., 174, 175. The erroneous statements of Smith, i., 42, and Chalmers, i.,
57S, which have been so generally copied, that Lovelace began his administration in 1G07,
have been already noticed, a7iti\ p. 138, note.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 145
visit to England, as collector of the duke's revenue at New cdap. iv.
York ; and Bedlow was made comptroller or naval officer,
and Nicholas Bayard surveyor. The customs' rates were jg jj^^j^'
regulated by a new order from the governor. '^^
Affairs at Esopus required Lovelace's earliest attention.
Conflicting claims were made for the lands in the " New 5 septem
Dorp ;" and the governor, finding it necessary to go thither fain."^
in person, left Captain Manning in charge of Fort James, lo septom.
with full instructions. At Esopus, Sergeant Beresford was
directed to disband the garrison, and cause their duty to be 25Septem.
performed by the burghers ; but, to induce the soldiers to
remain, liberal grants of land were assured to them, and
arrangements made to found two new villages farther in-
land along the fertile borders of the Esopus Creek. Soon
afterward, Henry Pawling was appointed to lay out lots at 9 Novem.
the new " furthest dorp."f
A severe epidemic — fever and ague, and fluxes — visited 21 Novem.
New York this autumn, which caused the governor to pro- in^Ne ™^*'
claim a day of humiliation and prayer. In his proclama- ^°^^
tion, Lovelace reproved the swearing, intemperance, and
impiety which he observed to prevail throughout the prov-
ince.:}:
The want of a printing-press in New York was now a printing-
much felt, and, as the only one in the English colonies was H^^^"''"-^ '
at Cambridge, Lovelace sent to obtain a printer from there.
But he did not succeed ; and it was a quarter of a century
before the " master art" began to be practiced in New
York. This was not, however, owing to the duke, who
never instructed any of his governors to restrain printing.
The immediate cause of Lovelace's enlightened effort was
his desire to have published a catechism which the Rever-
end Thomas James, the first minister at Easthampton, en-
couraged by the friendship of NicoUs, had prepared for the
use of the Indians, and translated into their tongue, with
some chapters of the Bible. For this and other labors 19 NoTem.
James was warmly thanked by the governor.§
* Council Min.,iii.,l; Court of Assizes, ii., 203, 293, 619, C35; Ord., Warn, etc., ii.,29T,
298, 322 ; Col. MSS., xxii., 51-53, ICS, 109 ; Val. Man., 1S53, 32S, 379-383 ; Munsell, iv., 22.
+ Ord., Warr., etc., ii., 206, 241-258, 279; Esopus Records; Ulster H. S. Coll., i., 50, T2.
t Ord., Warr., etc., ii., 294, 295; Col. Doc, iii., 185; Val. Man., 1856, 514.
§ Ord., Warr., etc., ii., 290-293; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxvii., 485; Wood, 41 ; Thompson,
i., 317 ; Dunlap, i., 120 ; Thomas's Hist. Print, i., 275 ; ii., 90, 286. The Duke of York has
been unjustly charged with discouraging printing in his province. The fact is, that neither
II.— K
146 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK,
cuAP. IV. The Jesuit " Mission of the Martyrs," now named Saint
Mary of the Mohawks, had meanwhile prospered greatly,
jepuit mi's- ^ft^r visiting Quebec, Fremin's colleague, Pierron, return-
thTM^-*'"^ ed to Tionnontoguen, and resumed the care of the mission,
-''^^';, He soon acquired the Mohawk lano-uao-e well enouorh to be
understood, and, by means of little pictures which he paint-
ed himself, explained more readily the Christian doctrines.
Every week he visited seven Mohawk villages, which ex-
tended over a distance of seven leagues and a half. But
the war now raging between the Iroquois and " the nine
nations of Mahicans who were scattered between Manhat-
tan and the environs of Quebec," hindered the progress of
religion. Hostilities were carried to the neighborhood of
Albany, and prisoners taken on either side were burned or
eaten. Being more numerous, the Mahicans had the ad-
vantage. One of Pierron's chief encouragements was that
the savages themselves observed that they had among them
a " foreign Demon" who was more to be feared than those
which they adored in their dreams. This demon was in-
toxicating drink, which came to them from Albany,* hin-
dered religion, and ruined their youth. At Pierron's sug-
gestion, several sachems came to New York with a petition
to the governor, accompanied by a letter from the father,
asking him to arrest the evil. Lovelace at once directed
12 Novem. the officcrs at Albany to execute the laws against selling
IS Novem. liquors to the Indians. He also wrote to Pierron : " I
have taken all the care possible, and will continue it under
the most severe penalties, to restrain and hinder the fur-
nishing of any excess to the Indians. And I am very glad
to learn that such virtuous thoughts proceed from infidels,
to the shame of many Christians. But this must be at-
tributed to your i^ious instructions ; you who, being well
versed in a strict discipline, have shown them the way of
mortification, as well by your precepts as your practice."t
Andros nor Dnngan, the succesaora of Lovelace, were at all restricted on thia subject : see
Col. Doc, iii., 21G-219, 331-334. It was not until 1GS6 that James the Second restrained
the liberty of printing in New York ; and the instruction then given to Dongan followed the
precedents (■f the Plantation Committee i-e?pecting other royal governors: Ool. Doc, iii.,
375. The rcstriclive policy of Massachusetts has been adverted to, ante, p. SO, note.
* The French furnished the Indians with brandy distilled at Rochelle; the English and
Dutch -with rum imported into New York from the West Indies, which the savages prefer-
red, as " more wholesome :" Col. Doc, iii., 403, 797; i.K., 36, 979, 1073; Doc. Hist., i., 140.
t Ord.,\Varr.,Lett., ii.,2Sl ; Col. Doc.,ix., SS3; Relation, 16G9, 1-G ; Charlevoix, ii., ISS;
Shea, 2G3, 2G4.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 147
At Saint Francis Xavier, among the Oneidas, Bruyas chap.iv.
suffered many discouragements. He was obliged to live
upon dried frogs and herbs, while few baptisms rewarded jj^.^y^^ .,;
his zeal. Of all the Iroquois, the Oneidas were the most dal^"""
intractable. The hostile Mahicans, and the Andastes or
Conestogues, however, filled the canton with continual
alarms.*
Early in the summer, Bruyas was joined by the youthful June.
father Juhan Garnier, the first Jesuit ordained at Quebec.
After remaining a short time at Oneida, Garnier set out
for Onondaga, a day's journey farther to the west, to the
old mission of Saint Mary of Gennentaha, from which the
French had been expelled ten years before. Received with
every mark of good will, Garnier was constrained by " a camier
gentle violence" to remain among the Onondagas. At his at onmL.
request, Garakontie caused a chapel to be built, and with ^'''
four others then visited Quebec. His request for another 20 Auguet.
"black robe" to be sent as a companion to Garnier was
granted by Courcelles, who did not fail to impress upon 27 August.
the savages the power and glory of the " Great Onnontio
Louis." Loaded with presents, Garakontie and liis col-
leagues returned to Onondaga, escorting the Fathers Eti- October.
enne de Carheil and Pierre Millet, and the Mission of Saint
John the Baptist was happily established.f
Carheil, however, did not remain long at Onondaga with
Garnier and Millet. During the first mission of the French
there, the Father Ren^ Menard had founded a church at
Cayuga, about thirty leagues farther west, and delegates
now came from there to ask a renewal of missionary serv-
ice. Conducted by Garnier, Carheil accordingly visited 6 Novem.
Cayuga. A chapel was soon completed and dedicated to 9 Novera.
Saint Joseph. Besides the village of Guyoguen, or Cayuga,
which was the seat of the mission, there were two othei*s a
few leagues apart, Kiohero or Tiohero, and Onnontare.
These villages were near the Lake Tiohero — now known
as Cayuga Lake — upon the banks of which David le Moyne
had died in 1657. In this most beautiful region of West-
ern New York Carheil began a laborious service among cayuga.'
* Relntinn, 1669, 7,8; Charlevoix-, ii., 1S5 ; Shea, 275.
t Relation, 16.58, .■!, 4; 1C62, 8-13; 166S, 6-19; 1669, 10; Ch.irlevoix, ii., 170, 177; Col.
Doc, ix., 227, 665; Shea, 259, 260, 277, 287, 289, 294; ante, vol. i., 643, 646, 704.
148 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. IV. the docile but supei'stitious Cayugas, and Gamier returned
to assist Millet at Onondao:a.*
Twelve years before, Cllaumonot had proclaimed the
faith to the Senecas at their principal village of Gandagare.
The most numerous of all the confederates, the Senecas,
whom the French called " the Ujpper Iroquois," were the
most gentle and tractable. They were rather laborers and
traders than warriors, and many Christian Hurons had been
adoj)ted by them after 1649. Fremin, who was now the
superior of all the Iroquois missions, thought that the time
had come to "begin a new church" among the Senecas.
10 October. Leaving Pierron in charge of the Mohawks at Tionnonto-
guen, the superior accordingly passed westward, visiting
the other missionary stations. After twenty days' travel
1 Novem. he rcachcd the Senecas, who received him with the honors
iimrag the which the savages show to ambassadors. The chiefs quick-
ly built him a chapel, and many converts, especially among
the domiciled Hurons, rewarded his labors. The mission
was named in honor of Saint Michael. Thus in 1668 the
Jesuits had established five stations among the Iroquois.
Fremin, the superior, however, found his labors among the
Senecas hindered by a projected war against the Ottawas.
But this he was able to prevent, aided by the opportune ar-
rival, the next spring, of the Father AUouez from Canada,
with some restored prisoners ; and it was hoped that the
Iroquois, who had now both " the Maliicans and the An-
dastes on their hands, would fear more than ever the arms
of France."f
iroquoi.^ A colony of the Cayue-as, which had been formed on the
colony at •/ o /
Quint6 northern shore of Lake Ontario, at Kente or Quints Bay,
^' was placed in 1666, for a short time, under the care of Fre-
min and some other fathers of his order ; but, on the con-
clusion of the peace with the Iroquois the next year, the
Jesuits, who were to occupy the more important field south
of the lake, resigned the Quinte mission to the Sulpitians
of Montreal. Two young " Levites" of that order, Francis
Salignac de Fenelon and Claude Trouvd, had recently ar-
11 June, rived in Canada, the latter of whom was ordained a priest
* Relation, 1G5T, 19, 43 ; 1GG8, 20 ; 1000,12-10 ; IGTO, 03, 09 ; 1072, 22 ; Map in Rcl., 1005 ;
Col. Doc, m.,irA ; Charlevoix, ii., 80, 81, 185 ; Shea, 232-234, 201, 2ST, 356 : ante,xo\. i.. (-44.
t Relation, 1049,3-453; 1057,43,45; 1008.32; 1009,17; 1070,09,77; Cli.ivlcvoix, ii., S ,
183; Shea, 191, 192, 198, 220, 232, 234, 203, 290; aiHr^ vol. i., 0J4.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. I49
by Bishop Laval ; and in tlie autumn of this year they went cuap.iv.
to Quints, where they began their missionaiy labors. In
this station they were succeeded by Francis Lascaris D'Urfe, „A ^'
T\ r^- 11 IP 1 'SSOctobct.
JJe Cice, and others ; who lor several years struggled with
many difficulties, until the Sulpitians at length resigned
their enterprise to the EecoUets.*
New Jersey, imder the government of Phihp Carteret, Newjeracy
had now for three years been quietly growing. But it was **^'*'"'
a constant eyesore to the authorities of New York ; and, al-
though Nicolls had ceased to allude to its dismemberment,
Maverick could not refi-ain fi'om writing by him to Lord 25 August.
Ai'lington that the duke's grant to Berkeley and Carteret
had " proved very prejudicial to this place and government.
Their bounds reach from the east side of Delaware River
to the west side of Hudson's Eiver, including a vast tract
of the most improveablest land within his Royal Highness
his patent. It hath taken away some Dutch villages for-
merly belonging to this place, and not above three or f om*
miles fi'om it. The Duke hath left of his patent nothing
to the west of New York, and to the east upon the main
about sixteen miles only fi-om Hudson's River, whereon is
but one poor village. Long Island is very poore and in-
considerable ; and beside the city there are but two Dutch
towns more, Sopus and Albany, which lie up north on Hud-
son's River. I suppose when the Lord Berkeley had that
grant, it was not thought he should come so neare this place,
nor were the inconveniences of it known or considered."f
This letter of Maverick, in connection with NicoUs's per-
sonal representations on reaching London, caused the duke
to try to regain New Jersey. One point was promptly set-
tled. As NicoUs had confiscated to his royal highness, in
1665, the estate of the West India Company in Staten Isl- staten isl-
and, and as one of the outlets of the Hudson River ran judged to
around the island, it was " adjudged to belong to New York." ^^^ ^°'^'
Philip Carteret, the Governor of New Jersey, had probably
* Relation, 1668, 4, 20, 31 ; Col. Doc, ix., 91, 97, 101, 102, 112, 132 ; Faillon, iil., lTl-173,
189-198; LaPotherie, iii.,216; Doc. Hist , i., 283; Charlevoix, ii., 177, 256; Shea, 254, 2S3,
309; N. Y. II. S. Proc.,184.S, 199-209; 1849, 12; Sparks's Life of La Salle, 16, 17; Shea's
note in N. E. Hist, and Gen. P.eg., xvii., 24G, 247. Fonelon, of Quinte, has been confound-
ed by Hennepin and other later writers with his younger half-brother, the famoua author
of Telemachus, the Arclibishop of Cambray. Another blunder places the scene of the Quinte
Fenelon's labors among the parent tribe of the Cayugas, Instead of among their colonists oa
the northern shore of Lake Ontario.
t Col. Doc , iii., 174; ante, p. 85.
150 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IV. anticipated this decision when he took title from NicoUs,
in 1667, for land on that island. Lord Berkeley, one of the
commissioners of the Duke of York's estate, having been
detected in " the basest" corruption, was now " under a clond,
i5eikciey and out of all his ofiices." Berkeley therefore offered to
ret agree to surroudor to Jamcs his patent for New Jersey. Carteret,
jer'^y to^''' lately made Treasurer of Ireland, agreed to do the like ;
ofYo"^^ and it was arranged that the two proprietors should, in ex-
change for New Jersey, " retm-ned to his Royal Highness,"
receive the territory on the Delaware which NicoUs had so
shrewdly and earnestly recommended. This determination
was promptly notified by Carteret to his cousin at EKza-
bethtown. Had it been carried out it would have relieved
the duke of much future anxiety.*
ri.npro- But, owing probably to Lord Baltimore's claim to the
ti'.'n?tio:r" west side of the Delaware, the proposed arrangement fell
through, and New York was not " inlarged" by the restora-
tion of her old territory. In the spring of this year Carteret
May. . called an assembly, in which each town in New Jersey was
represented, while Staten Island, being conceded to New
November. York, was not. But in the next autumn dissensions grew
so strong that the governor was obliged to adjourn the As-
sembly without day.f
The order of the king in council, which allowed three
Dutch ships " fi'eely to trade" with New York for seven
years, had meanwhile caused jealous complaints; and the
>foveniber. Couucil for Trade rejDorted that English merchants were
" altogether discouraged and withdrawing their respective
estates" from New York, and that the sixth and seventh ar-
ticles of the capitulation bound the king to grant freedom
of trade no longer than for " the first six months after the
rendition of the place." They therefore advised that, as
there had been " a mistake in the drawing" of the order, it
should be revoked, and that all persons trading to New
• Mass. II. S. Coll., XXX vii., 31.5, 319 ; N. J. II. S. Proc, i. (ii.), 32-SG ; Pcpys, iii., ICT, 172,
331; iv.,28; Col. Doc, iii., 105,114; Yonkers Gazette, No. OSC, for 8 Jiily,lSG5; Newark
Town Kecords, 21, 22 ; ante, p. 59, 71, 85.
t Col. Doc., iii, 113, 180, 340; Penn. Archivea, i.,70; Le.iminp; and Spicer, 77-93; Gor-
don, 28 ; Whitehead, 42-48, 51-53, 188-190 ; Newark Town Rec., 21 ; Chalmers, i., 526, 528,
634; Yonkers Gazette, 8 July, 1SG5. Lord UerUeley was made Lieutenant of Ireland in
1670, when, on tlie death of tlie Duke of Albemarle, he also became Palatine of Carolina;
and doubtlcB.i he .and Carteret thought that their interests would be better seiTed by retain-
ing New Jersey than by taking the Delaware territory, and wilh it a controversy witli ?o
important an Iri.^h p er as Ixird Baltimore, who could be easier dealt with by the king'a
brolhor.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 151
York contrary to tlie navigation acts should be prosecuted, cuai-. iv.
Tliis was the more necessary because the trade of England '
was " now in great measure upheld" by the American plant- '^ '
ations. The king in council therefore ordered that allisNove..:.
passes granted under the order of 23d October, 1667, be re-iishreftfw
called and annulled ; yet, out of regard to those who had to^Ne™ '
relied on it, the Duke of York might license one of the ^°^^'
ships now preparing in Holland to make one voyage to
New York.
Sir AVilHam Temple was directed to notify this decision
to the interested parties in Holland. Relying on the pre-
vious order, Van Cortlandt, Cousseau, and several other " loy-
al subjects now residing in New York," had dispatched one 24 October,
ship from Amsterdam, with the duke's pass, and were pre-
paring another, which was nearly ready to sail. Upon their
representing this to the king, backed by the personal efforts
of Nicolls, an order in council was obtained, " with much ii Decem.
difficulty," allowing the second " permissionated ship" '" to ship"p(>
make one voyage and no more ;" and the Duke of York mutedr'^
was at the same time directed not to grant " any other
Passe or Passes to any Dutch sliipp or sliipps whatsoever
to trade to ISew Yorke." Lovelace proclaimed the royal 1669.
pleasure on the arrival of what was understood to be the^*^^'''
last Dutch ship that would " ever come on that account" to
Manhattan.""
This ending of the old commercial intercourse between
New York and Holland followed one of the best acts of
Charles the Second. Soon after the peace of Breda, the
ablest English statesmen saw that the only way to curb the
arroo-ance of France was to form an alliance between Great
Britain and the Dutch Pepublic. Sir William Temple —
in many respects the opposite of Downing — was accord-
ingly sent with special powers to the Hague. He had al- IQQS.
ready won the confidence of De Witt, and in a few days a If Jan-y.
treaty was made which bound Great Britain and the United pie aiu"
Provinces to act, if necessary, in concert against France. ^°'^^'
The accession of Sweden shortly afterward gave to this
famous coalition the name of the " Triple Alliance."
* Col. Doc, iii., 175-179; Chalmers's Rev. Col., i., 117; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxx.,77, 78;
xxxvii., G15; Hist. Mag., viii., 230; ante, 137. Lovelace, at the fame time, "gi-anted free
trade to the merchants at Xew York, and took off the wonted recognition."
152 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF KEW YORK.
Chap. IV. Foiled and mortified, Louis was obliged to suspend his
conquests and make peace with Spain. In England, the
Triple Alliance became very popular. The two great
Protestant states of the world were now close friends, and
outspoken members of Parliament declared that the king
had done his only good act. " It was certainly," says
Principle of Burnet, " the master-piece of King Charles's life ; and if he
Ainan"e.^ had stuck to it, it would have been both the strength and
the glory of his reign. This disposed his people to forgive
all that was passed, and to renew their confidence in him,
which was much shaken by the whole conduct of the
Dutch war." The real merit of Temple's diplomacy was
iTFebi'7. the ratification of the commercial stipulations in the treaty
of Breda, by which England recognized the great principle
so earnestly contended for by the Dutch, that " free ships
make free goods."*
1669. New York was now prosperous, and Lovelace was sin-
KshS' cerely anxious to aid its progress. Under his encourage-
cove^re^d'off i^^^i^j ^ fishiug-bank — now the favorite sporting-ground of
san^ the metropolis — was discovered, about two or three leagues
from Sandy Hook, on which, in a few hours, some twelve
hundred " excellent good cod" were taken. At the east
end of Long Island the whale fisheries promised great re-
sults, and even in the harbor of j^ew York several whales
were struck. More than twenty of them were taken dur-
ing the spring. In partnership with some others, Lovelace
Ship-build- built a ship, " by Thomas Hall's liouse,"t on the East River,
York^ ^^ and a smaller one was launched at Gravesend. The gov-
ernor's was " a very stronge and handsome vessell, but
costly," named " the Good Fame, of New York," and was
sent to Virginia, and afterward to Europe. It was noticed
that there were at one time nine vessels in port whicli
brought tobacco from Yirginia, and others were employed
in carr}^ng more than ten thousand schepels of New York
wheat to Boston. Several people in and about Boston
• Aitzema, vi., 383-39S; Sylvius, i., 2-6; De Witt's Letters, iv., G09-651 ; Basnage, ii.,
8-13 ; D'Estrades, vi., 222, 229, 233, 24S-253, 267, 2S6, 291 ; Eapin, ii., 650, 651 ; Kennett,
iii.,2T0; Anderson, ii., 405-497; Dali-ymple, i., 37; Burnet, i., 254; Temple, i., 312-3S4;
Courtenay'9 Temple, i., 117-201, 433 ; ii., 440, 452 ; Davies, iii., 07-71 ; Hume, vi., 411-413;
Uiigard, xii., 22S-232 ; Macaulay, i., 202, 203 ; Campbell's Chancellor.", iii., 304; Bancroft,
ii., S25.
t Hall's house was near the present Beekman Street, so named after William Boekm.in,
of ICsopus, who purchased Hall's property in 1670 : see Valentine's New York, 72, 123 ; VaL
Man., ISCO, 539, 540 ; Benson's Memoir, 129 ; ante, vol. i., 517.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 153
showed inclination to come and live in New York, one of chap. iv.
tliem having bought five houses. Many others, attracted
by the reports of Sylvester and Morris, and the earnest
recommendations of Maverick, prepared to remove from
Bermuda and Barbadoes, and bought houses and planta-
tions. The genial hospitahty which had hitherto distin-
guished New York seems to have beeij encouraged by
Lovelace. " There is good correspondence," wrote Maver-
ick to NicoUs, " kept between the English and Dutch ; and April.
to keep it the closer, sixteen (ten Dutch and six English) m°the me-^
have had a constant meeting at each other's houses in '°p°'*-
turns, twice every week in winter, and now in summer
once. They meet at six at night, and part about eight
or nine." Generous Madeira wine, and rum and bran-
dy punch, "not compounded and adulterated as in En-
gland," were the usual beverages of the colonial me-
tropolis.*
The city itself was described by Daniel Denton, of Ja- Aspect of
maica, in the earliest separate account of New York ever New York.
published, as " built most of brick and stone, and covered
with red and black tile ; and the land being high, it gives
at a distance a pleasing aspect to the spectators." The
king's cosmographer, John Ogilby, more elaborately pic-
tured it as " placed upon the neck of the Island Manhat-
ans, looking towards the sea, encompassed with Hudson's
River, which is six miles broad : the Town is compact and
oval, with very fair streets and several good houses ; the
rest are built much after the manner of Holland, to the
number of about four hundred houses, which in those
parts are held considerable : Upon one side of the town is
James'-Fort, capable to lodge three hundred souldiers and
Officers : It hath four bastions, forty pieces of cannon
mounted ; the walls of stone, lined with a thick rampart
of Earth; well accommodated with a spring of fresh wa-
ter, always furnished with arms and ammunition against
accidents : Distant fi'om the sea seven leagues, it affords a
safe entrance, even to unskilful pilots: Under the town
side, ships of any burthen may ride secure against any
storms, the current of tha Biver being broken by the inter-
• Col. Doc, iii., 182-1S5; Gen. Knt., iv., 140 ; Court of Apsizes, ii., 455, 561 ; Mass. H. S.
ColL, XXX., SO ; xxxvii., 316-31!) ; Wolley'g New York, fS, 55.
154: HISTORY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
tHAi-. IV. position of a small Island, wliicli lies a mile distant from
the Town."*
April. "^ ' The " small island," just below the city, known as Nut-
Governor-^s *®^^' ^^ *^^ Govemor's Island, " by the making of a garden.
Island. and planting of several walks of fruit-trees on it," wrote
Maverick to Xicolls, " is made a very pleasant place." The
metropolis was admirably protected by nature. About ten
Hell Gate, miles to the northeast was " a place called Hell Gate, which
being a narrow passage, there runneth a violent stream,
both upon flood and ebb, and in the middle lieth some Isl-
ands of rocks, which the current sets so violently upon that
it threatens present shipwreck; and upon the flood is a
large Whirlpool, which continually sends forth a hideous
roaring, enough to affright any stranger from passing any
further, and to wait for some Charon to conduct him
through ; yet to those that are well acquainted, little or no
danger; yet a place of great defence against any enemy
coming in that way, wliich a small fortification would ab-
solutely pre^•ent, and necessitate them to come in at the
west end of Long Island, by Sandy Hook, where Nutten
Island doth force them witliin command of the Fort at New
York, wliich is one of the best pieces of defence in the
North parts of America."!
Long isi- Long Island, although tliought by Maverick to be " very
poore and inconsiderable," was described by Denton, of Ja-
maica, as almost a paradise. Crops of all kinds came up
* Daniel Denton'a "Brief Description of Kew York," London, IGTO (republished by W.
Gowans, New York, 1S45), p. 2; Ogilby's America, 1G71, 169, 170. Ogilby'a account ia
compiled chiefly from Denton and from Montanu?, who seems to have described the Dutch
engraving of New Amsterdam, rather than the reality of New York, as follows : " On the
Manhattan's Island stands New Amsterdam, five [Dutch] miles from the ocean. Ships run
up to the harbour there in one tide from the ocean. The city has an earthen fort. Witliin
the fort, upon the outermost bastion towards the river, stand a wind-mill and a very high
* staff, ou wliich a flag is hoisted whenever any vessel is seen in Godyn's [the lower] Bay.
The church rises with a lofty doubled roof, between which a square tower looms up. On
the one side is the prison, and on the other side of the church is the Governor's house. Out-
side of the walls are the houses, mostly built by Amsterdammers. At the waterside stand
the gallows and the whip. A handsome city tavern adorns the furthest' point. Between
the fort and this taveiTi is a row of proper dwelling-houses, among which are conspicuous
the warehouses of the West India Company." Jlontanus, 123 ; N. Y. Doc. Hist, iv., 75. I
do not quote the description of Edward Melton, Amsterdam, IGSl, who was in New York
from 2 July, 1CG8, to C July, 1CG9 — (and, being an Oxfurd scholar, ought to have written an
original account) — because he merely copies Montanus. John Josselyn, Gent., who publish-
ed his two voy.ages to New England in 1G74, describes New York as "built with Dutch
brick, alla-7noderna, the meanest house therein being valued at one hundred pounds. To
the landward it is compassed with a wall of good thickness. At the entrance of the River
is an isl.and well fortified, and hath command of any ship that shall attempt to pass without
leave:" see extract in X. Y. II. S. Coll. (ii.), i., "M ; also Oldmixon, i., 239, 271.
t Col. Doc, iii., 1S3; Denton, 2 ; Benson's Mew., f4, 07; cntc, vol. i., 5C, 267.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOE. 155
ill plenty. Many fruits grew spontaneously, especially cnAr.iv.
strawberries ; of which there was " such abundance in
June, that the fields and woods are died red : AVTiich the
country-people perceiving, instantly arm themselves with
bottles of wine, cream, and sugar, and, instead of a coat of
Male, every one takes a Female upon his horse behind him,
and so rushing ^dolently into the fields, never leave 'till stniwhcr-
they have disrob'd them of their red colours, and tiu*ned trout,
them into the old habit." Trout and other delicious fish
abounded in the crystal streams which " keep their course
throughout the year ;" and multitudes of seals, producing
" an excellent oyle," sported on the beaches. The vast
smooth plains on the island encouraged the breeding of
swift horses ; and upon that at Hempstead, Nicolls had al-
ready estabhshed a race-course, and directed that a yearly
plate should be run for. Lovelace now ordered that trials i Apiii.
of speed should take place every May ; and the justices of
Hempstead were directed to receive subscriptions from all
disposed to run " for a crown of silver, or the value thereof
in good wheat." The swiftest horse was to be rewarded
by a silver cup. The general training being ordered for is May.
the same time, the governor attended it himself.*
An extraordinary panic now occurred at the eastern end panic on
of Long Island, The Indians of " Meontawket" or Mon- andf ^''"
tank, who were tributary to Ninigret, the liarragansett
sachem, being in arrear, collected a quantity of wampum,
which, with an old gun-barrel, they sent over to the chief,
who received the messengers graciously, and pardoned the
defaulters. This at once excited suspicions of a great In-
dian plot. The constable of Easthampton required the
Montauks to give up their arms, which they reluctantly
did. The clergyman James, with several of the inhabit-
ants of Southold, wrote to Major John Mason, of Connecti- 29 jnne.
cut, one of the Pequod war heroes, and to Lovelace, charg-
ing Ninigret with organizing an extensive conspiracy to
cut off all the English. The governor at once communi- 5 juiy.
cated with the Rhode Island authorities, who directed that
Ninigret should be brought before them at Newport. But
' Col. Doe., iii., 1T4; Denton'.s N. Y., 2-0: Thompson, i., 271, 272; ii., 63; Dunlap, i ,
110; Ord., Wan-., etc., ii., 416; Farmer imd Moore's Coll., iii., 183; Oldmixon, i., 275;
Mite, p. 7i.
156 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IV. the sachem explained eveiy thing so satisfactorily that the
court " saw no iiist ^rounds of iealoiisy as to his inten-
23 July tions." The whole story was evidently a " panic fear of
24 August some over-credulous persons." In order, however, to pre-
sxovem. veut future jealousy, the Montauk chiefs soon afterward
acknowledged the governor of New York as " their cliief-
est sachem."*
As the Navigation Laws prevented direct trade between
Holland and New York, the Duke of York asked of his
brother that " such of His Majesty's subjects in Scotland
as shall be induced to take conditions as planters at New
Scotch York" might be allowed to go there and trade in Scotch
"'"^^' vessels to the West Indies and other plantations. The
r> April, king accordingly authorized two Scotch ships to trade be-
tween Scotland and New York. The farmers of the cus-
23 April, toms objected that this would be a breach of the Naviga-
tion Laws. It was replied that the duke's design was for
the general good of the king's " late acquired dominions,"
and that natural-lDorn British subjects should be encour-
aged to emigrate to New York and its dependencies, so as
to counterbalance its " forraigne" population, which con-
xot allow- sisted of Dutch, Swedes, and Finns. The objections of the
to Nfiw farmers of the English revenue seem to have defeated the
enterprise. In expectation of their arrival, Lovelace made
25 July, arrangements to settle two hundred Scotch families at
Esopus ; but no ship came from Scotland this year.f
0 septem. Lovclacc uow ordcrcd that " the garrison at the Esopus
toa.'" '^ ' shall be henceforth disbanded and dismissed of their milita-
ry employment, they being a needless charge to the Duke."
n Septem. A commissiou and instructions were likewise issued to
Counselor Kalph Wliitfield, Captain John Manning, Captain
Thomas Chambers, William Beekman, Christopher Beres-
f ord, and Henry Pawling, to regulate affairs at Esopus and
the new villages adjoining. The commissioners accord-
17 Pcptem. ingly went to Esopus and organized two new villages, the
Marble- farthest of which they named " Marbletown," from the
blue limestone which abounds there ; the nearer one they
Hurley. Called " Hurley," after Lovelace's ancestral home on the
• Ord.,AVaiT.,Lett., ii.,461, 51!>; Court of Assizes, ii., 431 ; R. I. Rec, ii., 2G3-2GS ; Col.
Rcc. Conn., li.,54S-551; Thompson, i., !)2, 298-300; Wood, 05, 00, T9 ; Hough's Pliilip's
War, 33-37 ; Arnold's R. I., i., 338, 339 ; ante, vol. i., 271, 550-554.
t Col. Doc, iii., ISO, ISl, 182. ISC ; Ord., Warr., etc., ii., 4S2-4S4. .
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVEENOK. 157
Thames. A few days afterward, " the town formerly call- chap. iv.
ed Sopes was named Kingston" by the commissioners, in
farther compliment to the governor, whose mother's family 55 ggptem.
had a seat at Kingston, I'Isle, near Wantage, in Berkshire. ^'°s*"°°-
Beresford was appointed chief magistrate of Hurley and
Marbletown, and Pawhng officer over the Indians. Lewis
du Bois and Albert Heymans, who was now restored to New offi-
f a^'or, were made overseers for Hurley ; John Biggs and '^
Frederick Hussey for Marbletown ; and Thomas Chambers
and William Beekman for Kingston. The " Duke's Laws"
were directed to be enforced, and instructions were given
to the new officers respecting their conduct toward the In-
dians. Separate lots in the two new villages were parcel- Lands
ed out to the disbanded soldiers. The governor having l^opiL ^
specially directed that " a very good provision at the fur-
thest dorp" be made for Mrs. Ann Brodhead, " in regard of
her great charge, and of her being a commissioned offi-
cer's widow," a tract at Marbletown was allotted to her.*
In the mean time, Lovelace, sorely troubled that no in-
structions had come to him from England, in the absence
of which he conceived " the whole fi-ame of government at
this time standing still," prorogued the Assizes from Oc-23Septem.
tober to N^ovember. His reasons were that " new Instruc- prorogued,
tions and dii'ections from His Eoyal Highness" were daily
expected from England, " and the Generall Com-t of As-
sizes being thought the most proper place for the publish-
ing of business of such publique concern."f
Not long afterward Delavall returned from England,
bringing the expected dispatches. NicoUs having explain-
ed the condition of New York, the duke caused a seal to be
engraved for the province, and another for the city, whioli 4 jniy.
he directed should be used for all public pui-poses. James and^lty
also presented to the city authorities a silver mace, and ^^^^'
* Council Min.,iii., 11; Ord., Warr.,etc.,ii., 530-53G; Col. MS?., xxii., 09, 1-2T; Ulster
II. S. Coll., i., 50, 51 ; ojite, p. 123, note. Descendants of Captain Brodhead have continued
to reside at Marbletown, where, in 1770, his great-grandson, Captain Charles W. Brodhead,
raised a company of grenadiers, in command of whicli he was present at the surrender of Gen-
eral Burgoyne at Saratoga, in October, 1777 : American Archives, v.,13S2; Journals of N.
Y. Prov. Congress, i., 295, 374 ; ii., 130, 150 ; ante^ S9 ; X. Y. H. S. ColL (1S6S), 1S5.
t Ord., Warr., etc., ii., 504; Court of Assizes, ii., 414, 415; S. Hazard's Ann. Penn., 37C ;
CouncilJoumals, i.. Int., vi. It seems that Alderman John Lawrence, while in London in
the spring of 1C69, had been asked by Nicolls to take letters from Jiim to New York ; but on
Ills calling for them, " Coll. Nicolls being not out of bed, and his man unwilling to awake
him, he came away without them." So New York, through a valet's scruples, h.'id no letters
by Lawrence : Col. Doc, iii., 1S3 ; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxxvii., 319.
158 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IV. sevGii gowns f 01* the mayor, aldermen, and sheriff, and sent
them a letter acknowledo-ing the satisfaction which their
10 July ' loyal address had given him. Lovelace presented these to
a October. ii^Q corporation in behalf of the duke, who, " although he
esteems some of these but as the gaiety and circumstantial
part of Government, yet, you may be assured as to what is
more essential and substantial, it shall receive all encour-
agement and hearty assistance from him."*
The city Thus eucouragcd, the corporation petitioned the duke
for for that — as the limited permission for Dutch ships to trade
between Holland and New York had been withdrawn — a
free commerce might be allowed to the province, accord-
ing to the Navigation Acts, by vessels " touching in some
port in England as they came from Holland, and paying
His Majesty's customs there ; as also toucliing in England
as they go for Holland." This was indispensable if the
Indian trade was to be retained, which required " Dutch
duffels and blancoates," not made in England, and whicli,
if prohibited, would be procured through Canada, to the
injury of New York.f
Since the departure of Nicolls, Maverick had lived in
5 July. New York, whence he wrote that he liad never received any
thing " to the value of sixpence, one horse excepted, whicli
Mr. Winthrop presented me witli, among the rest. And
what I had by His Majesty's order, I have spent as much,
since I came over, and four hundred pounds besides in En-
gland, in prosecution of this design." Nicolls now obtain-
12 .Inly, ed for his former associate the gift, from the Duke of York,
of a " house in the Broadway" of the city. In acknowl-
Liootober. edging this favor, Maverick urged Nicolls and Cartwright
onN.™' t» do all they could for the relief of their "poor friends in
England, j^^^ England," whose spirits were drooping in the " bond-
age they live," and who were " now in a far worse condi-
tion" than that in wliich the royal commissioners had
found them. The king, in truth, had, b}^ this time, be-
come "very intent about settelment of his coUonies" in
* \. Y. City Tioc, vi , 4SS-490; Mass. U. S. Coll., xxxvii., 316, 310; Vnl. Man., IS^O,
3-13 ; 18,50, 490 ; 1853, 380 ; Doc. Hist., iii., 241 ; iv., 1, * ; ante, p. 142. The seiil of the inov-
ince of New York, thug aythorized by the Duke of York's warrant of 4 July, 16C9, to be UFCd
for all public instrumentp, was so ufed until replaced by the new Beal which James the ?cr-
ond substituted for it on 14 Angus^t, 1(!RT : Col. Doc, iii., 42T.
t Col. Doc, iii., 1ST; Val. Man., 1850, 423.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 159
America, and a select council was appointed to consider coAr. iv.
their affairs.* TfificT
The Duke of York, by conviction a Roman Catliolic,
felt a sympathy with all who dissented from the Establish-
ed Church of England. This feeling led him, in apparent
contradiction to the arbitrary impulses of his nature, to be-
come the friend of religious toleration. Soon after NicoUs
came to New York, he allowed the Lutherans in the prov-
ince to send to Germany for a minister. The Reverend
Jacobus Fabricius accordingly came over, and Lovelace 20 Febr'y.
gave him leave to exercise his office as long as he and his mtheran
people should behave themselves orderly. At first Fabri- ^'"'^ "'
cius labored at Albany ; but his conduct was so offensive to 19 Api-n.
the magistrates and the Dutch congregation that the gov-
ernor was obliged to suspend him from his functions there, 2s iiay.
allowing him, nevertheless, to preach at New York. On
receiving his dispatches fi'om England, Lovelace wrote to 13 October,
the Albany magistrates "that Ilis Roj'al Highness doth
appro^'e of the toleration given to the Lutheran Church Religious
in tliese parts. I do therefore expect that you will live " ®'^ '""^
friendly and peaceably with those of that profession, giv-
ing them no disturbance in the exercise of their religion ;
as they shall receive no countenance in, but, on the con-
trar}^, strictly answer anj'- disturbance they shall presume
to give unto any of you, in your divine worship."!
The provincial ministers of the Reformed Dutch Church Ministers
at this time were the Domines Schaats at Albany, Polhe-form'ed'^'
mus at Elatbush and Brooklyn, and Megapolensis and church.
Drisius, colleagues at New York. Blom's place at Esopus
remained vacant. Samuel Megapolensis had returned to 9 avvh
Holland in the spring, under a pass from the governor.
The following winter, Domine Johannes Megapolensis was December.
" snatched away by death," after twenty-seven years' minis-
terial service in the pro^dnce ; and the metropolitan church
was left in care of Drisius, whose declining health almost
prevented his doing active duty. Privileged by the articles
of capitulation, the Dutch churches in New York maintain-
ed their former discipline, and remained for a century in
* Col. Doc, iii., 1S4, 1S5; Mas?. H. S. Coll., xxxvii., 311, 31C; ante, p. 54.
t Gen. Knt., i., 71 ; Ord., AVarr., etc., ii., 335, 394, 423 ; Court of As.sizes, ii., 424 ; S. Haz-
ard, 373; Dunlaii,i.,120, 12G, 4S4; Munsell,lv., 24; ciJife, vol. i., p. C34, 642, 65C, 6S1.
160 HISTOllY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IV. direct subordination to tlie mother Classis of Amsterdam,
in Holland.*
4 Kovem." ^* ^^^® Court of Assizes it was ordered that uniformity
wleAisles. ^^ Weights and measures should be enforced throughout
the province. But as there were not enough English stand-
IQ^Q ard weights and measures in the country, the governor was
1 January. obHged to suspcud the execution of the law by his procla-
mation, " sealed with the seal of the colon}^"!
1669. At the same Assizes petitions from East and "West
mltioM Chester, Hempstead, Oyster Bay, Flushing, Jamaica, New-
isi^d"""^ town, and Gravesend, against several grievances, were pre-
towus. sented. These grievances were " that what was promised
upon our submission by Governor Nicolls and the rest of
His Majesty's Commissioners should be made good to us :
— Namely, That we should l)e protected by His Majesty's
lawes, and enjoy all such priviledges as other, His Majes-
ty's subjects in America, do injoj^e ; — which pri-sdiedges
consist in ad\'ising about and approving of all such lawes
with the Governor and his council as may be for the good
and benefit of the common-wealth, not repugnant to the
Lawes of England, by such deputies as shall be yearly
chosen hj tlie freeholders of every Towne or parish ; and
likewise to be informed w^hat is required of us His Majes-
ty's subjects by virtue of the Commission granted from His
Royal Highness the Duke of York." Some of the smaller
grievances complained of were remedied. But Lovelace
had no power to grant the demand for an Assembly to
make laws with the governor and council. Indeed, Nic-
oUs had distinctly refused it at the Hempstead meeting in
the spring of 1665. To the statement of the petitioners
Answer of tlic Court of Assizcs replied : " It doth not appear that
of Assizes. Coloucl NicoUs made any such promise; and the Govern-
or's Instructions directing him to make no alterations in
the Lawes of the Government settled before his arrivall,
they cannot expect his Honor can comply with them there-
in ; — And for their desire to know what is required of them,
there is nothing required of them but obedience and sub-
mission to the Lawes of the Government, as apj)ears by His
* Ord., Wan-., etc., ii., 3S1 ; Corr. CI. Amst. ; Col. Poc , ii., 251 ; iii., \S0 ; vii., 5SG ; X.
Y. H. S. Coll., iii. (ii.), 144, 145 ; ante, vol. i., G14. 724, 702.
t Court of Assizes, ii., 22C; Col. MSS., xxii., SS, 00, 9S; Munscll, iv., S, 0, 11 ; N. V. II.
S. Coll., i., 421.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 161
Royal Highness's Commission, which hath often been read cuap, iv.
mito them."*
In the spring of this year a Mohawk embassy asked The mo
Courcelles, at Quebec, that other missionaries mie-ht beV'^'^^'^-
. -r-, , o sion.
sent to assist Pierron, and that their nation might be pro-
tected from the Mahicans by the King of France, to whom
their country now belonged " by the force of arms." Fa-
ther Francis Boniface was accordingly selected to help in
the mission, the prosperity of which, piously attributed to
the death of Jogues at Caghnawaga, seemed to verify the
words of TertuUian, that " the blood of martyrs is the seed
of Christians."! ^
But the Mohawk country was a battle-ground. At day- is August.
break, toward the end of summer, three hundred Mahican ^^a^'rlvkh
warriors attacked the palisaded village of Caghnawaga, hawks!"
which the Mohawks bravely defended, while their squaws
made balls for their firelocks. The news was quickly car-
ried to Tionnontoguen, and at eight o'clock a large force,
accompanied by Pierron, set out to relieve their beleaguer-
ed friends. The enemy had retired, however, after two
hours' fighting ; and the Mohawks, descending the river in
canoes, hid themselves below the Mahicans in an ambus-
cade which commanded the road to Schenectady, at a place
called " Kinaquariones." A conflict followed, in which the
Mohawks put the Mahicans to flight. Tlie Mohawks then 19 August
induced the Oneidas, Onondagas, and Cayugas to make
common cause; and four hundred confederate warriors
went to surprise a Mahican fort "situated near Manhat-
tan." But this enterprise failed, and the Iroquois came
home with two wounded. They quickly appealed to Love- 21 October.
lace, who — anxious that they should hunt beaver rather and wiL
than fight — endeavored, in concert with Winthrop, to make mlke*'^*°
peace between them and the Mahicans.:): ^®^'^'
Fremin, the New York Jesuit superior, now summoned
his missionaiy brethren to meet him at Onondaga. Pier-
ron from the Mohawks, Bruyas from Oneida, Garnier and
* Court of Assizes iL, 52S-234; Journals Leg Council, i., Introd., vi., vii. ; Wood, 91;
Thompson, 1., 145, 146 ; Dunlap, i., 120; ante, p. 33, 60, 09.
t Relation, 1GG9, 2-6 ; S'.iea, 2G4; rmfc, 129 ; i.,423.
t Relation, ICTn, 23-27; 1671, IT; Col. MSS., xxii., 132 ; Court of Assizes, ii., 420; Ord.,
Warr.,etc.,li.,4S5; Munsell, iv., 10, 20 ; Mass. II. S. Coll., i., 166, 16T; xxx., 79 ; Holmes,
i., 352 ; Col. Kcc. Conn , ii., 549.
IL— L
1G2
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IV.
1669.
29 August.
Jesuit
council at
Onondaga.
G Septem.
27 Septem.
Gamier
with Fre-
mln among
the Sene-
cas.
1.% M.iy.
Talon in
France.
Jesuit ex-
plorations
in the
West.
Millet of Onondaga, and Carheil from Cayuga, accordingly
met Fremin, from the Senecas, in council. After deliber-
ating for a week, the superior detached Gamier to assist
him among the distant Senecas, leaving Millet alone in
charge of the Onondagas. On- reaching their remote sta-
tion, Fremin assigned Garnier to the village of Gandachi-
ragou, himself remaining in charge of the mission of " Saint
Michael," at Gandagarae. This village was composed of
refugees fi'om three different nations, the Neutres or Atti-
wandaronk, and the Hurons, which had been conquered by
the Iroquois.*
Talon now went for a short vjsit to France, where he in-
duced Colbert to instruct Courcelles to visit the Iroquois
country at least once in two years, with all his forces, so as
to impress the savages with respect for the French. Six
companies of the Carignan regiment, which had returned
with Tracy, were also ordered back to Canada.f
Meanwhile Talon's energy had aroused enterprise in
Canada. The Jesuit Father Claude AUouez had, in 1665,
visited Lakes Huron and Superior, or Tracy, by way of the
Ottawa River, and had heard of "the great River called
Messipi." In 1667 he was again on his way to the "West
with Father Louis IS^icolas. The next year Nicolas return-
ed ; and Allouez, after a short visit to Quebec in 1669,
went back to the Falls of Saint Mary, accompanied by Fa-
ther Claude Dablon, where, with Father James Marquette,
who had meanwhile arrived there from the Ottawas, they
established a mission among the Chippewas.:}:
Up to this time the disciples of Loyola had been the pi-
oneers of western exploration in New France, Their hon-
ors were now to be shared by others. A young man of a
good family at Rouen, Robert Cavelier de la Salle, after
studying with the Jesuits, had emigrated to Canada in
1667, and had established liimself on a fief granted to him,
• Relation, 1641, 72 ; 1G51, 4 ; 1 f>70, 26, 45, 46, 69, 72-77 ; Shea, 270, 200, 291. In Barber
and Howe's N. Y. Hi't. Coll., 393, and Clark's Onondaga, i., 194, is an extract from Governor
Clinton's Memoir, giving an account of the massacre of a French and Spanish party at the
Butternut Creek, near the present village of Jaraesville, on the first of November, 16G9.
The story rests on the traditionary statements of some Onondaga sachems, and is not al-
luded to in the contemporary relations of the Jesuits.
t Col. Doc, ix., 62, 83, 7S7 ; Cliarlevoix, ii., 166, ISS, ISO ; flarnrau, i., 19S-201.
t Relation, 1G67, 2-26; 1668,21; 1GC9, 17-20; Charlevoix, ii., lOT-176, ISO, 1S7; La Po-
therie, ii., 124; Bancroft, iii , 149-152; Shea's .Missions, 357-3G1 ; Discovery of the Mi??.,
xxiv., xlvii., 67, 6S, 63 ; Sparks's Life of I>a Salle, 2, 3.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 163
which he named Saint Sulpice, at the head of the Rapids of chap. iv.
Saint Louis, just above Montreal.* Enterprising, medita-
tive, and abounding in courage and resources, La Salle
thought that there must be a route to China and Japan
through the Saint Lawrence and the unknown countries to
the south and west of the great lakes. He talked so much
about discovering it, that his home on the Saint Lawrence
got the derisive name of " La Chine," which it bears to this Lasaiie
day. Champlain had early heard of a great dividing cat- chine'/'
aract; and in 1641 the Jesuit missionaries had argued that
if the French were once the masters of the shore of Lake
Ontario nearest to the Iroquois, they could easily go up
by the Saint Lawrence beyond " Onguiahra" to the farther
savage tribes. The information which La Salle gained
from " many savages of different nations" satisfied him
that " by means of a great River, which the Iroquois call
Ilohio, emptying into the Meschasipi (which in the Illinois The "Mes.
tongue signifies Great River), one could penetrate even to Greauuv^-'^
the sea." In the summer of 1669, La Salle, encouraged '^^'
by Courcelles, joined the Sulpitian fathers Fran9ois Dol-
lier de Casson and Rene de Galinee, of Montreal — whose
brethren had already established a mission at Quinte, on
the northern shore of Lake Ontario — " in an expedition to c juiy.
explore a passage which they expected to discover, com- Doiiier,"'
municating with Japan and China." They proposed to nL explore
visit " divers Indian nations situated along a great River, t^t^o^a^a "
called by the Iroquois, Ohio, and by the Ottawas, Missis- ^"°"
sippi." Ascending the Saint Lawrence in canoes, they
coasted along the southern shore of Lake Ontario, and vis-
ited the Seneca village just at the time Fr^min was absent Auguct.
at Onondaga. After observing the Falls of Niagara, La
Salle was seized with a violent fever, which obliged him to septem.
return to Montreal. Dollier and Galinee, hoAvever, con-
tinued their explorations, and visited the country between
Lakes Ontario and Erie, of all of which they took possession Possession
in the name of the king. The royal arms were erected, the^"^ ^
and a map was prepared showing the new discoveries. '^^^'^ '
* La. Salle does not appear to have aetually entered the Society of Jesus. Mr. Shea in-
forms mo that Father F. ;\Iartin, of Quebec, could not find La S.alle'a name in the Catalogues
of the Order, all of wliicli lie examined. See also Shea's note to liis " Early Voyages," etc.:
Munsell, 1S61. Faillou, iii., 22S, says that La Salle was a "novice," by becoming which he
lost his patrimony.
164 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOliK.
1669.
(jhap. IV. These events occurred while Talon was yet in France.
But the act of possession, drawn up by the Montreal Sul-
pitians, was held to be good evidence of the French title
to the countries around Lakes Ontario and Erie.''^
Intercourse overland with the Delaware had become so
constant, that a grant was obtained in 1668 from Governor
jegow'sinn Cartcrct by Peter Jegow, who had been a member of the
jpointfoii 'New Jersey Assembly of that year, to take up the land at
wai "^^^' " Lazy Point," now known as Burlington, opposite Mattine-
cunk, or " Chygoes" Island, and keep a house there for the
21 May. entertainment of travelers. Lovelace now ordered that all
the inhabitants on the Delaware should take out new pat-
ents from himself. WilUam Tom, who had come over
with Nicolls, and who had served as commissary tliere,
3 August, was appointed collector, and families from Maryland were
affairs. eucouraged to settle on the creek near Apoquinimy. This,
however, excited the jealousy of the Maryland authorities,
and Wliite, their surveyor general, coming to I^ewcastle,
Lord Baiti- laid claim " to all the west side of Delaware River, as be-
ciaim." longing to the Lord Baltimore." Maryland also sent per-
sons to exercise jurisdiction at the Hoarkill, but none of
the inhabitants would submit to it until the matter should
be decided in England. ISTicolls had written that the ques-
tion about the Delaware territory, which was to be trans-
ferred to Berkeley and Carteret in exchange for New Jer-
sey, would be settled " in some short time ;" and Lovelace
15 October. now dispatclied to the duke "the original claim" made by
White in behalf of Lord Baltimore by a ship " bound away
for London."f
Disaffection had meanwhile appeared among the people
on the Delaware. A Swede, whose real name was Marcus
* Faillon, Hi., 151, 189, 228, 229, 284-30T, 312-314; Col. Doc, ix., 66, SO, 81, 138, 305, 335,
382,706,787,789; Champlain's Map, 1602 ; Eelation, 1041,71,72; 16G8, 4; Hennepin's Deac.
de la Louiaiane, 2, 3 ; Charlevoix, ii., 263, 264; Catalogue of Library of Tarliament, Canada, p.
1615; Eaynal,viii,,145; Kalm,in Pinkerton,xiii., 699; Bancroft, iii., 122,129, 162; Sparlcs'a
Life of La Salle, 5-7; Shea'a De.?c. Miss., 83, 84, 100; note on Washington's Diary, 1753,
320; ante, p. IIS ; vol. i., p. 344. The statement in Col. Doc, ix., 335, and Doc. Hist., i.,
150, that La Salle visited Niagara, and " established quarters and some settlers there," in
1GG8, seems to be a clerical error for 1678.
t Records of Upland Court, 140, 141; Elizabethtown Bill, 4; Ord., Warr., etc., ii., 234,
267,208,269; Col. Doc, iii., 185, 186; Col. MSS.,xx., 2,3; S. Hazard, 373, 374, 396 402, 44?,
466 ; Gordon, 22 ; Gazetteer, 112, 113 ; S. Smith, 69, 74, 93 ; ante, p. 150 ; vol. i., 18.3. It ap-
pears that New Jersey was understood to be restored to New York, from Newark Town Kec-
ords, p. 21, that ou 2Sth July, 1669, the town appointed Crane and Treat " to goe over to
York, to advise with Col. Lovelace concerning our standing, wliether we are designed to be
part of the Duke's colony or not :" compare Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxvii., 319.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVEENOR. 165
Jacobsen, but who pretended to be a son of the famous chap. iv.
Count Konigsmark,'"* went about uttering seditious speech-
es, and with Henry Coleman, a Finn, endeavored to excite pg^^n ^^
an insurrection against the English authority, " They pre- ^^?kiror
tended an expectation of some Swedish ships to come and g *|g^°°
reduce that place." The news reaching New York, Love-
lace ordered the arrest of the ringleaders, and the confis- 2 August.
cation of Coleman's estate if he should abscond among the
Indians. Jacobsen, or " the long Swede," was soon taken, 15 septem.
and kept in custody until he and his associates could be
tried by special commission from New York. " For the
rest of the poor, deluded sort," added the governor in his Loveiace-s
directions to Carr, " I think the advice of their own coun-
trymen is not to be despised, who, knowing their temper,
could prescribe a method for keeping them in order, which
is severity, and laying such taxes on them as may not give
them liberty to entertain any other thoughts but how to
discharge them."t "I perceive the little ■ Domine'!^. hath
played the trumpeter to this disorder. I refer the quality
of his punishment to your discretion."
The council at New York ordered that although " the is October.
long Swede" deserved to die as a rebel, yet, as others were
involved with him, he should be whipped, branded, and
sold at Barbadoes. Secretary Nicolls and some others
were commissioned to go to the Delaware and' try the22Novem.
insurgents. This they did, and brought back to New York e Decem.
Jacobsen, the ringleader, in irons, who was temporarily 20 Decem.
imprisoned in the City Hall. The next month " the long 1670.
Swede" was sent to Barbadoes and sold as a slave. Cole- ThelnsuV-
man, his accessary, lived for several years among the In- fenced^^"'
dians, and afterward became a landholder in Delaware.§
Another troublesome person, William Douglas, was sent ^^i^^'a"^
Douglas.
• Evelyn, ii., 163, 174; Reresby, 139-143 ; Kennett, ill, 402; Eapin, iL, 72C ; Hargrave's
State Trials, iii., 460.
t It appears from this that the Swedes themselves advised severity and heavy taxes as a
means of preserving order on the Delaware. Yet Wood (95), Thompson (i., 149), Dunlap
(i., 121), and Bancroft (ii., 321) give Lovelace the credit of the idea, and seem to make the
apeciiic instructions which he gave to Carr at Newcastle his general principle of government
in New York. «
t " The little Domine" here referred to was Laurentius Carolus Lokenius, the Lutheran
minister of the Swedish Church at Crane Hook, near Wilmington: ante, p. 140; vol. L, p.
5T7, 606, 616, 734,
§ Council Minutes, iii., 13-10; Ord., Warr., etc., ii., 500, 503-506; Court of Assizes, ii.,
440,460, 464: Col. MS.>., xx., 4-^ ; xxviii., 163; Col. Doc., iii., ISO, 343; S. Smith, 53, 64;
S. Hazard, 375-379 ; Dunlap, ii., App. cxvii. ; G. Smith's Del. Co., 93.
1G6 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cnAp. IV. to K ew York, whence lie was banished to New England,
and warned not to come ao-ain within the duke's territories.
1 fiYO
'>G Feb'y " "^ court was also established at the Hoarkill, and Martin
?5Mareh' Ki'^gi^r appointed collector of the customs there, which
Customs at wcrc fixcd at ten per cent. This duty, however, was soon
%v-arc. ^ *" abolished, upon condition that liquors were to be sold to
..CO er. ^j^^ Indians very cautiously, and no prejudice be done to
10 Noveiu. the trade at Newcastle, where Carr was directed to be vig-
ilant, and send at once to New York for assistance in case
of need."
Lovelace now accomplished " the most memorable act"
of his administration. After the return of Nicolls to Lon-
don in the autumn of 1668, Staten Island having been " ad-
judged to belong to New York," Lovelace took measures
for its settlement, as it was considered " the most commo-
diosest seate and richest land" in America. Its chief sach-
em, in the summer of 1669, had solemnly renewed the cov-
enant between its aborigines and the English and the Iro-
T Aoiii. quois. Several of its sachems, however, insisted that they
were " the very true, lawful, and sole Indian owners" of the
island, who were told that their predecessors had sold it to
sfntenisi- the Dutcli. To quict their claims, satisfactory presents
And Dur- •/ -L
chused were promised ; and they accordingly executed a deed by
Indiana for which, for a quantity of wampum, coats, kettles, guns,
KApTn.' powder, lead, axes, hoes, and knives, they conveyed to
Lovelace, in behalf of the Duke of York, " all that Island
lying and being in the Hudson's Riverf — commonly call-
ed Staten Island, and by the Indians Aquehonga Manack-
nong — ha\dng on the south the Bay and Sandy Point, on the
north the River and the City of New York on Manhattan's
Island, on the east Long Island, and on the west the main-
land of After Coll, or New Jersey." Possession was for-
mally given " by turf and twigg ;" and it was covenanted that
on the first of May in each year the Indians should go to
Fort James and acknowledge their sale ; which was done.:]:
* Council Minutes, iii., 17, 32 ; Court of Assizes, ii., 475, 611 ; S. Smith, 55, 56 ; Hazard's
Keg. Penn., i.,7G; Ann. Penn., 379, 3S0, 3S2; Proud, L, 130; Whitehead, 60, ^lo/e. Itseerai
that Douglas, not liking bis banishment into New England, returned to Newcastle in 1673,
whence he was sent to New York, and from there was shipped in February, 1673, to Barba-
docp, to be sold : Gen. Ent., iv., 244; Council Minutes, iii., 131; S. Hazard, 403.
t By this it appears that the New York Hudson was then understood to encircle Staten
Inland : in other words, that "the Kills" north of that island were a part of the great Hud-
Hon River.
t Mus^'. H. S. Coll , xxxv;i., 315, 317 ; MunscU, iv., 9 ; Chalmer.Vs Ann , i., 5:9 ; Council
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 167
As soon as the river opened, Captain Dudley Lovelace, chap.iv.
with Cortelyou, Beekman, Beresford, and Pawling, met at
Kingston, under a commission of the governor, and grant- ^^ jj^,^,,'
ed lands at Hurley and Marbletown, chiefly to the dis- jP,^^,^^*'''-
charged soldiers, who were required not to sell them for *ff^"""-
three years. Town boundaries were established, local reg-
ulations were made, and Beresford was sworn chief ofRcer
of Hurley and Marbletown. At the adjournment of the ii Apni.
commission the laws were read, and an artillery salute was
tired " when the president took horse to depart for New
York."*
Captain Baker had meanwhile behaved so badly that he
was bound over to answer at the Assizes ; but the govern-
or, finding it " not only difficult, but too tedious" to decide
the case at ISTew York, referred it to the Albany masris- commis-
, , sionera
trates, with Delavall and Lovelace as commissioners. The sent to ai-
latter were instructed, among other things, to make a peace ii April.
between the Mohawks and Mahicans, arrange the garrison,
the excise, and the Indian trade, and inform the magis-
trates that the governor looked upon the Dutch Churcli
and ministry, which was " found established" by Nicolls
and himself, as the parochial church of Alban}-, which was
to be maintained at their discretion, by .tax or otherwise,
" and that no inhabitant, of what opinion soever, be ex-
empt, but bear his proportion."
The result of Baker's case was his dismissal from mill- u May.
tary employment " at Albany and elsewhere." As his
place was one of the most important in the province, the
governor promoted Ensign Sylvester Salisbury to fill the is Juiy.
vacancy, with a commission as lieutenant of infantry ; and ceeded by
Dudley Lovelace naturally succeeded to Salisbury's en- ''*° "'^'
signcy on the duke's establishment, f
Minute.'!, iii., 10-25; Court of Assize'', ii., 51S; Land Papers, i.,S4; Patents, iv., 62; Val.
Man., 1S5T, 544-547 ; Hist. M,ig., x., 375-3TT: Diinlap, ii., App. cxviii. ; Wliitehead, 17,19,
•216; N. Y. II. S. CoU.,ii., 41; Col. Doc. ii., 70G: iii., 304, S52, S54; n?i<c, p. 149, 150 ; vol.
i., 73, 202, 203, 525, C4], 642, 692. It does not stem that there could have been a better Eu-
ropean title to Staten I^•lanll than that now held by the duke as proprietor of New York.
Yet Carteret's heirs afterward .«uKge-ted that it belonged to New Jersey.
* Court of Assizes, ii., 47(i, 4S1, 4S2, 5S1 ; Col. Mass., xxii., 99, 100; Patents, iii., 43; Ul-
ster H. S. Coll., i., 51, 72 ; N. Y. II. S. Coll. (1S6S), 1S5.
t Ord., Warr., Lett., ii., 514-510; Court of Assize?, ii., 418, 4S9, 490, 500 ; Council Min.,
iii., 27; Col. MSS., xxii., 7S-94, 104 ; S. Hazard, 373; Munsell, iv., 9, 12, 13, 14; vii., 101 ;
Hist. Mag., iv., 50; i. (ii.), 323 ; Val. Man., 1S47, 354, 361. After his di?gi-ace Baker appears
to have sought a refugR at Klizabethto^vn, New Jersey, in which he had a joint interest:
Col. Doc, ii., 571 ; ante, p. 49.
168 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP.rv. The Corporation of New York, jealous of any infringe-
ment of the ancient " staple right" of Manhattan, now rep-
2T June I'esented that many vessels not belonging to the province
Trading " (Jq frequently go up Hudson's River to Esopus and Al-
vessela on t. »/ o x i ^
the Hud- bany, there to trade and traffic, contrary to former consti-
tutions and customs." Lovelace accordingly ordered " that
no stranger or strange vessel shall be permitted, from and
after the date hereof, to pass up the said River to either of
the places aforesaid, there to trade or traffic, upon any pre-
tence whatsoever. However, such vessels, unloading their
goods in this city, and paying the duties required, the own-
ers of such goods have liberty to transport them into these
parts in any other vessels belonging to this port, and may
go up themselves, with leave to negotiate there, having
first obtained the privilege of being free Burghers of this
city."*
There was, at this time, no exchange or place of meeting
for the merchants of New York. Lovelace therefore di-
24 March, rccted that they should come together every Friday, be-
iixchange. twccu clcven aud twelve of the clock, at the bridge which
crossed the canal.f The governor also gave by patent, to
10 Feb. Adriaen and Christofell van Laer, the exclusive pri^^lege
of maintaining a rasp mill to grind the bark used in tan-
ning leather in the city.:}: Another order of Lovelace di-
19 August, rected that " Love Island," in the bay, owned by Isaac Bed-
low, alderman, counselor and comptroller of the revenue,
should be a pri^dleged place, where persons were fi'ee from
warrants of arrest.§
Their war with the Mahicans prevented the Mohawks
from reaping all the advantage expected fi-om the pres-
ence of Pierron and Boniface. Yet many converts were
* Court of Assizes, ii., 559 ; Munsell, ir., IS, 19 ; ante, vol. i., 213, 62S.
t Court of Assizes, ii., ITS, 4T9; Dunlap, ii., App. cxvii. ; Hist. Mag., x., 381. This
place was at the corner of the present Bridge and Broad Streets : see Val. Man., 1S62, 515,
555. The canal or creek at that time ran up from tide-water through Broad Street as far
as "Verletten Berg," or "hindering hill," which the unknowing English, who caught the
sound, but not the meaning, nonsensically called " Flattenbarrack Hill," and which is now
known as " Exchange Place." It was a favorite sport of Xew York boys to " coast" on their
sledges from Broadway down the steep descent of Verletten Berg.
t Court of Assizes, ii., 471-4T4; Val. Man., 1S51, 401, 402.
§ Court of Assizes, ii., 57G ; Dunlap, ii., App. cxvii. Governor Nicolls granted this isl-
and to ( 'nptain Needham on the 2:!d of Decembfc;r, 1067, and he sold it to Bedlow, after whom
it was named. Bedlow's widow sold it to James Carteret on 20 April, 1676. In ISOO the
State ceded to the United States jurisdiction over it, and Ellis or Oyster, and Governor's
Islands in the bay, provided that New York process, civil or criminal, should still continue
to be executed on them : Benson's Mem., 121 ; 1 R. L., 1S18, ISO, 190; Col. MSS., xxv., 102.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 169
1670.
made ; and even the worship of Aireskoue, their great dse- chap. iv.
mon, was renounced when Pierron threatened to leave
them, after witnessing one of their solemn " feasts of the
dead" at Caghnawaga. So zealous were some of the pros-
elytes that they took pride in displaying their crucifixes at
Albany, and in arguing with the " heretics." A converted
squaw went into the church while Domine Schaats was Mohawk
preaching, and recited her chaplet during the whole of di- Albany.
\dne service. The Mohawk mission promised so well that
the Fathers Bechefer and Nicolas were assigned to assist
Pierron and Boniface.*
Bruyas had little success among the intractable Oneidas ;
but he edified himself by keeping Easter and Pentecost
with Millet at Onondaga, where Carheil came from Cayu-
ga to meet them. The little bell which, fourteen years be-
fore, had called the faithful to prayer, was begged back oneida and
from the Onondagas and used again for Christianity. m?s°sions^''
Many new converts were made, chiefly by the influence of
Garakontid who had declared himself a Christian at a Mo- 25 March.
hawk council on his way back from Albany. About mid-
summer, an Iroquois embassy, headed by him, set out for 15 June.
Canada with a letter from Millet, in which Garakontie was
described as an " incomparable man," who might justly be
called " the protector of the French crown in this country."
A council was held at Quebec with all the Iroquois except juiy.
tlie Senecas, and Fremin was directed to leave his mission August.
if the Senecas did not come and give satisfaction. At this
visit Garakontie was baptized by Bishop Laval, and took Baptism of
the name of " Daniel," from Courcelles, who acted as Iiistil."^ °"'
sponsor.f
Talon now returned from France, where he had inform-
ed Colbert that there was a copper mine:}: near Lake Hu-
ron, which, in connection with "the communication sup-
posed to exist between Canada and the South Sea," it was
desirable to explore. The Intendant was accompanied by
several ilecollet§ or Franciscan fathers, among whom was
• Kelation, 16T0, 27-45; Charlevoix, 11., 223-226; N. Y. II. S. Coll., iii. (ii.), 15S; Shea,
265-268.
t Relation, 1670, 4-7, 43, 47-63 ; 1671, 3 ; 1673-9, 186 ; Charlevoi.x, ii., 220, 221. 227, 230 ;
FaUlon, Iii., 227-230; Col. Doc, i.x., 783, 7S9; Shea, 278, 280 ; an V, vol. i., 047.
t Col. Doc, ix., 63, 787. Allouez, in the Relation for 1667, p. S, spoke of the masses of
copper reported by the savages in Lake Superior.
§ The RecoUets, or Gray Friars, were a branch of the Order of Saint Francis, and were so
170 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IV. Gabriel de la Riboiirde, and by some companies of the
~ Carignan regiment. Delighted with the progress of West-
Frenchex- ^^'^^ discovorj during his absence, Talon dispatched two
pioratioDs. " persons of resolution," La Salle, to explore farther in the
southwest, and his own deputy. Saint Lusson, to the north-
west. They were encouraged by the promise of the king
to reward nobly him who should reach the Pacific. Saint
3 septem. Lussou was instructed to go to Lake Superior, and " make
mines on sGarch and discovery there for all sorts of mines, particu-
perior. ' larly that of copper ;"* take possession of all the countries
through which he might pass, and plant the cross, with the
escutcheon of France, in confirmation of the king's domin-
ion. The Intendant's deputy was accompanied by the ex-
perienced interpreter Nicholas Perrot, who was directed to
visit the Northern nations, and invite them to meet, tlie
next spring, at the Falls of Saint Mary, the delegate of the
10 October. Great Onnontio. Talon also sent to Paris the maps and
rronclf"' records made by Dollier and Galinee, as evidences of the
Lakes On" Frcncli title to the regions round Lakes Ontario and Erie,
Ed" ^^ and proposed that a galley should be maintained on Onta-
rio to secure the fur trade, as the English at Boston, and
the Dutch at New York, now drew to themselves more
than twelve thousand livres of beaver " trapped by the In-
dians in the countries subject to the King."f
The movements of the French among the Iroquois were
n October, reported to Lovelace, who wrote to Secretary Williamson
ixiveiace." that f our Jesuits, with their servants, in all eleven, had " set-
tled themselves on this side the Lake of Irecoies. They
pretend it is no more but to advance the kingdom of
Christ, when it is to be suspected it is rather the kingdom
of his most Christian Majesty." The "legionary soldiers"
whom Louis was sending over might be dangerous to tlie
English Plantations, and should be looked after in Europe.
called because they were first instituted in solitary convents devoted to recollection : Col.
Doc, ix., 8S, note; ante, i., p. GT.
* In the Relation of ICTO, 83-SC, in a very interesting account of the copper mines on
Lake Superior, particularly that at "Nantonnagan," or Ontonagon, sent by Dablon from
the Falls of Saint Mary to Le JVIercier at Quebec, and by him communicated to Talon before
the dispatch of Saint Lusson.
t Col. Doc, ix., 63-^7, 70, 7C, 88, 97, 382, 6'2G, 78T, 78!), 803, 804; delation, IGTO, 2 ; 1071,
2G ; Faillon, iii., Q.'w, 256, S05-307 ; Golden, i., 35 ; Charlevoix, ii., 21G, '/IT, 234, 2.37 ; Hen-
nepin, New. Disc, 32 ; La Potherie, ii., 8!) ; Uist. Mag., ix., 20G ; Shfa's V:ah. Miss., 412 ;
Disc. Miss., 79, 80, 89, 1.50; Garneau, i., 204. The maps and description of Lake Ontario,
prepared by Dollier and Galinop, are in the Tarliament Librarj- at Quebec : see Catalogue,
p. 1GI5; also in Faillon, iii., o05.
FEANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 171
111 consequence of a letter fi'om Pierron, orders were sent cn.vr. iv.
to Salisbury, at Albany, to keep a vigilant watcli over liim,
and report all bis actions. 22 October.
Lovelace, at tbe same time, expecting leave to retm-n
borne, went, witb several of bis council, as far as Milf ord Lovelace
to meet Wintbrop, " and discourse all affairs tbat may tend necticut!"
to tbe mutual convenience of eacb otber." Among tbese
was tbe settlement of tbe boundary -line between ISTew
York and Connecticut, wbicb tbe Hartford Court bad pro-
posed sbould be run by a joint committee from eacb gov- 13 October,
ernment. But "Wintbrop, intending to visit England, bad
vainly endeavored to resign bis office of governor, and was
unable to meet Lovelace, wbose winter journey was tbusoDeccm.
made fruitless.*
At tbe Court of Assizes another case of reputed witcb-
craf t was disposed of. Katberine Harrison, a widow, of icatherine
Wetbersfield, in Connecticut, baving been convicted of wstchcrrit
witcbcraft, was obliged to leave tbat town, and came to May.
AVestcbester, tbe Pm-itan inbabitants of wbicb complained t juiy.
to Lovelace, wlio warned lier to return to Connecticut.
Upon ber refusal sbe was cited before tbe governor, wlio
referred ber case to tbe Court of Assizes, upon ber giving 25 August,
security for good bebavior. Tbe court, finding notliing
against ber, directed ber release, and gave ber liberty to October.
reside wbere sbe cbose in tbe government. But tlie peo-
ple of Westcbester became so " uneasy" at ber remaining ordered
amongst tliem, tbat Lovelace was obliged to order tbe poor wettcucs-
widow to leave tbat infatuated town.f ^^^'
An interesting political event now occurred. Tbe pali-
sades around Fort James being decayed, tbe Court of As-
sizes ordered tbat a levy, or contribution for tbeir repair, s October.
sbould be made in tbe several towns of Long Island, and tion for"'
tbe justices in eacb riding were directed to find ways and Ifron'
means at tbe next courts of Sessions. But tbe rejection dcred!*''"
of tbe petitions wbicb some of tbe Western towns bad pre-
sented for redress tbe last autumn, left tbe people in no
mood to comply witb tbis extraordinary demand. Tbey
* Col. Doc, iii., 190; Court of Asisize?, ii., 445; Council Min., iii., 27, 32, 34; Col. Kec.
Conn., ii., 145 ; Maes. H. S. Coll., xxx., 80-82.
t Council Min., iii., 23-31 ; Court of Assize-s, ii., 255, 503, 5V7, .5S4, 5S5; Doc. Iliat., iv.,
87,88; Col. Kec. Conn., ii., 118,132; Dimlap, ii., App. cxviii. ; Bolton, ii., 181,182; ante,
91, 143.
172 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOKK.
Chap. IV. Were persuaded that the principle of " Taxation only by
■ '^ consent" — which Holland had maintained since 1477, and
l^^O- England had adopted in her Petition of Eight in 1628—
was their own birthright as British subjects. They had,
for several years, paid a direct tax of a penny in the pound
to defi'ay their town charges. They had also submitted to
the duke's customs' duties for the support of his govern-
ment. But this last order of the Court of Assizes, where
they were not represented, would, if yielded to, become a
dangerous precedent : they might next be required to main-
tain the garrison, and they knew not what else. Southold,
Action of Southampton, and Easthampton, in a joint meeting of
lEitnd"^ their delegates, agreed to contribute, provided that they
miglit have the privileges which the king's other subjects
in New England enjoyed. Huntington refused, because
her people " were deprived of the liberties of Englishmen."
Those of Jamaica declared that the order of the Assizes
was inconsistent with the British Constitution; but if it
was the king's absolute pleasure to " disprivilege" them,
they would bear their burthens with patience until they
could address him for relief. Flushing and Hempstead
concurred with Jamaica ; and the constables of the three
iG Decern, towus laid their votes before the Court of Sessions of the
before 'the Nortli Riding, which was held at Jamaica ; where, howev-
sessions. ^^^ ^^ actiou was taken. They were again presented the
21 Decern, following wcck, at the Sessions of the West Riding, which
met at Gravesend. At that court Secretary Nicolls j)re-
sided, and Counselors Van Ruyven, Manning, and Thomas
Lovelace were present as justices. It was there unani-
Adjudged mously adjudged "that the said papers are in themselves
uous.^^'^'' false, scandalous, illegal, and seditious, tending only to
disaffect all the peaceable and well-meaning subjects of
His Majesty in these His Royal Highness's Territories and
dominions ;" and they were referred to the governor and
his council for such action as should " best tend to the sup-
pression of such mischief as may arise by the impression of
false suggestions and jealousies." Upon this reference,
2D Decern. Lovclacc and his council ordered that these " scandalous.
Ordered to illegal, and seditious" papers should " be openly and pub-
iaNew° licly bumcd" before the Town Hall of the city of New
^°'^' York, at the next Mayor's Court, and that " the principal
FEANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOK. 173
contriver thereof be inquired into, and proceeded against chap-iv.
according to their demerits, and the laws of the land ~
established."* ^^^^•
It was easier to burn " seditious" votes than to subdue
opinion. Most of the Long Island towns had, as we have
seen, taken out new patents, in conformity with the law of
1666. But Southampton and Southold refused to comply.
The latter claimed that their title from the Indians and
fi'om New Haven was sufficient. Southampton relied
upon theirs from Lord Stirling. The Court of Assizes
therefore declared invahd the titles to lands in Southamp- s October,
ton, unless a patent from the duke's government should be
obtained for them within a certain time. This produced a 1671.
spirited remonstrance from fifty of the inhabitants of that l^ Febr'y.
r •/ ^ Sontnamp-
town, in which, among other things, they set forth that a tonRemoa-
new patent would be a grievance, and might make them
and their posterity " groan like Israel in Egypt ;" that they
could not acknowledge the Duke of York to be the " sole
Proprietor of the whole Island ;" that, although Nicolls had
promised them as great privileges as any colony in New
England, they had no deputies at the courts, and were
" forced to pay customs for goods imported, for which cus-
tom hath before been paid to His Majesty's use in En-
gland ;" and that the royal commissioners, in August,
1664, had proclaimed that all should enjoy "whatsoever
God's blessing and their o"\vn industry had furnished them
withal." Lovelace, expecting leave to run over to En-
gland, replied that, to avoid " prolix debates," he would o March.
., .. , /> • ,^ l^ T KefeiTed to
appoint commissioners to conier with them, and mean- commis-
while recommended that they should observe the " golden ^^''°®''^'
rule of the Apostle, which is — be not high-minded, but
fear." Counselors Delavall, Nicolls, and Bedlow were ac-
cordingly deputed to examine the cases of the recusant
towns ; but no other steps to enforce a compliance with the
law were taken until several years afterward. f
The isolated inhabitants of Martha's Yineyard and Nan-
tucket, however, were more tractable, NicoUs had ap-
« Court of Assizes, ii., 050, 051, 052, 053 ; Col. Doc, iii., 303 ; Wood, 90-^5, 151 ; Thomp-
son, i., 140-149, 2S4; Dunlap, i, 121; ii., App. cxvii. ; Bancroft, i., 021 ; Council JonmalM,
i.. Int., vii., viii. ; ant?, p. 100 ; vol. i., 43", 442.
t Court of Assizes, ii., 591, 001-064; Wood, 01, 92, 1T5-1TT; Tliompson,i., 14(5,334,384;
ii., 326-328 ; ante, 25, 110 ; vol. i , 300, 301.
174 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
<juA.p. IV. pointed Thomas Mayhew to superintend affairs tliere ; but
~ as the relations between those islands and New York were
■ vague, the governor notified their landholders to take out
June. fresh patents. Mayhew accordingly came to New York in
behalf of Martha's Yineyard, and Tristram Coffin, with
2sjune. Thomas Macy, represented Nantucket. Lovelace readily
and Mar- made Nautucket a township, and commissioned Coffin its
yardinJor- cliief magistrate, in subordination to New York. A simi-
6 July. " lar patent was granted to Martha's Yineyard, of which the
venerable Mayhew was appointed governor during his life.
His grandson, Matthew Mayhew, was also commissioned as
collector of the duke's customs for the several islands.*
Lovelace proved himself no bigot. John Booth, of
Southold, whose children had been refused baptism by the
Puritan minister, John Younge, declined to pay his tax for
Younge's salary, and his cattle were distrained. Booth pe-
sjuiy. titioned the governor and council for relief. Lovelace
10 July, could not lawfully interfere ; yet he wrote to Younge, re-
Tebukcs proving his want of Christian charity, reminding him that
Jo°uthofd°^ the indulgence granted by Nicolls and himself was not in-
erance?'^"^' tcudcd to justify sucli Severity toward others " of a differ-
ent persuasion ;" and adding, " I desire you not to insist on
such rigorous courses against those who desire to live un-
der the known and established laws of His Majesty's do-
minions, lest I be forced to represent to His Itoyal Higli-
ness the great inconveniences that may arise by it, and you
be interrupted in the exercise of that Christian f:^nction
you now so peaceably enjoy. "f
Luthtrans. The Lutlieraus in the province gave Lovelace the great-
est trouble. He had been obliged to suspend their minis-
ter, Fabricius, from preaching at Albany, but allowed liim
to exercise his function in New York. A quarrel broke out
before long between Fabricius and his congregation, who
10 July, were building a church " on ground without the gate," and
j.ndAren- Lovclacc was obliged to interfere. Another Lntheran
clergyman, Bernardus Arensius, " a gentle personage and
of a A'ery agreeable behaviour," fortunately arrived about
* Council Min., iii , 20, C7, 6S; fourt of Assize?, iii., .^33, 5.18; Deeds, iii., OS-G.% 70-7.';:
Ilougli's Nantucket I'.iper.", 20-41, 70, 71, 129-131 ; Mass. 11. S. Coll., xiii., 85; xx.xvii., 30 ;
ante, p. 139.
t Court of Assizes, ii., 735^737; Doc.JIist., iii., 200; Tliompson, i., 383,305; Wood, 34 ;
Fanner and Moore's Coll., iii., ISO.
flUS,
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 175
this time at New York. Fabricius, having already received chap. iv.
the governor's passport to go to' the Delaware, was allowed,
as his last clerical act, " to give liis congregation a valedic- jj August
tory sermon, and to install the new-come minister, accord-
ing to the custom used by those of their religion."*
The Eeformed Dutch Church in the city had meanwhile
wanted a colleague for Drisius, whose ill health prevented
liis doing much duty. Polhemus, of Flatbush, preached
occasionally ; and ^gidius Luyck, the former teacher of
the grammar-school in ISTew Amsterdam, who had returned Refonned
fi'om Holland, after studying divinity for a time, assisted cimrch ia
by the foresinger Evert Pietersen, conducted divine serv-^^''^^^^^'
ice on Sundays. The Consistory, in January, 1670, had
called Selyns, who formerly preached in Brooklyn, and
was now settled at Wavereen, in Holland, to supply the
place of Megapolensis, but he had declined their invitation.
At the joint request of " the Elders and Deacons of the
Church," and of the mayor and aldermen of the city, who
desired that " some care may be taken for the supply of
this place with an able and orthodox minister, of which
they are at present wholly destitute," Lovelace, in June,
1670, declared, under his hand and the seal of the prov-
ince, " that whensoever sucli a minister shall come over to
this city, and undertake the charge aforementioned, I shall
take care that there shall be duly and justly paid unto the
said minister, or to his order, the value of One Thousand
Guilders Holland's money, each year, and likewise that he
shall have the accommodation of a convenient dwelling-
house, rent free, together with his provision of firewood
gratis." This being sent to Holland, Domine Wilhelmus van Nieu-
van ISTieuwenhuysen, an accomplished scholar and divine, caiied.
was induced by his relative Seljms to accept the call, which
was approved by the Classis of Amsterdam. On his arri-
val at New York he was installed as a colleague with Dris- 24 August.
* Court of Assizes, ii., 500, 503, T02, T25; Gen. Ent., iv., 15-17, 19, 304; Doc. Hist., iii.,
242,245,525; Col. Doc, iii., 41.5, Jiofe,- Munsell, iv., 14, 22, 23; S. Hazard, 3S1,3S5, 388; C.
Wolley's Two Years in New York, 57 ; Dunlap, i., 127 ; ante, 153. On the IStli of October,
1072, Arensius had a pas3 from the governor to go to Albany for the winter. The "Aans-
preker," or Sexton of the Dutch Church there, had claimed the right enjoyed by such offi-
cials in Holland to conduct the funerals of all decedents in his parish; but on the 10th of
June, 1672, it was ordered in Council that, as the Lutherans have a toleration for their reli.;:-
ion, they may bury their own dead ; and Delavall, in the following November, declared in
open court at Albany, " Let the dead bury their dead:" Gen. Ent, iv., 228; Council Min.,
iii., 103; Doc. Hist, iii., 525 ; Dunlap, ii., App. cxix.
176 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOKK.
Chap. iv. ius, to the " liigliest acceptance" of the people. The Con-
sistory of the Dntcli Church were soon afterward anthor-
26Septem. ^^^^ ^J ^^^ ordcr in council to lay taxes on the congrega-
tion for the support of the ministers and of the poor. Dris-
5 Decern, ius was also allowcd one hundred pounds out of the public
revenue for the partial services he had rendered during
the last two years. By these various measures the Re-
formed Dutch Church was virtually " established" in New
York by its English rulers.*
Although the Dutch inhabitants of New York had little
cause for complaint, the inducements offered by the pro-
prietaries of Carolina, where Sir John Yeamans had just
arrived with slaves from Barbadoes, attracted some to em-
Port Royal, igrate thither. Two ships were accordingly sent by the
Una. " proprietaries to convey them to Port Royal. But Love-
lace, disliking the "fair and specious pretences" which
were robbing his own government of its population, order-
9 Novem. ed that all persons resident in New York for more than six
months should notify the secretary of their intended de-
parture, and procure passports. Captains of vessels were
13 xovem. also directed not to receive passengers on board unless
duly authorized. Notwithstanding these restraints, nine-
20 Xovem. tccu licads of families obtained the necessary passports and
ironT New cmbarkcd for Carolina, wliere they settled themselves on
Carolina, the Aslilcy Rivcr, and were afterward joined by others of
their countrymen fi'om New York and HoUand.f
New jer- In Ncw Jcrscy, the proposed restoration of which to the
^^^" Duke of York had not been executed, Carteret's govern-
ment went well, until the first payment of quit-rents to the
proprietors became due on "Lady-day," or the 25th of
March, 1670 — the Old Style New-year's day. Open oppo-
sition was then shown, especially by those who held their
lands under patents fi'om Nicolls, or direct purchases from
the savages. The governor could not prevail on them to
* Corr. Classis of Amst. ; Records of Collegiate R. D. C, N. Y. ; X. Y. City Rec, vi., 5G2,
503, 653, 0G5, CT9-CS1, 750 ; Gen. Ent, iv., -47 ; Council Mia., iii., S2 ; Col. Doc, ii., 470, 475;
iii., ISO ; Uist. Mag., i. (ii.), 023, 324: Dunlap, i., 127; ii., App. cxix. ; C. Wolley, 56, 93;
Murphy's Anthology of N. X., 140, 17S; ante,15f); vol. i., 633, 094, 734. The elders and
deacons of the " Reformed Christian Church in New York," who wrote to the Claseis of Am-
sterdam on 5 June, 1070, were Petrus Stuyvesant, Olofif Stevensen van Cortlandt, Paulus
Leendertsen van de Grist, 13oeIe Roelofsen, Jacob Teunissen Kay, and Jacob Lei?ler.
t Gen. Ent.,iv.,02, 69, 72; Chalmers, i., .530, 531, 557; Oldmixon, i., 404; Hewat, i.,5",
73; Holmes, i., 357, .367; Graliame,i.,300, 361, 420, 422; Bancroft, ii., 170, 171 ; Smith, i.,
47; Riker's Xewtown, 100, 101 ; Gentleman's Mcgazine, 1740, p. 104.
FKANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERISOK. 177
recognize the rights of the proprietors, and anarchy began, chap.iv.
Ehzabethtown became the focus of disaffection, while Ber-
gen and "Woodbridge alone remained loyal.* lo71.
About this time a young man, destined to cause great
trouble in the province — Captain James Carteret, the weak captain
and dissolute second son of Sir George, and who, with ter'^r ^'"^"
John Locke, Sir John Yeamans, and others, had been cre-
ated a landgrave of Carolina — stopped, on his way thither,
at New Jersey. Some mm-ders having been committed
by the Indians on the Delaware, near Mattinicunk Island,
Lovelace ordered Governor Carteret and his kinsman to
advise w^ith the council at Kew York. Carteret at once
promised to call an extraordinary Assembly at Elizabeth- 25 septem.
town, and ascertain how far the people of New Jersey were
willing to contribute for a general war with the savages.
It was also agreed that a good correspondence should be Agreement
kept up between the two governments, and nothing be New York
done without a mutual understanding. At the appointed jeree^!'''
day Lovelace met Carteret at Elizabethto^vn ; but the sea- t October,
son being too far advanced for an effectual campaign, the
officers on the Delaware were directed to enrol their mili-
tia, and engage the Susquehannas on their side. On this
occasion Carteret was " ready with a handsome party to
have stepped into the work ;" and Lovelace was obliged to
reprove his own subordinate, Carr, because " the backward- 9 Novem.
ness of the inhabitants on the Delaware has put a stop to
the forwardness of those in New Jersey."t
This autumn, Thomas Batts, with several Englishmen 1 septem.
and Indians, under a commission from the authorities of 1 October.
Virginia, made an interesting tour " behind the Apuleian Sn d^t
Mountains." The party appear to have gone from the *'°''""^^'"
Appomattox to the head waters of the Great Kenhawa ;
and, as the first European explorers, they took possession
of the whole country in the name of their king.;}:
The movements of the French now caused much excite- French
ment in New York. Courcelles's imperious message to the mlltl.
* Eliz. Bill, 35; Chalmers, 1., 616; Gordon, 29; Grahame, i.,466; Bancroft, ii., 319;
Whitehead, 54, 55; Mass. H. S. Coll., x.xxvii., 319 ; ante, 150, 164.
t Gen. Ent., iv., 35, 42, 45, 50, 67 ; Council Min., iii., Tl-73, 77-81 ; S. Smith, 69, 70, 71 ;
S. Hazard, 3SS-392; Col. MSS., xx., 24, 25; Whitehead, 55, 59; Oldmixon, i., 464; Eliz.
Bill, 35; DongIa.s, ii.,272; Collins, iv., 213; Chalmers, i., 528, 530, 616; anie, 164.
t Beverly, 58, 60 ; Burk, ii., 149-151; and Campbell, 268, 269, refer briefly to this expe-
dition. The original journal of Batts was first published in N. Y. Col. Doc, iii., 193-197.
IL~M
178 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IV. Senccas determined them to restore some of their Algon-
~ quin prisoners, whom they intrusted to the great Cayuga
' chief, Saonchiogoiia, to convey to Canada. On reaching
Quebec, the Cayuga mediator arranged every thing satis-
factorily with Courcelles ; and, having declared himself a
Christian, was baptized by Bishop Laval, receiving fi-om
Talon, his sponsor, the name of " Louis."*
Li 1669 the Jesuits had founded a " residence" at their
Prairie de Prairie de la Madeleine, on the south bank of the Saint
leine? Lawrcuce, a little below the Rapids of Saint Louis, and
nearly opposite Montreal. It was intended as a place of
repose for their missionaries, and Father Pierre Paifeix
was appointed its first superintendent. Converts from the
Oneidas, Mohawks, Mahicans, and other nations, on their
way to the Huron colony of Notre Dame de Lorette, near
Quebec, soon began to stop at the nearer Prairie; and
Courcelles, observing the political importance of the " Re-
duction," it was established as a mission, under the name
of " Saint Francis Xavier, des Pres." In 1671 Raffeix was
sent to Cayuga, and Fremin was recalled fi'om the Senecas
to take charge of the new mission, wliich soon became very
important, both to the Jesuits and the civil authorities of
Canada.f
On the recall of Fremin, Bruyas became superior of the
iroquoia Iroquois missious, and, leaving Oneida, he went to the Mo-
hawks to take the place of Pierron at Tionnontoguen, who
now returned to Quebec. Millet, at Onondaga, encour-
aged by Garakontie, labored with such zeal that the sav-
ages, who always gave descriptive names, called him, as
they had formerly called Le Mercier, Teharonliiagannra,
or " the looker up to heaven." Bruyas, however, transfer-
red him to his own former mission at Oneida ; and John
de Lamberville, who had come out to Canada in 1668, suc-
ceeded Millet at Onondaga. Carheil, forced by a nervous
disease to leave Cayuga, was replaced by Raffeix, who came
from the Prairie de la Madeleine. After the departure of
Fremin from the Senecas, Garnier was left in sole charge
of the three stations of Conception, or Totiakto, Saint
• Relation, 1071,3, 4; Cliarlevoix, ii., 230, 231 ; Shea, 2S9; ajife, 109.
t Tielation, 1671, 12, 13, 15; 1072, 10, 18; Doiiniol's Mission dii Canada (Paris, 1S61), i.,
179, ISO ; ii., 49 ; Charievoix, ii., 233, 257 ; v., 201 ; Col. Doc, ix., 110, 130 ; Shea, 2SS, 296-
20S; Faillon, iii., 316, 317 ; Colden, i., 53,54; Smith, i., 69 ; Garneau, i., 203.
tniBsions.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 179
Michael, or Gandagarae, and Saint James, or Gannagaro. chap. iv.
In the spring of this year the village of Saint Michael, or
Gandagarae, was burned, and the chapel, with all Gar-
nier's effects, were destroyed. But the greatest grief of the
lonely missionary was the drunkenness " caused by the liq-
uors which the savages brought from the Hollanders for
more than eighty leagues over land."*
In writing to Talon, Colbert recommended that a good ii March,
correspondence should be kept up with the English, and a orders to
mutual trade established. The dispatch of La Salle to the
South, and of Saint Lusson to the North, was approved ;
" but the principal thing to which you ought to apply your-
self in discoveries of this nature, is to look for the copper
mine. Were this mine once discovered, and its utility evi-
dent, it would be an assured means to attract several
Frenchmen fi'om Old to New France."t
Meanwhile Perrot, after visiting the copper mine in
Lake Superior, had summoned the Western Indians to
meet at the Falls of Saint Mary ; and Saint Lusson, who
had wintered on Lake Huron, went thither to join the Fa- May.
thers Dablon, Drnillettes, AUouez, and Andre. Soon four-
teen different savage nations were represented in an assem-
bly. The arms of France were placed on a cross on the 14 June.
top of a hill; the "Yexilla" and the "Exaudiat" were
chanted, the " Te Deum" was sung, and possession was 1
taken, in the name of the king, " with all the pomp and
eclat the country could afford." Talon exulting-ly prophe- 2 Novem.
. o •/ J- X The French
sied to Louis that this part of his monarchy would " be- in the
come something grand." The foreign colonies, " so long
settled on the sea-board, already tremble with affright in
view of M^hat His Majesty has accomplished here in the
interior within seven years." * * * " They are already
aware that the King's name is spread so far abroad among
the savages throughout all those countries, that he alone
is there regarded by them as the arbiter of Peace and
War. All detach themselves insensibly from the other
Europeans ; and, with the exception of the Iroquois, of
whom I am not yet assured, we may safely promise our-
• Relation, 1671,14-24; 1672,12,21; Col. MSS., xxxv., 160; Col. Doc, iii., 251, 252; ix.,
171, 366, 367, 665; Shea, 268, 276, 277, 2S1, 2S2, 2SS, 291 ; ante, 14S, 162. Mr. Shea's note
(56) to his edition of Colden, p. 135, is evidently erronsous.
t Col. Doc., ix., 63, C4, 70, 787, 789 ; ante, 170.
180 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP.iv. selves to make the others take up arms whenever we
please."*
,Ar V AVhen he wrote to Talon, Colbert also mstructed Cour-
11 March. '
Colbert's coUes that he need not visit the Iroquois, and, as troops
orders to i t i x i • i
courceues. could uot be Sent fi'om France, he and the Intendant might
do as they thought best on Lake Ontario. This piqued
the governor, whom Talon had represented as being slug-
gish. He therefore determined to make a show}^ voyage
up the Saint Lawrence ; to strike terror into the Senecas
and other remote tribes ; to establish a post which would
prevent the L'oquois — who had exhausted the country
south of Lake Ontario, and were now hunting elk and
beaver among the Hurons and Ottawas — from taking their
peltries to the Dutch and English ; and to ascertain wheth-
er a colony near the foot of Lake Ontario would not aid fu-
ture explorations of his countrymen toward the Mississippi.
A large plank bateau was accordingly built at Montreal,
in which Courcelles proposed to ascend the Eapids of the
Saint Lawrence, to convince the savages — who thought
that their own light bark canoes could alone perform the
feat — "that the French could accomplish something they
were incapable of." In spite of all sneers, a flat-boat of
two or three tons burthen was loaded with provisions, and
thirteen Indian canoes carried the rest of the expedition,
3 June, which was fifty-six men in all. Courcelles embarked at
ceiies's La Chine, accompanied by Perrot, the governor of Mon-
Lake^on- trcal, and other French officers, and by the Sulpitian Fa-
ther DoUier — who had already visited Ontario with La
Salle — as chaplain. "With great labor the heavy bateau
10 June, was dragged up the several rapids as far as " Otondiata,"
now called Grenadier Island, a few leagues above Ogdens-
burg. There it was left under a guard, while Courcelles
11 June, went in his bark canoe through " beautiful tranquil waters
almost without a ripple," past the " Thousand Islands," to
the mouth of Lake Ontario, which appeared " like an open
sea without any bounds." Charles le Moyne, the inter-
• Col. Doc, ix., 72, 73, 97, 304, 3S3, 626, 790,803,804; EeMion, 1671, 26-28,31, 35, 42, 43;
La Pothericii., 124-130; Charlevoix, ii., 234-23S; Hist. Mag., ix., 200; Bancroft, iii., 154,
155; Faillon, iii.,307, 308; Shea's Missions, 361-305 ; Disc, of Miss., 69. On this visit, Tcr-
rot appears to have discovered the long-talked of Ontonagon copper mines near Keewcna
Point, on L.ake Superior, which Colbert and Talon were so anxious to find out, and which
have fincc developed such wonderful riches : see Kelation, 10C7, S; 1670, S3-S6 ; 1071, 25 ;
1072,2; a>i«<>,170.
FRAXCIS LOVELACE, GOVERXOR. 181
preter, soothed by judicious presents the jealousy of some chap.iv.
Iroquois who were catching eels, which abounded there ;
and letters were sent by them to the missionaries, direct- ^^ j^^^ '
ing that the reasons of Com'celles's voyage should be pub-
lished in the several villages. After enjo}ang the aston-
ishment of the savages at the sight of his heavy bateau tri- 13 June.
umphantly reposing at Otondiata, the governor safely de-
scended the rapids ; and in three days reached Montreal it June.
without the loss of a man. The flat-boat of Courcelles
was the first European-built vessel which ever accomphsh-
ed the adventure, now safely performed every summer's
day in vast steamers, guided by the confidence of prac-
ticed skill. The effect of the expedition was at once ap- Effect of
parent. Several of the missionaries, on their return from ceiieV's ex.
the Iroquois country, reported that it had alarmed the the iX ""
cantons so much that they recalled their warriors from an ^'^°^^'
expedition against the Andastes, and resolved to send an
embassy the next spring to learn from Onnontio the rea-
sons of his voyage, and what they must now expect."
The influence of Courcelles's expedition was not con- Effect of
fined to the savages. Exaggerated accounts of it were ceiies-s ex.
sent to N^ew York, where a panic broke out, and some pre- New York!
pared to move away before the French could reach them.
Lovelace, returning in haste from Staten Island, where he
was looking for a mill-seat on his farm, wrote to Delavall c juiy.
at Albany that, as there was peace in Europe, Courcelles
would not dare to " commence a warr on his own head."
A fortnight afterward, the governor, ha^dng appointed
Steenwyck to act in his absence, left the fort in charge of 19 Juiy.
Manning, and went up to Albany. Yarious arrangements
were made for its better government. Deputies from the 2 August.
several L-oquois nations having arrived there, peace wastweenthe
made between them and the Mahicans ; which, however, In°d MaUi-
proved to be as annoying to the French as it was welcome '^^^'
to the English.f
* Col. Doc., ix., TO, 71, 75-S5, 96 ; x., 349 : Eelation, ICTl, 2 ; Charlevoix, ii., ISS, 190, 191 ;
v., 280; Gent. Mag., xxvii., 74; Sauthier's Map in Doc. Hist., i. ; ante,162. Charlevoix
erroneously dates Courcelles's voyage in 1670 instead of 1671. It was my good fortune to
discover, in the Royal Libraiy at Paris, the original and very interesting account of this
voyage, by Dollier, of which a translation is printed in N. Y. Col. Doc, ix., T5-S5: see also
Faillon, iii., 331-336.
t Court of Assizes, ii.. 733 ; Gen. Ent.. iv., 10, 282-284; Munscll, iv., 21, 24-26 ; Relation,
1671, 17 ; 1672, 21 ; Faillon, iii., .036 ; Douniol, i., 4, 5 ; Shea, C81 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., i., 169 ;
182 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cdap. TV. Notwithstanding the orders of the previous year, vessels
not belonging to the city of ISTew York continually went up
* the North Eiver to trade at Esopus and Albany ; and the
0 March, govemor, on the complaint of the metropolitan burghers,
er°ve3seir renewed the prohibition, with directions to the custom-
house officers to take a strict account. As a special favor.
Counselor Willett's sloop was declared a privileged vessel,
although it had not been built in the province. Isaac
Grevenraet, who had just been appointed to succeed Beek-
12 juir. man, as sheriff of Esopus, was directed to keep an account
of all vessels coming there.*
According to the Duke's laws, the high-sheriff of York-
shire w^as to be appointed every year from each of the rid-
ings in turn. Warned by the recent exhibitions of the
temper of the Long Island people, Lovelace thought that
this office should now be held by one of his own immedi-
TSeptem. atc dependents. He accordingly commissioned Captain
iiigii.sher- John Manning in place of Robert Coe. The captain, who
shire. °^ ' had been sheriif of the metropolis since 1667, was succeed-
ed in that office by Allard Anthony.f
John Archer, of Westchester, having purchased a part
of the old estate of Van der Donck, built a new village
" near unto the passage commonly called Spiting Devil ;"
the place being " the road for passengers to go to and fro
fi'om the main, as well as for mutual intercourse with the
neighboring colony" of Connecticut. Lovelace therefore
13 Novem. made Archer's property an enfi-ancliised township, with the
patent*"" usual immunities, by the name of the Manor of Fordham,
chesti?." upon condition that its inhabitants should always send for-
ward to the next town all public packets and letters com-
ing to New York, or going thence to any of Ilis Majestie's
colonies.:}:
The Peace of Breda brought ad\antage to the banished
New Netherland Counselor, John de Decker, whom the
Coldcn, i., 35 ; Col. Doc., li., 580. It is a hardly excusable blunder in Dunlap, i., 125, 120,
to make Lovelace go to Albany in 16T1, to meet Kendall and Littleton, of Virginia, who did
not visit that place until September, 16T9 : Golden, i., 42, 43.
* Court of Assizes, ii., 559, 657, 6.59, 060; Gen. Ent., iv., 3; Val. Man., ISCO, 540; Val. N.
Y., 72, 133 ; Munsell, iv., IS, 21, 22; ante, 108.
t Court of Assizes, ii., 554 ; Gen. Ent., iv., 20, 201 ; Council Min., iii., 143 ; C. Wolley,
89; Val. Man., 1S53, 32S, D29; N. Y. IL S. Coll., i., 385; Wood, 150; Thompson, i., 2S4;
ayitr, 70, 1.^S.
t Patents, iv., 79-82; Bolton, ii., 179,320-322; Col. Doc, iii., 303 ; a7if<', vol. i., 421, 501 ;
i}., 124, note.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOE. 183
Duke of York referred to Lovelace for the redress of any chap. iv.
grievances he might have suffered. De Decker's case was
accordingly considered by the governor, who gave him, as 9 januai^.
a peace-offering, a tract of land on Staten Island. The ^^^^^^'
settlement of Deckertown, in Sussex County, New Jersey,
perpetuates the name of Stuyvesant's honest, and perhaps
too patriotic commissioner.*
Perhaps the most interesting domestic transaction of
this year was the purchase by Lovelace of the greater part
of " the Domine's Bouwery," or about sixty-two acres of
land, between the present Warren and Christopher Streets,
in the city of New York, which had formerly been in thes
possession of the Dutch Domine Everardus Bogardus and
his widow. This property had been confirmed to their
heirs, by NicoUs, in 1667. It adjoined the old West India
Company's farm, which the duke now held by virtue of its
confiscation by Mcolls. But in the spring of 1671 several 9 March,
of the heirs of Bogardus and his wife sold the old domine's ouhe ''^
estate to Lovelace, who appears to have held it for some Bouwe^" '
time in his own right. It was afterward vested in thciMe^^"^^
Duke of York, and then in the crown ; and, by a curious
train of events, the original Bouwery of the Dutch clergy-
man of Manhattan at length made part of the estate now
enjoyed by the corporation of Trinity Church.f
The new year was marked by an impressive local event. 1672.
Since his return from Holland, Stuyvesant had remained
for four years quietly at his " Bouwery," taking no part in
public affairs. Having made his will, the veteran calmly
died at the age of eighty years, and was buried in a vault February.
under the little chapel he had built near his country house, sufyve-
Crowded thoroughfares now surround the spot where his^*'*''
ashes rest ; and a pear-tree from the fatherland, planted by
his o-wn hands, until recently put forth its annual foliage,
amid the hum of busy multitudes.:}:
• Court of Assizes, ii., 635, 6.CC ; N. Y. Surr. Rec. Will?, i., 52, 53 ; Val. Man., IS-IT, 369,
3T0; 0'CalI.,ii., 305; Gordon's Gaz. of N. J., 127; ante, i6.
t Rec. Clerk's Off., City and County of N. Y. ; Val. Man., 1S55, 531, 532 ; 1S:0, 54S ; Val-
entine's N. Y., 132; Sandford's Chancery Eep., iv., 633, 726; Paige, iv., 178; Hoffman's
Treatise, i., 116, 117 ; ii., 1S0-1S9 ; Col. Doc, iii., 226 ; ante, vol. i., 266 ; ii., 80.
t N. Y. II. S. Coll. i. (ii.), 399, 400, 454; N. Y. Surr. Rec. Wills, i. ; Smith, i., 33 ; Dunlap,
i., lis ; Thompson, i., 129, note ; Val. Man., 1852, 413 ; 1S61, 532 ; Barber and Uoive's N. Y.
Coll., 339. The pear-tree, surrounded by an iron railing, stood at the corner of Third Ave-
nue and Thirteenth Street, until it was destroyed in Febru.-iry, 1S67. The inscription on
the tablet in the wall of Saint Jlark's Church, over the vault in which Stuyvesant wag
184 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IV. Affairs on the Delaware requiring his personal attention,
Lovelace set out overland, with an escort of horse, under
sMM^h * *^^^ command of Captain Nicolls. Passing in great state
Lovelace from l^eversiuk throuo-h New Jersey, he crossed the Dela-
visita the ~ -, . .
Delaware, -^vare at Je2:ow's new house, near Mattinicunk Island, and
12 March. ~ ' _^ ■
reached Newcastle. On his return to New York, New-
i; May. castle was incorporated as a bailiwick ; English laws were
established on the Delaware ; and the officers at the Hoar-
Idll were directed to oppose all pretenses of the Maryland
authorities, and obey only the orders of the Duke of York's
governor, " until His Majesty's or His Royal Highness's
pleasure be signified to the contrary."*
Rumors of a new war in Europe now made Lovelace
take special care for the defense of New York. A third
26 Febr'y. compauy of f oot was oro;anized in the city, Avhich Martin
arrange- Jlregicr was commissioucd to command. A volmiteer
New York, troop of liorsc was also raised, of which Cornelis Steen-
24 April . .
wyck was appointed captain, Dudley Lovelace lieutenant,
and Gabriel Minvielle cornet ; and the new forces were
ordered to be ready for the next General Training in May.f
There was need of precaution. Charles the Second dis-
liked the Triple Alliance ; he hated the Dutch, who had
burned his sliips at Chatham ; he wanted money for his
pleasures, and was restive mider the restraint of the House
of Commons. The Duke of York, M'ho had become a Ro-
man Catholic, encouraged his brother to carry on a clan-
destine negotiation with Louis, and a secret treaty was
signed between them in May, 1670, by which, among other
things, the Iving of England agreed to profess the Roman
faith, and join the King of France in making war against
the Protestant Dutch Republic. Li return for this, Charles
England was to rcccive enough money from Louis to make him in-
unite dependent of Parliament. Another treaty was openly ne-
dIucT. '^ gotiated in January, 1671, by which it was stipulated that
England was to annex Zealand, and France all the other
Dutch provinces except Holland, which was to be the
buried, erroneonsiy states that he died in '■'■ Atirjit^t, A.D. 1GS2," instead of February, 1CT2.
An epitaph on Stuyvcsant, written by Domine Selyns, is in Murphy's Anthology of New
Xethcrland, 160.
• Council Min.,iii., 02, 9.1,94, 9T; Gen. Ent., iv., 110-114, 184 ; Col. MSS., xx., 26-35; S.
Hazard, 395-:!97, 400 ; Eliz. Bill, 4 ; Bancroft, ii., 319 ; ante, 164.
t Gen. Ent., iv., 105, 12S ; Mas.'. U. S. Coll., x.\.x., 80 ; ante, vol. i., 631, 665, 712, 724.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 185
share of the Prince of Orange if he would come into the chap.iv.
arrangement. William — who had been declared entitled
to precedence next after the Duke of York, " as nephew to wiiuanT
His Majesty, and a grandchild of England" — was invited qj.!^"^®/*
to London, where his birthday was celebrated with extra-
ordinary pomp, A marriage between him and his beauti-
ful cousin Mary was projected. But the Dutch prince was
not to be bought. " The King of England," wrote Colbert
de Croissi from London, to Louis, in December, 1670, "is
much satisfied with the parts of the Prince of Orange.
But he finds him so passionate a Dutchman and Protest-
ant, that even although your Majesty had not disapproved
of his trusting him with any part of the secret, those two
reasons would have hindered him." Temple was now re-
called from the Hague, and in July, 1671, was replaced by
Downing, the mean-spirited enemy of Holland. It was
agreed that the Dutch should mainly be fought by England
at sea, and by France on land. To obtain money for equip-
ping his fleet, Charles adopted the iniquitous expedient, 2 Jan'y.
foreseen by Ashley, suggested by Clifford, and recommend- Exchequer
ed by the " Cabal," of closing the English Exchequer, and
seizing the moneys loaned to the nation by its confiding
creditors.*
With characteristic perfidy, the English captured the
Dutch Smyrna fleet, which was coming home, unconscious
of danger, "l^o clap of thunder on a fair day," wrote
Temple, " could more astonish the world." But the cap-
tors received " little save blows, and a worthy reproach." 3 March.
A few days afterward Charles declared war against the n March.
Dutch ; and Louis soon followed. The young Prince of 7 April.
Orange was made captain general of the Dutch army ; but and France
their navy was intrusted to the veteran sldll of De Ruyter. i,gain.=t
James, Duke of York, and Lord High Admiral of England,
• Temple, i., 463 ; ii., 173, 173, ISO, 181, 251 ; Eeresby, 18 ; Dalrymple, i., 42-47, 9G-129 ;
Clarke's James H., i., 440-457; Courtenay's Temple, 1., 271, 33S-352, 415; il., 481; Bas-
nage, ii., 59, CO, 98-107, 110, 116-118, 133-141, 1S2-192; Kennett, iii., 279, 284; Burnet, i.,
300-308; Rapin, ii., 655, 656, G60-662; Anderson, ii., 522; Evel>Ti, ii., 76 : Da vies, iii., 71-
83 ; Lavallee, iii., 219, 220 ; Martin, i., 306-319 ; Lingard, xii., 239-278, 369-380 ; Hume, vi.,
433-440, 445-448; Mackintosh, 314-319; Macaulay, i., 204-216; King's Life of Locke, 35,
36 ; Campbell's Chancellors, iii., 305. It has been commonly supposed that the word " Ca-
bal" was derived from the initials of Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Ailington, and Lauder-
dale, who were the ministers of Charles the Second in 1672, But that term was used in En-
gland as early as 1665, to signify v/hat is generally called " the Cabinet :" Pepys, ii., 312 ;
iii, 328; ante, 5.
186 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. IV. commanded its fleet, wMle the Frencli ships were led by
D'Estrees. De Euyter quickly attacked the combined En-
23 Ma glish and French fleet lying in Southwold Bay, or Solebay,
fj^^i: on the coast of Suffolk, A bloody, but indecisive action
soiebtyf foUovred. The Duke of York was attended on board his
flag-ship by Colonel Richard Nicolls, his late governor of
Death of New York, who was killed by an avenging Dutch cannon
wren^"""^ ball. The duke's secretary, Matthew Wren, was mortally
wounded at his side. The Dutch had the advantage ; and
the French prudently looked on while the naval rivals de-
stroyed each other. Yet all this carnage was caused, said
the calm and candid English Evelyn, " for no provocation
but that the Hollanders exceeded us in industry, and in all
things but en^^\"*
Li the mean time, Charles, " very intent" about the set-
1670. tlement of his American colonies, had appointed a new
30 July- Council for Foreign Plantations, and made the Duke of
4 April York and others, of whom one was John Evelyn, addition-
26 May. eI membcrs. The first inquiry of the council was into the
tlti^n^""' condition of the "peevish and touchy" colonies in New
England!" England. Colonel Cartwright, Nicolls's old colleague, gave
21 June, the council " a considerable relation of that country ;" and
it was determined to send new commissioners, with secret
3 August, instructions, to ascertain whether those colonies were able
12 Augu.=.t. to resist the king and " declare for themselves as independ-
ent of the crown."
1672. The Dutch war, however, postponed action on this point ;
although orders were sent to the plantations that none of
their sliips should venture home without convoys ; and it
i2FeVy. was Considered who would be fit commissioners to go to
Kew England. The affairs of New York were also no-
ticed. Dissatisfied with Lovelace's government, Easthamp-
3 July. ton, Southampton, and Southold represented to the king
that they were more heavily taxed than his subjects in
New England, were not represented by " deputys in Court,"
* Basnage, ii., 192-209; Sylvius, i., 191-20S, 2-13-249; Clarke's James II., i., 45G^S1;
Evelyn, i., 335, 409 ; ii., 75,76,80,82; Pcpys, ii., 361 ; iv.,235; Kennett, iii., 285, 2S7, 2SS;
Rapin,ii.,662-6G4; Lyson'a Mag. Britt., i., 39; Davies, iii., 90-104 ; Lingard, xii., 265-283 ;
Hume, vi., 449-456; Anderson, ii., 522; Martin, i., 327, 328. In the Ampthill Church,
Bedfordshire, England, is a mural monument to Rich.ird Nicolls, on which is represented a
cannon ball, with the in.scrlption '■'■ Instruwcntit.m ninrtis et immortalitatiK." A copy of
Nicolls's epitaph is in N. V.llist. Soc. Proc. for 1844, p. 117. It is a curious coincidence that
, the conqueror, Nicolls, ehould have followed Stuyvesant to the grave within a few months.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 187
and were obliged to obey laws imposed by others, who in- chap. iv.
suited over them, and threatened to cut down their timber. ~
As they had purchased their lands from Lord Stirling's ^^^ ^^ng
deputy, and had formerly been under Connecticut, they J^^''^°^gjj^^_
prayed that they might " be continued under the Govern- tion disre-
ment and Patent of Mr. Winthrop, or else that they may England.
be a free corporation as His Majesties subjects." The Idng
referred the petition to the Plantation Council for a report,
and directed that notice should be given to the Duke of
York's commissioners that they might attend when it
should be considered. The council accordingly read Lord 19 juiy.
Stirhng's conveyances, on which the petitioners relied ; but
as the whole of Long Island was clearly within the Duke
of York's patent, no farther action appears to have been
taken.*
The next autumn the supervision of trade and com- 27 septem.
merce was added to the former functions of the Plantation
Council. Of this new council the versatile Ashley, recent-
ly created Earl of Shaftesbury, was made president ; and,
through his influence, John Locke, " an excellent learned 24 October,
gentleman and student of Christ Church," at Oxford, was Evei^hi
appointed its secretary, while John Evelyn continued to be gUsh pian-
a member. The first business of the council was to warn coundi.
the governor of Jamaica of a design of the Dutch against
that island.f
Meanwhile the king had directed Lovelace to take care 10 March.
that all ships bound for Europe should sail in company, in tionsTntue
March, June, and September, that an additional battery American
should be made at New York, and that the whole govern- dereT^ *"^'
ment should be put in a condition of defense. As soon as
war was declared, the several colonies were warned against 3 Api-ii.
the private men-of-war which were being prepared in Hol-
land and Zealand, and were directed to take effectual pre-
cautions for their own safety, as well as to seize all Dutch
ships and property within their territories.:}:
When the king's letter reached Lovelace, prompt meas-
* Col. Doc, iii., 21, 22, 100-193, 197, lOS ; Sainsbury, i., 298 ; Evelyn, ii., 60, 62-66, 74 ;
Palfrey, ui. , 33, 273, 274 ; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxxli., 285 ; xxxvii., 316 ; aiite^ 153.
t Col. Doc, iii., 228; Evelyn, ii., S3, 85, 86; Anderson, ii., 522, 523; Palfrey, iii., 33.
Locke gave up his aeci'etaryship when his patron, Shaftesbury, qiiarreled with the court in
November, 1 073. King' s Life of Locke (Bohn' s ed. ), 34 ; Evelyn, ii. , 74, 94 95 ; 2MSt, p. 249.
i Evelyn, ii., 74 ; Council Min., iii., 99, 100 ; Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 559, 560.
188 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IV. ures Were taken for defense. Younge, at Soutliold, was
~ warned to be on his guard. Instead of a compulsory tax,
24May.'^* ^ Contribution, or "benevolence" from each town, was
Love^M's ^sked by the governor for the repair of Fort James.
New°York Thomas Lovelace, High-sheriff Manning, AUard Anthon}",
24 June. Captain Richard Morris * Thomas Gibbs, and Francis
3 July. ■"■ . •' , '
iijuiy. Kombouts were appointed commissioners to receive and
expend the moneys collected. On the king's declaration
c July. of war coming to hand, it was proclaimed at the Fort Gate
and the City Hall, and the fortifications vigorously pushed
forward. Counselors Delavall and Steenwy^ck were dis-
is July, patched to put Albany in a state of defense. Already the
commerce of New York suffered ; and Lovelace's own ship,
the " Good Fame," with three others belonging to the port,
were seized in Holland.f
The restriction of the navigation of the Hudson to New
York vessels brought up an interesting question. Massa-
chusetts had insisted, in 1659, that her territory extended
as far as the Hudson, and Stuyvesant had distinctly reject-
ed her claim. But the Massachusetts governor now wrote
13 Maicii. to Lovelace, desiring that her boundary might be settled,
questio™ and free passage up and down the Hudson be allowed to
Ne^w yiTrk her people. This letter was brought to New York by John
chusetts."^" Paine, of Boston, who was interested in the Massachusetts
s August, grant of 1659. Lovelace, however, dechned to recognize
any rights claimed by Massachusetts, which ought to have
been settled by the royal commissioners ; and he referred
the whole subject to the Dulvc of York. On his re-
23 October, tum to Bostou, Paiue obtained the grant of a tract of
land ten miles square, "at or near Hudson's River,"
and free trade with the Indians forever. But, as Massa-
1G73. chusetts vessels could not navigate that I'iver, and "be-
7 May- cause a liill of a vast extent impedes the passage to that
* Captain riiclian! Morris died soon after this, leaving an only son, Lewis; and adminis-
tration of Ilia estate was granted to Secretary Nicolls and others, by whom word was sent to
Lewis Morris, of Barbadoes, an elder brother of the deceased : N. Y. Surr. Eec. Wills, i., 173 ;
Colton, ii., 2ST, 2SS ; Col. Doc, ii., 595, G17 ; ante^ 140, note.
t Council Min., iii., tlO, 100, 108, 114, 115; Gen. Ent., iv., 57, IGO, 14S, 149, 150, 161, 105,
170; Col. MSS., xxii., 130, 134; Thomp.-on, i., 150; Col. Doc, iii., 185; anU'^ 152. The
declaration of war .igainst the Dutch was proclaimed at Boston on the 2Sth of May, 1072,
the first instance of such a measure ; Connecticut called a special court for 20 June, and
Rhode Island took similar precautions : Mass. Rec, iv. (ii.), 517 ; Hutch., i., 283, 284; Coll.,
441; Palfrey, iii., 120; Col. Rec Conn., ii., 180-183, 559-561; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxx., 82,
63; R.L Rec, ii., 461-404.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 189
place," Paine was allowed to take up another tract, " into chap. iv,
which j)assage may be found for transportation overland."*
The ^isit of Paine to New York, however, gave rise to Question*
another claim of territory. He had bought Prudence Isl- ^gncoM-
and, in Narragansett Bay, fi'om the representatives of Wil- ^^^^
liams and Winthrop, and was astonished to find that Love- Mand.
lace claimed it as belonging to ISTew York under the duke's
patent. The pretension was as absurd as that of Massa-
chusetts to any part of the Yalley of the Hudson. Never-
theless, Paine thought it best to take a patent for his isl-
and from Lovelace, who readily gave it, in consideration
of liberal contributions to the repair of Fort James. By
Lovelace's patent, Prudence Island was made a free town-25juiy.
ship, under the name of " Sophy Manor," of which Paine
was ajDpointed governor for his life, subordinate to the TAugust.
jurisdiction of New York. But Phode Island, very prop-
erly resenting Lovelace's usurpation, arrested the unf ortu- c septem.
nate Paine ; who, not long afterward, was convicted of at- 23 octXe'r.
tempting to introduce a foreign jurisdiction.f 29 October.
In New Jersey, disaffection had meanwhile grown so
strong that those who desired to escape paying the pro-
prietors' quit-rents sent deputies to an anarchical assembly
at Elizabethtown, which dejDOsed Governor Philip Carte- 14 May.
ret, and appointed in his place his newly-arrived cousin, te'^rTL-"'^'
Captain James Carteret, the " weak and dissolute," but le- govSn-''^
gitimate younger son of Sir George. Lovelace and hisN|°V/r-
council did their best to reconcile the dispute ; but the i^june.
usm-per rejected the friendly oifices of New York, and
claimed that he was justified by the instructions of thei4juae.
proprietors of New Jersey. Philip Carteret therefore ap- 1 juiy.
pointed Captain John Berry to be his deputy, and sailed for 20 juiy.
Guernsey under a passport from Lovelace, accompanied by is septem.
Secretary James BoUen, to state the case at London. Aft-
er Philip Carteret's departm-e, James, who usurped his of- 12 October.
fice, corresponded with Lovelace ; but without any result.:]: 13 October.
• Ante, 168, 182 ; vol. i., 655, C71, 672; Col. Doc, vi., 143, 159; rii., 224, 334, 563, 564,
596, 597 ; viiL, 371, 439 ; Hutch., i., 159, 160 ; Gen. Ent., iv., 177, 178, 179 ; Col. MSS., xxii.,
137, 149; Mass. Rec, iv. (i.), S95, 396 (ii.), 548, 558, 570; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxvii., 512.
The Western Railroad from Springfield to Albany now triumphantly surmounts this " hill
of a vast extent."
t Patents, iv., 86-90 ; Col. MSS., xxii., 138, 139 ; R. I. Col. Rec, i., 45, 46 ; Arnold, i.. 87,
105, 362, 363 ; Palfrey, iiL , 109.
t Council Min., iii., 101; Gen. Knt., iv., 142-14 ',171, 207, 203, 213; Eliz. Bill in Chan-
190
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IV.
1672.
1 July.
12 August.
Maryland
truculence
rebuked by
New York,
7 Oetober.
April.
Fresh troubles now occurred on the Delaware. A party
of Marylanders came to the Hoarkill, and, assisted by
Daniel Brown, a planter, assaulted the magistrates, and
carried off all the plunder they could. Brown was after-
ward sent a prisoner to New York, where he was tried and
convicted, but was released on promise of amendment.
Lovelace quickly rebuked Calvert for allowing his people
to commit, for a second time, such outrages in the Duke
of Tork's territories " in these portending troublous times,
wherein all true-hearted Englishmen are buckling on their
armour," and required him to punish the offenders. The
New York governor's prompt intervention saved Delaware
from " the imminent peril of being absorbed in Maryland."
The Duke of York was soon advised of the truculence of
Lord Baltimore's agents ; and Carr was directed to guard
against the Maryland people, who, following up "their
former violent action" in 1669, had again invaded a de-
pendency of New York, " after so long quiet possession of
those parts by His Royal Highness's deputies under His
Majesty's obedience, and by other nations before that, sev-
eral years before the date of the Lord Baltimore's patent,
whom they never disturbed by arms, and whose right is
now devolved upon the Duke."*
A memorable event of this year was the visit of the En-
glish Quaker, George Fox, to America. Sailing to Barba-
does, he spent several months there with Lewis Morris and
other " Friends." Early in 1672 he went to Jamaica, and
thence to Maryland. Passing through Newcastle, Fox
traversed the wilderness of New Jersey to Middletown,
eery, 35 ; N. J. H. S. Proc, i. (ii.), 23, SO ; Douglas, ii., 269, 2T1, 272 ; Clialmei's, i., 610 ; S.
Smith, OS; Gordon, 29; Bancroft, ii., 319 ; Whitehead, 55-57 ; CoUins's Peerage, iv., 213;
ante, 177. James Carteret seems to have enjoyed the genial society of New York during the
winter, as he was married, by license from Lovelace, on 15 April, 1673, to Frances, daughter
of Counselor Thomas Delavall : Gen. Ent., iv., 277 ; N. Y. Marriages (1S60), 68, 105. lie
appears to have been a sad rake, and "a very profligate person," but of "a good under-
standing." lie was afterward separated from his wife and allowed an annuity by his fa-
ther, who would not " acknowledge him as his son, as before :" see Dankcrs's and Sluyter's
Journal (1867), 137, 13S. See also Hist. Mag., x., 157, for a notice of the descendants of
James Carteret and Frances Delavall. There is no reason for the brand of illefiitimacn
which Whitehead, 55, and Mulford, 162, have endeavored to stamp on James Carteret :
compare Eliz. Bill, 35 ; CoUins's Peerage, iv., 213; Douglas, ii., 272; Chalmers, i.,C16, 625.
"Natural," as used by (Chalmers, does not mean " illegitimate ;" Hist. Mng.,ii. (iii.),110.
• Council Min., iii., 110; Gen. Ent., iv., 188, 199, 211-213; S. Smith, 72-76; Hazard's
Ann. Penn., 307-402, 4C5 ; Bancroft, ii., 238, 310, 320 ; Proud, i., 131, 132 ; Col. MSS., xx.,
37. .^S; Col. Doc, iii., 186; ante, 164. Yet Chalmers, i., 301, 634, affirms that Calvert
took possession of the country around Cape llenlopen, which the Dutch "had relinquish-
ed;" and Grahame repeats Chalmers's falsehood.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 191
and went from there to Gravesend, on Long Island. At cuap.iv.
Oyster Bay he calmed the quarrels of the " Friends." At
Ehode Island he met several Connecticut Quakers. From j^„g
there he crossed over to Shelter Island, accompanied by 1^^°^
several " Friends," one of whom was " John Jay, a j)lanter j^^J^^^
in Barbadoes." He visited Oyster Bay, Flushing, and Ja- August
maica again, and held several "precious meetings." On
his return through New Jersey, Fox came near losing his
companion, Jay, who was thrown from his horse, but was
restored by the skill of the Quaker apostle. At Newcastle,
Fox was lodged by Carr in his o-svn house, where the first
Quaker meeting in Delaware was held. After revisiting
Maryland, Fox passed on to Virginia and North Carolina, septem.
and in the spring of the following year sailed from the
Chesapeake for England.*
There were, at this time, seven Jesuit missionaries among Jesuit mis-
the five Iroquois nations. Bruyas, the superior, remamed among the
with Boniface among the Mohawks, who still kept on their
guard against their old enemies, the Mahicans. At Oneida,
Millet found the savages as obdurate as the rock from
which they derived their name. John de Lamberville,
at Onondaga, aided by the active zeal of Garakontie, had
better hopes.f
Carheil, now cured of his disease, returned to the Cayu-
gas, and Eaffeix was transferred to assist Gamier among
the Senecas. In a letter to Dablon, Eaffeix described Ca- 24 June.
yuga as " the most beautiful country I have seen in Ameri- description
ca. It is situated in latitude 42 degrees and a half, and ° ^^y"^*-
the needle dips there scarcely more than ten degrees. It
lies between two lakes, and is not more than four leagues
wide, with almost continuous plains, while the woods which
border them are very beautiful. Mohawk is a narrow val-
ley, often very stony, and always covered with fogs. The
mountains which enclose it seem to me to be of very poor
soil. Oneida and Onondaga appear to be a very rugged
country, and little adapted to hunting. The same is true
of Seneca. Every year they kill more than a thousand
* Fox's Journal (Phil, ed.), 435-464; Sewell, 509-512 ; Col. Doc, ii., 619; Arnold, i, 360,
361; Thompson, ii., 82, 83; Hazard's Keg. Penn., vi., 181; Palfrey, iii., 106-lOS; Mass. II.
S. Coll., xxxvii., 288 ; ante^ vol. i., 635. Fox returned to Bristol on the 28th of June, 16T3.
+ Relation, 1613, 18-22; 16T2-3, 33-39; Douniol, i., 4-8; Charlevoix, iL, 223, 231, 232;
Shea, 198, 268, 281-283 ; ante, 181.
192 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
ciiAP. IV. deer in the neighborhood of Caynga. Fishing is as abun-
dant here as at Onondao-a, as well for salmon as for eels
and other fishes. Four leagues fi'om here I saw, on the
brink of a River, within quite a small space, eight or ten
very tine salt springs. It is there that they spread num-
bers of nets to catch pigeons, of which they often take
seven or eight hundred at one haul. The Lake of Tiohero
[Cayuga], one of the two which border on our -sillage, is
fourteen leagues long, by one or two wide. Swans and
bustards abound there all the winter ; and, in the spring,
one sees nothing but continual clouds of all sorts of game.
The River of Ochoueguen [Oswego], which flows out of
this Lake, divides itself at its beginning into several chan-
nels surrounded by prairies, with here and there very
pleasant and pretty deep bays, where the wild fowl resort.
I find the inhabitants of Cayuga more tractable and less
fierce than the Onondagas and Oneidas ; and, if God had
humiliated them as much as the Mohawks, I believe that
the faith would be established there more easily than in
any one of the Iroquois nations. They reckon more than
three hundred warriors among them, and a prodigious
multitude of small children."*
From Seneca, Garnier sent his superior a discouraging
20 July, account of the three missions of Conception, Saint Michael,
account of and Saint James. The expedition of Courcelles to Lake
Ontario, which at first had been thought to be an intended
invasion, retarded conversions ; and an ill feeling arose
against the " black robes," who were charged with being
sorcerers and spies to report every thing to Onnontio.
sijuiy. With great joy, Gamier welcomed Raffeix to assist him
among the Senecas, who now numbered fi'om twelve to
thirteen thousand souls.f
The war against the Andastes was still carried on, chief-
ly by the Cayugas and the Senecas. During the summer,
* Relation, 1G72, 23, 23 ; Col. Doc, iii., 251. The salt springs which Raffeix describes arc
those at Montezuma.
t Relation, 1GT2, IS, 24-2G; 1072-3, lOS; Col. Doc, ix., 97, note; Shea, 392; ante, 179.
The Annual Relations of the Jesuits were not printed later than this year at Paris, owing
to the riciucst of Courcelles: Faillon, iii., 312. Dablon, however, who remained superior
general, at Qutbec, until 1G03, compiled several others. Two of tliese, fnr 1672-1C73, and
1G73-16T9, have been publislied from the originals at Quebec, bj' Mr. John G. Shea. Mr.
James Lenox has likewise printed the Relation for 1070-1677. (Jlmrles Douniol, of Paris,
also published two volumes in ISGl, entitled "Mission du Canada," containing the Rela-
tions from 1072 to 1079, copied from the originals at Quebec and at Rome.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 193
an Iroquois party descending the Susquehanna River were chap. rv.
attacked and routed by sixty young Susquehannas. The ~r~~
sympathies of the French missionaries were with the latter, xhe war'
" God preserve the Andastes, who have only three hundred ^■^I'^^l^
warriors, and bless their arms to humiliate the Iroquois and 1"°^ ^°^
' . . ^ ^ Andastes.
preserve to us peace and our missions," wrote Raffeix to
Dablon, his superior general, at Quebec*
Courcelles's expedition the last year to Lake Ontario
so affected his health that he asked to be reKeved ; and
the king appointed in his place Louis de Buade, Count 6 April.
of Frontenac, a veteran lieutenant general in the French recalled,''^
army. Frontenac was quick, firm, penetrating, domineer- tenac^ap'-"
ing, and a scholar. He was instructed, among other gov°erm.r of
things, to keep his government prepared to repel, and, if 7 April!"
necessary, to attack the Iroquois ; to favor " contiguous
clearances" rather than scattered settlements ; and to coun-
terbalance the influence of the Jesuits by encouraging the
Sulpitians and EecoUets.f
The summer before Frontenac reached Canada, a con-
gress was held at Montreal, to which more than five him- July,
dred red men came in one hundred and fifty canoes. A
new treaty of peace was confirmed in the presence of Cour- August.
celles. At the same time, the governor invited the princi-
pal Iroquois chiefs to meet him at Cataracouy, on the north- courceiiea
em shore of Lake Ontario. Having assembled there, Cour- fort at ca-
celles flattered them by presents, and got their consent to or xlngsl
build a fort at that place, where they might come to trade
with the French. They did not perceive that the object of
the Canadian governor was really " to hold them in check,"
after they should have ended their war with the Susque-
hannas, and provide an entrepot for himself. The work
was at once projected by Courcelles ; but its completion
was left to other hands.:}:
On his return to Quebec, Courcelles met Frontenac, who septem.
had just arrived, and easily convinced him of the impor-
tance of the enterprise he had begun on Lake Ontario.
• Relation, 1G72, 20, 24. It has been supposed by Charlevoix, ii., 244, that the Susque-
hannas, or Andastes, were subjugated by the Iroquois in 1672. But this event does not
seem to have happened until 1075: see Douniol, L, 267; ii., 44, 99; Hist. Mag., ii., 297;
Col. Doc., ix., 110, 111, 227; ante, 100, note.
t Col. Doc, ix., 85-88,791; Charlevoix, iL, 191, 247 ; Gameau,i., 201, 205, 207; Sparks's
La Salle, 15, 16 ; Faillon, iii., 416-418; ante, ISl.
t Relation, 1672, 21 ; Charlevoix, ii., 244, 245; Shea, 282; Ganieau, i., 200.
II.— N
19-i HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK,
cuAr.iv. Frontenac's first act was to publish his king's declaration
~ of war against the Dutch. In his dispatches to France, he
iTSeptem approvcd of CourccUes's projected fort at Cataracouy "to
FronteDac prevent the Iroquois carrying to the Dutch the peltries, for
of Canada, -\vhich thcv go to tlic Ottawas ;" and as it mio-ht strengthen
2 Jiovem. . . .
the mission at Quinte Bay, he promised to go there him-
self the next spring.*
Courcelles soon afterward returned to France, accom-
panied by Talon, in a new shij) of five hundred tons bur-
then, which had been built at Quebec. As the Mississippi
was supposed to empty into the Gulf of California, Talon
recommended to Frontenac that its exploration should be
.Toiiiet sent iutrustcd to Louis Jollict, of Quebcc, an " aspirant to the
the*Mis?is- Ministry," who had accompanied Saint Lusson the year be-
Ma^qlette. f orc to Lake Superior, and who had " already been almost
at that great river, the mouth of which he promises to see."
JoUiet "was accordingly dispatched to Michilimackinac, with
orders to Marquette to join the expedition. On the feast
8 Decern, of the Immaculate Conception he reached the Jesuit mis-
sionary, who longed to visit the Mississippi ; and the win-
ter was spent in preparations for their joumey.f
"While Lovelace was at Albany the last year, he regu-
lated the Indian trade at Schenectady as the frontier.
13 July. The people of that town now bought from the Mohawks
d^^'affai^ the land on both sides of the river, as far as " Kinaquari-
ones," where the last battle was fought between the Mo-
hawks and Mahicans in 1669. A separate court was soon
c septem. afterward established at Schenectady.:}:
Under the new arrangements at Esopus, its three villages
Prosperity prospcrcd abundantly, and twenty-five thousand " schepels"
•sopus. ^^ ^^^^^ were raised there this year. Isot far from the vil-
lage of Kingston, the land owned by Captain Chambers
Fox Hall. ' was erected into a manor, with the usual privileges, and
• Col. Doc, Lx., 90-94, 791; Quebec MSS., ii. (ii.), IIG; Charlevoix, u.,2-15; Gamoan, i.,
20T-210 ; Faillon, iii., 450, 457; a7ite, 148, 140.
t Relation, 1072, 1, 2, 30; 1072-3, 140; Col. Dec, ix., 89, 92, 121, CCS, 793, S04; Charle-
voix, ii., 245, 240, 24S, 254, 255 ; Bancroft, iii., 153, 155, 150 ; Garneau, i., 205-207, 231, 232 ;
La Potherie, ii., 130 ; Shea'a Disc. Mis?., xxvii., xxviii., Ixv., Ixxix., 4, 5, C ; Hist. Mag., v.,
2.'i7 ; Douniol, i., 193, 194; Faillon, iii., 200, 312, 417-421 ; ante, 170, 179.
t Gen. Ent.,iv.,90; Council Min., iii., 110; Col. MSS., xxii., 132 ; ante, 161. On tlie 27th
of January, 1073, Antlionia van Curler, in consideration of her Iiouse and barns being de-
stroyed, and of her husband, Arendt van Curler, being lost in the public service (ante, 121),
was allowed to sell rum and lead, but not powder, to the Indians, for a year and two month.';:
Council Min., iii., 120 ; Col. Doc, ii., 052.
FRAXCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 195
named " Fox Hall." Soon afterward Counselor Delavall chap. hi.
was authorized to build a store-liouse adjoining the redoubt ^^^^
at the Strand, near Kingston.*
The provincial law, in cases of divorce, was now settled, ipjiarc^^.^
Daniel Denton, of Jamaica, who had gone to London to ^ijorce^^!^
publish his work on New York, found, on his return, that
his wife, Abigail, had been unfaithful during his absence.
He applied to the Court of Sessions for a divorce ; but
that tribunal having no jurisdiction, he laid his case before
the governor and council. Lovelace, obser^^ng that it was
" conformable to the Laws of this Government, as well as
to the practice of the civil law, and the laws of our nation
of England," granted Denton a divorce from his wife. But 25 June.
in this decision the governor seems to have followed the
Dutch rather than the English law.f
At the autumn session of the Court of Assizes an inter- 2 October.^
esting case was heard on appeal from the court on the appeaUn
Delaware. Amigart Pappegoya, the daughter of the for- of Assizes.
mer Swedish Governor Printz, brought an action in eject-
ment against Andrew Carr, to recover her patrimonial es-
tate in the island of Tinicum. The plaintiff's attorney
was John Sharpe, assisted by Samuel Edsall, and Jacob
Milborne, who was specially admitted to plead. John Ki- 3 October.
der appeared for the defendant. Tlie writings in German
were translated for the court by the Lutheran " Domine"
Arensius, and those in Low Dutch by Nicholas Bayard.
After a full hearing the case went to the jury, who brought
in a verdict for the plaintiff, and judgment was given in 4 October.
her favor.:|:
• Col. Doc., ii., 526; Lambrechtsen, 115; Gen. Ent., iv., 216, 273; O'Call., ii., 394, 395;
Val. Man.,lS53, 3S1.
t Gen. Ent., iv., 153; Dunlap, ii., App. cxviii. ; Daly's Intrcd., 27. The Court of As-
sizes, however, in the following October, allowed the divorced Abigail Denton to maiTy
again : Court of Assizes, ii., 317. In October, 1670, the Court of Assizes divorced Rebecca
Leveridge from her husband, Eleazer, on account of his alleged impotence : Council Min.,
iii., 27 ; Court of Assizes, ii., 4S6, 519-522, 607, 608 ; Thompson, i., 256. The governor and
council, in October, 1672, divorced Thomas Petitt, of Newtown, from hw wife Sarah, because
of her adultei7 ; and Mary Cole from Daniel Sutton, because of his bigamy : Gen. Ent., iv.,
213, 214, 215. The law, however, was afterward settled otherwise. Chancellor Kent ob-
serves that " for more than one hundred yeara preceding the Revolution, no divorce took
place in the colony of New York ;" and that there was no way of dissolving a marriage in
the lifetime of the parties but by a special act of the Legislature. The Court of Chancery
was not authorized to grant divorces d vinculo untU 17S7, and then only for adultery:
Kent's Commentaries, ii., 97, 98.
t Court of Assizes, ii., 293-300; Gen. Ent., iv., 260-262; Col Mi=S., xx.,26; S. Hazard's
Ann Penn 400, 401, 404 : ante, vol. i., 397, 557. Sharpe and Rider appear to have been
re-ular practitioners : Col. Doc, ii., 617, 709, 718; iii., 202 ; Doc. Hist., iii., 58, 60; Mass.
196 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. IV. Several important public measures were adopted at the
same session of the Com-t of Assizes. As servants fre-
aoctobei- C[uently ran away from their masters into other govern-
T October ^^uts, it was Ordered that all strangers without passports
New laws should be liable to arrest. Ene-lish weights and measures
enacted at , .
t^e Court only were to be used throughout the province before the
next Old Style T^ew-year day, on the 25th of March. The
laws as to parochial churches were to be duly observed,
and " although divers persons may be of different judg-
ments, yet all shall contribute to the minister established
and allowed of, which is no way judged to be an infringe-
ment of the liberty of conscience to the which they may
pretend." The contributions for the renovation of the
fort were to be sent to I^ew York, or to " the Ferry," be-
fore the next Christmas. It was also ordered that a Bos-
ton shilhng should pass for one shilling, and a good
Spanish piece of eight, whether of Mexico, Seville, or
a pillar piece, should be valued at six shillings in all
New York transactions.^'
10 Decern. Lovclacc uow issucd a proclamation that, conformably
po3t toNew to the king's commands to promote correspondence, and
^fbifshed the advancement of commerce and general intelligence
iTce!°''^" between his colonies, a monthly post should be establish-
ed to go fi'om New York to Boston ; and that, according-
ly, a sworn messenger would be dispatched on the first
of the next January, to convey letters or small packets to
Hartford, Boston, and other places on his way. All letters
were to be deposited in the secretary's ofiice, and the post-
age to be prepaid before the bag was closed. In a private
27 Decern, letter which Lovelace intended to dispatch by his pioneer
post, he wrote to Winthrop : " I here present you with two
rarities, a pacquett of the latest intelligence I could meet
withal, and a Post. By the first, you will see what has
H. S. Coll., XXX., 108. Edsall aftenvard became quite prominent in colonial affairs: Col.
Doc., ii., 57G, 720 ; iii., 75, 5S9, 683, 789. Jacob Milborno, who became still more prominent,
was a young Englishman, who had been convicted of clipping the king's coin, and sold as a
servant in Barbadoos. lie was afterward bought by a Hartford man ; but because of his
stubbornness and disobedience, was transferred several times from one master to another.
Having finally got his liberty, he came to New York in IGGS, being then twenty years old,
and was employed by Counselor Thomas Delavall to keep his books and manage his affairs ;
in which service he remained until tliis year: Col. Doc., iii., 301, 621, 674, 727, 755, 7S0;
Doc. Hist., ii., 28, 42 ; Col. MSS., xsvi., 139 ; Gen. Ent., xxxii., 19.
• Court of Assizes, ii., 323 ; Col. MSS., xxii., 9, 142 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll., i., 420-424 ; Thomp-
son, i., 150. Frequent cases of the prohibition of the export of grain, either by order of the
governor and council, or of the Court of Assizes, occurred from time to time in New York.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 197
been acted on the stage of Em-ope ; by the latter you will chap. iv.
meet with a monthly fresh supply ; so that if it receive "^but
the same ardent inclinations from you as first it hath from Loveiace'8
myself, by our monthly advisoes all pubhque occurrences ^^yoQ^'
may be transmitted between us, together with several! oth-
er great conveniencys of pubhque importance, consonant
to the commands laid upon us by His sacred Majestic, who
strictly injoins all his American subjects to enter into a
close correspondency with each other. This I look upon
as the most compendious means to beget a mutual under-
standing ; and that it may receive all the countenance from
you for its future duration, I shall acquaint you with the
modell I have proposed ; and if you please but to make an
addition to it, or substraction, or any other alteration, I
shall be ready to comply with you. This person that has
undertaken the imployment I conceaved most proper, be-
ing both active, stout, and indefatigable. He is sworne as
to his fidelity. I have afiixt an annuall sallery on him,
which, together with the advantage of liis letters and other
small portable packes, may afford him a handsome lively-
hood. Hartford is the fii'st stage I have designed him to
change his horse, where constantly I expect he should have
a fresh one lye, leger. All the letters outward shall be de-
livered gratis, with a signification of Post Payd on the
superscription ; and reciprocally, we expect all to us free.
Each first Monday of the month he sets out fi-om Kew
York, and is to return within the month from Boston to us
againe. The maile has divers baggs, according to the
townes the letters are designed to, which are all sealed up
'till their arrivement, with the scale of the Secretarie's Of-
fice, whose care it is on Saturday night to seale them up.
Only by-letters are in an open bag, to dispense by the
wayes. Thus you see the scheme I have drawne to pro-
mote a happy correspondence. I shall only beg of you
your furtherance to so universall a good work ; that is to
afford him directions where, and to whom to make his ap-
plication to upon his arrival at Boston ; as likewise to afford
him what letters you can to estabhsh him in that imploy-
ment there. It would be much advantagious to om' de-
signe, if in the intervall you discoursed with some of the
most able woodmen, to make out the best and most facile
198 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOKK.
Chap. IV. way for a Post, whicli, in processe of tjme would be the
King's best highway ; as likewise passages and accommo-
' dation at Rivers, fords, or other necessary places."*
Lovelace is certainly entitled to the credit of having
established the first post between ISTew York and New En-
gland. But the pioneer whom he intended to dispatch on
New-year's day was kept back until the Albany news reach-
1673. ed the capital. He was then sworn, and instructed to be-
?iratpo3t ^^^'^ civilly; to inquire of Winthrop "how to form the
Ivom^Nlw ^^^^ post-road ;" to mark trees " that shall direct passen-
York. gej^.g ii^Q ijggi; -^yay ;" and " to detect, and cause to be appre-
hended all fugitive soldiers and servants" who might run
away from New York. By him the governor wrote again
22 Jan. to Wiuthrop that the last ships from England to Maryland
wrnthrop." and Virginia brought " little tidings save the despair of a
peace between the Protestant nations. Presses, both by
sea and land, are very vigorously prosecuted. The Hol-
lander has absolutely lost three of their Provinces. They
have disposed of all their men-of-war, and given liberty to
all that will venture on pri^-ateering ; in so much that forty
saile, well fitted, are dispatched towards the West Indies.
If so, it will be high time for us to beginnato buckle on our
armom*, and to put ourselves into such a posture of defence
as is most suitable to our severall conditions. However, it
will be absolutely necessary that in the first place, a good
understanding be made and preserved amongst us, conform-
able to His Majestie's gracious care and good pleasure ; to
which end I have erected a constant post, which shall
monthly pass betwixt us, or oftener, if occasion requires.
I desire of you to favour the undertaking by your best
skill and countenance. I have writt to you my more par-
ticular desires in a former letter which this bearer brings
likewise."f
Murder The delayed messenger from Albany brought news of
Sfny^ ' the murder of a soldier there by two " North Indians," who
were promptly arrested by Pynchon, at Springfield. Love-
lace at once commissioned Salisbury to try them at a spe-
* Gen. Ent., iv., 243, 244; IJarber and Ilowe'.s N. Y. Coll., 200; Val. Man., 1S5T, 042;
Bolton, i., 13!) ; ii., 321, 322 ; Mass. II. S., Trumbull Papers, MSS. xx., 110 ; ante, 1S2.
t Gen. Knt., iv., 252, 253; Val. Man., 1S57, 543, 544; Mass. H. S., Trumbull Papers, MSS.
XX., 109 ; Ilist. Mag., iv., 50. Massacliusetts docs not appear to have taken any steps re-
specting a post until 1G7T : see Mass. Eec, v., 147, 14S ; Palfrey, iii., 30C, 51S.
27 Jan.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVEKNOR. 199
cial court at Albany. The murderers were conyicted and chap. iv.
executed ; and the savages retained a lasting memory of
the sm-e and swift justice of the English.*
Lovelace had given no attention to the duke's territory
at Pemaquid. Massachusetts, however, had claimed juris-
diction over that region ; and after the Peace of Breda,
tlie French insisted that Acadia extended as far west as
the Kennebec River. Saint Lusson had visited Pemaquid
after his return fi'om the West, and found the colonists
there apparently glad to come under French authority.
Lovelace therefore wrote to them to send to K^ew York " a le Febi'y.
modell of such a government as shall be most conducing to orders
the happiness of that colony, both to its safety, traffic, and pemaquid.
increase of inhabitants ; promising, upon the reception of
that scheme, not only to invest you with ample power to
exercise your authority both to ecclesiastick as ci^dll af-
fairs, but will be ready on all occasions to be assisting to
you in the preservation of all yom- rights and interest
against any sinister obstructions."!
At Martha's Yineyard affairs went quietly on under the
government of Mayhew, and a code of laws was passed at 15 April.
a General Court held at Edgartown. Nantucket, however, vineyani
" would not proceed" in the same way ; and Lovelace ap- tucket!"
pointed Richard Gardner its chief magistrate, in place of
Coffin, with instructions. One of these was that the island
should thereafter be known as the town of Sherborne.:]:
Meanwhile, Philip Carteret had succeeded in England. }^^^-
'J- ® 25 Novem.
At the reciuest of the proprietors of N^ew Jersey, the Duke The duke-s
orders to
of York wrote to Lovelace that the grants of N icolls to Loveiace
Baker and others being made after his own conveyance to Jersey.
* Gen. Ent., iv., 248-251; Col. Doc, iv., 994; Hist. Mag., iv., 50, 51. On the 28lh of
January, 1GT3, "Jo. Clarke," who appears to have belonged to the garrison of Fort James,
wrote by the same post to Salisbury, among other things, the following city news : "The
other day we had like to have lost our hangman, Ben. Johnson; for he, being taken in
divers thefts and robberies, convicted and found guilty, 'scaped his neck through want of
another hangman to truss him up ; so that all the punishment he receaved for his 3 yeareb'
roguery in thieving and stealing (which was never found out 'till now) was only thirty-nine
stripes at the whipping-post, loss of an ear, and banishment. Capt. Manning had likewise
two servants that he employed at his Island, taken with him in their villainy ; but they
being not found so guilty as he, came off with whipping and banishment. All this happen-
ed about a fortnight since, but 'tis two months since they were apprehended."
t Gen. Ent., iv., 253, 259 ; Maine H. S. Coll., i., 130, 131 ; v., 6-8, 247, 243 ; Col. Doc, ix.,
74, 75, 119, 265, 379, 433 ; Mass. Rec, iv. (ii.), 519 ; Charlevoix, ii., 256 ; La Potherie, ii., 130;
Williamson, i., 440-442; Hutch. Mass., i., 325; anff, 141, 179.
t Deeds, i., 78; iii., 57, 85-S3 ; Col. MSS., xxiv., 92 ; Hough's Nantucket Papers, 42-59,
71; ani€, 174.
200 IIISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IV. Berkeley and Carteret, were void ; and as the latter had
~ promised to instruct their agents to assist the governor of
' New York, " I do desire you," he added, " and all others
herein concerned, in like manner effectually to assist them
in furthering the settlement and maintaining the quiet of
9 Decern, thcsc parts." The king also directed Berry, the acting gov-
ernor, to notify all the inhabitants of New Jersey to yield
obedience to the proprietors, who had " the sole power" un-
der him.*
1673. When these documents were published by Berry, the in-
5 May. surgcuts Submitted. James Carteret retired with his young
bride to New York, whence he soon afterward sailed for
15 May. Virginia. Lovelace read in council the duke's orders about
teret re- Ncw Jcrscy, and supported the proprietors' authority there.
Newjer- Willis and Winthrop also wrote to Berry and Sir George
•f July. Carteret in favor of emigrants fi'om Connecticut to New
" ^' Jersey, and recommended convenient townships as " best
conducing to safety and the advancing of civil societies."t
March. While Lovclacc was at Anne Hook's Neck, or Hutchin-
New Yo°rk sou's Bay, on postal business, news came to New York that
Dutch at- a Dutch squadron was coming from the West Indies to
*ack. Yirginia, and thence northward ; and the governor was
summoned back to the capital by express from Manning.
Seeing no enemy, Lovelace " slited" his subordinate's care,
and said " this is one of Manning's 'larrums." He did not
even prepare the fort to withstand an enemy, although he
had received the contribution money. Soldiers were, how-
1 May. ever, summoned from Albany, Esopus, and Delaware, and
nearly one hundred and thirty enlisted men were muster-
•-'9 May. ed. At the general training the volunteer and regular
force amounted to three hundred and thirty. But soon
July. afterward, Salisbury, with his men, were sent back to Al-
bany, and the whole number left in garrison at Fort James
■ did not exceed eighty.:}:
•24 June. The cxportatiou of wheat, however, was prohibited, ow-
ing to " these times of trouble." On account of the scar-
city of wampum, it was directed that six white and three
• Col. MS.S., xxii., 144 ; Eliz. Bill, 35, 36, 37 ; Learning and Spicer, 31-41 ; Whitehead, 57,
5S ; Hatfield, 149-154 ; ante, 49, 84, 189.
t Coun. Min.,i.(ii.), 147; Gen. Ent., lv.,277; Eliz. Bill, 37, App. 31 ; Whitehead, 5S, 59 ;
Col. Doc, iii., 200, 214 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxx., 84, 85; ante, 190, note.
t Doc. Hist., iii., 54, 57, 59 ; Bolton, i., 518 ; ante, vol. i., 334, 3C6, 595.
I'recau-
tions and
war oidcK
ERANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOE. 201
black beads should pass for a stuyver or penny, instead of cuAr.n
eight white and four black, as formerly. The Duke's Laws ^^^^
were also ordered to be enforced in Esopus.* 12 june.
Lovelace for some time intended to visit Winthrop, who 15 May.
had recently lost his wife ; and now, " having urgent occa-
sions," he set out for Connecticut, leaving Manning, as 20 j«iy
usual, in charge of Fort James ; but " without any order to viX win-
repair the same for to make defence against an enemy." connecti-
Bef ore the governor saw that fortress again, events occur-
red which he does not appear to have appreliended.f
The "Cabal" of Charles the Second had, meanwhile,
been the only gainers by his war with the Dutch. Parlia-
ment was asked by the king for assistance. Shaftesbury, 4 F^eWy.
his chancellor, bitterly denounced the Dutch, whose com- anf ^°
merce he described, in glowing rhetoric, as leading them bu^on the
to " an universal Empire, as great as Eome." Following
the key-note which Dryden had sounded ten years before,
he compared Holland to Carthage, which England, like
Eome, must destroy — " Z>eZm<?a est Carthago^ Both
Charles and Shaftesbury spoke to little purpose.^ Parlia-
ment suspected the orthodoxy of the Duke of York, and ^
disliked the king's meretricious alliance with Roman Cath-
oKc France no less than his unjustifiable war with Protest-
ant Holland. A supply was voted, but it was coupled with
a condition to which Charles was obliged to give his reluc-
tant assent. This was the " Test Act," which continued to 29jiarch.
be an English law until the reign of George the Fourth. giis^h"Tc^t
It required all persons holding any civil or mihtary oflaces ed.
in England, Wales, Berwick, Jersey, or Guernsey, to take
the oaths of allegiance and supremacy ; publicly receive
the sacrament of the Lord's Supper according to the usage
of the Church of England ; and subscribe a declaration
against the Eomish doctrine of Transubstantiation. In
consequence of this law, the Duke of York, who for some
time had secretly been a Eoman Cathohc, candidly de- Effect of
clared his rehgious faith, and m a flood of tears resigned Acton^the
all the offices which he held under the crown, including York. °
that of lord high admiral of England. But as the Test
• Council Min., iii., 129, 145, 146, 153-157 ; S. Hazard, 405 ; Proud, i., 133, 134.
t Council Min., iii., UT ; Trumbull Papers, xx., 104, 109 ; Mass. H. S. MSS. ; Col. Doc,
iii , 198 ; Doc. Hist., iii, 5T, 59 ; Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 242 ; Eliz. Bill, G.
202 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1673.
Chap. IV. Act did not extend to Scotland and L-eland, nor to the
British Plantations, the duke's admiralty jurisdiction over
them remained unimpaired.*
Parliament again turned its attention to the American
colonies. Their commerce had already been restrained by
the Navigation Laws ; but " the avarice of English shop-
keepers" now required that commerce to be taxed. It was
observed that the British Plantations enjoyed a profitable
intercolonial traffic, and sold their commodities to foreign
nations, " to the diminution of the customs and the naviga-
29 iiarch. tiou of tlic kiugdom." Parliament therefore enacted that
po°iicy of sugars, tobacco, ginger, and certain other productions,
plTrur-"''''' when exported from any English colony, should pay the
"'™*' same duties to the crown as if they were landed in En-
gland ; and that these duties were to be collected at such
places and by such officers as the commissioners of the
customs in England should appoint. This selfish measure
" formed the seed-plot on wliich was raised the subsequent
system of colonial revenue."f
During the first year of the war the United Provinces
IQ^i) suffered terrible calamities. Although the Dutch had, a
The Dutch ccntury before, proved themselves the first soldiers in the
gaii'aT world, they had, through a long interval of peace and pros-
perity, become unused to military service on land. Their
whole energies had been directed to commercial and naval
enterprise. Holland seemed almost like a rich galleon,
with De Ruyter for captain, and De Witt for pilot. One
of the Pensionary's maxims had always been to foster the
re Witt, sea rather than the land forces of the republic. The
and wa^^' young Prince of Orange, on the other hand, chafed at his
ham of Or- j-j^j.g^^ Jqjj^^ ^^(J lougcd to bc at the head of armies. It is
• statute 25 Ch. 11., cap. ii. ; Pari. Hist., iv., 495, 502-5S5; Kennett, iii., 2S9-294; Clarke's
James II., i., 4S3; Burnet, i., 346-352; Kapin, ii., 6G5-C71 ; Uasnage, ii., 395-399; King's
Locke, 34 ; Evelyn, ii., S8, S9 ; Anderson, ii., 527 ; Hume, vi., 46S-472 ; Lingard, xii., 289-
298,303; CampbeH'a Chancellors, iii., 314-317; Col. Doc, iii., 239; Learning and Spicer,
46 ; ante, 3. The Test Act did not extend to the English Plantations of its own force, be-
cause they were not particularly named, or intended to be embraced in the statute: Col.
Doc, iii., 357; Chalmers's Ann., i., 240; Kev. Col., i., 173, 236; P.lackstone,i., 108, 109; Ja-
cob, iv.,401; v., 15, 160. It was first extended to the American Plantations by William
III., in 1089, of his own will, by clauses in the Koyal Commissions and Instractiona to the
several Governors : Col. Doc, iii., 623, 685 ; post, p. 264.
t 25 Charles II., cap. vii. ; Anderson, ii., 521, 522 ; Chalmers's Ann., i., 317, 320; Kev.
CoL, i., 125, 126, 152, 172; Kennett, iii., 205; Holmes, 1., 360 ; Bancroft, ii.,44; Grahame,
i., 93 ; Palfrey, iii., 33, 34, 279. Chalmers, and those who follow him, using the Old Style,
erroneously date this act in 1672. The 25th year of Charles the Second was from 30 Janu-
ary, 1673, to 29 January, 1674.
war.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 203
not surprising that while the Dutch fleets gloriously main- cu.vr. iv.
tained the honor of their flao; against England, their militia, ~
officered by incapable favorites, recoiled before the disci- •^"*"'
plined veterans of France, led by Conde, and Luxembourg,
and Turenne. Before Holland knew it, the Gallic Hanni-
bal was at her gates. Louis established his court atjuiy.
Utrecht. Almost in despair, De Witt opened negotiations utrechl
with France and England. But the humiliating terms
they offered could not be accepted ; and spasmodic popular
indignation broke out against the Pensionary and his broth-
er. Oranje Boven, De Witten onder ! " Up with Orange bovot"""
— down with the De Witts" — was the cry.*
William Henry, Prince of Orange, was now in the wniiam,
twenty-second year of his age. " A young man without ora"nge!
youth," he concealed under a cold exterior a dauntless
soul. But he had been deprived of the stadtholderate en-
joyed by his ancestors, and its duties were performed by
the Grand Pensionary of Holland, John de Witt, who ad-
ministered the government with great success until the
war with France. The people then began to murmur that
their soldiers did not fight well because they were badly
officered, and demanded that the Prince of Orange should
be made captain general. This was done ; and, at the Made cap-
popular cry of "Oranie Boven" William was appointed ai and
\ 1^1 1 1 A 111 stadthold-
stadtnoider. An army to protect the hearth was nower.
more important than a navy to keep open the port. John
de Witt resigned his office of Pensionary, and his brother
* Sylvius, i , 34G; Hollandtsche Mercurius, 16T2, 89-91; Basnage, ii., 1S3, lOG, 211-260,
283, 284 ; Le Clerc, iil., 290 ; Wagenaar, xiv., 26-165 ; Davies, iii., 91-108 ; Hume, vi., 454 ;
Lavallte, iii., 220 ; Martin, i., 345-852 ; an?e, p. 185. On tlie 29th of June, 1672, tlie parti-
sans of the prince welcomed him at Dordrecht, in Holland, with the old national song,
"Wilhelmus van Nassauwen" (a«?c, vol. i., p. 442), and by hoisting an Orange flag above a
white flag, the upper one bearing the inscription in Dutch :
"Oranje boven, de Witten onder ;
Die 7 anders meend, die slaat den Bonder.^''
Which may be rendered in English :
" Orange above, the AVhites under ;
Who thinks not so, be struck by thunder."
The Dutch word Wit signifies " AVhite." De Witten^ or the De Witts, therefore means "the
Whites ;" and thus the Dordrecht flags, with their inscription, formed a popular double pun.
Although the words '■'■Oranje Doven" were thus adopted as a popular cry by the partisans
of William the Third in 1672, they were known and used long before by the Dutch people,
who applied them to their national flag, of which the upper stripe was orange, the middle
one white, and the lower one blue («?!<?, vol. i., 19, note). These words were also shouted
on the 15th of January, 1651, when the young prince was baptized at the Great Church in
the Hague: ante, p. 2; Aitzema, iii., 551, 552; Basnage, i., 181; Le Clerc, ii., 292; J. C.
de Jonge, Oorsprong (1831), 52; Key's Histoire du Drapeau (1837), ii., 518, 519; J. Ter
Gouw, Oorsprong (1863), 44, 45 ; De Navorscher for 1854, iv., 62, 63 ; and for 1857, vii., 371.
204 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IV. Comelis WRS imprisoned. The Orangeists attributed the
~ disasters of their country to the party which had lately
The De govemed it ; and a band of ruffians, bursting into the pris-
witta mur- q^ wlierc Johu de Witt was visiting his brother, butchered
20 August, them both on the "Plaats" before the Buitenhof at the
Hague.*
In almost uncontrolled authority, William now showed
the grandeur of his soul. To the desponding States he
spoke encouragement. To the proposals of Louis and
William's Charles he answered that, " rather than sign the ruin of
magnamm- ^^^ Republic and receive the sovereignty from the hand
of its enemies, he would embark with his friends for Ba-
tavia." To the suggestion that Holland was lost if he did
not accept the terms of France and England, he replied,
" There is a sure way never to see it lost, and that is, I will
die in the last ditch !"f
The Dutch The spirit of William roused his drooping countrymen.
aged!"^" The Dutch remembered what their -ancestors had done a
century before. The sluices were opened, and the low
lands became a vast lake, studded with cities and villages,
rising here and there above the waters which washed their
ramparts. Again the invaders were forced to retreat, and
Holland was saved.:}:
The Dutch navy was now commanded by De Kuyter
1673. and Tromp, who had been reconciled by the Prince of
Orange. Prince Rupert took the place of the Duke of
York in command of the English fleet, which, being joined
28 May. by the French, attacked the weaker Dutch oif the coast of
Naval
.actions. Zealand. Tromp's division was almost overpowered by the
French, when De Ruyter, who was conquering the English,
magnanimously checked his own career and hastened to
rescue liis former rival. The battle was indecisive. An-
4 June, other engagement followed the next week, and the English
retreated to the Thames. Two months afterward, one
hundred and fifty English and French ships were encoun-
tered by seventy-five Dutch off the Helder. A terrible
* Basnagp, ii.,2S4-322; Temple, ii, C5T, 2.5S ; Wagenaar, xiv., 166-193; Davies, ill., 43,
lOT-llS ; Martin, i., 352-35T ; Sylvius, i., 34C-409 ; D'Estrades, iv., 223, 242 ; Macaulay, ii.,
ISO ; ante^ 2.
t Buraet, i., 327, 331, 3.^2 ; Kennett, iii., 292; Dalrymple, i., 53; Eapin, ii., 664; Basnage,
ii., 256 ; Temple, ii., 259 ; lliime, vi., 465-467 ; Davies, iii., 121-123 ; Mackintosh, 320 ; Ma-
caulay, i., 218, 219 ; ii., 182.
t Burnet, i., 335-337 ; Temple, ii., 260, 261 ; Davies, iii., 123 ; ante, vol. i., 442, 443.
FRAKCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 205^
conflict followed, in which, as a last exhibition of courage, cuap. iil
Hollanders and Englishmen rivaled each other in stubborn "
valor. From morning until night the chm'ches were filled nAuiist
with praying Dutch Protestants, while the sound of rapid between"^
p-uns boomed over the low coast of Holland. At length *i»e Dutch
o o and En-
the English retreated, and De Ruyter and Tromp shared gii^i^-
with William of Orange the gratitude of their rescued
fatherland.*
While the countrymen of Grotius were thus fighting for
their hearths, a former province of the Netherlands was un-
expectedly annexed to the Dutch Republic. Cornells Evert-
sen, a son of the famous admiral, had been sent out from 1672.
Zealand with fifteen ships to harass the enemy in the West ^x^e^Sn
Indies, which was effectually done. At Martinico he fell °l^ll^'
in vtdth four ships dispatched from Amsterdam, under the Binckea.
command of Jacob Binckes. Joining their forces, the two 1673.
commodores followed Krjmssen's track to the Chesapeake,
where they took eight, and burned five Virginia tobacco Ji July,
ships, in spite of the gallantry of the frigates which were
to convoy them to England. As they were going out of
the James Kiver, the Dutch commodores met a sloop from At viigin-
New York, conveying Captain James Carteret, with his''''
bride, and Samuel Hopkins, of Elizabethtown, to Virginia.
The master of the sloop, Samuel Davis, on being question-
ed, stoutly insisted that New York was in a good condition
of defense, with one hundred and fifty mounted guns, and
five thousand men ready to answer the call of Governor
Lovelace in three hours. But Hopkins bluntly told the
truth. Davis's story was " altogether false ;" there were
only sixty or eighty men in the fort, and thirty to thirty-six
cannon on its walls ; three or four hundred men might be
raised in three or four days, and Lovelace was absent on a
visit to Governor Winthrop in Connecticut, Upon Hop-
kins's information, " all the cry was for New York." Car- Resolve to
teret and his young wife were set ashore in Virginia; but New York.
Hopkins, with Da^ds and his sloop, were detained. In a
few days the Dutch fleet, which, with three ships of war ^^ '^"'^" —
from Amsterdam, and four from Zealand, was now swelled The Dutch
by prizes to twenty-three vessels, carrying sixteen hundred island.
* Basnage, ii., 410-422; Sylvius, vili., 607-612; Lt.,64T-649; Davies, iiL, 127-132; Ken-
nett,iii.,295,296; Eapin, ii., 671 ; Hume, vi., 473-476; Bancroft, ii., 324; Martin, i., 375, 370.
206 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cnAP.iii. men, arrived off Sandy Hook. The next morning they
anchored under Staten Island.*
28 July. ' "^^^ tidings of their approach were soon brought to
7 August. Manning, at Fort James, who, finding that the wolf was
action. this time really at the door, hurried off an express to meet
Lovelace at New Haven. Volunteers were sought by beat
of drum, provisions were seized, and the arms in the fort
repaired. Orders were sent to the nearest Long Island
towns to forward re-enforcements, but none came. The
The Dutch Dutch inhabitants, rejoicing at the approach of their coun-
their trymcu, had already begun to make " threatening speeches."
Le'n. ^ The fleet was soon crowded with s^anpathizing visitors from
ISTew Utrecht and Flatbush. Learning fi-om them how
weak Fort James really was, the Dutch commanders came
fAi"'uat ^^P *^^® ^^^'' ^^^ anchored above the Narrows, in sight of
the city. Lovelace's sheep and cattle on Staten Island af-
forded them an acceptable "breakfast." Already New
York was substantially restored to the Dutch. In vain did
Manning continue beating the drums for volunteers. Few
appeared, and those that did only spiked the guns at the
City HalLf
The situation of the capital now resembled that of New
Amsterdam nine years before. All that Manning could
think of was to procrastinate, in hope that the governor
might return, or aid come fi'om Long Island. Captain
John Carr, of the Delaware, who was now in New York,
^"'^"^^' - was accordingly dispatched, with Counselor Thomas Love-
Answer of lace and Attorney John Sharpe, to demand why the fleet
the Dutch '^
commo- had come " in such a hostile manner to disturb His Majes-
Manning'a ty's subjccts iu tliis placc ?" The Dutch commodores re-
plied that they had come to take the place, " which was
their own, and their own they would have." Meanwhile
Evertsen and Bin ekes had sent a trumpeter with their joint
summons from the flag-ship " Swanenburgh," requiring the
surrender of the fort. To this Manning promised a reply
on the return of his own messengers. When they did re-
• Basnago, ii., 45G, 7S1, 7S2, 832, S34 ; Sylvius, ix., C60, 005 ; x., 23 ; xiv., 355; xv., 38,
94; Kok, vi.,5a2; xiv.,5e4; Davies, iii., 60,132; Col. Doc, ii., 518, 527,572,571); iii., 109,
200, 201, 204, 205, 213, 214 ; lliat. Mag., i. (ii.), 297, 298 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 284; Mass. H. S.,
Tiumbull Papers, xx., 103 ; Lambrechtsen, 82 ; Grahamc, i., 420 ; ante, 126, 200. There is
a portrait of Evertsen in Wagenaar, xv., 394. See also N. V. II. S. Coll. (ISGS), 184.
t Doc. lliat., iii., 57, 59,60,05; Col. Doc, iii., 198, 199; iv.,n51; Hist. Mag., i. (ii.), 2PS;
a/lfe, 200.
demand.
FRANCIS LOVELACE, GOVERNOR. 207
turn, Carr declared that the Dutch were too strong to be cuap. iv.
withstood, and that they would only allow half an hour's de-
lay. The fleet had meanwhile quietly tided up and anchor-
ed within musket-shot of the fort, without a gun being
fired. Sharpe was sent on board a second time, to ask a
stay of hostilities until the next morning, so that Manning
might obtain the advice of the mayor and aldermen. But
the Dutch commander, Evertsen, had already "vmtten to
the city authorities, " promising to all men their estates and
liberties," and this had been communicated to the burghers
at the City Hall. On Sharpe's return, he reported that the
commodores would give only a half an hour more, " and
accordingly they turned up the glass." At the end of that
time the ships fired their broadsides at the fort, which kill- The Dutch
ed and wounded some of its garrison ; " whereupon the james, °'
fort fired upon them again, and shot the General's ship Tums^a^"
through and through." Six hundred men were now land- ^'^°'"
ed above " the Governor's Orchard," at " the new burial-
place" on the shore of the Hudson, just north of the fort,
and back of the present Trinity Church. The Dutch
burghers, all armed, and about four hundred strong, en-
couraged their countrymen to storm the fort, promising
that not one of its garrison would " look over their works,"
At Carr's instigation. Manning ordered a parley to be
beaten, and a flag of truce exliibited ; but Carr, exceeding
his orders, struck the king's flag at the same time. Carr,
Lovelace, and Gibbs were now dispatched to "make the
best conditions they could." They met the Dutch "for-
lorn" storming-party advancing. Carr was sent back to
inform Manning that the garrison must surrender as pris-
oners of war, while Lovelace and Gibbs were kept in cus-
tody under the Dutch standard. But Carr, never coming
near the fort, fled away from the city. Manning then dis-
patched Sharpe with articles for the Dutch to agree to,
who met their column marching down Broadway toward
the fort. It was now about seven o'clock in the evening:.
Captain Anthony Colve, who commanded the Dutch forces,
readily accepted the proposed articles, which merely sur- Fort james
rendered the fort and garrison with the honors of war. ed"^° ^■'
Manning himself had meanwhile caused the fort gates to
be opened, and the Dutch marched in, while the garrison
20S HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. IV. marched out with colors flying and drums beating, and
1673.
30 July.
grounded their arms. The English soldiers were now or-
dered back into the fort, and committed to prison in the
church. Before the sun went down, at the end of that
9 August eventful summer's day, the three-colored ensign of the
wn'^uered I^^itch Republic rose to its old place on the flag-staff of
rfutch ^^^ ancient fort, and New York reposed again under the
dominion of her former lords.* Stuyvesant was avenged.
The Dutch had taken New Yoek.
» Col. Doc, il, 59T, C50 ; iu., 199-206, 234 ; iv., 1151 ; Doc. Hist, iii., 53-65; Council Min.,
iii. (ii.), IS ; Col. MSS., xxiv., 36-53, 97 ; Hist. Mag., i. (ii.), 29S ; N. Y. City Rec. ; Dunlap,
i., 129. Smith, i., 43, carelessly asserts that Manning "treacherously made his peace with
the enemy," and that the Dutch "landed their men and entered the garrison mtliout giv-
ing or receiving a shot." Smith's statement has been credulously adopted. The weight
of authority, which I liave followed, seems to be that the fort did actually return the fire
of the Dutch fleet : compare Col. Doc, iii., 199, 201, 206 ; iv., 1151 ; Hist. Mag., i. (ii.), 29S ;
Doc. Hist., iii., 62. Manning's real fault was that he allowed the ships to anchor before the
fort without firing on them : see Doc. Hist., iii., 55, 56, 5S. But, after all, he was as badly
oflfas Stuyvesant, nine years before : see ante, 34. Compare Cadwallader Colden, in the Col-
lections of the New York Historical Society for the year ISOS, p. 1S4.
THE DUTCH EECONQUEST OF NEW YOKK. 209
CHAPTEE y.
16Y3-1674.
The recovery of New York by the Dutch was an abso- chap. v.
lute conquest by an open enemy in time of war. All its
circumstances differed fi-om those which had disgraced the ^^*^-
capture of New JSTetherland by the English nine 'years be-
fore. Then, while the mother-countries were at peace, a
treacherous expedition, deliberately prepared, had seized character
the territory of an unsuspecting ally : yet the British com- Duteh re-
mander felt it necessary to grant the most liberal articles n^w Yolk!
of capitulation. But now, after proclaimed hostilities, and
distinct warnings for more than a year, the ships of the
Batavian Republic came boldly to recover what had been
robbed from an insulted fatherland ; and the English en-
sign fell beneath the Dutch avengers, who, welcomed by
their countrymen, marched triumphantly into the old for-
tress, which surrendered to their discretion.
" Not the smallest" article of capitulation, except mih-
tary honors to the garrison, was granted by the victors.
They had unexpectedly captured a prize from the aggress-
ive enemy of their nation. Their reconquest annihilated British sov-
British sovereignty over ancient New Netherland, and ex- extllguLh-
tinguished the duke's proprietary government in New^ '
York, with that of his grantees in New Jersey. Evertsen Evertsen
and Binckes for the time represented the Dutch Republic, ^nckea.
under the dominion of which its recovered American prov-
ince instantly passed, by right of successful war. The ef-
fete West India Company was in no way connected with
the transaction.*
Never had the Bay of New York held so majestic a fleet
* Col. Doc, ii., 536, 611 ; iii,, 202 ; Doc. Hist, iii., 55, 56, 61, 62 ; Eliz. Bill, 6, 7, 3T. The
old West India Company went into liquidation soon after the conquest of New Netherland
in 1664, and the ne^y corporation took no interest in its recapture : Murphy's Steendam, 12,
13; Col. Doc, ii., 564, 565.
II.— o
210 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK.
cnAP. V. as that now anchored in its beautiful waters. Two ships
loading for England were added as prizes to the force of
TheDutch *^^ conquerors. The condition of the province, thus inar-
n*'y k ^'slously restored to the republican Netherlands, was far
different fi-om what it was when the English aj)propriated
it to themselves. New York, including New Jersey and
Condition Delaware, now contained three chief towns and thirty vil-
tnce.^ ^"*^ lages, and its Dutch population was estimated at between
six and seven thousand. The event which brought its Ba-
tavian inhabitants once more under the authority of the
States General and the Prince of Orange, " their lav^ul
and native Sovereigns," was hailed' by them with boundless
joy. It more than atoned for the bitterness witli which
they had endured " the insolent injustice of England's
original acquisition." Once more, " The Fatherland" be-
came a household word. The cry of " Oranje Boven" was
soon as familiar in Manhattan as in that fatherland.^^
The prov- The uamc of " New Netherland" was of course restored
n°TOed'"° to the reconquered territory, which was held to embrace
OTirnd.^'''" not only all that the Dutch possessed according to the
Hartford agreement of 1650, but also the whole of Long
Island east of Oyster Bay, which originally belonged to
the province, and which the king had granted to the Dul^e
Fort James of York. Fort Jamcs was named " "Willem Ilendrick," in
wuiem honor of the Prince of Orange. It was, first of all, neces-
sary to extemporize a provisional goveiiiment. No orders
had been given to Evertsen or Binckes about New Neth-
erland. Its recovery was a lucky accident, wholly due to
the enterprise of the two commodores ; upon whom fell the
responsibility of governing their conquest imtil directions
should come from the Hague. As commanders of sepa-
Kvertsen, rate Dutch squadrons, Evertsen, of Zealand, and Binckes,
wnckes, of Holland, alternately wore the admiral's flag for a week,
cuofwrr Associating with themselves Captains Anthony Colve, Nic-
m power, ^j^^ Bocs, and Abram Ferdinandus van Zyll, as an advis-
ory Council of War, they held regular sessions, first at the
City Hall, and afterward at the fort. Their most impor-
tant duty was to appoint " a fit and able person as Gov-
ernor General, to hold the supreme command over tliis con-
• Col. Doc, ii., 520, 50S; iii.,COO; Doc. Hist., i., 407 ; Lambrcchtscn, S4-SG ; Graham.',
i., 422; ante,WZ.
COUNCIL OF WAE OF NEW NETHEKLAND. 211
quest of New Netlierland." Anthony Colve, of Zealand, CHi.p.v.
who appears to have served as an ensign at the capture of
Surinam in 1667, and was now a captain in the Dutch in- „ . *
-, . 12 August.
f antry, was chosen for the office. To him Evertsen and Anthony
Binckes gave a commission "to be Governor General of pointed
this Country and Forts thereunto belonging, with all the nTw Neth-
appendencies and dependencies thereof, to govern, rule, and
protect them fi'om all invasions of enemies, as he, to the
best of his ability, shall judge most necessary." Colve's
commission described his government as extending from Extent of
fifteen miles south of Cape Ilenlopen to the east end of govlrn-
Long Island and Shelter Island, thence through the middle ^'^^ '
of the Sound to Greenwich, and so northerly, according to
the boundary made in 1650, including Delaware Bay and
all the intermediate territory, as possessed by the English
under the Duke of York. But Pemaquid, Martha's Vine-
yard, and Nantucket, not having been under Stuy^'esant's ju-
risdiction when New Netherland was taken from him, were
not comprehended in the Dutch province now organized.*
Colve was "a man of resolute spirit, and passionate,"
whose arbitrary nature had not been improved by military
service. He did not, however, assume the administration
at once ; for the naval commanders prudently determined
to keep their ships in harbor until tho new government
should be fu'mly established. In the mean time they re- council of
... . War re-
tained supreme authority in their own hands, assisted bytaintem-
tlie three captains whom they had adjoined, as a " Council llwlJ.
of War." Matthias Nicolls, ousted fi'om his office of pro-
vincial secretary, was replaced by Nicholas Bayard, the ex- ^-^ August.
perienced clerk of the city, whom the Dutch commodores secretary of
appointed to act as their own secretary, and as secretary eriand.^
and register of New Netherland mider Colve.f
The name of the city of New York was, at the same AAuguEt.
time, changed to "New Orange," in compliment to the New York
prince stadtholder, and its magistrates w^ere released from New or-
their oaths to the late English government. At the re-^°^^'
quest of the commanders, six burghers were appointed to ^^ August.
* Col. Doc, ii., 52S, 529, 5T1, GOO, GIO ; iii., 201 ; Smith, L, 44-46 ; Wagen-iar, xiii., 407 ;
De Witt's Letters, iv , 677 ; ante, 126; vol. i., 519, 520.
t Col. Eec. Conn., ii., 5G5; Col. Doc, il., 571, 573. 57S, 612; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxx.,99,
lOS. Among other changes, the Dutch introduced again into New Netherland the New
Style, which had so long heen used in Holland : see ante, vol. i., 443, note.
212 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. V. confer with them respecting the restoration of the old mu-
~ nicipal goyernment, who were directed to convoke the
}, commonalty and nominate persons "fi'om the wealthiest
^^ inhabitants, and those only wlio are of the Reformed Chris-
tian Religion," out of whom the Council might select the
magistrates for the city. From the nominations thus made,
/^August. Johannes van Brugh, Johannes de Peyster, and iEgidius
ttrefsche!" Luyck wcrc chosen as burgomasters, and "William Beek-
bchour.^'^ man, Jeronimus Ebbing, Jacob Ivip, Laurens van der Spie-
gel, and Gelyn ver Planck as schepens. In place of Al-
lard Anthony, the late sheriff, Anthony de Milt was ap-
pointed schout. The new magistrates were sworn to ad-
minister "good law and justice;" promote the welfare of
the city; maintain "the upright and true Christian Relig-
ion agreeably to the Word of God and the order of the
Synod of Dordrecht;" uphold the supreme authority of
the States General and the Prince of Orange; and were
empowered to govern for one year, "both burghers and
strangers, conformably to the laws and statutes of our Fa-
j8g August, therland." The next day John Lawrence, the displaced
ignia fur°-' mayor, surrendered the gowns, mace, and seal which the
rendered. j)^^]jg ^f York had presented to the city ; all of which were
carefully deposited in Fort Willem Hendrick.*
-8 August. Evertsen and Binckes now issued a proclamation seizing
McfFiencii ^^^ property and debts belonging to the kings of France
lliiei^^' ^^' England, or their subjects, and requiring every person to
report such property to Secretary Bayard, Under this
edict — which only retaliated that of NicoUs against the
Dutch in 1665 — the estates of Thomas Delavall, the duke's
auditor, and of William Dervall, his son-in-law, were espe-
cially attached. The houses of Lovelace and Manning had
abeady been plundered by the Dutch troops in the heat of
conquest ; but Manning himself had been courteously al-
lowed to wear his sword. Mayor Lawrence's house had
been spared, at the request of the Dutch burghers. Yan
Ruyven, the receiver of the Duke of York's revenues, al-
Ji August, though an old Dutchman, was, nevertheless, required to
render a strict account.f
• Col. Doc, ii., 571-575; Doc. Hist., i., 3P0, 391 ; New York Citj- Rec, vii. ; Val. Man.,
1850,487-401); Valentine's New York, 173, 174; Mottlton'.s New Orangi^C, 7; mite^lSS.
t Col. Doc.,ii.,67S, 5S0, .'')91,603, COS, G43; iii., ^00, 200; Hutch. Coll., 4GS; Court of As-
sizes, ii., 5S9 ; Val. Man., 1853, 381, G84 ; ante, E9, SO, 91.
COUNCIL OF WAE OF NEW NETHEELAND. 213
The metropolis being secured, two hundred men were cnAp.v.
sent up the river, in several vessels, to reduce Esopus and ~~
Albany. No opposition was shown. Salisbury at once ^ *
surrendered Fort Albany " upon the same terms with New ifbany
Tork, namely, at mercy," and all the English soldiers were reduced.
brought down to New York as prisoners of war. As the
number of these prisoners was now embarrassing, they ^^ August.
were embarked for Em-ope, with Manning, Sahsbury, Dud- prifonere
ley Lovelace, and other subordinate officers, in three ships rope. °
from Binckes's squadron, and one of Evertsen's, under the
command of Captains Boes and Van Zyll. A small prize,
taken in the "West Indies, was also j^laced in charge of An-
dries Michielsen, and dispatched to Amsterdam with let- 1^9 August,
ters from Binckes, detailing the captm-e of New York.*
Meanwhile Lovelace, after enjoying Winthrop's liospi-
tahty at Hartford, and arranging his favorite post-office
project, had met, on his return to New Haven, Manning's
"unwelcome news" of the Dutch approach before New
York. On reaching Mamaroneck, he learned that they had ^i J"^y-
taken the fort. Hoping to retrieve the calamity, the gov- LovelS'e
ernor hastened over to Long Island to raise its militia. At uund^
Justice Corn well's, near Flushing, he met Secretary Mat-
thias Nicolls, who agreed to go over to the fort on the next
Saturday, while the governor was to keep himself "out of iV August,
the enemy's hand," and raise the country to reduce the
place again. But, being " collogued with" by one of the
Dutch domines, Lovelace weakly consented to revisit his
old quarters in the fort "for three days." On the after-
noon of Satm-day, the third day after the smTender, one of ^August.
iT-\,i -I Ti • 1 ' 1 Enticed
the Dutch commanders accordingly went m his barffe, over to
New York
with Orange flag and trumpet, over to Long Island; and and arrest-
Lovelace and Nicolls returned with him to the fort. The
English governor was " peaceably and respectfully" enter-
tained by his conquerors. But, before the three days were
out, Lovelace's creditors arrested him for debt. The proc-
lamation of Evertsen and Binckes soon afterward stripped is August
« Col. Doc.,ii., 53", 5T6; iii., 202, 203, 205, 206 ; Iliat. Mag,iy., 50; i. (ii.), 298; Sylvius,
ix.,665; x., 23; Doc. Hist., iii., 54, 5X Michielsen was captured in the Channel, oflfBeachy
Head, and obliged to throw his dispatches overboard. He got to Amsterdam on 24 October,
1673; but the Admiralty there found him "a man of so little curiosity that he had no par-
ticulars to report" about the reconquest of New York: (Jol. Doc, ii., 52T, 528, 529. The
original dispatches of Nicolls, detailing hi.s capture of New York in 1004, were also lost at
sea : ante, .50, note.
214 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP.v. him of all his property; but the commandei'S told him
that, on papng his debts, he might leave the country with-
j, ^ * in six weeks. "With touching simplicity the ruined Love-
i^oveiace's lacc wrote to Winthrop : " I am now intending for England,
vvinthrop. with all the conveniency I may, unlesse prevented. Al-
bany is sm-rendered on the same termes this did, which was
too lean and poor for persons of Honom*. However, they
would willingly frame some excuses, and shoulder the blame
and burthen from one to the other. Some shelter them-
selves under the shields of my absence, which, though (it is
confes't) it proved unfortunate, yet the means that were
afforded them to a handsomer resistance and prudent man-
agery can plead no excuse. To be brief — it was digitus
Dei, who exalts and depresses as he pleases, and to whom
we must all submit. Would you be curious to know what
my losses might amount to — I can in short resolve you. It
was my all which ever I had been collecting ; too greate to
misse in this wildernesse.""'
No sooner had the Dutch commanders established them-
selves in the metropolis than the nearest six Long Island
Longisi- towns — Midwout, Amersfoort, Brooklyn, New Utrecht,
Itatenisi- Bushwick, and Gravesend, together with Staten Island,
nud towns. g|^j]h,initted to their authority. These towns were chiefly
settled by rejoicing Hollanders. Upon their nomination,
^ August. Jacob Strycker, of Brookl^m, was appointed schout, and
Francis de Bruyn, of New Utrecht, secretary of the dis-
trict; from each of the six towns, of which four persons
14 August, named by them were made schepens. Peter Biljou was ap-
pointed schout, and two others schepens of Staten Island.f
But the other towns of Long Island and Westchester
showed no disposition to submit to the Dutch. They were
fg August, therefore summoned to send deputies to New Orange, with
their constables' staves and English flags, in place of wliich
they would be furnished with the prince's colors as soon as
-4j August, possible. The commanders, in a proclamation, declared
tiOT oT"'" that although the fort and city on Manhattan Island had
KTCitdcn a sm'rendered themselves without any Capitulation or Arti-
cles," yet that no harm would be done to any of the in-
• Col. Doc, ii., 5TS, 5S3, 587, GO.^, CSS; iii., 108, 200, 201, 202, 203, 203. 20C; Mass. II. S.
Coll., XXX., 86, 87 ; MS*. TninibuU I'apei-s, xx., 104, 108; Hist. Mag., i. (iL), 298; antc^ iOfi.
t Col. Doc, ii., 573, ()77. 5S0, 5SG, 010.
Kvcitdcn
and
Uinckes.
COUNCIL OF WAR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 215
habitants of New Ketherland who should submit to the chap.v.
Dutch government. Each town was required to send two ~~
delegates to the fort, authorized to take the oath of allegi-
ance, and bring with them their English colors and con-
stables' staves, " whereupon they shall be considered and
governed, without respect of nations, as good and faithful
subjects ;" but, if they refused, they would be forcibly
subdued.*
The fact that Lovelace was in the hands of the Dutch
commanders added emphasis to their summons. West-
chester, Eastchester, and Mamaroneck promptly sent dele- f§ August,
gates, and magistrates were selected from their nomina- pointed on
tions. The five Long Island towns — Flushing, Jamaica, and.^ ^'
Middelburg, Oyster Bay, and Hempstead — npon the peti-
tion of their delegates, were granted the usual privileges,
but with a warning not to take np arms against the pres-
ent Dutch government, as some of them had " formerly
done, contrary to honor and oath," against that of Stuyve-
sant. From their nominations, William Lawrence, of Flush-
ing, was chosen to be schout, and Carel van Brugge secre-§^ August.
tary of the district, and three schepens were selected for
each of the five towns. At the same time Captain William
Knyff and Lieutenant Jeronymus de Hubert were sent m August.
with Ephraim Llermann, a clerk in Secretary Bayard's of-
fice, to administer the oath of allegiance to the inhabitants
of the neighboring towns, which was readily taken by all
except the Quakers.f
But the five towns in the East Riding were not disposed
to submit to the Dutch commanders. On receiving their
proclamation, Southampton, " struck with amazement," sent
to Hartford " for their advice or help." Connecticut, how-
ever, would not encourage the " poore towne" to stand out The Eaat-
alone. She was about to send messengers to New Or- on\,o°n'^"''
ange on her own affairs, which had suddenly come to a no^submu
critical point. John Selleck, of Stamford, going in a put'ch au-
ketch to Long Island, was captured by a Dutch cruiser. *'^°'"'*y-
Another sloop was taken, but, being neglected by her cap-
tors, was retaken on the " Sabbath day following." The j% August.
* Col. Doc.,i!.,5T2, 5T3; iii.,202; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxx., 87; Wood, 00.
+ C il. Doc, ii,, 5S0, 5S1, 5S2, 580, 501, 502, 596; Val. Man., 1850,520, 521; ante, vol. L,
710, 723, 724, 726, 730, 733.
216 IIISTOEY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAT. V. General Court met at Hartford ; a military committee was
organized ; and troops were ordered to be ready. James
^1673. ]5^chards and William Kosewell were also sent with a let-
connecti- ' tor to the Dutch commanders, wliich, with " amazing ab-
totoe"^" sm-dity," lectured them for treating "His Majesty's sub-
Mmmand- jccts" iu time of War, as Charles the Second had treated
^^' the colonists of Holland in time of peace, nine years be-
fore ; inquired their " further intentions ;" and declared that
the United Colonies of New England would defend tlieir
sovereign's authority "in these parts." The Connecticut
14 August, delegates dehvered this letter to the Council of War at
New Orange, and explained verbally that their colony
would not molest the Dutch province if nothing hostile
was done against her by New Netherland. They were
com-teously asked to put in writing what they had to say ;
but they declined to do this, because " such written nego-
tiations might be turned to the worst use by any disaffect-
ed person of their colony." The Connecticut messengers
Answer of woro thcu handed a reply, with which they returned to
command^ Hartford. In soldier-like style, the Dutch commanders
"'"■ answered that it was " very strange" that their enemies
should object to the results of war ; that the Eepublic of
the Netherlands had commissioned them to do all manner
of damage to its enemies, in consequence of which the
neighborhood of the Hudson River had been reduced to
obey Dutch authority ; and they declared that, as the vil-
lages east of Oyster Bay " did belong to this Government,"
they would be likewise subjected, and prompt punishment
would be visited on all " those that shall seek to maintain
the said villages in their injustice."*
In the mean time, deputies from Southampton, East-
hampton, Southold, Brooldiaven, and Huntington had met
i| August, at Jamaica, and drawn up a paper, in whicli, after stating
that they had not heard from their governor, Lovelace,
who was " peaceably and respectfully entertained" in the
fort, they asked the Dutch commanders to allow them,
upon their submission, to retain their ecclesiastical privi-
leges, and enjoy several other particular liberties. On
• Mass. ir. S. Coll., XXX., S7; xxxvii., 5T0, 5T1 ; Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 1S1-1S3, 204, 20S, 561.
562 ; Plymouth Col. Rec, x., 3S7, 3SS ; Col. Doc, ii., ri84, 5S6, 602, 606; iii., 201, 203 ; Trum-
bull, i., 323, 324 ; Grahame, i., 421 ; Thompson, i., 153, 154 ; Palfrey, iii., 120 ; ante, 24, 25.
COUNCIL OF WAE OF NEW NETHERLAND. 21Y
reaching New Orange, the deputies met tlie Connecticut chap.v.
messengers, whom they found were " shy and cautious"
about giving advice. But Captain Nathaniel Sylvester, of ^ono. Li-"
Shelter Island, who had come fi'om Hartford with Rich- ""^^gg^ft^"
ards and Rosewell, advised his Long Island neighbors " by ^^'^ or-
all means" to submit to the Dutch government. The del-
egates accordingly " declared to submit themselves to the
obedience of their High Mightinesses the Lords States
General of the United Netherlands, and his Serene High-
ness the Prince of Orange." Upon this their petition was
granted in all pomts, except that in regard to appointing
oflHcers and sending deputies they should have the same
privileges enjoyed by the Dutch towns, and that their re-
quest to buy whaling tools in New England could not " in
this conjuncture of time be allowed." The next day they if August.
were directed to nominate for approbation a schout and a
secretary for the district, and four magistrates for each
town, who should be " only such as are of the Reformed
Christian Religion, or at least well affected to it."*
Nathaniel Sylvester now asked for a conlii-mation of the |§A»sust.
privileges which NicoUs had granted to Shelter Island in
1666. It was found, however, that the heirs of his de-
ceased brother Constant, of Barbadoes, and Colonel Thomas
Middleton, who lived in England, were part owners. Their
share was accordingly confiscated, and Sylvester bought it ^| August,,
of the Dutch authorities for five hundred pounds " in this and.
country's provisions." Upon his giving a bond for this
payment, Shelter Island was duly conveyed to Sylvester, Jf August.
with all the usual privileges. David Gardiner, who had
early offered his submission, was likewise, on his personal
promise of obedience, confirmed in the possession of his 20 septem.
.,,.,.,, .., 1 . ,1, 1 October.
island, with " the same privileges and pre-eminences tliat Gardinevs
may be granted to the other subjects of this Government."f
Upon the return of their deputies fi'om New Orange, the
five eastern towns of Long Island, having " duly weighed"
their, circumstances, and found that they must follow their
"neighbour townes in submitting to the Dutch Govern- ^^ August.
ment," nominated magistrates, and sent their discarded En- submission
glish flags and constables' staves to Fort Willem Ilendrick. em townl
• Col. Poc, ii., 5S3, 5S4, .586 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxx., 87.
t Col. Doc, ii., 5S7-590, 022 ; Thompson, i., 1S5, 3G7 ; Wood, 0 ; ante, 90, 107.
218 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK.
Chap. V. Froiii tliese nominations the Council of War cliose Isaac
~ Arnold, of Southold, to be sellout, and Henry Pierson, of
29 ili^us't Southampton, to be secretary of the five towns, and two
8 septem. froui cach town to be magistrates. A petition for a modi-
poinTed."^' ficatiou of the oath from some of the more scBupulous in-
habitants was at the same time presented, which the coun-
cil promptly granted, and instructed Schout Arnold to give
notice that it would be administered by commissioners to
be sent for that purpose. Nevertheless, the five towns
were veiy reluctant to acknowledge the Dutch authority ;
29 August, and Southampton felt constrained to address a declaration
so^uUiamp. to all liis British majesty's subjects in Massachusetts, Con-
dress. " necticut, Plymouth, or elsewhere, " to take off an aspersion
cast upon us, as though we should freely submit to this
foreign government.""'
22 August. Delegates from Albany and Esopus had meanwhile ap-
kfn^ton' peared at the fort, and received prompt satisfaction. The
swTnen. iiamc of Kiugstou was changed to " Swanenburg," after
biug. Evertsen's flag-ship ; but the names of Hurley and Mar-
Aibany blctowu wcrc uot altered. Albany was ordered to be call-
wiuem- ed "Willemstadt," and its fort was named "Nassau." A
'""^'' garrison was directed to be maintained, and presents made
to the five Iroquois nations, " in order to prevent the de-
signs and undertakings of our enemies the French." Sche-
nectady was to observe the regulations established by
25 August. Stuyvesant and Nicolls. Jeremias van Kensselaer was al-
4 Septem." lowcd to cujoy liis prcvious privileges for a year, upon con-
laenvyck. tributiug thrcc hundred schepels of wlieat; but was re-
quired to obtain a new grant from the States General.f
Dutch authority was quietly re-established over New
NcwJcrsey Jersey, the name of which was changed to "Achter Col."
"Aditer The very day that Evertsen and Binckes began their ses-
^3° August, sions at Fort Willem Ilendrick, delegates came to them
fi'om Elizabethtown, Newark, Woodbridge, and Piscata-
way, to treat for a surrender. They were partisans of
James Carteret, and opponents of Berry, the acting gov-
• Col. Doc, ii., GOl, C02 ; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxx., 8G-S8 ; Iliat. Mag., 1. (ii.), 29S ; Col. Rec.
Conn., ii., 212, 563 ; Wood, 9G.
t Col. Doc, it, 559, 592-597; Doc Hist, iii., CO; Val. Man., 1852, 431. Van Rensselaer
was ordered to account to Joanna de Laet, wife of Schepen Jeronymus Ebbing, for the tenth
part of the colony, which she had inherited from her fatlier, John de Laet. The next year
.she sold her interest to Van Rensselaer: Col. Doc, 1., 406, 407, 519, 53-1 ; ii., 549-561, 590,
• 097 ; Val. Man., 1S55, 521 ; Barnard's Sketch, 109, 132 ; ante, vol. L, 204, 535.
COUNCIL or WAE OP NEW NETHEELAND. 219
ernor. A few days afterward delegates from these towns, cdap. v.
and from Middletown and Shrewsbury, came to the fort,
and were granted the usual privileges. Berry and his_^^J J^.
fi-iends were treated with the same liberality. Bergen, of ^^
which the population was chiefly Dutch, nominated offi- JiAuguat.
cers, who were promptly confirmed ; and every one of her
seventy-eight burghers who were present when the com-
manders visited the town the next Sunday, " after the ser- JfAugust.
mon," took the oath. John Ogden was appointed schout,
and Samuel Hopkins, whose timely information had ^ ggp"^.
brought the Dutch fleet from Virginia, was made secre-'^^®'j.gj''P'
tary of the other six towns ; fi-om each of which three
magistrates were likewise chosen, among whom was Daniel
Denton, of Piscataway, the author of the recently publish-
ed " Brief Description of New York." Bollen, the late
secretary of New Jersey, was directed to deliver his papers ^^ ^"g"^^.
to Hopkins ; but, as he was charged with " having made
away with some of them," the records were ordered to be i^septem.
deposited with the provincial secretary Bayard, in Fort
Will em Hendrick.*
Deputies from the Delaware were promised freedom of j^aSeptem.
trade and commerce, and equal privileges to all the in- affarrr"^**
habitants who should take the oath of allegiance. Courts
of justice were also established at New Amstel, Upland,
and the Hoarkill ; and the usual nominations of magistrates
were ordered to be sent by the schout, Peter Alrichs, to
New Orange, for approval, f
The affairs of the metropolis went on with great regu-
larity. Measures were taken to improve the fortifications ;
and, as these were made chiefly of earth, owners of hogs M''^"^st.
were directed to prevent them from roaming in the streets angere^-
south of the " Fresh Water," or Kolck, lest they should ''"°°'-
damage the works. The Dutch Church having again be- The Dutch
come the establishment in New Netherland, its service agfu.n%;
was conducted by Domine van Nieuwenhuysen, to the
tabliahed.
» Col. Doc, ii., 5TI, 5T2, 57C-5S0, .'582, 5ST, 595, 53S, GOO, C02, COS, COO, 607; iii., 201, 203,
213, 214; Smith, i., 44; Whitehead, GO, 61, 62; ante, 15i. The estate of Governor Philip
Carteret was ordered to be inventoried ; and Robert la Prairie, or Vanquellen, and Jona-
than Singletary, who had tried to secrete some of it, were brought to the fort, where the lat-
ter was fined, and Vanquellen sentenced to banishment for publicly declnring " that the
DnkR of York had Ftill an interest in Fort James, and that there would be another clian"-e
within half a year." t Col, Doc, ii., 004, C05; S. Hazard, 40T, 40S.°
220 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cnAP.v. great acceptance of Reformed Protestant Dutch people, in
Kieft's old church in the fort.*
20 August. y^T^ Euyven now intending to return to Holland, the
8 septem. schout, burgomastcrs, and schepens of New Orange intrust-
themunici- cd to him a letter to the States General, in which — after
N^w Or- thanking them for reducing the inhabitants of New Neth-
stltes Geu^ erland again under the obedience of "their lawful and
native Sovereigns, fi'om whose protection they were cut
off, about nine years ago, in time of peace" — they repre-
sented how advantageous the province, which now consist-
ed of three cities and thirty villages, miglit be made to the
fatherland. Many private families there, ruined by the
French invasion, could live easily in New Netherland,
which, with a larger farming population, would soon be-
come " a granary and magazine of many necessaries"
which Holland ordinarily imported from the Baltic. Eso-
pus alone, wliich the last year had produced twenty-five
thousand schepels of grain, could supply the Dutch colo-
nies of Curagoa and Surinam. New Netherland could also,
by its peltries, maintain the Dutch commerce with Mus-
covy ; and the tobacco trade, besides many other interest-
ing details, would be personally explained on his arrival by
Yan Ruyven, who had filled " divers respectable offices
here." But, above all, the province would be especially
Import- imiDortant as a naval station, and as a watch-tower, from
IIIICG of
New Neth- wliich a coustaut eye could be kept on the King of En-
HoUand. gland, " who, in case he only came to be Lord and Master
of this northern part of America, would be able to equip
ships here, unknown to any Prince or Potentate in EurojDe,
and thus, most unexpectedly, fall on our state or its allies."
Yet, without speedy re-enforcements from the fatherland,
its " good Dutch inhabitants," who were not more than six
or seven thousand, and scattered over a vast country, could
not resist " its numerous neighboring English and French
enemies, by whom it is encompassed around on all sides."
The States General were therefore urged to dispatch such
aid as might, after the departure of the Dutch fleet, defend
" this newly-recovered Province." This statesmanlike let-
• New Orange Bee, vil., 16-20 ; Val. Man., 1S50, 490-498; Corr. Classia of Amsterdam ;
letter of Van NMeiiwcnhiiysen, 2G July, 1G74; Col. Doc, ii., 705, 730. The other Dutch cler-
p^mcn in New Netheiland were Polliemus on Long Island, and Scliaats at Albany, or Wil-
lem.stadt: lilom hiving left lisopus in 1(JC7, and Drisius having died on IS April, 10T3,
COUNCIL OF WAR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 221
ter could hardly have failed to produce a decisive effect in cuap. v.
Holland. But a remarkable fatality prevented its dehvery
in time to advance " the Dutch interest."*
This appeal of the corporation of I^ew Orange was
quickened by the determination of Evertsen and Binckes
to depart with all their ships of war, leaving New Nether-
land unprotected. Hearing of this, the city authorities
represented the exposed condition of the country, surround- ^t August.
ed by Enghsh and French colonies, and its scattered Dutch The corpo-
population of six thousand outnumbered, fifteen to one, by New or-
that of New England. These English and French sub-si^f^shtps
jects had now become enemies, and would endeavor to L'^rote^c.
gain New Netherland as soon as it should be left to its*'°°'
own resources for defense. The Duke of York, and Berke-
ley, and Carteret were all alike interested in its recovery.
" This, without doubt, renders some so bold as to say al-
ready that something else will be seen before Christmas,
and that the King of England will never suffer the Dutch
to remain and sit down here, in the centre of all his do-
minions, to his serious prejudice in many respects ; so that
we are inevitably to expect a visit from our malevolent
neighbors of old, now our bitter enemies, unless tliey be
prevented, under God, by your valiant prowess and accom-
panjdng force." Two ships of war, under the command
of one of the superior officers, should therefore winter in the
province, and not leave its inhabitants "a prey to be de-
stroyed or to be sold as slaves to the English Plantations."!
The commanders replied that the garrison in the fort J^^^^^^*'
could protect the place sufficiently against all enemies ; but, ^^^1°^'
as the petitioners were so urgent, the f rio-ate SuHnain. of su^rd the
^ , '^ ' Til metropolis.
forty guns. Captain Evert Evertsen, and the sloop or snow
Zeehond (or Seal), Captain Cornells Ewoutsen, would be
left under the command of Governor Colve until the
province should be " furnished with other help, either fi'om
Fatherland, or by the ships already sailed hence." As these
vessels belonged to Evertsen's Zealand squadron, Binckes
* Col. Doc, ii., 520, 527,532, 538; Lambrechtsen, S3-SC ; N. Y.H.S. Coll., i. (ii.), 115, 116.
Van Euyven embarked in the snow " Expectatie," Captain Martin Vonck, which, having
lost her mast and sails in a .stonn, managed to get into Nantucket, whence Van Ruyven re-
turned to New York in the following November : Col. Doc, ii., 532, 658, 662, G63 ; Col. Rec.
Conn., ii., 565; Mass. Rec, iv. (ii.), 573, 574; M.nss. II. S. Coll., xxx., 103. Vonck sailed
again in the ketch "•Hope" in January, 1674: Col. Doc, ii., 677; j>ost^ p, 258.
t CoL Doc, u., 598-600; Doc Hist., i., 467.
222 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cdap. V. agreed that the Admiralty of Amsterdam should bear its
just proportion of all expenses and damages which might
•u .uJu't liappsn to them during their special service in New Neth-
10 septem. erlaud.*
Some necessary police regulations were now adopted.
!) Septem. Ecsolved Waldrou was directed " to forbid the ferry peo-
uiations!"" plc at Hacrlem and Spytenduyvel to put across any stran-
gers from this Island, unless they first exhibit a pass to that
effect." As many strangers were passing in and out of the
j\ Septem. mctropolis, it was ordered that all persons who had not
taken the oath of allegiance should leave New Orange
within twenty-four hours, and that none but Dutch sub-
jects should visit it without license ; and all the inhabitants ■
were forbidden to harbor strangers without reporting them
to the schout.f
inseptem. Attracted by the fleet in the harbor, the Hackensack
dian sach- saclicms Came to the fort with se\'eral of their people, and
New Or- dcclarcd their desire to live as before, in peace with the
°'°° ' Dutch. The commanders made them presents, and prom-
ised that they should be considered " good friends" as
heretofore. A few days afterward, the sachems of the
y^g Septem. Mohawks, who had come "to see the naval force and make
a report," were likewise dismissed with satisfactory pres-
ents. The people of Schenectady were also confirmed in
the privileges formerly granted by Stuyvesant, and the
local officers nominated by them were approved.:]:
Colve's commission as governor general was now enter-
ed on the records of the province. The experienced Cor-
j% Septem. nclis Stccuwyck was appointed counselor of New Nether-
coMBdor land, " to assist in the direction of all cases relative to jus-
mnato offi- tice and police, and further in all such military concerns
'^"'■'^ both by water and by land, in which the Governor shall
deem proper to ask his advice and assistance." Cornells
Ewoutsen, the commander of the snow Zeehond, was made
superintendent of gunners and ammunition. Nicholas
Bayard, who had been commissioned as secretary and reg-
^5 Septem. istcr of Now Nethcrlaud, was also appointed receiver gen-
eral of the provincial revenue. All these appointments
« Col. Doc, ii., COO, Gil, C12, 649, 054, 65?, CG2, 064, CS2, 703, 707, 71.'>, 720; Val. Man.,
1S50, .V22. t Col. Doc. ii., 003, 004.
t Col. Doc , ii., COC, COS, 000.
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 223
were made subject to the approval of the "Lords Princi- chap. v.
pals" in the fatherland.* ^ „^„
The commanders now issued a proclamation, referring ^q^^'
to their former one of the eighteenth of Ausjust, and de- oonfisca-
-. . -, .r ■, ^^ • 1 • 11 tionofEn-
clarmsr that, as "not the smallest capitulation was en- giish and
French
tered into at the surrender of the fort and province to the property.
States General and the Prince of Orange, all the property
belonging to the kings of England and France, and their
subjects, was liable to confiscation and forfeiture. They
therefore confiscated all such property, especially that of
the Duke of York, his governors, officers, and agents, to
the benefit of the Dutch government. Nevertheless, they
excepted the effects of " the actual inhabitants of the neigh- Exceptions
boring colonies of Xew England, Virginia, and Maryland,"
which, " for sufiicieut reasons," were for the present ex-
empted fi-om this confiscation.!
Under this act, the property of Lovelace, Delavall, Car- Loveiace-s^
teret, Manning, Willett, and others was placed in the hands property
of commissioners. Lovelace was also required forthwith
to leave the province, and go either to New England or to
Holland in one of the returning vessels. His request to
go to Em'ope in Commander Binckes's ship was promptly
granted. Delavall accompanied Lovelace. The Dutch The Dutch
commodores soon afterward sailed — Binckes directly to dorea sau
Holland ; and Evertsen by way of the West Indies, Fayal, "^ "'^°^^'
and Cadiz, to Zealand.:}:
Anthony Colve now assumed the government of New coive as-
Netherland. To give greater state to his office, he set up govera-
a coach drawn by three horses. In all ordinary business New xeth-
he was assisted by Counselor Steenwyck and Secretary ^'"'''°^'
Bayard. On important occasions, the authorities of the
* Col. Doc, ii., G09-G14; ante, p. 211.
t Col. Doc, ii., 57S, 611, 013, 710; S. Hazard, 409 ; ante, p. 212. Palfrey, iii., 120, note,
suggests that this forbearance on the part of the Dutch commanders may have arisen from
the hope of the States General that New England would ally itself with them. But Vir-
ginian and Maryland property was at the same time exempted from forfeiture by tlie act cf
Evertsen and Binckes ; and, moreover, the States General knew nothing about the matter.
t Col. Doc, ii., 5S0, 5ST, 591. 595, 597, COS, COS, 617, 63S, C43, 644, G45, C47, 651, 667,672,
CS7, CSS, 720, 721 ; iii., 205, 206 ; Smith, i , 44 Binckes aftenvard commanded a squadron
against the French in the West Indies, and was killed at Tobago in December, 1077. Ev-
ertsen rose to the rank of admiral, and, in November, 16S3, commanded a division of the
fleet which conveyed the Prince of Orange to England. He died in November, 1706, and
was buried at Middelburgh, in Zealand : Sylvius, ix., C65; x., 23; Wagenaar, xiv., 376, 401,
443, 444; xv., 395; Lambrechtsen, S2, 86, 87, SS;'Kok, vi., 502; xiv., .^4; Col. Doc, ii.,
572, 579 ; Col. MSS., xxv., 171 ; Doc Hist, iii, 54, 59.
1673.
224 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. V. citj of New Orange were consulted. When questions
arose about the treatment of foreigners or their property,
Captains Wilham Knyff and Carel Epestejm, of the Dutch
infantry, were added as a Council of War.*
j9y septem. Colve's first official act was to commission Peter Alrichs
commander commander and schout "on the South River, in New
soutirpav- Netherland, lately called Delaware," where he was to
*'• maintain the Established Dutch Church, keep his soldiers
in discipline, the Indians in good temper, and obey all or-
ders from New Orange. Walter Wharton was also com-
if Septem. missioned to be surveyor of all the Dutch territory on the
South E.iver.t
J I Septem. Lieutouaut Andries Draeyer was appointed commander
Andries
Draeyer of Fort Nassau, and schout of the town of Willemstadt and
erat'wii" the colonie of Rensselaerwyck. Draeyer was instructed,
among other things, to maintain " the pure true Christian
Religion agreeably to the Synod of Dort ;" and, as much as
he could, " keep the natives and Indians devoted to him,
and, according to his ability, render the Dutch government
agreeable to them, and obtain from them all the informa-
tion he can respecting the trade and doings of the French,
and present all correspondence they may carry on with the
inhabitants of Willemstadt.":}:
Lutherang Tlic Luthcraus at Willemstadt, who had enjoyed much
stadt. liberty under the Duke of York's government, petitioned
Colve at the same time for the " free exercise of their re-
ligious worship, without let or hindrance, to the end that
they may live in peace with their fellow burghers." Their
-i-| Septem. request was granted, "on condition of comporting them-
selves peaceably and quietly, without giving any offence to
the Congregation of the Reformed Religion, which is the
State Church."§
* Col. Doc, ii., 0.30, G42, 644, 002, 004, 005, 710, 715 ; Doc. Hist., iii., 48.
t Col. Doc, 11., 014, 015, 018, 619 ; S. Hazard, 408, 409.
t Col. Doc, ii., 503, 590, 608, 618, 027, 659, 60-2, 670. On tlie 23d of January, 1074, Com-
mander Draeyer was married in the Dutch Cluirch to Gerritje, a dauRhter of Gosen GeiTit-
sen van Schaick, and a sister of Levinus van Schaick : Holgate, 1'29, 144, 145, 140 ; Munsell's
Collections, i., 301 ; MSS. of Matthew Clarkson, Ksq., communicated to nie. Draeyer after-
ward entered the Danish service, in which he became a rear-admiral; and in March, 1099,
his widow, having returned to New York, was received, "with attestation from Copenhagen,"
into the membership of the Dutch Church. Her son. Captain Andries Draeyer, returned
to Denmark in April, 1700: see Kecords of the Collegiate R. P. D. Church of New York,
Liber A. The Widow Draeyer's daughter, Anna Dorothea, afterward married the Kevcrcnd
Thomas Parclay, of Albany : Holgate, 129, 144.
§ Col. Doc, ii., 017 ; ante, 175. It appears, however, that tho " Aanapreker," or sexton
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVEENOR OF NEW NETHEELAND. 225
To assure the safety of the metropolis, the magistrates at chap. v.
" the Nevesings," near Sandy Hook, were ordered to send
the earliest information to the governor of the arrival oi ^^^^^^^^
anv ships from sea. Martial law was also necessary to Military
TIT I'lii precau-
check the unruly troops who had so recently spoiled the tions.
West Indies. Ensign Jan Sol, the major of the garrison
in Fort Willem Hendrick, was accordingly directed to en- 21 septem.
force it severely within the citadel; and the burghers 1 October,
were prohibited from selhng liquors or giving credits to
the soldiers.*-
The fort itself was miserably insecure. Its condition, as
described by Stuy^^esant, had been very little strengthened
by NicoUs and Lovelace, neither of whom seem to have
apprehended its being again occupied by a foreign force, insecurity
and certainly not by its old masters. Houses, gardens, and wiuem
orchards were clustered thickly under its earthen walls. '^^"'^"^
" The newly-begun fortification of New Orange" was in
the same case. Obstructions were ordered to be demohsh- 28 septem.
ed, and their owners summoned before the governor. At ^ t)ctober.
the same time, an extraordinary duty was laid to indemni- incumber-
fy those whose property was to be taken. Several of the demoush-
owners accordingly appeared ; other lots were assigned to
most of them ; and all were promised satisfaction out of
the new duties. Counselor Steenwyck, with Burgomasters
Van Brugh, De Peyster, and Luyck, were directed to esti- fi o<=t.
mate the damages, and report to the governor. The dem-
olition of the doomed houses was effected ; and each own- fg Oct.
er was recompensed for the property which the public
safety required should be taken. Among the buildings
thus destroyed was the Lutheran Church, which had just
been built " without the gate."t
To establish a general system for the government of the
towns in ISTew Netherland, Colve drew up a " Provisional 1 October.
Instruction," some of the articles of which were annoying
of the Dutch Church at Willemstadt required the Lutherans to pay fees to himself, as was
the custom in Holland, notwithstanding they employed their owu sexton ; which produced
a remonstrance to Colve from Arensius, their minister, and others: Doc. Hist., iii., 525;
Col. MSS., xxiii., 296, 313, 408. * Col. Doc, ii., 619, 622-625, 650.
t Col. Doc, ii., 440, 629-631, 633-63T, 685, 688, 69T, 699, 700, 710, 716 ; iii., 87 ; Val. Man.,
1850, 511, 512, 521, 525, 530 ; 1851, 435, 447, 448 ; New Orange Eec, vii., 42 ; Moulton's New
Orange, 11, 12 ; Valentine's New York, 175 ; ante^ 26, 81. 200. The Lutherans were allowed
another lot, " No. 5 in the Company's garden," within the gate, on which they built a new
church. It was at the corner of Broadway and Rector Street, where Grace Church was aft-
erward built: Col. Doc, ii., 636; Doc. Hist., iii., 245; ante, 114.
II.— P
226 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. V. to the English inhabitants. The local magistrates were,
~ above all things, to " take care that the Reformed Christian
Provisional Keligion be maintained in conformity to the Synod of Dor-
u^^'^ovem- di'scht, without permitting any other sects attempting any-
mentof thing Contrary thereto." Local ordinances must be con-
towns. *-" ''
formable to the laws of Holland, and be approved by the
governor. All officers must acknowledge the authority of
the States General and the Prince of Orange, and " main-
tain their sovereign jurisdiction right and domain over this
country." The magistrates were to nominate as their suc-
cessors " a double number of the best qualified, the hon-
estest, most intelligent and wealthiest inliabitants, exclu-
sively of the Reformed Christian Religion, or at least well
affected thereunto, to be presented to the Governor, who
shall then make his election therefrom, with continuation
of some of the old ones, in case his Honor may deem it
necessary."*
Colve's municipal system was substantially a revival of
that of Stuyvesant. The " Instruction" was ordered to be
enforced in every tovni of the province except New Orange
and Willemstadt, where some modifications were neces-
sary. But the eastern towns of Long Island showed great
disaffection, although their nominations of magistrates had
24 septetn. becu promptly confirmed. Colve therefore commissioned
4 October. Captain William Knyff, Lieutenant Anthony Malypart, and
sionera the clcrk, Abram Varlett, to visit all the towns east of Oys-
pent to
Long isi- ter Bay, and administer the oath to their inhabitants ; and
also directed their magistrates to publish his Instructions,
with the proclamation for the seizm-e of the property of
English and French subjects.f
^% Oct. The commissioners reported that Oyster Bay had taken
t^iTTing" the oath, while Huntington desired to be excused, upon
town^. promising in writing to be faithful to the government of
New Netherland. Setauket, or Brookhaven, apologized,
and asked a suspension of censure, because her people
wished to preserve their English allegiance, and yet to live
in peace with the Dutch government. Easthampton ac-
knowledged the " Christian and moderate" dealing of the
• Col. Doc., ii., C20-62'2, C53, 654, CTS-C80.
t Col. Doc., ii., 576, 586, 591, 001, €02, 616, 620, 622, 620, 02S ; Whitehead, 01 ; fr7i£c,212;
vol. i., 510, 54S, 574, 613, 619, 640.
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 227
Dutch ; but asked to be left as she was, as her letters had cuap. v.
been opened and read at Southampton, where threats
against her submission had been uttered by " several disaf- -•■" ' ^"
fected persons." Southold objected to several clauses in
the "Instruction," but was "wilHng to submit" to the
Dutch government, if the articles first promised should be
performed, and the town be protected " from the invasion
of those which daily threaten us." Knowing that E vert-
sen and Binckes had left New ISTetherland, Southampton
declared that Colve's " Instructions" overthrew what had
been previously agreed upon ; that the town could not ab-
jure its king, and swear allegiance to a foreign power ; yet,
that it would not disturb the Dutch, unless molested by
them, or " called thereunto by His Majesty's power of En-
gland."*
On receiving this report, Colve called the burgomasters
and schepens of New Orange to. advise with the council, m oct.
and was disposed to send the frigate Surinam, with a "con- frails from
siderable force," to the Eastern towns, and " punish them theTeclf.
as rebels, in case they persist in refusing to swear obedi- ^''°"°''"'''
ence." The majority thought " that, in this conjuncture of
war, it was not advisable to attack them by force of arms,
as we should thereby be affording them, and the neighbor-
ing Colonies, occasion again to take up arms against us;
but they judged it better to send a second delegation."!
It was gratifying, however, that Midwout, Bushwick, M o<='- *
New Utrecht, Amersfoort, Brooklyn, and Gravesend, in towns sub-
Schout Jacob Strycker's district, declared that " the entire ™'^"^®'
of the people" would observe their oaths, and, in case of
attack, would assist New Orange in resisting the enemy.
These loyal Dutch towns were accordingly allowed to se- M o<='-
lect their own military officers.:}:
Lewis Morris,§ and Nathaniel Sylvester, with whom he
• Col. Doc, il., 632, 638-642 ; Wood, 96. t Col. Doc, ii., 642, 643.
t Col. Doc, ii., 577, 643, 645, 646 ; ante, 214.
§ Lewis Morris was a AVelshman, a brother of Richard Morris, of Westchester, and a
Cromwellian officer, who was sent to the West Indies, and settled himself at Barbadoes, where
he became a Quaker, and entertained George Fox. After the death of his brother Richard ia
1672, he was allowed by Colve to come to New Netherland, " on condition that he attempt
nothing to its prejudice during his sojourn." Morris was accordingly granted the guardian-
ship of his infant nephew, and custody of his brother Richard's effects, under the directiou
of the " Orphan Chamber" of New Orange, although his own estate was confiscated as be-
longing to a then Barbadian : Col. Doc, ii., 595, 617, 619, 631, 632, 645, 650, 664 ; Besae, ii.,
2SS, 313, 314, 315; Fox's Journal, 442; Smith, i., 209 ; Bolton, ii., 2S0-300; Whitehead'a
Memoir of L. Jlorris, 1-5 ; ante, 140, 188, 190.
228 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. V. Tvas Staying at Shelter Island, now asked the governor to
send " a second embassy to the east end of Long Island, so
lo7o. ^-^g^^ ^i^g innocent may not be punished with the guilty."
If Oct. Colve therefore dispatched Captain Knj-ff and Ensign
mtnistef-' Nicholas Yos to administer the oath to such as might " be
**■ fi-ee to take the same." Huntington and Setauket were
accordingly visited ; and their inhabitants and officei-s read-
ily swore fidelity to the Dutch government.*
By advice of his council, which agreed with that of Mor-
ris and Sylvester, Governor Colve, instead of sending the
f g Oct. frigate Surinam, directed Counselor Steenwyck, with Cap-
tain Charles Epesteyn and Lieutenant Charles Quirynsen,
to visit Easthampton, Southold, and Southampton, and " ad-
The East- mouish the inhabitants of then* duty and true submission,
admonX and also to establish the elected magistrates in their respect-
^^' ive offices, and to administer the oath, as well unto them
as the rest of the inhabitants there." If any New England
vessels were met, they were not to be molested. If the
people of the towns objected to swear, they were to be al-
lowed to promise obedience; but their magistrates must
take the oath, as the Schout Arnold had already done.
Concessions were promised regarding trade with the New
England colonies, the nomination of local officers, and what-
ever the people might " ask in fairness." But, if they should
be obstinate, the chief mutineers were to be reported at
New Orange. Steenwy^ck, with his colleagues, accordingly
f 1 Oct. embarked in the " Zeehond," under the command of Cap-
tain CorneHs Ewoutsen.f
In the mean time, Rhode Island, which did not belong
i^ Aug. to the New England confederation, had passed laws for the
Khodeisi- (jgfeQge Qf ^i^Q colony, in case it should be attacked by the
Dutch. On recei\dng the answer of Evertsen and Binckes,
27 August. Connecticut summoned a meeting of the commissioners of
coane^- ^he United Colonies at Hartford. A " remonstrance" was
*'"'• there adopted, recommending each confederate to take care
for its own defense, and to aid any other which might be
J5 Sept. fii-st invaded. Plymouth did not see satisfactory grounds
Plymouth. ^^^, ^ ^^^ ^^p^^^ ^j^^ Dutch at Ncw York " without express
command" of the king, or the actual invasion of a New
• Col. Doc, ii., G45, 61T ; Wood, 9G, 9T; Thompaon, i., 154, 155; fl»ifc, 21T.
t Col. Doc, ii., 64S, 641, G54 ; Vroo3, 97 ; ante, 21S.
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 229
England colony. Massachusetts, cliaracteristically selfish, chap. y.
notwithstanding the appeal of Southampton, " did not judge ^
it expedient to engage" in the matter fm-ther than to pro- ^p ^^^J
vide for her own safety. This was owing, not to love of kassachu-
the Dutch, or hatred of the Duke of York, but to an ever-
controlling tliirst for individual aggrandizement. At this
very time, Captain Cleyborne, of the Enghsh fi'igate Gar-
land, being at Boston, offered to retake New York with his
own ship, if Massachusetts would assist him with some sail-
ors, soldiers, and provisions. But the General Court would
do so only on condition that " the conquest might be added
to Massachusetts ; and if that were refused, it would rather
that Manliattan remamed in possession of the Dutch than
that it should be put into the hands of Colonel Lovelace,
the former governor." At the same time, upon the petition
of John Payne, to whom a large tract had been granted,
the Court ordered " the running of their southern line to |f Oct.
_ , , . , Boundary
Hudson's Eiver." But this attitude of Massachusetts did to be run.
her no good at Whitehall.*
Connecticut, however, yearned after Long Island. How-
ell, Younge, and James, as representatives of the three east-
em towns, petitioned for "protection and government" ^| Oct.
against the Dutch, and were received with great favor at
Hartford. Letters were sent to Plymouth and Massachu- Jl Oct.
setts, asking their concurrence ; upon favorable answers to
which, the governor and some other magistrates of Connec-
ticut were authorized " to protect the people of the east hs 0'=t-
end of Lena; Island, and to estabUsh government amongst
o „ -r^ J- £ . t24 October.
them." But the reply from Boston was unsatisfactory, in 3 j^^^^m.
cloudy words it intimated that Massachusetts was " igno- f^^"-^^^,],
rant of the extent" of the Connecticut patent, yet admitted connecti-
an obligation to aid the Long Island people, as EngHshmen,
against the Dutch, as a national enemy ; while the Hart-
ford " claim of jurisdiction over them" was testily rejected. 22 October.
Connecticut, nevertheless, commissioned Samuel Willys and i.^o^^em.^
Captain Fitz John Winthrop to go to Long Island with cut^B^ds
"necessary attendants:" treat with such Dutch forces assionerato
T 1 j1 i -J.' Long Isl-
they might find there ; and warn them that opposition and.
» Col. Eec. Conn., ii., 562, 503; iii., 486, 4ST; R. I. P.ec.,u.,4S8-500; Plymouth Col. Rec,
V , 134 •' X , 3S7 ; Mass. Rec, iv. (ii.), 54S, 558, 501, 5T0 ; Arnold, i., 366, 3GT ; Chalmers, i.,
433, 434; Hutch. Coll., 413; Mass. II. S. CoIL, xxx., 86-88, P6; Palfrey, ill, 121, 122, 304;
ante, ISS, 216.
230 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
ciiAr. V. would provoke the Hartford authoiities to consider what
they were " nextly obliged to do."*
The Connecticut magistrates also lectured "the corn-
el Oct. mander of the Dutch forces at Kew York" for ui'^ino^ his
cutTec^'" majesty's subjects on Long Island to swear allegiance
oXe. against the King of England, and threatened that if he
persisted, the Xew England colonies would attack him at
" headquarters." These " animadversions" were sent to
New Orange " by Mi*. John Bankes," who was instructed
to inform Colve how tender Connecticut was of the " effu-
sion of Christian blood," yet how interested for her " dear
neighbours, his Majestie's good subjects" on Long Island.
26 October. Sui'prised at the insolent tone of this letter, Colve arrested
5 Novem.
Oolve's an-
5 Novem. ^|.g Nearer, and replied to Winthrop that he could not be
swer.
lieve such an " impertinent and absurd writing" came from
winthrop'3 him. Wiuthrop, in answer, complained of Bankes's deten-
tion at New Orange, and declared that the letter he bore
contained " very pertinent and needful premonitions for the
preventing a confluence of evill consequences."!
Unappalled by this peculiar rhetoric, Colve denied the
jPg Novem. right of Connccticut to question his proceedings on Long Isl-
pungent and, whcro the people would have peaceably taken the oaths
to the Dutch " had not some evil-disposed persons gone from
you and dissuaded them." He was in New Netherland, he
added, " to maintain the right of their High Mightinesses
and his Serene Highness the Prince of Orange ;" and he
would do it. The Dutch had always treated their enemies
more humanely than the English, who had so barbarously
used the " poor fishermen and farmers" on the island of
Ter-Schelhng. On his return to Hartford with this letter.
Report of Baukes reported that Colve was " a man of resolute spirit
about and passionate, that manageth the affaires now under his
NeiY Neth- powcr SO as is not satisf actor}' to the people nor soldiers ;
and that he is in expectation of strength from foreign
parts, upon whose arrival he seems to be resolved to sub-
due under his obedience what he can, not only on the isl-
and, but he sayth he knowes not but he may have Hart-
ford ere long.":}:
• Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 212-210, 503,501; Col. Doc, ii., 056; Col. MSS., xxiii.,2Sl; Wood's
I.ODg Island, 90; Palfrey, iii., 121, 122.
+ Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 210, 504, 505 ; Col. Doc, ii , 051, 052, OGO.
t Col. Uoc, ii., 600, GOI ; Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 565 ; an'e, 125. On the ISth of May, IGTj,
commis-
sioners.
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 231
After a boisterous voyage through the Sound, Colve's chap.v.
commissioners meanwhile met, near Plum Gut, the vessel
conveying Willys and Winthrop to Long Island, which gfoctobeV
struck its colors to the Dutch. The Connecticut officers, 6 Novem.
T -1 T •\ • J_^ • • • New Neth-
on coming on board and producing their commissions, eriand
were courteously treated, and the Dutch, on their side, sfo^^^at
showed them their own papers. Both parties then landed ^°'^'^°^'^-
on Long Island, Steenwyck and his colleagues spending the
night with Sylvester. The next morning the commission- ^^ October.
ers on both sides rowed up to Southold. A large force
was in arms. Steenwyck desired the inhabitants to be
summoned ; but the Connecticut officers urged the people FoUed by
to remain faithful to the King of England. Upon this, necticrt'
Moore, who had been named a magistrate of Southold,
declined the Dutch appointment ; and Arnold, although
abeady sworn as sellout, declared that he had resigned
his office, because his neighbors threatened to plunder his
house. Seeing that they could now do nothing at South-
old, Colve's commissioners left the village, intending to go to s" October.
Southampton. But, finding that they would " be unable to Ketum to
effect any thing, and rather do more harm than good," they an^. '"
came back to New Orange with an unsatisfactory report.*
On the return of Willys and Winthrop, Connecticut, con-
sidering the condition of her " dear countrymen upon Long
Island, their further motion for assistance, and the late at-
tempts of their enemy the Dutch upon them," determined
to send them help ; and commissioned Captain Fitz John if Novem.
Winthrop " to be sergeant major over the military forces of cuTforces
his majesty's subjects on Long Island." Accordingly, ad- soulhoid.
venturers were raised at Stonington and New London, and
hurried across the Sound to Southold.f
Meanwhile " the Dutch interest" in New Netherland was
hoping that Van Euyven would do much for them in the van Kuy-
f atherland. But Yan Ruyven returned unexpectedly to Wrecked''
New Orange, reporting that the snow " Expectatie," in ^e^o *"
which he embarked, had been wrecked near Nantucket, "^^e.
Ewoutsen was dispatched thither with the Zeehond, to bring fewoutsen '
back the disabled vessel, but not to damage any New En- Nrntu°kct.
the Connecticut General Court granted Bankes " forty shillinga towards his expences, when
he was detained in Yorke, in the year seventy three:" Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 253.
* Col. Doc, ii., 654-65S ; Wood, 9T ; Tliorapson, i., 155; Palfrey, iii., 124; ante, 21T, 213.
t Ma.s3. H. S. Coll.,x.tx.,S:), 91; Palfrey, iii., 125; Col. Bee. Conn., ii., 216.
232 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. V. glancl craf t, unless the Expeetatie liad been captured ; in
which case he was to take or destroy all English vessels,
J.D < o. a -vvhencesoever they may be." Ewoutsen reported that the
A^ Nov em. i/ */ j.
New En- Expcctatle had been taken by an English privateer, com-
fefa^cap-^' mandcd by Joseph Dudson, and carried to Boston ; and
that, according to his orders, he had brought into New Or-
ange four New England trading ketches. These vessels
were detained " provisionally under arrest," and their mas-
l^ Novem. ters were sent to Rhode Island with a letter from Colve to
Leverett, asking that the crew of the Expeetatie might be
allowed to return unmolested from Boston, Upon further
Condemn- Consideration, the New England prizes were confiscated as
^ft Novem. belonging to "subjects of England actually in open war
against our state."*
^/d^TI"'' These spirited Dutch reprisals waked up New England.
Threats of Massachusctts demanded the release of its coasters, aftd
setts. threatened, otherwise, " a full reparation by force of arms."
^T^ Decern. Colvc replied that Massachusetts had seized a Dutch vessel
piyj^ s re- ^^^ carried it to Boston, before any thing had been done
by New Netherland to her prejudice; and that, in future,
Massachusetts should employ as messengers "honorable
people, and no spies."t
Connecticut now proposed to Massachusetts a " prevent-
iD^cIm'" ^^'® expedition" against New Netherland, offering a " pro-
portionable conjunction and compliance." Massachusetts
JJ5 Decem. determined " that God doth call them to do something in
a hostile way for their own defence," fitted out a ship and
Action of a ketch, and impressed soldiers. But, as Dudson had seized
ciXand^ the Dutch vessel at Nantucket, which was " without the ju-
slttT''^"' risdiction of this court," and had acted under a letter of
marque from the king, and not from Massachusetts, it was
thought "not convenient to proceed to a judication" of the
If Decern, prize. Plymouth resolved that there was "just ground of
a war," and that she should do her utmost against the
Dutch in New Netherland. But Rhode Island, not belong-
ing to the New England Confederation, took no action.:}:
This state of war obliged Colve to adopt more severe
measures toward strangers, especially English. Francis
• Col. Doc, ii., 526, 532, 65S, 662, 663, 664; Col. Kec. Conn., ii., 565; "Mass. Rcc, iv. (ii.),
5T3, 5T4; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxx., KB ; ante, 221. t Col. Doc, ii., 6GT, 66S.
t ( :ol. Hec. Conn., ii., 216-220, 5.55, 556 ; Mass. Rec, iv. (ii), 572, 5T3, 674 ; riymoiitli Rcc,
v., 135, 130; N. Y. Col. Doc.,ii.,6C.T; Palfrey, iii., OS, 122, 125; R. I. Kec, iii., 50S-515.
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERL/IND. 233
Beado, an Englishman, had been convicted, on his own con- cu.vr. v.
f ession, of designina; to burn the villaa^e of Fordham, and ~~
had been sentenced to be branded and banished from New gg T^otmi
ISTetherland for twenty-five years. In addition to the pre- sDecem.
vious order of 11th September, a proclamation was now is- vigorous
sued requiring all strangers who had not taken the oath of mV^ure.?.
allegiance to leave the province at once, and forbidding all ^^ oeccm.
persons, not inhabitants and subjects, to come within the
government without proper passports. The inhabitants
were also forbidden to harbor such strangers, or hold any
correspondence with the people of New England and all
other actual enemies ; and all letters to or fi'om such per-
sons were to be sent to the provincial secretary's office for
examination.*
Colve also appointed Captain William Knyff, of the in- A ^«cem.
fantry in Fort Willem Hendrick, to be "Fiscal and Con-calofNe^v
. Nether-
servator of the Laws" in New Netherland. It was a re\dval land.
of the office, held last by De Sille, under Stuyvesant ; the
duties of which were to promote the peace and prosperity
of the province, maintain the jurisdiction of the home gov-
ernment, prosecute all offenders, and to take care " that good
law and justice be administered, without respect of persons,
in all courts of justice within this province, according to the
laudable custom, laws, and ordinances of our Fatherland."t
Colve now visited Midwout, where he had invited the xg oecem.
magistrates of the Dutch towns on Long Island to meet rLtbusii,
him. He informed them of the preparations making in °vout'. "
New England, and recommended the towns to send grain
to New Orange, repair thither whenever summoned, keep
a good watch, and send horsemen occasionally to observe
what was doing in the English towns. Steenwyck, Yan
Ruyven, and Yan Brugh were directed to examine the
houses in the city, and report what accommodation could
be given to " outside people" seeking refuge from the ene-
my. The towns in Schout Lawrence's district, and Bergen,
Haerlem, and Fordham, were also enjoined fidehty and vig- y- Deecm.
ilance.:};
* Col. Doc, ii., CG5, 6G6 ; aiite^ 222.
t Col. Doc, ii., 6GS, 609 ; ante, vol. i., 1C4, 414, 532, 622.
t Col. Doc, ii., 609, 670, 672, 673. The burgomasters of the city, anxious for its safety,
were alarmed that the frigate Surinam had left the harbor on the 2d of December, contrary to
the promise of Evertsen and Binckes, a»i<e, 221, and, on calling on Colve, were informed
that ha could not and would not explain his reason.-^, but that "with or without the ship
234 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CiiAP. V. The city fortifications being nearly completed, at " exces-
~ sive expense, trouble, and labor of the burghery and inhab-
, , itants," rea:ulations were made to secm-e the place. At sun-
1^ Decern. ' o ^
New oi-- down the gates were to be closed, and the burgher watch
lations." ' sct ; and no other person was to approach the batteries un-
til sunrise. No one could enter or depart, except through
vandewa- the city gate, on pain of death. Jacobus van de Water was
m^]m.^ appointed town major of New Orange and auditor of its
court-martial. The commissioned officers of the city mili-
tia were Captains Cornells Steenwyck, Martin Kregier,
Militia offi- Johannes van Brugh, and ^gidius Luyck, Lieutenants Wil-
liam Beekman, Jacob Kip, Christopher Hooghland, and
Nicholas Bayard, and Ensigns Gabriel Minvielle, Stephanus
van Cortlandt, and Gelyn Yerplanck. They were thanked
by tlie governor for the zeal they had shown in fortifying
New Orange, and assured that the States General would
not fail to " take tlie greatest interest in the preservation
and prosperity of the city." But the event did not justify
Colve's too ready words.*
Following the laudable practice of the fatherland, the
5=^ Novcm. governor issued a proclamation that, as the province was
and "'° now blessed with " the fi'ee and pure worship of God," and
iQg°da5?r" other mercies, the fii'st Wednesday in each month should
oideied. 1^^ observed in New Netherland as " an universal day" of
fasting, humiliation, and thanksgiving, on which all labor,
gaming, or excess in drinking was strictly prohibited.f
On the Delaware the Provincial Instruction was readily
enforced by Sellout Alrichs, and magistrates were estab-
lished at the Iloarkill. Captain John Carr, who had gone
to Maryland, was allowed to settle himself in New Nether-
land, if he took the oath of allegiance ; but if he refused,
his estate was to be seized. As several Marylanders had
f g xovem. lately committed aggressions on the Delaware settlers,
affairs. Colvc iuvitcd the sufferers to New Orange, and directed
all the inhabitants there to obey the orders of Alrichs.:}:
aforesaid, he ehould not undertake nor execute any thing except wliat his Ilonnr should con-
sider serviceable and expedient for the fort, tlie city, and the burghery :" New Orange Rec,
vii., 72; Val. Man., 1S50, 522. Tlie Surinam was back again in harbor in January, 1GT4:
Col. Doc,iL,6S2.
* Col. Doc, ii., C70, CTl, CT4, 675, C77, 67S ; Val. Man., 1S50, 523. Moulton, 7, 8, 11, 12, 21,
mistakes the office of Van de Water for mayor, instead of major, of New Orange. The mus-
ter-roll of Captain Steenwyck'a com;)any, of which Bayard w.is lieutenant and Minvielle en-
sign, i.-( in Val. Man., 1850, 42 1, 425." t Col. Poc, ii., G5S ; Val. Man., 1S50, 621.
t Col.Doc.,ii., 537,022,632, G59,6G3, 072, C73,C7Si Col.MSS.,xxiv.,9T; S. llazard,409,410.
T% Novem.
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 235
In Achter Col, or New Jersey, Colve's instraction was cuap. v.
cheerfully obeyed. Bergen enacted some local regulations.
At an assembly called by Schout Ogden at Elizabethtown, ^g ^^^*^'
several ordinances were adopted, mucb milder than the En- AchterCoi,
or Ngw jGr-
glish laws. Before approving them, Colve had them trans- sey.
lated into the Dutch language. Weary of their distractions ^® ''"
under the government of Berkeley and Carteret, the people
of New Jersey welcomed the regained authority of the
Repubhcan Netherlands.*
The Esopus officers were confirmed by the governor ; 6 October,
among whom were Cornells Wjmkoop, Boeloff Kierstede, fairs.
Wessel Tenbroeck, an^ Jan Burhans, of Swanenburg, or
Kingston ; and Louis du Bois, Roeloff Hendricksen, Jan
Joosten, and Jan Broersen, of Hurley and Marbletown ;
and Captain Albert Heymans, who had been prominent in
the riot of 1667. William la Montague was made secreta-
ry of the three towns, and Isaac Grevem'aet their schout, in
place of William Beekman, who had removed to New Or-
ange. Two brass guns, useless at Swanenburg, were order- jg oct.
ed to be sent down to the metropolis, " as the same are re-
quired here."t
Schenectady was made subordinate to Willemstadt ; and s'^^^yem''
Anthonia van Cm*ler was allowed an extension of the priv- wmem-
■■■ stadt and
liege which had been granted by Lovelace. As New France schenecta-
was now hostile to New Netherland, Commander Draeyer
was directed to " stop all correspondence with the Jesuit, f ^ Novem.
and Frenchmen from Canada, whether runaways or oth-
ers." He was again instructed to observe all military pre- if Novem.
cautions at Fort Nassau ; not to confide in any French from ^TeT'^''
Canada; and "to break off all correspondence with the
Jesuit, but to excuse himself in a courteous manner.";}:
The Jesuit missionaries had meanwhile been active
among the Iroquois. Bruyas, at Tionnontoguen, or Saint Bruyasand
Mary's, and Boniface, at Caghnawaga, or Saint Peter's, among the
labored among the Mohawks. Although the smallest of ' ° ^''^
the Iroquois villages, Caghnawaga was esteemed by the
Jesuits, like ancient Judah by the Israelites, as the greatest
of all their stations. Prayer was offered there as constantly
• Col. Doc, ii., 621, 633, 643, 65S, GS.3, 700, T14, 726 ; T\Tiitehead, 61, 62.
t Col. Doc, ii.,622, 626, 627, 629, 630, 644, 646, 649, 650; Esopus Records; Warr., Ord.,
Passes, ill., 147 ; ante, 123, 1.'57, 218.
+ Col. Doc, ii., 652, 653, 654, 659, G62, 673; Council Minutes, iiL, 120 ; ante, 218, 224
236 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. V. " as in the best regulated families of France." Yet, while
~ zealous Mohawk converts paraded their chaplets in the
' Dutch church at Albany, the Jesuit missionaries mistrusted
their frequent visits to the " heretics," and lamented their
"wretched peace" with the Mahicans, which, by making
the paths safe, enabled the Iroquois to get brandy to their
hearts' content. The most interesting incident was the de-
parture of a number of Mohawks to the mission at the
Prairie de la Madeleine, near Montreal. This settlement
}:migia- had received its first Iroquois accessions from Oneida,
adafrom wliosc chlcf, Garonhiaguc, or '"'•La cendre chaude^^ became
""^ ■ a catechist. "While on a visit there, Kryn, or " the Great
Mohawk," had become converted by Fremin ; and, on his
return to Caghnawaga, so nioved the village that forty Mo-
hawks, with their squaws and children, went back with him
to the Prairie. Their brethren at Tionnontoguen, " who
were not yet disposed to embrace the faith," complained to
Bruyas of the " black robes, wdio seemed to wish to make
their country a desert and ruin their villages." The health
of Boniface, however, soon failed ; and he returned to Que-
i2june. bee to die — conducting "a great party" of converts, and
leaving Bruyas alone, in charge of both the Mohawk sta-
tions. The intervals of missionary labor were employed
by the Iroquois superior in preparing his immortal dic-
tionary of the Indian tongue.*
Millet became so popular at Oneida that he persuaded
Millet at many proselytes to renounce the invocation of Agreskoue.
But he was much embarrassed by the efforts of the Hol-
landers against the Jesuits, " since they had retaken Man-
hattan and Orange, and driven out the English." In an
interesting letter to Dablon, at Quebec, Millet described
an eclipse of the moon on the 21st of January, 1674, which
he had foretold, much to the amazement of the savages. f
T.nmber- At Ououdaga, Johu de Lamberville was cheered by some
Onondaga, ucw couvcrts. But liis flock was diminished by several
* Relation, 1072-3,33-55; 1GT3-0, 1-10, 142, 143-151, 175, 17T; Poiiniol's Miss. Can., i., 4-21,
179-lS;t, 23.5-239, 279-293, 345, 34G ; ii.,10; Shea, 2G9-272, 29S, 299; Charlevoix, ii., 233,
2.57, 854, 357 ; Col. Doc, ix., 352, 474 ; ante, 190-192. I find no autlionty for the statement
in the note in Col. Doc, ix., 720 (repeated in N. Y. Senate Doc, 115, April 16, 1SG3), that
Uniyas was among the Senecas in 1073. He certainly wrote from Tionnontoguen, by Boni-
face, to Frontenac, on 12th June of that year : Col. Doc, ix., 792 ; Douniol, i., 34.5.
+ Uplatinn,lfi-2-.'i,. 55-05; lG7.'!-9, 140 ; Douniol, i., 22-30, 175-177, 239-250; Charlevoix,
ii.,25S; Shea, 270, 2S2 ; anfc, 17S,1S1, 191.
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVEKNOR OF NEW NETHEELAND. 237
proselytes from tlieir native " Babylon," who went to live chap. v.
at the more attractive Prairie de la Madeleine. Carheil,
at Cayuga, had little to break the monotony of his station ^^^^J^^ J^
except the baptism of three Andaste prisoners before they ^ayus"-
were bm-ned'by tlieir Iroquois conquerors."^
Amonff the Senecas, Garnier had charge of Saint Michael Gamier
and Saint James, while Eafteix labored at Conception, at the sen-
Wanting assistance, the lonely Jesuits apphed to Dablon, ^''^^'
and Pierron was sent to their aid, who took care of Saint
James. After leaving the Mohawks in 1671, Pierron re-Pierronin
tui-ned to Quebec, and from there went to Acadia, where New ik-
he spent the winter of 1673. Thence he wandered over fia"7iand.
l^ew England, Maryland, and Yirginia, finding nothing
"but desolation and abomination among those heretics."
At Boston he was " much esteemed," although suspected
of Jesuitism, because of " the uncommon knowledge which
he exhibited." Pierron offered to estabhsh a mission
among the Maryland savages, " whose language he knew."
But Dablon, scrupulous not to allow a Canadian mission-
ary to interfere with the " English Fathers" in Maryland,
ordered Pierron to assist Garnier and Kaffeix among the sene^l ^^
Senecas.f
During the winter the Jesuit missionaries had reported
to Frontenac that the Iroquois were not well disposed to-
ward the French. The new Onnontio therefore resolved Fronte-
to make a pompous visit to Lake Ontario, and impress tlie to Lake
savages with the power of Canada. He built two ba-
teaux similar to that of Com-celles, but of a peculiar model,
each carrying sixteen men with their provisions, and each
mounted with small cannon, and painted "in a fashion
unhke any thing seen before in the whole country.":}:
To disarm the suspicions of the Iroquois, Frontenac dis-
patched La Salle, who was well acquainted with them, and
had just returned from the West, to invite the five nations
to meet him at Quinte Bay toward the end of June. On
his way from Quebec to Montreal, as he was passing the ^^ ^^^^
Cap de la Madeleine, the governor is stated to have met a June.
* Relation, 1C72-3, 65-108 ; 1C73-0, 143-146, 152 ; Douniol, i., 30-62, 256-2GS, 317 ; U., 11 ;
Shea, 283, 289.
t Relation, 1672-3, 108-114 ; 1673-9, 140 ; Donniol, i., G3-68, 26^-278 ; ii., 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
44; Shea, 268, 292 ; ante, 178, 192.
t Col. Doc, ix., 91, 95, 96 ; Faillon, iii., 450-470 ; ante, ISO, 193.
1673
238 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. V. Dablon, the superior of the Jesuits, who informed him that
he had learned from the Indians that some Dutch ships
had captured Manliattan ; and that it was to be feared that
they might blockade the Saint Lawrence, or even attack
Quebec. But Frontenac, " seeing no foundation for this
intelligence," continued his route, requesting Dablon not to
di\^ilge the news ; at the same time taking precautions for
the safety of Quebec and Tadoussac*
June. Frontenac started from La Chine with one hundred and
twenty canoes and four hundred men, and ascended the
Saint Lawrence with "incredible labor," fifty men being
required to drag each heavy bateau up the rapids. On
his way he saw " the most delightful country in the world."
At length he arrived at " a point at the head of all the
29 June.
'JJuly.
ij.Gaiette, rapids," called "La Galette"t which the Sieur laYalterie
cr Pz'escott
' had previously chosen for a magazine of provisions. Here
the governor received letters from La Salle, informing him
that two hundred leading Iroquois had gone to meet him
at Quints. This obliged him to send the Sulpitian Abbes
Fenelon and D'Urfe thither, to ask them to come twenty
leagues nearer, at Cataracouy, which he judged to be the
best place for the establishment which Courcelles had pro-
j)osed. Passing Otondiata and the " vast group of Islands
with which the river is studded," Frontenac reached the
opening of Lake Ontario, and arranged his flotilla in order
^^juiy. of battle. Here he met D'Urfe, who had overtaken the
Iroquois on their way to Quinte, and caused them to turn
back. The French flotilla followed them " to the mouth
Frontenac of the Rivcr Cataracouy, into a bay about a cannon shot
louy. fi'om the entrance, which forms one of the most beautiful
and agreeable harbors in the world ;" and Frontenac was
* Col. Doc, ix., 97, 9S; ante, 179. Tliis is a palpable anaclironisra. New York was re-
captured by the Dutch on the 30th of July, or 9th of August, 1073 {ante, 20S), which was
eight or nine weeks after Dablon is said to have reported it to the governor at the Cap de
la Madeleine! It seems that Frontenac got his first information in a letter from Laniber-
ville, dated at Oswego, on the 30th of August, or 9th of September, 1073, .and dispatched by
La Salle, who, he states, was "in haste to depart, to carry the news of the reconquest of
Manhattan and Orange by the Hollanders, and of the current rumour that they have twen-
ty ships of war about to sail for Quebec :" Douniol, i., 347, 343 ; post, 239, 240.
t "La Galette" (the meaning of which French word is a flat cake, familiar to Parisian?)
seems to have been what is now called Wind-mill Point, a little below Prescott, in Canada
West, the scene of one of the " patriot" movements in 1S3S : compare Col. Doc, ix., 77, 101,
114, 195, 241, 3S1 ; Charlevoix, v., 2S1-2SG, and Map ; Gent. Mag., xxvii., 74, .Map ; Hough's
Saint Lawrence, 41, 46; Barber and Howe's N. Y. Coll., 4SS. The name, however, was aft-
erward transferred to Fort Presentation at Oswegatchie or Ogilensburg: sec Smith, i.,C9,
note; Col. Doc, vii., 130,573; x.,349; Doc. Hist., L, 2S1, and Sauthicr'a Map anne.xed.
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 239
"enraptured at finding a spot so well adapted for liis cuap.v.
design."*
The next day Frontenac received the Iroquois with jt_j '
great pomp in front of his tent, called them his " children," ^^
and named a day for solemn conference. In the mean
time the Sieur Rendin traced out a fort, and the troops Fort traced
worked at it with good will. At the appointed time Fron- ^y^'juiy.
tenac told the Five Nations that the Jesuits labored only to ^iuf'h "'^
teach them, and should be respected ; that Onnontio had ^■■'^"'''®
proved his power by coming up all the rapids with ba-
teaux carrying cannon; that he now ratified the treaties
made by liis predecessors ; and he urged his " children" to
let tlieir youth learn the French tongue, promising to com-
municate with them either through the missionaries, or by
some " person of character" like La Salle. The Iroquois The iro-
" appeared highly gratified that Onnontio had, at the first ed°^chii-"
and second audience, addressed them as Children, and
thereby had bound himself to act towards them as a Fa-
ther; the other Onnontios not having made use of that
mark of authority, and they having never consented to be
addressed otherwise than as Brothers." They expressed ts J"'y
•^ -"- J oy of the
their joy at the establishment of a French fort at Catara- I'oquois.
couy ; yet they lamented the conquests of the French in
Holland, and the ruin of the Dutch, who " had been friend-
ly with them."f At the same time, they wished Frontenac
to assist them against the Andastes, " the sole enemies re-
maining on their hands." This, however, the governor
waived ; and the Five Nations proinised to consider his
propositioii in regard to their children learning French.
The fort was soon completed ; and, after settling its gar-
rison, Frontenac returned to Montreal, delighted that he iauIu^."
had accomplished his enterprise without any accident, and
by the resources of Canada alone, without any aid from
the court. Not long afterward La Salle came back fi-om 9 sept^em!'
Oswego with a letter from Lamberville, reporting the re-
* Col. Doc., ix., 01, 9S-103, T92 ; x., 349 ; Douniol, i., 172, 240, 250, 343 ; Charlevoix, ii,
245; antf, ISO, 193. The admirable situation of KiDgiton, in Canada West, well deserves
the praise bestowed by i's founder, Frontenac. But in 1T03, D'Aigremont reported to
Pontchartrain that La Galette would be a much better place for the fort than Frontenac:
Col. Doc, ix.,S22; and Charlevoix adopted this opinion when he vicited Cataracouy in
1721 : Charlevoix, v., 281, 2S2.
t Col. Doc, ix., 110. It is clear from this that Frontenac could not yet have heard the
news of the recapture of Xew York by the Dutch, referred to on the previous page.
240 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF KEW YORK.
ciixv. V. capture of Kew York by tlie Dutcli, and their proposed at-
tack of Quebec. La Salle was immediately appointed gov-
La saiif ' 6rnor of " Fort Frontenac," at Cataracouy, an interesting
"^"i^^^°l detail of the establishment of which was sent to Colbert.*
of " Fort
Frontc- In his letters home, Frontenac dwelt upon the inter-
f J xovem. meddling of the Jesuits with the Recollets. Colbert, in
reply, instructed him to form towns and villages in Cana-
1674. da, rather than prosecute distant discoveries, unless they
j^May. should opcu a nearer way to France than through the
Saint Lawrence. At the same time, he expressed surprise
Population that the population of Canada was only six thousand seven
^- Novem. lii^ndred souls.f Frontenac answered that his expedition
to Lake Ontario had made the Iroquois friendly, and in-
sured the safety of the Jesuit missionaries among them.
But the only way to build up Canada was to follow the
example of her neighbors at Manliattan and Orange. The
Jesuits only endeavored " to instruct the Indians, or rather
to get beavers, and not to be parish priests to the French."
But the Franciscans or Becollets, who, under the Father
TheRecoi- Gabriel de la Eibourde, were now transferred fi'om
taiacouj-?' Quinte to Cataracouy, were laboring with great zeal, and,
if more numerous, "would assuredly do wonders in the
missions.":}:
In the mean time the exploration of the Mississippi had
been partially accomplished. After spending the winter
at Mackinaw, Jolliet and Marquette left Green Bay in
1G73, June, 1673, ascended the Fox River, crossed the portage
to the Wisconsin, down which they drifted in their birch
^j June, canoes until they reached the Great River, which the f a-
Ma'i^uette tlicr Called " the Conception," while his fellow-adventurer
up£ Miv wished to name it " the Colbert." Following its current,
sisaippu ^j^gy. pagsg(j i\-^Q mouth of the muddy " Pekitanoui," or
Missouri, and then that of the limpid " Ohio," which Bru-
yas — who literally translated its Mohawk name — called
"The Beautiful River." Having reached the mouth of
* Col. Doc, ix., 103-114, 122, 211, 793; Quebec MSS.,ii. (ii.), 291; Douniol, i., 347, 34S;
Gameau, i.,112; Hennepin's Louisiana, 5, 6 ; Sliea, 283; Discovery of the Mississippi, xxxiv.
t Col. Doc, ix., SS, 95, 115, 116, 792 ; Quebec MSS., ii. (ii.), 291 ; ante, vol. i., C7. The
population of New Netherland at this time was estimated to be from six to seven tliousand,
and that of New England about one hundred and twenty thousand : Col. Doc, ii., 526, 59S ;
Chalmers, i., 434.
t Col. Doc, ix., 95, 120, 121, 7^3; Quebec M.SS., ii. (ii.), 57; Charlevoix, ii., 257; Sparks's
La Salle, 16; Shea's Missions, 412; Discovery of the Mississippi, S5, S9, 169; ante, 149, 169,
170, 194.
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVEENOR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 241
the Ai-kan&'as, and satisfied themselves that the Mississippi chap. v.
emptied into the Gulf of Mexico, the explorers retmiied by
way of the Illinois River to Chicago, and thence to Green ^
Bay, having traveled nearly tln-ee thousand miles. Leav- ^'
ing Marquette at Green Bay, Jolliet went homeward as far septem.
as Mackinaw, accompanied by a young savage, who had
been given him by the chief of the IlHnois, and spent the
mnter there. Early the next spring he came down to Fort 16Y4.
Frontenac, where he communicated his discoveries to La
Salle, who was in command of the post. Li descending
the Saint Lawrence, Jolliet safely passed all the rapids un-
til he reached the Sault Saint Louis, just above Montreal,
where his canoe was overturned, all his papers lost, his July,
young Illinois companion drowned, and his own life barely
saved after a four hours' struggle with the waters.
N^evertheless, Jolliet was able to prepare from memory a Jouiefs
map and a narrative of his marvelous journey. From these narrative.
materials Dablon compiled a "Relation," wliich he dis- ^ August
patched to the superior general of the Jesuits at Paris.
Not long afterward Jolliet was rewarded by a grant of the
island of Anticosti. By the Ottawa flotilla Dablon re-
ceived copies of Marquette's journal and map, which he Jiar-
f orwarded to France, Frontenac also sent to Colbert the joumar
map and narrative of JolKet, who had discovered an inland S^N^vein.
navigation from Lake Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico, with frontenac
~ 1 recom-
only a short portage; and therefore he suggested that a^^^^^'j^*
French settlement should be made at Niag-ara, and a bark po^' '^'^ ^'i-
~ ' agara.
be built on Lake Erie. This idea was no doubt originated
by La Salle, who had seen Jolliet at Cataracouy, fresh
from his Mississippi voyage, and who was now out of em-
ployment. La Salle therefore resolved to return to France Lasauere.
to plead his own cause with the king ; and Frontenac cheer- France.
fully recommended him as " the most capable for all the
enterprises of discovery."*
* Col. Doc, vi., 532, 545, 610 ; ix, 118, 119, 121, 122, 211, 216, 383, COS, 706, 787, TE3, 886 ;
Quebec MSS., ii. (ii.), 57; La Potherie, ii., 131: Douniol's Miss. Can., i., 193-204; li., 5, 6, 241-
330; Famon,ia, 312-315, 472; Charlevoix, 11., 248-250; Hist. Mag., v., 237-239; Henne-
pin's Louisiana, 6, 13 ; New Discovery, 303-306 ; Sparks's La Salle, and Marquette; Ban-
croft, iii., 155-161; Garneau, 1., 232-237; Shea's Disc, of the Mississippi, x.xvii.-x.xxlv.,
Ix.xv., Ixxx., 4-52, S3, 84; and Catholic Missions, 405, 406, 435-437; anle^ 163, 194. The
copy of Marquette's Journal which Dablon sent to Paris -was published by Thevenot, with
curtailments, in 1681. An English translation was Issued in 1698, annexed to Hennepin's
"New Discovery," 306-349; and another in Dutch is contained in vol. xxviii. of Van der
Aa's Collection of 1707. Another copy of Marquette's Journal was prepared for publication
II.— Q
242
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF KEW YORK.
Chap. V.
1674.
15 Jan.
New Or-
iinge af-
IC Jan.
1 Febr'y.
19 Febr'y.
Tax for the
eity fortifi-
cations.
17 Marcli.
21 March.
13 March.
10 March.
Military
precau-
tions.
"VVliile the dominion of France was tlius indefinitely ex-
tended by her adventurous sons over the interior of North
America, that of Holland over a modest space of its sea-
board was firmly maintained by her patriotic children.
The metropolis of New Netherland was brought more
directly under the governor's authority by a " Provisional
Instruction," which, among other things, authorized the
Fiscal KnyfE to preside over the court of Schout, Burgo-
masters, and Schepens. The city magistrates rebelled at
this ; but, upon Colve's threat to dismiss them and convoke
the burghers to nominate others, they yielded, under a
protest.*
To provide for the " excessive expenses" of the city for-
tifications, Colve levied a tax on the estate of each citizen
of New Orange worth over one thousand guilders. Com-
missioners were accordingly appointed, and lists made out
of the property of " the most affluent inhabitants ;" which
amounted to upwards of five hundred and twenty thousand
guilders. But as it would take time to collect this tax,
each burgher assessed more than four thousand guilders
was ordered to " advance, by way of loan," the hundredth
penny of his capital, " for such is deemed to be necessary
for the public good." Of this forced loan Major Jacobus
van de Water was appointed receiver.f
The city of New Orange being now "capable (imder
God) of resisting all attacks of any enemies," the " out
people" of the neighboring villages were directed to hasten
there with proper arms on the first notice of the coming of
any hostile ships. The citizens were also forbidden to
leave town without the consent of their magistrates. The
sloops sailing up the North River to Esopus and Willem-
stadt, and to the Delaware, were required to go in rota-
by Dnblon, which, however, was long buried, along with the original map, in the archives '
of the Jesuit College at Quebec. In 1844 they came into the hands of Father Felix Martin,
by whom they were intrusted to Mr. John G. Shea, who published a fac-simile of the map
and a translation of the Journal in 1S53. The originals were privately printed, with great
rfegance, in 1S55, by Mr. James Lenox. They were also reprinted at Paris in ISGl, by Dou-
niol, in his "• Mission du Canada," ii., 241-331. Copies of Jolliet's m.ip and letter to Fronte-
nac, made from the originals at Paris, are in the Library of the Canadian Parliament at
Quebec: see Catalogue (ed. 1858), p. 1015. Henri Martin, i., 491, insists that La Salle di:?-
covered the Mississippi before JoUiet and Marquette : compare Garneau, i., 236, 7iote; and
Douniol, ii., 3T5; Faillon, iii., 313.
* Col. Doc, ii., 078-681 ; Val. Man., 1850, 523-527 ; anU, 212, 226, 233.
t Col. Doc, ii., 685, 688, 607, 609, 700, 701; Val. Man., IS.'iO, 525, 5.30; 1851, 435; Moul-
ton, 14, 15, 16 ; V.ilentine's N. York, 319-330; ante, p. 234. The rate list is in Col. Doc, ii.,
039, 700.
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 243
tion, so as not to weaken the capital. In case an enemy chap. v.
should arrive, all vessels were to haul behind the frigate
Surinam, " near the circular battery."* 2t March^
The towns on Long Island, with Bergen and Haerlem, 22 March.
were also directed to send each a militia officer and magis- tionatNcw
trate to a Convention in New Orange. Francis Bloodgood, ^"^^"s®-
one of the schepens of Flushing, was at the same time* ap-
pointed " chief officer" of the Dutch people of Flushing,
Heemstede, Jamaica, and ISTewtovni, and charged with their
military police. The Convention met accordingly, and ev- 26 siarch.
ery precaution was taken to provide sufficient defense for
the capital in case it should be attacked.f
The governor's attention had meanwhile been drawn to
affairs at the eastern end of Long Island. Provisions be-
ing needed at the fort, Ewoutsen was ordered to receive Febr'y.
them at Shelter Island from Sylvester, whose bond was
now due. Some soldiers were sent along, in hope that the Dutch ex-
refractory towns might be reduced to subjection. Mean- sueiter isu
while Fitz John Winthrop had reached Southold with his
Connecticut auxiliaries. On learning the approach of
Colve's expedition, forces were hurried from Southamp-
ton and Easthampton ; and it was determined not to hin-
der the Dutch from obtainino; what they wanted at Shelter
Island, but only to defend Southold. Sylvester promptly ^ j^^^^^'_
delivered his stipulated proA'isions to Ewoutsen. The next
morning the Dutch flotilla ranged itself before Southold,
and Sylvester was sent to demand the surrender of the En-
glish, who were promised the same pri^dleges with other l^J^^^^^-
towns in Xew Netherland, but were threatened, in case of f^^^f^f ^°
their refusal, " with fire and sword." He was answered soutuoid
that the Dutch commander would be received " as a per-
son that disturbs His Majesty's subjects." Ewoutsen now
ordered his boats to land, and a gun to be fired from his
snow, the Zeehond, which did no harm. The fire was re-
turned without effect. As the English were evidently too
overpowering, it was thought absurd to attempt any tiling
farther ; and the Dutch flotilla quietly returned to New
Orange with the provisions for which it had come to Shel-
ter Island safely on board.:]:
* Col. Doc, ii., 695, 696, 69T, T02 ; Val. Man., 1S50, 536, 537 ; 1S51, 439, 440, 441 ; Moul-
ton, 12 ; Wood, 97 ; Thompson, i., 156. t Col. Doc., ii., 103, 591, TOl, 702 ; ante, 215.
t Col.Doc.,ii.,58S-590; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxx., 91-94; Col. Bee. Conn., ii., 566, 537; Wood,
24:4 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK.
€uAP. V. Wintlii'op's conduct at Southold was applauded by Con-
necticut, which directed him to continue " to assist and de-
^ ' fend the people there 'till at least these present motions of
oonnecti-' the Dutcli bc over," Application was also made to Massa-
chusetts for a man-of-war " to cleare the coasts." But
^ Marck Governor Leverett replied that " the generall voague of the
settT'^ "' avefseness of the people to ingage in any acts of hostility
against the Dutch, occasions retardment of comeing to any
conclusion tending thereto." The General Court, however,
" after much and serious consideration of the condition of
11 March, thcsc colouics," rcsolvcd to send out a vessel or two " to re-
press the insolence of the Dutcli in the Sound, who are,
with an inconsiderable force there, triumphing to the
amazement and affrightment of our friends." Connecti-
i| March, cut was adviscd of this determination ; but no cruisers ap-
pear to have been dispatched from Boston.^^
14 March. It was uow rumorcd that the King of England was
about to retake New Netherland. Some vessels having
If April, arrived at Sandy Hook, Ewoutsen was dispatched to learn
what they were, but " not to imperil his snow." Soon aft-
erward it was reported that peace had been made between
Holland and England. Is^evertheless, the property of in-
3% May. habitants of New England, Virginia, and Maryland found
lonfaipro^- witliin Ncw Netlierlaud, which had been excepted, was
caied!°° ^' now confiscatcd. The Zeehond was also ordered to cruise
in Long Island Sound, where Ewoutsen captured two Mas-
sachusetts craft, and in ISTarragansett Bay a Plymouth
15, May. sloop. The prizes were brought to New Orange and con-
demned. But this was the last act of hostility between
the Dutch and English colonies in North America.f
1G73. The first intelligence of the reconquest of New York
^oct. came to Holland by way of England. Michielsen, who
had been sent home with dispatches from Binckes, was
9,97; Thompson, i., 155, 3GT,36S; Trumbull, i., 324, 325; Palfrey, ill., 125, 126 ; anlc,217,
231. The Dutch Records (Col. Doc, ii., 6SS-T07) do not jnention this expedition, of which
the reducing the towns at the east end of Long Island seems to have been " the chiefe part
of their errand :" Mass. U. S. Coll., xxx., 99, 100.
• Mass. H. S. Coll., xxx., 95-98; Mass. Etc., iv. (ii.), 576, 577; Palfiey, iii., 122, 126;
ante, 229, 232. The vessels ordered by Massachusetts for seixice in the Sound were the
" Swallow," of 12 guns. Captain Richard Sprague, and the " Salisbury," of S guns, Captaiu
Samuel Moseley : Mass. II. S. Coll., xxx., 100-102, 104.
t Col. Doc, ii., 611, 707, 710, 715, 716, 719, 725, 726, 727 ; iii., 208-212 ; Col. MS9., xxiii ,
325; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxx., 93, 104, 107; <JoI. Rec. Conn., ii., 222; Moulton, 13; Palfrey,
iii., 127 ; ante, 223.
antho:ny colve, governor of new NETHERLAND. 245
captured off Beachy Head, and threw them overboard to chap.v,
prevent their being read by the English. The States Gen-
eral dehberated " what further ought to be done for the ^ ^^
protection and preservation of the Colony of Xew Nether- Mws of the
land." Upon the petition of merchants interested in the of New
colonial trade, the secret committee on foreign affairs was in^Hoiiand.
directed "to dispose of the matter as they shall think ||^?^*-^f
proper." Six weeks afterward, on the receipt of dispatch- Qg^JJ^f^^
es from Binckes, the States General resolved " that the su-
perintendence of New Netherland, and whatsoever apper-
tains thereto, shall be committed, as it is hereby commit-
ted, provisionally and until further order, to the Board of
Admiralty at Amsterdam ; Ordering and commanding the xs Decern,
inhabitants of New Netherland aforesaid, and the military
who shall be sent thither, absolutely, and without any re-
serve, to obey the orders which will be issued by or on be-
half of the said Board, in their High Mightinesses' name :
— That by Commission of their High Mightinesses, a prop-
er person shall be sent thither, with the title of Governor
or Commander, in order to clothe him with greater respect :
— That the aforesaid Governor or Commander shall be
chief and Supreme Ruler, both in civil and in military af-
fairs ; and that he shall by the aforesaid Commission, be
instructed to obey the orders of said Board of Admiralty
at Amsterdam : — That Joeis Andeinga, actually Secretary Jons An-
of the Provincial fleet, shall be appointed and commission- pointed
ed to said government or command, and that the necessary New Neth-
commission shall be expedited to him : — That the Captain
and officers of the Companies to be sent thither shall be
given in charge, as they are hereby enjoined, precisely and
punctually, to obey all orders that will be given them by
said Board of Admiralty at Amsterdam."*
By this action of the States General a regular govern-
ment was established over New Netherland, and Joris An-
dringa took his place in her annals as the successor of An-
thony Colve. The Amsterdam Board of Admiralty, after J- ^2,
considering Binckes's dispatches, determined that, as the Further ae-
entire province had been surrendered at discretion, all the land!
* CoL Doc, ii., 527-531; Sylvius, ix., CGO, 6G5; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxx., 103; ante, 213.
Joris is the Dutch for George. Andringa had formerly been secretary to De Euyter, and
had written interesting accounts of the battle of June, ICGC, and of tlie Chatham expedition
of June, 1CG7 : Basnage, i., "SI, 805; ante, 124, 134.
246 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK.
cuAP.v. property of the Duke of York, or his officers, was good
~ ]3i'i2:e, and should be applied to the benefit of the state ;
' and that the governor of New IS'etherland should be au-
thorized to "maintain some neutrality" with the English
colonies north and south of him, and even to make a treaty
of commerce with them. These points were approved by
the Prince of Orange and the States General, and were or-
f i jan'y. dcrcd to be carried into effect by " Joris Andringa, Gov-
ernor of New Netherland aforesaid."*
Extraordi- Extraordinary vicissitudes have always marked the colo-
situdeVin" nial life of New York. Another epoch appeared to be
iiiTtoiy?'^ now opening in her history ; and many in her Dutch fa-
therland looked forward to the establishment of their na-
tion's power over the most important region in North Amer-
ica. That region, they knew, had formerly languished
under the selfish rule of the West India Company. Now
they hoped it would flourish as the rose under the more
Holland genial administration of the Dutch Republic itself. Mid-
tain New way between the Royalist and the Puritan colonies of En
land!^"^' gland might grow up a valiant empire, to teach the world
sublime lessons in civil liberty, religious fi'eedom, and pa-
triotic endurance. The descendants of the men who had
first proclaimed the doctrine of "taxation only by con-
sent;" who had banished the Inquisition, and established
in its place liberty of conscience ; and who were even
now breasting the ruthless cohorts of France, could main-
tain and extend in the Columbian world the principles and
the virtues which distinguished the grandest " United" na-
tion in Christendom. Instead of emigrating to Batavia,
the children of Holland might follow the sun toward the
west, and on the great " River of the Mountains" which
their fatherland had discovered, could build up " the Ex-
change of a wealthier Amsterdam, and the schools of a
more learned Leyden."t
1073. But these things were not to be. England must take
decre&s'^En'l tlic placc of Holland in America. The Dutch Republic
sicceed" could uot, single-haudcd, cope with France and Britain.
Amor?cl'° Pcacc witli tlic latter had become a necessity, William of
Orange felt that, to secure the rei)ublic, Louis must be ef-
• Col. Dor.,ii.,r>n5-5n7; anfr, 212, 223.
t .171^', vol. i., '.".'4, 40.^, 43G, 43T, 441 , 449, 4n, 445, 740 ; ii., C04 ; Macaulay, i , 219.
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 247
fectually crippled. Alliances against France and England chap. v.
were accordingly made between the United Provinces on
the one hand, and the Emperor of Germany and the King finance '
of Spain on the other. Europe wondered at the extraordi- ^'^fud,
nary spectacle of the Roman Catholic dynasty which had ^^^"p°^
employed Alva to crush the young Protestant Dutch Re-
public, now hastening to support it against both the pow-
ers which had watched the cradle of its independence.
Spain, however, made it a condition that the Netherlands f§ August,
should consent to a peace with England, upon the basis of imposedby
a mutual restoration of conquests, the yielding to her of ^^^'°'
the honor of the flag, and the payment of an indemnity for
the expenses of the war. Political necessity alone could
bend the States General to these hard terms. They yield- Dutch ne-
ed:— just two months before they knew the reconquest of yiewa.
N'ew K^etherland, and just one month after that event hap-
pened. Had they known it they would hardly have given
up their American acquisition. But when the news reach-
ed them they were too deeply committed to recede. The
day it came to the Hague they sent a trumpeter to Charles y oct.
the Second, with a firm but conciliatory letter, which offer-
ed him every reasonable satisfaction."'^
This letter reached London just as the news came thatxewsm
the Dutch had reconquered New York. Memorials were the Dntcii
quickly presented to the Plantation Council for the recov- of xeiv ' •
ery of the pro\dnce, where the Dutch, it was said, were 22°october.
about to send men-of-war and soldiers " to fortify them- ^"^ °'^°''^''-
selves in those parts." William Dyer, of Rhode Island,
urged that " New York, being the centre of His Majesty's
western Dominions, and furnished with so excellent a har-
bour to secure shipping, also a pleasant town and beautiful
country round about," should be retaken at once. For this its recov.
purpose fi'igates and fire-ships should be sent to New En- by Dyer
gland, where they could be maimed ; and a militia force Knight.
from there could then besiege the town, while the vessels
blockaded the harbor. Sir John Knight, of Bristol, which
was at that time largely interested in colonial commerce,
also explained to Lord Shaftesbury the defenseless condi- sa October.
* Basnage, ii., 410, 441, 45S-4C0 ; Sylvius, ix., 6B2, C33, G54-C5S, CG5, G34, 6S5 ; Col. Doc,
ii., 529; Dumont, vii., 240-243; D.avies, iii., 133, 134; Ling.ird, xii., 306, 31S ; Macaulay,
ii.,lSl-lS5; Temple, ii., 230, 240; Martin's Louis XIV., i., 37T; ante,24x
248 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. V. tion of Yirginia, where the planters " doe generally desire
a trade with the Dutch and all other nations," and coun-
■ seled the recovery of New York as the best means of pre-
serving " the rest of the plantations." The Council report-
15 Novem. cd to tlic king that New York was " the only fortified har-
pifmauon bor in all the JSTorthern Plantations of America," which, if
fovor'^.^f re- tho Dutcli wcro allowcd to retain, would be ruinous to the
fTew YOTk. English. Yirginia and Maryland would suffer the most ;
but " the inhabitants of New England, being more intent
upon the advancement of their own private trade than the
pubhque interest of your Majesty's crowne and govern-
ment, may, if the Dutch continue a quiet possession there,
enter into commerce with them, whereby it is to be feared
they will at present divert a great part of the trade of En-
gland into those countries, and lay a foundation for such
an union hereafter, between them and Holland, as will be
very prejudiciall to all your Majesty's Plantations, if not
terrible to England itself." Its speedy reduction by an
overwhelming combined force was therefore recommend-
ed, as well as the removal of its Dutch colonists " farther
up into the country from the sea-side, at least as far as Al-
bany; their inhabiting the town of New York being a
great cause of the loss of both Town and castle now, and
as long as they shall stay there, there will be the like dan-
ger upon any occasion for the future."*
But never was the British government less able to act
with vigor. Charles was anxious to continue the war with
the Dutch. On the other hand, he desired the friendship
of Louis, their most determined foe. Through the inilu-
30 septem. eucc of the Frcuch king, who gave the bride a sj^lendid
maiTiage dowry, thc Duke of York had just been married to the
ofYorkto^ Roman Catholic Princess Mary of Modena, a niece of
Modlnf. Mazarin. James, who had been deprived of his English
offices only in the spring before, by the Test Act, was
doubly mortified at the loss of his American province, the
prompt regaining of which was even more important than
wedding festivities at Whitehall.f
Charles's treasury, however, was exliausted. It was dif-
• Col. Doc, iii., 20T-213; Hist. Mag., i. (ii.), 299, 300; Index N. J. Col. Doo., 5; ICvilyii,
ii,05; IVpyr-, iii.,404; Macaulay, i., 335; iv., 4S6 ; Valentine's N. Y., S.IS, 234; 1!. I. CoL
llec, i., 2CG; ii., 108,390; P.-vlfrey, ii., 300, 558 ; iii., 34; onfc, vol. i., 6r)T.
t Clarke's James II., i., 484, 4S5, 480; Martin's Louis XIV., i., 380; ante, 201.
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVEENOR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 249
ficiilt for him to procure the ships and men necessary for chap. v.
an expedition against New Netherland. Tlie war with the ~
United Provinces had become very unpopular in England. -'-"''^•
Its real statesmen were disgusted with a strife in which
the English and Dutch fleets had been made " gladiators
for French spectators ;" while its merchants Avere almost
ruined by the privateers of Holland and Zealand, which
had captured twenty-seven hundred British ships. Ap-
prehending a change in the national religion, which the
recent marriage of the presumptive heir to the crown ren- 20 October.
dered more probable than ever, Parliament saw with cha- oppo's*e™ to
grin the league of Charles and Louis against the republic, the Dutch.
which it regarded as the " Bulwark of the Reformation ;"
and it insisted that the king should break away fi-om
France, and make a separate treaty with the Netherlands.
• In vain did Charles and Shaftesbury demand a new sub- 27 October.
sidy. The House of Commons absolutely refused to grant 31 October.
any more supplies, " unless it shall appear that the obsti-
nacy of the Dutch shall render it necessary; nor before
this kingdom be effectually secured from the dangers of
Popery and Popish Counsels and Counsellors, and the otlier
present grievances be redressed."'^
In great displeasure, the king prorogued his fractious 4 Novcm.
ParHament, and dismissed his versatile chancellor, Shaf tes- tmy %-
bury, who, up to this time, had been the most rhetorical "'^"'^ '
enemy of the " Carthage" of England. In reply to the
Dutch overture, Charles captiously questioned its sincer- xf ^'ovem.
ity. The States General repelled this imputation, and dis-
tinctly offered to renew the treaty made at Breda in 1667;
adding that, "in order to manifest to your Majesty thei^Decem.
special esteem which we entertain for your fi-iendship, we states aln!
hereby also offer the restitution of New Netherland, and of "ore New
all the other places and colonies which we have won by ^oEn^iind!
our arms during the present war ; being fully persuaded
that your Majesty will be mi willing to refuse a reciprocal
engagement to restore to us such lands and forts as your
subjects may have taken from us."f
* Basnage, ii., 460, 4G1, 4S3; Sylvius, ix., G4T, 6S7-GS3; Kennett, iii., 29G ; Burnet, i.,
3C6 ; Eapin, ii., 672 ; Pari. Hist., iv., 5S5, £S6, 593, .597, 602 ; Lingard, xii., 308; Davies, iii.,
137 ; Clarke's James II., i., 4S.5; Martin, i., 380, 38.1.
t Sylvius, ix., 690-692, 70S, 709 ; Basn.nge, ii., 460, 463-467; Col. Doc, ii., 529, 531; Pari.
Hist., iv., 610 ; Campbell's Chancellors, iii., 320. One of the consequences of Shaftesbury's
dismissal was Locke's resignation of his place as Secretary of the Council for Plantations,
250 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAr. V. This offer to restore New Netherland to England — made
only four days "after the States General had appointed An-
dringa governor of their reconquered province — was ex-
torted from the necessities of the republic, and its engage-
ment with Spain. With the consent of the States General,
Ag Decern, the Spanish ambassador offered advantageous articles to
offeH.'^ the British government. Charles, finding that Louis re-
fused him further supplies, and that he could not expect
^& Decern, any from Parliament, replied that he was willing to accept
reasonable conditions.*
1674. But when Parliament met, a few days afterward, the
j'y jan'y. i^{i^g again charged the Dutch with insincerity, and begged
for means to continue his war. Finch, who had succeeded
Shaftesbury, harangued for a supply, which might save
England from being found, "like Archimedes, drawing
lines in the dust while the enemy is entering into om*
The House ports." But Fiuch's pedantry had no effect. The House
mons re- of Commous would grant no money to Cliarles unless the
piiesf"^" Dutch should reject a peace."t
Negotiations, under the mediation of Sweden, had mean-
while been going on at Cologne. The Dutch plenipoten-
^g j.in'y. tiaries there were instructed to explain the importance of
New Netherland, which, " although it be their own do-
main," the States General were to relinquish to England.
At this critical moment the king's speech to Parliament
was received at the Hague. The States General refuted
i* Jan'y. his charge of insincerity, and sent him the draft of a treaty
which they were ready to sign. One of its articles, they
explained, " demonstrates sufficiently to what a degree we
wish to deserve your Majesty's affection; since we offer
you the restitution of so considerable a conquest as New
New Neth- Nctherlaud is, without the hope of receiving any thina; in
crland to o ^ o
be restored excliauge for it." Nothing but the murder of John de
' "Witt, and the paramount influence of William of Orange,
could have brought the Dutch government to write this
letter.:}:
in which lie was succeeded by Benjamin Woraley : King's Life of Locke, 34 ; Col. Doft., iii.,
22S ; ante, 1S7, 201.
* Dalrymple, i., 137; Baanage, ii., 46T, 4CS; Sylvius, i.K., 709, 710; Col. Doc, ii., r>:'',l ;
ante, 245.
t Biisnase, ii., 403-495 ; Sylvius, x., 4-12; Burnet, i., 3G5; Unpin, ii., 073, G74; Konnett,
iii., 2^7; Pari. Iliat., iv., C11-G18.
t .«ylviu8, X., 12-14; Busnage, ii., 402; Col. Doc, ii., 533-535, 537, 53S; Temple, ii , 210,
247 ; tJl;irke'3 J.imea 11., i., 489.
ANTHOXY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 251
Charles instantly laid it before Parliament, and asked chap. v.
their " speedy ad\dce." He was answered that he ought ~
to make a treaty, Louis, apprehending the consequences g^ j^^;
of a separate peace between England and Holland, has- 3 i-eb-y.
tened to offer Charles fiye millions and a half of money
and forty ships of war if he would break off his negotia-
tions. The Duke of York strongly opposed a peace. Eut
Charles could not now recede. Sir William Temple was
summoned from his retirement, and instructed to confer A Feb'y.
with the Spanish ambassador at London, the Marquis del
Fresno, to whom the States General had sent full powers.
Ln three days all the points were arranged, and a treaty
was signed at Westminster by Arlington and four other 19 Feb-y-
commissioners on the part of Great Britain, and by Fresno s^ipre'/at
on the part of the United Netherlands. The honor of the sten ^"^'
flag, which had been refused by De Witt, was yielded to
England ; the Treaty of Breda was revived ; the rights of
neutrals guaranteed ; and the commercial principles of the
Triple Alliance renewed. By the sixth article it was cov-
enanted that " all lands, islands, cities, havens, castles and
fortresses, which have been or shall be taken by one party
from the other, during the time of tliis last unhappy war,
whether in Europe or elsewhere, and before the expiration
of the times above limited for the duration of hostilities,
shall be restored to the former Lord and Proprietor in the
same condition they shall be in at the time that this peace
shall be proclaimed." This article restored New Nether- Restora-
land to the King of Great Britain. The Treaty of Breda Neuieriand
had ceded it to him on the principle of " uti possidetis^ ° °s ^^"^ •
The Treaty of Westminster gave it back to him on the
principle of reciprocal restitution.*
Peace was soon proclaimed at London and at the Hague. 2s Feb'y.
The Treaty of Westminster delivered the Dutch from fear peacrpro-
of Charles, and cut off the right arm of Louis, their more twem^En!'
dreaded foe. England, on her part, slipped out of a disas- HouamL'^
trous war. But Charles told Rouvigny, the ambassador of
France, that in making peace with the Netherlands " he
• Sylvius, -v., 14-19 ; Basnage, ii.,43G, 438 ; Temple, ii., 24T-250 ; iv., 10-20; Courtenay's
Temple, i., 154, 419-421, 433 ; il., 4G0, 4G1 ; Rurnet, i., 860, CGT ; Pari. Hist., iv., 6G0, 6G5 ;
Dalrj-mple, i., 137 ; Kennett, iii., 297; Kapln, ii. , G74, 675; Anderson, ii., 529, 530 ; Wage-
naar, xiv., 29S-300; Lingard, xii., 318, 319; Martin, i., 383; Smith, i., 4G; Mass. H. S. Call.,
XX.X., 104, lf5; Bancroft, ii., 325; Col. Doc, vii., 5S0; Eliz. Bill, 7; ante^ 135, 152. ,
252 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. V. had beeii doing a thing that went more against his heart
than the losing of his rie;ht hand." The war had been be-
gun by " the Cabal" of England, as Temple acknowledged,
"with two unusual strains to the honour of the crown;"
and, instead of maldng her king " great," had made " only
four great subjects." During the course of it Holland
had lost her ablest statesman, and in his place had raised
to her highest post of authority the young representative
of the Silent founder of the republic. She had recover-
ed, and had resigned, her ancient trans- Atlantic province.
Holland, For a season she retired from prominence in American
r°an hkt^' history. But it was only to return, in the fullness of time,
^^' as the fatherland of a sovereign appointed by Providence
to maintain civil and religious liberty on both shores of
the Atlantic, and once more to govern the countrymen who
never forgot their own Batavian prince.*
Wlien rumors of these events reached New Orange,
Colve was still strengthening it " against the coming of the
New England army." This was done so thoroughly that
one hundred and ninety guns, some of which came from
Esopus, were mounted on Fort William Henry and about
^^ Jane, the towu. The dilatory victims of the forced loan ordered
anjeaf- in March were compelled to pay their assessments. This
was the more hard, because the expense which had been
devoted to the fortifications was now of no avail. John
28 April. Sharpe, having come from New England with Isaac Melyn,
8 May. in violation of the edict of December, news of the peace and
of the surrender of the province was soon noised through
the city. Melyn taunted its Dutch burghers with having
" slaved and wrought too hard and too long for the King
of England." This threw them "into such a distracted
rage and passion that they cried, ' "We'll fire the town,
pluck down the fortifications, and tear out the governors'
throats' who had compelled them to slave so, contrary to
their native privileges." Having no official information of
what had happened in Europe, Colve determined to pun-
2 j^j^ ish the "fomeuters of mutiny and disturbance." Melyn
Cases of was accordingly sentenced to " come personally every day,
Melyn and . , , ^ , . i i ^ ".i -^ j:
Sharpe. wlicn the burghor compames are employed at the city lor-
* Rapin,ii.,GT5; Pylvius, x., 20, 21 ; (Jol. Doc, ii., 720; Basnagc, ii.,-199; Burnet, i., 3C7;
Temple, ii., 251 ; (Jlarke'B Jaiues II., i., 4S0 ; post, 03G.
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVEKNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 253
tifications, and work with them until said fortifications are cuap. v.
completed." Sharpe was banished out of the pro^dnce for "
ten years. On reaching Milford, he reported that the 13 ^^j^
Dutch in New Netherland were so enraged that they de-
clared they would not, " on demand and by authority of ^^3^^°^ °^
the States or Prince, sm-render, but keep it by fighting, so ^^New
long as they can stand with one leg and fight with one land,
hand."*
Authentic intelhgence of peace was soon received from i^ J'^'^e.
Massachusetts and Connecticut. A few days afterward
the Treaty of Westminster was proclaimed at the CityiiJuiy-
Hall of New Orange. Connecticut, however, after news
of the restoration of New Netherland to the king had
reached Hartford, resolved that, as Southampton, East- 29^?[^^j
hampton, and Southold had asked it, they should continue ^^°°^„t
under her government. John Howell, John Younge, and ^ong isi-
John Mulf ord were accordingly appointed commissioners f § May.
for the three to"\vns, and were "invested with magistrati-
call power" by the Hartford Court. Samuel Willys, John
Talcott, and Secretary Allyn were also empowered to go to
Long Island, " to order and settle the affairs of those peo- 22 May.
pie, and to establish such military officers amongst them as ^ J»"e!
they shall see reason and judge necessary." Easthampton,
on her part, appointed a committee, in conjunction withMJ"'^-
Southampton and Southold, to petition the king to allow
them to continue under the jurisdiction of Connecticut.
Thinking it was now a good opportunity to extend their
bounds westward on the main land, the Hartford Court, at
their autumn session, appointed commissioners " forthwith A cx^*-
to run the fine between this colony and the colony of New with New
York from Momoronock River to Hudson's Kiver." At
the same time, it was well known that it had been settled
in 1664 that the boundary should be " twenty miles every
where from Hudson's E,iver."t
The Jesuit missionaries, Bruyas and Millet, were now
apprehensive of being driven away by the savages, who
declared themselves the friends of the Dutch. Several
* Col. Doc, ii., 61T, G6G, 697, 70T-711, 710; Col. MSS., xxiii, 334, .S3S, 340, 397; Mass.
II. S. Coll., XXX., lOS-110 ; Moulton, 14 ; Palfrey, iii., 126, 127 ; ante, 206, 233.
t Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 222, 226, 229, 242; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxx., 104-106; Trumbull, i ,
325; Wood,9S: Thompson, 1, 156, 335, 367,383; Col. MSS, xxiii.,376; Col. Doc., ii., 710,
723, 726; iiL, 231, 235 ; New Orange Eec, vii., 201 ; ante, 56, 222.
254 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. V. emissaries were sent by Draeyer to engage the Iroquois
against the French ; and some Canadian prisoners were
A carried down to New Orange. Mohawk chiefs from
1 ■> April *— ^
^^ Caghnawaga and Gandagaro, accompanied by Jan Jansen
Bleecker and Henry Lansing as interpreters, also visited
j% May. Colve. They had come, they said, " as to their brethren ;
^fefs^'t for the Dutch, both at Nassau and here [New Orange],
^Dse!^^' have been always one flesh with them." The new bond of
peace, made at the " last harvest," was confii^med, and the
chiefs declared that if the French should come to injure
their brethren, then they would " side with the Dutch, and
live and die with them." After visiting some of the neigli-
l^^^""^- , borino^ tribes, the Mohawk sachems were conveyed back to '
5 June. » ? 1 T 1 1
Fort Nassau, loaded with presents, and assured that they
would be shown all possible favor, "as brethren of the
Dutch."*
The Treaty of Westminster, leaving the Dutch at war
with the French, really made them more bitter enemies.
Colve, of course, held all the subjects of Louis in America
to be hostile to the government of his fatherland. Some
5 June. Frenchmen at Hurley, having refused to swear allegiance,
uuriey.* wcro Ordered to be sent away unless they took the oath, and
promised " to remain quiet in case of any attack by their
nation."f
Not long afterward, a Dutch privateer, " The Flying
Horse," Captain Juriaen Aernouts, commissioned by the
Prince of Orange, came from Curagoa and Saint Domingo
to Boston, where she obtained a pilot, and then sailed to
10 August. Acadia. There Aernouts attacked and captured the French
thjf Dutch' forts of Penobscot, commanded by Chambly, and " Gem-
foririo^ sec," on the Saint John's, commanded by Marson. Posses-
sion was taken, in the name of the Dutch government, of
the coasts and country of Acadia, and the plunder was
poptem. brought to Boston. Frontenac complained of this to Gov-
ernor Leverett, but seems to have obtained no satisfaction ;
because Massachusetts coveted Maine, and wished the Dutch
conquest of it to inure to her own benefit.:}:
* Col. Doc, ii., .594, COS, CIS, C59, CC2, 712, 713, 71C, 717 ; iii., 250 ; ix., 97, 110, 117 ; Char-
levoix, ii., 25S, 259 : Bancroft, ii., 322. t Col. Doc, ii., C4C, GTC, 71S ; Esopua Records.
t Col. Doc, iv., 47C ; ix., 119, 120, 547, 793 ; Charlevoix, ii., 2.^5, '25G, .^CO ; Quebec MSS.,
ii. (ii.), 57; Williamson, i., ."iSO; Hutchinson, i., 311, vote. Coll, 4C4; Mass. II. P. Coll..
x.\xii., 28G; Mass. Rcc, v., IIC, IIS; DepeysteVs "Dutch in Maine," 45, 73-70; jjo.s/, 290.
Acadia.
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 255
Colve and his council were meanwhile occupied in de- chap. v.
ciding important cases affecting lands in Achter Col, Long
Island, and elsewhere. Order and decorum were enforced
occasionally by severe penalties. Samuel Forman, of Oys- case of
ter Bay, having made a great uproar in the streets of New FormaQ.
Orange, and even come into the Dutch Church during di-
vine service on Sunday, " abusing with great levity the lo April.
word of God, and blaspheming his holy name," was con-
demned to be whipped, and banished out of the pro"sance.
Daniel Lane, of Setalcot, or Brookhaven, charged with in- case of
cest, having escaped fi'om prison before trial, his estate was Lane,
seized, and half of it allowed to his wife, to whom a di-
vorce was promised if the accused did not appear within 12 April.
six months and purge himself from the crime.*
The Lutheran Domine Fabricius, who had gone to the
Delaware territory, coming back to New Orange, irregu- 5 Feb-y.
larly and without authority married Ralph Doxy, of New-
town, on Long Island, to Mary Harris. The court, aware
of his " previous ill conduct," but unwilling, " out of re-
spect for his old age and the office he last filled," to pro-
ceed rigorously, suspended Fabricius from the ministry for 1 March.
one year. The marriage of Doxy was declared unlawfid, Fabricius.
but the parties were allowed to marry again " according to
the laws of the Government." The domine petitioned that is Apni.
liis sentence should be modified so far as to allow him " at
least to baptize ;" but the court declined his request.f
The Dutch churches, fostered by Colve, foresaw that
they would not be so comfortable under the Enghsh, who
were soon to repossess the province. To guard themselves
as much as possible, the Consistory of New Orange asked t juiy.
that their old church in Fort William Heniy, which, at the forced'
surrender in 1664, had been stipulated should continue in church,
its then use, might be confirmed to them ; and the govern-
or promptly ordered "a Deed in form" to be granted,
which was accordingly duly executed. As Yan Ruyven 23 juiy.
* Col. MSS., xxit, 147; xxiii., 330, 331 ; Col. Doc, ii., 600. GCl, CCS, 694,704-728; White-
head, 61; Moulton, 13.
t Col. Doc, ii., 686, 689, 691, 692, 6:3, 706; S. Hazard's Ann. Penn., 410, 411, 412; Moul-
ton, 8 ; aJite, 175. Fabriciua appears to have behaved very badly to his wife, and was fined
by the Court of Burgomasters and Schepens of New Orange: see Col. MSS, xxiii., 311,814,
315; N. O. City Rec, vii., 201, 202; Doc. Hist., iii., 242, 243; Val. Man., 1850, 528 ; 1851,
428, 431, 432, 435, 441-450 ; 1853, 497. lie then went back to the Delaware, where he again
got into trouble : S. Hazard, 419, 420.
256 HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOKK.
Chap. V. was aboiit to retuTii to Holland with liis mother-in-law, the
~ widow of Domine Megapolensis, the aiTeare of salary due
to that clergyman were recommended to be paid to her.
26 July. In writing to the Classis of Amsterdam, Domine Yan
^e D°u1ch ISTieuwenhuysen expressed the general feeling of the Dutch :
re°torauon " We are greatly pleased at the peace arranged between
NetiiMiand our couutry and the kingdom of England, but we should
gland." have been the more touched if we were not apprehensive
that this country is included in the scope of the sixth arti-
cle of the sealed Treaty, and must be restored back to that
cro^vn. It is not less agreeable to us to understand how
God Almighty has been pleased to put a hook in the nose
of the haughty French Sennecherib, and thus far to stay
the wasting of his dearly-bought Church in our various
cities particularly, and in our Fatherland generally."*
The city government had now been in office for nearly
11 August, a year, and it was necessary to make new appointments.
From the nominations submitted. Van Brugh and Beek-
13 August, man were accordingly selected as burgomasters, and Kip,
go^vern!^ Ycrplanck, Rombouts, Hoogland, and Stephanus van Cort-
NeTor- landt, as schepens of New Orange. Knyff was continued
'"'°®" as schout-fiscal. Yery little, however, was left the mu-
7 septem. uicipal officcrs to do. They obtained an order from Colve
for the produce of the scales and tapster's excises, to pay
the city debt of upward of six thousand guilders for work
done on the fortifications. New " church-wardens" were
3 October, nominated by the metropolitan authorities and confirmed
by the governor, f
While the Treaty of Westminster was yet in suspense,
Manning reached London in great distress from Fayal,
where he and his soldiers had been landed, and was sum-
11 Jan'y. moucd bcf orc the Dulce of York, who, after hearing his
story, at first censured him. At Lord Ai-lington's office he
isjan'y.. was again closely examined by the king and the duke.
Lo^nd°on.^"' " Brother," said Charles to James, " the ground could not
' Col. Doc, ii., 721, 7-22, 7.50 ; Col. MSS., xxiii., 209, 433-44G ; N. Y. II. S. Coll. (ii.), iii., 142 ;
CoiT. CI. Amsterdam. Van Iluy ven, who never returned to New York, was living at Am-
eterdam in 1G98 : Col. Doc, iv., 3.53.
+ Cc.l. MS.S., xxiii., 371; New Orange (.'ity Kcc, vii., 20S, 211, 212, 21S; Vnl. 5Ian.,lS50,
538 ; 1853, 472, 473, 470, 477, 487, 488, 492 ; Moulton, 14 ; ante, 212, 233, 242. Among the
rules adopted by the burgomasters and schepens of New Orange was one that whoever
should smoke tobacco in the court while it was engaged in business should forfeit two and
a half guilders: Val. Man., 1S53, 483.
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVEENOR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 257
be maintained by so few men ;" and Manning was dis- cqap. v.
missed without reprimand. For more than two months he
waited the pleasm-e of the duke, who at length paid his ex- ' *
penses from Fayal.*
But who should be sent to receive and govern Ke w York ?
was the question. Lovelace was unfit ; Nicolls was dead ;
a new man must be named. The person selected was Ed-
mund Andros, a major in a dragoon regiment, disbanded Major Ed-
after the Westminster Treaty. Charles accordingly com- dl-'^.
missioned Andros to receive New Netherland from the?i^^!^I£^
Dutch ; and he asked the States General to direct their commu-
" Governor or Commandant of the place called Xew York, receive °
in the West Indies," to surrender it to Andros, whom he eriaVaf
had appointed to go there and take possession in his name.f
Thinking that the re-establishment of the duke's au-
thority over his former province would be hurtful to Massa-
chusetts, John Collins, its agent at London, wrote to Gov-
ernor Leverett tliat " New York being restored by the M ^pf''-
peace, one JMr. Andrews is appointed governor, a man i setts and
know not ; and some rumour is maliciously spread at court
that you have made peace with the Dutch there, which is
obviated by the readiness of some persons to show the false-
hood of it. I hope nothing wdll for this year further dis-
turb you ; and if any thing do arise, it will be from New
York and the Government there. I have therefore greatly
encouraged some gentlemen, your friends, Avho would pur-
chase it of His Royal Highness, as thinking it will be much
for your peace, who are about it ; but how it will issue, I
know not." This project, however, if seriously entertained. New York
came to naught. The king was now the only English pro- bought.
prietor of New York under the Treaty of Westminster ;
and while Charles was offended at the insubordination of
his subjects in Massachusetts, he had " little time to mind
such minute things" as theirs.:}:
Meanwhile the delayed letter of the municipality of New
Orange reached the States General only the day before the 8 March.
* Col. MS?., xxiv., 3C-51 ; Doc. Uist., iii., 53, 54, 53; Sylvius, x., 23 ; ante, 213. It is dif-
ficult to understand how Dunlap (i.,130) could venture the preposterous conjecture that
'■'■the needy and profli irate Charles wan 2Mcified by receiving part of the bribe Manning hnd
ialcenfrom the Dutch:" compare ante, 200-208.
t Col. Doc, ii., 544, T40, 741 ; ix., 403 ; Col. Eec. Conn., iii., 37G; Temple, ii., TS.
t llutchinssn's Coil., 443, 444; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxx., 100; Palfrev, iii., 2-2, .11?.
n.— R
258 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cnAP.v. Peace of Westminster was proclaimed — too late for any
~ effect. The several Boards of Admiralty had been asked
' to advise what should be done in favor of the relinquished
20 March, province. The Rotterdam Board thought that the King
of England should consider the Dutch in New Netherland
not as " a conquered people, but as men who have passed by
conveyance' and convention under another sovereignty."
Ativice That at Amsterdam submitted a memorial from the mer-
niiraity " chauts trading to New Netherland that the province shoi^ld
about New bc repurchased ; but, if that could not be done, the King of
land.^"^' England should be required not to molest its inhabitants
for what they had done during the war ; that their rights
should be respected, and a free trade be established ; and
that the old articles of capitulation in 1664 should "re-
main valid and be faithfully executed." The Zealand
Jl March. Board at Middleburg knew " no fitter means than to fur-
nish said inhabitants with ships and craft for their convey-
ance, either to this country, or Surinam, or some other
colony dependent on the jurisdiction of this State."*
j% April. The States General promptly complied with Charles's
the'^state'f rcqucst to order the suiTcnder of New Netherland to An-
fbo^New dros, but desired the king to leave the people of the prov-
Nether- jj^gg a J.JJ f^^ii r^^^ entire possession of the lands, property,
and rights they possess in those parts, in the same manner
i& April, they held them before the rupture." Charles assured their
chTies!" high mightinesses "that all the inhabitants there should
enjoy all their rights and privileges, of which they were in
the enjoyment before the war." This declaration substan-
tially gave new effect to the articles of capitulation in 1664.
:5 May. The Dutch ambassadors at London were also instructed to
KMsse- do ^11 they could in aiding the proprietors of Rensselaer-
laerwyck. -^yd^ ^q obtaiu fi'om tlic king a confirmation of their an-
cient privileges.f
At the request of Secretary Coventry, the "West India
^^jjune. Company also wi'ote to Colve to surrender New Nether-
land, although the matter was " wholly beyond their con-
troul." The ship " Muyll Tromp" [Jews' Harp], Captain
Hendrick Toll, being now reported ready to take out or-
ders for the evacuation, and bring home the Dutch soldiers
• Col. Doc, ii., 52C, 502, 538-544, C5S, 6C2,CG4, CT7; Col. Rcc. Conn., ii., 605; Mass. TI. S.
Coll., XXX., 103 ; -avtc, 220, 221. t Col. Doc, ii., 545-548, 543-501 ; aiUe, 21S.
ANTHONY COLVE, GOVERNOR OF NEW NETHERLAND. 259
in tlie province, the States General directed Colve " to re- coap. t.
store and surrender the aforesaid New Netherland to Ed-
mund Andros, or such other person as the King of Great 27 j^ne. '
Britain shall have deputed for that purpose ; that, in case 7 juiy.
Orders of
the above-named Edmund Andros should not have as yet tue states
arrived yonder, and no one have order from the King of to coive
Great Britain to i-eceive the aforesaid country, the above- surrecder
named Governor Colve shall, pursuant to the last Treaty NetheT-
concluded with the said King in February last, and agree- ^^^^'
ably to their High Mightinesses' aforesaid Besolution of
the Sixteenth of last April, vacate said New Netherland,
and place it — having made an inventory and obtained a
receipt — ^in the hands of the political Government there,
to the end that thus possession may be taken for the be-
hoof of the King of Great Britain." The Dutch ambas-
sadors at London, having communciated these orders, were
informed that Andros was authorized to receive NewNeth-t'^ July.
erland, and would proceed thither at once, with " a number
of new colonists" from England.
In due time the Dutcli frigate reached New Orange ; and i% oct.
Colve announced his orders to the burgomasters and sche- derlre-'"^"
pens, who voted him two hundred and fifty florins " for his '^^^''^'
last year's services." A few days afterward he requested Jf Oct.
the court to name ten persons, from whom he would select
five, " who, after his departure, shall exercise and possess
the executive authority until the arrival of the expected
ships and the Governor of His Majesty of England, who
shall be also authorized to surrender the country to whom-
soever exhibits His Majesty's Commission." Steenwyck, -|| oct.
Bayard, Yan Brugh, Beekman, Luyck, Kregier, De Pey- provSonai
ster, Yan Cortlandt, Kip, and Bombouts were accordingly me^nt'^of
nominated. But the proposed provisional government was eiiaad.^"^'
not organized. Before Colve was ready to embark the ex-
pected British frigates anchored at Staten Island ; and An- ^^ October.
J- ~ ' \ Novem.
dros notified him that, pursuant to the late treaty of peace, Amvai of
he was ready to receive possession for the King of England
of " the New Netherland and dependances, now under" the
Dutch governor's command.*
• Col. MSS., xxiii., 412, 413 ; Col. Doc, ii., 544, 564-5CS, 730-733 ; New Orange Eec, vli.,
237, 244-247 ; VaL Man. , 1S53, 489, 493, 494 ; Doc. Hist. , iii., 45 ; ante., 25T.
260 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAPTER VI.
16T4-16T8.
cuAP VI. By the Treaty of Westminster the United Provinces re-
^. linqnished their conquest of New Netherland to the King
r.iVcctof' of England. The sovereign Dutch States General had
ofu'e^t^'^ treated directly with Charles ^s sovereign. A question at
i.iins'er. ^^^q arosc at "Wliitehall about the subordinate interest of
the Duke of York. It was claimed by some that James's
former American proprietorship was revived, Tet, while
the Treaty of Westminster re-established the Articles of
Capitulation agreed to by NicoUs and Stu}wesant, who rep-
resented their sovereigns in 1664, it did not cure the im-
perfections subject to which the duke had for nine years
governed his American province. James's patent had been
sealed while the Dutch were in quiet possession of New
Netherland ; and no new grant was made to him after the
Treaty of Breda, which confirmed to the Enghsh king his
conquest of the Dutch province. Eminent law^^ers " very
justly questioned" the duke's pretension to the territory
Defects in wliicli England had recently recovered ; because its cession
mT " to her sovereign by the Dutch government " had given no
strength to original defects." James was now obhged to
give up the claim of English right which he and his broth-
er had formerly maintained. Moreover, the duke wished
to regain New Jersey, which he had so foolishly squander-
ed on Berkeley and Carteret. Besides this, the boundary
agreement with Connecticut, which had never been ratified
by the crown or by himself, was a sore point. The opinion
of counsel having been taken, they advised that the duke's
proprietorship had been extinguished by the Dutch con-
quest, and that the king was now alone seized of New
No j»s Netherland, by virtue of the Treaty of Westminster. The
^f ""• ^^Jus Postliminii'^ did not obtain in New York.*
• Col. roc, ii., 735; iii., 16G, 176, 235, 23G, 2S7; v.,r>:'G; yii., 530, 50G, OrT; Hliz. Bill, 7,
THE DUKE OF YORK'S SECOND PATENT. 261
A new patent to the Duke of York was therefore sealed. cnAr. vi.
By it the king again conveyed to his brother the territories
lie had held before, and grantBd liim anew the absolute 29 j„iie. *
powers of government he had formerly enjoyed over Brit- J|^^^i^^'*^°*
ish subjects, with the like additional authority over' " any ^^'^j^ °^
other person or persons" inhabiting his province. Under
the same description of boundaries, New Jersey, and all the
territory west of the Connecticut River, together with Long
Island and the adjacent islands, and the region of Pema-
quid, were again included in the grant. The new patent
did not, as has been commonly, but erroneously stated,
" recite and confirm the former." It did not in any way
allude to that instrument. It read as if no previous En-
glish patent had ever existed. It was a second grant ; in
almost the same terms with the first ; and it conveyed to
the duke, ostensibly for the fii'st time, a territory which
the Dutch government, after conquering and holding, had
by treaty " restored to His Majesty."*
Thus James again became the proprietor of a vast Amer-
ican province, over which he was to domineer, until his
delegated authority from the king was merged in his in-
herited right as successor to the crown. His private reve-
nue continued to be managed by a board of commissioners,
of which his brother-in-law, Lawrence Hyde, was one ; Sir James's "
Allen Apsley was his treasurer and receiver general, Sirsion^fand
Thomas Wynnington his attorney general, and Sir John^®*^^^^'
Churchill his solicitor general. In place of Matthew
"Wren, who had been killed at his side in 1672, the duke's
secretary was Sir John Werden ; although James frequent- ^l^^^^^\,
ly wrote letters to liis governors with his own hand.f secretary.
As his colonial lieutenant and deputy, the duke, almost
37; Learning and Spicer, 50; Vattel, 212, 3C2 ; Kent, i., lOS-111; Douglas, ii., 224, 20S;
Smith,!., 48; Chalmers's Ann., i., 5T9-5S1, 61T; Kev. Col.,i., 143; Proud, i., 282 ; Grahanie,
i., 422, 467 ; Spectator, Ko. xx. ; ante, vol. i., 4, 141, 143, 144 ; ii., 36, 56, 135, 209, 251, 25S.
* Col. MSS., xxiii., 362; Ellz. Bill, 7; Deeds, i., 1 ; Learning and Spicer, 3-S, 41-45, 50;
Col. Doc, ii., 295-298, 539; iii., 215, 234, 235; vii., 597; Chalmers's Ann., i., 5T9, 5S0;
Whitehead's E. J., 63, 264; Yonkers Gaz.,4 Nov., 1SC5; Hist. Mag., i. (ii.), 89-91; aiite^lG.
t Wcrden was a son of Colonel Robert Werden, of Chester, one of the duke's commission-
ers, and, before he became his secretary, had been charge d'affaires at Madrid in 1667;'
special messenger to Temple at the Hague in 1669; at Stockholm in 1670; was made a
baronet in 1672 ; and in 1G73 was appointed a commissioner of the navy : Temple's Works, '
i.,487; ii., 195, 190; Courtenay's Temple, ii., 400; Pepys, iii., 167, 231, 235; iv.,25; Beat-
son, i. , 203, 350 ; ante, 4, 136, 186. The first regular Entiy Books relating to New York, in the
State Paper Office at London, begin in 1674. None of the duke's letters before th.it date
Becm to be preserved there; and the few documents of an earlier period which I found are
chiefly those sent by NicoUs and Lovelace to the English secretaries of state.
262 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. VL necessarily, appointed Major Edmund Andros, whom tlie
~ king had directed in the previous March to receive New
MajorEd- ^etherlaud from the Dutch. Born in London in 1637,
urof'^'^^' Andros had been brought up in the royal household, of
which his father was lieutenant of the ceremonies. Dur-
ing the exile of the couri, Andros began his military life
in Holland, under Prince Henry of Nassau. After the
Restoration he was favored by Charles ; distinguished him-
self in the first Dutch war ; and in 1669 was commission-
ed major in Prince Rupert's regiment of di'agoons. In
1672 Andros commanded the English forces in Barbadoes,
w^here he got reputation for skill in American affairs. The
proprietors of Carolina made him a landgrave, and grant-
ed him four baronies in their province. Andros was mar-
ried, in 1671, to Mary, daughter of Sir Thomas Craven.
On the death of his father in April, 1674, he succeeded to
the oflice of bailiff of Guernsey, and became hereditary
seigneur of the fief of Sausmarez. Like his predecessors,
Nicolls and Lovelace, Andros was an English Episcopahan,
but no bigot. Moreover, he was a good Dutch and French
scholar. Of unblemished private character ; with talents,
energy, and zeal in his master's service, he was as fitting an
instrument as the Duke of York could have chosen to con-
firm arbitrary government in his regained province. An-
iJuiy. dros was accordinojly commissioned by James to be his
Andro3 o w %i
commis- " Lieutenant and Governor" within the territories covered
ernw of °'^' by liis patent ; to hold office during his pleasure, and to
obey all orders that he might give. Andros's commission
was almost exactly similar to those of Nicolls and Lovelace.*
1 July. The duke's Instructions to Andros, minute and specific,
instruc- formed the temporary political constitution of New York.
tim dukT The governor was to satisfy the inliabitants that his com-
ing was " for their protection and benefit, for the encour-
agement of planters and plantations, and the improvement
of trade and commerce, and for the preservation of relig-
ion, justice, and equity among them." Strict discipline
was to be maintained among the soldiers, so as to avoid all
• Col. Dot, ii., 544, 740, T41 ; Hi., 215, 234, 201, SOS; ix., 403; Letter of Selyns to 01.
Amst., 10 Oct., IGSS ; Mem. of Pcnn. H. S., vii., 30, 3T ; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 370; Temple,
ii.,"3; rcpys,i..C9; ii., 1C7, 231, 331; Chalmers's Ann., i., 5S0; aiifc, IS, 144; post, not'- \i.
A memoir of Andros, and an engraved portrait of him, fiom an original in England, has been
published by the rrince Society at iJoaton, in Massachusetts.
THE DUKE OF YORK'S INSTRUCTIONS TO ANDROS. 263
causes of complaint. None of the inhabitants were to be chap. vi. »
molested for assisting Evertsen in taking the fort, except in ~~~
the case of Englishmen, whose estates might be forfeited ; -*-"'*•
but the Dutch who had been active were to be observed
" more circumspectly" thereafter, and to be removed from
l^laces of strength. Special care was to be taken of the
forts at New York and New Albany, "upon which, in a
manner, wholly depend the safety and trade of the whole
country." Planters of all nations, but especially English- Planters to
men, were to be offered " all manner of encouragement" to agad.
settle in New York, by assigning them lands according to
the rules observed " by those of New England and Mary-
land," so that the province should, in that respect, be at
least equal to " any other neighboring colony." The quit-
rent reserved to the duke was left to the discretion of the
governor, who was directed " to settle a good correspond-
ence with the neighboring English Plantations, as well
those of New England as those of Maryland." As it was
" necessary to make some abatement in the customs," James
established a new "tariff," or declaration of the duties on Tariff of
imports. All goods brought into New York were to pay
two per cent, if shipped from England or any English
plantation, and ten per cent, if coming from a foreign
country. All imports, except farmers' tools going up the
Hudson River, were to be charged three per cent, in
addition. Wines were to pay ten shillings a pipe, and
brandy or other European spirits fifteen shillings a hogs-
head; while rum — which came from the West Indies —
was favored by the lower rate of six shillings a hogshead.
All liquors sent up the Hudson River were charged double
these rates. Exported beavers were to pay fifteen pence
on each skin, and other peltry in proportion ; while New
York tobacco was charged two shillings a hogshead if sent
to England, and a penny a hundred weight if sent else-
where. The same regulations were to apply " in Delaware
River as in Hudson's River." These rates were " to hold Rates to
good for three years, to commence from the arrival and three years
publication of them at New York." Excise and other in- ucatlo^n" '
ternal taxes, which had been imposed by Nicolls and Love-
lace, were to be temporarily continued until farther orders
from the duke. All these duties were calmly laid by
264 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
.cuAP. VI. J allies, at Windsor Castle, on the people of ]^ew York.
~ At the same time, he directed his provincial governor to
lessen the charge of government there as much as pos-
sible, " that so, by degrees, I may reap from thence some
advantages, in return for the great expence and trouble I
icquai ad- liavc becii at in protecting that colony." Justice was to be
ti'on'of'juV administered " with all possible equality, without regard to
'"'^" Dutch or English," so that all might see " their just rights
preserved to them inviolably." The laws and orders es-
tablished by Nicolls and Lovelace were not to be varied
from " but upon emergent necessities," and with the advice
of the council and the gravest and most experienced in-
habitants ; and no alteration was to be valid -unless con-
firmed by the duke within a year. All writs were to run
Mogis- in the king's name. Magistrates were to be chosen "for
officer*" their abilities and integrity," and no ofiicers were to be ap-
pointed "for above one year, or otherwise than during
pleasure." The governor was to choose a council, not ex-
counsei- ceeding ten, out of "the most prudent inhabitants," with
whom he was to "consult upon all extraordinary occasions"
relating to the public service. They were to hold their
places during the duke's pleasure ; and they, as well as all
other officers, were to take oaths of allegiance to the king,
and of fidelity to the proprietor, as also one peculiar to the
office. Freedom of conscience was secured. " You shall,"
were James's orders to Andros, " permit all persons, of
rieedom wliat Rcligioii soever, quietly to inhabit -svithin the pre-
in xew"*^ cincts of your jurisdiction, without giving them any dis-
^ "''^" turbance or disquiet whatsoever, for or by reason of their
differing opinions in matter of Religion: Provided they
give no disturbance to the public peace, nor do molest or
disquiet others in the free exercise of their religion."
In case of the death of Andros, Lieutenant Anthony
lirockhoiia Brockliolls was to succeed him in his government. Brock-
>in<ioi- An- liolls was of a Roman Catholic family in Lancashire, En-
gland, and was himself " a prof est Papist." The " Test
Act" of 29 March, 1673, would have excluded him fi-om
holding office in England. But, as that statute did not ex-
tend to the British American Plantations, the duke, him-
self a victim of Protestant intolerance, was able to illus-
trate his own idea of " Freedom to worship God," by ap-
THE DUKE OF YOEK'S COLONIAL OFFICERS. 265
pointing a member of the Church of Eome to be his sec- cuap. vi.
ond colonial officer in New York.* ^(\7a.
By the king's special permission, the Duke of York raised
a company of infantry, consisting of one hundred men, be-
sides officers, to serve in his province. Of this company
he commissioned Andros to be captain, and Brockholls i Jujy-
lieutenant. Christopher Billop, who had " served the Regular
niilitsrv
kins:," and whose father was an importunate office-seeker, officers in
O' NeviT York.
was appointed second lieutenant, and Caesar Knapton en-
sign. A surgeon and a chaplain were likewise established
for the forces in New York.f
James also chose William Dyer, or Dyre, formerly of
Rhode Island, and who, the autumn before, had planned
reconquest, to be the collector of his provincial customs.
Dyer was instructed to receive all the customs' duties ac- 2 Juiy.
•^ , 1 1 • 1 Dyer col-
cruine: to the duke within the territory granted to him by lector of
,. , ■■ All j?i_ij- ^'ew York.
the king, and pay them over to Andros, whose lartiier di-
rections he was to follow, and to whom he was to report
from time to time. No trust was to be allowed to any
one, and all duties were to be paid in money or goods.
The collector was not to trade as a merchant ; and all rev-
enue differences with importers were to be determined by
"the ordinary magistrates of the place, or otherwise, as
hath been liitherto accustomed.":]:
One of the motives to the Duke of York's second patent
was the peculiar condition of New Jersey. James con-
sidered that his former release of that region to Berkeley New Jersey
. affairs
and Carteret was annulled b}^ the Dutch conquest — just as
his own grant from the king had been. But both his
grantees were old courtiers, and more than his match,
where their own interests were at stake. They played
* Col. Doc, iii., 216-219, G5T, C74; iv,, ICC; Burke's Commoners, ir., 411; ante, 202.
Brockholls, although a Roman Catholic, was married to Susanna Maria, daughter of Paulus •
Schrick, of New York, and a member of the Reformed Dutch Church, in which their childrea
were all baptized. One of these children, Susanna Brockholls, married Philip French, Jun.,
and their daughter Susanna married William Livingston, governor of New Jersey, by whom
she had Judge Henry Brockholst Livingston, and others: N. Y'. H. S. Coll. (ii), i., 395;
Col. Doc., iv., 604 ; Val. Man., 1863, 748, 809 : Sedgwick's Livingston, 59, 60, 236, 239. The
usual English spelling of the name' was "Brockholes;" but the major's autographs in the
Secretary's Office at Albany are written " Brockholls." The Dutch Church Records make
the name "Brockholst," and this appears to have been preferred by his descendants.
t Col. Doc, iii., 219-221, 230, 276, 284; Pepys, iv., 53. It is not known what chaplain
accompanied Andros to New York in 1C74 : Hist. Mag., v., 153, 156, 189 ; Col. Doc, iii., 415,
note; Gen. Ent, xxxii., 93 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll. (IS09), 157 : ante, 45, note.
t Chalmers, i., 580; CoL Doc, ii., 721; iii., 207, 221-223, 318; lv.,353; R. L CoL Rec, i.,
266 ; ii., IDS, 396 ; Val. Man., 1SD3, 3S7 ; ante, 247, 203 ; vol. i., 557.
266 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. VI. their own separate games with skill, and eventually they
Z beat the duke.
Af ter returning from his lieutenancy of Ireland, Berke-
ley was appointed ambassador in France. He had found
John Lord that his American proprietorship verified the prediction of
^^ '^ ''y- I^icolls, that its profit, if any, would only benefit his grand-
children. Berkeley, therefore, shortly after the Treaty of
Westminster, in consideration of one thousand pounds,
conveyed to John Fenwick, an old Cromwellian soldier,
in trust for Edward Byllinge, a broken-down London
IS March, brcwer, his undivided half of New Jersey, together with
hiTundi- such " franchises, liberties, governments, and powers" as
ofNewjer-had been granted to him by the Duke of York in 1664.
Hnye°and' Both of Berkeley's grantees were Quaker disciples of
Fenwick. Q.gQj.gg Yox, who had just returned from America. They
probably calculated that they had secured a bargain. Yet
Berkeley's conveyance to Fenwick was a very doubtful
parchment. If, by reason of the Dutch reconquest of New
York and New Jersey, tlie Duke of York was obliged to
procure a new patent from the king, it was much more
necessary for Berkeley to obtain a new release from
his own grantor. Nevertheless, the bargain stood as
it was thus concluded, just three months before Charles
made his second grant to his brother ; and Berkeley re-
joiced that he had touched his thousand pounds, and was
rid of any concern in New Jersey.*
But Berkeley's old copartner, Sir George Carteret, was
differently situated. He had no motive to part with his
Sir George interest in New Jersey. He had come back from Dublin
to resume his place near the person of his sovereign. It
was not difficult for the domineering courtier to warp his
easy king. Charles, accordingly — a fortnight before his
own second patent to his brother for New York and New
Jersey had passed the great seal — was prevailed upon to
13 June. ^ sign a letter declaring that Sir George was " seized of the
iltter\'n^^ Provincc of New Csesarea or New Jersey, in America, and
favor.'"''''' of the jurisdiction thereof," and commanding its inhabit-
ants to obey his government, " who hath the sole power,
• Learning and Spicer, C4, 65, 413 ; Chalmers, !., 617 ; S. Smith, T9, 89, 5G7 ; Gordon, 34 ;
Buriiot, i., 207; Col. Doc, iii., 105; Fox's Journal, 465; Sewell, 512; Bancroft, ii , ;if)5;
Gralmme, i., 4G7, 4T3, 4T4; Wliiteliead, 6r>, G7 ; Dixon's Life of Penn (ed. Philad., 1-51),
136 ; Dankcrs's and SUiyter'.s Journal, 241-243 ; ante, S5, 150, 200, 201.
THE DUKE OF YORK'S SECOND GRANT OF NEW JERSEY. 267
under us, to settle and dispose of the said country, upon chap.vi.
such terms and conditions as he shall think fit."*
Yet, when this letter was written, the king knew that pauacy oV
the only way in which Carteret could be " seized" of New {;tt*Jr1n^
Jersey was by tlie duke's release in 1664, which made him ^^1°^^"^^
a joint owner with Berkeley, who had just sold his undi-
vided interest to Fen wick. How, then, could Carteret
have " the sole power" which Charles's letter attributed to
him ? Moreover, at that very time the king had ordered a
new patent, which he afterward sealed, granting to his
brother " full and absolute power and authority" over all
the territory between the Connecticut and the Delaware
which had been relinquished to him by the Dutch in the
Treaty of Westminster. New Jersey was a part of that
territory ; and after James's patent was sealed, he stood, in
place of the king, as its only proprietor. Carteret, there-
fore, had no "power" at all in Kew Jersey. Whatever
equitable claims Berkeley and Carteret, or their assigns
might have had to the personal favor of James, they had
no legal rights whatever to New Jersey after its conquest
by the Dutch, and its second grant by King Charles to
the Duke of York.
What followed is less clear. All that we know is, that
the Duke of York — three weeks after he had commissioned
Andros to be governor of the whole of his American ter-
ritory— was induced to direct his attorney general and his 23 juiy,
solicitor general to prepare a grant to Sir George Carteret,
i?i severalty, of a part of the portion which, ten years be-
fore, he had conveyed to Berkeley and Carteret jointly.
Accordingly, James — referring to the king's second patent 23 juiy.
to him of 29 June, 1674 — granted to Carteret and his heii'S the Duke
the tract of land " westward of Long Island and Manhattas Ne^v jersey
Island, and bounded on the east, part by the main sea and in sevemf-
part by Hudson's River, and extends southward as far as a *^"
certain creek called Barnegat, being about the middle be-
tween Sandy Point and Cape May ; and bounded, on the
west in a strait line from the said creek called Barnegat to
a certain creek in Delaware River next adjoining to and
below a certain creek in Delaware River called Rankokus
Kill ; and from thence up the said Delaware River to the
* Col. MS3., xxii., lOG; IZliz. BiU, 38; Learning and Spicer, 49; Whitehead, 64.
268 IIISTOEY OF THE STATE OF KEW YORK.
1674.
cuAr. VI. northermost branch thereof, which is in forty-one degrees
and forty minutes of latitude ; and on the north crosseth
over thence in a strait hne to Hudson's River in forty-one
degrees of latitude : v^^hich said tract of land is hereafter to
be called by the name or names of JVew CcBsarea, or JV^ew
Jersey P But — as in the case of the duke's original release
No powers of 24 Jimc, 1664 — his second grant did not convey to Car-
ment tcrct any of the " full and absolute power and authority to
^''^ ' govern," which the king had intrusted to his brother.*
Whatever may have been the scope of this instrument,
its history is remarkable. Before he granted it, James is
said to have " hesitated long, and at length sacrificed his
personal interest, as well as the prosperity of New York, to
his fatal esteem for Carteret." The duke himself after-
ward declared that the grant was obtained from him " by
surprise." The probability is that James found that he
could not safely thwart his brother's imperious vice-cham-
berlain, for whom, besides, he cherished "much esteem
and regard." So, to make things easy at Whitehall, he
gave away to Carteret the largest half of New Jersey,
which that experienced courtier flattered him he chose
" because near unto his government of New Tork ;" while
it was really preferred " on the account of its being well
settled with a sober and industrious people, which would
invite others to come there, whereas the other was a desart."
Kffect of ^ Yet James did not intend to " let go any part of his pre-
Kiant to rogative ;" for he made no alteration in the commission he
had given to Andros. Berkeley's conveyance of his undi-
vided interest to Fenwick M^as disregarded ; because, if the
duke had been evicted by the Dutch conquest, much more
so were his grantees in 1664. Carteret, however, took liis
new title, in severalty, knowing that in 1668 Staten Island
had been " adjudged to belong to New York," and that it
had been purchased for James in 16T0.f
sijiiiy.^ Esteeming himself, nevertheless, the sole proprietor of
newconces- New Jersey, Carteret drew up some explanations of the
n"w jcr- former " concessions" of himself and Berkeley. In this in-
'*''■ strument Sir George distinctly recognized the annihilation
• Col. Doc, iii., 223, 224; Eliz. Bill, 7; Lc.iming and Spicer, 42, 40, 4T, 4S; ante, S2, 83.
t Clmlmcrs, i., 017 ; Col. Doc, iii., 220, 240; S. Smith, ■'iJS ; Whitehead, 05, 07 ; Mass. U.
S. Coll., x.xxvii., 815 ; Yonkers Gazette of 8 .July and 5 August, 1806 ; ante^ 149, 150, 100.
JAMES'S FINAL INSTEUCTIONS TO ANDEOS. 269
of his old rights by the Dutch conquest, and the recent cuap.vi.
fresh errant from the duke to himself. At the same time ~~~
he commissioned his cousin Philip to be his provincial gov- '
ernor, and procured for him a passage in the frigate which
was to convey Andros to JSTew York.*
It was necessary for the duke to do another act before he
could feel at ease about his title to Long Island and Pem-
aquid. The consideration which he had promised to Lord
Stirling in 1664 had never been paid. To obtain a release
from the earl of " all his pretence of right and title," James
granted to him for life a pension of three hundred pounds so jniy.
a year, " out of the surplusage of the neat profits of the ung's pen-
revenue arising out of the said colony, all manner of charges, ^^°^
be it civil or military, first deducted and allowed." At the
same time, Lord Stirling agreed that, if the duke should
procure for him " any employment or other satisfaction to
the like value," he would release the grant of his annuity .f
James now gave several final directions to Andros. As fj, Aug.
soon as he should arrive at New York, the governor was to st'ractiras
seize the estate of Lovelace, who was charged with being from°thr
about seven thousand pounds in debt to the proprietor. '^"''^
Andros was also furnished with a copy of the " Duke's
Laws," as established in New York by Nicolls and Love-
lace, which, it was thought upon consideration, might be
amended " in some particular clauses thereof." His origi-
nal instructions were therefore modified so as to require
him "to put in execution the said laws, except such as
shall have apparent inconveniences in them ;" and, after
his settlement in ISTew York, he was, with the advice of his
council, to make such amendments as might be found nec-
essary " for the ease and benefit of the people," and the
good of the proprietor's service. These alterations were to
be at once reported to the duke for his authority to put
them in execution. Shortly afterward James's new govern-
or set sail, accompanied by his staff and military forces, and
by '• a number of new colonists." They were conveyed by
* Eliz. Bill, T, 33-40 ; Learning and Spicer, 50-CO ; Doe. Hist., iii., 45 ; TVliitehcad, 65,
CO; ante, S3-S6, 1S9, 199, 200. Carteret was a kinsman of Andros: Hatfield, ITS.
t It seems that there never was any "surplusage of the neat profits" arising out of the
revenue of New York, and that the duke neither got any office for Lord Stirling, nor paid
him any part of his stipulated annuity: see Col. Doc., iii., 42, 225,606, 60T; v., 330, 331;
vii., 430-132 ; Duer's Life of Stirling, 3T-49 ; aji??, 15, 10.
270 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. VI. the frigates Diamond, Captain Richard Griffith, and Castle,
~ Captain Cassibelan Burton. Besides Philip Carteret, the
governor of New Jersey, Captain John Manning, who had
been waiting for some months in England, returned to
New York in the Diamond with Andros.*
22 October. In due time the British frigates anchored at Staten Island ;
1 Novem. and Andros sent Governor Carteret with Ensign Knapton
Andros no- . p
tifiescoiveto notifv Colvc that he was ready to receive from him
to ETIVG DOS-
session of " The Now Netherland and dependances," now under his
New Neth-
eriand. commaud. The Dutch governor, however, declined yield-
ing possession at once, and required eight days to complete
the necessary preliminaries. These were not mere formal-
ities. They touched what the Dutch considered their es-
sential rights, chiefly affecting religion and property. The
24 October, burgomasters and schepens of the metropolis appointed
3 Novem. Stccnwyck, Van Brugh, and Beekman to welcome the En-
glish governor on board the Diamond, and request fi*ora
The city him some privileges " for the advantage of the common-
requeJt '^* alty." Audros desired them to " assure the inhabitants of
forlhe^^* the Dutch nation that they should participate in the same
Dutch. privileges as those of the English nation, and that his Hon-
or would, as far as possible, promote their interests ; refer-
ring himself further to the Instructions given him by His
Koyal Majesty and Highness the Duke of York." "VVish-
27 October, i^g more certainty, Colve sent Steenwyck and Captain
6 Novem. Eppstcvn to Audros with several articles, to which he de-
Colve'sde- ,^^ "^ r , • p • p ^ -r\ i
mands. Sired answcrs for the satisiaction or the Dutch government,
and for " the greater tranquillity of the good People of
this Province." These articles related chiefly to the set-
tlement of debts; the validity of judgments during the
Dutch administration, and the maintenance of owners in
the possession of property ; " that the inhabitants of the
Dutch nation may be allowed to retain their customary
The Dutch Church privileges in Divine service and Church discipline,
NewYork. bcsidcs their Fathers' laws and customs in the division of
their inheritances ;" that they might not be forced to serve
" against their own nation ;" that each congregation might
support its ovni poor; besides several other particulars.
• Col. Doc, ii., 733; iii.,2'2G.227; Doc. lIi^it ,iii.,45, 54; CouncilMin., iii. (:i.),C; Warr.,
Ord., Tasi?., etc., iii., TA ; nnti; '2T>G. There is a copy of "the Duke's laws" in thj State Pa-
per Office, London : Board of Trade, N. V., No. UO, 15 >.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOE. 271
Andros replied the next day by a general assurance that chap.vi.
he would give satisfactory answers to most of the points,
being ordered to observe the articles of peace " in the best 53 October.
and most friendly manner" toward the Dutch inhabitants, t Novem.
and that he had directed Captain Matthias NicoUs person- reply,
ally to confer with Colve on the subject. At this confer-
ence Nicolls satisfied Colve that Andros would give the 29 October.
desired answers as soon as he had assumed the govern- s Novem.
ment. This assurance was honorably fulfilled.*
All preliminaries being now satisfactorily arranged,
Colve assembled the burgomasters and schepens, with the 9 Novem!'^
burgher court-martial, at the City Hall, and announced coive'^s^ ^^
that on the morrow he would surrender the fort and prov- New Neth-
-_^ , , erland.
ince to Andros on behalf of the King of Great Britam ;
and, after thanking them for their past services, absolved
them from their oaths of allegiance to the States Gener-
al and the Prince of Orange. The banners of the " Out
people," and the cushions and table-cloth in the City
Hall, were intrusted to Burgomaster Yan Brugh until they
should be claimed by " superior authority ;" and Colve then
took his " farewell of the Assembly." The next day, be- 3^ October,
ing Saturday, the tenth of November, according to theWNOTimT
]^ew Style, " The Province of New Netherland was sur- eriand re-
rendered by Governor Colve to Governor Major Edmund England,
Andros on behalf of His Britannic Majesty."f
Thus England once more became predominant over
North America. From Carolina to Acadia its Atlantic
coast obeyed the servants of her king. On taking posses-
sion ' of his government, Andros's first ofiicial act was to 10 Novenh'
swear in Captain Matthias NicoUs as one of his council, ^^g^^he'
and appoint him to be again secretary of the province of g'J^™-
" New York." The e-overnor's other counselors, from time New York,
'-' , , ' and ap-
to time, were BrockhoUs, Dyer, Phillipse, and the several points ofs-
mayors of the metropolis, Lawrence, Dervall, De Meyer,
Yan Cortlandt, and others. A proclamation was imme-
diately issued, charging all persons to be peaceable.:}:
* Col. MSS.,xxiii., 412-420; New Orange Records, vii., 253; Doc. Hist., iii.,4'3-51; Val.
JIan., 1S52, 41.5-421 ; 1S53, 498; ante, 259. See Appendix, Note C, for the documents illus-
trating this negotiation between Colve and Andros.
t New Orange Rec. , vii. , 254, 255 ; Val. Man., 1852, 421, 422 ; 1853, 498, 409 ; Doc. Hist.,
i;i., 51, 52 ; Col. MS^., xxiii., 423.
t Council Min., iii. (ii.), 1; Gen. Ent., iv., 295; Warr., Ord., Pas SC3, iii. , 1 ; P. Hazard's
Ann. Penn., 413; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxx., 112; rt?ir, 211.
272 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
ciiAi-. VI. A quiet Sunday followed. Whoever was British chap-
lain at the fort, it especially interested Domine Yan Nieu-
Domine ' weuhuyseu to learn that the Reverend Nicolaus van Rens-
?'!n°nen3- ^elaer, a younger son of the first patroon of Rensselaer-
seiacr. wyck, and an ordained clergyman in both the Dutch and
the English churches, had come over with Andros, recom-
mended by the Duke of York to be made " minister of
one of the Dutch churches in New York or New Albany,
when a vacancy shall happen,"^'
j^gNovera. Early on Monday morning Andros wrote a courteous
And?os°to letter to Colve, acknowledging his " generosity in all his
proceedings" since the arrival of the English frigates; not
the least touching mark of which seems to have been the
coive'a gift by the Dutch governor to his successor of his coach
co.ich and o "^ _ *-'
iiorsesgiv- aud three horses. Andros likewise returned to Colve the
dios. ' articles proposed before the surrender ; almost all of which
were agreed to, and certified by Secretary NicoUs, "pur-
suant to the assurance given by those emplo3-ed."f
x-i ^'o'^em- At the same time Andros notified the governors of the
tifics the neighboi'ing English colonies of his arrival, and of his as-
of the En- sumptiou of the government of New York. Dyer was in-
Hiel'*^°°' stalled as collector, and the duke's customs' rates publish-
ed. Yarious local ofiicers were also appointed. But, as
^j xovem. these could not all be selected at once, the governor, by
tiontocou- proclamation, authorized the English magistrates who were
giishoffi- in ofiice in the several towns at the time of the Dutch con-
quest, to act for six months, as before.:}:
The most important point to be regained was Albany.
3 Novem. Eusigu Csesar Knapton was accordingly sent thither,' with
Sergeant Thomas Sharpe and eighteen men, to take com-
* VanNieuwenhuysen'sLetter toCl. Amst., 30May,lG7G: Col. Doc, iii., 225; Doc. Hist.,
iii., 52G; O'Call., i., 122, 212; ii.,552; llolgate, 42; Smith, i., 49, 3SS; N. Y. Clirist. Int.,
2 Nov., 1SC5; Hist. Mag., ix., 352. It appears that Van Rensselaer had luckily prophesied
to Charles the Second, at Brussels, that he would be restored to his throne. When that
event occurred tlie Domine accompanied the Dutch ambassador, Van Gogh, to London, as
chaplain to the embassy ; and the king, recollecting his prediction, gave Van Rensselaer a
gold snuff-box, with his likeness in tlie lid, which is still preserved by the family at Albany.
After Van Gogh left London because of the Dutch war in 106.5, Domine Van Rensselaer re-
ceived Charles's license to preacii to the Dutch congregation at Westminster; was ordained
a deacon in the English Church by the Bishop of Salisbury ; and was appointed lecturer at
Saint Margaret's Lothbury.
t Col. MSS., xxiii., 419, 420, 421; Doc. Hist., iii., 48, 49, 50; Val. Man., 1852, 418-421.
Andros appears to have been the first English governor who used a coach and lioi-scs in
New York, and they were a present from Colve : see Col. Doc, iv., 221, 275; ante, 223.
t Gen. Knt., iv., 290-299 ; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 2, 3 ; Warr., Ord., etc, iii., 2, 3 ; Rikc-.'s
Newtown, 90 ; (;ol. Rec Conn., ii., 509 ; Col. Doc, iii., 217, 240 ; atilc, 203, 205.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 273
mand of the fort. Michael Siston was appointed schout, cnAP.vi.
or sheriff, and Richard Pretty collector of the excise.
George Hall was made schout of Esopus. Andros also 4 j^-^^g^"
wrote to the Dutch commissaries at both places, inclosing ^^^°^_
Colve's orders for their surrender. Domine Bernardus
Arensius, the Lutheran minister, was at the same time U- 6 Novem.
censed to go to Albany in the sloop which conveyed the
new officers, and officiate there "as formerly under the
English Government." The surrender was happily accom-
plished ; and the reinstated Albany commissaries expressed 19 Novem.
their satisfaction at being settled again under the Duke
of York's authority.*
To quiet any controversy about the "e/tis PostliTninii^''
Andros now issued a proclamation that '• all former grants, 9 Novem.
privileges, or concessions heretofore granted, and all estates tion of ah-
legally possessed by any under His Royal Highness before firming°aii
the late Dutch Government, as also all legal judicial pro- g°r™t'!
ceedings during that Government to my arrival in these
parts, are hereby confirmed, and the possessors by virtue
thereof to remain in quiet possession of their rights : It is
hereby further declared that the known Book of Laws
formerly established and in force under His Royal High-
ness's government, is now again confirmed by His Royal
Highness, the which are to be observed and practiced, to-
gether with the manner and time of holding Courts there-
in mentioned, as heretofore." The next week, to settle
some farther doubts, the governor declared that his procla- le Novem.
mation of the ninth of November was " to be understood
with due regard of the Articles of Peace in every par-
ticular."f
The city of New York being the metropolis, Andros, by 10 Novem.
a special commission, appointed Secretary Matthias NicoUs ceraofNew
to be mayor, John Lawrence deputy mayor, and William
Dervall, Frederick Phillipse, Gabriel Minvielle, and John
Winder aldermen, who were to hold their offices until the
• Council Min., iii. (ii.), 2, 3; Gen. Ent., iv., 300-304; Warr., Ord., Passe?, iii., 2-S, 3S,
39 ; Doc. Hist., iii., 51, 525. It appears that Arensius afterward spent his summers in New
York, and his winters at Albany, ministering alternately to the Lutherans in each place :
Letter of Selyns to 01. Amst., 26 October, 16S2 ; Murphy's Anthology, 94 ; C. WoUey, 57.
Captain Knyff, on his departure for Holland, made several donations to the Lutheran
Church: Col. MS.=!., xxiii., 424.
t Warr., Ord., Pass., iii., 13, 19 ; Col. MSS., xxiv., S; Col. Doc, iii., 22T; Doc. Hiat, iii.,
52 ; Min. of N. Y. Com. Council, i. , 12, 13 ; Val. Man., 1815, 1846, 330, 331 ; ante, 260.
II.— s
274
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK.
Chap. VI.
1674.
13 Novem.
JIayor's
Court of
New York.
12 Novem.
Lovelace's
estate
seized for
the Duke
of York.
Eastern
towns on
Ix)ng Isl-
and.
13 Novem.
4 Decern.
Action of
Andros.
next October. Thomas Gibbs, who had been one of Love-
lace's counselors, was also commissioned as sheriff. Yet
care was taken that the English element should prevail.*
A few days afterward the " Mayor's Court" pf the city
of New York was convened. Its records were ordered to
be thereafter kept in Englisli, and every paper offered to
the court to be in that tongue, except in the case of poor
people who could not afford the cost of translation. This
introduced more of the English form in legal proceedings.
But it was several years before the system was settled.f
Pursuant to the duke's order, Andros seized the estate
of Lovelace, and required all persons having any of it in
their hands to render accounts. The governor thus ob-
tained possession of the "Bouwery," which some of the
heirs of Domine Bogardus and his widow conveyed to
Lovelace in 1671. It formed a part of " the Duke's farm,"
then esteemed to be one of the least valuable perquisites of
the actual governor ; but which has since become the sub-
ject of much avaricious strife.:}:
When the governor's proclamation of the fourth of ISTo-
vember, reinstating the old oflBcers imder Lovelace, was re-
ceived at Southampton, Easthampton, and Southold, these
towns held meetings, and directed Mulford, Howell, and
Younge, the magistrates appointed by Connecticut, to sign
a memorial to Andros, stating that, by the aid of that col-
ony, they had repelled the Dutch ; that they were now un-
der her government, and that they could not secede with-
out her consent. It was at once ordered in council that
the three towns should reinstate their former officers, ac-
cording to the proclamation, " under the penalty of being
declared rebels." Andros also -wrote to Governor Win-
throp, of Connecticut, counseling him to disabuse his would-
be subordinates of their "notion" that they could exercise
• Council Min., iii. (ii.), 3 ; Warr., Ord., Pass., iii., 12. These particulars are not stated
in Valentine's Manual. While the provincial seal was saved, the city's seal and mace had
disappeared, and Andros " bespoke" new ones : Col. Doc, iii., 230 ; ante, 157, 15S, 212.
t liecords of the Mayor's Court, ii. ; Daly's Int., 28, 29 ; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 143; C.
Wolley, 57. In May, 1677, it was ordered that "pleading attornies" be no longer allowed
to practice their profession in New York, "but for the depending causes."
t Col. Doc, ilL, 226, 291 ; iv., 327, 893, 44S ; Warr., Ord., I'asses, iii., 15, 16; Col. MSS.,
XX., 14, 15, 72 ; Hoffman's Treatise, ii , 182, 183 ; Val. Man., 1860, 548 ; ante, 183, 269. Trin-
ity Church, in the city of New York, now enjoys thebenefit of this action of Governor Andros
in 1674. Lovelace died before 21 January, 1679, on which day the accounts of his estate
were exhibited : CoL MSS., xxvi., 43; 3LXviii.,50.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 275
power in any part of New York. Sylvester Salisbury, who chap. vi.
had returned from England with the governor, was ac-
cordingly dispatched to execute the orders of the council. 5 oecem *
To give him more dignity, Salisbury was also commissioned saimbury
to be high-sheriff of Long Island.* sherk
Andros himself appears to have visited the eastern towns
of Long Island, which prudently avoided any farther oppo-
sition to his authority. They soon learned that Winthrop connecti-
had sent his son, with Mr. Willys, to explain the proceed- sengers to
ings of Connecticut at New York, where they arrived dur-
ing the governor's absence. The recusant towns seem to 10 Decem.
have been soothed by Sahsbury's declaration that he ac- siou of re-
cepted their return to New York " from under the colony townl
of Connecticut, by whose help and protection they have
been secured from the Dutch invasion unto the obedience
of His Eoyal Highness." On his return to the capital, An-
dros wrote to Winthrop that every thing was satisfactorily 28 Decem.
arranged at the eastern end of Long Island ; and that Con- wites ^
necticut, by her interference against the Dutch in the pre- ^*°*^°p-
vious February, had done well for the restoration of his
master's royal authority.f
By direction of the people of Newtown, their clerk, John le Novcm.
Burroughs, replied to the governor's proclamation, speak- Newtown
ing very plainly of the grievances they had suffered under
Lovelace, and reflecting on the authority of the Court of
Assizes. Andros at once demanded whether Burroughs 27 Novem.
had expressed the voice of the town, and an unsatisfactory
answer was returned. The offending; clerk was brou2:ht 5 Decem.
before the council at New York, and sentenced to stand an J^" ' ^■
15 Jan'y.
hour on the whipping-post before the City Hall, with a pa- its cieik,
per on his breast, setting forth that he had signed seditious punished. '
letters against the government ; and Burroughs was far-
ther declared incapable of holding any public trust in the
province. This sentence was executed under the direc-
tion of Sheriff Gibbs, at the metropolis.:}:
* Council Min., iii. (il), G-9; Warr., Ord., Passes, etc., ili., 4, 28, 29, 30, 31,41, 42, 53;
Gen. ICnt, iv., 299; Wood, 98, 99 ; Thompson, i., 15S, .335, 3S3; ante^ 253, 272.
t Mass. H. S. Coll., xxx., 113, 114, 117; ^yaIT., Ord., Passes, iii., 48 ; Thompson, i., 383 ;
Dunlap, ii., App. xxxviii. ; ante, 243.
X Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., 25; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 14, 15; Riker's Newtown, 90-92.
Several interesting details respecting Jamaica, Francis Bloodgood, of Flushing, and Thomas
and Mary Case, Samuel Scudder, and Samuel Furman, or Foraian, may be found in Col.
MSS., xxiv., 25, 171; xxv., 2; Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., 52; Paker, 92-95; anfe, 243, 255.
276 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP.vi. The council was now directed to meet for the transac-
tion of business every Friday morning at nine o'clock, A
8 jan'y charter was also passed, authorizing a joint-stock company
meeun^' " ^^^ Settling a fishery in these parts" for cod. It is sup-
^ brT°d ^ posed that this was the fii'st commercial corporation ever
created within the province of New York.''^
Among those who had lost heavily by the surrender to
the Dutch was Alderman Dervall, who attributed it di-
rectly to tlie " treachery" of Manning. This charge against
16 Jan'y. au Englishman made it necessary for the governor " to
proceed against him," according to the duke's instruction.
2 Feij'y. MauninsT was brought before a court-martial, composed of
Manning o o •' x
arraigned the Couucil, Captaius Griifith, Burton, and Salisbury, and
court-mar- tlic uiayor and aldermen of the city ; and six charges were
exhibited against him, involving neglect of duty, cowardice,
4Feb'y. and treachery. A number of witnesses testified strongly
against the prisoner. Manning endeavored to explain his
5 Feb'y. couduct ; at the same time, acknowledging himself '' blame-
worthy to all" the charges except those of treachery and
cowardice ; and, pleading that his errors had been occa-
sioned by his " poor broken head and disquieted spirit," he
threw himself on the mercy of the court. His judges ac-
quitted him of treachery, but found him guilty of the oth-
er charges. It was agreed that he deserved death ; but as
he had been in England since the surrender, and had seen
the king and the duke, he was allowed the benefit of the
proverb, '•'■King's face hrings graced Manning was tliere-
sentence of f ore Sentenced "to be carried back to prison, and from
anmng. ^j^gj^^^g brouglit out to tlic pubHck placc before the City
Hall, there to have his sword broken over his head, and
from that time be rendered uncapable of wearing a sword
or serving His Majesty in any publick employ or place of
benefitt and trust within this Government."t
Vessels to To sccurc the dukc's customs' duties a proclamation was
the New issued requiring all vessels trading within the govern-
tom-hou3e. mcut of tlic province to enter at the custom-liouse in New
• Col. JISS., xxlv., 6T; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 10 ; Col. Doc, iii., 234, note.
t Col. Doc, ii., CSS, C43; iii., 20C, 21G; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 15, IS, 20-24; Col. M.'?.^.,
xxiv., 36-53, 97; Doc. Hist., iii., 53-65; Smith, i., 4S, 49; Thompson, i., 151; Dunlap, i.,
130; Val. Man., 1S53, 3S4; C. Wolley, 47, S9, 90; ante, 208, 257, 203, 270. After this sen-
tence Manning retired to his island in the F.ast River, now known as Blackwell's Island
(ante., 138), where he entertained his friends with bowls of excellent rum punch, accordin,^
to the testimony of Chaplain Wolley, in 1079.
EDMUND ANDR03, GOVEENOR. 277
York. Dyer, the collector, accordingly executed liis office caip. vi.
so stringently as to give occasion, not long afterward, to
serious complaints.*
Andros now issued a proclamation requiring " all such 13 March.
persons as doe intend to continue under His Majesty's obe- legiance
dience within His Royal Highness's government, that they ''^'i"''"^*'-
appear at such times and places as the magistrates within
the respective towns and places where they live shall ap-
point, to take the usual oaths of allegiance and fidelity."
The mayor and aldermen of the city of New York accord-
ingly appointed the next Monday for the purpose. Early
on that morning many of the citizens appeared at the May- 15 March.
or's Court, and were directed to take the same oath which
Nicolls required from the Dutch residents in 1664. Sev-
eral of the leading burghersf readily agreed to do this, objections
provided Andros would confirm what his predecessor had the°Dutch.
declared, namely, that the capitulation of August, 1664,
was " not in the least broken or intended to be broken by
any words or expressions in the said oath." This capitula-
tion they thought was confirmed by the sixth article of the
Treaty of Westminster in 1674 ; and such was the opinion
of the duke and his officers. Mayor I^icolls, however, was
"ignorant of any such declaration," and was quite sur-
prised when a copy of it was produced. The burghers in-
sisted that they only wished Andros's confirmation of their
"freedom of religion and from being pressed in time of
war." But the governor refused to make any explanation,
and required them to take the oath without qualification,
charging the recusants with being mutinous. According-
ly, Steenwyck and his associates petitioned Andros either is March.
to be satisfied with the oath as accepted by Nicolls, or to AndrM^
allow them to dispose of their estates and remove else-
where with their families. This petition was "not only ill
received, but peremptorily rejected;" and its eight signers,
Steenwyck, Yan Brugb, De Peyster, Bayard, Luyck, Beek-
man, Kip, and De Milt, were imprisoned on a charge of is March.
disturbing the government and endeavoring a rebellion.
« Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., 63; Col. Doc, iii., 220, 233, 239, 240, 316; Col. MSS., xxiv.,
132; anfc, 263, 272.
t These were, Cornells Steenwyck, Johannes van Bnijrh, Johannes de Peyster, and Jacob
Kip, who had objected in 1664, .ind Nicholas Bnyard, ^Egidius Luyck, William Beekman,
and Anthony de Milt, who had not : ante, 47, 4S.
278
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CUAT. \^.
1765.
18 March.
19 March.
The peti-
tioners or-
dered to be
tried.
20 March.
Martha's
Vineyard
and Man-
tucket.
1674.
7 Novem.
1675.
12 April.
29 April.
Delaware
affairs.
3 Novem.
The governor at the same time issued a proclamation warn-
ing all against like practices. The prisoners having been
examined before the comicil, where Governor Carteret, of
New Jersey, and Captains Griffith and Bm-ton, of the En-
glish frigates, were present, were ordered to be tried at the
next Court of Assizes ; and were released fi'om close con-
finement only upon giving heavy bonds.*
Although Pemaquid, Martha's Yineyard, and l^antucket
had been included in- the Duke of York's patent, and had
been governed by Nicolls and Lovelace, they were not com-
prehended in Colve's commission. This produced a sort
of interregnum in those secluded regions, and many disor-
ders occurred. Some of the "opposition" inhabitants of
Martha's Yineyard and Nantucket riotously endeavored to
" transfer" them under the government of Massachusetts ;
but, through the firmness of the venerable Thomas Mayhew,
they were held for the dul^e — the arrival of whose new
governor was patiently waited for, " as in time of great
drouth, for the latter raine." Mayhew was accordingly
reinstated in liis "first right;" and the ringleaders in the
late disorders were directed to be punished. Nantucket
soon afterward declared that the coming of the duke's gov-
ernor was to them " as the rising sun after a dark and
stormy night." It was therefore ordered that the two isl-
ands should continue to enjoy their former privileges in
subordination to the government of New York, and that
the old magistrates should remain in their places.f
On the Delaware, Captain Edmund Cantwell, the sheriff,
and all the other magistrates in office at the time of the
Dutch conquest, were reinstated, except Alrichs, who had
offered them liis friendship on their first coming, and had
acted violently as their chief officer. Captain Carr, the
former English commander, had now gone to Maryland,
and his estate was seized. Andros also informed Governor
Calvert that he had directed his oiiJcers on the Delaware
to prevent any injuries to the neighboring colonies, and did
" not doubt the like on the Governor of Maryland's part."
• Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., C5, GO, 67, 74, 75; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 27-^1 ; Col. MSS.,
xxiv., 73, 7G, 77-S4; Col. Doc., ii., 738-744; iii., 237 ; v., 496; vii., 5S6; Val. Man., 1845,
331, 3.S2 ; ISGl, 60.5-607 ; Minutes of C. C, vol. i., 9-11 ; ante, 46, 47, 260.
t Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., 19, 21, 77, 84; Council Min., iii. (ii), 3G-3S; Col. MSS., xxiv.,
6, 18_1S, 92, 93, 100-102 ; Hough's Nantucket Papers, CO-SS ; anir, ITO, 211.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 279
The murder of Doctor Roades by the Indians, and other chap.vi.
important matters, requiring his own presence on the Del-
aware, the governor went thither, through New Jersey ; 3 ^^^^^
thirty horses being furnished for his journey by Govern-
or Carteret. After settling matters there, and writing
to Lord Baltimore, Andros returned to New York, where i5 May.
Brockholls had acted for him during his absence.*
The Diamond and the Castle frigates were sent back to 1 April.
England, the latter with a load of timber for the king's Timber
dock-yard. Its value was allowed to the duke ; who never- giand.
theless found himself more than two thousand pounds ont
of pocket on account of the expedition " for the repossess-
ing New York." Andros soon afterward received James's e Apru.
•autograph reply to his letters of the previous November letter to ^^
and December. His conduct was approved, especially in
reducing to obedience the three "factious towns at the
east end of Long Island," which he was to treat so that
their people should " be without apprehensions of any in-
justice towards them." In regard to " General Assem-
blies, which the people there seeme desirous of, in imita-
tion of their neighbour Colonies, I thinke," wrote the duke, a popui.ir
" you have done well to discourage any motion of that disV
kind; both as being not at all comprehended in your In-james. '
structions, nor indeed consistent with the forme of govern-
ment already established, nor necessary for the ease or re-
dresse of any grievance that may happen ; since that may
be as easily obtained by any petition or other addresse to
you, at their Generall Assizes, (which is once a yeare,)
where the same persons (as Justices) are usually present,
who in all probability would be their representatives if an-
other constitution were allowed." The question of an As-
sembly had been raised under NicoUs and Lovelace : — but
James now clearly announced his disapprobation.f
Respectine; the boundary arrangement with Connecticut 6 April.
in 1664, the duke thought it best " only to make accommo- of York
disallows
dations of this kind temporary, if possible, to preserve the the con-
utmost limitts for me that my Patent gives me a title to." boundary.
• Council Min., iii. (ii.), i., 35 ; Gen. Ent., iv., 305, 306 ; Warn, Ord., Passes, iii., 34, 69,
80,81,89-92; Col. MSS., xx., 50-65; xxiv.,97, 105; xxv., 54; Col. Doc, ii., 69T, 659 ; iii.,
203, 233, 254; Hazardl's Reg. Penn., i., 93; iv., 56; Ann. Penn., 398, 413-418; ante, 190,
2-24, 234.
t Warr., Ord., PuFses, iii., 51, 60, 70, 72; Col. Doc, iii., 2.')0, 231, 232, 237; Chalmers's
Annals, i., 5S1 ; Mass. II. S. Coll., -xxx., 115 ; mite, 64, 68, 69, 100.
280 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. VI. But Aiidros had already acted on that subject. Connecti-
~ cut had recently appointed commissioners " to runn the lyne
" * • between this Colony and the Colony of New York, from
Momoronock Eiver to Hudson's River;" — which she had
done in violation of the clear understanding that she was
not to approach that river nearer than twenty miles. See-
ing that the king, in 1674, had again granted to the Duke
of York the territory as far east as the Connecticut River,
1 May. Andros sent to the General Court at Hartford copies of
the duke's patent and of his own commission, and request-
ed them to give orders for his receiving that part of his
royal highuess's territories as yet under their jurisdiction.*
17 .May. The Counccticut Court, in answer, set up their charter
from the king, and the boundary arrangement of 1664.
':5 May. Audros replied that the award by the royal commissioners
mainteins " was au cvidcut surprisc," and " never confirmed ;" and
of New ^ * that whatever pretenses Connecticut had made before 1674
were " sufficiently cleared by His Majesty's reiterated Let-
ters Patents." He therefore again demanded possession,
and protested against all wdio might thus disobey their
ic June, king's commands. Connecticut rejoined, denying any " un-
due surprise" in the boundary determination, and insisting
on her own charter. The New York Council thereupon re-
2s June, solved that such disobedience to the king's pleasure as ex-
pressed in his patent to the duke was " rebelHon."f
30 June. Atidros now sent Captain Salisbury with dispatches to
Salisbury thc dulvC aud Sir John Werden, and directed him to in-
toKngiand. form them fully of every thing relating to New York ;
especially about its people, their trade, the French in Can-
ada; the "Bostoners' trading - house at Springfield," and
their claiming " to Albany itself ;" and of the recent con-
tempt of the duke's authority in " that part of His Royal
BUghnesses' territories as yet under Connecticut, their many
harbors, and plenty of corn and provisions." By the same
vessel, Steenwyck and his associates, who had been bound
over for trial, sent a memorial to the Dutch States Gener-
al, setting forth their own hard case.:}:
• W.arr., Ord., Passes, iii., 2, 3, 112-114; Col. Doc, iii., 21.'5, 231, 235; vli., 507; Col. Eec.
Conn., ii., 242, 5G9 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxx., 116; ante, 55, 56, 2.53.
t Council Min., iii. (ii.), 30, 41, 42 ; Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., 104, 115, 116; Col. Rec. Conn.,
ii., 252, .570-574. 5S1 ; Col. Doc, iii., 2.^5, 230, 23S ; Col. MSS., xxiv., 121.
t Warr., Ord., Passe-s, iii., 106, 116 ; Col. Doc, ii., 739, 744 ; iii., 234, 235, 236, 237, 415.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 281
In this posture of affairs, intelligence reached 'New York chap. vi.
that the Wampanoags and Narragansetts, who owned most ^
of the territory of Ehode Island, had revolted against the *
Em-opeans. The Narragansett sachem, JSTinigret, had been
suspected, in 1669, of plotting against the English colonists.
Two yeare afterward, Metacomet, or Philip, the sachem of pinUp of
the Wampanoags, who inhabited the region of Pokanoket, ket.^^^"
around the eastern and northern shores of Xarragansett
Bay, was obhged to give up most of his guns and acknowl-
edge his subjection to the Plymouth government. This
galled the soul of the American chief. He was the youn-
gest son of Massasoit, who had made the first treaty with
the English " Pilgrims." Massasoit's eldest son, Wamsut-
ta, or Alexander, succeeded to the sachemship ; but he
soon followed his father to the grave, broken-hearted, at
being dragged a prisoner to answer before the European
new-comers at Plymouth. Philip was a youth when he
became sachem in place of Wamsutta. Tet he had heard
of the prompt kindness of his father, Massasoit, to the for-
lorn English Pilgrims, and naturally contrasted it with the
characteristic arrogance which repaid savage hospitality
with British truculence. He saw that the Europeans had
crowded his people into narrow necks of land, where they
were jealously watched. In vain had Eliot and Mayhew
solicited the Wampanoags to become Christians. The
well-remembered injunctions of Massasoit kept the tribe
firm in heathenism. A few savages were nevertheless con-
verted. Among these was John Sausaman, who, after be-
ing partially educated at Cambridge, relapsed from Chris-
tianity, and was employed by Philip as his secretary. The
Pm-itan colonists had generally disregarded the feelings of
the Americans. Instead of adopting the conciliatory policy
of New Netherland and New York toward the natives, tliey New En-
followed — without any warrant fi'om the God of Israel — fy!° ^° ''
the aggressive method of that peculiar host which went
out of Egypt to possess the promised land. As Puritan-
ism had already exterminated or sold the Pequods, so it
now doomed the other native owners of New England to
destruction or bondage. The pride of the aborigines was
wounded without remorse ; for the white English Pharisee,
holding the imported black African in slavery, would not
282
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CUAT. VL
1675.
Philip pre-
pares for
war.
29 Jan'y.
John Sau-
saman
murdered.
S June.
Indiana
tried and
executed
at Plym-
outli.
Rhode Isl-
and magia-
trates visit
Pliilip.
brook the equality of the noble red American, whose lands
he covetously appropriated. While at Albany the autoch-
thones of America were addressed as "Brothers," every
where in New England, except in Rhode Island, they were
offensively reminded of their inferiority. These memo-
ries stirred the mind of Phihp. Cautiously visiting the
neighboring tribes, he urged them to drive out the de-
stroyers of their race. The Narragansetts were won by
his eloquence ; and secret preparations were made for a
rising of the native Americans against their British foes
in the spring of 1676.*
An unexpected event precipitated the crisis. Sausaman,
reclaimed from his apostasy by Ehot, revealed Philip's plot
to the Plymouth governor. Not long afterward the in-
former's body was found under the ice in Assawomsett
Pond, midway between Plymouth and Rhode Island. It
was suspected by the English that the savages had punish-
ed, after their own laws, a renegade and a traitor. Thi-ee
of Philip's subjects were accordingly tried at Plymouth;
convicted of the murder of Sausaman ; and executed. The
Wampanoag chief now remained on guard within his
strong-hold at Mount Hope, near Bristol, in Rhode Island.
There he soon gathered seven hundred warriors, the yomi-
ger of whom were eager to avenge the death of their three
countrymen by the forms of Puritan law, which they did
not recognize. They were restrained from attacking by a
behef that the side which shed the first blood in the strife
would be conquered.f Hoping to prevent hostilities, John
Easton, " Deputy Governor," and several magistrates of
Rhode Island — which colony had always been friendly
with the Indians — ^dsited Philij) at the Ferry. " We sat,"
wrote the honest Quaker, " very friendly together. We
told him our business was to endeavour that they might
not receive or do wrong. They said that was well: they
* Bradford's Plymouth, 94-97; Hutch. Mass., i. ,275-285; Golden, 1,40; Mather's Mag-
nalia (ed. 1S53), ii., 429, 430, 434, 55S, 559; Mather's History of New England (ed. 1SG4),
220-234 ; Easton's Narrative of Philip's Indian War (ed. 1S5S), viii.-xii., 3. 6, 12-14, 33-39 ;
Court of Assizes, ii.,C7S; Holmes, i., 325, 309, 3S3 ; Belknap, i, 102-107 ; B.incroft, ii., 92-
100 ; Palfrey, iii., 141-151, 218, 221, 298; Arnold's Rhode I?land, i., 23, 87, 212, 3.39, 387-395;
Plymouth Col. Rec., v., 76-80 ; Hazai-d, ii., 531-534; Moore's Notes on Slavery in Mass.,
passim; ante, i., 171 ; ii., 155, 150, 254.
t Hutchinson, i., 280, note, calls this "a whimsical opinion." It certainly was the con-
verse of the augury prevailing in the Highlands of Scotland :
"Which spills tlic foremost foeman's life.
That party comiuers in the strife."— Z/ddy o/ the Lake, Canto iv., vi.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 283
had done no wrong ; the English wronged them. We said, cuap. vi.
we knew the English said the Indians wronged them and
the Indians said the English wronged them; but our de-
sire was the quarrel might rightly be decided in the best
way, and not as dogs decided their quarrels." The Indians
then asked "how right might take place?" The Rhode
Islanders proposed arbitration. The Americans rephed
that all the English were " agreed against them," and
would insist upon English arbitrators, by whom they al-
ready had much wrong. The Rhode Island men suggest-
ed that they might choose an Indian king, and the English
the governor of New York, both of whom would be indif-
ferent. This pleased the savages ; and " if that way had
been tendered, they would have accepted." Philip then
told the grievances of his people. When the first colonists
came, his father, Massasoit, " was as a great man, and the
English as a little child," to whom he freely did good ; but
now the Americans were insulted and cheated in bargains,
until " they had no hopes left to keep any land." Again
the Rhode Island men m-ged the Indians to accept the ar-
bitration of Andros and a native king ; to which they did ArMtra-
not object. Easton and his fi'iends then endeavored tOpo3^d!^°'
persuade them " to lay down the war ; for the English were
too strong for them." With logic as keen as it was just,
Philip replied, " then the Enghsh should do to them as Philip's
they did when they were too strong for the English." So '^^ ^'
ended this memorable interview. It was a virtual protest,
by Rhode Island and Philip, against the doctrine of the
Puritan colonists of New England, that they were the sole
judges between themselves and Americans. If those colo-
nies had accepted the arbitration of Andros and a native
chief, justice might have been done, and war avoided.*
Philip's young men could not be restrained. Some of
them plundered a house at Swansey, within the Plymouth 20 June,
government, and one of the marauders was killed by an begin.
* Plymouth Col. Kec., v., 1GT-1T4; Mather's Early Histoiy, 535-237 ; Mather's War, 4S:;
53; Magnalia, ii., 553,500; Hutch., i., 284-2SG; Baylcy'a Plymouth, ii., 2T ; Easton' s Nar-
rative, by Hough, 1-15; "Atrue Eelation,"etc.,in N.Y.Col. MSS.,xxv., 29. This Rhode
Island negotiation with Philip is not noticed by most New England writere. Mr. Palfrey,
iii., ISO, note, pronounces that Easton's Narrative adds " nothing of importance" to our his-
torical knowledge ; and in a note to page 227, he says of the speech of Philip to John IJor-
den, given in Arnold, i., 304, 395, " I have made no account of it. It is no m.nterial for his-
tory." Perhaps a New Yorker may venture to dissent from this Massachusetts judgment.
284
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. \^.
1675.
24 June.
29 June.
1 July.
4 July.
Action of
New York.
4 July.
Andres's
letter to
Winthrop.
7 July.
Action of
Connecti-
cut.
8 July.
Andros at
Saybrook.
Englishman. This made the savages hope that they would
triumph in the end, because the English had shed the first
blood. Swansey was attacked, and several of its inhabit-
ants killed. Massachusetts and Plymouth called out large
forces. An express was sent to Hartford for aid, and Win-
throp dispatched the news to Andros at New York.*
The Metropolitan Council thought " that Connecticut
doth not expect nor desire assistance from us in relation to
the Indian disturbances at this time." But it was "Re-
solved that the Governor do proceed on his intended voy-
age to Connecticut forthwith, and do take a force with him
to be in a capacity to protect that part of His Royal High-
ness's Government, as there may be occasions." So, An-
dros wrote to "Winthrop : — " I am very much troubled at
the Christians' misfortunes and hard disasters in those
parts, being so overpowered by such heathen. Hereupon,
I have hastened my coming to your parts, and added a
force to be ready to take such resolutions as may be fit for
me upon this extraordinary occasion, with which I intend,
God willing, to set out this evening, and to make the best
of my way to Connecticut River, His Royall Highnesses
bounds there."t
Andros's letter made great trouble at Hartford. The
Council of War hastened Captain Thomas Bull to Say-
brook, and recalled the forces sent forward to fight against
Philip. Bull's instructions were cunningly drawn. He
was to keep Saybrook and its neighborhood from any ene-
my, " by force of arms," if necessary ; and while his or-
ders appeared to require him to repel the savages only,
they really meant that the ofiicers of the Duke of York
were to be treated as the special foes of Connecticut.:}:
The next morning, Andros, with three sloops, appeared
off Saybrook, and desired a " direct and effectual answer"
to his former letters. Meanwhile the Hartford authorities
had ordered their subordinates at Saybrook to " carry it
warily and prudently" with Andros, forbid his landing,
and advise him to send his forces eastward and assist the
* Mather's History, 53-58 ; Magnali.a, ii., 561 ; Hutch., i., 2S0, 2S7; Hough's Easton, 16-
21, 40-43 ; Bany, i., 410, 411 ; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxx., IIT, 118 ; R. I. II. S. Coll., iv., 127 ;
Col. MSS., xxiv., 110, 121 ; Col. Kec. Conn., ii., 332, 579 ; Palfrey, iii., 129, 155.
t Council Min.. iii. (ii.), 44 ; Warr., Ord., Paeses, iii., 117 ; Col. MSS., xxiv., 121 ; Hough's
Easton, 44-48 ; (j.il. Uec. Conn., ii., 579 ; Col. Doc, iii., 254, 264 ; Palfrey, iii., 129.
t Col. Rcc. Conn., ii., 333, 579.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 285
" good people" at Seaconk or Swansey. The next day they chap. vi.
wrote to Andros himself, resenting his " hypotheticall ex-
pressions and injurious imputations," and desiring him notgj^j^ '
to " molest" the king's good subjects in Connecticut, or put c^^pjo"'
them " into a discomposure, at such a time as this." They *tahist
also drew up " a Protest," denouncing the governor of N^ew diacompM-
^ _ 7 o o ^ ure by An-
York as a disturber of the king's peace, and appealing to ^ros.
the Connecticut charter as their warrant for refusing obe-
dience to the duke's representative.*
Andros had meanwhile remained quietly at Saybrook,
anxious about his suffering countrymen at the East, to
whom he sent forward a sloop with supplies ; and wonder-
ing that the Connecticut forces did not move to their re-
lief. When the dispatches from Hartford were communi- is jniy.
cated to him, the governor landed, with his attendants, and laSd^'^t
was received by the Connecticut officials, who desired " to ^^^^^^
tender him a treaty." This Andros declined ; but he or-
dered the Duke of York's patent and liis own commission
to be read ; which was accomphshed, while the Connecti- His com-
cut officials " withdrew a little," declaring that they " had read!
nothing to doe to attend it." Andros then told them that
he had now done, and would sail immediately unless they
desired him to stay. The Connecticut officers answered
that they were not ordered to ask liim to remain ; and they
then read the protest of the Hartford authorities. This The Hart-
Andros at once denounced as "a slander, and so an ill^asian-
requital for his kindness ;" and being refused a copy of it,
he went on board his sloop again, and sailed to Long Isl-
and, whence he intended to send a force to Martin's Vine-
yard, and then to return to New York. As he passed be-
low the fort, salutes were fired on both sides.f
The Hartford authorities regretted that their subordi- 14 juiy.
nates at Saybrook had not interrupted Andros " in com- connTc u-
manding there so usurpingly ;" which " might have been
done by shouts, or soimd of drum, etc., without vio-
• Col. M3S., xxiv., 121 ; Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., US, 119 ; Hough's Easton, 49-50 ; Col.
Rec. Conn., ii., 260-263, 334, 335, 5T9, 5S0, 581 ; Trumbull, i., 329, 330; I'alfrey, iii., 129,
130; ante, iSO.
t Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 5S2, 583, 584; Col. Doc, iii., 254, 264, 415; Warr., Ord., Passes,
iii., 119, 120; Hough's Easton, 56-60; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxvii., 13T; Palfrey, iii., 130,131.
The romantic account of this transaction, which the Reverend Doctor Trumbull has dressed
up in his History of (Jonnecticut, i., 328-330, is so en-oneous that Mr. Palfrey is " obliged to
omit some striliing circumstances in the sketch by that usually cautious historian :" Hist.
N. R,iii.,131, note.
cut.
286 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. VL leiicG."* An elaborate "narrative" of the Connecticut
~ version was sent to Major Robert Thompson, of Newing-
24 July ' ^*^^ Grreen, near London, with a request for liis help against
Andros, who, it was thought, " must be necessitated to mis-
represent" the colony.f
14 July. Andros, meanwhile, went over to Southold, wlience he
New York
soldiers dispatched a sloop, with some soldiers and ammunition, to
Martha's Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. " To satisfy the great
anrNan- jcalousy" of liis ncighbors, the governor came through
Long Island to New York, disarming the Indians every
where, and reviewing all the militia. On his reporting
24 July, "the several passages of his voyao-e," the council resolved
Lone Isl- i. ^ «/ o ^^
and In- that the several towns on Long Island should maintain a
good watch, and take care that the disarmed Indians " be
not any wise injured, but assisted, upon any occasion re-
quiring it.":]:
23 July. The governor also sent for all the Indian sachems of
Indians. Ncw Jcrscy aud other parts, most of whom had been with
him before, and they all " again renewed their submissions
and eno'a2rements."§
At the same time, Andros did not neglect the immediate
interests of the pro^dnce. Accordingly, the coimcil, " upon
a proposal to give pubhc notice what encouragement will
be given to persons that shall come out of Europe hither,
to inhabite and plant in this His Royal Highness's Prov-
.5 Aufrust. ince. Resolved that every freeman shall have for himself
lands ofifer- the proportiou of sixty acres of land of inheritance, and
grants^'"'' for his wifc and every child fifty acres per head ; and ev-
rop& " ery working servant that shall be brought over shall have
each of them fifty acres after the exj)iration of their serv-
ice, according to the custom of the country." A copy of
this order was sent to England by the ship Good Hope,
* Col. Kec. Conn., ii., 335, 5S4. It would seem that this hint was remembered in 1093,
when Fletcher, one of the successors of Andro.=, vi.sited Hartford ; although the "•tradition"
related by Doctor Trumbull, i., 393, does not agree with the ofUcial account in Col. Doc, iv.,
69-Tl.
t Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 96, 103, 203, 264, 338-344; iii., 201 ; Trumbull, i., 331 ; Mass. Rec,
v., 408, 409, 426, 467 ; Hutch. Coll., 449, 403, 469, 473 ; Col. Doc, iii., 355. Winthrop, who
intended to take the Connecticut "• Narrative" to England, died at Boston on the 5th of
April, 1070: Col. Rec Conn., ii., 273; Palfrey, iii., 233-238.
t Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., 119, 120, 121 ; (Council Min., iii. (ii.), 44 ; Hough's Easton, 54-
04; Col. Doc, iii., 254, 204. On the 21st of July, Governor Coddington, of Rhode Island,
complained to Andros of the invasion of its territoi-y by Massachusetts and Connecticut :
Col. MSS.,xxiv.,128.
§ Col. MSS., xxiv., 117, 130 ; Council Min , iii. (ii.), 44 ; Dunlnp, ii., App., cxxii. : Col. Doc,
iii., 251 ; Hough's Easton, 76.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 287
Captain George Heatlicote, a Quaker, who had been im- ciiap. vi.
prisoned at Boston by Governor Bellingham " for deliver-
ing him a letter, and not putting off his hat."*
The intrigues of the French missionaries, Bruyas and
Lamberville, among the Iroquois, having caused com-
plaints, the council resolved that the Mohawks should be le April.
encouraged to friendship, and the Jesuits be sent for, to
explain themselves at Albany. Leaving Brockholls in
charge at New York, Andros now went up the river. Aft-
er regulating affairs at Schenectady, he visited the " most so August.
warlike Indians near one hundred miles beyond ;" and at its the mo-'
Tionnontoguen, the third castle of the Mohawks, he ac- redives'"
cepted the name of " Corlaer," who, they told him, was " a of "'co"--^
man that was of good dispositions and esteemed deare ^^®^"""
amongst us."f On his return to Albany, the Five Iro-
quois nations applied to Andros " declaring their former
alliance, and now submitted in an extraordinary manner,
with reiterated promises." Perhaps the governor's most
important measure at this time was to organize a local
board of commissioners for Indian affairs, composed of Indian
some of the Albany officers.:}: Of this board he appointed sioneis at
as secretary the town clerk of Albany, Robert Livingston, r. LivLg-
a shrewd young Scotchman, who had come over f rom letaryr"
Rotterdam the year before, and who was destined to be-
come prominent in colonial affairs.§
The Council now " Resolved that we ought not to break lo septem.
with our Indians upon account of the war between our ders?" ^^'
neighbors and their Indians." The selling of powder to
* Council Min., iii. (ii.), 45, 4C ; Col. MSS., xxiv., 127 ; xxv., 25-t2, 221, 235-241 ; Farmer
and Moore's Coll., iii., 190 ; Besae, ii., 259 ; C. WoUey, 12, 9T ; Holmes, i., 3T7.
t This name " Corlaer" was given by the Iroquois to the governora of New York, until, in
1693, they made a special one for Fletcher : compare Col. Doc, iii., 254, 322, 327, iJ95, 559 ;
iv.,22, 85; Colden, i., 32, 41 ; ante, 121.
t Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., 77, 122, 125, 12G, 129, 224, 225 ; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 34 ; Col.
Doc, iii., 254, 323, 559 ; Hist. Mag., ii. (i.), 301. Regular minutes were kept of the transac-
tions of the Albany commissioners, beginning with 1675, which in 1751 were bound up in
four large folio volumes. But they have disappeared from our State Archives : see Colden,
i.. Preface, ix., 94 ; Smith, i., 251, note ; Col. Doc, 1, Gen. Introd., viii., xxxi. ; v., 983, note;
vi., 439, 731, 739.
§ Col. MSS., xxiv., 140. Robert Livingston was born on 13 December, 1654, at Ancram,
in Roxburghshire, Scotland, where his father, the Rev. John Livingston, was the Presbyte-
rian minister. After the Restoration the father went to Rotterdam, where he died on 9th of
August, 1672. After his father's death, Robert, who had learned the Dutch language, came
to Albany, probably accompanying Domine Van Rensselaer thither in the autumn of 1674 :
ante, 272. There is a biographical sketch of him in Doc. Hist., iii., 434: see also Col. Doc,
iii., 315, 401, 699 ; iv., 203,251, 2.58, 720; v., 196; Smith, i., 142, wofe ,- Sedgwick's Life of
W. Livingston ; Hunt's Life of E. Livingston.
288 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. VI. the savages was " regulated as formerly ;" each town was
to provide a block-house as a refuge for women and chil-
leseptem. ^rcn ; and all New York Indians were to be "friendly
treated, and have equall justice according to law." A
New York sloop was also Ordered to cruise in the Sound ; and, as the
souSd° ^natives were very strong near Martha's Vineyard and
Gun?se^t" Nantuckct, great guns were sent to each of those islands.
viMyard ^ Tlicsc mcasurcs, however, made Connecticut fear that An-
tucket" dros would again threaten Saybrook.*
Domine Nicolaus van Rensselaer, who had come from
London under the special patronage of the Duke of York,
was soon afterward inducted by Andros to minister in the
Reformed Dutch Church at Albany, as a colleague of
Case of Domine Schaats. This was done without regard to the
Nicoiaus Classis of Amsterdam,' which governed the Reformed
seiaer. Dutch cliurclies in New York, under the eighth article of
the capitulation of 1604, confirmed by Andros's stipula-
tion with Colve. It occasioned much ill feeling, and Yan
Rensselaer was forbidden to baptize children in the me-
tropolitan Reformed Dutcli Church by Domine Yan Nieu-
wenhuysen, who denied the lawfulness of his induction at
Albany. Instead of showing that he had been ordained as
a minister in Holland, Yan Rensselaer complained to An-
dros that the Church of England and the Duke of York's
recommendation had been contemned. Yan Nieuwen-
25 septem. huyscn was summoned to explain himself before the Coun-
soseptem. cil. He admitted the validity of English Episcopal ordi-
1 October, uation, but insisted that every minister serving any Re-
formed Dutch congregation in the king's dominions must
promise conformity to the Holland Church. Tliis explana-
tion was accepted ; and Yan Rensselaer, having solemnly
2 October, promised to conduct liis ministry " conformably to the pub- '
lie Church service and discipline of the Reformed Church
of Holland," the question was satisfactorily adjusted.f
• Coimcil Min.,iii. (ii.), 50, 51, 52,57; Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., 132, 133, 134; Col. MSS.,
xxiv., 138, 139, 141 ; Hough's Philip's War, 71-S2 ; Nantucket Piipers, 8.^, SO ; Eec. Conn.,
iL, 369-371; C.Wolley,95; (lofr, 2TS.
t Corr. CI. Amst. , Le'ter of Van Nieuwenhnyscn of 30 May, 1C76, and Inclosiires ; Council
Min , iii. (ii ), 51-59; Doc. Hist., iii., 52(>, 527; Col. Doc, iii., 225; Col. MSS., xxiv., 153;
Yonkers Gazette, 21 October, 1SC5; Hist. Mag., ix., 352, 353; N. Y. Christ. Int., 2 Novem-
ber, 1865 ; ante, 270, 272. The account of tliis matter in Smith, i., 49, 50, is very erroneous.
Domine Van Rensselaer improved liis visit to New York by procuring Andros to appoint hira
director of Rensselaerwyck in place of his deceased brother, Jeremins : Col. MSS., xxiv., 158;
XXV., 145. The domine married Alida, daughter of Philip Pietersen Schuyler, of Albany, and
died there in November, 1G7S : O'Call., i., 212; ii.,552; llolgate, 40, 42,103; aofc, i., 533.
EDMUND ANDEOS, GOVEKNOR. 289
At the fii'st regular session of the Court of Assizes un- chap. vi.
der Andros, the ease of Steenwyck and his Dutch associ-
ates, who had been bound over for " sedition," was taken g October
up, and De Peyster was acquitted on his taking the oath. i?2^[^^*gj.
The other seven were convicted of " not beina; obedient to ^f ^^ °^ ,
. '-' , steenwyck
His Maiesty's laws," in having traded without taking; the a°<?hi3■13-
•' , '' •' ^ ~ sociates.
oath, in violation of the act of Parhament. Their goods
were accordingly forfeited; but eventually all penalties
were remitted upon the prisoners taking the required oaths. 3 xovem.
Thus ended the question ; and on the proclamation of the so October.
new mayor, William Dervall, the inhabitants of the me-
tropolis who had hitherto refused, came forward and swore
allegiance to Enghsh authority.*
Among other things, the Court of Assizes — upon the pe- 13 October.
tition of the coopers of South and East Hampton, on Long setts coop-
Island, that, owing to their " great deceipt," stranger coop- iiked°on
ers should not come from Boston and work there in the ^^ ^*''
winter — Ordered "that noe cooper shall be admitted to
make casks without the consent of the magistrates" of the
respective towns. A yearly fair for grain, cattle, or other Fair at
produce, was established "at Breucklyn, neare the ferry." "^^ ^"'
By reason of its separation by water, it was ordered that
" Staten Island shall have a jurisdiction of itself, and tostateni^i-
have noe farther dependence on the courts of Long Island ;" john
and John Palmer was appointed its "Ranger." Palmer ran^n
was an English lawyer, who had recently come to New
York from Barbadoes. A double rate was also levied church
" upon all those townes that have not already a sufficient
maintenance for a minister."!
The New York Court ordered all canoes east of Hell e-ii oct.
Gate to be laid up, because the savages were said to be thTs^und
plotting to attack the English as far west as Greenwich, up. ^ """
BrockhoUs was also sent to Albany with " reiterated or- 10 octobei-.
ders" for the advantage of Connecticut. The burning of sent to ai-
Hadley, Deerfield, Northiield, and Springfield induced An- 19 tfctober.
• Col. MSS., xxiv., 172-178, 1S6, 196 ; xxv., 1, 2, 5-14 ; Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., 142, 157 ;
Min. of Common Council,!., 9-11; Col. Doc, iii., 233, 237, 23r!; an<#, 277, 27S. Derv-allnow
succeeded Nicolls as mayor of New York, and John Sharpe was made sheriff; Samuel Leete
was appointed clerk of the city and of the Court of Assizes : Min. of C. C, i., 1, 2, 9 ; Val.
Man., 1845, 309, 331, 332 ; ante, 252, 253.
t Col. MSS., xxiv., 164, 185; xxv., 70; xxvi., 155; xxvii., 35, 36, 57, 59; W.arr , Ord.,
Passes, iii., 196; N. Y.H. S. Coll., i., 425-42S : V:il. Man., 1S44-5, 310, 311; Yonkers Ga-
zette, 25 Nov., 1*65; Stiles's Brookljii, i., 158. Palmer afterward rose to distinction in
New York and New England, in both of which he was made a judge.
II.— T
290 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. VI. dros to think of encouraging the Iroquois to attack the
~" Eastern savages. But, as the Mohawks had renewed their
' former peace with the Mahicans "without leave," it was
24 October, ordered to be kept. It was farther directed "that there
abouT be at this juncture a prohibition of selHng powder and
powder, j^^^ ^^ ^^^ Indians whatsoever at Albany, unless it be to
the Maquas and Senecas." The commander there might,
however, allow a small quantity to be sold to any well
known Mahican beaver - hunter. As the magistrates at
Esopus had shown great apprehension of the Indians, they
were reproved "for their needlesse feares." But they
Esopus were required to explain what was* meant by the savages
offering to deliver up the articles made between ISTicolls
and them in 1665, and which had "been renewed with
those Indians this very spring."*
2 Novem. The Confederated colonies having declared war against
^nd3^°up- the Narragansetts, Andros spontaneously sent six barrels of
i{hoVe''isi- powder and other ammunition to Rhode Island, " which
^^^' they thankfully accepted, and afterwards lent part of it to
New England forces in want, at their fight in Narragansett
19 Decern, couutry." lu this engagement nearly a thousand savages
sett'fight.' and two hundred English colonists were killed and wound-
ed. The Rhode Island Quakers still desired the arbitra-
tion of the governor of New York ; thinking that Puri-
tanic New England ministers had urged on hostilities, " and
1676. that the war had not been, if there had not been a hire-
Rhode'isi ^^^^5 ^^^^5 ^^^' ^^^ money, giving, what he calleth the Gos-
bukeTiias P®^' ^y violence." Governor Coddington, of Rhode Island,
sachuset'ts. accordiugly rebuked Massachusetts for having " departed
from the Lord."t
1675. Nehemiah Pierce and James Pennyman, charged with
piwc^rnd " writing false storeys to Boston," were sent down from Al-
^^°^' bany to New York, and bound over. Massachusetts, on
7 Decern, similar information, published a declaration that Philip had
been " supplied with ammunition from Albany, whereby
• Warr., Ord., PaPse?, iii., 139, 141, 142, 143, 145, 14f>, 147, 148, 151, 155, 150; Council
Min., iii. (ii.), 65, 66 ; Col. MSS., xxiv., 157, 172; N. Y. H. S. Coll., i., 425-42S; Col. Eec.
Conn., ii., 3T2-37S ; Col. Doc, iii., 254, 264; Wood'.? L. I., SO; Ilough'g Philip, 83-119;
Hutch. Mass., i., 294, 295; Trumbull, i., 333-335; Holland's Western Mass., 1., 95, 105;
ante, 89, 181, 192.
t Col. Doc, iii., 254, 2C5 ; Col. Rec Conn., ii., 383-391 ; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 74 ; Warr.,
Ord., Passe?, iii., 169 ; Hough's Philip's War, 26-31, 125, 129-135; Hutch. Mass., i., 297-301 ;
Trumbull, i., 337-342; Arnold, i., 401^00 ; Col. MSS., xxv., 07.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 291
be was enabled to prosecute bis bloody design against tlie chap. vi.
Englisb." Tliis was sucb an " aspersion" tbat Andi'os sent
an express to Boston to vindicate tbe duke's government. ^^ j^j^.^ '
Tbe Puiitan Bostonians cleared tbe magistrates of I^ew ^g^^jj^^^l^.
York, yet continued to asperse ber people " witbout any ^f^^gsto'
known cause, complaint, or notice." Tbe metropolitan ^^^p^«'^
council tbereupon resolved " Tbat for tbe present no f urtber 24 Febr-y.
application be made to tbe Government of Boston." An-
dros's action was " very well looked on" in London.^
Pbilip being now reported witbin forty or fifty miles of
Albany, Andros sent fresb orders to Brockbolls, and again 6 jan'y.
notified tbe Hartford autborities. Tbey prudently sug-
gested tbat tbe Mobawks sbould be employed to " utterly 13 jan'y.
extirpate" tbe natives in New England, and binted tbatcuTand''
Albany bad supplied tbe " common enemy" witb arms or
ammunition. Andros satirically repelled tbis " great re- 20 jan'y.
flection on tbe Dutcb," and demanded explanations, Tbe
Connecticut Council could only give rumors. Tbe gov-
ernor tben demanded wbetber Connecticut would allow 4 Febr'y.
tbe New York Iroquois to pursue tbeir enemies in ber ter- about
ritory? Tbis sbe declined, but suggested tbat tbe Mo-io'rib'y.
hawks bad better attack Pbilip " near Albany."!
Good correspondence, bowever, was maintained between
New York and Pbode Island, tbe people of wbicb were in-
formed " tbat any in tbeir parts driven by tbe Indians from it jan'y.
tbeir habitations or plantations sball be welcome bere, and between
have land assigned tbem upon tbis. Long Island, or Staten and Rhode
Island." But Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Plymouth,
having shown no desire for tbe friendship of New York,
the council resolved " to continue om- endeavors as Chris- 26 FeVy.
tians and the King's subjects, for tbe good of tbis Govern- "chris-
ment, witbout further ajtplication to the said Coloneys." prove New
Tbe governor was also advised to " go forthwith to Al- puritaM.
bany, to settle matters there, it being of very great im-
port ;" as news bad just come of the Mohawks " being
moved in a warlike manner against tbe North Indians.":}:
Tbe Hudson having opened unexpectedly soon, Andros
• Council Min., iii. (ii.), 68, 69, TO, 81, 85; Col. Doc, iii., 238, 242, 254, 25S, 266, 26T;
Hough's Philip's War, 120-142 ; Hutch. Coll., 4T6-490 ; Mather's War, 117, 129, 254.
t Col. Doc, iiL, 255, 265; Col. Rec Conn., u.,397, 398, 404, 406,407; Hutch. Mass., i.,
305 ; Palfrey, iii., 229.
t Council Min., iii. (ii.), 81, 85, 86, 9T; Col. MSS., xxv., 81 ; Hough's Philip's War, 136,
13T, 143-147, 160, 164.
292 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
ouAP.vi. went up to Albany with six sloops and additional men.
He found that some three hundred Mohawks had just re-
Andioa turned from the pursuit of Philip, and had brought back
ijbiny* several scalps. The}'- had been supplied with arms and
ammunition by BrockhoUs, who had also received their old
sachems, squaws, and children within Albany. Lieutenant
4 March. Tcunise was at once dispatched "to the farthest part of
the Government, or as far as Connecticut River," to de-
mand from Philip any Christian prisoners. The governor
11 March, also directed William Loveridge to be arrested for having
arre!te/for slanderously affirmed that the Dutch inhabitants of Al-
bany had supplied the North Indians with arms and am-
27 March, mmiition. Sergeant Sharpe was left in command of the
0 Ai)rii. garrison, as BrockhoUs was needed at New York.*
7 March. Connccticut had meanwhile asked to be allowed to talk
19 March, with tlic Iroquois at Albany, and threatened that, if her
cut agents " historiaus" should report to England, the conduct of An-
York."^ dros " would look dark, and be displeasing both to His
Majesty and all true Englishmen; yea. His Highness would
take no pleasure in the consequences of such services by
his ministers." Samuel Willys and William Pitkin came
1 Apru. on her behalf to ask the desired permission. After full
explanations before the council, the Connecticut agents
10 April, were told that New York had already " taken fitting or-
NewYork. dcrs" with regard to its own Indians, and that it was
"strange" that their colony, which had been so jealous
about all their own concerns, should " ask to treat with any
branch of this Government apart." Andros also wrote
10 April, that he was ready to do all he could to procure a peace be-
tween the Connecticut authorities and their savage ene-
mies, " and wholly to remove all manner of jealousys, shall
suspend all further demands of that part of your colony
claimed by His Poyal Highness, (to remain as it is,) 'till a
determination from England."!
5 May. To caiTy out his humane intentions toward Rhode Isl-
and, the governor sent his sloop there to bring back as
* Col. Doc, iii., 255, 2C5, 708 ; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 87, 101 ; Warr., Ord., Passes, iii.,
14G, 223 ; Col. MSS., x.^v., 88, 90, 184; Hough's Philip's War, 103, 148-163, 167.
t Council Min., iii. (ii.), 90-93 ; Col. Rec. Conn., ii , 414, 419, 420, 426, 435, 436, 437 ; Col.
Doc., iii., 255, 265; Hough's Philip's War, 155-159. The Connecticut correspondence was
now conducted by lier new governor, William I,eetc, who succeeded the deceased Winthrop :
Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 273; Trumbull, i., 345, 340 ; Palfray, iii., 233-238; Arnold, i., 411,412;
JJ. Y. n. S. Coll. (1869), 374-3TG ; ante, 2S0, 7iote.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 293
many of her people as wished to come to JSTew York. At chap.vi.
the same time, it was " Ordered that upon this extraordi- ^
nary occasion of the warre, and other late intelligences, p^enaiy'
the severall townes upon Long Island be sent to, to repre- ^ew York
sent the same unto the inhabitants, in order to a levy, and R^o^g^jgi.
to know what they will give towards a supply." Collector ^°'^-
Dyer was accordingly dispatched to urge each town to s May.
grant "such a suitable supply as may be proper." But
this appeal was poorly answered. The contribution, like
that proposed by Lovelace in 1672, was viewed as " a kind is May.
of benevolence — the badge of bad times."*
On Salisbury's return, Andros received fresh instructions
from the Duke of York. Referring to his former direc-
tions of the 6th of April, 1675, concerning Assemblies,
James added, " I have since observed what several of your 28 jan'y.
latest letters hint about that matter. But unless you had of York
offered what qualifications are usual and proper to such approve's'
Assemblyes, I cannot but suspect they would be of dan- tues!^^"*"
gerous consequence ; nothing being more knowne than the
aptness of such bodyes to assume to themselves many priv-
iledges which prove destructive to, or very oft disturbe the
peace of the government wherein they are allowed. Nei-
ther do I see any use of them, which is not as well pro-
vided for, whilst you and your council govern according to
the laws established (thereby preserving every man's prop-
erty inviolate), and whilst all things that need redresse may
be sm^e of finding it, either at the Quarter Sessions or by
other legall and ordinary wayes ; or lastly by appeal to my-
selfe. But, howsoever, if you continue of the same opin-
ion, I shall be ready to consider of any proposalls you shall
send to that purpose."
At the same time the duke approved of Andres's demand 2s jan-y.
" of all the land on the west side of Connecticut River." sustains
" But," he added, " at the present, for other reasons, I am acuon* *
not willing you should proceed further, in regard I hope nectlcut?"*
for hereafter more convenient means of adjusting the
boundaries in those parts ; and in the interim, though the
agreement by the Commissioners in 1664 were never con-
firmed by me, I soe far approve of the prudence of Colonel
* Council Min.,iii. (ii.), 94,95; Warr., Ord., Pastes, iii., 193; Hough's Philip, 137, 160-
1C3 ; Smitli, L, 51 ; ante, 171, ISS.
294
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK.
Chap. VI.
1676.
Secretary
Werden's
directions.
31 Jao'y-
" Boston-
era" on tlie
North
Kiver.
28 May.
30 May.
The Iro-
quois sum.
moned to
meet An-
dros at
Albany.
June.
Fort and
officer.? at
Albany.
Andros at
Snhaghti-
cook, or
Scatacook.
NicoUs, at that time, as to admitt by no means of any near-
er access of those of Connecticut than to the mouth of
Marinac (or Mamaronocke) River, and along the edge of
it; provided they come to noe place within twenty miles
distance of Hudsons' Eiver. But this I hint to you only
for the present, not intending thereby to conclude myself
as to the right of the case." Secretary Werden wrote
more fully that the duke was " willing things should rest
as they are at present ; but he is not sorry you have re-
vived this claim, because possibly some good use may be
hereafter made of it." Werden also called Andros to ac-
count for permitting "the Bostoners and other strangei^s
to go up in theic small vessells to Esopus and Albany and
elsewhere, as freely as the very natural subjects of his
Boyal Highness's Colony," which was "a new thing," for-
bidden by Lovelace, and to the disadvantage of the me-
tropolis."""
News having come that Massachusetts was making a
separate peace with the North Indians, the Council re-
solved that the Mohawks should be restrained from far-
ther prosecuting them, and that arms be restored to the
Long Island savages. As Connecticut was advising with
TJncas about sending a present to the Mohawks, they were
summoned to meet the governor at Albany. The Mahi-
can and other eastward Indians were also invited to come
in, and " live under the protection of the Government," as
both Canada and Connecticut had solicited them.f
At Albany the governor built a new stockaded fort,
with four bastions, and mounted twelve guns, so as to de-
fend and command the whole town. Salisbury, who was
a favorite of the duke, was now reinstated in his old place
of commander. Sergeant Sharpe remaining under his or-
ders. The local militia was put under Captain Goosen
Gen-itsen van Schaick, and Lieutenants Martin Gerritsen
and Jan Jansen Bleecker.
On this occasion Andros went up to Schaghticook, a
pleasant place, in the present county of Kensselaer, near
the confluence of the Hoosic with the Hudson Eiver, where
• Col. Doc, iii., 230, 235-238, 241 ; Council Min., lii. (ii.), 99 ; Chalmers, i., 5S1, GOO ; Ban-
croft, ii., 40G; ante, 55, .56, 108, 182, 188, 260, 279.
t Council Min., iii. (ii.),90, 100, 101; Col. Kec. Conn., ii., 443; Col. MSS., xxv., IIG, 121,
124; IlouglVs I'hilip'.-? War, 1C4-1GS; Nantucket rapes, 89-103.
EDMUND ANDKOS, GOVEENOR. 295
he " planted a tree of welfare," and invited all the North- chap, vl
eiTi and River Indians to come and hve.* ^
Ha\dng informed the Hartford authorities of the " very 5 j^j^
great execution" done by the Mohawks on their savage en-^^^°^^^^'*'
emies, Andros desired to know whether the New York In-
dians would he admitted into their towns. This, however,
was declined ; while Connecticut sent word that some of s juiy.
Philip's warriors were about to cross the Hudson Eiver2ojuiy.
near Esopus, " to seek for 'complices of their straine," and,
if they should escape southward, " it may be a great occa- New York,
sion to animate the Yirginia Indians." Convinced of " the
improbability" of this suggestion, Andros replied that as 26 juiy.
Connecticut declined the assistance of the Mohawks, he
dared not " presume f m-ther, than as formerly, by encour-
agements and gifts, to assure their constant fidelity." f
Not long afterward a large party of savages were sur-
prised at Stockbridge, on the Housatonic, and the surviv- Indiana
ors were reported to be attempting their escape " over stock-
Hudson's River to a place called Paquiage." The Con- " ^^'
necticut Council asked Andros either to grant " liberty to 19 August.
pass up your river, with some vessels from hence and the
Bay, with men and provision, to pursue and destroy those
of the enemies that are in those parts, or doe something
effectual yom-self for the utter suppression of the enemy
in those parts." The governor replied that he would dis- 25 August.
patch proper orders to Albany, but he would not allow connecti- '
Connecticut to send forces up the Hudson, or her agents to taik with
treat with the Mohawks, " as it would breed distraction.":}: quois."'
In the mean time, Philip was slain in a swamp near 12 August.
Mount Hope, whither he retreated after having defended nearMount
'* what he imagined to be his own, and the just rights of his
countrymen, to the last extremity." War was now ended.
" A handsome penny" was turned by exhibiting the man-
* Council Mln., iii. (ii.), 140 ; Warr., Ord., Passes, iii , 175, 223 ; Col. Doc, iii., 235, 255,
260, 5G5, Tl3; iv., 24S, 576, T44, 902, 991; v., 3SS; Hutcli. Mass., i., 348; Colden, i., 101;
Hist. Mag., iv., 50. Plans of Albany at this time, and of its fort, which stood near the pres-
ent St. Peter's Church in State Street, are given in Miller's N. y.,and in Munsell's Ann.
Alb., iii., 89; iv., 200.
+ Col. Rec. Conn., ii, 461, 462, 466, 467 ; Council Min., iii (ii), 104, 105; Hougli's Philip's
War, 171.
t Trumbull, i., 34S, 349, 350; Col. Kec. Conn., ii, 469, 471, 472, 4TT, 478, 480; Council
Min., iii (ii), 12S, 129. About two hundred of the fugitives from Stockbridge fled to the
Mahicans on the Hudson River, and became incorporated with them : Coi Doc, iv., 744,
902, 991 ; Trumbull, i, 350. Hutch. Mass., i, 348, calls them " Scatacook Indians."
Hope.
296 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP.vi. gled right hand of the son of Massasoit to 'New English
" curiosity ;" and the able-bodied native American captives
Fate of tiie ^'^^ cscapcd the tender mercies of " the women at Marble-
AmlT'^ head," or the gibbets of Pl^nnouth and Massachusetts, were
cans- exported to the West Indies and sold into slavery. Even
the heir of the King of Pokanoket, and the grandson of the
early friend of the sliivering " Pilgrims" from Holland,
was made a victim of Puritan avarice ; and the latest his-
torian of New England pronounces that there was no " pe-
culiar aggravation in the circumstance that one of the suf-
ferers was Philip's son."*
August. The Duke of York's eastern territory did not escape the
buSed"' consequences of Philip's war. Pemaquid was burned by
the savages, who drove many of its colonists westward to
Massachusetts. Hearing of this, the New York govern-
ment voted land to the sufferers, and Andros dispatched
8 septem. his sloop to Bostou, " offering fi-ee passage and relief to
humanity, any drivcu from His Poyal Highness's territories about
12 October. Pcmaquid." But Massachusetts, not relishing the humani-
jSchu-'^ ty of New York, thought it better that all his Majesty's sub-
jects should join in hunting the aborigines out of Maine,
and that every effort should be made " to engage the Mo-
hawks or other Indians, friends o'f the English, for their
help and assistance therein."t
Massachusetts, indeed, always coveted Maine. After the
Dutch had conquered from the French the region east of
the Penobscot, they were driven off by Boston vessels, the
crews of which, nevertheless, " kept no possession." The
States' ambassador at London, however, complained of
this aggression, and charged that the Bostoners "would
not suffer any Hollanders there." Charles accordingly or-
iiFeVy. dered the Massachusetts magistrates "to return their an-
swer to the said complaint, that so his Majesty, under-
standing the nature of the fact, may give such order as is
agreeable to justice therein.":}:
• Hutch. Mass., i., 306, 307 ; Trumbull's Conn., i., 34S, 349; Mather, 18S, 194, 195 ; Davis's
Morton, 453-455; Everett's Bloody Brook Address, 1835; Arnold's K. 1., i., 416, 417,418;
Plymouth Col. Rec.,v., 174, 210; Hough's Philip's War, 21, 25, ISS; Col. Rec. Conn., ii.,
471 ; Palfrey, iii, 2(15, 20G, 216-221 ; Moore's Notes on Slavery in Massachusetts, 35-4S.
t Council Min., iii. (ii.), 117 ; Col. Doc, iii., 241, 2.'>5, 205; Mass. Rec, v., 123 ; William-
son's Maine, i., 515-537 ; Maine H. S. Coll., v., 8, 0, 2.^5, 25l> ; Palfrey, iii., 208-211.
t Williamson's Maine, i., 580; Hutch. Mi^ss., i., 311 ; Coll., 464, 489; Mass. H. S. Coll.,
xxxii.,280, 287; Mass. Rec, v., 114, 116, US; Palfrey, iii., 205; n/ifc, 2.')4. On the 27th of
October, 1676, the Dutch West India Company commissioned Coknelis Stee.nwtck, of New
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 297
After the Peace of Westminster, the British king gave chap. vi.
more thought to his American colonies. His former Conn-
oil of Trade and Plantations was dissolved, and its records 21 Decem.
were transferred to the Privy Council, a committee of 1675.
which Charles directed to oversee "matters relating tONewcoml
trade and his foreign plantations." Thus American af-^"j*gand
fairs were restored to the immediate control of the crown, p}*"^'*-
The strict enforcement in her colonies of the Navigation 11 August.
and the Customs' laws of England was the motive. So
the Plantation Committee addressed a circular letter to the
several North American colonies requiring answers to va-
rious questions. A royal proclamation followed, which 24 Novem.
prohibited the importation into the plantations " of any tioa to en-
merchandize but what should be laden in England, and Navigation
for putting other branches of those acts into strict execu-
tion relating to America." This appears to have been
drawn by Attorney General Sir WiUiam Jones, and was 1676.
20 March.
communicated to the colonial governors. At the same no Medi-'
time it was determined "that no Mediterranean passes passes for
should be granted to New England, to protect its vessels giand. ''"
against the Turks, until it is seen what dependence it will
acknowledge on his Majesty, or whether his custom-house
officers are received as in other colonies."*
Edward Randolph — a kinsman of Robert Mason, one of so March.
the claimants of Maine, a servant of the Duke of York, Randolph
shrewd, active, and intensely devoted to his king — was sent Massachu-
with these dispatches to Massachusetts, which was thought ^^
to be the most " prejudicial plantation." On reaching Bos-
ton, Randolph was treated with coarse incivility by Lever- 10 June,
ett, its governor, who seems to have supposed that goodinsuuedat
•breeding was inconsistent with Puritanism. Relying on^°^'°"'
its royal charter, the Corporation of Massachusetts — a
creature of Charles the First — assumed that it could settle
" all matters in difference" with Charles the Second by its
York, to take possession, in its behalf, of the conquered territory east of the Penobscot, and
govern it as captain. This project, however, was never executed : see J. W. de Peyster'a
pamphlet, " The Dutch in Maine," 45, T3-77 ; Append., 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ; Valentine's Manual,
1S53, 352 ; 18G4, 661 ; Col. MSS., xxvii,, 125; Pemaquid Papers, 29,30.
* Col. Doc, iii., 228, 229, 230, 231, 232; Evelyn, ii., 86, ("5 ; Anderson on Commerce, ii.,
531 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxvii., 136, 137 ; Chalmers's Ann., i., 319, 323, 324, 400, 402 ; Rev.
Col., i., 128, 129 ; Hutchinson's Coll., 444, 463, 503 ; Barry, i., 453 ; Palfrey, iii., 33, 275, 279-
283. Chalmers, in the Pieface to his Annals, erroneously states that Locke was Secretary
of the Committee for Trade of March, 1675. Sir Robert Southwell, the Clerk of the Privy
Council, was fecretary of tlint committee, .and afterward William Blathwayt: Col. Doc, iii.,
228, 230, 271 ; Evelyn, ii., 101, 279 ; King's Locke, 34 ; ante, 187, 249.
298 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. VI. own " final determination." Governor Winslow, of Plym-
~~ outh, reproved the absurdity of liis neighboring fellow-sub-
jiiy ' JGcts, and told Randolph that New England would never
Opinion of floui'ish Until its several colonies were reduced under his
Winslow,
ouu?^'" majesty's "immediate government." Randolph returned
30 July, to London, satisfied that most of the inhabitants of Massa-
Kandolph 3 '
report on chusctts abhorrcd the " arbitrary government and oppres-
his I'stum
to En- sion of their magistrates," and hoped that the king would
free them "from this bondage" by establishing his direct
authority among them. The Navigation Laws, however,
were so faithfully executed by Andros and Dyer as to
cause a stoppage of trade between New York and Massa-
chusetts. No European goods were allowed to be import-
ed from Boston into New York unless they had paid cus-
toms in England, and this caused a " misunderstanding"
between those colonies. Plymouth and Connecticut " duly
observed" the laws.""
t2 Oct. Concerning the Indian war, Randolph testified that the
sifstains Massachusetts complaints that Philip and his countrymen
had been encouraged and supplied by the people of Al-
bany were "without any just cause or ground, but rather
a report raised out of malice and envy." Governor An-
dros had proved liimself " very friendly and serviceable" to
Massachusetts. Had his advice been taken, the war would
have been less destructive, for he would have overpowered
Philip by the New York Indians ; " but his friendship, ad-
vice, and offers were slighted."f
9 August. Having consulted her " reverend elders," Massachusetts
setts sends scnt William Stoughton and Peter Bulkley after Randolph
aaiBuik- to England. They were instructed to evade all " clamors
gland. °" and accusations," and to promise "a full answer" to the*
complaint of the Dutch government that the Hollanders
had been driven out of Maine. This " answer," however,
does not appear to have been given.ij;
1675. Meanwhile La Salle had obtained from Louis a grant of
13 May. Pqj,^ Froutcnac and its neighborhood, with the monopoly
of hunting and fishing on Lake Ontario, on condition that
• Chalmers, i., 403 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 311, 319 ; Coll., 4T7-513, 534, 5G4; Col. Doc., iii.,
230-244; Bancroft, ii.. Ill ; Bany, i., 454-45S; Palfrey, iii., 2S4-2S9 ; Col. Rec. Conn., li.,
484; Hist. Mag.,ii. (iii.), TO, Tl ; ante, 294.
t Riindolph'g " Narrative" of 12 October, 167G, in Hutch. Coll., 490 ; Col. Doc, iii., C42.
i Mum. Kcc, v., 99-110 ; Hutchinson, i , 311, 312 ; Palfrey, iii., 291-295.
16 Septem.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 299
he should pay its cost, maintain a garrison, build a clmrclj, chap. vi.
and support Franciscan missionaries. Tli-e king also made
him a French nobleman. La Salle hastened back to Cana- ^^ g^^j^ *
da in company with Laval de Montmorency, who had been ^y°Lolt^
created Bishop of Quebec, and Jacques Duchesnau, who ^^ May.
succeeded Talon as intendant, as well as with the Francis- Franciscan
f 1 T • • /^ • • mission-
can fathers Louis Hennepin, Christian Le Clercq, and Ze- ^"^3.
nobius Membre. A new stone fort, with four bastions, 1676.
was quickly built by La Salle around the old palisades at oatera-' ^'
Cataracouy ; a chapel was prepared ; and the fathers Hen- *'°"^-
nepin and Luke Buisset were installed as assistants of Ri-
bourde in the mission.*
After establishing the Franciscans at Cataracouy, Fron- Jesuit mia-
tenac took little interest in the French missions south of amongThe
Lake Ontario. Bruyas remained at Tionnontoguen, and ^°^^°^^-
James de Lamberville, who had just come over from Paris,
replaced Boniface at Caghnawaga. The large secession to
the Prairie de la Madeleine nevertheless troubled the Mo-
hawk missionaries. Millet labored among the Oneidas
with tolerable success. At Onondaga, John de Lamberville
was comforted by the steadfast faith of Garakontie imtil
the death of that eminent proselyte early in 1676. Car-
heil's chapel at Cayuga was burned by drunken savages.
Among the Seuecas, Pierron, Raffeix, and Garnier labored
diligentlv. But that distant tribe, having; subdued the An- The An-
1 11T1C i-ni Pastes con-
dastes, now talked only of war, " even against the h rench, quered.
and to begin by the destruction of the fort of Cataracouy ."f
The "Residence" of the Prairie de la Madeleine had Prairie de
prospered, and Bishop Laval visited it in great state. But, leine.
as the land was not fertile, the mission was, in 1676, re-
moved farther up the St. Lawrence, near to the rapids of
St. Louis. There a new village was founded, which the
French named "St. Francis Xavier du Sault;" while the
Iroquois proselytes, remembering their old home on the
Mohawk, called it " Casjhnawaga," which in their lano-uae-e ga, on the
^ " St Law-
means " the rapids," or " a carrying-place." A stone church rence.
• Col. Doc., ix., lis, 119, 120, 122-125, 126, 213, 216, T94; Charlevoix, ii., 256, 265 ; Faillon,
iii., 472, 473, 474, 537 ; Hennepin's Louisiana, 2, 3, 7-14; New Discovery, 7-16 ; Hist. Coll.
Louisiana, i., 195, 196 ; Sparks'a La Salle, 8-17, ISl ; Shea's Disc. Miss., 7S, 84, 85, 89, 103,
147,150,265,266; Missions, 309,412; Bancroft, iii., 162; Garneau, i., 237; a7i<f, 99, 241.
t Relation, 1673-9, 140, 194, 195, 204 ; Douniol, ii., 10, 35-45, 99, 106-114, 197 ; Shea, 272,
274, 277, 285, 289, 292, 293; Hist. M.-ig., ii., 29T; Col. Doc, ix., 227, note; ante, 100, 193,
238-240.
300
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK.
1676.
13 August.
Domine
Nicolaua
van Rens-
selaer's
case.
23 Septem.
28 Septem.
23 October.
Leisler and
Milborne.
10 Novem.
New dock
in New
York.
was soon built at this Residence, wliicli was put in charge
of the fathers Fr^min and Cholenec*
This year marked the domestic annals of New York.
Domine Nicolans van Rensselaer, whom Andros had in-
stalled as colleague of Schaats in the Reformed Dutch
Church at Albany, was accused of " false preaching" by
Jacob Leisler, one of the deacons in the Dutch Chm-ch in
New York, and Jacob Milborne, a young Englishman, who
had formerly been the book-keeper of Thomas Delavall.
On their complaint the Albany magistrates imprisoned Yan
Rensselaer for having uttered " some dubious w^rds." An
appeal was taken to New York, where the case was heard
before the governor and council, the mayor and aldermen,
and the " ministers of the city," and sent back for the au-
thorities at Albany to determine. Domine Schaats ac-
cordingly proved his colleague's heterodoxy. Yet the Al-
bany court thought it best that all differences " should be
consumed in the fii'e of love," and enjoined perpetual for-
bearance on both sides, " for edification to the Reformed
Religion." Their action was confii-med by the governor,
council, aldermen, and " ministers of New York," who or-
dered Leisler and Milborne to pay all costs, " as giving the
first occasion of the difference." f
The increasing commerce of the metropolis requiring
larger accommodation, a mole or dock was built under the
encouragement of Andros. Its expense was paid by a city
tax levied on the residents, and timber was furnished by
the North and West Ridings of Long Island. The " Heere
Gracht," or canal in Broad Street, was also filled up and
leveled, and a market-house was established at the " plaine
afore the fort.":j:
• Relation, 1073-9, 231-240; 1070-7,122-145; Douniol,ii., 49-70, 107-179, 217-227; Shea,
29S-304, 307, 308 ; Col. Doc, iii., 251 ; Lx., 95, 110, 130; Index, 282; Golden, i., 54; Smith,
i., 09 ; Charlevoix, i., 352 ; ii., 258 ; v., 261 ; Hist. Mag., x., 322, 323 ; ante, vol. i, 423, 659 ;
ii., 129, 178.
t Council Min., iii. (ii.), 118-125, 131, 132; Doc. Hist., ii., 42; iii., 527-530; Smith, i., 50;
Col. MSS.,xxv., 106; xxvi.,139; Col. Doc, iii., 301, 6S0, 727, 755; N.Y. Christ. Int., 2 Nov.,
1865 ; ante, 196, note, 272. Domine Van Rens.selaer acted as one of the managers of Rens-
selaerwyck after the death of his brother Jeremias in 1674. In 1677 Andros deposed him
from his ministry "on account of his bad and scandalous life." The domine died the next
year; and his widow, Alida Schuyler, married, in 1683, Robert Livingston, the astute young
Scotch town clerk of Albany : Cor. CI. Amst., Letter of Domine Van Zuuren, 30 Sept., 1077 ;
Ilolgjite, 42, 103;O'CalI.,i.,122,212; ii., 177,552; Col. MSS., x.xiv., 158; xxv., 145; xxxi.,
90; xxxii., 175; an«c, 287, 288.
t C0I.MSS., XXV., 98, 155 ; Col. Doc, iii., 303, 309, 313, 314, 412 ; Min. of N. Y. C. C, i., 01 ;
VaL N. Y., 181 ; Dunlap, ii., App. cxxv.-cxxvii. ; Hoffman's Treatise, iL,5.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 301
At the Court of Assizes, William Loveridge, who had chap. vi.
been arrested for slandering the Dutch at Albany, was ~
fined twenty beavers, and allowed six months to make ^ q^ J^g^;
good his charge against Ai-nout Cornelissen Yiele, the in- Loveridge.
terpreter. Several of the inhabitants of Hempstead, hav- 25 October,
ing entered into an unlawful combination, were tried, con- steadr
victed of riot, and variously sentenced. George Heath-
cote, the Quaker ship-captain, being charged with talking ueathcote.
seditiously, was also heavily fined.*
Southampton and Southold, which for ten years had re-
fused to take out new patents according to the Duke's
Laws, were now obhged to submit. They sent up various 28 septem.
reasons for their contumacy, which Andros treated more
cavalierly than Lovelace. The Court of Assizes gave judg-
ment that Southampton and Southold "for their disobedi-r October.
ence have forfeited all their titles, rights and privileges totoTanT^'
the lands in said township ;" but a fortnight was allowed ^°""^°^^-
them to acknowledge their faults and obey. This was de- g^ October
cisive, and the towns prudently obtained new patents.f ^ Novem.
The Delaware territory, after the governor's \dsit in the ceiaTrare
spring of 16T5, had been disturbed by Ogle and the Lu-
theran minister Fabricius. They were cited to appear be-
fore Andros at New York, and it was ordered that Fabri- 15 septem.
cius, " in respect of his being guilty, and his former irregu- ^"^""^-'•
lar life, be suspended from exercising his functions as a
minister, or preaching any more within this government,
either in public or private." This sentence appears to
have been modified, and the Lutheran clergyman preached
for several years in the church which Andros directed to
be built at " Wickegkoo.":}:
In the mean time, Fen wick, to whom Lord Berkeley 1675.
conveyed his undivided interest in New Jersey, had quar- je'r^ey.
reled with Byllinge, for whom he was trustee, and this
Quaker dispute had been arranged by William Penn. 10 Feb'y
Berkeley's grantees assigned then* estate in North America Pena.
• Col. MSS., XXV., 90, 1S4, 1S5, 211, 220, 226-241 ; ante^ 2ST, 292. On the 25th of Sept.,
1676, Andros wrote (in French) to Commander Binckes that he had supplied one of his ships
with provisions, and thanked him for having reported favorably of him to the Prince of Or-
ange : Col. MSS., XXV., 171 ; ante, 223, note.
t Col. MSS., XXV., 173-176, 222; Patents, iv., 103, 105; Thompson, i., 146, .334, .335, 384,
3S5; Dunlap, ii., App. xxxviii. ; ante^ 110, 173, 275.
t Council Min. (iii.), ii., 53 ; S. Hazard, 417, 419, 420, 438 ; G. .Smith's Delaware County,
102, 115, 124; ante., 255, 279.
302 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. VI. to William Penn, Gawen Laurie, and Nicholas Lucas, all
1675.
25 June.
of whom were Quakers. Under their auspices Fenwick
sailed for the Delaware with his family and some colonists,
faTtfthe ^^^ landed at the old " Varcken's Kill" of the Dutch and
Delaware. " Elsiugburg'' of the Swcdcs, which he named " Salem."
Cantwell, the New York sheriff at ISTewcastle, reported this
5 Decern, iutrusiou to Audros, who directed that as Fenwick had not
produced any authority, he "was not to be received as
owner or proprietor of any land whatever in Delaware,
but to be used civilly, paying all duties as others His Maj-
esty's subjects;" and that, "as to any privilege or freedom
of Customs, or trading on the Eastern Shore, none to he
allowed in any case to the smallest vessel, boat, or person."
10 Decern. The samc duties levied at New York were to be exacted on
the Delaware.*
1676. Captain John Collier was not long afterward commis-
coufe^r*™' sioned as the New York commander and sub-collector on
erTiTDeil- Delaware Bay, and carefully instructed as to his duties.
£5Sept. Three subordinate local courts were also established at
Newcastle, at Upland, and at Hoarkill. The Duke's Laws,
with certain exceptions, were directed to be enforced, and
Cantwell was made high sheriff.f
25 Sept. In spite of Andros's warning, Fenwick, " a litigious and
coTtuma- troublesome person," continued to act as proprietor at Sa-
cioiw. Iqjxi^ and was summoned to answer at New York, but he
3 Decern, ref uscd to oboy. ColHer was then directed to send him to
Fort James ; and he accordingly visited Fenwick, who de-
7 Decern, uicd that the governor of New York had any thing to do
8 Decern, with him. The recusant was brought to Newcastle, whence
!■> Jan- ^^® ^^^ conveyed a prisoner to New York. At a special
Fenwick Court of Assizes Fenwick was fined, and ordered to give
in New security for his good behavior. Refusing to do this, he
was kept in custody.:}:
* Council Min., iii. (ii.), Tl, 72 ; Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., 163 ; Dankers and Sluyter, 242,
243; Learning and Spicer, 65; S. Smith, 79, 89; Hazard's Rec. Penn., vi., 182; Proud, i.,
136, 137; Dixon, 137; S. Hazard, 410, 419, 421, 422; N. J. H. S. Proc, ii., 8, 9; ante, vol.
i., 322, 338, 380 ; ii., 2G6, 278.
t Warr.,Ord.,Passes, iii., 115, 116, 211-213; Col.MSS., x.':., S4-0S; Hazard's Reg. Penn.,
iv., 57; Ann. Penn., 425-429 ; G. Smith's Del. Co., 105-107; Upland Records, ,"5-43. This
last book was published by tlie Pennsylvania Historical Society. Scholars must regret that
its editor, Mr. Edward Armstrong, has so carelessly repeated the stale errors that De Vries
visited the Delaw.Tre in 1630, whereas it was Heyes ; and that Lovelace succeeded NicoUs ia
May, 1GC7, wliereas it was in August, 1668.
t Ord, Warr., Passes, iii., 231; Col. MSS., xx., 102, 103 ; xxv., 242; xxvi., 11, 12, 14; S.
Smith, 94 ; Haz. Ann., 429-434, 453 ; N. J. Proc, 11., 9-11, 17 ; Dixon, 136 ; Eliz. Bill, 8.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 303
Meanwhile Philip Carteret had quietly governed that cnAP. "^^.
part of New Jersey north of Barnegat and the Eenkokns
Creek, which the Duke of York had conveyed, in severalty, carterefs
to Sir George Carteret. James, however, did not suppose |j°e^n™;
that his new deed of lands transferred to his ■ grantee the '^^^^^^.^
" full and absolute power and authority" which the king
had vested in him personally. The most important sov-
ereign prerogative which Charles had delegated to his
brother was that of taxing the inhabitants of a British-
American province for the support of its government. To
this end the duke's governor had ordered that all vessels
trading within his original territory should enter at the
New York Custom-house. After Andros reached New 1675.
York, James's secretary wrote him that nothing had been cuftw
done in England toward "adjusting Sir George Carteret's fg'^^'-'g®! i^y
pretensions in New Jersey, where, I presume, you will take o^ n^°''''
care to keep all things in the same posture (as to the Duke's portauonV.
prerogatives and profits) as they were in your predecessors'
time, until you shall hear of some alterations agreed to
here." This led to a " bickering" between Collector Dyer
and Governor Carteret, who was made to pay duties to the
duke on " a present" sent to New Jersey, and was " ob-
structed" by Andros fi'om clearing a sloop from Elizabeth-
town to Carolina.*
The subordinate title to New Jersey, however, had now
become so doubtful that its various claimants found it nec-
essaiy to make a compromise. This was accomplished
" after no little labour, trouble, and cost ;" and, as is said,
through the interposition of the Duke of York, who in-
duced Sir George Carteret to relinquish his separate own- \QnQ
ership. A " Quintipartite" deed, in partition, was accord- 1 Juiy.
ingly made between Carteret, and Penn, Laurie, Lucas, and partite
Bylhnge, by which it was agreed that their division line East and
should run from Little Egg Harbor to the northernmost jerley. ^^
branch of the Delaware River, in forty-one degrees and
foi-ty minutes of latitude. All the territory north and east
of this line, called " East New Jersey," was vested in Carte-
ret. All the remainder, to the south and west of it, named
" "West New Jersey," was conveyed to Penn and his associ-
* Learning and Spicer, 91-111; Eliz. Bill, 8; Col. Doc, iii., 229, 240, 316 : iv., eS2 ; Clial-
mers's Annals, i., 617, 618; Graharae,i., 468; S. Smith, 68; Whitehead's East Jersey, 60,
69, 70, 190, 191 ; ante, 2CT, 268, 277.
304 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. VI. atcs. Yet this famous instrument was based wholly on
the Idng's effete patent to the Duke of York in March,
1676. ^QQ^^ j^ ^.^ ^^^ allude to the Dutch reconquest in 1673 ;
nor to the Dutch reconveyance of New Netherland to
Charles the Second, by the Treaty of Westminster, in Feb-
ruary, 1674 ; nor to Charles's second patent to his brother
in the next June ; nor to the Duke of York's release of
a part of New Jersey to Sir George Carteret, indi^ddually,
in the following July. In these respects the " Quintipar-
tite" New Jersey deed of 1676 is perhaps the most faulty
English secondary parchment in American annals.*
31 August. Two months afterward Secretary Werden vrrote to An-
of York ^ dros that the duke was not " at all inclined to let go any
hirprerog- part of his prerogative, which you and your predecessors
ative.
have all along constantly asserted in his behalf; and so,
though at present, in respect to Sir George, we soften things
all we may, not to disturb his choler (for in truth the pas-
sion of liis inferior officers so far infects him as puts liim
on demands which he hatli no colour of right to), I verily
believe, should his foot chance to slip, those wlio succeed
him must be content with less civihty than we show him
in this point; since then we should exercise that just au-
thority His Royal Highness hath without such reserves as,
though intended but as favours now, may, if confirmed, re-
dound too much to the prejudice of your Colony."
Indeed, James now contemplated obtaining a new pat-
ent, " either for the better ascertaining the boundaries, or
for any other cause," which should confirm to him Dela-
ware, as well as the region eastward as far as the Connecti-
cut. But the duke's political situation in England did not
permit him to move in the matter at this time; although
' 1677. his secretary informed Andros that " a time may come,
jam^'con- either upon a regulation of matters in New England, when
.^Tew'^'^^ His Majesty shall please to take that into his consideration,
patent. qj. gome otlicr way, when His Koyal Highness may without
scruple tliinke it convenient to insist on all those riglits
that were intended him by his Patent from the Crowne."t
The Quintipartite deed, however, induced Governor
Carteret to claim a distinct port and custom-house in New
• Learning and Spicer, Gl-72 ; Eliz. Bill, p. 8 ; Answer to Bill, p. IS; S. Smith, 80, S9, 5J6,
C4S; Gordon, SS; Proud, i., 142; Dixon's Penn., 13S; Wliitehead, 67, 68 ; rT?i«e, 260, 261,
265-268. t CoL Doc., iiL, 237, 239, 240, 247 ; Chalmers, i., 618.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOK. 305
•
Jersey. The ISTew York authorities resolved " That they chap. vi.
find no port or harbour granted to Sir George Carteret ~
(distinct or independent from this) ; but all ships or vessels, ^{'jj
as hitherto, to enter and clear at the Custom-house here, or ^'^5 ^°^^
^ _ ' refuses
subordinate officers thereof, with due regard to Governor New^jcr?ey
p, a separate
Carteret s or others authority, for the duties on tobacco port.
and other produce of America, according to acts of Par-
liament and orders thereupon."*
Penn and his co-proprietors of West Jersey, having pre- 3 Marcfi.
pared some " Concessions and Agreements," dispatched i^antstr
commissioners to organize its government and arrange jereey. ^^
matters with Fenwick. As the ship Kent, in which they
were embarked, was lying in the Tliames, King Charles
came alongside in his pleasure barge, and seeing a great
many passengers, and learning where they were bound,
" asked if they were all Quakers, and gave them his bless-
ing." After a tedious voyage the Kent anchored at Sandy
Hook, and the commissioners went up to New York to
wait on Andros. "He treated them civilly, but asked August.
them if they had any thing from the Duke, his Master ? treatment
They replied, Nothing particularly ; but that he had con- ^
veyed that part of his country to Lord Berkeley, and he to
Byllinge, etc., in which the Government was as much con-
veyed as the soil. The Governor replied: All that will
not clear 7ne ; if I should surrender without the DuJce^s
order, it is as much as iny head is worth y hut if you
had hilt a line or two from the Duke, I should he as ready
to surrender it to you, as you, woxdd he to ash it. Upon
which, the commissioners, instead of excusing their impru-
dence in not bringing such an order, began to insist upon
their right, and strenuously to assert their independency.
But Andros, clapping his hand on his sword, told them, that
should defend the government from them, till he received
orders from the duke, his master, to surrender it. He,
however, softened, and told them he would do what was in
his power to make them easy till they could send home to
get redress ; and in order thereto, would commissionate the
same persons mentioned in the commission they produced.
This they accepted, and undertook to act as magistrates un- 7 August.
der him, till further orders came from England, and pro-
* Warrants, Crd., Passes, iii., G3, 103, 254 ; ante^ 2T6, 277.
II.— u
306 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. VI. ceed in relation to their land affairs according to the metli-
~~ ods prescribed by the proprietors." The Kent then went
16 August. 0° ^o Newcastle. A site for a new town was chosen near
14 Novem. " Jegow's Island," or Mattiniconk, which was leased to
Robert Stacey, and a village soon arose, at first called
Burlington " Ncw Bevcrlcy," and then " Bridhngton," or " Burling-
ton," after the town in Yorkshire from which some of the
emigrants came. Fenwick was at the same time released
» from his imprisonment and allowed to return to Salem
upon promising to appear again at ITew York in the fol-
lowing October. This he honestly did, and Andros then
14 August, set him free. The governor also appointed one of his
mander°^' lieutenants, Christopher Billop, now of Staten Island, to
wa^ra^^*' succeed Collier as commander and sub-collector for New
. York, on Delaware Bay and Biver.*
Among other reasons for a new patent, the Duke of
York desired more definite limits for his province, which
he considered as having always been bounded northward
by Canada, " the Dutch having ever claimed and never
lost the possession of the same." "As for the northern
T May. bouuds," wrotc Wcrdcu to Andros, more explicitly, " there
bet"^een^ is uo qucstion but they have always been esteemed to ex-
and Una- tcud as far as the Lake (or Biver of Canada), and the
^"" French have no colour to pretend right of conquest from
any of their invasions there, unless they had such posses-
sion before the Dutch were settled in Albany, which I
believe is nothing soe."t
Knowing the duke's views as to territory, Andros was
sorely annoyed at the presence of the Jesuit missionaries
among the Iroquois, of whom John de Lamberville at
Onondaga had now become superior, in place of Bruyas at
Tionnontoguen. Indeed, the French fathers were all jeal-
ously watched as intruders within the province of New
An^rorag- ^ork. Salisbury, the commander at Albany, was instrnct-
sertaEn- q^ "that the MaQuas Indians and associates on this side
glish sover- J.
^jg°*y o^er the Lake (having been always under a part of this gov-
(luois. ernment) have nothing to do with the French, only as
* Warrants, Ord., Passes, iii., 259, 2G3; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 16G-16S; Col. MSS., xx.,
136,140; .xxi.,35, 112; xxvii., G; Col. Doc, iii., 221, 239, 240, 27G ; Danlsevs and Sluyter,
1T4, 235; Learning and Spicer, 3S2-409 ; S. Smith, 60, SO-94, !19, 521-53S ; Proud, i., 144;
Gordon, 22, 33, 39; Gaz., 112, 113; Hazard's Keg. Penn., iv., 57, 73 ; Ann. Penn., 373, 374,
39G, 443, 444, 453, 466; Thomas's We.-^t Jersey, 14, 15; N. J. H. S. Coll., ii., 17; Upland Rec ,
140, 141 ; ante, 104, 1S4, 205, vol. i., 1S3. t Col. Doc, iii., 333, 237, 247 ; v., 531 ; ix., 305.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVEENOR. 307
thej are friends, but in no case are to be commanded by chap. vi.
them. And that the Commissaries do send for the Ma-
quas Sachems and Father Bruyas, and signify this to the ■'-"''•
said Sachems before him, and to the said Father that the
Governor desires, and does not doubt, his comport accord-
ingly, for the quiet of these parts, pursuant to the friend-
ship of our Engs at home."*
Andres's messengers found Bruyas entertaining as his
guest the Franciscan Father Hennepin, who had walked
over the snow fi-om Fort Frontenac, and tarried to copy
" a little Iroquois Dictionary" which the Jesuit had com-
piled. When the Dutch envoys heard Hennepin, who was
a native of Hainault, speak Flemish, they showed him
much friendship, and invited him to return with them to Api-a.
Albany, where they wished liim to settle, " for the spiritual Sonfthe
consolation of several Catholics" from the Netherlands ^^°'''''''^^*
who lived there. They even alighted from their horses
to induce the father and his companions to mount in their
places and go back Avith them. Hennepin Avould willing-
ly have yielded to their urgency had he not feared giving
umbrage to the Jesuits and injuring the Canadian fm-
trade. He therefore " thanked these estimable Hollanders,"
and, bidding farewell to Bruyas, returned to Cataracouy.f
The territorial pretensions of ISTew York were not, liow-
ever, recognized by Louis, who insisted that the expedi-
tions of Champlain, Courcelles, and Tracy, followed by
the submission of the savages and the settlement of Jesuit
missionaries among them, had given him the sovereignty
over the Iroquois, But it was not the time to bring this M ^p"'-
question to an issue, Louis, still at war with the Dutch, denre?En-
and anxious for the friendship of Charles, directed Fronte- fignty wm
nac " to cultivate a good understanding with the Enghsh,
the Iro-
^5 quois.
* Council Min., iii. (ii.), 135; Col. Doc, ix:., 171, 720; Douniol, ii., 19&-205; Shea, 274
286 ; ante^ 294 Mr. Shea, in a note to the reprint of the first edition of Colden's Five Na-
tions, 139, erroneously attributes to Dongan the assumption of English sovereignty over the
Iroquois which was due to Andros : compare Hist. Mag., x., 26S, note.
t Hennepin's Nouvelle Decouverte, 10, 25-30; New Discovery, 10-20 ; CoL Doc, iv.,CS9;
i.^.,720; Shea's Discovery, 104 ; Catholic Missions, 274 ; Sparks's La Salle, 17; ante, 200.
Bruyas's Dictionary, or " Racines Agnieres," was published in the Appendix to the Report
of the Regents of the University of New York of 15 April, 1863 : Senate Document, 1S63, No.
115. The general opinion, derived from the English translation (169S) of the "Nouvelle
Decouverte," is that Hennepin visited Albany: Sparks's La Salle, 17; Shea's Discovery,
104. A careful examination of the French original, however, convinces me that Hennepin
did not go to Albany, but returned from Bruyas's cabin at Tionnontoguen directly to Fort
Frontenac: see Hist. Mag., x., 268.
308 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK.
Chap. VI. and to be careful not to give them any cause of complaint ;
~~ without, however, permitting any thing contrary to the
' treaties I have concluded with the king their master."*
La Salle La Sallc had meanwhile built at Cataracouy three barks
barks on with dccks, the first ever seen above the rapids of the Saint
Ontario. Lawrcuce, intending to use them for trading on Lake On-
tario. But Jolhet's accounts of the vast buffalo countries
in the West convinced him that a more lucrative and di-
rect traffic with France than that through Canada could be
opened by way of the Gulf of Mexico, into which it was
supposed the Mississippi emptied. La Salle had already
attempted to reach that river by way of the Ohio in 1669,
and he now burned to demonstrate the truth of De Soto's
early discovery, and extend actual French exploration from
the mouth of the Arkansas down to the open sea. But
IQ^Q, Louis having declared himself against " new discoveries,"
^^ April, and instructed Frontenac not to comitenance them " with-
out urgent necessity and very great advantage," La Salle
determined to revisit France and impress his own views on
1677. the court. The jealous policy of Andros in prohibiting
ic May. J'rench traffic with the Iroquois south of Lake Ontario was
November, auotlier rcasou. As soon as his fort at Cataracouy was
riTtOTns^o walled up, La Salle retm-ned to France, carrying the warm-
Francc. ^^^ lettcrs from Frontenac.f
Li the mean time, Massachusetts and Connecticut had
engaged some Mohawk warriors to help them fight the
Eastern Lidians, who were ravaging Maine. The Con-
19 March, nccticut Couucil rcncwcd their request for leave to .treat
directly with the Iroquois at Albany. Andros at once di-
23 March, rcctcd the Mohawks to recall their parties from the East,
and notify his officers if any Christians or Indians should
3 April, tamper with them. lie also informed Governor Leete that
he was going to Albany, where, " if you please to depute
and send a fitt person, he may be present and say any
thing [that] may be proper from yourselfe or colony to
our Indyans, Maquas, etc." Pynchon and Eichards were
10 April, accordingly appointed to make a treaty with the Mohawks
* Col. Doc, ix., 120, 2GT, 304, 305, 3S0-3S2, 702, T03, 7S3-S03.
t Hennepin's Louisiana, 2, 3, 8-15; New Discovery, 15-25, 40, 41, 44; Faillon, iii.,473,
474; I.aPotherie, ii.,135; Col. Doc, ix., 12G, 213,216; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 14S; Chnrlp-
voix, ii., 2fi4, 205 ; Sparks's La Salle, 10, 11 ; Shea's Di.-civery, S4, 85, SS ; Bancroft, iii., 163 ;
a»«r, ion, 241,200.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 309-
on the part of Massachusetts and Connecticut, under the chap.vi.
advice of the governor of Xew York, or, if he should " ob-
struct," to take " v^^hat opportunity" they could to gain their 05 Aprii.'
end. Andros received the Kew England agents* kindly at ggt^t's and""
Albany ; allowed them all fi-eedom to speak " to v^^hat In- ^„°°a^ntg
dians they pleased;" and informed Leete that they had *' -"^i^^^y-
been " denied nothing here to their content." A handsome
present was made by Pynchon, on behalf of Massachusetts,
to the Mohawks, who covenanted peace with her friendly .
Indians. For the first time, 'New York permitted her Iro-
quois to treat with a l^ew England colony. The League
was sealed with the characteristic gift of " a fish painted on
paper" to the savages, who, according to their custom, dis- conference
tinguished their new Eastern friends, whom Pynchon rep- iroquoi?.
resented, by the descriptive name of " Kinshon."*
The subjugation of the Andastes or Susquehannas by
the Senecas led to a correspondence between Andros and
Governor Calvert of Maryland, in which the friendship of New York
New York toward her sister English colonies at the South land,
was fully manifested ; although Yirginian historians have
somewhat blamed her for the " rebellion" which broke out
in the Old Dominion under the lead of Nathaniel Bacon.
In their warfare the Iroquois did not always discriminate
between their savage enemies and the English colonists
around the Chesapeake, among whom they dwelt ; and both
Yirginia and Maryland felt the necessity of a peace with
the Five Nations of New York.f
Charles Calvert, now Lord Baltimore, having returned to
England, Notley, his lieutenant governor of Maryland, ac-
cordingly commissioned one of her council. Colonel Henry so April,
Coursey — who, in 1659, had hospitably treated the envoys
of New Netherland — to go to Albany and " make a league
* Council Min., iii. (ii.), 140, 141, 144, 145; Col. MSS., xxvi., 4G, 52; Col. Doc., iii., 323;
Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 483, 4SS, 4S9, 491-496, 507 ; Mass. Rec, v., 1G5, 167 : Hutch. Mass., i.,
348 ; Williamson's Maine, L, 548 ; Golden, L, 116, 180 ; ante, 290, 298. As the Iroquois had
no labials in their language, they were obliged to say "Quider" instead of "Peter :" Hen-
nepin's New Discovery, 24; Colden, i., 16, 116. For this reason, I think it probable that
"Kinshon" was tlie nearest they could come to "Pynchon." Being great generalizers of
names, they used that of " Pynchon" to denote New England, just as they substituted " On-
nontio" for Canada, and " Corlaer" for New York; ante, 102, 28T. Father Millet, in his let-
ter of 6 July. 1691, p. 48, wrongly applies the n.ime "Le Poisson," or '■'■Kinshon,'' to New
York instead of New England.
t Warn, Ord., Passes, iii., 152, 163, 164, 214; Col. MSS., xxv., 124; CoL Doc, iii., 245;
Hough's Philip'aWar, 124, 125; S. Hazard, 421-426 ; Beverley. 62, 63 ; Burk, ii., 156, 157 ;
Force's Tracts, i., viii., ix. ; Douniol, ii., 4t, 45, 9!>, 197 ; Hifit. Mag., i., 05-73 ; iL, 297 ; Camp-
bell's Virginia, 284-3:3; ante, 100, 193, 299.
• 310 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. VI. of f riendsliip" with the New York L'oquois. After enter-
~~ tainment at I*^ewcastle, Coursey was cordially received at
23 May ^ovt James. Li anticipation of his coming, Andros dis-
^enil7 patched "two Christians," one of whom was Wentworth
New York. Greenhalo;h, to summon the Senecas and their confeder-
16 JIay. o y
hash's ^^^^ ^^ meet Coursey at Albany, and announce the gov-
tourin ernor's intention to be there in Auo-ust. "Wlien Coursey
AVestern ° •'
New York, readied New York, another message was sent to hasten the
C June. . "
2iJuiy. interview. This was accordinsrly held, and the a^ent of
Coursey at o •/ •' o
Albany. Maryland and Virginia, in several conferences with the
Iroquois sachems, " had answers to his satisfaction."*
The savages in Maine were meanwhile doing great
9 June, mischief. Andros therefore resolved "to take possession,
and assert the Duke's interest at Pemaquid, and parts ad-
jacent Eastward;" and that if New York should make
peace with the Indians there, "the Massachusetts to be
comprized, if they please." BrocldioUs, Ivnapton, and Sec-
16 June, retary Nicolls were accordingly commissioned to go to
takes pes- Pcmaquid with fom- sloops, one hundred men, and a
Pemaquid. framed redoubt, to be set up in the most convenient place.
They were directed to make peace with such Indians as
delivered up their prisoners, and to include the ISTew En-
gland colonies if they so desired. Any Mohawks who
might come to them were to be received and used kindly,
July. " as at Albany." The redoubt, which was named " Fort
Charleses- Charlcs," was quickly built at Pemaquid, mounted with
^^ ^"^ ^ seven guns, and placed under the command of Knapton,
the brother-in-law of Andros, with a garrison of fifty men.
Peace was arranged with the Indians, and several Chris-
2 August, tian captives rescued. Stringent orders were adopted in
New York for the government of Pemaquid. None could
treat with its aborigines except through the governor at
22Septem. the mctropolis. The trading -place was to be at Fort
tionsfor Charles, where alone Christians were allowed to inhabit;
cmaquid. ^^^ ^u entries were to be made in the New York Custom-
* Council Jlin., iii. (ii.), 142, 14T, 14S, 151, 152, 160, 161, 164; Deeds, vi., 2S; Col. MSS.,
xxvi., 66, 69 ; Col. Doe., ii., 94 ; iii., 250-252, 256, 321 ; ix., 227 ; Golden, i., 3S; first ed., p.
31, 46; Chalmers, i., 364, 365, 366, 606-609; S. Hazard, 437,438; Upland Kec, 49; Clinton,
in N. Y. II. S. Coll.,ii.. SO; D.ivis's Day Star, 113; a?i/f, i., 660. I am indebted to Mr.
Brantz Mayer, of Baltimore, for the communication of interesting memoranda from the
State Paper Office relating to Coursey's mission. Greenhalgli's Journal of his visit to the
Five Nations, from 28 May to 14 July, 1077 (in Col. Doc, iii., 250-2.52, and Chalmers, i.. 6(1(5-
C09), is the earliest English account we have of the strength and condition of the Iroquois.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 311
house. Fish might be cured upon the islands, "but not chap.vi.
upon the Maine, except at Pemaquid, near the fort." This
regulation mortified Massachusetts, which claimed that its J'octleT
people should be allowed their ancient privilege "to im- ^^j'g"''^^^'"»-"
prove themselves and estates in the honest and industri- funded,
ous labour of fishing."*
Andros now wpnt up to Albany and held another confer- 2s August.
ence with the Iroquois. The Oneidas had been " diverted Irba^r'
from the southward ;" but they and the Mohawks still sus-
pected the Mahicans. On his return to the metropolis
Andros indignantly rebuked Connecticut for " falsely and 24 septem.
unchristianly" censuring his Indian policy. Not long aft-
erward Massachusetts undertook to reprove the New York 12 October,
savages for breaking the treaty which Pynchon had made uon?""
with them in April, and suggested that they would do "an ?few"ED!'"'
acceptable service" if they should destroy " a parsell of In- s''^°'^"s.
dians who came lately from Canada," and attacked Hat-
field on the Connecticut. A similar lecture was addressed
to the New York commander at Albany. Andros accord-
ingly instructed Salisbury to send any interfering stran- so octobei-.
gers who might come there, down to New York for ex-
amination.f
This year witnessed fi'esh discoveries in the interior of
New York. While Greenhalgh was exploring the West,
nearer regions were not neglected. The search led by
Louis du Bois after the prisoners captured at Wyldwyck
in 1663 had revealed the beauty of the rich valley of the
Wallkill, and a second exploration was made through the
more rugged neighborhood of the river. A large tract of
land was purchased from the Indians by Dubois, Has-
brouck, and other French and German Protestants, to
whom the governor gave a patent. The grant extended 29 septem.
along the Shawangunk Mountains from " Mohunk" to nw Paitl
" Tower-a-tauch," and along the Hudson River from " Ra-
poos" down to " Jeffrouw's Hook." Several of the grant-
ees settled themselves at once on the tract, which was
* Col. Doc, iii., 248, 240, 256, 265; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 153, 1G3, ICO ; Warrants, Ord.,
Passes, iii., 251 ; Col. MSS., xxvii., 130 ; Maine H. S. Coll., v., 1^1-23, 30, 259 ; Mass. Eec,
v., 1C2, 164, 168, 169 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 325, 347 ; WUliamson's Maine, 1., 552 ; Belknap, i.,
129; Palfrey, iii., 213; ante, -p. 308.
t Col. Doc, iii., 250; Col. MSS., xxvi., 135, 136, 141; Col. Rec Conn.,ii., 502,503,506,
.'iOT, 508; Council Mln., liL (ii.), 170; Mass. Rec., v., 165-168; Uutch., i., 848 ; Ti-umbull,
i,354.
312 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. VI. named the " New Paltz," in memory of their former home
~~ in the Palatinate, which had just been so awfully ravaged
by Turenne. The fii'st settlement was made near an an-
cient Indian mound on the Wallkill, where Dubois and his
2 Novem. associates were required to build a redoubt " for a place of
retreat and safeguard."*
The provincial customs' rates, wdiich had been establish-
ed in November, 1674, were now renewed for three years,
November, by a proclamation from the governor, under the duke's
rates re- spccial iustructions to '"continue the same rates and other
duties for three years longer, to commence from the end
of these now running."f
TMay. Mcanwhilo Andros had received permission to spend
lowed to ' the winter in England, " to look after his own concerns,"
England, provided he took care to settle every thing during his ab-
sence " in the best and safest manner." After advising with
TNovem. his couucil, the governor commissioned Brockholls to be
Brockholls
command- commander-iu-chief, and Secretary Nicolls next in author-
' ity, with instructions to consult the council and the metro-
pohtan mayor, Stephanus van Cortlandt, on extraordinary
i6Novem. occasious. IIg also gave his wife a power of attorney to
manage his private affairs during his absence. Having
17 Novem. visitcd Carteret at Elizabethtown, Andros embarked from
sails for Staten Island for England, accompanied b}^ Wilham Nic-
°^ ""^ ■ oils, son of the provincial secretary.:}:
After the governor's departure the affairs of New York
were quietly administered by Brockholls, who was chiefly
eno;aged in strengthenino; Fort James and remounting its
i?rock- guns. Correspondence with Frontenac in Canada, Lever-
p'jrary ad- ctt iu Massachusctts, Knapton at Pemaquid, Bruyas in the
tion'of New Moliawk couutry, and Salisbury at Albany, also taxed the
fairs. ^ ' attention of the Duke of York's temporary commander-in-
chief during the next winter and spring.§
* Patents, iv., 234; Warr., Ord., Passes, iii., 283; N. Y. H. S. Proceedings for 1S4S, SI;
Ulster H. S. Coll., 1., 34, 35, 41-48, 80, lST-191; Martin's Louis XIV., i., 394; ante, vol. i.,
712, 713. The New Paltz Academy, in Ulster County, now stands on the site of this old In-
dian mound.
+ Col. Doc, iii., 217, 240,283,292; Col. M.??., xxiv.,1; xxvi.,5; Ord., Warr., etc.; sxxii;^,
43,44,45; CouncilJournals, i., Introd., viii. ; ante, 2GB.
t Col. Doc, iii., 240, 250, 257, 709 ; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 175, 170 ; Warr., Ord., Passes,
iii., 2S6, 287 ; Col. MS3., xxvi., 151 ; Col. Pvec Conn., ii., 508 ; Hazard's Reg. Penn., iv., 73,
74 ; Thompson, ii., 391 ; Whitmore's Memoir of Andros, xix.
§ Col. Doc, iii., 307, 311; Col. MSS.,x.xvi., 149, 150, l.'i2, 101, 102; xxvii., 1-178; Council
Min., iii. (ii.), 176, 177; Maine II. S. Coll., v., 9-18, 23-32; Col. Kec Conn., iii., 258; Mass.
Kec, v., 300.
EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 313
Kew York, as described by Andros in London the next cuap. vi.
April, contained twenty-four towns, villages, or parishes, ^
in six precincts, or Courts of Sessions. Its population ^p,.y
had increased of late, consisting of old inhabitants, chiefly ^^"^J"'^
Dutch, with colonists from England, and " some few of all l^^^^^^
nations." Servants were much wanted, there being " but
very few slaves," most of whom were brought from Bar-
badoes, and were worth from thirty to thirty-five pounds
each. A merchant having fi^-e hundred or a thousand
poimds was thought substantial, and a planter Avorth half
that "in moveables" was accounted rich. The value of vaiueof
all the estates in the pro^dnce was about 150,000 pounds. ^'""^''
From ten to fifteen vessels, of one hundred tons each,
traded to the province each year fi'om Old and New En-
gland. Five small ships and a ketch belonged to New
York, of which four were built there. The exports were m^ipgand
chiefly provisions, furs, tar, and lumber ; and the imports commerce.
of English manufactures amomited to 50,000 pounds year-
ly. The customs, excises, and quit-rents were all applied
to the public charges ; but they did not suflfice " by a
greate deale." The chief trading-places were New York
and Southampton for foreign commerce, and Albany for
the Indian traflic. There were about two thousand males Muuia.
able to bear arms, of whom one hundred and forty were
horsemen, in three troops. Fort James was a square of Forts
stone, with four bastions, and mounting forty-six guns. Albany,
Fort Albany was a small stockade, with four bastions and charies.
twelve guns, " sufiicient against Indians." Fort Charles,
at Pemaquid, was a " wooden redoubt," with seven guns.
These forts were garrisoned by regular English soldiers.
Ministers " were scarce, and religions many," so that there
w^ere no records of marriages or births in New York. The
duke maintained an Episcopalian chaplain, which was " all
the certain allowance or Church of England." There
were about twenty churches in the province, most of which Religions
were Presbyterians and Independents, with Quakers, Ana- and "noe
baptists, and Jews ; and all were supported by " free gifts ^^^^^°'
to the ministry." In New York there were " noe beg-
gars, but all poore cared for."*
• Col. Doc, iii., C45, 2.6, 26^-202; Doc. Hist., i, CO-62; Chalmers's Pol. Ann., i., COO-601.
}14 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
CHAPTER VII.
1678-1683.
Chap. VII. DuEiNG tlie foiir jeai's which followed the Treaty of
~ "Westminster, England reaped the fruits of her peace with
En lemd ^^^ Dutch RepuMic in the growth of her own trade, and
fhe'xreat ^^ ^ higher consideration by other nations. As a neutral
of West- between France and the United Netherland States, she
luiDster.
engrossed nearly all the commerce of the world. Yet
French cruisers would capture English trading ships, and
Charles Avas forced to ask Parliament for supplies to re-
pair his neglected navy. But English commoners were
too jealous of the influence of Louis over Charles to in-
trust their sovereign with a power wliich he miglit prosti-
tute for the benefit of France. The British House of Com-
mons represented then — as it generally represents — the
temporary sentiment of insular England. On the broader
continent, the Dutch, seeing their commerce languish while
that of England flourished, were naturally anxious for a
peace with France. So negotiations were opened at Nime-
wiuiam of guen, on the Rhine ; and the Prince of Orange, deter-
^uuTeu-^' mined to engage his uncle as a mediator or an ally, revisit-
^'''°'^" ed England. A marriage between William and his cousin
Mary, the eldest daughter of his uncle James, of York, had
long been contemplated. Before the Dutch w^ar of 1672,
when the princess was only twelve years old, Charles sug-
gested the match to his brother, who bitterly opposed such
a heretical alliance. After the Peace of Westminster the
king again spoke to the duke in favor of the project, which
was approved by his own ministers. At their first audience
Charles told the ambassadors of the Republic that he loved
liis Dutch nephew " like a son." But the Duke of York
w^as ambitious to give his daughter to the Dauphin of
Franco, while Louis wished her to accept his inferior sub-
SIR EDMUND ANDEOS, GOVERNOR. 315
ject, the Prince of Conty. Kouvigny, the French ambas- chap. vii.
sador at London, warned James to dread the proposed mar- ^
riage "as death ;" to regard the Prince of Orange as "the
idol of England ;" and he predicted to the duke that " such
a son-in-law would inevitably be liis ruin." Wilham at
first rejected his uncle Charles's overture. Pohtical and
personal interests now combined to make him anxious for
the splendid alliance. The Stuart cousins understood each
other at once ; Charles's command compelled James's re-
luctant consent ; and the Reformed Protestant Dutch cham- 1677.
pion espoused the future heiress of the British crown. ^jj^j°^^"j
Little did Charles or James foresee the momentous conse- orange
. T'l married to
Quences of these Dutch and British nuptials. Louis ob- Mary of
TIT r t • • -I England.
served the advancement oi ins greatest enemy vvatli pro-
phetic vexation. But England rejoiced in growing sym-
pathy with Holland ; and Parliament, while voting liberal 1678.
supplies for an expected war with France, resolved that all ^Ig^j*^'!"
Enghsli soldiei"s and sailors should be recalled fi-om duty wmiam-s
O •/ marriage.
under Louis. A struggle was at hand between the Protest-
ant convictions of England and the Popish inclinatix)ns of
its anointed sovereign.*
After the marriage of William and Mary, the limping
conferences at Nimeguen sprung briskly. The English
auxiliaries of Louis were mustered out of his service ; but
his parsimonious treatment of them caused just complaints,
and disgusted the king and the Duke of York. At length 5J^^"°"^''
peace was covenanted between France and the Protestant Nimeguen
-I- between
Dutch Republic, which, at the end of the long struggle, the Dutch
found herself far better off than she was when her Popish French,
ad^'ersary began his ruthless attack.f
Andros had meanwhile landed in Ireland, whence he 5 jan-y.
hastened over to London. On reaching court he was London,
knighted by the king, and allowed a short holiday to look Lighted,
after his private affairs at Guernsey ; where, however, he
* Col. Doc, ii., 5G3 ; Rouvigny to Louis XIV., 2.T April, 1674, in Mignet's ^Negotiations,
iv., 23-2; Martin's Louis XIV., i., 409, 410, 45C, 4r>T; Temple, ii., 252-400; Daliymple, i.,
143,155-164; Clarice's James II., i., 500-502, 503, 510; Burnet, i.', 36T-412; Kennett, iii.,
29T-362; Macpherson, i., 202, 211, 224-231; Courtenay's Temple, i., 424-510; Rapin, ii.,
C75-6S3 ; Pari. Hist., iv., 90T, 925 ; Basnage, ii., 499-STO, 902-90T; Sylvius, x.-xvi. ; Daviei?,
iii., 138-16^; Hume, vii,, 1-34; Lingard, xiii., 1-43 ; Macaulay, i., 224-229 ; an/e, 1S5.
+ Pari. Hist., iv.,943, 952, 964, 983, 1005; Martin's Louis XIV., i., 462-468; Dumont,vii.,
350; Temple, ii., 430-455; Courtenay's Temple, ii., 13 ; Dalrymple, i., 164-169; Macpher-
son, i., 233-235, 244; Clarlie's James IL, i., 51],. 512; Kennett, iii., 303; Burnet, i., 422, 423 ;
Basnage, ii., 907-937 ; Anderson, ii., 537, 548, 549 ; Col. Doc, iii., 423, 450, 460, 402, 463.
316 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
oiAP. VII. did not tarry long, because the duke required him to return
^^ quickly to his government.*
Massachu- '^^^ ucw-made knight found the Massachusetts agents,
tatroubk' Stoughton and Bulkley, in tribulation because of the ill
favor of their colony at Whitehall. They could not an-
swer the telling testimony of Randolph, which, in the opin-
ion of Jones and Winnington, the king's attorney and so-
hcitor general, contained " sufficient matter to avoid the
patent" of Massachusetts by a writ of "Quo Warranto.''^
8 April By the Dukc of York's order, Andros attended the Plan-
Andros s , ^~ .
account of tatiou Committee, where he ffave an account of his cov-
ins govern- ^ i.p -r-< t-*-
ment. emmeiit, and exposed the behavior of the Eastern Puritan
colonies toward New York about the Indian War. In an-
9 April, swer to particular inquiries, he suggested that the various
suggests a sub-gOA'crnmeuts in New England should be made " as one
tionoftiie pcoplc and country" by the king's "asserting and regulat-
giand coio- ing" tlieir militia forces, otherwise " every colony may be
thrking.*^' a prey to an invader." From his information, Andros
thought that " the generality of the magistrates and people
are wjell affected to the king and kingdom ; but most,
knowing noe other government than their owne, think it
best, and are wedded to, and opiniate for it. And the
magistrates and others in place, chosen by the people, think
that they are obliged to assert and maintaine said govern-
ment all they can, and are church members, and like so to
be ; chosen, and to continue without any considerable al-
teration and change there, and depend upon the people to
justifie them in tlieir actings."f
iG April. Andros also submitted to the committee full replies
report^" about Ncw Yoi'k, to the specific inquiries which each royal
Yo°rL ' ^^ governor in the Plantations was required to answer. For
the first time since McoUs's report in 1666, the internal
administration of the duke's province came directly under
the observation of the king's PriA'y Council.:}:
There was an unsettled account between New York and
* Col. 5ISS., xxvii., 124; Maine 11. S. Coll., v., 20 ; Whitmoro's Andro.=, xix.
t Col. Doc, iii., 254-258, 262-204, 5TS; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxxii., 287; Hutch. Mass., i.,
312-322 ; Chalmers, i., 403, 404, 405, 430-447 ; Palfrey, ill., 803-817 ; Hist. Mag., ii. (iii.), 70,
71; ante,20S. ,
t Col. Doc, iii., ISS, 200-262 ; Chalmers, i., C00-C04 ; Doc Hist., i., 60-02 ; ante, 113, 2r8.
The twenty-seven official ''Heads of Inquiry," which were sent to the several colonial gov-
ernors, are in Col. Kec. Conn., iii., 292-294 ; see also Arnold's Rhode Island, i., 460, 4SS-491.
The substance of Andros's answers has already been given ; ante, 313.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 317
Massaclmsetts wliicli Andros did not fail to adjust. InCHAP.vii.
America, the "aspersions" of Boston could not be correct- iQ'rg
ed, because tbe Puritan press, which uttered the falsehood, 9 Apru.
had not the manliness to publish the truth. But now both sires the
colonies stood face to face before a supreme tribimal. An- Masfadm-
dros accordingly petitioned for an inquiry into the truth of prove'd.'^*'
the charges of Massachusetts while her agents were yet in
London to answer. This was granted at once. Stoughton
and Bulkley, after meditation, evasively replied that they 24 Apiu.
had no proofs to offer, and hoped that New York had not
been "prejudiced" by the libel against those who were
"never discovered" to "your Majesty's Government of the
Massacliusetts." This acknowledgment was fatal to the
would-be independence of the royal corporators in Boston.
The king declared that he found " no cause to beheve that 24 April,
any of his subjects from the parts of Albany did supply absolve""
any powder or other materials for war to Philip or other from the
Indian enemies in those parts, neither could he perceive tio™^of^*
any cause or ground for the imputation laid upon his said getS'*''^^"'
subjects of Albany by the Massachusetts ;" and he there-
fore ordered that no Albanian should be liable to such " im-
putation," unless the authorities in Massachusetts should
prosecute him within a year. It does not appear that any
prosecution was instituted, nor any apology or retraction
offered by the Boston court, whose printers were now more
rigorously fettered by colonial censors than any of the craft
were restrained in Old England by Sir Roger L'Estrange.*
Ha\nng been absent from his government as long as the
duke thought prudent, Andros prepared to return. Hith-
erto he had exercised Admiralty powers in New York only
under his " general commission." The Duke of York, who
was yet Lord High Admiral of England in its Plantations, 20 May,
now gave Andros a special commission as Yice- Admiral commis-
throughout his colonial government, and authorized him to miraity.
appoint a Judge, Register, and Marshal in Admiralty, to
hold their oflBces during his pleasure.f
The next week Andros sailed for Sandy Hook, accom- 2: May.
* Col. Doc, iii., 258, 259, 26G, 26T ; Mass. U. S. Coll., xxxii., 2ST, 2S8 ; Whitmore's Andros,
IS, 20; Macaulay,i., 248,390,580; iv.,349; njifc, 89, 290-292.
t Col. Doc, iii., 215, 239, 260, 268 ; ante, 87, 202. Tlie first part of the Duke of York's
Admiralty Commission to Andros (in Latin) is recorded in N. Y. Patents, iv., 146-153. The
record is not complete, nor does the date .appear ; hut it is entered next after a local patent,
dated 20th October, 16TS.
318 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cnAr. VII. panied by several residents of New York, among whom
were William Pinliorne, James Graham, and John West,
Andiosr^ all of whom became prominent in the affairs of the prov-
Ne^'vork. ^^^^- The Reverend Charles WoUey, a recent graduate
of Cambridge University, whom the duke had appointed
chaplain to the forces in New York, also came out with
7 August, the governor. After a nine weeks' voyage Andros reach-
8 August, ed port, and the next day landed in the metropolis.*
8 August. The first business of Andros, on resuming his govern-
trade^ mcut, was to Order that none but New Yorkers should
trade at Albany. The commissioners for Indian affairs
there, having complained of the French intrigues among
22 August, the Mohawks, were also directed to do every thing to en-
courage the New York savages.f
Another measure, necessary to help the provincial trade,
was met by remonstrances from Albany, Esopus, and other
inland towns. The previous direction that all flour ex-
Bouing of ported from the city of New York should be bolted fine,
and the barrels branded, appears to have been evaded, and
the reputation of its great staple was jeoparded in foreign
24 August, ports. The Council therefore ordered that no inland
towns should " trade over sea," and that no flour should be
inspected within the province except in the metropolis.
Honest manufacture was thus secured ; and, for some
Condition years, " no bad commodity was suffered to go out." At
tropoiis?*'' this time the city contained three hundred and forty-three
houses, each of which, on the average, had ten inhabitants,
making its whole population three thousand four hundred
rnrsS-'' and thirty. There belonged to the metropolis three ships,
^'°^' seven boats, and eight sloops. Four hundred beeves were
killed for its yearly supply. The whole rcA^enue of the
province was about two thousand pounds. But, from the
time of the metropolitan flour-law, the revenue of the city,
as well as that of the proprietor, began to improve.:}:
An interesting incident now occurred. After his theo-
logical defeat in 1676, Leisler went to trade in Dela-
• C. Wolley's Journal (Gowans's ed., ISOO), 10, 21, 65, G8, G9, TO; Dankers and Sluyter,
148; Col. Doc, iii., 271, 303, 657, 716 ; iv., 847; General Entries, xxxii., 1 ; ante, 45, note.
t Col. MSS., xxvii., 175, 1S7; Council Min.,iii. (ii.), 170,180; Col. Doc, iii., 315.
t Warrants, Ord., Passes, iii., 40, 287; Col. MSS., xxvi., 147; xxviii., 3, 78, S3, 95, 99;
xxix., 20, 32; Col. Doc, iii., 315, 338,797; iv., 333, 375,461, 1103; v., 57; Minutes of Com-
mon Council, i., 143, ii. ; Dnnlap, ii., App., cxlvii. ; Chalmers's Ann., i., .507, 598; Val-
entine's New York, ISO : compare Andros, in Col. Doc, iii., 2G0-26-2, and ante, 313.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 319
ware, Maryland, and Yirginia, and afterward sailed in his chap. vn.
" Pincke" for Europe, Avith several other JSlew Yorkers.
On their way they were taken by the Turks, whose cor-
sairs commanded the ocean, and Andros at once ordered n August,
"that a brief be granted for the Church officers (and favor of
recommended by the ministers) to collect the benevolence tiie Turks,
of well-disposed persons in this Government toward the
redemption of these captives." This was an imitation of
the familiar practice in England, where such letters ar&-
usually issued by the sovereign. The appeal was effectual,
and the captives were soon redeemed ; Leisler paying two
thousand pieces of eight (or Spanish dollars) for his own
ransom.*
Pursuant to his new commission and the dulse's special
warrant, Andros now appointed the mayor, Stephanus van 5 October.
Cortlandt, to be judge, and the aldermen of the city of court in
IS'ew York to be assistants of the Provincial Court of Ad-
miralty. Samuel Leete, the cit}^ clerk, was likewise ap-
pointed register, and Sheriff Thomas Ashton the marshal
of the court. This organization substantially existed for
several years, the mayor of the city, for the time being, al-
ways receiving a commission as judge in Admiralty. f
Affairs in Pemaquid seemed now to require the govern- Peraaquid
or's presence ; but, by the advice of his Council, Andi-os
deferred going thither until the spring. Knapton, his
commandant at Fort Charles, had diligently executed his
instructions, to the discontent of Massachusetts ; a vessel
belonging to which had been seized for illegally trading
within the duke's territories. It was accordingly ordered 23 August.
in Council that the former regulations should continue in
force, and that " no Indian trade be admitted at Pemaquid
but from and to this place, to prevent inconvenience.":}:
On the Delaware, Billop, the commandant, had miscon-
ducted himself, so that Andros was obliged to order him 3 septem.
* Ord., Warr., Pa?ses, iii., 210 ; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 178 ; Gen. Ent., xxxii., 65; Col.
MSS., xxvu.,lT9, ISS; xxviii., 26, 2T, 30; xlix., IBS; Mass. Rec, v., 2SD; Col. Doc, iii., 717;
Doc. Hist, ii., 2 ; iii., 253 ; Laws of Maryland, IGSl. A surplus of this collection remained
after the captives were redeemed, and this Andros directed to be applied toward the build-
ing of a new Dutch Church in IVew York : Col. Doc, iii., 717.
t Minutes of Common Council, i., 122, 124 ; Gen. Ent., xxxii, 4; Col. Doc, iii., 2GS; Dun-
lap, ii., App., cxxviii. ; Daly's Sketch, 30, 51. Delavall having succeeded Van Cortlandt as
mayor on 14 October, 167S, was commissioned judge in Admiralty in his place.
t Col. Doc., iii., 272; Council Min., iii (ii.), ISO, ISl; Col. MSS.. xxvii., 2, 5,C3,G4,12D,
126, 143 ; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxvili., 338; Pemaquid Papers, 9-14, 15, 16, 23-33; ante, 310.
320 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
ciLvp. VII. back to New York, leaving Alricks in charge. On Lis re-
^ turn to the capital, Billop was dismissed his military em-
Deiaware plojment, f or " extravagant speeches in public," at the Cus-
•2#septem. tom-housc. This action of Andros was approved by the
1679. duke, who ordered the vacant commission of heutenant in
10 March. ^|^g regular service to be given to Salisbury ; and Billop re-
tired to his plantation on Staten Island to nurse his anger
against the governor.*
1678. - Notwithstanding his experience at New York, Fen wick,
on his return to Salem, persisted in acting as an independ-
ent proprietor. He was complained of to the Council, who
2" May. dircctcd " that, according to his parole, he forbear the as-
caTe!^''' ^ suming any power of government to himself on the east
side of Delaware River, or any w^here else in those parts."
3 June. This lic rcfused to do, alleging that he was answerable
24 July, only to the king, and w^as again arrested and sent to New
York. His case was considered by the Council, which de-
22 August, nied his appeal to the king, but referred him to the judg-
ment of the Court of Assizes. This being adverse, the
October, govcmor appointed six commissioners to act at Elsingburg,
or Salem, in subordination to the court at Newcastle. The
2« October. Ncwcastlc court was also instructed to take care that the
inhabitants of the east side of Delaware River " be not dis-
turbed in their possession upon any pretence whatsoever by
the said Major Fen wick, or others."t
The governor's attention was quickly called to the rela-
tions between New York and New England. The commis-
sioners of the three Eastern United Colonies, meeting at
5 Sept. Hartford, complained to him of the " frivolous answers"
which their agents, Ely and Wayte, had received from the
Mohawks at their recent visit to Albany. Andros re-
25 Sept. proved them for treating surreptitiously with the New
anTNew York ludiaus, but offered to give full liberty to talk with
M"ont°3^ the savages "through the government," and proposed a
meeting at New Haven " to advise on the matter," if it be
" necessary for the public good of these colonies." Leete
0 October, and Allyn, on belialf of Connecticut, thought the proposed
• Col. Doc, iii., 2T6, 284, 350, 350 ; Col. MSS., xxvii., 0, 11 ; xxviii., 13 ; Council Min . iii.
(ii.),lS5; S. Hazard, 448-458; Newcastle Kec. ; Upland Rec. ; Chalmers, i., 303, 875; An-
derson's Col. Ch., ii., 305; ante^ 300.
t Council Min., iii. (ii.), ISO ; S. Hazard, 452-45!) ; N. J. Hist. Soc. Proc, ii., 12-21 ; Col.
MSS., XX., 145, 14C, 147, 148, 149, 1.50, 155, 150; xxvii., 100 ; xxviii., 1 ; nnV, 002, 300.
SIK EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 321
meeting " will little avail," and that the conferences at Al- chap. vir.
bany, if not known to Andros, had been with the " privity
and allowance" of Salisbury, his subordinate there.*
In his letters to Secretary Blathwayt, Andros dwelt on
the relations between the duke's province and its eastern
neighbors, and insisted that troubles with the savages must
be expected " so long as each petty colony hath, or as- ic Sept.
sumes, absolute power of peace and warr, which cannot be
managed by such popular governments ; as was evident by
the late Indian wars in New England." He charged the
Puritan colonies with making the New York Indians " lie, 12 October.
if not insolent, which they never were afore ; nor did I plaints of
ever make treaty with, but dealt with them as being un- EDgiand.
der, or part of the Government." All his hope now was,
" regulations and orders from the Idng, as the only means
to keep us well in peace, and preserve or defend us of
wars." These opinions had much effect in England, where
measures for the reform of the Massachusetts corporation
were at this moment under consideration.f
Jacob Milborne, who, after his theological trouble in
1676, had left the province in November, 1677, now re-
turned, on his way to Boston, where his brother William
was an Anabaptist preacher. Behaving himself " scandal-
ously and reproachfully in relation to the Government," he
was desired to attend the governor, " to give an account of 20 Decem.
his coming," as was the usual custom. But Milborne re- Jacob jiii-
fused, saying that " he had nothing to do with the Govern-
or or Government." Mayor Delavall accordingly brought
him before the Council, who, finding him to be " a trouble-
some and mutinous person," committed him to the sheriff. 27 Decern.
The next day Milborne was set at liberty, and soon after-
ward returned to London, where he annoyed Andi'os.:}:
* Gen. Ent., xxxii., 1 ; Col. Doc., iii., 273-276 ; Col. MSS., xxvii., 154, 155, 160, 107, IGS;
Col. Eec. Conn., iiL, 25S, 259, 490, 491, 494, 495, 503 ; Mass. Kec, v., 209, 300 ; ante, 312.
t Col. Doc, ill., 272, 276. Blathwayt, who had been secretaiy to Sir William Temple in
Holland, raised himself from humble circumstances, and was "a veiy proper, handsome
person, very dexterous in business :" Temple, ii., 140, 176, 201 ; Evelyn, ii., 279.
t Col. Doc, iii., 277, 300, 301, 5S2, 621, 08J; Doc Hist., ii., 42; Col. MSS., xxvi., 139;
Gen. Ent., xx.xii., 19; ante, 196, note, 300. Andres's warrant of 27 December, 1678, di-
rected Sheriff Ashton to take into his custody Jacob Milborne, " for clamoring and writing
Bcurrilously against the magistracy and government of this place, particularly at his going
off in November, 1077, and afore and since, without any complaint or known cause given,
and now being arrived in the Beaver as a passenger to Boston, and upon examination by
and before the Governor concerning tlie above, showing no cause or reason for hia so doing,
but giving further O3casion by his comport."
II.— X
322 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1678.
Chap. vii. The English claim of sovereignty over the Iroquois,
which Andros had asserted in the spring of 1677, roused
Louis. In the unsettled condition of European politics,
the French king could not take a decided stand about his
interests in America. Nevertheless, he wrote to Fronte-
12 May. uac, " I am well pleased to learn that you have always
uffairs. maintained my authority in the different treaties you have
made with the Iroquois and other Indian tribes ; — and in
regard to the pretension of the English Major General
[Andros], my intention is that you always contribute what-
ever lies in your power to maintain peace between the two
nations, Avithout, however, allowing any thing to be under-
taken against the countries under my dominion." In the
15 May. samo Spirit, Colbert instructed Duchesnau that French ex-
liay.^ plorations toward Hudson's Bay were advantageous for
the king's service, " in order to be able to contest the title
thereto of the English, who pretend to take possession of
it, although it lies within the limits of the countries apper-
taining to the Crown."""
La Salle had meanwhile satisfied Colbert tliat a great
trade might be established for the benefit of France in
i.vSaiie buffalo skins — called by the Spaniards " Cibola," after the
lark' town of that name on the Gila — one of which he brought
to Paris as a sample, and from which hats were soon made
" as beautiful as those from beaver." The only difficulty
was that of transportation, for these skins were too bulky
to be profitably carried in canoes through the Ottawa and
the Saint Lawrence to Quebec. They must be shipped to
Rochelle by a more direct route. La Salle therefore peti-
tioned the king to let him " go and discover the mouth of
the great River Meschasipi, on which vessels might be built
to come to France." As he had been at great expense in
maintaining Fort Frontenac, he also asked the exclusive
55 Ma^•. privilege of trading in buffalo skins. Colbert gladly coun-
autiiorized tcrsigucd the decree of Louis, which authorized La Salle
the Missis- " to labour in the discovery of the western part of New
^'''^'" France," and build necessary forts ; and likewise granted
him the monopoly of the buffalo fur trade.f
* Col. Doc, ix., 128, 2CS, 794; La Potherie, i , 140, 143; Charlevoix, ii., 290-208; Old-
mixon, i., 544, 545; ft»i/c, 3flT.
t Col. Doc, ix., 13T, 795; Hennepin's Louisiana., 14, 15; Sparks's La Salle, 12,13, 181-
Sm EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 323
At the request of the Prince of Conty, who had be- cuap. vn.
friended him at court, La Salle took into his enterprise
Henry de Tonty, a son of the famous Italian author of the
system called " Tontine," and who had served in the
French army until its reduction at the Peace of Nime-
guen. Embarking at Rochelle with Tonty, and La Motte A J"ir-
as his lieutenant, and with abundant means of equipping embarks
vessels on the lakes. La Salle safely reached Quebec. andYa°'' ^
His arrival startled the l^ew York authorities, who heard s August.
that he had brought over five ships and two thousand
men. Materials and artisans were quickly sent up to Fort
Frontenac, where the Franciscans Hennepin, Membre, and
Watteau now joined Eibourde and Buisset. An advanced
party was dispatched to Michilimackinac, and one of La
Salle's barks was sent with Tonty, La Motte, and Henne- ts ^'o^-
pin to iJs^iagara. Sailing along the north shore of Lake
Ontario — which the Iroquois called ^'- SJcannadaricP —
they entered the JS^iagara River on Saint Ts icholas's Day, c Decem.
when a Te Demn was sung, and thanks were offered to French at
God. The Senecas, who inhabited a little village on the "^^'^'*'
shore of the green, deep river below the cataract, wonder-
ed at the " great wooden canoe" in which the strangers had
come, and gave them tliree hundred delicious whitefish
just taken fi'om the lake. La Salle's vessel was secured ii Decem.
from the floating ice ; the first mass was said by Hennepin ;
and a bark cabin was built near the present dllage of Lew- lo Decem.
iston, under the awful roar of the falls.*
In executing his combined scheme of discovery and
trade. La Salle now made the decisive mistake which pro- La saiie-s
duced most of the troubles he afterward suffered, and in- wa route.
fluenced, perhaps unhappily, the colonization of Western
Kew France. A fort or magazine at Niagara was, of
course, necessary. But the exploration of the Mississippi
down to its mouth would have been most readily effected
by descending the Alleghany from its near head-waters,
and then the Ohio, which it was long ago kno^vn emptied
IS.T: Louisiana Hist. Coll., L, 35, 3G ; Shea's Discoveiy, 18, 88 ; ante, 30S. The account in
Charlevoix, il, 205, is full of errors.
* Hennepin's Louisiana, 15-30 ; Nouvelle Decouverte, C2-7T ; New Discovery, 40-51, C3 ;
Col. MSS., xxvii., ITT, ITS : Shea's Discovery, S9, 90 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll., ii., 219-230 ; Louisi-
ana Hist. Coll., i., 52, 53, 79, 19C; Charlevoix, iii., 381, 3S5; Sparks's La Salle, 13-19, 203,
204; a«<c, i.,C12; ii.,299.
324 HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. VII. into the Great River. Instead of this, La Salle adopted
Jolliet's roundabout plan, and resolved to build a vessel
* above Niagara, to traverse the upper lakes, and bring back
thither cargoes of fui-s from the neighborhood of Chicago.*
27 Dec. To quiet the jealousy of the savages. La Motte and
and Heu- Hennepin, with seven men, visited the Senecas. After five
among the dajs' inarcli over the snow and through forests, they reach-
ed the great village of " Totiakto," or " Tegarondies."t
1679. On New-year's day Hennepin preached in the bark chapel
1 jan'y. ^^ ^Y\e Jesuits in presence of the fathers Garnier and Kaf-
conference fcix. A Conference was then held with the great Seneca
Senecas. Couucil, whicli, in its gravity, resembled the Yenetian Sen-
ate. Before any thing was said. La Motte declared that
he would enter into no particulars in presence of Garnier,
"whom he suspected." The Jesuit was ordered to with-
draw, and Hennepin went out at the same time, " to bear
part of the affront put upon him." After handsome pres-
ents, the Senecas were told that the French intended to
build " a great wooden canoe" above the falls, by means
of which they could be supplied with European commodi-
ties cheaper than by Boston and New York. A blacksmith
and a gunsmith would also be settled at the mouth of the
2 Jan'y. Niagara River. The Senecas replied, apparently approv-
ing the French proposals. But they really had a greater
inclination for the Dutch and English, who afforded them
European goods at cheaper rates. After witnessing the
torture of a prisoner, whom one of the Seneca war-parties
had taken " towards Yirginia," La Motte and Hennepin re-
14 Jan'y. traccd their way through the woods to the Niagara River.;}:
20 Jan'y La Motte now returned to Canada, and soon afterward
Niagara. La Sallc's checrf ul voice was heard again at Niagara. He
* Hennepin's Louisiana, 2; Nouvelle Dccouverte, 25 ; Col. Doc, ix.,60, SO, S1,7S9; Sliea's
Discovery, xxxv., xxxvi. ; ante, 163, 241.
t Nouvelle Docouverte, 81 ; New Discovery, 53, and Map ; Pow-nair.s Map of 1776. La
llontan, i., 101, calls the village "Thegaronhies." I think it must be another name for
the chief Seneca village of Todehaeckto or Totiakto, ov Conception, near Mendon, in Monroe
County; although Mr. Marshall refers it to Gannagaro, or Saint James, near Victor, in On-
tario County: see N. Y.II. S. Coll., ii. (ii ), 160, 1(53, ISO, 191; Marshall's "Niagara Fron-
tier," 14 ; Col. Doc, ix., 334, 364-307 ; Col. M.'^S., xxxv., 160 ; ante, 179.
} Hennepin's Louisiana, 31-40; Nouvelle Dc'-couverte, 78-92; New Discovery, 29-61;
Lou. Hist. Coll., i , 197-199. With his constitutional tendency to falsehood, Hennepin rep-
resents the Falls of Niagara to be "• more than iive hundred feet," and "above six hundred
foot high." The exaggeration is copied in the spurious work atti-ibuted to Tonty, in N. Y.
H. S. Coll., ii., 228. The Jesuit Relation of 1048, p. 46, described it, thirty years before, as
" line chcutc d'eaux (Vune cffroijabU hauteur." The actual average height of the cataract
is one hundred and sixty feet.
SIR EDMUND ANDEOS, GOVERNOR. 325
had come from Fort Frontenac in one of his barks with cuap. vii.
supplies for his projected vessel on Lake Erie, but he had
been wrecked by his pilots within two leagues of the mouth
of the river, at a place which his sailors named the " Mad
Cape." On his way La Salle revisited the Senecas, and
gained them so that they consented to his designs. Yet
"cei-tain persons" made it their business to thwart him,
and filled the savages with such jealousy of a fort, that La
Salle was obliged to content himself with " a habitation
encompassed with palisades." With a fine harbor and ex- Fort
cellent fishing, it commanded the New York side of the ^''°*^'
Niagara Kiver mouth, and was named Fort Conty. La
Salle then went two leagues above the cataract, and laid
out a dock in which to build liis vessel, upon a stream flow- 22 jan'y.
ing into the river on its west side, now known as Cayuga
Creek. The keel was quickly laid by La Salle, who, leav- 26^Jatfy.
ins- Tonty in command, hurried back over the snow to Fort vessel laid
T-^. 1 CI •, 1 • ^ i. above Ni-
Frontenac. Dunng the rest of the wmter, which was not agaia.
half as severe as that in Canada, bark cabins were built by
Mahican savages who had accompanied Hennepin. One of
these was used as a chapel, in which, for the first time on chapei.
the western border of ISTew York, Gregorian music was
given by practiced European tenors, with the tremendous
bass of Niagara.*
The Senecas, who had faithfully reported La Salle's Enmity of
movements to Andros, now refused to sell corn to thecas.
French, and threatened to biu-n their little ship in her
dock. This quickened Canadian work ; and, under Hen-
nepin's blessing, the singing of "'Te Deum Laudamus^^ yi^y.
and the firing of guns, the first European vessel built in
Western New York was launched on the upper Niagara. Launch of
It could carry sixty tons, and it was named the "Grif-
fin," to compliment Frontenac, whose armorial supporters
were two grifiins. Amazed to see this brigantine afloat,
the savages pronounced its French builders " Otkon,"
which meant, in their tongue, most ])enetrating wits.
Pictorially they described the vessel as " a mo^dng fort."
» Hennepin's Louisiana, 25, 31, 32, 41, 42 ; Xouvelle Di'couverte, 93-96 ; New Discovery,
50, Gl-63 ; Lou. Hist. Coll., i., 198 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll., ii., 230; Col. Doc, iiL, 510 ; v., G33 ;
ix.,335, 381, 382; Doc. Hist., iii., 726 ; Marshall's Niagara Frontier, 28, 29 ; Bancroft, iii.,
163 ; Sparks's La Salle, 20, 21, 22 ; ante, 163, 164. The name of La Salle is commemorated
in that of the village at the month of the Cayuga Creek, in the County of Niagara ; and the
dock which he built there is still known as " the old ship-yard."
326 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cdap. VII. Hennepin now hastened to Cataracouy to bring some of
his Franciscan brethren ; and Riboui'de, Membr6, and Wat-
27 May ^^^^^ accompanied him to Niagara. La Salle followed them
La SiUie j^ ^ canoo alonff the southern shore of Ontario. On his
among the o
senecas. "vyay he visited the Seneca villages again, where he met
Gamier and Kaffeix, and learned that the Miamis and Fa-
ther AUouez were endeavoring to rouse the Iroquois to war
with the Illinois. This purpose was checked by the timely
s July. presents of La Salle. On reaching the Niagara River, he
stationed the Father Melithon "Watteau at the magazine
there. Meanwhile the Griffin — completely equipped, and
armed vath. five small guns — had been towed up to the
outlet of "the beautiful Lake Erie," where the savages
" cried several times Gannoron^ to signify their admiration."
News of the event was quickly sent by them to Andros at
T August. New York. At length, all things being ready. La SaUe
embarks wcut ou board with Hennepin, Ribourde, and Membre, and
Eriefor thirty othcrs ; and tlie Griffin set sail with a favorable wind
^*'"'^" up Lake Erie, which was now named " Conty," in honor of
the great French subject who had befriended the enter-
prise at Paris.*
25 April. Louis uow directed Frontenac again to " constantly main-
tain peace, friendship, and good correspondence with the
English and Dutch, without, however, foregoing any of the
rights and advantages appertaining either to my crown or
GNovem. mv subiccts in that country." In liis reply, the governor
Frontenac </ J _ 'i j. ./ ^ o ^
complains complaiucd of the intrigues of Andros among the Iroquois
to make them " break" with the French, and of his efforts
to thwart La Salle. At the same time, he urged that a
French garrison should be maintained at Chambly, through
which almost all the communication was carried on be-
tween Canada and the English colonies. As there were
now rumors of fresh hostilities in Europe, Duchesnau, the
14 Nov. intendant, sent an interesting dispatch to Seignelay, who
had succeeded Colbert, his father, in the ministry of the
colonies, showing that a war with New York and New En-
gland would be to the advantage of Canada.f
* Hennepin's Louisiana, 43-.';0 ; Nouvelle Ducouverte, 9T-121 ; New Discovery, C3-TS, 314 ;
Lou. Hist. Coll., i., 190, 200 ; La Potherie, ii., 136 ; Col. Doc, iii., 278 ; i.\., 118, 1G7, 204, 214,
210, 382; Shea's Discovery, 69, 90, 91, 154; Jlissions, 411, 412; N. Y. II. S. Coll., ii., 22S-
231 ; Spaiks'a La S.iUe, 22-26; Bancroft, iii., 104 ; Hist. Map;., v., 198.
t Col. Doc., ix., 128-139, 149, 411, 795; Martin's Louis XIV., i., 121, 400; ii., 1.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERKOR. ' 327
The Jesuit missionaries among the Iroquois were now chap. vii.
somewhat changed. Bruyas, to whom Andros had always
been ci\dl, left Tionnontoguen, where he was replaced by jesuus
the Father Yaillaut de Gueslis, and took charge of the Kes- 1^°°!;*''''
idence at the Sault Saint Louis, in place of Fremin, who
returned to France. James de Lamberville remained at
Caghnawaga. Millet continued in charge of the Oneida
mission. John de Lamberville, the superior of the Iro-
quois missions, labored at Onondaga. Carheil ministered
quietly to the Cayugas. Pierron having left the Senecas,
Garnier and Raffeix remained in charge of all the villages
of that nation. At this period the " Relations" close, and
we miss hereafter their interesting details.*
The Governor of Mar^dand had meanwhile written to
ISTew York that " strange Indians" had again done mischief
along the Susquehanna ; and Sir Edmund had assured him 1678.
that the Senecas and Mohawks, " having been always very ^^o^gfp"^:
good and faithf ull to this Government," could not have tf'V''^}
o ■ Maryland
been the offenders. Colonel Herbert Jeffreys, the actinsr »^?'\^'"'-
governor of Virginia, also complained of the mischiefs
done to that colony and Maryland by " unknown Indians,"
in breach of Coursey's treaty ; and Andros sent the two In-
dian interpreters, Arnout and Daniel, in the depth of win-
ter, to invite the Iroquois to Albany. Swerise, one of the 1679.
sachems of the Oneidas, accordingly came there, and ex- iroq,tois^'at
cused his nation by laying the blame on the people of '^^^'^^'•
Schenectady, who, they said, had misrepresented the de-
signs of the English. Some captives were restored, and
Andros received the thanks of Virginia and Maryland.
A few months afterward the Oneidas again visited Al-24May.
bany, and Swerise, as their spokesman, declared to Sir
Edmund's commissioners, " Corlaer governs the whole land " coriaer
from New York to Albany, and from thence to the Sene- the whole
ca's land ; we, who are his subjects, shall faithfully keep
the covenant chain." " * * * " Corker's limits, as we
have said, stretch so far even to Jacob my Friend, or Jacob
Young." But, as the Onondagas and Cayugas claimed the
land lying on the Susquehanna River by right of conquest
* Col. Doc, iv., GO" ; ix., 120, 130, 171, i:i4, 233, 720, 763, S3S; Kel., 1673-0. 140, 204, 283 ;
DotinioVs Missions, ii., 106, lOT, 359; Shea's Missions, 274, 277, 2S6, 2S9, 293, 294; ante, 290,
307. Golden, i., 44, errs in stating that in 1670 there were French priests among tlio Onei-
das, Onondagas, and Cayugas only, and none among the Mohawks and Senecas.
328 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. vii. from the Andastes or Conestogas, they now transferred it
to the government of New York " to rule over it," so that
' it could not be sold " without Corlaer's order."*
Virginia, being still troubled, sent Colonels William Ken-
dall and Southley Littleton to confer with the New York
31 July. Indians. They were courteously received by Andros and
8 August, his Council, and then went up to Albany, where Salisbury
iigef^Tt!* was instructed to aid them all he could. The Iroquois
avAAi-^ were accordingly summoned to a conference; but they
^^^^' were delayed by the small-pox, which desolated their vil-
lages, and Littleton died at Albany before the savages ar-
rived. Kendall, however, renewed a peace with the Onei-
sNovem. das, Mohawks, and Senecas, The Onondagas came later,
and Kendall addressed them as he had done their breth-
ren. Yet, in spite of all promises, the young Iroquois
braves could not be restrained from new incursions to-
ward the South.f
August. By advice of his Council, Andros meanwhile visited
p^maquld. Pemaquid to " take order about the settlement of planters
or inhabitants, trade, and all other matters." On his re-
turn to the metropolis, after attending to local affairs, and
the autumn session of the Court of Assizes, the governor
October, wcnt up to Albany, where Iroquois complications and the
'^°^' regulation of the fi'ontier towns of the province demanded
his personal presence.:}:
13 septem. In the autmnn of this year two Dutch " Labadists," Jas-
and siuy- per Daukors and Peter Sluyter, came from Wiewerd, in
York. ^^^ Friesland, to view the New World, and select a place to es-
tablish a colony of their religious community. These Lab-
Labadiats. adists wcro disciples of Jean de Labadie, a French enthu-
siast, holding the doctrines of the Reformed Dutch Church,
but adopting other opinions and practices not recognized
by that Church. The travelers were shrewd and observ-
ing men, and the narrative of their journey is an interest-
* Col. Doc, iii., 2T1, 277, 278, 322, 417 ; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 182 ; Col. MSS., xxviii., 2 ;
Colden, i., 3S-42, 55; first edit., 82-42, 64; Doc. Hist., i., 261; Hennepin, Nouv. Dec, 90;
Chalmers, i., 330, 351 ; anfe, 103, 287, 309. Jacob Young was an Indian interpreter who
lived at the head of the Chesapeake Bay, back of Newcastle: Col. Doc, iii., 322,325, 344;
S. Hazard, Ann., 473.
t Col. Doc, ix., 120, 131 ; Col. MSS., xxviii., 120-122, 125, 131 ; Colden, i., 42, 43, 44; first
ed., 42-48. Neither Beverley nor Burk notice this mission from Virginia.
t Council Min., iii. (ii.), 180; Pemaquid Papers, 32, 33; Col. Doc, iii., 272; Col. M8S.,
xxviii., 2, 123, 131-134; K. I. Kec, iii., 54; Arnold, L, 455; Dankers and Sluyter's Journ.,
111,167,258; n?Uc, 319.
SIR EDMUND ANDKOS, GOVEKNOK. 329
ing contemporaneous account of the condition of New chap. yii.
Tork and its neighborhood.* ~rZZZ~
The four Dutch ministers in the province were now call-
ed on to perform a veiy important office. Before the ar-
rival of Yan Gaasbeeck, the church at Kingston had been
supplied by Petrus Tesschenmaeker, a young " Proponent," petms
or licensed Bachelor in Divinity, who had recently been meeker. "
graduated from the University of Utrecht, and had come
from Guiana to New Tork in the spring of 1678. The
following autumn Tesschenmaeker went to Newcastle,
where the congregation called him to be their minister, al-
though he had never been ordained. To remedy this, the
delegates from that church asked the provincial Dutch
clergymen to form themselves into a " Classis" and ordain
the candidate, without obliging him to go to Holland for
holy orders. This was a novel question. Up to this time
the Classis of Amsterdam alone had sent over Dutch min-
isters to New York, and those now settled there did not as-
sume the power of ordaining others. Andros, who was
anxious to have a Dutch clergyman settled on the Dela-
ware, relieved the New York domines from responsibility
by an official direction to Yan Nieuwenhuysen, and " any so septem.
three or more of the Ministers or Pastors within this Gov- rects the
emment," to examine Tesschenmaeker, and, if they sliould tfon°T^".
find him qualified, to ordain him " into the ministry of the maeker."^"
Protestant Reformed Church." Accordingly, the Dutch
clergymen, Schaats of Albany, Yan Nieuwenhuysen of New 9 October.
York, Yan Zuuren of Long; Island, and Yan Gaasbeeck of ministers
ordain.
Esopus, met at New York, with their elders ; formed them- Tesschen-
selves into a Classis ; and, after examining Tesschenmaeker,
ordained him as a minister of the Gospel, according to the
ritual of the Reformed Dutch Church. None of the other
provincial clergymen assisted; neither the English chap-
lain Wolley, nor the Lutherans Arensius and Lokenius, nor
the Presbyterians on Long Island. It was wholly a Classis
of the Reformed Church of Holland — the first ever held in
America — and its proceedings, which had been originated
by the Episcopalian governor of New York, were approved
• The Journal of Dankers and Sluyter, in 16T9 and IGSO, was published in 1S67 by the
Long Island Historical Society, under the supervision of llr. Henry C. Murphy, wlio procured
the original manuscript in Holland, and translated and annotated this precious memorial
with excellent scholarship.
330 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
GuAF. VII. by the supreme ecclesiastical judicature at Amsterdam
charged with the affairs of colonial Dutch chm-ches.*
The law of Isew York was now settled on an important
17 Decern, point. Twentj-one metropolitan coopers signed an agree-
ment to charge certain prices for their labor ; and that, if
any of them should sell his work under their own arbitrary
prices, he should be fined fifty shillings " for the use of the
1680. poor." For this agreement the conspiring laborers were
coop^eTs summoned before the governor and council, and Mayor
unlawful Rombouts, who adjudged them guilty of an unlawful com-
ti'o"'^^"*'" filiation, and sentenced each signer to pay a fine of fifty
shillings "to the cliurch, or pious uses." This decision
was founded on the laws of England, which declared such
confederating modern " strikers" to be " infamous," and
punished them by fine and imprisonment.f
The pre^^ious legislation in regard to the bolting and in-
s]3ection of fiour having been ineffectual, and complaints
17 jan'y. bcino; made of the loss which trade suffered, it was ordered
New regix- ill couiicil that f Or the future no mills be allowed to bolt,
.about bolt- nor fiour to be packed for exportation, but at the city of
porting ^'New York; and that all bolting or exporting that com-
modity must be freemen or burghers. This new regula-
tion was strictly enforced. For fourteen years the me-
tropolis enjoyed a monopoly w^hich helped her inevitable
growth, and especially advantaged her coopers, who had just
been punished for " striking." But her shoemakers w^ere
24 Jan'y. forbiddcu to tan hides: and it was proposed to require all
Shoemak- i jr u.
era not to leather to be imported. Happily, this restriction — intend-
ed to benefit the merchant at the expense of the producer
— was not carried into effect.:}:
An important measure in regard to Indian slaves was
now adopted. It had been the practice to discriminate be-
• CoiT. Class. Amst., Letters of 25 October, 1679, 2 April, 16S0 ; Bankers and Sliiyter'g
Jour., Ill, 222 ; Col. M3S., xxviii., 132 ; Gen. Ent., xxxii., 61 ; Doc. Hist., iii., 5S3, note;
Murphy's Selyns, 82, 101 ; Demarest's Hist. Kef. D. C, 183, 181 ; N. Y. Christ. Int., 19 Oct.,
1S65; Hist. Mag., Nov., 1865. Laurentius van Gaasbeeck came to Kingston as the success-
or of 151om in September, 1678, at the request of the elders and deacons of the Dutch Cluirch
there, witli the approbation of Andros, and under the authority of the Classis of Amster-
dam : Cor. CI. Amst., MSS. ; O'Call., ii., 432. Van Gaasbeeck died in February, IGSO, and
was succeeded by Johannes Weecksteen, from llarlaem, in 1651 : Col. JI3., xxix., 205 ; Doc.
Hist., iii., 583 ; Cor. CI. Amst. ; Bankers and SUiyter's Journal, 270 ; Hist. Mag. (ii.),' i., 333.
t Col. MSS., xxi.x:., 2, 3, 19 ; Val. Man., 18.50, 425, 420 ; Statutes 2 and 3 Edw. VI., cap. 15,
22 and 2.". Charles II., cap. 19 ; Saint Paul's I.pistle to Timothy 1, iii., 3, and toTilus, i., 7.
i Col. MS.^., xxix., 2, 19, 29,32,39,84,187; Minutes of Com. Council,!., 143; Col. Doc,
iii., 315, 33S, 351, 797 ; v., !57, 58; Dankers and Sluyter's Jour., 354-357; Dunlap, ii., App.,
cxxvi, ; ante, SIS.
Sm EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 331
tween the free natives of Kew York and others, especially chap.vii.
those of the Spanish West Indies, many of whom were
held in bondage. It was now resolved in council that all^pg^gnj'
Indians are free and not slaves, and can not be forced to
be servants, unless those formerly brought from the Bay of
Campeachy or other foreign parts. This was followed by a
formal order " That all Indians here have always been and 1680.
are free, and not slaves, except such as have been formerly imported
brought fi'om the bay or other foreign parts. But if any gjaveTde-
shall be brought hereafter into the government, within the "^'■'^^^ ^'^^•
space of six months, they are to be disposed of, as soon as
may be, out of the government. But after the expiration
of the said six months, all that shall be brought here from
those parts and landed, to be as other free Indians."*
The Dutch Church in the fort had now become too
small to accommodate its congregation, and its present ,
condition was not convenient either for the people or for
the government. At the suggestion of Andros, a meeting so June,
was held to consider the best means to build a new one, mentaV
which was attended by several members of the council and new Dutcu
other leading citizens, besides Domine van Nieuwenhuy- *"
sen and the Episcopalian chaplain Wolley. It was deter-
mined, by a vote of ten to three, to raise money by " free
will or gift," and not by a public tax ; but, if that should
fail, to appeal to the governor. It was agreed that the
new church should be a quarter larger than that in the
fort, which was fifty-four feet wide. Andros, warmly ap-
proving the project, directed that the surplus moneys raised
under his letter of August, 16Y8, for the redemption of the
captives in Turkey, should be applied toward the new
church, and contributed fifty pounds himself. The mayor
and aldermen also appropriated certain fines, and a plot of
ground was selected on which to build the church as soon
as possible.!
Wolley, the duke's Episcopalian chaplain, soon after-
ward went home to seek preferment in England, with a
* Col. MSS., xxviii., IGl, 1T3 ; xxix., 86 ; Min. of N. Y. Com. Council, i., 142 ; Dunlap, ii.,
App., cxxix. ; ante, 140. Notwithstanding this order, foreign Indians were for a long time
held as slaves in New York, as they were in Massachusetts and other English dependencies.
t Doc. Hist., iii., 244, 2G5; Col. MSS., xxviii., 26, 27; xxix., 141 ; Gen. Ent., xsxii., 65;
Col. Doc, iii., 315, 415, 717 ; Letter of Selyns to Classis, 28 Octoher, 16S2 ; ante, 310. Dr.
De Witt, in his sermon (.\iigust, 1S5G, p. 26), erroneously places " the iirst steps" in 16S7:
see Records of the Collegiate Dutch Churcli, Liber A., p. 101, 103.
332 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. vir. certificate from Andros that lie had " comported himself mi-
"~ blameable in his life and conversation." After his return
15 July. * ^^olley prepared "A two years' Journal in New York,"
woXy'^e- ^^^-J w^ich was published in London in ITOl. Encumbered
Kl^and, ^^^^^ pedantry, and fuller of detail about the native savages
than the European colonists, Wolley's Journal, nevertheless,
gives valuable information concerning the province in 1680.
In respect to the metropolis, where he lived for two years,
the lately returned chaplain declared New York to be " a
place of as sweet and agreeable air as ever I breathed in,
and the inhabitants, both English and Dutch, very civil and
courteous, as I may speak by experience, amongst whom I
have often wished myself and familj^, to whose tables I
was frequently invited, and alwaj's concluded with a gen-
erous bottle of Madeira."*
1679. The Duke of York's customs' regulations had mean-
while proved so annoying to East Jersey, that its Assembly
3 April, passed an act to indemnify any vessel which, coming into
tween New that provincc by way of Sandy Hook, and entering and
New jer- clearing at Elizabethtown, might be seized by the govern-
^^^' ment of New York. Carteret accordingly proclaimed that
all bottoms coming to East Jersey should be free. Upon
this, one Mr. Hooper ordered a ketch from Barbadoes to
go thither ; but Andros made her enter and pay duties in
New York before he w^ould allow her to proceed to Jersey
and land her cargo of rum. Sir Edmund also sent Collector
- Dyer to England to answer any complaints. The Duke of
York being absent in Flanders, Secretary Werden appears
to have given directions to Dyer, with which he returned
to New York in the following December. Andros soon
afterward went over to Staten Island, and invited Carte-
ret to meet him there, " to negotiate in peace and friend-
1680. ship." The Jersey governor having declined this over-
Androf*" '^^^^5 ^^^ Edmund sent him copies of Charles's patent to
notifies James, and of the duke's commission to himself; and he
Carteret. ' ..,..„
directed Carteret to forbear exercising " any jurisdiction"
* Gen. Ent, xxxii., 93, 94 ; Hist. Mag., i., 371 ; ante, 31S. A reprint of Wolley's Journal
was published by W. Gowans (who misprints the name "• Wooley") in 1S60. It does not equal
in interest the contemporaneous observations of Dankers and Sluyter; but, in connection
with that book, and Secretary Nicolls's account in Scot's "Model" (128-144), it leaves little
unknown about New York and New Jersey in IGSO. I regret that the limits of this volume
do not allow me to quote some interesting descriptions of the metropolis, and of Esopus, Al-
bany, and Long Island, tlieir people, magistrates, and otiiers.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 333
in any part of the territory thus granted by the king to the chap. vn.
duke, without due authority recorded in New York. More-
over, Andros added, " it being necessary for the Idng's serv- ^ndros
ice, and welfare of his Majesty's subjects U^dng or trading Pg°P°^f
in these parts, that beacons for land or sea marks for ship- ^"Irndy'
ping saihng in and out, and a fortification, be erected at ^°°^
Sandy Point, I have resolved it accordingly ; — but, having
due regard to all rights or proprieties of land or soil, shall
be ready to pay or give just satisfaction."*
This letter made a hubbub at Elizabethtown, After ad-
vising with his comicil, Carteret informed Andros that if 20 Mareii.
he attempted to build a fort at Sandy Hook he would be reply to *
resisted until the proprietor's pleasure be known, " he hav-
ing reserved that for a fortification, when the king shall
command it." In the mean time. Sir Edmund had sent is March.
Secretary Mcolls with a proclamation forbidding Carteret prociama-
from exercising any jurisdiction within the duke's prov- '
ince, and commanding aU persons to submit " to the king's
lawful authority" as established in New York, On receiv-
ing this, Carteret protested, and appealed to the king, " who 20 March.
only can determine this matter."t
Andros soon went over to New Jersey. The rumor of
liis coming went before him, and Carteret gathered a large
force to oppose the Governor of New York. But, as he
came without soldiers, Andros was invited ashore with his t Aprn.
attendants, and went up to Carteret's house. Patents and EUzXtu-
commissions were produced on each side, and long argu- **'"°'
ments followed, without result. After dinner, Carteret ac-
companied Sir Edmund Andros back to his sloop. Three
weeks afterward, having tried various devices. Governor so April.
Andros ordered some soldiers to EKzabethtown, who broke
open Carteret's house in the dead of night ; " hailed" him
out of his bed ; and brought him a naked prisoner to
• Learning and Spicer, 112-13T, 673 ; Col. MSS., xxix., 55 ; Col. Doc, iii., 26S, 392 ; iv.,
3S2; Warn, Ord., Passes, iii., 63, 254; Chalmers, Ann., i., 618; Index N. J. Col. Doc.,T;
Whitehead's E. J., TO, 7T-T9, 82 ; Hatfield's Eliz., ISO, 190 ; Evelyn, ii., 136; Dankera and
Sluyter, 196, 255, 201, 34i ; ante, 261-2T0, 303, 30&, 312. It is stated, in Collins'a Peerage,
iv., 212 (2d ed., 1741), that the king's vice-chamherlain. Sir George Carteret, died on the
13th of Januaiy, 1679, in the eightieth year of his age. There seem to be some writers who
do not yet apprehend that the '■^old style" prevailed in England until 1753; so that the
English year 1679 ended on 24 March, 1680, ''■iiew style," and that consequently Sir George .,
Carteret died 13 January, 16S0, according to our present reckoning.
t Gen. Ent., xxxii., 72, 73 ; Col. MSS., xxix., 61-64, 63, 69 ; Min. of N. Y. Common Coun-
cil, i., 137, 138; Learning and Spicer, 674-677 ; Whitehead, 71,72; Newark Town Eec, 78;
Dankers and Sluyter, 277, 347.
334: HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
ciiAP. VII. Kew York. There, ill and forlorn, Carteret was committed
to the custody of Sheriff Colljer, on a charge of unlawful-
1 May. ' ^J assuming jurisdiction over the king's subjects. A spe-
prk'cfnerfn ^^^^ Court of Assizes was ordered; before which Carteret
ifjily'^^' ^^^ arraigned for trial, on an indictment for riotously pre-
28 May. smniug " to cxercisc jm'isdiction and government over his
Majesty's subjects within the bounds of his Majesty's letters
Patents granted to His Royal Highness." Sir Edmund
was conducted by trumpeters to the tribunal, over which
he presided on a higher seat than usual. Carteret protest-
ed against the jm-isdiction of the New York court. Being
overruled, he averred his conduct as Governor of New Jer-
sey " to be legal, and by virtue of power derived from the
King." His commission and other documents were sub-
carteret mittcd to tlic jur}^, wliich brouglit in a verdict of "Not
uwfuiucd. Guilty." This did not satisfy Andros, who sent the jm'ors
out twice and thrice ; each time with new charges.* At
length a verdict of acquittal was recorded. Nevertheless,
Carteret was obliged to gi\-e secm-ity that, if he went to
New Jersey, he would not " assume any authority or juris-
diction there, ci\al or military."!
2 June. Sir Edmmid, accompanied by Lady Andros, now escort-
again'^fu ed Cartcrct back to Elizabethtown with great pomp, and
jeTIey. endcavorcd to induce the Assembly to confiirm his proceed-
ings, and adopt the Duke's Laws, in force in New Y'ork,
Avith such amendments as might be desirable. The Jersey
Assembly, however, adhered to their OAvn laws, which they
11 June, presented to Andros for his approval. Y^et the authority
t'o°vem-^ of the Governor of New Y^ork was not disputed, and ciAdl
™june. and military officers were commissioned by liiin to act in
25 July. ]v^ewark, Elizabethtown, Woodbridge, Bm-lington, and else-
E July. where. An account of these transactions was sent by the
deposed governor to Lady Carteret ; and BoUen, who Avas
now in London, was desired to move the Commissioners of
Customs and others in favor of East Jersey, and watch
Dyer, who was intending to return to England, " that he
* It was said that "one Jackson, a juryman, occasionally speaking to the Governor, said
that he hoped they had the same privileges .is the other Plantations. Tlie Governor an-
swered that their privileges hung on a slender thread, and that he was chidden for giving
them such liberties." But Andros afterward denied that he " ever spoke any such words ;"'
and NicoUs and Dyer, who were present in court all the time, heard nothing from the gov-
ernor to any such purpose : Col. Doc, iii., 315.
t Learning and Spicer, CT8-CS4; Gen. Ent., xxxii., 77, "S ; Col. MSS., xxi.x., 78, 93, 1^2-
104; ^Yhitohead, 73, 74; Uaukers and Sluyter, 347-351.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 335.
doth not swear and romance against ns, as he did the time ch\p. vii.
before."*
The spring of this year was marked by an attempt of -'-"'^''•
Connecticut to include Fisher's Island within her jurisdic-
tion. Andros at once wrote to Leete that the island had 29 March.
been granted by Mcolls to the late Governor Winthrop, wlZ'
and that any proceedings "intrenching" on the authority
of New York must be forborne, " to prevent greater incon-
veniences." The Connecticut court resolved that theysoiiay.
would exercise government over the island, and prohibited
obedience to Sir Edmimd. This bluster ended the matter.
The son of Winthrop was obliged to recognize the juris- 24 june.
diction of New York, under which the island has ever since
remained without question.f
The affairs of Pemaquid requiring attention, Knapton, 26 June,
the late commander, and John West, were commissioned as fndwe°t
special justices of the peace, and Henry Jocelyn and others quid!""*"
appointed a Court of Sessions. The commissioners were
also directed to visit Fisher's Island, Martha's Vineyard,
and Nantucket, and see that proper officers were estabhsh-
ed there. On their return, Knapton and West reported 14 septem,
their proceedings ; and Ensign Thomas Sharpe, the pres-
ent commander at Pemaquid, and the justices there, w^ere
ordered to inform the Eastern savages that the governor 15 septem.
had forbidden the Mohawks to make incursions, and that
there must be no more " warring" between the Indians
subject to New York.:}:
At the Court of Assizes this autumn, besides the usual c October,
members, justices attended from New Jersey, Nantucket, Asskel
and Pemaquid. There were thirty members present, in-
cluding Sir Edmund Andros, " who was a good lawyer."
John West was now appointed clerk of the court, as well
* Learning and Spicer, CS0-GS5 ; Col. M?S., xxix., 98-101, lOG-124, 12T, 144, 153, 154, 169,
1T5,1T9, 1S4, 194, 199; Gen. Knt., xxxii., 94, 95, 9T; Whitehead, T4, 75; NewarliTown Kec,
79; Bankers and Sluyter, 346, 351. It appears that when Carteret was seized at Elizabeth-
town, Bollea and Vauquellen secured his most important papers, and hastened to England,
the former by way of Boston, and tlie latter by Maryland : Dankers and Sluyter, 349 ; Hat-
field, 193.
t Gen. Ent., xxxii., 75, 90; Col. MSS., xxix., 136; Pemaquid Papers, 35; Col. Rec. Conn.,
iii.,64, 2S3; Bankers and Sluyter, 370; Trumbull, i., 375; Thompson, i., 3S9, 390; N. Y.
Revised Statutes, iii., 2; ante, 139.
t Gen. Ent., xxxii., 92, 93; Col. MSS., xxix., 99, 136, 137, 213; Ord., Warr., etc., xxxii^^,
1-4; Pemaquid Papers, 33-44; Nantucket Pap., 116-123. West had been a lawyer at New
York, deputy clerk of the Mayor's Court, and clerk of Sessions on Long Island, and had re-
turned from England with Andros in 1678 : C. WoUey, 5, 70; ante, 319.
336
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
16S0.
8 Kovein.
13 October.
Andl'os at
Boston.
9 N'ovem.
10 Xovem.
Randolph
returns
from En-
gland.
28 Jau'y.
8 April.
as clerk of the council, and also provincial secretary in
place of Nicolls, who was about going to England. At
the request of the metropohtan mayor and aldermen, West
was soon afterward ajDpointed clerk of the City and Coun-
ty of New York.*
As soon as the Court of Assizes adjourned, Sir Edmund
hastened to Boston, by invitation of Lord Culpepper, the
Governor of Virginia, who was there on his way back to
England. The General Court of Massachusetts was then
in session ; and Pynchon, who had written to Andros for
leave to treat with the Mohawks at Albany, was directed
to go thither, and, with the advice of the New York au-
thorities there, procure a renewal of the covenant made in
April, 1677. An interview was accordingly held, in the
presence of BrocklioUs and the Albany officers, at which
the Mohawks, whom Andros had forbidden to send parties
eastward, agreed to lay down the axe, and be at peace with
the iSTew England Indians, f
After the return of Andros, Randolph remained in Lon-
don more than a year, occupied by the affairs of Massachu-
setts. The intended alterations in the government of that
colony were, however, avoided by the skill of her agents,
Stoughton and Bulkley, in disposing of her bribes " to per-
sons then in a great station at Court." Having been ap-
pointed collector of the customs in Xew England, Ean-
dolph returned with Dyer to New York, whence he went
to Boston. There he was so obstructed in executing his
office, that he sent home bitter complaints. As the best
remedy, Randolph recommended the abrogation of the
' Ord.,AVarr.,etc., xxxiii^, C, 7; Col. MSS., xxix.,234; Col. Doc, iii., 303, 314, 315, C57;
Wood, 149 ; Val. Man., 1S53, 330, 331 ; Bancroft, ii., 42S ; C. Wolley, 70. Besides Governor
Andros, the members of the Court of Assizes, in October, 16S0, were Secretary Nicolls, Coun-
sellors Dyer, Phillipse, Dervall, and Van Cortlandt, Mayor Rombout, and the metropolitan
aldermen Beekraan, Van Erugli, Lewis, Mariiis, Verplanck, and Wilson ; Richard Bctts,
high-sheriff of Long Island, or Yorkshire ; Justices Topping, Arnold, WoodhuU, and Wood,
of the East Riding, Willett, of the North Riding, and Hubbard, Elbertsen, and Palmer, of
the West Riding of Long Island; Teller and Van Dyck, of Albany; Delavall, of Esopus;
Spaswill, Browne, and Parker, of New Jersey ; Gardiner, of Nantucket ; and Knaplon and
West, of Pemaquid. Salisbury, the commandant at Albany, having died in the winter, was
succeeded by BrockhoUs in the spring of 1G30 : Hist. Mag., iv., 50 ; ofife, 312, 328.
t Col. Doc, iii., 244, 302. 30S; ix., 140-145, 795, 706; Chalmers, i., 344,438; Hutchinson,
i., 332 ; Burk, ii., 226 ; Palfrey, iii., 343 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxv., 52 ; Mass. Rec, v., 109,
300, 319, 320; Col. MSS., xxix., 196 ; ante, 309. Golden does not mention this conference.
As Robert Livingston was then in New York, asking leave to buy lands on Roeloff Jansen's
kill, his duties as secretary were performed by Richard Pretty : Ord., AVarr., etc.. xxxii^*;',
13, 14 ; Doc. Hist., iii., 367. An account of Culpepper's visit to Boston is in Campbell's Vir-
ginia, 312, 329, 330, 349-355 : see also Mass. IL S. Coll., v., 124.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 337
Massachusetts charter by a writ of Qioo Warranto. ThatcuAP.vu.
result, indeed, could scarcely have been averted, except by
the submission of the recusant corporation. Yet it obsti-
nately disobeyed the king's orders to send over new agents;
and, while it could afford to buy territory in Maine, and
bribe venal courtiers in London, pleaded poverty to excuse ii juao.
contumacy. This policy was neither manly nor wise. The Poricy of
MassacliLi-
local rulers of Massachusetts knew that they were the crea- setti'.
tures of the I^ing of England. Nevertheless, they affected
a braggart independence of him. Neither ready nor will-
ing to renounce subjection to England, the Puritan cor-
poration clung to her royal charter as "the ark of her
safety." If the inhabitants of Massachusetts had then
been allowed to make a Constitution for themselves, they
would hardly have intrusted to a sectarian oligarchy the
power which had been abused by the grantees of " Charles
the Martyr." Yet, as an En^-lish corporation, the ruling
power in Massachusetts tried to maintain the inconsistent
attitude of loyalty and rebellion ; and, professing to be
"humbly bold," demonstrated absurd weakness. Brad-
street, the governor of the corporation, however, sent a is iMy-
dutiful reply to the inquiries of the Plantation Committee street's
at London. Li this interesting paper he complained that ^^'^'°' '
Andros had laid heavy duties on the Pemaquid fishermen
for the benefit of the Duke of York ; and, at the same
time, reported that a Boston vessel brought from Africa
" betwixt forty and fifty negroes, most women and children,
sold here for ten, fifteen, and twenty pounds apiece, which
stood the merchants in near forty pounds apiece, one with
another. Now and then, two or three negroes are brought Negro
hither from Barbadoes, and other of his Majesty's Planta- Masaachu-
tions, and sold here for about twenty pounds apiece ; so '*^
that there may be within our government about one hun-
dred, or one hundred and twenty." At this time a good
negro was worth about thirty-five pounds in New York;
but, as the climate of Massachusetts was less genial to the
African, he did not sell for . quite so much there, when
freshly imported into slavery.*
* Mass. H.S. Coll., xxviii.,S30-340; XXX., 256; xxxii., 288-292 ; Mhs.i. Uec, v., 2T0-2S9;
Hutch. Mass., i., 324-332; Coll., 485, 49.5, 519-52G; Chalmers, i., 4')5-41f», 438-440, 509;
Eavry, 1., 462-4G4 ; Palfrey, iii., 314-340, 3G7, 3G8 ; Col. Doc, iii., 2C1, 2G3 ; Story's Mi.scel-
lanies, 60; Moore's Notes on Slavery in Mass., 49 ; anLf, 313, 319.
II.— Y
338 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. VII. Rliode Island reported to tlie Plantation Committee that
tliere were " only a few blacks imported" into that colo-
8 May. ' ^^J' Plj^outli represented that " slaves we have very few,
.30 June, except Indian women and boys taken in the late war."
15 July. Connecticut answered that since Sir Edmund Andros came
Rhode isi- to New York, her correspondence with him was not " like
outh,and what it was with his predecessors in that government;"
^ onnec i- ^^^^ ^^^ chief trade was with Boston ; that she had about
thirty slaves ; and that sometimes three or f om* blacks a
year were imported from Barbadoes, who were usually sold
at the rate of twenty-two pounds apiece.*
In the mean time, England had been convulsed by Titus
Oates's story of a " Popish Plot," and its Protestantism
was whipped into violent excess. In the height of this
1679. fanaticism the king prorogued Parliament, after assenting
uah^L' to what is familiarly known as the " Habeas Corpus" Act
A^un^En- — chicfly due to Shaftesbury, and which may be considered
gland. ^Q i^g^ perhaps, the most meritorious work of his life. This
statute, however, did not extend to the English Colonies
or Plantations ; just as the Test Act of 1673 did not af-
fect them, as has been already explained. The same day
Freedom of the ccusorship of the English press expired with the law
8 press, .^j^-gj-^ authorized the abomination,f
These events gave rise to two remarkable party appella-
tives, which have ever since been familiar in England.
The friends of the king and his brother were nick-named
^^ Tories ^^ as were the Roman Catholic Irish Robbers,
Tories and kuowu as " Rapparccs" and " Wliite Boys ;" while those
'^" who desired a Protestant English sovereign were desig-
nated " Whiffs" as the persecuted Scotch Covenanters were
then called. These political epithets — at first given in de-
rision and accepted in bravado — have continued to distin-
guish the conservative and the progressive parties in En-
glish local strifes,
iiie Duke The Duke of York, threatened by the House of Com-
mons with exclusion from the throne on account of his
' Chalmei-.'-'s Ann., i., 2S2-2S4, 30T-310 ; Arnold, i., 48S-491 ; It I. llec, iii., 73, 8G ; Col.
Tec. Conn., iii., 290-303 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxv., 52; Palfrey, iiL, 420-12S; Jlooie's Notes
on Slaveiy in Mass., 41 ; ante, 296.
+ Statute 31 Charles II., cap. ii. ; Pari. Hist,, iv.. 661, 1148; Kcnnelt, iii., 377; Rapin,
ii.,07.'),707; Lingard,xiii., 133, 134, 16.5; Macaulay, i., 24S; Burnet, i.,4S5; ii.,103; Jacob.,
iii., 227 ; Chalmers's Ann., i , 56, 74 ; ii., 72, 113 ; Rev. Col., i., 230, 308, 395, 412; N. Y. II. S.
Coll., 1808, 72, 113 ; Coll. Doc, iii., 357 : iv., 264; an^c, 201, 202, note.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 339
Eomau faith, was obliged to withdraw from England ; first cuap. vn.
to Brussels, and then to Scotland, where he remained until ^^^^
rd)ruary, 1680, when he returned to London. During
these exciting movements James had little time for the af-
fairs of his American province. But he was now com-
pelled to look anxiously into them.*
The complaints which the Quakers settled in West Jer-
sey had sent home of their treatment by Andros were so 1679.
strongly supported, that Sir John Werden inquired official- New Jersey
ly of the English Secretary of State whether they were ''^^""•
empowered, as grantees of the duke, to set up a distinct
government, and whether they were not still liable to the
laws established in New York. The king's secretary, how-
ever, does not appear to have answered these legal ques-
tions. Wishing to know the right of the matter, the duke
ordered his commissioners " to hear and make report to
him concerning the customs demanded in Kew West Jersey
in America, by his governor of New York." This was ac-
cordingly done. The Quakers' case was elaborately ar-
gued by Penn and others, who insisted that, in Berkeley's Penn'e ar-
conveyance to them," powers or gOA^ernment are expressly for the
granted ;" that the Duke of York had no authority to levy
duties on the colonists in West Jersey, or exclude them of
their " English right of common assent to taxes ;" and then,
adroitly alluding to " the Duke's circumstances and the
people's jealousies," they submitted that as he had now the
opportunity to free that country with his own hand, " so
will Englishmen here know what to hope for, by the jus-
tice and kindness he shows to Englishmen there, and all
men to see the just model of his government in New York
to be the scheme and draft in little, of his administration
in Old England at large, if the crown should ever devolve
upon his head."t
This bold and able, but very sophistical argument, which
BO skillfully touched the duke's present " circumstances,"
would have been unanswerable, if its material allegation
had been true, that powers of government were " expressly
granted" in Berkeley's conveyance to Fenwick, But the
* Clarke's James 11., i., 512-6S8; Temple, ii , 42G-479 ; Conrtenay's Temple, ii., 13-82;
Bumet, i., 422-4G9 ; Dalrymple, i., 16S-177, 261-2T4, 292, 327, 332, 335; N. Luttrell, 1., 10,
2;l-22 ; Macaulay, i., 229-257; Martin, i., 503-506.
t Index N. J. Col. Doc, 7; S. Smith, 111-124; Gordon, 40-42 ; etnic, 266, 305, 320.
340 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1680
Fallacy of
CiiAr. VII. facts were not what Penii and bis friends asserted. Berke-
ley could only convey what the duke had granted to him ;
and the duke had never granted to Berkeley express pOw-
penn's ar- gj-g q^ sfovemment. Moreover, the Quaker argument dis-
ingenuously avoided any reference to the duke's second
patent from the king in 1674, wliile it maintained that the
Peace of Westminster had reinvested Berkeley with his
annihilated rights. By that treaty, however, as has been
seen, the Dutch conquerors relinquished ISTew Isetherland
to the king ; and Charles after^vard granted the whole of
it to his brother.'"^
oppoituni- If the Duke of York had now" been fi'ee from political
uiike of anxiety, he might have settled this New Jersey question on
the grounds afterward taken by the ministers of William
the Third, and declared that his secondary releases neither
did nor could transfer rights of government to his grant-
ees ; because such sovereign authority, having been intrust-
ed to him personally by the king, was " inalienable from
the person to whom it is granted."!
But James had again to seek refuge in Scotland from
the furious malice of his enemies. In this strait the duke
Tim Duke'3 resolved to refer "the whole matter" of his right to cus-
toms' duties from West Jersey to the decision of " the
greatest lawyer of England," Sir William Jones, who had,
just before, resigned his place as attorney general, and was
now a vehement opponent of the king. When it had been
proposed to govern Jamaica without any Assembly, Jones
Sir wii- advised his sovereign " that he could no more grant a com-
mission to levy money on his subjects there without their
consent by an Assembly, than they could discharge them-
selves from their allegiance to the English Crown." Yet
Jones held it to be incontrovertible " that tlie Parliament
might rightfully impose taxes on every dominion of the
Crown." This fallacy was the " universal opinion" of En-
glish jurists at that time. An English Parliament might
tax an unrepresented colony of England when her sover-
eign might not. Jones had been retained by Stoughton
and Bulkley, the agents of Massachusetts, as their counsel,
' S. Smith, 117, 121; Learning and Spicer, 10, 41-45, 04, 413; Gordon, 4'2; rafe, S3, 200,
201, 267.
t nrprosientation of the Lords of Trade, 21 Octobor, 1701, in Learning and Spicor, CO", COS,
C13 ; S. Smith, CCO, 070 ; Gordon, 23, 54 ; Bancroft, iii, 47.
liam Jones.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. 34t
and aided them in preventing the change which the king cuap. vn.
meant to make in its government. And now, tliis " wary"
and " timorous" ParHamentarian advocate nttered a can- ^^ j^j^ "
tious opinion: "I am not satisfied (by any thing that I^"^"^'^^^
have yet heard) that the Duke can legally demand that or f'^°y°^^
any other duty from the inhabitants of those lands. And
that which makes the case the stronger against his Royal
Highness is, that these inhabitants claim under a grant
from his Royal Higlmess to the Lord Berkeley and Sir
George Carteret, in which grant there is no reservation of
any profit, or so much as of jurisdiction."*
This was a model report for a referee wishing to evade
a decision or becloud the truth. Avoiding several mate-
rial facts in the case, Jones cited only the duke's first grant Jones's
to Berkeley and Carteret in 1664, and ignored both the fallacious.
Dutch conquest of 1673 (which annihilated that grant),
and the king's second patent to his brother in 1674. Sir
William must have meant either that James never had any
"jurisdiction" under his first patent from the king (wliich
was not suggested), or else that the duke had released — be-
cause he had not reserved — that jurisdiction. Yet Jones
was too good a lawyer to afiu*m that a mere release of a
" tract of land" with its " appurtenances," in " as full and
ample manner" as they had been originally granted, could
convey powers of government from one English subject to
another. This fallacy would have been too transparent.
The Duke of York, however, had neither time nor inch-
nation to contest the matter. Easily as he might have con-
futed its fallacies, he determined to give liberal effect to
the late attorney general's cloudy opinion. Without wait-
ing for his own counsel — Churchill and Jeffreys — to ap-
prove it, James executed a deed tendered by Byllinge, "the cAupast.
r. -, 1 . T -rrr Tv-r X \. 1 • The Duke
more firmly to convey the said West JNew Jersey to mm of York's
and the rest of the Proprietors, and plainly to extinguish to west
the demand of any customs or other duties from them, *''"^^'
save the rent as reserved at the first." By this instru-
• Clarke's Jiimesir., 5., 5SS-600; Col. Doc, iiL,2S4, 285; Force's Tracts, iv., No. ix., 45,
4C; Mathers Magnalia, i., ITS; Chalmers's Ann., i., 240,619,026; Rev. Coll., i., 150, 173;
ante, 316. Jones succeeded North as attorney general in 1674 ; resigned in October, 1679 ;
and was succeeded first by Sir Cresswell Levins, and then by Sir Robert Sawyer : N. Lut-
trell, i., 24 ; Bpat?on, i., 410, 433; Kennett, iii., 300, 370, ?,01 ; Burnet, i., 396, 433, 455, 532 ;
Temple, ii., 5r,2 ; Evelyn, ii., 159; Pari. Hist., iv., 120S. Af to Jones's private employment
as counsel for the Massachusetts ng?nts, see Palfrey, iii., 320, 307, 308 ; ante, 310, 336.
34:2 HISTORY OF THE STATE OE NEW YORK.
cuAf. VII. ment — which carefully recited the reconquest by the
"T7~~" Dutch, and the several conveyances of the territory — the
The duke ^ukc transferred to Byllinge, Penn, Laurie, and their as-
wwt^New sociates, all the authority and power of government which
Jersey, j^ ^hc king's two patents to him '' were granted or intend-
ed to be granted to be exercised by his said Koyal High-
ness, his heirs, assigns, deputies, officers, or agents in, upon,
or in relation unto the said premises hereby confirmed."*
September. The accounts whicli Philip Carteret sent over of his
treatment by Andros soon afterward reached London, and
loseptem. Lady Carteret, Sir George's widow, complained to the duke,
who at once said that " the Lord Proprietor should have all
right done him in the enjoyment of the Province and the
Government thereof ; and that his Royal Highness would
not in the least derogate from what he had granted to Sir
George Carteret, and doth wholly disown and declare that
Sir Edmund Andros had never any such order or authori-
ty from him for the doing thereof." As he had just re-
leased all claim over West Jersey to Byllinge and liis
friends, he determined to do the same to the claimants of
6 septem.^ East Jcrscy. James therefore directed his counsel to jTi'e-
reiease of pare a deed confirming to Sir George Carteret, the grand-
sey! "' son and heir of the original grantee, his moiety of I^ew
ic October. Jersey. The next month, a few days before he returned to
Edinburgh, the duke executed an instrument by which he
relinquished all his claims to East Jersey. These meas-
6 Novem. ures were notified by Werden to Andros, to prevent any
doubt of the validity of the deeds when they should be
produced in Js^ew York.f
Complaints The enemics of Sir Edmund had meanwhile not been
Anaro3. idle. Complaints were made to the duke not only by the
Quakers, but by Billop, and various otlier ''' private men ;"
and " suggestions" were insinuated that the governor
* Col. Doc, iii., 2S5; Learning and Spicer, 415-419; Ch.ilmcrs's Ann., i., CIO, C2G ; Kev.
Col., i., 150, 1T3 ; S. Smith, 1'25, 56T ; anf?„ S3, 260-268, 303-306.
t Learning .lud Spicer, 6S5, 6S6; Col. Doc, iii., 2S.5, 2SC; Chalmers's Ann., i., 019, G2G,
C27; Commisc'ion.s, i., 19; Ord., Warr., etc., xxxii^^, 41; Gordon, 42 ; AVliitehead's E. J.,
81, 82, 102 ; Index N. J. Col. Doc, 8 ; Eliz. Bill, 8 ; ante, 333, 33-1. The duke's release of
16 October, 1680, to the youthful Sir George Carteret, seems to have been made without
knowing that the trustees under the will of the deceased baronet had, on the Cth of March,
ICSO, conveyed E.ast Jersey to Thomas Cremer and Thomas Pocock: Eliz. Bill, S ; Learning
and Spicer, 73, 145. When that became known, the release was probably revoked, or, at
all events, considered inoperative. It is not alluded to in the duke's siilisenuent grant of
14 March, 16S3, to the twenty-four proprietors : Learning and Spicer, 145, 604; Wliitehead'd
East Jersey, 82, S3 ; Eastern Boundaiy of N. J., 4:>, 5 i ; N. J. II. S. I'loc, x., 134-139.
SIR EDMUND ANDEOS, GOVERNOE. 343
favored Dutchmen in trade, made laws hm'tf ul to the chap. vii.
English, detained ships imduly for private reasons, admit-
ted Dutch vessels to a direct trade, or traded himself in "^ '
the names of others. Moreover, James had received of-
fers to farm his revenue in New York, which differed " so
vastly" from the accounts rendered by his governor, that
he resolved to send out an agent to make "a strict en-
quiry" on the spot. As the duke and his officers had " hut
loose and scattered notions" respecting the government of
Andros, he was directed to return " by the first conven-
ience" to England ; " that I may have," wrote James, " the 24 May.
better opportunity to be informed in all those particulars called,
from yourselfe, and that you may also have the satisfaction
to obviate such matters as, if unanswered, might leave
some blemish upon you, how little soever you may (in
truth) have deserved any." Sir Edmund was farther di-
rected to commit his government to Brockholls, and to
give such instructions for the public safety as circum-
stances might require.*
John Lewin, supposed to be " a person wholly uncon- 24 May.
cerned," was at the same time commissioned by the duke commis-^'"
as his "Agent and servant" in New York, Albany, and his agent. ""^
other territories in America, to inquire into all his revenue
accounts, examine records, and ascertain whether trade
had been obstructed, and if so, how it might be encour-
aged. Lewin was minutely instructed as to his duties, 24 May.
which were, to make such diligent inquiries as might in-i'ngtru&- •
form the duke " of the true state and condition of all those *'°°^'
places, in relation to the trade thereof, and of all the parts
and branches of the Kevenue and other profits, as well cer-
tain, as accidental or casual, which doe properly and justly
belong unto me, as I am the Proprietor of the said places,
or otherwise. And alsoe, that I may have a true, full, and
just information and knowledge, of the reall, constant, and
necessary charge and expense, which must be laid out and
issued, for the maintenance and support of the government
of those places." Andros was farther directed to enable 1 juiy.
Lewin to take such examinations as he might desire, under
oath, within the government of New York.f
* Col. Doc.,iii.,283, 2S4; Chalmers i., 5S2 ; Bankers and Sluyter, 380.
t Col. Doc, iii., 379-284; S. Hazard, 470, 471, 472. Lewin appears to liave been a Lon-
344 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. vii. The duke's agent reached New York while Sir Edmund
was absent at Boston, whither he had gone to meet Lord
iG October Culpopper, the governor of Virginia, who was on his way
29 October, to England. When Andros returned, Lewin exhibited his .
obey-shis commissiou, but not his instructions from James. This
sudden recall surprised the Governor of JSTew York, who
could not anticipate what had occurred about New Jersey
after Lewin had left England. But Sir Edmund was too
good a soldier not to know that his first duty was obedi-
ence. He therefore summoned his council to meet "the
same morning ;" ordered Lewin's commission to be re-
corded ; and directed it to be communicated to the " other
jurisdictions of the government," and published at New
York "by ring of bell." Andros also proposed to "go
home" at once. To this the council objected that much
must be done before the government could be properly
30 October, scttlcd. The ucxt day Brockholls was ordered down from
.ip^inted^ Albany to take chief command of the province. All its
cMn^cMe'f. justiccs wcrc sumuioned to meet at the metropolitan hall.
iTNovem. On tlic appointed day, the justices who could be had "in
thtfprolin- so sliort a time, and at that season of the year," were pres-
tlcll"^^' ent. Each of them certified to the " good state" of their
several precincts ; and, with the advice of his council,
which Lewin attended, Sir Edmund ordered " the continu-
ing all as then settled."*
By some accident, an important enactment was neg-
lected. The customs' rates, which, under James's instruc-
tions, had been renewed for three years by his governor in
November, 1677, now ceased, by the expiration of their
limited term. No order to continue them had been re-
ceived from the duke ; and, in the hurry of preparing to
The duke's return to England, Sir Edmund either forgot the matter,
dutie3"not or supposed it to be settled by his recent general order
re^wcd. in council, that every thing was to remain " as then set-
tled." Could Andros have foreseen the trouble which this
technical or formal omission produced, he would hardly
don attorney, find was at this very time appointed by tlie Narragnnsett proprietors to Tjo
one of tlieir ngenta to represent them before the council: Arnold's Khode Island, i.,46:(.
He seems to have felt aggrieved by some lig:il proceedings in the Mayor's Omrt of New
York, in a suit to which ho was a party ; Col. MSS., xxiii., 174; x.xi.x., 2, S, IS.
« Col. Doc, iii., 244, 29-2, 302, 308, 300, ;n3; Col. MSS., xxix.,25S; Ord., Warrant.-', etc.,
xx.xiiX, 8, 0, 14; Hazard's Ann., 4S1 ; l!cg. Penn., iil., 32, 33 ; iv., 81 ; ante, 330.
SIR EDMUND ANDEOS, GOVERNOR. 345
liave neglected to renew the duke's customs' duties by a chap. vii.
temporary order, which his governor was always empow-
ered to make, " with the advice of the council."*
The end of this year was marked by the appearance of
a " blazing star" of extraordinary brilliancy. A few days
a:^er Brockholls left Albany, the commissaries there re-
ported that "" a dreadful comet" had appeared in the south- o oecsm.
west, about two o'clock in the afternoon, and asked for a cometof
day of fasting and humiliation to avert the " dreadful pun- served in
ishments" supposed to be threatened. This pious request a^'^Su!
was granted. The comet was also observed in New Jer- ^''"^^^
sey, the New England colonies, and the metropolis. In
Europe the brilliant apparition caused as much terror as in
America ; and Evelyn, in London, prayed God to " avert
his judgments." But the grander Newton, by careful
study, made the phenomenon a useful servant of astrono-
my, by demonstrating that comets revolve around the sun
in parabolic orbits and in regular j^eriods.f
With the new year Andros made his last arrangements 1681.
for his return to England, supposing it would be short, in
spite of Lewin's declarations to the contrary. Sir Edmund
therefore left his wife in New York. By a special com-
mission he appointed Brockholls to be " Commander-in- c janv.
Chief of the Militia in this City, Government, and de- leaver .
pendencies, during my absence, or 'till further orders ; and ' '''^ °^ '
in any civil matter requiring the same, with the Council to
act for the continued welfare of His Majesty's subjects, as
a Commander, or Chief Officer may, and ought to do, ac-
cording to law and practice." The next day the governor
left the metropolis, and soon afterward sailed from Sandy ii Jan'y.
Hook.:}:
Not long after Andros was recalled from the govern- December.
ment of the duke's province, he described it as follows : de'^cripuon
"At my first comeing to NewYorke, I found the place poore, YorkTn
unsettled, and ^vithout trade, except a few small coasters ; ^'^^^'
* Col. Doc, iii., 217, 21S, 246, 289, 292; Col. MSS., xxvi., 5; Ord., Warr.,etc., xxxii;.^, 4?.,
44, 45 ; Council Journ., i., Introd., viil. ; ante, 312.
t Ord., Warr., etc., xxxiii^, 31; Doc. Hist., ill., 532; Hutch., i , 348; Holmes, i., 399;
S. Smith's New Jereey, 13G, note; Evelyn, ii., 163 ; Grahame, i., 243. See also Sir J. W. F.
Herschel's masterly account of this "magnificent" comet in his "Familiar Lectures" (Lon-
don, 1S66), 108-111.
t Col. Doc, iii., 286, 309 ; Ord., Wan-., etc., xxxiii<f, 2T, 31, 55, 74 ; Hazard's Reg. Penn.,
iv., 82; Annals, 4S5; Doc. Hist., iii., 532. Secretary NicoUs appears to have accompanied
or soon followed Andros to England : Col. Doc, 314, 315 ; Wood, 150 ; Col. JI.SS., xxx., 14.
346 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. VII. hardly any went or came fi-om beyond seas ; and severall
parts of the government never before well subjected under
' his Koyall Highness ; since which, by his Royall H.'s fa-
vour, greatly increased in people, trade, buildings, and oth-
er improvements ; new townes and settlements lately built,
and the Colony improved in all other advantages beyond
any of our neighbom-s. A mold or harbour made to the
city, of general! advantage as aforesaid. A market house
(the only one in all those parts), and now constantly well
supplied ; and the navigation increased at least ten times
to what it was, and plenty of money (liardly seen there be-
fore) and of all sorts of goods at reasonable rates for our
owne and neighbom-s supplies ; and noe disaster happened
in any part of the government during my command there,
though constantly serviceable to our English neighbom-s
both east and west, who suffered much by the Indian war ;
in the composing whereof, I was a principal instrument ;
and also freed neare one hundred of their captives, &c. I
doe not know that any have been discouraged from going
to trade or settle at New Yorke ; but many hundreds (I
may say thousands) have actually come traded and settled ;
and very few (if any) have quitted the place during my be-
ing there."*
While Andros was on his way back to England, a British
4 March, royal parchment founded a new American state. As one
tion of'' of the owners of West Jersey, William Penn had looked
^ennsy va- ^j^ggj^ -j^^^ ^|^g conditioii of its ueigliborliood. He saw
that there was a "sast forest, west of the Delaware River,
unoccupied by Europeans, and which, although it had been
a part of the ancient Dutch "New Netherland," had not
been included within the patent of Charles the Second to
the Duke of York. To enterprising British subjects this
region was. yet a vacant domicile. Nevertheless, the sav-
age owTiere of the Susquehanna country had recently, as
has been stated, transferred it to the government of New
York. Moreover, James claimed the Delaware territory
adjoining Maryland as an appendage to his own jDrovince.
wiuiam ]3^^(; William Penn was one of the most adroit Englishmen
Penn. "
of his time. Next to George Fox, he had become the ablest
minister of Quakerism. Next to Robert Barclay, Penn was
• New York Colonial Documents, iii.,313 ; compare «»(<■, 313.
ANTHONY BROCKHOLLS, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 347
its most learned and ingenious champion. His principles chap vil
of passive obedience commended him not less to the grace-
ful and perfidious Charles than to the more arbitrary yet
honest James. Besides this, Penn had a special clutch on
both. His father, Sir William Penn, " the greatest hypo-
crite in the world," had been an admiral of England, first
under its Protector, and then under its King ; and he had
been wise enough to secure for himself and his son the
friendsliip of the ever-constant Duke of York. At the ad-
miral's death, the king owed his estate some sixteen thou-
sand pounds. Of both these circumstances Sir William '*'
Penn's cunning heir took advantage. Charles had no mon-
ey ; but he claimed much wild land in North America,
which he could give away to a favorite, or assign in dis-
charge of a debt. So, while the younger Penn was argu-
ing his case as a proprietor of West Jersey before the duke's
commissioners, he petitioned the king to pay off his dead May.
admiral by granting to that admiral's son the vast region for much
" lying north of Maryland ; on the east, bounded with Del- gr™u"r"
aware River ; on the west, limited as Maryland ; and north-
ward, to extend as far as plantable."*
These were vague and startling boundaries for a royal
grant in North America. By the king's order. Lord Sun-
derland referred this petition to the Plantation Committee, i June. ,
who summoned Penn before them, and asked " what extent i4 June.
of land he will be contented with northerly ?" Penn de- what wui
clared himself " satisfied with three degrees to the north- him.
ward ; and that he is willing, in lieu of such a grant, to re-
mit his debt due to him from his Majesty, or some part of
it." This was ordered to be communicated to the agents 23 June.
of the Duke of York and of Lord Baltimore, both of whom
were concerned. On the part of James, Sir John Werden Maryland
objected to any interference with the Delaware territory, York con-
which was " an appendix" to New York ; and Lord Balti-
more's agents prayed that there should be no encroachment
on Maryland. Penn, however, represented " his case and
circumstances" so skillfully that the duke, who had just re-
signed all claim over New Jersey, recommended the king ic October.
to grant him the land north of Newcastle, on the west side
* Pepy?, ii.,CO; Ilnzard's Kcr. Penn., i.. 200, 341-343; Annals, 4T4; Proud,!., 167-170;
Chalmers, i.,G35; Dixon, 173, 174; Grahame, i., 492-499; Bancroft, ii.,330-3G2; Macanlay,
i., 502 ; ante, 4, 32S, 389.
348 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. VII. of the Delaware, " beginning about the latitude of forty
degrees, and extending northwards and westwards as far
^^^^- as his Majesty pleaseth."*
The draft of a patent, which Penn had himself modeled
iiNovem. after Lord Baltimore's Maryland charter, was re^^sed by
Sir Robert Sawyer, the new attorney general, and its
1681. boundaries were adjusted. Chief Justice North added
januaiy. gjg^^^ggg ^q secure the king's sovereignty and the power of
Parliament ; and at the request of Bishop Compton, of Lon-
don, the interests of the Church of England were specially
24 Febi'y^ guarded. At length the charter was submitted to the king,
charter for that he might name his fresh American province. Penn
inlt"''' suggested "New Wales." This was objected to by the
Welsh secretary, Blathwayt. Penn then proposed "Syl-
vania," because of the magnificent forests of the region.
But Charles, out of respect to his deceased admiral, " would
give it" his name ; and tlie new province was accordingly
called " Pennsylvania."f
4 March. The chartcr of Pennsylvania, as it passed the English
gu^h char- great seal, granted to William Penn, and his heirs and as-
Pennsyiva- signs, " all that tract or part of land in America, with all
""■ the islands therein contained, as the same is bounded on
the east by Delaware River, from twelve miles distance
northward of Newcastle Town unto the three and fortieth
degree of northern latitude, if the said river doth extend
so far northwards ; but if the said river shall not extend so
far northward, then, by the said river so far as it doth ex-
tend, and from the head of the said river the eastern
bounds are to be determined by a meridian line to be
drawn from the head of the said river unto the said three
and fortieth degree ; Tlie said lands to extend westwards
five degrees in longitude, to be computed from the said
eastern bounds ; and the said lands to be bounded on the
north by the beginning of tlie three and fortieth degree of
northern latitude, and on the south by a circle drawn at
twelve miles distance from Newcastle, northwards and
westwards unto the beginning of the fortieth degree of
northern latitude ; and then by a straight line westwards
* Hazard's Rpg. Penn., i., 209, 270; Annal.«, 475-lSO ; Chalmcr?, i., C35, C3G, G55-G57;
Proud, i. , 170, 269.
t Hazard's Reg., i., 209, 270,273, 274, 297; Annals, 4S0-500; Chalmer.s, i., C30, 057, 059 ;
Di.xon, 182; Sewel, 570; Hist. Mag., viii., 180, ISl; Penn. Arch., 1., 141,
ANTHONY BEOCKHOLLS, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 349
to the limit of longitude above mentioned." Of this terri- cn.vr. vii.
toiy Penn was made the absolute proprietor, with power to
ordain laws, appoint officers, and enjoy the general author-
ity of a feudal chief. But all laws were to be assented to
by the freemen of his province, and to be subject to the
king's approval ; and no taxes were to be laid nor revenue
raised unless by a Provincial Assembly ; reserving, always,
the supreme power of the Parliament of England to regu-
late commercial duties. Episcopalian clergymen, approved Episcopacy
by the Bishop of London, were also to "reside within the forinPcnn-
said Province, without any denial or molestation whatso-'^^ ^'^°'^'
ever."*
After procuring a letter fi'om the king declaring his pat- 2 April.
ent, Penn appointed his kinsman, William Markham, to be 10 Aprii.
his deputy governor, and dispatched him to take possession Markham
r T . . AT 1 "Xi 1 comes to
01 his province. Andros, who was now m London, was also America.
directed by Werden to notify his subordinates in New York 12 May.
of the Pennsylvania charter. Marldiam sailed at once to
Boston, and, on reaching ISTew York, received from Brocli- 21 June.
lioUs instructions to the duke's officers within the limits of reiinquisi^
Pennsylvania to obey the government of its actual owner, ^im^rto^
The surrender was accordingly completed ; preliminary
covenants were made with the savages ; and Markham, in septoiaber,
an interview with Lord Baltimore, found that a vexatious
question of boundaries was to be settled between the pro-
prietors of Maryland and Pennsylvania.f
Meanwhile, Philip Carteret, informed of the Duke of
York's action in regard to East Jersey, had issued a proc- 2 March.
lamation disowning the authority of the Governor of New
York. A few weeks afterward Brockholls sent to Carteret 14 Apni.
a copy of Warden's notification, and promised that when and East
the duke's deeds were produced lie would respect them. '^'^'■^^^•
Until then he required Carteret to desist from meddling is Apia.
mth the government.:}:
* Tlie Charter of Tcnnsylvania is printed at length in Colden, ii., 164-1S2; Proud,!,
ITl-lST; Hazard's Register, i., 293-29T; Annals, 48S-499; Colonial Kec. Penn., L, 17-26;
Chalmers, i.,636-C39.
t Hazard's Register, i., 305; iii., 33; Annals, 501-51C, 524, 533; Upland Records, 195,
19C; Chalmers, i., 640, 641; Proud, i., 1S9-196; Dixon, 191; Colonial Doc, iii., 2S6, 290;
Col. MSS<., xxi., 143, 144; Ord., Warr., etc., xxxii^, 49, 50. Andros reached Portsmouth
from New York on 1 March. 16S1 : Ord., Warr., etc., xxxiij^, 46.
t Learning and Ppicer, 6S5, 6S6 ; Ord.,Warr., etc., xxxii>tf, 41,42, 43; Whitehead's Ea?t
Jersey, T5, T6 ; ante, 342. Philip Carteret now followed the example of his kinsman, Jame?,
in 16T3 (anff, 190, note), by wedding a New York wife. On the 36th of March. ICSl, lie ob-
tained a license from Brockholls to marry Maiy Elizabeth Smith, widow of Williain Uiw-
350 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP.vii. About the middle of July Secretary Bollen returned
from London with the desired papers, and with orders
Carteret ' ^'^^^^ Lady Carteret " to lay claim to Staten Island, as be-
Steten isi- longing to us, according to His Eoyal Highness's grant."
^"d. This was an ill-founded pretense. As early as 1669 Staten
Island had been " adjudged to belong to New York." This
judgment had been respected by all parties; and in 1670
Lovelace had bought the island for the Duke of York from
its savage claimants. "With a knowledge of these facts. Sir
George had obtained from the duke, in 1674, a new grant
of New Jersey to himself, in severalty. Yet now his widow,
seeing that James was exiled in Scotland, thought that she
might win Staten Island if she made a bold push. Accord-
21 July, ingl}', Bollen, in behalf of the dowager, submitted various
papers to Brockliolls ; claimed Staten Island for her as a
part of East Jersey, and demanded its surrender. No no-
tice being taken of this demand, Bollen was sent again to
Fort James with more documents. These, being examined
£c July, in the New York Council, were found insufficient to enable
Carteret " to act in or assume the government of New Jer-
sey," and Brockliolls required him to desist until he should,
agreeably to his parole, " produce and show a sufficient au-
thority." No allusion was made to the claim of Staten
Island on the part of its deceased proprietor's dowager;
21 July, but in writing to Andros and to Werden, Brockliolls de-
30 July, clared that he would not part with that island unless by
special orders from the duke.*'
28 July. Carteret naturally complained of Brockholls's " uncivil
answer," and acquainted the grasping widow that the New
York authorities would not surrender to her Staten Island,
which, he pronounced, " is as much your Honor's due as
30 July, any other part of this Province." Brockliolls, however,
while denying Carteret's authority, did not disturb his local
23 July, government. An East Jersey Assembly was quietly held
at Elizabethtown, which voted the proceedings of Andros
19 October illegal. Nevertheless, the old spirit of discord broke out
2 xovcm. again. In the autumn, the Assembly quarreled with Car-
rence, of FluBhinp, ou Long Island, and the wedding took place the next mniith : Ord.,
Wan-., etc., xxxiii<r, ."9; Thompfoa'd Long Island, ii., 304, 3G5; Whitehead, 8'>; Hatfield,
19.5; Col. Doc, ii., 607, Jio'c.
• Ord., Warr., etc., xxxiiXi 5.% .54, 5^, 57 ; Col. Doc, iii., 280 ; Lenming and Spicer, CSC ;
Whitehejid, 77, 210 ; Mas?. IL S. Coll., xxxvii., 315 ; ante, 149, 106, 26S, 334.
ANTHONY BROCKHOLLS, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 351
teret and his council, respecting the right of the proprietors chap. vii.
to alter their " concessions," and the governor dissolved his
refractory Legislature. This was Philip Carteret's last im-
portant public act. East New Jersey soon passed into other
hands, and its first governor gave up the authority he had
so long exercised.*
The recall of Andros, the presence of Lewin, and the in-
capacity of Brockholls, meanwhile produced insubordina- insubordi-
tion throughout New York, which was weakly attempted New York.
to be checked. At length, provincial trouble culminated
in the metropolis. In the hurry of his departure. Sir Ed-
mund, as has been told, neglected to renew, by a special
order, the Duke of York's customs' duties, which had ex-
pired, by their three years' limitation, in November, 1680.
This oversight being " publicly known to the merchants,"
they refused to pay any duties to the duke on what they The mer-
imported into his province. It does not appear that the fusTto pty
recusants abated a farthing from the prices of the goods ^''''*'°'
they sold to consumers ; but they nevertheless seem to
have thought — as, perhaps, modern smugglers and cheats
often think — that any compensatory evasion of the revenue
laws of a country is a proper, if not a patriotic felony. This
seems to have been the moral philosophy of the "mer-
chants" of New York in the spring of 1681. While Brock-
holls was at Albany, looking after Indian affairs, and Col-
lector Dyer lay " ill of a fever" in the metropolis, a pink
from London came into port, and her cargo was taken to o May.
the warehouses of her consignees, who " absolutely" refused
to pay any customs' duties to the duke's provincial ofiicers.
In this quandary, Brockliolls, when he got back to to^vn,
summoned his council. Wanting the guidance of the ex-
perienced Secretary Nicolls, that body decided that there 14 May.
was "no power or authority" to continue expired taxes Brock°° *^
"without orders from His Koyal Highness." This maycoindi.
have been convenient shirking, but it was not even provin-
cial statesmanship. James himself thought so when this
* 0rd.,Warr., etc.,xxxii^,57; Learning and Spicer, 137, 138, 6S7 ; Col. Doc, iii., 293-300;
Chalmers, i., 620 ; Gordon, 48 ; Whitehead, SO, 192-195; Hatfield, 195, 210, 211, 212. It
would seem that Lady Carteret did not know or recognize the conveyance to Cremer and
Pocock of 6 March, IGSO {ante^ 342, note) ; and Philip Carteret (who knew all the facts about
ftaten Island belonging to New York) may have been sarcastic when he told her ladyship
that it was as much her "duo" as any part of New Jersey : compare ant<\ 149, 150, 166, 2GS ;
Hist. Mag., X., 297-299 ; N. J. IL S. Proc, x., SS-15S ; i. (ii.), 31-36.
352 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. vu. " scruple" was reported to liim. Yet the pTisillanimity of
Brockliolls and his council made a colonial revolntion.
Their inaction may have been caused by the recent opin-
ion of Sir William Jones, and the consequent freedom of
trade which was already prospering l^ew Jersey at the ex-
pense of Kew York. "
Dyer, who, besides being collector, was a coimselor and
the mayor of the city, was immediately sued in the ordi-
nary courts, where he was " cast," for detaining goods for
customs, and forced to deliver them without payment.
SI May. This was decisive. An accusation of liigh treason w^as
M "cha?g- quickly brought in the mayor's court by Samuel Winder,
htgrtrea- of Stateu Islaud, against Dyer, for having levied the duties
^°^' he had recently taken. Thereupon the aldermen and court
"intimated" the case to the commander and his coiuicil,
who committed Dyer for trial at the next general assizes.
29 June. But, upou liis rcqucst, a special coml was summoned. It
met accordingly; a grand jury was sworn; witnesses were
examined ; and an indictment for traitorously exercising
"regal power and authority over the King's subjects," con-
trary to Magna Charta, the Petition of Right, and the Stat-
utes of England, was fomid against the duke's collector.
30 June. He was taken into custody at once by High Sheriff Y^ounge,
and Brockholls demanded from him the seal of the city
and his commission as mayor. These Dyer refused to sm--
render, because he had received them from their common
superior, Andros.
1 July. The next day Dyer was arraigned. Instead of demur-
Tnd hu'^ ' ring, he pleaded " not guilty^'' to his indictment. A jury
refto'^the was swom, and twenty witnesses were examined for the
'""^' prosecution. The defendant then required to know " the
authority and commission by which the court sat; saying
if they proceeded by His Majesty's Letters Patents to His
Poyal Highness, he had the same authority ; — and one part
could not try the other." After consultation, the unlearned
court decided that, as Dyer had questioned their authority,
he should be sent to England, " to be proceeded against as
his Majesty and Council shall direct." Samuel Winder,
his accuser, was also required to give five thousand pounds'
• Col. MSS., XXX., 20,27; Or<l,Warr., etc , x.xxliJ^', 31, 43-4G, 53 ; Col. Doc, iii., 24C,2S.l,
202,313; Doc. ULst., iii., 533, 534; Ch.iImarH, i., 5S2; Wood's L. I.,99; Council Jouraale, i ,
Introd., vili. ; ante, 341, 341.
ANTHONY BROCKHOLLS, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 353
secm-ity to prosecute Dyer in England. West, the clerk of chap. vii.
the court, excused its irregular action because of the nov-
elty of the charge of high treason, " and the present confu-
sion and discord in the government here." Yet these pro-
ceedings against the duke's collector "had the greatest
effect in laying in ruins that system of despotism which
had so long aiflicted the people." Trade was now substan-
tially free ; and the absence of both the governor and the
secretary of the province gave an opportunity to utter free-
ly the voice of the people of New York.*
This opportunity was helped by the recent visit of Penn's 21 June.
. . The I'enn-
deputy, Markham, to the metropolis. It was soon noised syivanu
that in the last English- American province established by ueips the
.. • T 1 t ^ 1 1 ' 1 movement
its sovereign, no laws could be passed, nor revenue levied, in New
without the assent of a majority of colonial freemen rep-
resented in a local assembly. The popular sentiment of
I^ew York, which, from the days of Kieft and Stuyvesant,
had maintained the Dutch principle of " taxation only by
consent," was emboldened. The metropolitan jury which
indicted Dyer accordingly presented to the Court of Assizes 29 June,
the want of a Provincial Assembly as a " grievance." Upon ment of the
tliis, John Younge, the High Sheriff of Long Island, was ^^''^ ^""^^'
appointed to draft a petition to the Dukb of York, and his
work was adopted by the court. It represented that the Petition of
inhabitants of New York had for many years "groaned of Assizea
under inexpressible burdens, by having an arbitrary and duke.
absolute power used and exercised" over them ; whereby a
revenue had been exacted against their wills, their trade
burdened, and their liberty enthralled, contrary to the priv-
ileges of a royal subject ; so that they liad become " a re-
proach" to their neighbors in the king's other colonies,
" who flourish under the fruition and protection of His
Majesty's unparallelled form and method of government
in his realm of England." The duke was therefore be-
sought that his province might, for the future, be ruled by
a Governor, Council, and Assembly — " which Assembly to
be duly elected and chosen by the fi'eeholders of this, Your
Poyal Highnesses' Colony ; as is usual and practicable with-
in the realm of England, and other of his Majesty's planta-
* Colonial Doc, iii., 287, 288, 289, 291, 318, S20, 354 ; Ora.,Warr., etc., xxxii^^, 48, 53, 54 ;
Chalmei-s, Ann., i., 5S2, 583, C19, 627 ; Kev. Col., i., 144 ; Wood's L. I., 150 ; Whitehead's
East Jersey, 124 ; Contributions, etc., 81.
II.— z
354 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1681.
Chap. vh. tions." This allusion to the king's " plantations," outside
of liis insular sovereignty, could hardly have meant his
corporation of Massachusetts, where it was notorious that
not "freeholders," but only puritanical church members
(with rare exceptions) could vote for local magistrates.
The examples of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and
Virginia, in which no such sectarian exclusiveness existed,
were probably in the minds of these early ISTew York Dem-
The New ocrats. The old Dutch province ha\ing never been gov-
of colonial cmed by a royal Englisli corporation, her people could not
mJn™" believe that a colonial minority should rule the roost.*
The same ship which took Dyer to England conveyed
21 July, this action of the New York Court of Assizes. In wi-iting
hous'scom- to Werden, Brockholls attributed to want of orders from
?:ug°and? the duke the disorder of liis province. "Authority and
magistracy is grown so low that it can scarce maintain the
public peace and quiet of the government ; sciu'rilous per-
sons daily laying charges of Treason against the magis-
trates, thereby to destroy authority, and bring all into con-
fusion." * * * " I shall never make a perfect good settle-
ment, 'till orders from His Royal Highness for the more
strengthening and continuance or alteration of the Govern-
ment as estabhshed, which is muoli disliked by the People,
who generally cry out for an Assembly, and to that end a
Petition was ordered to be drawn up and sent to His Royal
Highness, from and in the name of the Court of Assizes."
21 July. In his letter to Andros, Brockholls reported that the cus-
toms were " wholly destroyed." 'No revenue was left but
the rates on Long Island, which the people might not pay ;
and the insolence of those who accused the magistrates of
violating the English Magna Charta caused disorders in
New York.f
2 May. Meauwliilc, Andros, on reaching London, had authorized
Androgy°™ Brockholls to act as receiver general of all the duke's pro-
10 August, vincial revenues. Brockholls, hoping to give effect to this
17 August, direction, sent orders to Delavall at Esopus, and Livingston
3Scptem. at Albany. But Sir Edmund's after-thought was too late.
* Ord.,Warr., etc., xxxiii<;, 49, 50, 54 ; S. IIazard'3 Ann. Penn., 490, 4:^5, 504, 515 ; Wood's
L. I., 35, 99, 100, 150, ITS, 179; Thompson's L. I., :., 160; Smith's N. V., i., 67; Chalmeis'.s
Ann., i.,^S3; Rev. Col., i., 145; ante, i., 437, 442, 473, 572; ii., 349. The Petition of tlie
New York Court of Assizes, of June, 1681, is iu Appendix, Note D., p. 053.
t Ord.,Warr.,etc.,xxxii>^, 53, 54,55; Council Journals, i., Introd.,ix.
ANTHONY BROCKHOLLS, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 355
The whining commander-in-chief reported to Andros : cuap. vii.
" Nothing is paid in by any ; and though since, I have
done what was possible to get the excise kept np, my en- j^ geptem
deavors therein have proved ineffectual — the merchants ^J'^^J"^^'*
taking advantage of Courts, who, being scared, refuse to
justify and maintain my orders. * ^'' * Here it was never
worse. A Government wholly overthrown, and in the
greatest confusion and disorder possible. Orders fi-om the
Duke for general material things, in your absence, are ex-
tremely wanting ; nothing continuing as they were, nor can
be again settled without it, which I hope shall not be long."
To add to his other difficulties, Brockholls had been obliged
to suspend Dervall from the coimcil for misbeha\dor ; and,
in the absence of Nicolls and Dyer, his only advisers Avere
the " small number" of Phillipse and Van Cortlandt.*
Long Island appeared to be the chief scene of disaffec-
tion. Persons had already been arrested at Huntington
and elsewhere. It was accordingly ordered in council that st Sept.
the magistrates on Long Island should prevent any disor- and^dhVf-
derly meetings, arrest such as might attend them, and keep ^^ ^ '
the peace and quiet of the government as now established
from any innovation or disturbance.f
At the regular session of the Court of Assizes, an order g October.
was made " against persons exhibiting and preferring divers of Assize^
causeless and vexatious accusations and indictn;ents into dt^affe^c-
the Courts within this Government, against magistrates and '^°°'
others concerned in the public affairs of the Government,
thereby causing great trouble and disturbance." At the
same court it was directed that "rude and unlawful sports,
to the dishonor of God, and profanation of his holy day,"
which had become common among the negro and Indian
slaves at their meetings on Sundays, should be jjrevented.ij:
In spite of the Court of Assizes, the eastern to-v\Tis of Long
Island would be, what Brockholls thought, " seditious." Josi- 1 Novem.
ah Hobart, of Easthampton, who was accused of stirring up New^vork"
the people of Southold to oppose his administration, was ar- so Decem.
» Ord.,Warr.,etc.,xxxii><f,59,60, 02,03,60,70, 73, T4; Col. Doc, iii., 2S9, no«e. Andres
seems to have determined not to return to New York, for his wife now sailed in the ship
Beaver to join liim in England : Ord.,Warr., etc., xxxii>^, 74, 93 ; Hougli's Pemaquid Pa-
pers, 48 ; Whitmore's Andros, 21, 22.
t Ord.,Warr.,etc.,xxxii><,74,75; Wooa,99; nnfe, 851.
t Colonial MSS., xxx., 30; Minutes of Common Council, 1., 162-164; Dunlap, ii. ; App.,
cxxlx. ; S. Hazard, 581 ; Newcastle Kecords,
356 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAr. VII. rested and bound over to be tried at the next assizes. The
feeling of discontent spread to Esopus, where Delavall was
10 Novem. directed to prevent " all undue and unlawful meetings of the
people v^thout authority." Much of this sentiment of in-
subordination arose out of the duke's own action in recall-
ing Andros, and in sending over Lewin as his agent. Lewin
showed himself unequal to his duty, and by his stupidity
15 septem. must liavc disappoiutcd his patron. The city authorities
troponrre- of Ncw York took occasion, in his own presence, to protest
iu/'^' ^'^' against Lewin's unlawful proceedings, in taking private
oaths and complaints, to the " scandal, blemish, and dispar-
agement of several of his Majesty's servants." Well might
14 Decern. Brockliolls cud his correspondence for the year with Andros
at London by a devout prayer for "speedy orders and direc-
tions for better settlement."*
Meanwhile Andros remained in London, without seeing
the Duke of York, who was still in Scotland. Sir Edmund
Andros an- was anuoycd by complaints of some he had offended in New
London! Yoi'k ; and a verdict of forty-five pounds was recovered
against him by Milborne, whom he had imprisoned in De-
cember, 1678.t
From Edinbm'gh, James, in answer to Brocldiolls's re-
8 Augu.'t. port of affairs in New York, reproved him for not renewing
of York's the customs' rates, which, with the advice of the council,
Brockhous. lie had the power to do, adding, " I w^onder you should thus
long have left so material a point undetermined ; and I ex-
pect you should settle and continue by some temporary or-
der, the same payments of customs and other public duties,
as have been lately established and collected, until further
orders from me, who at the present have several things in
my thoughts which I hope may conduce much to the good
and satisfaction of all the inhabitants and traders within
27 August, that government." Brockliolls was also authorized by the
duke to continue all subordinate officers in their places.:}:
Not long afterward. Dyer reached England, a prisoner,
14 Septem. and, wliilc the duke was absent in Scotland, his case was
Uv6r sGt
free. heard before the king in Privy Council. It was ordered
• Col. MSS., XXX., 47, 4?, 40, 50; Ord., Warr., etc., xxxii^, S5, 86, 87, SS, S9, 9,1, fi4, ! 5;
Minutes of N. Y. Common Council, L, 155-153; S. Hazard's Ann. Penn.,4Sl, 503,531; Col.
Doc, iii., 302-316.
t Col. Doc, iii., 28G, 291, 300, 301, G21, CSO, 727 ; K. B. Uep. ; ante, 321, 342.
t Col. Doc, iii, 291, 292; Commissions, i., 27; Ord., Warr., xx.\ii><^, iiL
ANTHONY BROCKHOLLS, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 357
that the defendant should go free upon his giving security cuap. vn.
to appear when summoned to answer the charge for which
he had been prosecuted by Winder.* December.
At length Lewin returned to London, and submitted an Jfp'^j.t. '
unskillful report to the duke's commissioners. A copy of ^4 oeccm.
it was given to Andi'os, who answered its charges. Both
parties were then heard by Churchill and Jeffreys, the 1682.
duke's attorney and solicitor general. After examining ^''^"^■'y-
Dyer, NicoUs, and others, they reported that Andros had Report of
, the duke's
not " misbehaved himself, or broken the trust reposed in commis-
him by his Eoyal Highness, in the administration of his
Government, nor doth it appear that he hath any way de-
frauded or mismanaged his revenue." Dyer, they thought,
" has done nothing amiss." Both he and the governor ap-
peared to "have behaved themselves very well in their
several stations."!
Andros being thus cleared of blame, and complimented
on his administration, was made a gentleman of the king's
Privy Chamber, which post, of course, required him to live
in or near London.:}: Werden accordingly instructed Brock- 11 Fevy-
holls " to keep all things Avithin that government of ISTew deis to
York and its dependencies in quiet and good order," and
hinted that the duke would " condescend to the desires of
that colony in granting them equal privileges in choosing
an Assembly et cet, as the other English Plantations in
America have. But if this be, it will be upon a supposi-
tion that the inhabitants will agree to raise money to dis-
charge the public debts, and to settle such a fund for the
future as may be sufficient for the maintenance of the gar-
rison and government there." On this " great point" Brock-
holls was farther instracted " privately to sound the inclina-
tions of the principal inhabitants there."§
After much hesitation, the king had meanwhile resolved
to stand up boldly against those of his subjects who plotted
to exclude the Duke of York from the throne. Charles
therefore dissolved the Parliament which he had summon-
ed at Oxford, and determined to govern without any.
• Col. Doc, iii., 313, 320; ante, 352.
t Col. Doc, lii., 302-316 ; Chalmers's Ann., i., 5S2 ; ante, 300.
+ Col. Doc, ii., 741. In 1GS3 the island of Alderney was granted, on a lone: lease, to An-
dros and his wife, and he spent much time there and in Guernsey, of which he was bailiff:
Hutch. Coll., 542; Whitmore's Andiw, 22 ; o«te, 202.
5 Col. Doc, iii., 317; Chalmers's Ann., i.,5S3,C04.
358 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. VII. James now returned from Scotland, and the royal brothers
met at Wewmarket. Wliile there, the duke considered the
i Mo.M,' affairs of New York. He saw that no revenue could be
11 March.
James in
Kngland
James in coUccted ill liis province at present, unless he yielded to
•tgain. the wishes of its people for an Assembly ; and James did
not like popular gatherings. He had expressed his distrust
of them to his provincial governor. But it was now a mere
question of finance whether New York should be a drain on
his purse, as it was, or whether he should sell it. Penn's
closet-advice seems to have determined James to keep his
province and give it some fi'anchises.*
28 March. So the dukc, at Newmarket, instructed Brockholls, his
The duke's representative in New York, " In confirmation of what my
Brockholls Sccrctaiy lately wrote to 3'OU, I send this to tell you that I
York. intend to establish such a form of Government at New York
as shall have all the advantages and privileges to the inhab-
itants and traders there which His Majesty's other Planta-
tions in America do enjoy ; particularly in the choosing of
an Assembly and in all other things, as near as may be
agreeable to the laws of England. But I shall expect that
the country of New York and its dependencies shall pro-
vide some certain funds for the necessary support of the
government and garrison, and for discharging the arrears
which are or shall be incurred, since the obstructions that
have lately been to the collection of the public revenue
there. Wherefore you are to use all diligence to induce
the people there of best note and estate to disj)ose them-
selves and their friends to a cheerful comphance in this
point ; and you may assure them that whatsoever shall be
thus raised shall be applied to those public uses. For I
seek the common good and protection of that country, and
the increase of their trade, before any advantages to myself
in this matter. "f
But it was several months before James could execute
* Clarke's James II., i.,G73-730; Daliymple, i.,lT, lOG; Col.Doc, iii., 23\ 235, 2S6, 355;
ix., 1C5 ; Chalmers's Ann., i., 5S1, 5S3, 600 ; Kev. Col., i., 145, irj2, 173 ; Mom. H. S. Penn.,
i.,444; Bancroft, ii., 413, 414; aiite, 272. I can not see the propriety of the reference, in
Introd. to Leg. Journals of Council of N. V., xvi., to Pepys's Diai-y of January, IOCS, as a rea-
son for the Duke of York's action in 1GS2. If Anne Hyde, the first Duchess of York, saved
X5000 a year, and laid it out in jewels, in IGOS, it does not appear that the second duchess,
Mary of Modena (nntc, 24S), did so in 1GS2, when the duke resolved to give an Assembly to
New York. It is more likely that the Duchess of Portsmouth's importunity to Chnrlcs had
something to do with the matter. The revenue of Xew York was X2000 in 1GS2, and did
not reach £.'5000 a year until 1GS7 : Dunlap, ii., App , cxlvii.
t Col. Doc., ill., 317, 31S ; Chalmers's Ann., i., COS.
ANTHONY BEOCKHOLLS, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 359
the purpose he so clearly announced. He went back to chap. vii.
Scotland, and then returned to London. In that interval,
William Penn, under the pressui'e of "friends," and with 25^^.^-
the aid of Algernon Sidney, drew up and published a frame ^^^y-
of government and laws for Pennsylvania, the larg-e benev- frame of
^ *^ — ' croverD-
olence of which — surpassing the Kberality of Maryland — mem.
furnished a model worthy to be carefully studied by the
proprietor of New York.*
After waiting in vain several months for his prosecutor
to appear, Dyer petitioned the king to be acquitted and al- 29 June,
lowed to proceed against Winder. It was accordingly or-
dered in council that he be discharged from his bond, which 30 septem.
was delivered to him, so that he might take his remedy at Siarge^df*
law. In recompense for his losses, Dj-er was soon after- 1683.
ward appointed surveyor general of his majesty's customs ^'^'"''*'''^-
in the American Plantations.!
In the mean time, Eandolph, returning in disgust fi-om ic April.
his second visit to Boston, had urged legal proceedings to Tnd (^i?
vacate the charter of Massachusetts. Lord Culpepper, of lllfHt
Virginia, also advised that the king should send a governor
general to New England, without which his colonies " could
not be brought to a perfect settlement." Charles, now al-
most absolute, determined to act with effect against his fa-
ther's coi-poration of Massachusetts Bay. He had already -1 o^q
granted a patent to Secretary Blathwayt to be surveyor and 19 May. *
auditor general of all his revenues in America, with power
to appoint such inferior officers as the lords of the treasury
should direct. Blathwayt accordingly appointed Eandolph 1681.
to be his deputy in all the New England colonies except ^^^0°^^ "
New Hampsliire. With this power Eandolph went back g^^"jj'^a*"t
to Boston, bearing a letter from the king req uiring liis cor- Hi*^f.°''^.'"-
' ~ ^ o u o The king 8
poration of Massachusetts forthwith to send over agents to better to
excuse its irregularities, m deiault or which a writ of quo setts.
loarranto would be prosecuted, and the charter granted by
his father be " legally evicted and made void." To this
* Colonial Uec. Penn., i., 29-42 ; Golden, ii., 1S2-206 ; Proud, i., 196-200 ; ii., App., 5-20 ;
Chalmevs, i., C-12, C60 ; Dixon, lS-t-lS6; Grahame, i., 314, 506-503: Bancroft, ii., 3C6, 36T ;
Kent's Commentaries, ii.,35, 30.
t Col. Doc, iii., 318-321 ; Chalmei?, i.,5S3; Mass. Eec, v., 4G0, 530. After a cool recep-
tion in Massachusetts, in October, 1CS4, Dyer went to Pennsylvania, and thence to Jamaica :
Penn. Coll. Kec, i., 14S, 19T, 198, 209-211 ; Val. Man., ]S53, 3SS ; 1804, 5S0. In June, 1683,
Brockholls ordered the justices at Gr.ivesend not to let Winder plead before them, because
of his malicious behavior to Dyer : Entries, xxxiii., 05, 06 ; anU, 352, 353.
Massachu-
setts.
360 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. vh. peremptory command the Puritan colony was obliged to
succumb. She could no longer pretend to be independent,
while she set up her royal patent. Her only alternative
was open, manly rebellion. But this would have been by
-looc, no means profitable; and so, with a very bad grace, her
23 March! corporatc authorities deputed Joseph Dudley and John
KchaTdr*^ Richards to represent them in England. " Necessity, and
agents. ^^^^ duty," obliged this action. And now Massachusetts
adopted the maxim attributed to the Jesuits, "the end jus-
si May. tifies the means." She accordingly provided her agents
with a " credit for large sums of money to purchase, if they
can, what their promises cannot obtain." This " singular
Bribery by method" of Puritauism, in offering a bribe for the king's
aett!^^ "" " private ser\'ice," was approved, if not ad^dsed, by Edward
Cranfield, the royal governor of ISTew Hampshire, who had
just come fi-om England.*
The domestic affairs of IS^ew York continued to be dis-
turbed, in spite of Brockholls's efforts, and his announce-
ment of the duke's orders to continue all magistrates in
9 March, their places until farther directions. Esopus and Albany
New York." wcrc troublcsome, but Long Island was the chief scene of
17 Febr'y. oppositiou ; and Richard Cromwell and Thomas Hicks, two
^' of the justices of the North Riding, were ordered to be ar-
rested for disaffection to the government. William Nicolls
2 October, and John Tudor were afterward directed to appear at the
next Court of Assizes, and prosecute for the king all indict-
ments found.f
11 May. Connecticut now took the opportunity to revive her
boundary question. Counselor Frederick Phillipse, hav-
ing bought of the Indians a tract of land on the Pocantico
Creek, or Mill River, just above the present village of Tar-
rytown, " whereon to set a mill," had obtained a patent for
it from Andros ; and began to improve his property. Hear-
connecti- iug of this, the Connecticut authorities ^yYote to Brockholls,
aiy. claiming that, according to the boundary agreement of 1664,
* Clialmers's Annals, L, 410-413, 443-451; Hutch. Mass., i., 330-33T; Coll., 520-540;
Mass, nee, v., 333, 334, 34C-349, 5-21-,'-)20 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxv., 52, 5G ; Col. Rec. Conn .
iii., 303, 30T ; N.Y. Col. MSS , x.xix., Tu; n;incroft, ii.,123; Barry,!., 4G5-4T4; Palfrey, iii.,
2SS, 342-3G9, 40T, 410, 411, 424 ; rivtc, 330, 337.
t Ord.,Warr., etc , xxxiii^, 100, lOS, 100, 111 ; Entries, xxxiii., 10, 11. 17; Col. MSS., xxx.,
04, 05. Mr. II. P. lle(l.i;:s, in his anniversary oration at Kastliampton in 1S50, says that an
address to Brockholls was adopted in June, 1052, at the general training of the militia. But
I think this address must have been drawn up in 1GS3, and was intended for Dongan, ng it
is word for word the s;inie as that of 10 September, 1GS3, in Thomp. L. I., i., 315 ; ii., 22S.
ANTHONY BROCKHOLLS, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 361
that colony, and not New York, owned the territory from chap. vn.
Mamaroneck north-northwestward, touching the Hudson
Eiver southward of Phillipse's mills, and extending north-
ward to the Massachusetts line ; and they had the audacity
to desire, in very careful words, that the duke's officers
would countenance their attempted swindle. Brockholls
knew that Connecticut was never to approach within twen-
ty miles of the Hudson River. He therefore reproved her 29 May.
for so knavishl}^ returning the "kind treatment" she had
received from New York, and referred the question to the Referred to
Duke of York, who soon caused it to be fairly settled.*
Another intercolonial incident happened this summer.
John Williams, having captured a ketch from the Spaniards
at Cuba, named her the " Ruth," turned pirate, robbed at June.
Accomac in Virginia, and attempted to seize Lord Balti-
more in Maryland, to get from him a large ransom. With New York
another sloop, Williams then went to the east of Long Isl-fa°nd. "^"
and, and captured several vessels, one of which belonged to
Justice Arnold, of Southold. Brockliolls at once directed 2s juiy.
all pirates to be brought to New York. The sloop Planter's
Adventure, Captain Tristram Stevens, was also sent to cruise t August,
against the pirates. Several were secured by the authori-u August,
ties of Rhode Island and Connecticut: and Brockholls,
Pirates
having arrested two, dispatched them to Sir Henry Chi die- sent back.
ley, the deputy governor of Virginia, to be dealt with there so septem.
according to law.f
The ecclesiastical affairs of New York also required atten- cimrch af-
tion. Eliphalet Jones, the minister at Huntington, on Long New York.
Island, was dealt with for denying baptism to the children
of those whom he charged with "loose lives." At Staten
Island and Albany there was trouble about their clergymen.
In the metropolis, Domine Van Nieuwenhuysen, the patri-
arch, went to his rest; and the Consistory of the Dutch
Church called, as his successor, Domine Henricus Selyns,
who, having refused their invitation in 1670, now returned
to America, and began a new and laborious service.:}:
* Ord.,Warr., etc.,xxxii>^,121, 122, 123, 124; Colonial MSS.,xxx., 87; lxix.,7; Col.Rec.
Conn., Hi., 100, 313, 314 ; Report of Boundary Commissioners, 185T, 42, 43, 105, 106 ; Bolton's
Westchester, i., 175, 176,316-319; Col. Doc, iii., 333; ante, 53-53.
t Ord.,Wan-.,etc.,xxxii>^, 138-147,150, 157; Entries, xxxiii., 2,3, 8,9; Col. MSS., xx.\-.,
111,117,118,119; Col.Rec. Conn., iii., 314-320; R. I. Rec, iii.,119,120 ; Arnold, i., 469.
t Col. Doc, iii., 646 ; Doc Hist., ii., 247 ; iii., 210, 244, 533-535; Thompson, i., 481 ; Col.
MSS., XXX., 97 ; Murph. Anthol. ; Dank, and Sluyt. .Jour. ; Corr. CI. Amst. ; ante, 175, 331.
362 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. VII. Meanwliile the Jesuit missions among the Iroquois had
been declining. In 1680 James de Lamberville left Cagh-
The Jesuits n^waga, and joined his brother John, the superior, at Onon-
iroquois'^^ daga ; while Yaillant remained a year longer alone at Tion-
nontoguen, and then gave up the Mohawk mission. Millet
staid among the Oneidas, and Carheil among the Cayu-
gas. Eaffeix having left the Senecas, Garnier remained
alone among them, but with less influence — probably caused
by the visit of La Salle, and, perhaps, by the presence of
Father Melithon Watteau in Fort Conty, at Niagara.*
1679. After leaving the Upper Niagara, La Salle had sailed in
La saiie^in tlic Griflin tlirougli Lake Erie, traversed the other lakes
"''^^^^^'" beyond, and anchored safely in Green Bay. The bark was
IS septem. quickly freighted with furs, and sent back to Niagara, with
orders to return to the head of Lake Michigan ; and La
Salle, with his exploring party, coasted southward in canoes.
But the Griffin was never heard of again, and the fh'st
decked vessel built in Western New York is supposed to
IQgQ have foundered between Green Bay and Mackinac. Dis-
january. heartened by his reverses, La Salle built a fort on the Il-
linois Kiver, below Lake Peoria, which he appropriately
29 Feb'y. named " Crevecceur." Hennepin was now dispatched, witli
rascSlty" ^ two Frenchmen, in a canoe, down the Illinois, to explore
the Upper Mississippi. The father accordingly visited the
great falls of the latter river, which he named after his pa-
tron, Saint Anthony of Padua. Afterward he met some
Canadian fur-traders, under Daniel du Luth, with whom he
1681 came back to Michilimackinack. After remaining there
6 April, until Easter, he returned to Niagara, whence he revisited
the great Seneca village of Todehacto, or Conception,
2G May. wlicre, ou Whitsuuday, he conferred with Tegancourt, the
chief of the tribe. At Montreal Hennepin was cordially
received by Frontenac, to whom he gave " an exact ac-
November. couut" of his advcuturcs ; and he soon afterward sailed
from Quebec to France, without having met La Salle since
their parting at Fort Crevecceur,. in February, 1680.t
* Col. Doc, iii., 51S ; ix., 171, 190, 1C.3, 7G2, S3S ; Shea's Missions, 274, CS6, 2S9, 203, 294,
313, 374, 410 ; Di.sc. Miss., 91 ; Sparks's La Salic, 2G ; ante, 320, 327.
t Hennepin's Louisiana, 50-187,188-312; New Discovery, 77-144, 145-299; La Potlicrie,
ii, 137-140; Hist. Col. Lou., i., 54,56, 200-214; N. Y. IL S. Coll., ii., 245, 24C; Col. Doc, iii.,
254; ix., 131, 132, 135, 141,158, 334, 795; Col. MSS., xxxv., 160; Shea's Discovery, 91-147,
161 ; Sparks's La Salle, 20-59, 78-93; Charlevoix, ii., 267, 271 ; Garncftu, i., 23^-241 ; a7ite,
S21, 324. It need hardly be repeated to scholars that lleuuepin's afterthought, in his " New
ANTHONY BKOCKHOLLS, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 363
After dispatching Hennepin up the Mississippi, La Salle chap. vii.
left Tonty in command of Cr^vecoem-, and returned on foot
to Fort Frontenac, after directing a new fort, which he 2 March."
named " Saint Louis," to be bmlt near the present town of ^^^l^}""'^
Peoria, in Illinois. Before this fort was completed, six^ures.
hundred Iroquois and Miamis, commanded by the Seneca
chief Tegancourt, attacked the weaker prairie warriors of 10 septem.
the Illinois, of whom twelve hundred were slain or taken
captive. La Salle, on reaching Cataracouy, had meanwhile
found himself overwhelmed with misfortunes — " in a word,
that except the Count de Frontenac, all Canada seemed in
league against his undertaking." Duchesnau, the intend-
ant, wrote to Paris that, under pretext of discoveries, the i3 Norem.
intrepid explorer of France in tlie ISTew World was trading
with the Ottawas, in violation of his patent from the king.
After sending to Frontenac a memoir of his doings, in
which he recommended the Ohio as a "shorter and better" 9 xovem.
route to the great West, La Salle went back to the Illinois December.
country, where he found his fort, Saint Louis, deserted. 1681,
Thence he retm^ned to Michilimackinack, where he met his J"°'^-
lieutenant, Tonty, and then went down to Montreal to re-
cruit his own forces. Embarkino; at the head of the Ni-
agara, the undismayed adventurer retm*ned to the Miami. 2s August.
Duchesnau, the intendant of Canada, had always been La ,
Salle's backbiter. This was the inevitable antagonism of
genius and inferiority. But the noble-minded Frontenac
prophesied to his king that, despite of the obstacles and 2 Novem.
misfortunes he had encountered. La Salle would still " ac- and du-
complish his discovery ; and that, if he were a living man, diffe?.'"^
he would proceed, next spring, to the South Sea."*
Frontenac's prediction that La Salle would succeed was
fulfilled. Early the next year the follower of Jolliet and 1682.
Marquette floated down the Illinois Eiver, and traced the j a%1'
stream of the Mississippi until at last its yellow waters be- piores^th^e'^'
came salt, and the sea was discovered in the Gulf of Mex- Mississippi.
ico. The American problem of the century was solved.
Frenchmen had reached the outlet which Spaniards had
Discovery," of his having descended the Mississippi to the Gulf, is an audacious falsehood :
see Bancroft, iii., 16T, 202 ; Sparks's La Salle, 82-91, 1S6-193 ; Shea's Discovei-y, 103-106.
* Colonial Doc., ix., 14T, 14S, 158, 1G3, 104: Quebec MSS. (ii.), iv.,9, 51, T2 ; Charlevoi.x, ii.,
272, 2T3, 275, 276 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll., ii., 246-233 ; Hist. Coll. Lou., i., 55-59 ; Hennepin's Dis-
coveiy, 307-317; Sparks's La Salle, 59-78, 93, 94; Shea's Discovery, 147-105; Jesuit Mis-
sion?, 411, 412; Garneau, i.,242, 243; Hist. Mag., v., 196-199.
364 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. VII. Gxplored onc hundred and thirty-nine years before. "With
grateful hearts La Salle and his comrades chanted the
sublime hymns, " Vexilla regis jprodeunt^'' and '■'■Te Dewn
Laudamugy A cross, bearing the arms of France, was set
9 April, up on the " delta" of the Mississippi ; and La Salle took for-
mal possession of all the vast region he had been the first
"Louiai- Europcau wholly to traverse, which, in honor of his sover-
^ by^L^" eign, he named " Louisiana." On his return to Illinois, he
8 October, scut to Fraucc the details of his triumphant discovery.*
Li the mean time, the administration of Canada had been
changed. The governor and the intendant had quarreled.
13 Ncvem. Ducliesuau recommeudcd the purchase of New York, where-
by the French would obtain " the most fertile and the finest
2 Novem. couutry in North America." Frontenac asked for more sol-
diers, to occupy forts on Lakes Ontario and Erie, and pre-
vent the savages from carrying their beaver to New York.
Frontenac To cut tlic knot, Louis recalled both Duchesnau and Fron-
ches^au're- tcnac, notwithstanding the latter was supported by the in-
caMdI^°™ fluence of his relative, Madame de Maintenon. War with
the Iroquois appeared to be at hand. Irritated because La
Salle and his men were cultivating friendship with the Il-
linois, who were their enemies, the Senecas and Onondagas
robbed the French trading bark at Niagara, and cut her
cable. This was done because Andros had ordered " not
to suffer any French to trade there." The Iroquois were
23 March, accordingly invited to send deputies to Montreal the next
summer. But they insisted that Frontenac should visit
them at Oswego, or at " La Famine," or the Salmon Eiver,
neither of which places suited the Onnontio of Canada,
nseptem. The next autumn, Teganissoren, or Dekanesora, an elo-
ren?o°r De- qucut Onoudaga chief, visited Frontenac, at the suggestion
kanesora. ^^ Lambcrville, and told him that the English had sent
agents on horseback to in\'ite the Iroquois to come to Al-
bany, but that they had declined to go, and now asked
Onnontio to visit them at Oswego. The speech was inter-
i2Septem. prctcd by the experienced Charles le Moyne, whom the
or^" oques- Iroquois had named " Acossen," or " Oquesse," meaning, in
*^" English, " the partridge." Frontenac explained to Dekan-
esora why lie could not go to Oswego, and promised to meet
* CoI.I")oc.,ix.,-l08,213,2U; Sliea's Discovery, xii.-xv.,14<!, 1C5-1S4; X.V.II. S.Coll., ii ,
2G3-2S5 ; Hist. Coll. Lou., i., 4.5-50. ."lO-fi.^ ; Sparks's La S.xlle, 05-108, 194-202 ; La Potlierie,
ii.,143-14S; Charlevoix, ii.,27C, 277, 2SC; Garneau, i.,243,244; Bancroft,!., 51-50; iii.,16S.
ANTHONY BROCKHOLLS, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 365
the Iroquois at Cataracouy the next spring, " at the first cuap. vii.
flowing of the sap."*
This was not so to be. Louis had already commissioned ^^ ^^^_ '
Le Febvre de la Barre to be liis governor, and the Sieur de Ji'eja^Ban^
MeuUes his intendant of Canada. The former had distin- Governor
of Canada.
guished himself, in 1667, by his naval exploits against the
English in the West Indies. Yet he had neither Frontenac's
skill to elude obstacles, nor his ability to overcome them.
De la Barre was authorized to attack the Senecas and On-
ondagas if he felt sure to succeed. But Louis directed his
Canadian governor to " merely permit Sieur de la Salle to
complete the discovery he has commenced, as far as the
mouth of the said Mississippi River, in case he consider,
after having examined it with the Intendant, that such dis-
covery can be of any utility."'!'
On reaching Quebec, De la Barre summoned an assem-io October.
bly of the chief oflicers of Canada, the Jesuit missionaries, at^Quebcc.
and others, at which it was agreed that, to check English
and maintain French influence among the Western sav-
ages, the Iroquois should be attacked by the Canadians ;
but regular French soldiers must be sent over to garrison
Forts Frontenac and La Galette. In his reports to France, 12 novc^i.
De la Barre pressed for supplies, and declared that La
Salle's imprudence had provoked the hostility of the New
York Indians, and that his discoveries in the West should
not be considered " as very important.":}:
Meanwhile the Iroquois had troubled the Southern En-
glish colonies. The Senecas remained faithful to their
treaty of 1677 ; but the other confederates let their young
men make incursions into the Piscataway country, at the
head of the Chesapeake, where they robbed and killed
some English subjects. Lord Baltimore accordingly sent 15 May.
Colonels Henry Coursey and Philemon Lloyd to confer an^New
with the New York savages. BrockhoUs directed the of- ^°^^'
fleers at Albany to aid the Maryland agents, but to allow
no talk with the Iroquois, unless in their presence. Inter-
• Colonial Doc, iii., 442; iv.,122; ix., 13!)-1GG, lGS-193, T06, 79S; Quebec MSS. (ii.),iv.,
51-136; La Hontan, i.,4C; Colden, i., G5; Hennepin's New Discovery, 27, 28 ; Doiinio], ii.,
352-363 ; Charlev., ii., 27S-285; Garneau, i., 214-221 ; Shea's Disc. Miss., 79, SO ; ante, 325.
t Col. Doc, ix.., 167, 168, 797; Doc Hist., i., 65; Charlevoix, ii., 278; Garneau, !., 247, 24S ;
Entick's British Marine, 489 ; ante, 126.
t Col. Doc, ix., 194-196, 798; Doc. Hist., i., 65-67; Quebec MSS. (ii.), iv., 137, 140; Charle-
voix, ii., 2S5-2S9; Shea'3 Disc, 148; Garneau, i., 248, 249 ; Sparks's La Salle, 108.
366 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. Yii. xievTS Were accordingly held, and BrocklioUs congratulated
Lord Baltimore at the happy result of the negotiation. lN"ot
3 August." ^ong afterward the commander visited Albany, where an-
14 August, other Roman Catholic, Lieutenant Jervis Baxter, had been
ID August, commissioned by the Duke of York to do duty in place of
Salisbury, " for his eminent services." Fourteen captives
17 Kovem. taken by the Iroquois were released and quickly sent home
to Maryland, with a friendly letter from Brockholls to Bal-
timore.*
The relation between New York and her territory on the
Delaware meanwhile ended ; and another North American
state was founded in England. During the negotiations
between NewNetherland and Maryland in 1659, the Dutch
insisted that, as Lord Baltimore's patent covered only savage
or uninhabited territory, it could not affect their own ]30S-
New York scssion of the Delaware region. Accordingly, they held it
o°?aware agaiust Maryland until it was taken from them by the Duke
territory. ^£ y^^j^ -^ -j^gg^^ -g^^^ Jamcs's title by conquest had never
been confirmed to him by a grant from the king ; and Ce-
cilius Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore, insisted that Del-
aware belonged to Maryland. To quiet controversy, the
duke had offered to buy off Baltimore's claim, to which he
would not agree. Penn afterward refused a large offer by
Fen wick " to get of the duke his interest in Newcastle and
those parts" for "West Jersey, f
Thus stood the matter when the Pennsylvania charter
was sealed. Its proprietor soon found that his province,
wholly inland, wanted a front on the sea. As Delaware
was " necessary" to Pennsylvania, Penn " endeavored to get
it" from the duke, by maintaining that Baltimore's preten-
sion " was against law, civil and common." Charles Cal-
vert, the third Lord Baltimore, was " very free" in talldng
against the Duke of York's rights ; but he could not circum-
vent Penn. The astute Quaker readily got from James a
21 August, quit-claim of all his interest in the territory included with-
in the proper bounds of Pennsylvania. After a struggle,
24 August. Penn also gained the more important conveyances to him-
* Ord., Warn, etc., xxxii><, 99, 113-115, 12T-13T, 150, 151 ; Entrie?, xxxiii., 5, 15, IS, 1!>,
4T; Colonial MSS., xxx., T2, ini, 102; Col. Doc, iii., 323-32S, 351, 423, 465, 593, C40, 1184;
Uoc. Hist., iii., .36S ; nnte^ 310, 327. Colden does not mention tliis embassy from Mavyl.and.
t Col. I)oa,ii.,T4, 80-ST; iii., 180; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxx vii., 319 ; Penn. Archives, i., 79;
ante, i.,G()G-<j09; ii., 51, 85, 150.
ANTHONY BROCKHOLLS, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 367
self of the duke's interest in all the region within a circle cuap. vii.
of twelve miles diameter around Newcastle, and extending
southward as far as Cape Henlopen.* 24Augi^t.
The triumphant Penn set sail the next week. At New- fh'e°DeTa."'
castle he received from James's agents formal possession of J^^ *®"''-
the surrounding territory, and of the region farther south. gs^octXr
Li honor of the duke, Penn directed Cape Henlopen to be 7 Novem.
called Cape " James ;" but posterity refused to confirm the
courtly Quaker's decree, and Henlopen and May still re- cape May
tain the names which their Dutch discoverers first gave to Heniopea.
the Capes of the Delaware.f
Penn now hastened to " pay his duty'' to the duke at the
seat of his provincial government. At New York he was Penn in
• New York
hospitably received by BrockhoUs, who, after inspecting his
deeds from James, required the officers on the Delaware to 21 Novem.
submit to their new Quaker chief. But in his report toiSDecem.
Werden, the duke's representative feared that what was
left of his province would not defray the charge of its gov-
ernment.:}:
After visiting his friends on Long Island, Penn came
back to Upland, or Chester, where he held his first Assem- t Deccm.
bly, and organized his provincial government. He then
visited Lord Baltimore, to confer about their respective n Decem.
boundaries. On his return from Maryland, Penn went to
Coaquannock, near Weccacoe, a neck of land where the
Schuylkill fiows into the Delaware, which had been occu-
pied by the Dutch in 1646. It was now possessed by
Swedes, who had built a church. From them Penn ac-
quired the ground, and then planned a city, which he PMadei-
named "Philadelphia." This was just fifty-six years after ed.'^ °"° "
Minnit had bought for the Dutch the island of Manhattan
from its aboriginal owners.§
* Hazard's Eeg. Penn., i., 375, 376, 429, 430; ii., 202; Annals, 5S6-503; Entries, xxxiii.,
33 ; Col. Doc, ili., 290 ; Penn. Arch., i., 52, 53, 70 ; Mem. Penn. H. S., i., 444 ; Chalmers, i.,
643; Proud, i., 200-203; onfr, 34S, S5S. On the 22d of March, 16S3, the duke obtained from
the king a patent in fea for the Delaware territory, which he delivered to Penn in pursu-
ance of his conveyance of the 24th August, 1682: Hazard's Reg. Penn ,ii.,202; Ann. Penn.,
5SS; Proud, i., 282.
t Proud, i., 204-20:i ; Chalmers, i., 602; Dixon, 195-203 ; P. Hazard, Ann. Penn., 5, 5:3,
596, 597, 602, 603, 605, 012 ; Eeg. Penn., i., 430; antf, vol. i., 79, 97.
t Proud, i., 20S, 209, 20S; Chalmers, i., 602 ; Hazard's Annals, 6C5, 006, 607, 035, 636;
Eeg. Penn., iii., 34; Entries, xxxiii., 20, 21, 33.
§ Proud, i., 200-209, 211, 233, 234, 268, 289; Hazard's Annals, 89, 417, 4SS, 447, 4C3, 467,
594,607-634; Eeg. Penn., i., 430,436; Watson's Annals, 121, 133 ; Dixon, 204, 205 ; Upland
Eecords, 07, 1.^4, 153; G. Smith's Delaware County, 102, 115, 139-142 ; ante, vol. i., 104, 426,
427 ; ii., 301, 349.
368 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. VII. All Gveiit iiow took place of wliich no original record
7~ appears to have been preserved. Under a spreading elm-
• tree on the bank of the Delaware, at Shackamaxon, now
Penn's known as Kensington, just north of the city of Philadel-
shacka- phia, William Penn made his first personal covenant with
maxoa. ^^^ nativo ovmers of his province. Declining to call the
red men his "children," as did Onnontio of Canada, or
" brethren," as did Corlaer of New York — even rejecting
their own metaphor of a chain, which he suggested might
rust — the adroit Quaker announced that Christians and In-
dians in his province " should be as one people." The sen-
timent touched the children of the forests, who vowed that
they would live in friendship with " Onas" — which in their
language signified " ^ j?e?i" — as long as " the sun, moon, and
stars endure.""'
In the mean time the grantees under the will of Sir
SFeb'y. George Carteret had conveyed East Jersey to William
East jGrsGV
affairs. Peuu, Thomas Kudyard, and ten other Quakers. These
twelve proprietors each sold half of his interest to a new
associate, among whom were James Drummond, earl of
Perth, the lord justice general of Scotland, John Drum-
mond, his brother, afterward Earl of Melford, and Robert
Barclay, of Ury, the famous author of the " Apology." Sir
George Mackenzie, afterward Viscount Tarbet, the witty
register and advocate of Scotland, was soon added as an
associate.f The twenty-four proprietors made Barclay the
governor of their province, with leave to execute his ofiice
leseptem. by deputy. Barclay therefore appointed Rudyard, who had
been Penn's counsel in 1670, his representative; and Sam-
isNovem. uel Groom, another of the twelve first grantees, was made
fu"cceeds rcceiver and surveyor of East Jersey. The new officials
hastened to Elizabethtown, where Philip Carteret at once
resigned his authority to Rudyard.:}: Among the counsel-
• Hazard's Annals, 634, 635; Proud, i., 212-215; Watson, 125-131 ; Dixon, 210-216 ; Col.
Kec. Penn., iii., 310-312; Bancroft, ii., 3S1-3S3 ; Chalmers,!., 644; aji<(?, 282. I have a box
made out of a piece of Penn's "treaty-tree," which was blown down on the 3d of March,
ISIO. Tliere is a fine engraving of this elm in the frontispiece to Pinkerton's Voyages, vol. xii.
t Learning and Spioer, T3, 145, 146; Col. Doc, iii., 329 ; Gordon, 50 ; Beatson, ii., T2, 87;
Hatfield, 210, 211 ; ante, 342.
t Philip Carteret, who had married Elizabeth Lawrence, of New York (ante, 349, 351), died
not long afterward, having made his will on 10th December, 16S2, in which he directed his
body to be buried in the city of New York : Whitehead's East Jersey, S5; Hatfield, 212,213..
8 August, 1682, Carteret petitioned Brockholls for an order to enjoy tlie meadow-land on
Staten Island wliich had been allowed to him by NicoUs in 1607 (ante, 150), and his request
was granted : Col. MSS., xxx., 112 ; xsxi., 164; Hist. Mag., x., 2;i7-299 ; N. J. II. S. Proc ,
i. (ii.), 31-30.
Carteret.
ANTHONY BEOCKHOLLS, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 369
oi's appointed by Eudyard were Lewis Morris, John Berry, chap. vii.
and John Pahner. An Assembly was summoned to meet
at Elizabethtown, at which East Jersey was divided into ^3 D^^em.
four counties. One of them, Bergen County, was carefully 1683.
described as containing " all the settlements between Hud- 28*March'"
son's River and Hackinsack River, beginning at ConstaUe's
Hook, and so to extend to the uppermost bound of the
Province Northward, between the said Rivers." By this
act the East Jersey Legislature honestly admitted that Stat-
en Island belonged, as it really did, to New York.* Rud-
yard was soon afterward visited by William Penn, Avho-ad- ApnL
mired the land around Elizabethtown, " and said he had
never seen such before in his life." But Amboy, at the
mouth of the Raritan River, was meant to be the futm-e
great city of East Jersey. Delicious oysters abounded
there, although clams were then esteemed " much better."
Amboy was described as " extraordinary well situate for a 30 jiay.
gi'eat town." The oysters of the " Chingerora" Creek were,
and are, supremely good, and the channel was " broad and
bold" from Sandy Hook to Amboy Point, where three
houses had already been set up. But workmen were
scarce ; and Groom prophetically remarked that, " if no help
comes, it will be long ere Amboy be built as London is."t
In spite of the eiforts of Canada, the fur trade was at-
tracted fi'om Montreal to Albany. • De la Barre attempted Canada
harsh measures, but only drove away his o\\ti colonists, of York. ^^^
whom more than sixty went to live in New York. He there- ^ ^^^
fore sent the Sieur de Salvaye to the governor of New York, isAprii.
asking him to prevent such desertions. In reply, Brockholls 3i May.
assm'ed De la Barre that Andros had already done all he
could to check runaways without passports to or from Can-
ada ; and that other measures must be left to his successor,
Dongan, whose arrival was daily expected.:}:
* Learning and Spicer, 229 ; "\Miitehead'3 E. J., 95, 97, 98 ; Yonkers Gazette of 25 Novem-
ber, 1SG5, and 20 January, 1S66 ; anfe, 149.
t Learning and Spicer, 73, 141,227-252; Entries, xxxiii., 48; S. Smith, 15G, 166, 1G7-175,
539-546 ; Whlteliead's East Jersey, SO, 83, 85, 89, 91, 95-98, 19C-203, 211, 278-283 ; Contribu-
tions, 2-6 ; Sewell, 504 ; Scott's Model ; Bankers and Sluyter.
t Charlevoix, ii.,305; Entries, sxxiii., 59, 60, 68; Col. Doc, iii., 455, 471; ix., 199, 2D0,
203,205,212,215,221,326.
II.— A A
370 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOKK.
1682.
CHAPTER YIII.
1683-1685.
CU.VIII. Deteemined to give his American province the fran-
chises its people desired, the Duke of York sought an able
colonial governor to take the place of Andros, who was now
basking in London and in the Channel Islands. The man
Colonel chosen by James was Colonel Thomas Dongan, born in
Don^n, 1634, a younger son of an Irish baronet, Sir John Dongan,
nIwyZ^ and a nephew of Richard Talbot, afterward created Earl
and Duke of Tyrconnel, in Ireland. William, the oldest
son of Sir John, had been made, by Charles, Baron Dongan
and Yiscount Claine, in the Irish peerage. Thomas Don-
gan of course gained advancement by his brother's and his
uncle's influence at the English court. Dongan was quick-
ly promoted to be a colonel in the royal army, and, having
been assigned to serve with his Irish regiment under Louis,
was stationed for some time at Nancy. In 1678 he was
ordered home from France, to his pecuniary loss ; but was
rewarded by Charles with a pension and the appointment
of lieutenent governor of Tangier, in Africa, under Lord
Inchiquin, whence he was recalled in 1680. Dongan was
a Roman Catholic ; enterprising and active ; coveting
money, yet " a man of integrity, moderation, and genteel
manners." His experience in France was an important
recommendation, because of the delicate relations between
ISTew York and Canada, and the necessity of managing
them skillfully on the English side.*
* Col. Doc, ii., 741; iii., 433, 460, 402, 4C3 ; ix., 200, 29S, 323; lliitoli. Coll., 542; Smith,
i., CO; Narcissus Luttrcll,i., 30,52; ii.,10S; iv., 405, 025; Evelyn, ii., 151 ; Re^tson, ii., 110,
112,188; Macaulay,ii., 48-50; Kennett, iii.,3S7, 301 ; Liber Hiberni,T,i., 10,25; Lodge, ii.,
40 ; v., 42, 52 ; Memoirs of Lady Fansliave, 177, 178, 1S2 ; N. Y. Conn. Jour., i., Intiod.,
x.xxiii. ; ante, 357. In December, 10S5, Lord Dongan was made Earl of Limerick ; and in
IflOO he commanded a regiment of dragoons under James at the battle of the Boyne, for
which he was outlawed by the government of William and Mary. Lord Limerick died .it
Saint Germain.s in 1C08, and was succeeded in his titles by his brother Thomas : Commons'
Journal, xii., 278.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVEENOR. 371
Dongan was accordingly appointed governor of New ch. viii.
York. With one exception, liis commission was like that
which James gave to Andros in 1674. The only difference oq septem.
was that East and West New Jersey, just released to others, J^™f^'J"''
were excepted from Dongan's jurisdiction. But the west ^'°°-
side of the Connecticut Kiver was still declared to be the
eastern boundary of New York, and Pemaquid, Martha's
Vineyard, and Nantucket were retained as its dependen-
cies. The Delaware territory had been relinquished to
William Penn. A separate commission as vice admiral,
like that to Andros, was also given to Dongan by the Duke so October.
of York as lord high admiral. After some delay. Brock- iqqq
holls was notified that the new governor would soon be at4jan'y.
his post, and, in the mean time, he would signify the duke's
pleasure, in pursuance of his instructions.*
The preparation of Dongan's instructions was retarded 1682.
by the proprietors of East Jersey, on whose behalf Siroo^gM™'
George Mackenzie, the lord register of Scotland, desired to ["onsdeiay-
have their government " rather holden by charter from His ''^•
Eoyal Highness, than, as it is at present, by transmission
fi'om our authors, without any augmentation of our priv-
ileges, but, only to be under the Duke's immediate protec-
tion." This request was so vague that Werden had to in- 1683.
quire whether the proprietors of New Jersey desired " to ^ ^^"■^'^•
join it to New York, as heretofore," and share in its advan-
tages, or whether, in asking the duke's "protection," they
wanted only a direct grant to them from himself. The
latter being avowed as their real object, James readily exe-
cuted an instrument by which, disregarding his release of i4 March.
October, 1680, to the young Sir George Carteret, he con-
firmed East New Jersey to the Earl of Perth and his asso-
ciates, together with all the powers granted in the royal
patents to himself. The king also commanded all persons 23 Novcm.
" concerned in the said Province of East New Jersey" to
yield obedience to its proprietors, f
This Jersey episode having been arranged, Dongan's in-
structions were completed. They were carefully framed,
apparently by James himself, as a full answer to the peti-
* Col. Doc, iii., 215, 32S, 320, 330 ; Commissions, etc., i., 59, 61 ; ante^ 262, 3G7.
t Col. Doc, iii., 329,330; Learning and Spicer, 141-152, 604 ; Bcatson, ii., T2; Clarke's
Jamesll.,i.,731; Grahamp,i.,4Sl; Gordon, 50,51; Whitehead, 89,195,196; EasternBound-
ary, 31, 49 ; Yonkers Gazette, 0 January, 1806 ; ante, 342.
372 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Gu.vni. tion of June, 1681, and after Andros, NicoUs, Dyer, and
~~ Lewin had explained to his commissioners the real condi-
* tion of New York. Perhaps the frame of government
which Penn had pubhshed in the previous spring may
have, in some degree, influenced the duke.* At all events,
2T Jan'y. Jamcs instructed Dongan on his arrival at New York to
inatmc- Call togcthcr Frederick Phillipse and Stephen van Cort-
james. laudt, its ouly actual counselors, and other " most eminent
inhabitants," not exceeding ten in all, and swear them to
allegiance to the king, fealty to the duke as " lord and pro-
prietor," and official faithfulness as members of his coun-
counseiors. cil.f Tlicsc couusclors wcrc to "enjoy freedom of debates
and vote in all affairs of public concern ;" but they might
be suspended by the governor until the duke's pleasure
should be signified. With the ad^'ice of his council, Don-
gan was, immediately after his arrival, to issue writs to the
proper officers in every part of his government for the elec-
Genevai tion of " a General Assembly of all the Freeholders by the
^^™ ^* persons who they shall choose to represent them," in order
to consult with the governor and council " what laws are
fit and necessary to be made and established for the good
weal and government of the said Colony and its dependen-
cies and of all the inhabitants thereof." This Assembly,
wliich was not to exceed eighteen, was to meet in the city
of New York, " And when," added the duke to Dongan,
" the said Assembly so elected shall be met at the time and
place directed, you shall let them know that for the future
it is my resolution that the said General Assembly shall
powere of have free liberty to consult and debate among themselves
biy. ^°^"^ all matters as shall be apprehended proper to be established
for laws for the good government of the said Colony of
New York and its dependencies, and that if such laws shall
be propounded as shall appear to me to be for the manifest
good of the country in general, and not prejudicial to me,
I will assent unto and confinn them." All laws agreed to
by the Assembly were to be submitted to the governor,
* Ante, 353, 354, C59. Several writers say that the Duke of York's instructions to Don-
gan were based upon the advice of Penn, after liis visit to New York in November, 16S3 :
ante,o(i7. I have seen no evidence to support this statement; and, from a comparison of
dates and other circumstances, do not think it probable.
t The oath retiuired by the "Test Act" of 16T3 was not imposed on oflicors in the British
colonies until after tlic accession of William the Third, in 16S3: compare Col Doc, iii., 331,
oG9, 513, 023, CS5 ; ante, 202, 264 ; 2'ost, 628.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 373
who could approve or deny them, according to his judg- cn.vin.
ment. Such laws were to be confirmed or rejected by the
duke ; yet they were to be " good and binding" until he ^.^.g^j. ^^ *
should signify his disapproval — then they should " cease, ^'^^^•
and be null and void." No man's life or property within
the government of New York was to be taken away or
harmed "but by established and known laws, not repug-
nant to, but as nigh as may be agreeable to the laws of the
kingdom of England." None were to be admitted to pub-
lic trusts " whose ill fame and conversation may bring scan- powfra!'^
dal thereupon." With the advice of his council, the gov-
ernor might estabhsh courts similar to those in England,
grant lands, set up custom-houses, regulate the militia, and
build fortifications ; but no war could be made without the
duke's command, nor any duties levied until enacted by a
colonial Assembly. PecuKar " immunities and privileges," ^ew Yoru
proposed to be given to the metropolis, were to be reported. *^^'^"
Pemaquid was to be regulated so as to secure " the best ad- Pemaquiu.
vantage" to New York. As soon as he could, Dongan must
settle the boundaries of the " territories towards Connecti-
cut." But no reference was made to religion, as in James's
instructions to Andros.*
Thus the inhabitants of New York were enabled by James
to share colonial authority. This event occurred at a re-
markable period. The political corporations, which so Political
largely influenced English politics, were being remodeled, uo^nawlifcb
Charles's "vigorous counsels and resolute methods" wereSamL
chiefly owing to the advice of the Duke of York ; and the
abrogation of the New England charters, which contrasted
unfavorably with that of Pennsylvania, was contemplated.
These charters were prized by their grantees, not because
they secured civil and rehgious liberty to all the inhabit-
ants, but because they restricted colonial authority to the
members of the corporations. The chartered oligarchies
in New England had been watched with interest by the
duke, who perceived that they were administered for the
chosen few, and not for the unprivileged many. James
was bigoted and imperious, but just. Excluded from hold-
ing oflice within England by its " Test Act," he naturally
abhorred all laws which made distinctions in religion. In
* Colonial Documents, iii., 218, 331-334; CouncilJoumals, i., Introd.,ix., x. ; ante, 264.
374 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cu. VIII. his judgment, all British subjects in America were entitled
to be governed impartially. His chief dislike of an Assem-
'^' bly in New York was because it might be an " imitation"
of some of those in New England. He did not object to
one like that which the king had recently granted to Penn-
sylvania, nor to those enjoyed by Virginia and New Hamp-
shire. In the form of government which the proprietor
now estabhshed in New York, he aimed to secure its de-
pendence on the British crown, and the participation of all
its freeholders in its local legislation. By retaining in his
own hands the power to appoint its governor and counsel-
ors, James maintained the colonial subordination of New
York. What its people desired was to levy their own tax-
es and make their own laws, by an Assembly elected by
themselves, as in Virginia, New Hampsliire, and Pennsyl-
vania. In this respect their wishes were fully met by the
Freedoms dukc, wlio established in his province a more democratic
york." government than any of the chartered colonies in New En-
gland enjoyed. Freer than their fellow-subjects in these
oligarcliies, the freeholders of New York now gained the
right to elect their own representatives in an Assembly.*
2 March. Li a letter to " The General Assembly of New York,"
teTttxeV James said that he had directed Dongan to call them to-
gether to " consult and propose all such matters as shall be
for the public good." Instead of John West, who held
27 jaa'y. Nicolls's old officc, he also made John Spragg secretary of
spragg sec- liis proviucc. As Dyer had been appointed surveyor gen-
4 jan'y. cral of tlic kiug's customs in America, Lucas Santen was
28 ApiiK made the duke's collector and receiver in New York and
imT couea- its dependencies, with instructions like those of his prede-
**'' cessor. The Keverend Doctor John Gordon was also com-
missioned to be chaplain of the soldiers in New York. An
English Jesuit priest, Thomas Harvey, of London, likewise
accompanied Dongan, who embarked for America in the
old Parliamentarian frigate " Constant Warwick."f
• Col. Dociii., 230, 235, 317, 331,6TT; Smith, i., CO; Chalmers's Ann., i., 274-277, 2S4,
605; Rev. Col., i., 100; Hutch. Coll., 328,484, 584-58S; Rapin, li., 725, 726; Burnet, i., 523,
527, 528 ; Clarke's James II., i., 733-738; Daliymple, i., 21-23; Stoiy'a Misc., 6G; ante, i.,
208,331; ii., 202, 358.
t Col. MSS., xxxi., 13 ; Council Journals, i., Introd., x., xi. ; Council Min., v., 242 ; Com-
niiasion8,i.,71,72; Minutes N.Y. Com. Coun., i., 171 ; Col. Doc, lii., 222, 335, 330,415; Doc
Hi.it., iii., 73; Adl.ird's Sutton Dudley'.-', 75; Oldmixon, ii., 30; Pepys, i., 74; Letter of
Sulyns, 21 October, 1GS3; ante, 350. Chaplain Gordon appears to have been the successor
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 375
" With, a considerable retinue," Dongan arrived at Nan- ch. vin.
tasket, and set out for New York overland, accompanied
some ten miles, to Dedbam, by a troop of Boston militia, ^,0 August.
" besides severall otber gents of tbe town." Crossing the ^rrivfrof
Sound to Long Island, Dongan's attention was aroused by MasfaThl"
tbe disaffection of the people ; and, " to extinguish the fire ^^tts.
of discontent," he assured them that " no laws or rates for
the future should be imposed but by a General Assembly."*
The governor reached New York on Saturday, the twen-
ty-fifth of August. The next Monday morning he met the 2t August.
magistrates at the City Hall, where he published his com-
mission and exhibited his instruction respecting special
privileges to the metropolis. The following day he dined 28 August.
with the city authorities, and, according to their record. New York,
"his honor received a large and plentiful entertainment,
and they had great satisfaction in his honor's company."f
John Spragg was at once installed as secretary of the
province, and Brockholls, with the former secretary, Mat-
thias Nicolls, who had returned from England, and others,
were directed to catalogue the records surrendered by "West. 20 August.
Mayor Beekman, with Van Cortlandt, Santen the collector.
Captain Mark Talbot, and Gabriel Min^delle, were appoint- Fort
ed to survey Fort James, and Captain Thomas Young to be 31 August.
pilot of the port of New York.^ ^°'' p""''
After a hurried visit to Albany, the governor summoned isseptem.
the freeholders of New York, Long Island, Esopus, Albany, Assembly
Pemaquid, and Martha's Yineyard, to choose representatives ^"™™°°'^ •
to appear for them at a General Assembly to be held at the
metropolis on the seventeenth day of October. John West,
the clerk of the Court of Assizes, was also directed to de- 15 septem.
liver all its records to Secretary Spragg.§
The cause of Dongan's rapid visit to Albany was Penn's
attempt to secure the upper Susquehanna valley to himself. Penn and
Finding that some of the Iroquois nations claimed that re- halna!"^"*
gion by right of conquest, Penn commissioned one of his
of WoUey, who returned to England in 16S0 (cinie, 332), and was paid salary from 20 Novem-
ber, 16S2, to 6 October, 1683 : Camden Soc, Secret Services Charles II. and James II., 128.
* Adlard's Sutton Dudley's, 75, TO ; Smith's New York, i., 6T.
t Minutesof C. C, i., 171; Dunlap, i.,133; Smith, i., 66; Col. Doc, iii., 334; ante, 373.
t Entries, xxxiii., 79-81 ; Minutes of C. C, i., 171 ; Col. Doc, iii., 314, 315, 339 ; Colonial
MSS., xxxiv., 1, 2.
§ Doc. Hist., i., 259, 260; Col. Doc, iii., 331 ; CouncilMinutes, v.,1, 2, 3 ; Journals of Leg-
i.slative Council, i., Introd , xi.
376 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cn. VIII. councilors, William Haige, with Alderman James Graham,
~ of New York, to buy it for him from the savages. The
Pennsylvania agents were at Albany on this business when
Dongan reached New York. As soon as he could, the gov-
eseptem. cmor went up himself, and directed the Albany commis-
s septem. sarics to examine the matter. They reported that a set-
tlement on the Susquehanna would be " much nearer to tlie
Indians" than Albany, and that Penn's purchase there
would "be prejudicial to his Royal Ilighness's Govern-
is Septem. meut." Dougau accordingly ordered them " to put a stop
to all proceedings in Mr. Penn's affairs with the Indians
until his bounds and limits be adjusted." The Albany
24 Septem. magistrates wrote, the next week, that " there hath not any
thing ever been moved or agitated, from the first settling
of these parts more prejudicial to his Royal Highnesses
interest and the inhabitants of this Government, than this
business of the Susquehanna River. The French, it is
true, have endeavored to take away our trade by piece
meals ; but this will cut it all off at once." So, when
25 Septem. Pcnu's agent solicited the Cayugas and Onondagas to sell
■:6 Septem. their Susquehanna land to him, they refused, and told the
Albany coimnissaries that the Senecas, Oneidas, and Mo-
hawks had nothing to do with it ; that the land " cannot
be sold without Corlaer's order, for we transferred it to
susque- this Government four years ago ;" that they " now convey
lands. and transport it again, and give it to the Governor General,
or those who now represent him." Oreouate, or Tawerahet,
and two other Cayuga sachems, accordingly executed a for-
mal " conveyance of the Susquehanna River, with the land
situate thereupon," which the Albany commissaries accept-
ed, " for Corlaer," and gave the savages a handsome present,
"in full satisfaction."*
'24 Septem. Pcuu had mcauwhile come to New York, at Done:an's
Penn in... ,. , , ~
New York, luvitation, but remamed only a short tmie, because of his
boundary dispute with Lord Baltimore. Not long after-
3 October. Ward tlic Moliawks visited Fort James, and agreed to give
the Susquehanna River to New York. In announcing this
22 October, to Pcun, the govcmor said, "about which, you and I shall
not fall out; I desire we may joine heartily together to
• Doc. Hist., i., 259-261, 263; Col. Doc, iii., 393, 406, r)23, 560; ix.,22T,360; Pennsylvania
Archives, i., C2-75, SO ; Proud, i., 2.^5, 262 ; Whitehead's E. J. Contributions, 14 ; Colden, i.,
55,56,103; ii.,C4; anU^SIS.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 377
advance the interest of my master and your good friend." cn. vni.
Dongan's action about the Susquehanna lands was approved
by James, but it provoked the enmity of Penn.*
In his interview with the Mohawks, Dongan told them 3 October.
. . Ti Dongan's
to deal no more with the French without his leave, allow orders to
no Frenchmen except the Jesuits to live among them, bring hawks.
back as many of their friends as they could from Canada,
make peace with those they were now at war with, and al-
ways to tell the governor of New York what the French
said to them, adding that he would always look upon them
as his " children." The Mohawks declared that they would
" put themselves under his Honor's protection," and would
" never suffer any straggling Frenchmen amongst them, but
those Jesuits, who are very good men, and very quiet ; and
yet, if his Honor shall please, they will send them away
also; and that none hath any land from them, and that
they are resolved never to sell or give them any, or any
others except the people of this Government." Dongan, Donganre-
renewing the claim which Andros had asserted in 1677, ciaim of
declared " that all on this side of the Lake of Canada be-
longs to the Government of New York, and that the Gov-
ernor desires they may be all acquainted with it, and ex-
pects their submission ;" gave the Mohawks " a ragged
ship's flag," bearing the Enghsh arms, to be hoisted in then*
country, and soon afterward, by proclamation, forbade all 26 xovem.
persons to trade with the Indians without the governor's
license.f
At the time of Dongan's arrival in New York, the Jesuit
Father Vaillant was the only missionary among the Mo- Jesuit mis-
hawks ; but when the sachems returned with the Jinglish among the
flag which Dongan had given them, and which they depos-
ited in their " public chest," Vaillant abandoned his mission
and went back to Canada. Millet remained at Oneida un-
til the next July. The two Lambervilles also continued un-
disturbed at Onondaga. But on the return from Albany
of the Cayuga chief Oreouate, he drove the Father Carheil
* Proud, i.,2T6; Penn. Arch., i., 76, 77, 79,81,84; Council Min., v., 10,11 ; Doc. Hist., i,
202, 263 ; Col. Doc, iii., 341, 350, 394, 397, 406, 418, 422. It was not until 1697 that Penn
obtained a conveyance from Dongan of his Susquehanna lands : Pennsylvania Archives, i.,
121-123; Col. Rec , iii., 101 ; Colden, ii., 64; N.Y. H. S. Coll. (1869), 378-383.
t Council Min., v., 7-12; Doc. Hist., i., 67, 262, 263; Col. MSS., xxxi., 94; Col. Doa, iii.,
247; v., 7.=;1; ix., 208, 228, 800; Shea's Missions, 312, 313 ; Charlevoix, ii., 315; Colden, i.,
44,53,54,249,250; ante,50J.
378 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1683.
cu. Yiii. out of that canton. Garnier, wlio for three yeare had been
left alone among the Senecas, now felt no longer safe, and
escaped from Niagara to Fort Frontenac*
?.o May. De la Barre had meanwhile written to France that he
liarre'a must attack the Senecas ; that over sixty " deserters" from
policy. Canada were now harbored by the English at Albany and
New York ; and that the Duke of York should be asked
to prevent his subjects from " further aiding and stimulat-
4Novem. iug the Iroquois against the French." In the autumn he
charged that the English had gained such an influence
over the Iroquois that they now called Albany their
"sixth cabin." They had even seduced "the captain" of
the Prairie de la Madeleine, where thei-e were now " two
hundred good Iroquois soldiers," to return with his family
to New York. Every effort had been made to secure
friendship with the Senecas, who, hoping to gain by the
war they were about to make in Yii'ginia, demanded that
La Salle should be withdrawn from Illinois, and refused
to trade with the French at Niagara, or at Fort Fron-
tenac.f
Jealous of La Salle, of whose " false discovery" of the
Mississippi De la Barre " did not think much," he charged
the great adventurer with trying to draw away French col-
onists from Quebec into the depths of the forest, " to build
up an imaginary kingdom for himself." The truth was,
De la that the sailor governor of Canada was narrow-minded
ou3"oVLa " and covetous of the gains which might be made by the
^""^^ fur traders. Accordingly, he sent the Chevalier de Bau-
gy to supersede Tonty at Fort Saint Louis, and deprived
La Salle himself of Fort Frontenac. This obliged that
9 Novem. grand discoverer to return to Quebec, whence he embark-
tums to ed for France to lay liis case before the king. But Louis,
trusting to De la Barre's representations, had, in the mean
5 August, time, pronounced that La Salle's exploration of the Missis-
Louis . .' ^ ,, , 11. 1
thinks ^ sippi was " very useless, and such enterprizes must be pre-
discovery^^ vcutcd licrcaf tcr ;" and that, in consequence of his ambas-
sador, Barillon's, complaints to Charles, Dongan had re-
ceived "precise orders on the part of the said King to
• Col. Doc, iii., 51S ; ix., ITl, 227, ^2S, 229, SCO, 7C2, SOO ; Shea'a Missions, 274, 2S0, 294,
313, 375 ; ante, 362.
+ Col. Doc, iii., 451 ; i.x., 197, 198, 202-210 ; Quebec MSS., iv. (ii.), 172, 174; Chnilevoi.x,
ii., 305-307; Shea's Missions, 313; ante, 2G0.
' useless.'
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVEENOE, 379
maintain good correspondence with us, and carefully to cn. vnr.
avoid whatever may interrupt it."*
The French had meanwhile encroached on the Duke pg^j^^^^^^j^^
of York's territory of Peraaquid, west of the Saint Croix ; ''ff'*"^^-
and Grand Fontaine, the governor of Acadia, had author-
ized the Baron Yincent de Saint Castin to be his lieutenant
at Pentagouet, or Penobscot, which the Dutch had reduced
in 1674. Castin had come to Canada as an officer in the castin.
old Carignan Regiment, with Com'celles, but, preferring a
ro^ang life among the Abenaqui savages, had so conform-
ed himself to their ways as to be made their great chief.
Gradually he saved a large fortune. His encroachments
on the duke's territory had already startled Brockholls.
A few days after he reached New York, Dongan accord-
ingly wrote to " the French who live among the Indians at 3 Sept.
Pemaquid," desiring them to come under the duke's au- warmnsf
thority, or else quit his territory between the Kennebec
and the Saint Croix before the next May; and offering
them lands and kind treatment as Englishmen if they
would come under his government.! As soon as he re-
turned from Albany, Dongan appointed John Allen sheriff is Sept.
of Pemaquid ; and Ensign Thomas Shai-pe was afterward 10 Novem.
made commander. New tradino; regulations were also es-
tablished; one of which was, that no license from Sir 22 Novem.
Thomas Temple's nephew, John Nelson, of Boston, or any
one else not authorized by the Governor of New York, was
to be good. At Dongan's suggestion, the merchants of
the metropolis subscribed two thousand guineas in a stock
company to manage the fisheries and Indian trade at Pem-
aquid, and the duke himself was asked to take a sliare in
the adventure. These proceedings naturally stirred up
jealousy in Boston.:}: ^ ^^^^
In writing to the Classis of Amsterdam, Domine Selyns s^iyna-s
gave an interesting account of provincial Church affairs at Houand
* Col. Doc, iii., 447, 451 ; ix., 19S, 200, 203, 204, 214, 215, 210, T9S, T99 ; La Ilontan, i., T,
8; Charlevoix, ii., 285,286, 290, SOT; Shea's Discovery, 185; Sparks's La Salle, 108,109,204;
N. Y. n. S. Coll., ii., 285-287 ; Lou. IL S. Coll., i., 06 ; Garaeau, i., 245.
t Col. Doc, iii., 450 ; ix., 2C3. Ey a very common en'or, this letter was dated in August
instead of September. Dongan did not reach Xantasket until the 10th, nor New York un-
til the 25th of August, 1083; ante, 375.
t Col. Doc, iii., 334, 349 ; iv., 207, 211 ; i.x., 75, 918, 919 ; Charlevoix, ii., 274, 300 ; La Hon-
tan, i., 223 ; Hutch. Coll , 562; Williamson, i., 429, 471, 472, 580, 581 ; Penn. Arch., i., 80;
Council Min., v., 23-27; Col. MSS., xxxiv., 8, 10; Pemaquid Papers, Maine H. S. Coll., v.,
59, 60, 09, 73-81, 89-91 ; ante, 254, 296.
380 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cii. vni. this time. At Schenectady, Domine Tesschenmaeker, who,
after leaving Newcastle, had been preaching at Staten Isl-
Tesschen! ^^^) "^^'^^ Called. Dominc Godfridus Dellius, a young
vtiuul'. clergyman who had just come out from Holland, was set-
tled as colleague of Schaats at Albany. Weeksteen at
Esopus, and Yan Zuuren on Long Island, labored accepta-
bly. At New York Selyns was much pleased : " My con-
gregation," he wrote, " is engaged in building me a large
house, wholly of stone, three stories high, and raised on
the foundation of unmerited love. The surrounding vil-
lages^although too much for one person — I have not left
neglected; preaching there on Mondays and Thursdays,
administering the Communion, and attending the thanks-
Daiuj. preaching and Church ordinances. Domine Petrus Daille,
late professor at Salmurs, has become my colleague, and
attends to the service in the French worship. He is full
of fire, godliness, and learning. Banished on account of
his religion, he maintains the cause of Jesus Christ with
Gordon, uutiriug zcal. Domine John Gordon has come over to take
charge of the English Church service. After my forenoon,
and before my afternoon service, there is preaching in the
English and French tongues. The Heer Dongan, our
new governor, has at last arrived, and has told me and
my consistory that his order from the Duke was to allow
Dongan. freedom of conscience. His Excellency is a person of
knowledge, politeness, and friendliness. I have had the
pleasure of a visit fi*om him, and can call on him when I
choose. What is to be done for the good of our country
and Church will be made manifest in the approaching As-
sembly, which is summoned to devise reasonable laws for
us and our posterity."*
3 October. At its usual day, the Court of Assizes met at New York,
Assizes, and Dongan, of course, presided. Although he may have
appeared "rather as Mars than as Mercuiy, yet his be-
haviour was with discretion, patience, and moderation,
showing in him that principle of honour not wilfully to in-
jure any, and had a regard to equit}'^ in all his judgments."
ooctohcr. After the court adjourned, the sheriffs drew up an address
the Duke, to the Duke of York, in which they thanked him for send-
ing over Dongan as governor of the province, " of whose
• Corn CI. Anist MSS. ; Murphy's Anth., 104, 105 ; Doc. Hist., iii., 2CD, 535, 536; an'c, 329.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 381
integrity, justice, equity and prudence, we have ali-eady cn.vni.
had a very sufficient experience at our last General Court
of Assizes. And that your Koyal Highness might accumu-
late your gracious favours, and oblige, not only us, but suc-
ceeding generations, it has pleased your Koyal Highness to
grant us a General Assembly, to be held, the Seventeenth
of this instant October, in your City of New York ; a be-
nevolence of which we have a larger and more grateful
sense than can be expressed in this paper. And that it
may appear that loyalty has spread as far into these parts
of America, we will be always ready to offer up, with our
hearty prayers, both our lives and fortunes for the defence
of our most gracious Sovereign the King's Most Sacred
Majesty, and your Eoyal Highness, against all enemies
whatsoever."*
It is probable that John Younge, the high-sheriff of
Long Island, di'afted this address. At all events, its tone
fairly set forth the general sentiment of the people of New
York. Nevertheless, there was some show of dislike to a
Eoman Catholic governor among the remote Puritan
towns of Lonsi: Island. Easthampton adopted an address lo sept.
to Dongan, apparently written by its minister, Thomas ton's ad-
James, which, among other things, promised that if the Dongan.
governor was an " instrument under God" to relieve them,
he would " firmly engage and oblige" them and their pos-
terity to hold him in honorable remembrance, as the first
restorer of their " freedom and privileges ;" but if not, that
they would appeal to their " most gracious Sovereign," and
prostrate themselves " before the throne of his unmatchable
justice and clemency, where we doubt not to find relief e
and restauration." Wliat relief Easthampton could expect
from the " unmatchable justice" of the Duchess of Ports-
mouth's paramour is not clear. However, the town di-
rected their clergyman, James, to accompany and advise 24 Sept.
mth their representatives at New York, " who are to stand
up in the Assembly, for maintaining our privileges and
Enghsh liberties, and especially against any writ going in
the duke's name, but only in his Majesty's, whom only we
own as our Sovereign. Also, in the town's name, to certi-
* West to Penn, in Penn. Arch., i, 80; Smith's New York, i., G7, 68; Col. MSS.,xxxj.,
74, 7S; xxxiv.,4.
382 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cu. VIII. fy Captain Younge, the High-Sheriff, that they do not send
^ „ these men in obedience to his warrant, but because they
would not neglect any opportunity to assert their own lib-
erties." It does not appear that the other Puritan towns
on Long Island imitated Easthampton. The elections
A niajoiity went quictly on, according to the mode ordered by Don-
sembiy gall and his council : and a maiority of the Assemblymen
Dutchmen. , r^ r t -r^ i • i, -i-. -i /.-.■■
chosen were " or the Dutch nation." Each of the three
Ridings of Long Island returned two representatives;
Staten Island, one ; Esopus, two ; Albany and Rensselaers-
w}'ck, two; Schenectady, one; Pemaquid, one; Martha's
Vineyard and Nantucket, one ; and New York, with Haer-
lem, four, making in all eighteen.*
17 October. The Seventeenth of October, sixteen hundred and eighty-
Meeting . ' O J
of the As- three, is a memorable day in the history of New York.
On that autumn morning the representatives of its free-
holders first met together under British rule, and seventeen
delegates to its General Assembly took their seats in Fort
James. It was just seventy-four years after Hudson had
explored the " Great River of the Mountains," and about
thirty years after Stuy vesant's " Landtdag," or Convention,
in 1653, had demanded laws for New Netherland, " resem-
bling, as near as possible, those of the Netherlands." As
the Journals of Dongan's first Assembly have not been
found, the names of all its members are unknown. The
experienced Matthias Nicolls, one of the representatives
Nicous from the city of New York, was chosen speaker, and John
Bpeaker, „ iii i ii
and bpragg, who was both a counselor and the secretary of the
cieik. ° province, was made clerk. The Duke- of York's letter of
the second of March to the Assembly was read, and his
resolution made known that it should have free liberty to
propound laws for the government, and that if such laws
should be for the good of the country, and not prejudicial
to the i)roprietor, he would confirm them. The Assembly
Laws sat for three weeks, and passed fourteen several acts.
Each of these acts, after three readings, was assented to by
the governor and his council. f
* ThomiMon's Long Island, i., 314, 315 ; ii., 32S-330; H. P. Iledges's Addre?s, 1S50, 19, 75-
77; I'enn. Arch.,i., 80; Journals of Leg. Council of N. Y., i., Int., xi. ; a;!<c, 145, SCO.
t Col. Doc, iii., 331,332, 354, 3.'J5; Col. MSS., xxxi., 13; CouncilJourn., i.. Int., x., xi.,
xii. ; Wood'a Long Island, 100, 1G4-167 ; Thompson, i., ICl ; Riker's Newtown, 104 ; Ban-
croft, ii., ilOC, 414 ; N. V. II. H. Coll., ii. (ii.), 35; Manupcript Book, in Pccrctary's Office, .\I-
bany,"lGS3-10S4;" antr, vol. i., 34,570-575; ii.,374. Smith, i.,G6, 111,113, states that the
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 383
The first and most important of these laws was " The ch. vm.
Charter of Liberties and Priviledges, granted by his Eoyal
Highnesse to the Inhabitants of New Yorke and its do- 30 Q^toj^Jr.
pendencies." This venerable statute was simply, and clear- ^jj^enlL*^^
ly, and therefore ably worded, in good Saxon English. "For adopted.
the better establishing the government of this Province of
New Yorke, and that Justice and Right may bee equally
done to all persons within the same," the charter enacted,
" by the Governour, Conncell, and Representatives, now in
Generall Assembly met," — among other things — " That
the Supreme Legislative authority, nnder his Majesty and
Royal Highness James, Duke of Yorke, Albany, etc.. Lord
Proprietor of the said Province, shall forever bee and re-
side in a Governour, Councell, and The People, mett in a
Generall Assembly." It then ordained " That, according
to the usage, custome, and practice of the Realm of En-
gland, a sessions of a Generall Assembly be held in this Assembly.
Province, once in three yeares at least." It likewise de-
clared that "every freeholder within this Province, and
freeman in any Coi-poration, shall have his free choice and
vote in the electing of the Representatives, without any
manner of constraint or imposition, and that in all elec-
tions, the majority of voices shall carry it." By other sec-
tions representatives were apportioned among the several
counties, the usual privileges of Parliament were confer-
red on the members of Assembly, and the most liberal pro-
visions of English law were declared to extend to the in-
habitants of New York. Entire freedom of conscience Freedom of
and religion was guaranteed to all peaceable persons
" which profess faith in God by Jesus Christ." The exist-
ing " Christian Churches" in the province were forever to be
" held and reputed as priviledged churches, and enjoy all
their former freedoms of their religion in divine worship
and Church discipline." Following the words of the Peti-
tion of Right in 1628, the charter also ordained " that no
aid, tax, tallage, assessment, custom, loan, benevolence, or
imposition whatsoever, shall be laid, assessed, imposed or Taxes only
levied on any of his Majesty's subjects within this Prov- y''°°^^'''-
acts of the old New York Assembly "are for the most part rotten, defaced, or lost. Few
minutes relating to them remain on the Council Books, and none in the Journals of the
House." It is to be hoped that Mr. George II. Jloore's long-promised :vork {nnt''^ T3, note)
wUl modify Smith's remark.
384 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK-
CU.VIII. ince or their estates, upon any manner of colour or pre-
tence, but by the act and consent of the Governor, Coun-
cil, and representatives of the People, in General Assem-
bly met and assembled."*
30 October. Li couf ormity with this section, " a continued Bill" was
granIld"o appended to the New York Charter, by which — " for and
the duke. ^^ consideration of the many gracious and Royall favours
expressed and extended unto the inhabitants of this his
Province, and also for the bountifull confirming and re-
storing to them and their posterity, the rights, priviledges,
liberties and immunities before recited and expressed, and
also for the better defraying the necessary charge and ex-
pence of this Pro\ince, which cannot otherwise be effected
without great charge unto his Koyal Highness" — the As-
sembly granted to the duke and his heirs certain specified
duties on importations. The act was declared to be in
force " immediately after publication thereof ."f
Ko time was lost in proclaiming this great event. Early
31 October, ou the f ollowiug momiug, " Tlie Charter of Liberties and
ter prlT'^' Privilcgcs granted by his Royal Highness to the Inhabit-
ciaimed. ^^^^^ ^^ '^Siew York and its dependencies, confirmed by Act
of Assembly, with a continued act for defraying the requi-
site charges of the Government, were this day published at
the City Hall, in the presence of his Honor the Governor,
the Council and Pepresentatives, and Deputy Mayor and
Aldermen of this City, the inhabitants having notice by
sound of trmnpet, to hear the same." The appended rev-
ixovem. enue act was put in force by a proclamation fi-om Don-
gan, requiring all persons concerned to report to Santen,
the duke's collector, "at the Custom House, near the
Bridge.":}:
Thus the representatives of New York asserted the great
principle of " Taxation only by consent," which Holland
had maintained since 1477, and appropriated the liberties
allowed by English law to subjects within the realm of
England. True ideas of popular government were now
* See Charter at length in Appendix, Note E.; N.Y. Revised Laws, 1S13, ii , Appendix,
iii., vi. ; Munsell'a Annals, iv., 32-30; Chalmers, i, 5S4; Uunlap, ii , App., xlii., xliii. ;
Rancroft, ii., 414 ; N. Y. II. S. Coll., ii. (ii.), 35, 41 ; Col. Doc., iii., 341, 35T-353 ; Smith, i.,
115; ojifc, 72, 84, 204, 373.
t MSS. Secretary's Office, Albany, Dongan's Laws, 1CS3, 16S4, T-12; Col. Doc., iii , 341,
357, 370, 400, C77, 678 ; Smith, i., lUi ; Journals of Leg. Coimcil, i., 45, 40.
t Minutes of X. Y. Common Council, i., 175, 170 ; Col. MSS., xxxiv., 5.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 385
more distinctly aunoiinced in the ancient Dutch province ch. viii.
by its own freely-chosen Assembly — of which a majority
were " of the Dutch nation" — than in any Northern colony j^l^^^f^l
of British America. In none of the charter 2:overnments of iS ^^^-^^ *"?
_ o ^ New\ork.
New England were " the people recognized as having legis-
lative authority. The first law made by tlie representatives
of Dutch-English New York ordained that " The People
met in a Generall Assembly" were to share in its colonial iQg^
legislation. These memorable words, " The People " were s March.
. J 1. J ijijjg king
so democratic, that the English king, at Whitehall, soon objects to
afterward objected to them, as being "not used in any pie."
other constitution in America."*
The next law passed by the New York Assembly was 1683.
" to divide this Province and dependencies into shires and ^-^° y^k
counties." Twelve counties were established, the names ''"'i'^'^'i
01 some of which appear to have been suggested by Don- ties.
gan. The City and County of New York included Man-
hattan, Manning's, and the Barn Islands, Westchester
contained all the land eastward of Manhattan^ " as far as
the Government extends," and northward, along the Hud-
son, to the Highlands. Ulster, which was named after the
duke's Irish earldom, embraced all the towns on the west
side of the Hudson, from the Murderer's Creek, near the
Highlands, to the Sawyer's Creek, now called Saugerties.
Albany included all the territory on the east side of the
Hudson, from Roelof Jansen's Creek, and, on the west side,
fi'om Sawyer's Creek to " the Saraaghtoga." Dutchess ex-
tended from Westchester northward to Albany, and " east-
ward into the woods twenty miles." Orange, which was so
called in compliment to the Dutch son-in-law of James, in-
cluded the region on the west side of the Hudson, from
the New Jersey boundary northward to Ulster, at the Mur-
derer's Creek, and " westward into the woods as far as Del-
aware River." Richmond, apparently named in honor of
the Idng's illegitimate son by the Duchess of Portsmouth,
* Col. Doc, iii., 357, 358 ; Rapin, ii., 270-27T, 707 ; Penn. Arch., i., 80 ; Bancroft, i., 255,
256; ii., S04, 380, 414; Chalmers, i., DS4, C40; Mather's Magnalia, i., 200; ante, l, 437, 573;
ii., 374. "The People" always have been loved words in New York. Her first State Con-
stitution of 1777 declared that the style of all her laws should he—" De it enacted by the Peo-
ple of the State of Neio York, represented in Senate and Assemhhj.'^ Under her second
Constitution of 1821 she adopted the more direct formula, " The People of the Slate of New
York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact," etc. The present Constitution of 1840
ordains that this form shall he observed in the enacting clause of all bills.
II.— Bb
38G HISTORY OF THE STATE OF KEW YORK.
cn.Yiii. contained "all Staten Island," with Shooter's Island, and
the islands of Meadow on the west side. King's County,
IbbS. Qj-^ Long Island, included Bushwick, Bedford, Brooklyn,
Flatbush, Flatlands, New Utrecht, and Gravesend. Queen's
contained Newtown, Jamaica, Flushing, Hempstead, and
Oyster Bay. Suffolk, which commemorated the easter-
most county of England, embraced Huntington, Smithiield,
Brookhaven, Southampton, Southold, Easthampton to Mon-
tauk Point, Shelter Island, the Isle of Wight, Fisher's Isl-
and, and Plumb Island. Duke's County contained the isl-
ands of Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, Elizabeth Island,
and No Man's Land. Cornwall, named after the south-
western county of England, included " Pemaquid, and all
his Royal Highnesses territories in those parts, with the isl-
ands adjacent." It was also enacted that eveiy year a
siiciiffs. high-sheriff should be commissioned for each county.*
1 Novem. A third important act was " to settle Courts of Justice."
ju^Btice." This law established four distinct tribunals in New York :
Town Courts, for the trial of small causes, to be held each
month ; County Courts, or Courts of Sessions, to be held at
certain times, quarterly, or half yearly ; a General Court of
Oyer and Terminer, with original and appellate jurisdio-
tion, to sit twice every year in each county ; and a Court
of Chancery, to be " the Supreme Court of this Province,"
composed of the governor and council, with power in the
governor to depute a chancellor in his stead, and appoint
clerks and other officers. But any inhabitant of the prov-
ince might appeal to the king from any judgment, accord-
ing to a clause in the Patent to the Duke of York. Don-
29 Decern, gau accordingly appointed the former provincial secretary,
1684. Matthias NicoUs, and Captain John Palmer, of Staten Isl-
* ^^' and — both of whom had been bred lawyers — to be the first
judges of the New York Court of Oyer and Terminer.f
Another law was ordained at the same time " for natu-
ralizing all those of foreign nations at present inhabiting
* MSS. Law?, Secrttniy's ( ffici>; Kevised L:iw?, 1S13, li., App., vi., vii. ; Tliompson, ii.,
SW, 32(1 ; Diinlap, ii., App., xliii., xliv. TIic note at tlie foot of page iii., in Appendix to ii..
Rev. Law.s, ISl.S, U erroneou3. Giles Goddard represented Cornwall County in the AFsem-
bly of New York for one session certainly: Jlaine II. P. Coll., v., 4, 94, 9S, 263, 204 ; William-
son, i.,5S2.
t .MSS. I.awp, Sccretar}'"s Office; Ucv. Law.=, 1S13, ii., App. viil.-x. ; Col. MSS.,xxsi\-.,
U; Council Min.,v.,4T, 4S, 40; Col. Doc, ii., 296; iii,, 3S9, 300,412,414, 41T; N. Y. H. R.
Coll., ii. (ii.), 35, 30 ; Daly's i^ketcli, 30, 31 ; Wood's Long Lsland, 100, 101, 144, 150 ; Tliomi>-
Bo:i, i., 101, 102; ii.,390; a/i/c, 289.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 387
within this Province, and professing Christianity, and for cu.vni.
encouragement of others to come and settle within the
same." This statute was demanded by the general senti- ^i Novem.'
ment of " the people" of the most polygene us of all the ^^^^^n IL.
British dependencies in North America. The Dutch in-
habitants of New York rejoiced in knowing that the
Stadtholder of their fatherland was the husband of the
presmnptive heiress of the British crown, and that he
might, perhaps, become their own proper king. They saw
that Louis was beginning to drive out of France every one
of his subjects who did not profess that the Pope of Rome
was the only vicar of Christ. Therefore the Assembly of
New York ordained that all the actual inhabitants of the i xovem.
province, except bondmen, of what foreign nation soever,
who professed Christianity, and who had taken, or should
take the oath of allegiance, were naturalized ; and that all
Christian foreigners who should afterward come and settle
themselves in the province might be naturalized upon
their swearing allegiance to the king, and fidelity to the
proprietor.*
After passing several other less important acts the As- 7 Novcm.
sembly adjourned ; and the laws it had enacted were for- udied
mally published in front of the City Hall. Not long aft-ande^mt u,
erward. Captain Mark Talbot was sent by Dongan to carry
them to England for the duke's approval and confirma-
tion.f
Iri the mean time, Connecticut, renewing the claim to a
j)art of New York, which she had asserted to Brockholls
the year before, complained to Dongan that Pye, Green- 5 October.
wich, and Stamford had been summoned to "make pre-cuttound-
sentment" at the New York Assizes, and that as those '"^^'
towns " indubitably" belonged to Connecticut, they should
not be " molested by any such injunctions." Dongan, who
had been specially instructed to settle the duke's boundary
toward the east, answered at once that the agreement wasooctoier.
that Connecticut should not come within twenty miles of *
the Hudson River, and that she had " abused the former
* MSS. Laws, Secretary's Office; Livingston and Smith's Laws, IIP. ; Van Schaack, 97,
C8; Col. Doc, iii., 114,355,370,300,478; v., 406; CouncilJourn., i., Int., xii.,387, 390; As- •
sembly Joiini., i., 95, 149, 151, 373, 377; Chalmers's Ann., i., 5S4; Rev. Cnl., i., 145.
t Minutes of N. Y. Common Council, 1., 17S, 179 ; Col. Doc, iii., 340, 349 ; Entries, xx.xiii.,
79 ; (.'oiincil Journ., i.. Inf., xii. ; Historical Mag.izine, -v-i., 233.
3S8 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cn.Yiii. contract." Attempting finesse, Connecticut replied that
she had not violated that aorreenient. But Don^an wrote
10 (^tober l^s-ck very plainly — " The King's Commissioners, being
Don'a^s strangci-s, and relying upon your people, were assured by
letter. them that the river Mamaroneck was twenty miles, every
where, from Hudson's River, as we have very creditable
witnesses can testify, and that it was Colonel Nicolls his
intentions. Notwithstanding all that, you pretend to with-
in sixteen or seventeen miles of this town, and, for ought
we know, to Esopus and Albany also ; which is argument
sufficient it was none of Colonel Nicolls his intention. If
you do not submit to let us have all the land within twen-
ty miles of Hudson's River, I must claim as far as the
Duke's Patent goes, which is to the River Connecticut.
* * '"' Since you are pleased to promise to do me the hon-
or to see me, pray come vdth full power to treat with me ;
and I do assure you, whatsoever is concluded betwixt us
shall be confirmed by the King and liis Royal Highness,
which the other agreements, I hear, are not. If you like
not of it, pray take it not ill that I proceed in a way that
will bring all your patent in question."*
But Connecticut had no notion to have her patent
brought " in question" by the Duke of York, in such per-
ilous times for charters in England. In great tribulation,
uNovem. Govcmor Treat smnmoned a special com-t at Hartford,
cufsac- and characteristic action was taken. Treat, with Gold,
All}ai, and Pitkin, were commissioned to go to New Tork,
and ao-ree for a final settlement of the boundary, according
to their "best judgment;" but with the proviso — which
abandoned Connecticut pretenses — '* that his Majestic and
Roy all Highness approve of and confinn the same." The
agents were privately instructed not to yield to the Govern-
or of New York more than twenty miles eastward from the
Hudson River, " but get him to take up with as little as
may be." These instructions were so framed as to allow
. Connecticut to gain every thing she could, and to take up
with almost any thing — provided "His Majestic and the
Duke's Highness shall please to ratify it."t
* Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 100, 131, 313, 314, 320-330; Col. Doc, iii., 106, 230, 231, 235,236,
247, 3.^3 ; vii., 597 ; ante, 360, 361, 373.
t Col. Kcc. Conn., ii., 342, 514, 515; iii., 133-126, 32S, 330; Trumbull, i., 3C4, 305; C)l.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 339
When the Hartford Commissioners reached New York, cu. viii.
they f omid that Dongan was fortified with the testimony
of Lawrence, Yomige, and NicoUs, who personally knew 25 xovem.
that in 1664 it had been clearly understood that Connecti- ^°°a?ents
cut was never to approach the Hudson Kiver nearer than '^^,^J
twenty miles. This truth, indeed, was too certain to be
gainsaid. The pretenses of Connecticut to any territory
on that river were proved to be " fraudulent or erroneous."
And now the Connecticut agents appealed to Dongan's
magnanimity, as their predecessors had to that of Isicolls,
to be allowed to retain some of their settlements on the
Sound, and to give in exchange for them an " equivalent
tract" inland. It was accordingly agreed between Don- 2s Novem.
gan, with his comiselors Brocldiolls, Phillipse, Yan Cort- about the
landt, and Younge on the part of New York, and Treat,
Gold, Allyn, and Pitkin on the part of Connecticut, that
the boundary point between the two provinces should be
removed several miles east from Mamaroneck to Byram
River, between Rye and Greenwich, and the line run
thence as it now remains ; and that this new line should be
X^roperly surveyed the next October. On their return to
Connecticut, her commissioners notified the Rye magis- 3 Decern.
trates that they " could not help" giving up that town, but
that Dongan was " a noble gentleman," and would do for
their welfare whatever they should "desire in a regular
manner."*
One of the dulce's special instractions to his lieutenant
governor, as has been seen, was to consider and report the
advantage of granting to the city of New York " immuni-
ties and privileges beyond what other parts of my terri-
tories doe enjoy." Immediately after the adjournment of
the Provincial Assembly, the mayor and aldermen of the
metropolis accordingly petitioned Dongan that the "an- 9 Novem.
cient customs, privileges, and immunities" which had been city.
granted to them by Nicolls in 1665, should be conih-med
by a charter from the Duke of York, with certain additions,
including the division of the corporation into six wards ;
MSS., xxxi., 92 ; Ixix., 8 ; N. Y. Senate Doc, 1S5T, No. 165, p. 43, 44, lOT-109; Col. Doc,
iii., 235, 362, 363 ; vii., 334, 563, 596, 59T.
' Council Min.,v.,2T, 28, 29, 30, 31; Col. MSS., Ixix., 9, 10, 11 ; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 330-
338: Bolton'6 Westchester, ii., 26, 27; Trumbull, i., 365,860; Senate Doc, 1S5T, No. 165,
44, 45, 110-112; Smith, i., 2S5, 286, 287; Dunlap, ii., App. xliv.; Col. Doc, iii., 106; iv.,
. 629; v., 050; vii., 564; viii., 442; a?i«f,55,50.
390 IIISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cu. vni. the annual election of aldermen and other officei-s by the
freemen in each ward : the local o-ovennnent of the city to
Looo, ^Q intrusted to them, and to a mayor and recorder, to be
annually appointed by the governor and council ; that a
sheriff, coroner, and town-clerk be appointed in the same
way ; that the corporation appoint their oa\ti treasurer ;
and, finally, that whatever else was necessary for its wel-
fare should be confirmed to the old Dutch city as fully " as
his Majesty hath been graciously pleased to grant to other
corporations within his realm of England."*
loxovem. Objcctions were made by the governor and his council
to some of these proposed additional articles. But, after
10 Novem. full cxplauatious, they were agreed to in " almost every
particular." The existing metropolitan ofiicers were ac-
24 Novetn. corduigly reappointed by the governor ; who also commis-
tan offi^ '' sioned John West, its actual clerk, to be " clerk of the city
**'^' of ISTew York," and John Tudor, one of the lawyers whom
Brockholls had assigned to prosecute for the duke's govern-
ment, to be its sheriff, in place of Collyer. Tlie corpora-
2T Novem. tiou soou afterward asked that it might choose its own
c Decern, clcrk, and have other privileges. Dongan answered that
the clerk's nomination must be referred to the duke. But
he allowed the coqDoration its ferry, dock, and market, and
promised it a grant of lands on Manhattan Island.
8 Decern. The mayor and aldermen accordingly divided the city
New York iuto six wards, and assigned Nicholas Bayard to be alder-
iuto wards, man for the South Ward, John Inians for the Dock Ward,
William Pinhorne for the East Ward, Gulian Verplanck
for the North Ward, John Bobinson for the West Ward, and
10 Deceni. William Cox for the Out Ward. Dongan now ordered
that tlie substance of the corporation's petition of tlie ninth
of November be put in practice, " until such time as his
Eoyal Highnesses pleasure shall be further known therein."
« Col. Doc.,334,33T-339; Vnl. Man., 1S44-5, 312,313; 1S51, .'597-399; Minutes of N. Y.
Common Council, i., 179-1S2 ; Council Min., v., 16-19 ; a7ite, 70, 77, 373. This petitionwas
signed by William Beekmnn, the m:iyor, anil Johannes van I'rugh, John Lawrence, Peter J.
Morris, James Graham, Cornelis Steenwyok, and Nicholas Bayard, the aldermen of the city
of New York : Ent., x.\xiii., 79 ; Col. Doc, iii., 339. These names do not appear in Valen-
tine's Manual. Between the 9th and the 24tli of November, 1GS3, Dongan seems to have
appointed Steenwj-ck mayor in place of Bcekman, and Nicholas Bayard, John luians, Wil-
liam Pinhorne, Gulian Verplanck, John Hobinson, and William Co.x to be aldermen : Min.
of N. Y. Com. Council, i., 1S4, 1S5 ; Dunlap, ii., App. cxxxi. Mr. Murray Hoffman's " Treat-
ise," vol. ii., 7-10, makes the petitions of the New York Common Council of '.) and 27 Nov.,
1CS3, to Dongan, as governor for the Duke of York, jpprar as if they were addressed to him
as governor under James the Second, in IGSG.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 391
He accordingly commissioned James Graham, one of its cu. viii.
late aldermen, to be the first recorder of the city of New ~
York. All its other officers were sworn to fidelity by the ^ Dgcem.
governor in Fort James; and Recorder Graham, coming 1684.
thence to the City Hall, " took his place on the bench on pfecol^er
the right hand of the mayor."* ^'■*^'^'"-
Dongan also allowed the metropolis to hold a Conrt of i Febr'y.
. . 31 Marcli
Sessions until the dnke's pleasure should be known, and court of '
commissioned its mayor and aldermen to be justices of the ^^"° ^"
peace. As soon as it was organized, the common council is Marcu.
adopted various by-laws for the government of the city.
It also asked Dongan to confirm the former orders of An- it iiaicu.
dros, especially that of the 20th January, 1680, prohibiting
the bolting of flour at any other place in the province than
the city. The governor required " reasons at large" for is Marcii.
this request ; and the corporation submitted that, as the 9 Apru.
manufacture of flour was the chief support of the trade of
the metropolis, the high reputation of its breadstuffs should
not be taken away, as it would be if bolting were allowed
elsewhere, and that Long Island enjoyed a peculiar advan-
tage in its whaling, while the rest of the province was ag-
ricultural. Albany, however, objected to such a monopoly icAprii.
being allowed to the metropolis. But as Deputy Governor
Walrond, of Barbadoes, complained that some bad meal
had already been sent there fi'om New York, Dongan is- 22 May.
sued a proclamation prohibiting the packing or bolting of nour"^ "
flour, or the making of bread for exportation, in any place
within the government, except the city of New York. This
action was approved by the duke's commissioners, who in- 1 Novcm.
structed the governor " by all meanes chiefly to incourage
the City of New Yorke, according to the practice of your
predecessors, and particularly to observe how it was in Sir
Edmond Andros, his time."t
The shipping of the port of New York now consisted of 1 Marcii.
three barks, three brigantines, twenty - seven sloops, and sh!ppin*g.
forty-six open boats. But the trade of the city had lan-
• Council Min., v., 10, 20, 27, 31-35, S2; Col. M?S., xxxi.,9.'); xxxiv., 0, 10, 12; Min. of
C. Council, i., 182-202, 20T,2liS, 253; Val. Man., 1S44-5, 314-31T; 1851,309^01; 1S.54, 43S,
440; Entiie?, xxxiii., 10 ; Dunlap, ii., App. cxxxi., cxxxii. ; Daly's Sketch, 31 ; nnt.r, 360.
+ Min. of Com. Council, i., 143, IGO, 210, 211, 230-24'), 253, 255l2.-)T, 200, 201 ; Val. Man.,
1S51, 401 ; Council Min., v., 50, C2, f5, Tl, T2, S3-85 ; Col. MSS., xxxi., 12.'), 120, 134, 144 ;
xxxiv., 20; Col. Doc, iii., 31% .33S, "TA, 'lOT; Dunlap, ii , App. cxxxii.-cxxxiv. ; Hoffman's
Treatise, ii, 6; Oldmixon, ii., 3S; ant', C30.
392 HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
C11.V111. giiished of late, owing to 2:)eculiar causes, one of wliicli
was the dnke's alienation of East Jersey. At Dongan's
i6Feb'y.* suggestion, under an opinion of Kecorder Graham, the
Nw York council and the city authorities drew up an address to the
City's ad- dnke, in which was shown the convenient natural situation
<lress to tne '
duke. of Manhattan for commerce, and the hurtfulness of the
" unhappy separation" of ISTew Jersey from the ancient ter-
ritory of New York, by reason of which its trade was di-
verted, to the injury of the proprietor's revenue. They
therefore prayed that his royal highness would reannex
East Jersey to his province " by purchase or other ways,"
and thus prevent the flourishing of the adjacent country
by the ruin of New York. This address, the joint work
of the New York Council — of which the elder Lewis Mor-
ris, of Westchester, and also of New Jersey, had just been
sworn a member — w^as sent by Dongan to the duke and
his commissioners, wnth a rejDresentation urging " the great
inconveniences of having two distinct Governments upon
one River," and " how convenient it w^ould be to regain
East Jersey."*
New York, indeed, had reason for annoyance. The pro-
prietors of East Jersey removed Eudyard, and appointed
Gawen Lawrie to be their governor, who, after visiting
2S Fcbi'y. Dongan, assumed his oificial duties at Elizabethtown.
2 March. Lawrie soon wrote home that the Governor of New York
andNew dcsircd the boundary-line between the two provinces to be
ersey. ^vco.^ becausc Several plantations were settled on the Hud-
son, and it was not known to which side they would fall.
Amboy was now named " Perth," in honor of the earl, and
a ferry was established there between Pennsylvania and
CO March. Ncw York. A fcw wccks afterward, Lawrie reported that
29 March, scvcral merchants of New York were leaving their planta-
tions there and coming to East Jersey, because its land was
penn and morc productivc. Even Penn and Dongan seem to have
become rivals for the purchase of Baker's interest in Eliza-
bethtown.f
• Council Min., v., 4S ; Min. of N. Y. Com. Council, i., 209, 222, 223, 225-227 ; Val. Man.,
ISfiO, 57.5; Col. Doc, ii., C19; Hi., 341, 34S, 354; Chalmers's Ann., i., C19, G21, 627, 62S ;
Dunlap, ii., App. exxxii. ; Assembly Joiu'nals, ii., 527, iioU'; Whitehead's Kast Jersey, 107,
215, 21G ; E;i3tern IJoundary, 30. Lewis Morris was admitted into the New York Council on
17 January, 1G84: Council Min., v., 43; UoUon's Westchester, ii., 290; Whitehead's Mem.
of L. Morris, 3; anlr^ 1S8.
t Chalmei-i', i., fil9-G-21 ; Leanii. g and Spiccr, tGS-lS5; Col. Doc, iii., 302 ; S. Smith, 170,
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOK. 393
Penn had now become so involved in his controversy cu.vni.
with Lord Baltimore that he sent two of his comiselors,
Lloyd and Welsh, to ask Dongan's friendly intervention.
The governor promptly wrote to Maryland, as desired. 23 Api-u.
But when the Pennsylvania agents asked to be allowed to
treat with the New York savages for their Susquehanna
lands, Donovan told them " that they of Albany have sus- 24 Apru.
••••1 !• 1 Tinr-n Dongan
picion it is only to get away their trade, and that Mr. Penn opposes
liath land already more than he can peoj>le these many tensions.
years; that the Indians have long since given over their
lands to this government ; and advised them to write over
to the duke about it." The agents then asked the govern-
or to write to the Lidians; but this was refused. Don-
gan's firm opposition to Penn's "coveting his neighbor's
lands," made the latter his bitter enemy in England,
whither he soon afterward returned " to improve his inter- 12 August.
est" with the court. The duke's secretary, however, in-
structed Dongan "that no lands beyond the bounds of 10 March.
East and West Jersey (betwixt the rivers) ought to be sep- orders to
arated from your government upon any terms, and that °°^^^'
you should use great care to hinder Mr. Pen and the in-
habitants of both Jerseys from obstructing the peltry trade
of New York; and that in order to this, you should pre-
vent, all you can, the uniting of any part of either Jersey
with Mr. Pen, who (as you observe) is very intent on his
owne interest in those parts." Again Werden wrote, 27 August.
" Toucliing Susquehanna Piver, or lands about it or trade que^uanna
in it, which the Lidians convey to you or invite you to, we ^'^^^^'
think you will doe well to preserve your interest there as
much as possible, that soe nothing more may goe away to
Mr. Penn or either New Jerseys. For it is apparent they
are apt enough to stretch their priviledges, as M^ell as the
people of New England have been, who now probably will
be reduced to reason by prosecution of the Quo Warranto
which is brought against them."*
During the winter the savages in Maine were suspected 21 March.
of plotting against the English, and the New Hampshire ®"^'"^' "
1T2, 175-180 ; Hatfield, 218-230 ; Whitehead's K. J., 3S, 9!), 100, 107. 101. 2S4-293 ; N. J. H.
S. Proa, viii., 102 ; Council Min., v., 65; Penn. Arch., i., SO ; ante 40, 107, 308.
* Col. Doc, lii., 340,341,350,422: Doc. Hipt.,i., 263,205; Council Min., v., 73-79; Penn.
Arch., 1., S4-S7 ; Col. Rec, !., 103, 104, 105, KO, 114, 117, 118 ; Proud, i., 205-287, 341 ; Jlem.
Penn.H. S., i., 442-440; Chalmers's Ann., i., 644, 050; CG0-CC6; Dixon, 219,220; aiiff, 377.
39i HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1684.
Council asked Dongan to aid them with Mohawk war-
riors. To further this request, Governor Craniield, with
Dudley and Shrimpton, of Massachusetts, visited IS^ew York.
11 April. Dongan, however, would not irritate the Iroquois, especial-
ly as the Kennebec savages were " stout fellows, and fear-
ed not the Mohawks ;" although he promised assistance if
the Eastern Indians began hostilities. As Saint Castin
was supposed to have instigated them, the governor again
May. warned him and the French under his authority either to
again quit Pcmaquid, or else swear allegiance to the King of En-
castin. gland ; promising not to interfere with their religion. Don-
gan's offer was considered by the French to be " the more
dangerous," because of his "being a Catholic, -and having
a Jesuit and Priests along with him." Intending to visit
Pemaquid, Dongan left its local government for the pres-
21 April, ent in the hands of Captain Nicholas Manning, Sheriff John
2s April. Allen, and Giles Goddard, its representative in the New
9 July. York Assembly. Some of its inhabitants complained that
Pemaquid. tlio regulations of the previous November were " altogeth-
er arbitrary," and asked that the laws and tribunals of New
York, although " over great distant," should be extended to
them ; but as the governor was now occupied with the Iro-
quois at Albany, the affairs of Pemaquid were postponed
mitil he could himself go thither, " and in the mean time,
the former orders to be observed."*
New York Up to tliis time the relations between New York and
da. Canada had been, upon the whole, friendl3\ The sympa-
thy between Charles the Second and Louis the Fourteenth
was not to be disturbed by any questions about their colo-
nies in North America. But the Duke of York was anxious
to gain all the territory he could ; and his deputy, Andros,
had claimed, in 1677, that New York included all the coun-
try south of the Saint Lawrence and Lake Ontario. This
bold claim could not, however, be admitted by Canada.
French missionaries had planted Christianity in that region
long before any other Europeans had seen it ; and the gov-
ernors of New France had maintained the sovereignty of
their king by warlike expeditions, and by treaties with the
' Council Min., v., CG-GO, 72, 01 ; Col. M?S., xxxi., ICG, ISl ; xxxii., 11, .ST ; xxxiv., 17,
lS(ii.),3; Maine Hist. Soc. Coll., v., 70-72, Sl-104, 2G3. 2G1; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxxv., 121,
122 ; Maw. r.cc, v., 490 ; Col. Doc , iii., 3G4, 3G5, •JOG, ^>1 ; ix., 2C3, 2G5, 26G, £00, 91S ; Bel-
knap, i., 171, 172, 322 ; Williamson, i., 5S1 ; ante, 379,
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 395
savages, whom they overawed. But the appointments of ch.viii.
De la Barre and of Don^an, to govem Canada and New
York, brought to a crisis the question between those colo- '
nies, which could no longer be left undecided.
Dongan's Indian policy was simply to execute and ex-
tend that of his predecessor, Andros. In his earliest let-
ters the duke's governor told De la Barse that " nobody February.
hath a greater desire to have a strict miion with you, and indifT ^
good correspondence, than myself, who served long time in ^^^''^'
France, and was much obliged by the king and gentry of
that country." At the same time, Dongan claimed that
all the territory " south and southwest of the Lake of Can-
ada," belonged to the King of England. Dela Barre, how-
ever, would not recognize the Iroquois as British subjects.
Some Senecas and Cayugas having plundered French ca-
noes on their way to the Sioux, assaulted Fort Saint Louis, 2s Marcii.
but were repulsed by De Baugy, the successor of Tonty. Bane-s
De la Barre therefore resolved to attack the Senecas. He '=°°'^"'='-
detained their ambassador, Tegancourt, who came to Que-
bec to ratify the agreement made the autumn before ; and
directed the Jesuit missionaries, Millet at Oneida, and the
two Lambervilles at Onondaga, to intrigue so as to divide
the Iroquois confederates. The savage allies of the French
in the West were also ordered to be brought down, and
Fort Frontenac was re-enforced. Some Caghnawaga con-
verts were sent with friendly messages to the Mohawks, 10 June.
Oneidas, and Onondagas. The King of France was so- s June,
licited to obtain an order from the King of England, pro-
hibiting Dongan from assisting the Iroquois. De la Barre
also sent the Sieur Bourdon to New York with a letter, ad- 15 June.
visino; Donovan of his intention to attack the Senecas and
Cayugas, but not the Mohawks and Oneidas, " neighbors of
Albany ;" the people of which, he asked, might be forbid-
den to sell arms and ammunition to the Iroquois, which
proceeding "can alone intimidate them, and when they
see the Christians united on this subject, they will show
them more respect than they have done hitherto."
But Dongan answered that all the Iroquois nations were
under the government of New York, as appeared by its
records ; that the duke's territories reached " as far as the
Eiver of Canada; and that if the French did not come
396 IIISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOKli.
1684,
54 June.
cii. vin. south of the Saint Lawrence and Lake Ontario, " the peo-
ple" of New York would not go north of them, " I am so
heartily bent," he added, " to promote the quiet and tran-
Ijui^: quillitj of this country and yours, that I intend forthwith
firm for to go mysclf to Albany, on purpose, and there send for the
Lidians, and require of them to do what is just, in order
to a satisfaction, to your pretences ; if they will not, I shall
not imjnstly protect them."*
Dongan's promised visit to Albany had become more
important, because some L^oquois war parties, said to have
been instigated by the French missionaries, had gone down
the Susquehanna, and committed outrages on the northern
settlements of Maryland and Virginia. These hostilities
violated the compact made at Albany in August, 1682.
28 Feb'y. So Fraucis, Lord Howard of Effingham, who had succeed-
ed Lord Culpepper as governor of Virginia, thought it nec-
essary to instigate Dongan to join him in a war against the
Five Nations. Accompanied by two members of his coun-
29 June, cil, Effingham accordingly came to New York, where he
aid of Ef- was entertained, and was admitted by the city corporation
vi"ftrNew to be a freeman of the metropolis. Lord Effingham ap-
is madra pears to have been the first British peer upon whom this
freeman, (ijg^j^ction was Conferred. At Dongan's invitation he sail-
ed with him in midsummer up the glorious Hudson to Al-
bany, where the five Iroquois cantons of New York had
been summoned to meet their '' Corlaer."t
Deputies from the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, and
Cajiigas soon assembled there. Those from the far-off
30 July. Senecas had not yet come. Lord Effingham opened the
and Effing, couferencc in presence of Dongan and two of his counsel-
liam at ii- r n t^ i -I'l
Aib.iny. ors, and the magistrates or Albany, by recapitulating the
broken promises and recent outrages of the Iroquois, and
proposed to make " a new chain" between" them and Vir-
ginia and Maryland, " to endiu'e even to the world's end.":j:
^ * Col. Doc, iii., 233, 237, 247, 303, S94, 305, 447, 44S, 440, 451, 4G7 ; v., 531, 731 ; i.x., 200,
207, 22G-223, 239, 240, 246, 247, 305; Doc. Hist., i., 07, CS, 73, 74, 202 ; Quebec MS3., iv. (ii.),
24C, 24S, 251 ; Council Min., iii. (ii.), 135; v., 40, SO, flO ; Colden, i., 44, 53, GO, CI, 02, 249,
250; Charlevoix, ii., 290,307-313; La Ilontan's Voyages, i., 2-2S; Pinkerton, xiii., 254-270;
X. Y. II. S. Coll., ii., 2S0, 2S7 ; Shea's Missions, 312, 313 ; ante, 3(iC, 307, 377.
t Council Min., v., 40, 93; Col. MSS., x.xxi., 157, 174; Col. Doc, iii., 304, 400, 440; ix.,
20S, 22S, 253; Colden, i., 44; ii., SO; Smith, i., 09; Chalmev.s i., 340, 587; Uurk, ii., 277,
2S1,2R2; Beverley, 77 ; Oldraixon, i.,393; Campbell, 33S ; Collins's Peeragi', v., 25; ante,
SCO, 377.
tin the first edition of Colden, p. 49, the date of this meeting is correctly given aa " the
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 397
Dongan now accomplished an important pm^ose. Tak- ^"- ^'"^-
ing advantage of the presence of liis brother governor from ^^^34
Virginia, he obtained from the Ii'oquois their written sub- so juiy.
mission to " the Great Sachem Charles, that lives on the quois br-
other side of the great lake." This was recorded upon Sut^ the'
" two white dressed deer-skins," which were " to be sent to Engfand.
the great Sachem in England, that he may write on them,
and put a great red seal to them." All the Susquehaima susque-
Kiver above the '' Washuta," or AVyalusing Falls, and all lands.
the rest of the land of the Iroquois, was thus confii'med to
the Duke of York, and " fastened" to his government.'"
At the same time, Counselor Yan Cortlandt, whom the 30 juiy.
Massachusetts government appointed to be its agent, had setts and '
an interview with the Mohawk sachems, and ratified " their quois!'^
former and happy friendship" by some small presents.f
The next day the Mohawk sachem Odianne, who spoke 31 juiy.
for the four nations then represented, answered Lord Ef-
fingham that the Mohawks were free from blame, but that
the Oneidas, Onondagas, and CapTgas had been " stupid,
bnitish, and void of understanding." In their name, how-
ever, he promised '"''Assarigoa^'' or " the big knife,":{; that Lord Ef-
the covenant chain should thenceforth be kept " bright as named"'
silver" between Yirginia and Maryland, and the Five Na- goa"T>-'
tions of New York, whose co^'enant house at Albany " must
be kept clean." And then he offered to plant a tree of
peace, "whose tops mil reach the sun and its branches
spread far abroad," so as to cover not only Yirginia and
Maryland, but Massachusetts, which Yan Cortlandt repre-
sented. The Oneidas then gave beaver-skins to satisfy^
what they had promised Lord Baltimore two years before.
An Onondaga followed for his own nation : — the Oneidas
and Cayugas, asking to " lay hold of the chain," and that
thirtieth of July;" but the London editions of 1747, p. 47, and 1755, i., p. 45, eironeously
print thirteenth. This error is followed by Burk, ii., 2S3; Bancroft, ii., 419; Dunlap, i.,
13G; and others.
* Col. Doc, iii., 347, 3C3, 394, 406, 417, 41S, 503, 509, 515, 510; Colden (first ed.), C4, C5 ;
ed. 17.55, i., 55, 56 ; Doc. Hist., i., 201, 204, 260 ; Penn. Arch., i., 121-123; ante^ 370.
t Mass. Rec, v., 401, 402; Colden (first ed.), 02; ed. 1755, i., 54; Col. Doc, iii., ."94;
ante., 309.
t The Mohawks, and Odianne their orator — misled, perhaps, by Amoiit Comelissen
Viele, the Dutch interpreter — mistook Lord Howard's name for "Houwer," a Dutch word,
which in English means a hanger or cutlass. This phonetic en-or made them call the Vir-
ginian governor '■'-.ifismigoa" which, in the Iroquois tongue, signifies "big knife." This
term, "Assarigoa" (like that of "C'orlaer" in New York), was long used by the New York
savages to designate the governors of Virginia : Col. Doc, iii., 454 ; v., 070 ; viii., 119 ; ix.,
706; Mass. Kec, v.,4Gl; Colden, i., 50; ii.,4S; Shea's ed., 57, 133.
the Iro-
quois.
398 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cii.vin. au axe might be buried for each of them. But the Mo-
hawks said that no axe need be buried for them, because
■ they had never broken the first chain. Then the five axes
Axes buri- — ^^^'^ ^^^' Maryland and Virginia, and three for the Onei-
ton^y '^'' *^^®' Onondagas, and Cayugas — " were buried in the soutli-
east end of the court-yard, and the Indians threw the earth
upon them. After which my Lord told them them that
since now a firm peace was concluded, we shall hereafter
remain firm friends, and Virginia and Maryland will send
once in two or three years to renew it, and some of our In-
dian Sachems shall come according to your desire to con-
firm it." After this the Oneidas, Onondagas, and Cayu-
gas " jointly sang the Peace Song, with demonstrations of
much joy, and thanked the Governor of New York for his
effectual mediation with the Governor of Virginia in their
favour."*
The four nations then asked to have "the Duke of
York's arms put upon their castles," which tiiey supposed
August. " would save them from the French." So Dongan order-
of York's ed Viele, the inteii^reter, to place them on " each castle, as
oa^he"' far as Oneigra," which was accordingly done. Viele was
cStiea." instructed to forbid the Five Nations, " as subjects of the
Duke of York," from holding any conference with the
French without the governor's permission ; and the Sene-
cas were offered four hundred cavalry and as many in-
fantry if they should be attacked by the French. Dongan
likewise asked the savages to call home those of their na-
tions who had settled at Caghnawaga, near Montreal. The
sachems adroitly replied, " Corlaer keeps a correspondence
with Canada, and therefore he can prevail more than we
can. Let Corlaer use his endeavours to draw our Indians
home to their own country ."f
2 August. The Onondagas and Cayugas now made " a remarkable
t/.rono°i- speech" to the two English governors, whom they addressed
«;a>-uga3°toas "Brethren," at the Town Hall of Albany — "Your Sa-
^nd EffiDg- chem," tliey said, " is a great Sachem, and we are but a small
'"'™" people. But when the English first came to Manhattan ,Vir-
* Colden (first ed.), 55-C: ; ed. 1755, i., 40-53 ; ii., 80 ; Dnrk, i., 2S4-28T ; ante, 3G5, 3C6.
t Colden (fir.^t ed.), CI, G2, C3, T6 (cd. 1T55), i., 53, 54, C5; Cnl. Doc., iii., 303, 306, 440,47.^;
v., 75, 70; ix, 24-3, 247, 251,253,257,259,201 ; Uoc. llirft , i., 00,70, 81,87; Charlevoix, iii.,
315. ViclpV .loiiinnl of \w expedition is in Col. MPS., xxxi , 150, nnd Alb.iny licrord.--,
xviii., 401-40-1.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 399
ginia, and Maryland, they were but a small people, and we cu. vni.
a great people. And finding they were good people, we
gave them land, and treated them civilly. And now, since speech of
you are a great people and we but a small, you will protect "^g^s^aTd
us from the French ; which, if you do not, W€ shall lose all ^"y^s-'s-
our hunting and beavers. The French will have all the
Beavers, and ai'e angry with us for bringing any to you."
" We have put all our land and our selfs under the pro-
tection of the great Duke of York, the brother of your
great Sachem; — We have given the Susquehanne River,
which we won with the sword, to this Government, and de-
sire that it may be a branch of that great tree that grows
here, whose top reaches to the sun, under whose branches
we shall shelter ourselves from the French, or any other
people ; And our fire burns in your houses, and your fire
burns with us ; And we desire that it always may be so,
and will not that any of your Penn's people shall settle
upon the Susquehanne River ; for our young folks or sol-
diers are like wolfs in the woods, as you Sachem of Vir-
ginia know, we having no otlier land to leave to our wives
and children."
" We have put ourselves under the Great Sachem Charles
that lives over the Great Lake, and we do give you two
white dres't deer-sldns, to be sent to the Great Sachem
Charles, that he may write upon them, and put a great
red scale to them, that we do put the Susquehaime River,
above the Wasliinta, or Falls, and all the rest of our land,
under the great Dulve of York, and to nobody else. Our
Brethren, his servants, were as fathers to our wives and
children, and did give us bread when we were in need of
it ; and Ave will neither join ourselves nor our land to any
other government than this : And this Proposition we de-
sire that Corlaer, the Governor, may send over to your
Great Sachem Charles that dwells over the Great Lake,
with this belt of Wampum-peeg, and another smaller belt
for the Duke of York his brother ; and we give a Beaver
to the Corlaer to send over this Proposition."
" And you. Great Man of Virginia, We let you knov/
that Great Penn did speak to us here in Corlaer's house,
by his Agents, and desired to buy the Susquehanne River.
But we would not liearken to him, nor come under his
400
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Cn. VIII.
1684
D August.
Speech of
the Sene-
cas to Don-
pan and
Effiagliani.
5 July.
Dongan's
notice to
Dela
Barre.
government; and therefore desire you to be witness of
wliat we now do, and that we have already done. And
let your friend that lives over the Great Lake know that
we are a free people, uniting ourselves to what Sachem we
please ; and do give you one beaver skin."*
Three days after this speech the Seneca delegates reach-
ed Albany, and had an interview with the Governors of
~New York and Virginia. They asked Lord Effingham to
include them in the " new chain" he had made witli the
other four nations, who, " from the Mohawks' country to
the Cayugas, have delivered up the Susquehanna River
and all that country to Corlaer's government. We con-
firm what they have done by giving this belt." And then,
referring to their relations with Canada, they said that its
governor was to blame; he furnished arms to then- ene-
mies, and enticed them to bring beavers to Montreal, which
otherwise the Senecas would have brought to their own
" brethren" at Albany. Onnontio called them his " chil-
dren," and talked of protecting them ; but at the same time
he " knocked them on the head," by aiding their enemies.
" Corlaer," they added, " hear what we say. We thank you
for the Duke's Arms, which you have given us to be put on
our castles, as a defence to them. You command them.
Have we wandered out of the way, as the Governor of
Canada says? We do not threaten him with war, as he
threatens us. What shall we do ? Shall we run away, or
shall we sit still in oiu* houses ?"f
Dongan had, meanwhile, notified De la Barre that the
Senecas were under the government of New York ; that
" the Duke's territories" must not be invaded ; and that the
differences between the French in Canada and tlie l^ew
York Iroquois ought to be settled by the " masters in Eu-
rope, to whom we should properly refer." And he added,
" I have ordered the coats of arms of his Royal Highness
the Duke of York, to be put up in the Indian castles,
which may dissuade you from acting any thing that may
create a misunderstanding between us." De la Barre at
* See copy translated and revised by Secretary Robert Livingston, of this " Proposition,"
or " Oration," in Col. Doc, iii., 3-iT, '41T, 41S, 50S, 509 ; Doc. Hist., i., 2C3, 2G4, 265. Col-
den, in his first edition, G3-C6, and in tlie ed. of 1755, i., 54-50, varies the wording.
t Golden (first ed.),CG-63, 74-77 (ed. .1755), i.,52-5S,C2-64; Col. Doc, iii., 503, 509 ; i.\.,
297, S02.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOE. 401
once dispatched the Sieur de Salvaye to Albany with an cn. vni.
answer to Donffan, that not the governors Of New York
aud Canada, but only the kings of England and France, 15 j , '
conld decide " about pretensions to the possession of lands." M la^
Yet, although the Cayugas and Senecas had claimed the answer.
Governor of New York as their " intercessor," those " rob-
bers, assassins, and traitors" would be attacked by the
French toward the end of August. De la Barre's messen-
ger came to Albany just as the Seneca delegates reached 5 August,
there, and was present at the conference with the two En-
glish governors, Dongan quickly sent liim back to Cana- August.^
da with a letter to De la Barre, that the French claim torep"!?"^^
the Iroquois coimtry by twenty-iive years' possession, and
sending Jesuit missionaries, was "very slender;" that he
wished a " good correspondence ;" but that as to all terri-
torial claims, he had referred them,"wit]i an entire sub-
mission, unto England,"*
Accordingly, on returning to the metropolis, Dongan 27 August,
sent Baxter, the commandant at Albany, to London, with to'Lon*don!
full accounts of what had just been done. Among other
events which happened diu-ing the governor's absence, the
Minisink sachems had appeared before the council, andssjuiy.
declared themselves under the government of New York.
The duke's commissioners approved of Dongan's doings 1 Novem.
with the Indians, " because they tend to the continuing that The dukes
good correspondence which hath hitherto been held with
them, and which is so necessary for the preservation of
your peltry trade." But they cautioned him "to act so
prudently" toward his European neighbors as to give them
" no just cause of complaint."!
In spite of Dongan, De la Barre persisted to attack the 14 August.
Senecas, and went to Fort Frontenac with all the force of Barre-s ex-
Canada, consisting of some twelve hundred men, who were againTthe
pompously reviewed. On his way up the Saint Lawrence, ^''°'i"°'^-
the governor was joined by James Lamberville, who
brought discouraging letters from his brother at Ononda- 10-is juiy.
ga, and by Millet, who now abandoned his mission at
Oneida. Lamber\nlle was sent back with friendly mes- 10 August.
sages to the Onondagas, and was followed by Charles lefoAug.
• Col. Doc, iii., 449-452, 473; ix.,242; Doc. Hist., i., 69-72; Col. MSS., xxxi., 157; Col-
den, 74; i., 02 ; Smith, i., 70. t CouncU Min., v., 93, 94; Col. Doc, iii., 351, 352.
II.— C c
402 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
ch. VIII. Moyne, who invited the Iroquois to meet Onnontio at " La
Famine," or the Sahnon River, and took back Teffancom-t,
"° ■ the Seneca ambassador, whom De la Barre had arrested at
Quebec. A detachment was also sent forward from Fort
Frontenac, to encamp at La Famine, so as to be " nearer
the enemy," and be able, by hunting and fishing, to refresh
the rest of the army.*
At Onondaga Le Moyne met Yiele, whom Dongan had
sent on horseback from Albany to warn the Five Nations
not to speak to the Canadians without his permission.
j^Ang. Dongan's messenger succeeded very well with the Mo-
hawks at Tionnontoguen, and with the Oneidas, "who
promised that they would not go near the French Govern-
i| Aug. or." But, when Yiele came to Onondaga, he was confront-
ed, in a council of that nation and the Oneidas and Cayu-
gas, by three French agents, much more able than himself.
These were, De la Barre's messenger, Charles le Moyne, or
Acossen, " the Partridge," with the Jesuit Father John de
Lamberville — whom the Iroquois had named Teiorensere,
which in their pictm'esque language meant " the dawning
of the day" — and his younger brother James, whom they
called Onnissantie. But Dongan's Dutch-English emis-
Vieie, or sary did his work badl}^ In the Iroquois council, Viele,
auhebn- wliom they called "Arie," spoke "like a master" to the
council. American owners of ]S"ew York, and told them that they
belonged to the King of England and the Duke of York ;
that their council-fires were lighted at Albany ; and that
they must not talk with the Governor of Canada. This
discourse offended the Onondagas, who rephed that they
would go and meet Onnontio. "You say we are sub-
jects of the King of England and the Duke of York, but
we say we are Brethren. We must take care of Ourselves.
Those arms fixed upon the post without the gate cannot
defend us against the arms of La BaiTe." Flattery and
presents from Canada had meanwhile gained over one of
the Onondaga chiefs named Outreouati, or Hoteouati, or
• Col. Doc, iii., 431, 445, 467, 473 ; ix., 172, 174, 234-230, 241, 242, 252-25G ; Doc. Hist.,
i., 74, 75, S3-8G ; Charlevoix, iL, 313, 314, 315 ; Shea's Charlevoix, iii., 248-251 ; Golden, !.,
64, ISl ; La Hontan, i., 39-43 ; Shea's Missions, 277, 313 ; ante^ 395. The Indian name of
La Famine^ now known as Salmon River, in Oswego County, was " Gainhouague." or " Kai-
hohnpe," where Frontenac had been invited to meet the Irotiuois in 1CS2 : Col. Doc, iii ,
431, 445 ; ix., 172, 174, 250 : Golden, 1,, 64, 65, ISl ; ante, 364. In Doa Hist., i., 03, it is in-
correctly called Hungry Ray, in Jefferson County.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOE. 403
Haaskoiiaim, whom the French called '■'■La Grande Gueule,^^ cn. vni.
because he had " the strongest head and loudest voice
among the Iroquois." A few words " whispered in his Grande *
ears" by the French ag-ents made the Indian orator use^"^"'*
•J o opposes
" high words" against Dongan's messenger. " Learn," said t^or'aer.
he, "that the Onondaga places liimself between Onnontio
his father, and the Seneca his brother, to hinder them from
fighting. 1 should have thought that Corlaer would have
placed himself behind me, and cried ' Courage, Onondaga,
do not let the father and the son kill each other.' I am
very much surprised that his envoy talks to me quite oth-
erwise. * * * I have two arms, one of which I extend to
Montreal, to support there the tree of peace ; the other is
on the head of Corlaer, who for a long time has been my
brother. Onnontio has been for ten years my father, and
Corlaer for a long time my brother ; and this, because I
have willed it so. Neither the one nor the other is my
master. He who made the world has given me the land The iro-
which I occupy. I am free. I have respect for both.
But nobody has the right to command me ; and nobody
should take it ill that I use every means to prevent the
land from being troubled. I cannot any longer put off
going to my father, since he has taken the trouble to
come to my gate, and has only reasonable propositions to
make to me." But, with " Iroquois cunning," the Ononda-
gas asked Le Moyne to have their conference with De la
Barre postponed until they could obtain Dongan's permis-
sion. This, however, was declined, and arrangements were
quickly made for an embassy to meet Onnontio at La
Famine.*
The news was soon carried to De la Barre, at Fort Fron- ce la
tenac, where affairs were now bad enough. Fever had so FortVl-on.
reduced himself and his forces, both there and at La Fa- ^°'''^'
mine, that it was out of the question to attack the Senecas.
The Western auxiharies assembled at Niagara were order-
ed to return home, and De la Barre hastened across the
lake to Salmon Biver. Some of the sick were sent back to
* Col. Doc, iv., 122 ; ix., 185, 242, 243, 251, 257, 25S, 3SC ; Col. MSS., xxxi., 159 ; Albany
Eec, xviil., 461 ; Doc. Hist., i.. 76, 87, 88 ; Charlevoix, ii., 315-317, 370, 371 ; Shea's Char-
levoix, iii., 351-353; Golden, 78-81 ; i., 65-67; La Hontan, i., 46, 125; Bancroft, ii., 421 ;
ante, 364, 396,398. As to the meaning of the Indian names of Lamherville and Millet,
compare Shea's Golden, 79, 80, 135, and Catholic Missions, 277 ; Golden (ed. 1755), i., 66,
114; Col. Doc, iii., 453; ix., 665 ; Rel. 1672, 12, 21 ; ante, 118.
and at La
Famine
404: HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cii. vni. Montreal, and messengers were dispatclied to hurry f or-
ward the Indian delegation fi'om Onondaga. Le Mojne,
sseptem. "^^^ ^^^® Onondagas, three Oneidas, and two Cayugas,
headed by Grande Gnenle, and the younger Garacontie,
soon came to La Famine. The French regaled them "^dth
abundant lake trout ; and a conference was appointed for
4Septem. ths ucxt day. De la Barre was tlien sitting in an arm-
atLaFa- chair, with his intei'pretei's and officers on each side, while
the L'oquois sat on the ground, " in the Oriental fashion,"
Bruyas's faciug the Freucli. Bruyas spoke for De la Barre ; Outre-
Dc la °' ouati, or Grande Gueule, and Garacontie for the Iroquois ;
and the Seneca Tegancourt was also present. In a bold
harangue, Bruyas, on the part of Onnontio, charged the
New York Iroquois with robbing and abusing the French
traders among the Illinois and Miamis, and with introduc-
ing the English into the lakes belonging to the King of
France ; and threatened to destroy the villages of the Five
Nations if they did not give satisfaction to the French.
Amazed that the "soft words" of Lamberville and Le
Moyne at Onondaga were turned into such threats at
Salmon River, Grande Gueule, who had all the while kept
his eye fixed on his calumet, or pipe of peace, arose, and,
after five or six turns around the French and Indian circle,
Grande replied witli telling sarcasm : " Onnontio, I honor you ;
repfytVoebut the Fivc ISTatious have not yet perished. I congratu-
late you that you have buried the murderous axe which
has been so often red with French blood. I see you
dreaming in a camp of sick men, whom the Great Spirit
has allowed to live. "We have introduced the English into
our Lakes to trade with the Ottawas and Hurons, just as
the Algonquins conducted the French to our Five Villages
to carry on a commerce which the English say belongs to
them. But we are born free. We no more depend on
Onnontio than on Corlaer. We can go where we will, to
take there what we think proper, and buy and sell as we
please. We have attacked the Illinois and Miamis, be-
cause they cut down the trees of Peace on our frontiers.
When we buried the axe in the middle of the Fort at Ca-
taracouy, in the presence of your predecessor, we thought
that the post would be a trading place, and not a garrison.
Take care that the tree of peace planted there be not
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 405
clicked by a crowd of your soldiers. Our warriors will not cn. viii.
dig up the liatchet until their Brothers, Onnontio or Cor-
laer, shall undertake to attack the countries which the
Great Spirit has allotted to our ancestors." On hearing
this speech, De la Barre retired to his tent, and began to
bluster. But in the afternoon he talked again for three
hours with the savages, and then agreed to a peace, of
which the main points were that his troops were to return
at once to Quebec, and that, in fighting tlie Illinois, the Iro-
quois were not to hurt the French. On this basis a formal 5 septcm.
De la
treaty was made. De la Barre hastened back to Canada, uarre's
whence the best report that he could send to France was. La Fa-
that his campaign had " not been bloody." Yet, with char- "octoiier.
acteristic folly, he declared that affairs in Europe alone
prevented him from marching against Dongan, " who fain
would assume to be sovereign Lord of the whole of North
America, south of the River Saint Lawrence."*
In later dispatches De la Barre laid the blame of his 13 Novem.
failure upon Dongan, who was " filled with chimerical pre- Dongan's*
tensions," which onght to be stopped by orders from the sions.-^""
King of England, or by force in America. But De Meul-
les, the intendant, declared that the governor had beeniooct.
fooled in the "most shameful manner" by a sycophantic
buffoon. The Chevalier Hector de Callieres, the newly- 0 Novem.
arrived governor of Montreal, also wrote that " the most camcrra-^s
intelligent in these parts believe this peace between us and °p'°'°°-
the Iroquois uncertain, until they be obliged to leave the
Illinois undisturbed."f
La Salle had meanwhile laid his case before the king,
and, supported by Frontenac and Zenobe, had convinced
Louis that the discovery of the Valley of the Mississippi was
not " very useless." So orders were sent to put La Salle 10 Apni.
again in possession of Fort Frontenac ; and he was charged
• Col. Doc, iii., 473; ix., 229-232, 23G-239, 242-2J8, 259 ; Doc. Hiet., i., 76-82, S9; La
Ilontan (ed. 1703), i., 43-57; Pinkerton, xiil, 273-27S; La Potheiie, ii., 157-105; iii., 57;
Charlevoix, ii., 317-319; Colden, 81-90; i., C7-73 ; Smitli, i., 71-77; ante,20d. La Hon-
tan Latinized " Grande Gueule" into Grangula; and Colden, in 1727, or his printer Brad-
ford, transformed La Hontan's "Grangula" into Garongula. Colden also took the liberty
of altering the well-known Onnontio to " Yonnondio." Charlevoix, who charges La Ilon-
tan with irreUgion, spite, and invention, also ens in saying that llaaskouaun, or "Grande
Gueule," was a Seneca, when he was an Onondaga; and that "La Famine" got its name
from the distress of De la Barre'a troops in 1684, when it was so known in 1682 : compare
Charlevoix, ii., 319, 371 ; iii., 172 ; vi., 408, 409 ; Col. Doc, ix., 172, 174; ante, 304.
t Col. Doc, ix., 222, 244-264 ; Doc. Hist., i., 79-91 ; Cli»rlevoix, ii., 318, 321 ; La Hontau,
i.,57.
400 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOKK.
cu. vm. to begin the colonization of '''"Louisiana)'' under the French
fijovernment. La Salle's commission from Louis made him
Loubiana commauder " from Fort Saint Louis on the River of the
14 April. Illinois, unto New Biscay."*
10 April. De la Barre was also instructed to enforce the ordi-
" Loafing" nances, to punish all "vagabond and loafing Frenchmen"
men in who should, witliout permissiou, emigrate from Canada
■ " to Orange, Manatte, and other places belonging to the
English and Dutch." But he might attack the Iroquois,
31 July, and Louis gave him this extraordinary order : " To dimin-
ish as much as possible the number of the Iroquois, and
Louis or- moreover as these savasres, who are very strong and robust,
dcrs robust o / t/ cd j
Iroquois to Will scrvc usef uUy in my galleys, I will that you do every
Ills galleys, tiling in your power to make a great number of them pris-
oners of war, and have them embarked by every opportu-
nity that shall offer in order that they be conveyed to
France." These instructions were a week in De la Barre's
hands, when, at Salmon River, instead of making Iroquois
prisoners, he was glad to escape from the sarcastic elo-
quence of Grande Giieule. But they led his successor
into one of the worst errors ever committed by a Canadian
sijiiiy. governor. The king also directed Barillon, his ambassa-
dor at London, to ask the Duke of York to prohibit Doii-
gan from aiding the Iroquois, and order him to act in con-
cert with De la Barre, " to the common advantage of both
nations." No such ordei^, however, were, or could be
1 Novem. given at Wliitehall, where Dongan's policy was cautiously
^ ''''=''"• but fully sustained.!
On his return from Salmon River, Garakontid hastened
September, to Albany witli ncws of De la Barre's wonderful treaty
with the Five Nations. Dongan had gone down to New
The iro- York ; but the commissioners at Albany rebuked the sav-
to't°aik°vith ages for visiting Onnontio without the leave of Corlaer.
b"t°by "* " We are sorry and ashamed," answered the Onondagas,
uoiiae°r. " f or now wc Understand that the Governor of Canada is
not so great a man as the English King that lives on the
other side of the great water ; and we are -sexed for liav-
• Col. Doc.,ix., 201,213-223, 22.5, 233, 411; La Hontan, i., 7, S; Charlevoix, ii, 2S7, ."24,
436; iii., 2 ; She.Vs Discovery, 1S5-1SS, 207 ; Sparks's La Salle, 109-113 ; Hist. Coll. Loii., i.,
25-34, 37-44 ; Garneau, i., 245, 24G; ante, 37S.
t Col. Doc, iii., 351, 3.52, 353 ; v., 731 ; ix., 200, 203, 222-225, 2.'?2-234. 24^, 250; Doc. lli^f.,
i., 72, 73; Charlevoix, ii., 320, 321 ; La lloutan, i„ 57, 02, OS; Coldcn, i., 24:>, 250 ; anU\ UC9.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVEKI!<UK. 407
ing given the GoYernor of Canada so many fine wampum ch. vin.
The postponed affairs of Pemaquid were now resumed. pemaqui(i
The block-house at Merrymeeting was ordered to be im- 8 septem.
mediately raised and garrisoned, and the duke's quit-rents
" in the County of Cornwall" to be collected. Giles God- 12 septcm.
dard, the representative of the county in the New York As-
sembly, was also made a captain of its militia, and commis- 22 October.
sioned to be its surveyor of land.f
Some of the inliabitants of Esopus, in the new " County
of Ulster," having petitioned the governor for the right to
choose their own town ofiicers, were bound over to keep is Febr'y.
the peace, because they were held to have committed " a riotei"!
riot," according to English law. Bail was given, and the e June,
petitioners were fined. But upon acknowledging that they e septem.
had been " ill advised," they were relieved.:}:
The magistrates at Southold, having fined l^athaniel Eastiiamp-
Baker, of Easthampton, " only for bringing home an ox of tmt™."^"
his, on the Sunday," were ordered to show cause before the 5 May.
governor, and, on doing so, were " referred to law." The
house of the Lutheran minister Arensius having been as- Arensius.
sessed by the Corporation of New York as that of " a pri-
vate person," the governor and council declared their opin- c septem.
ion that it should be as free and exempted from taxes as
those of the Dutch and French ministers."§
The Reverend Josias Clarke, who had been commission- le June.
ed by the duke to succeed Gordon as chaplain to the garri- ciarke
son, was engaged in a humane and interesting act soon aft- "^ '"^ "'"'
er he i-eached his post. Among the passengers who had
come over in the ship Seaflower, from Scotland, was David
Jamison, who had been liberally educated, but held opin-
ions which led him to join a company of enthusiasts called
" Sweet Singers," who denounced the creeds of Christians, |J^%rs.
and the Protestant version of the Bible. Having been ex-
amined before the Duke of York, at Edinburgh, Jamison it May.
was ordered to be sent to America ; and Doctor George jamisoa
Lockhart, one of the owners of the Seaflower, in which he
came, was authorized to sell him, as a " Eedemptioner," to
* Col. Doc., ix., 259, 261 ; Doc. Hist., i., 89, 91; Golden (first ed.), 90.
t Col. MSS., xxxiii., 40, 4S, 01 ; xxxiv., IT, 18, 32 (ii.), 2 ; Maine H. S. Coll., v., 104-lOT ;
anfc 394. t Council Min., v., 48, 49 ; Col. MSS., xxxi., 115, 149, 180.
§ Do';. Hist., iii., 213, 240; Council Min., v., 81; Col. MSS., xxxi., 93, 1T3; ante, 2T3.
408 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
ch. viir. any one who would pay the cost of his passage. With the
impulses of a scholar, Clarke at once paid the demand,
vu'^ft "^^'l^ich the " chief men of the place" quickly reimbursed
to the duke's liberal Episcopal chaplain ; and the exiled
Jamison Scotch " Swcct Singer" was set to teach a Latin school in
Latin^^ * New York, " which he attended some time, with great in-
New York, dustry and success."*
13 October. At the usual time, new aldermen and common council-
councii°of men were chosen for the six wards of the metropolis, ac-
New York. (,Qpjjj-,g ^q ^j^g u fQpjjj g^^^jj motliod" agreed to by Dongan
the autumn before. The governor, in whose hands the ap-
pointment of mayor rested, made a grateful concession to
the old Dutch feeling by allowing seven persons to be
M October, named to him, from which he chose Gabriel Minvielle to
be the new mayor.f
21 October The sccoud meeting of the New York Assembly was
29 October, licld, accordiug to adjom-nment, and Matthias Nicolls con-
sembiy of" tiuucd to bc its Speaker. But, in place of Secretary Spragg,
ince!"^''^" Robert Hammond was appointed clerk. Thirty-one laws
were passed by the Assembly and assented to by the gov-
ernor. Among tliem was an act to confirm previous judg-
ments, and to abolish the General Court of Assizes, The
Revenue Bill was also amended, in conformity to the
"hint" of the duke's commissioners. An act was also
passed "for the encouragement of Trade and Navigation
within this Province," which laid a duty of ten per cent,
upon all goods imported into New York from any other
vrovinciai colouy whcrc such goods were not produced. The object
^vigation ^^ ^j^.^ -j^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ prevent the " refractory" people of
Southold and other towns at the east of Long Island, who
were " very loath to have any commerce" with the me-
tropolis, from " carrying their oil to Boston, and bringing
goods from thence into this Government.":}:
• Col. Doc, Hi., 352, 415; iv., 400,429, 442, 823; v.,4TS; Doc. nist.,ii., 14; iii.,73,245;
Deeds, viii., 31; Col. MSS., xxxi., 14T; xxxii., 29, 42 ; xxxiii., 75, 90, 304; xx.^iv. (ii.), 23-
33 ; Biiniet, i., 52C ; Wodrow, iii., 348-355 ; iv., 85 ; Crooksbank, ii., 135, 272 ; Whitebead's
K. J. Contributions, 38-40, 367; Secret Services, Ch. II. and J.ic. II., SS; ante, 374.
t Col. MSS.,xxxiii., 57, 65; Min. of Com. Council, i., 267, 270; V.il. Man., 1853, 331, 3SS;
ante, 390. There is much curious and valuable information, which I liave not the ppace to
reproducp, in the N. Y. Common Council and Surrogate's Records; among; other things, a
report about Fort James : compare Val. Jlan., 1855, 551-553 ; 1804,636,637; Wills, lv.,1-
15 ; Col. Doc, 390, 301 ; Col. MSS , xxxiii., 15 ; xxxiv., )., 23, 24.
t Council Journ., i.. Int. xii., xiii. ; Wood, 90. 101 ; Tliouippon, i., 102; DalyVs Sketch, 31 ;
Col. Doc, iii., 341, 349, 355, 389, 391, 3'J9, 402, 797 ; v., 5S; Couu. Miu,, v., 51, 52, 103, lOS;
ante, 3S4.
aud
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 409
The Court of Assizes having " ceased and determined," ch. viii.
was replaced by the Court of Oyer and Terminer, of which
Nicolls and Palmer had been appointed judges. After his comt^'of '
dismissal from the government of New Jersey, Eudyard i^^J^'^^i
came to New York, and, having been a London lawyer, ^^fyf^j
Avas commissioned by Dongan " to act on all occasions" as
the duke's attorney general. It was also ordered that aicFebr'y.
Court of Chancery, to consist of the governor and his coun- chanceiy.
oil, should be held on the first Thursday of every second
month in the year, and Dongan appointed John Spragg to 20 Decem.
be master of the rolls, and John Knight and Recorder
James Graham to be its clerks. Under liis Yice-Admiral-
ty Commission from the Lord High Admiral in English
Plantations, the governor appointed Justice Palmer, of the so May.
Oyer and Terminer, to be judge, in place of Collector
Santen, Secretary Spragg, register, and John Cavalier,
marshal. Dongan, however, following the practice of his
predecessors, acted as surrogate, before whom wills made in surrogate.
the proAdnce were proved.*
Judge Palmer was soon afterward sworn a counselor. 1 oecom.
Jan Jansen Bleecker, and Johannes Wendell, who had long
been magistrates, were also appointed captains of infantry is Decem.
at Albany, and Peter Schuyler lieutenant of horse. The
people at the east of Long Island continued to give the
governor much trouble ; and he was obliged to tell them 2-1 Decem.
that they would " neither be easy themselves, nor suffer and'tioub-
others to be so." In spite of the Na-vigation Law of their
own province, they would smuggle and carry on illicit
trade with Boston. Dongan and his council were there- 1685.
fore forced to determine that "the inhabitants of East-^^^^"'-
hampton having refused to sell their oil and commodities,
unless Boston money was given for it, or pieces of eight
equivalent to them, and several abuses committed to the
prejudice of His Majesty's Customs' revenue being inform-
ed of. Ordered that a Proclamation be sent, prohibiting all
* Col. Doc , iii., S51, 352, 3S9, 412, 414 ; iv., 847 ; Council Min., v., 47, 4S, 49, 8G, 142 ; Col.
MSS., xxxii., 32 ; xxxlii., 77, 79, 216 ; xxxiv., 3, 12, 13, 14, 21 ; Commissions, i., 61 ; N. Y.
Surrogate's Office, Wills, i., ii. ; Wood's Long Island, 90, 101, 102 ; Whitehead's E. Jersey,
99, 124. 125 ; teaming and Spicer, ir7 ; Daly's Sketch, 31, 32, 51, 52 ; Revised Laws, 1813,
ii., App. ix. ; antr, 3SG, 332. Judge Daly, in his Sketch, p. 30, 51, does not appear to have
known that the \ew York Courts of Admiralty were appointed by the several governors, un-
der their separate crmmissions from the Duke of York as Lord High Admir.al of the En-
glish Pl.nntations : finfc, 319. When James became king, he gave his governor a larger
commission : Col. Doc., liL, 380, 540 ; po.-it^ 452.
410 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1685
2 Febr'y.
cu. viii. vessels to come and trade at any port but the City of New
York."*
The Coi-poration of the City of New York now voted
that their governor should be " treated with," to confirm to
it all the vacant land in and about the metropolis, as far as
low-water-mark, and all the other franchises which it claim-
23 March, cd. Dongau and his comicil soon afterward charged the
tu^aoT' Mayor of New York " not to give freedom to any but such
xew lork ^^ ^^,^ qualified by Act of Assembly, and will give security
to give ' scott and lott' for three years." This was in con-
formity with the ancient Dutch practice, which maintained
that all traders must keep " fire and light" at home, and
made the "hearth-stone" the only test of a multifarious
citizenship, t
The proprietors of East Jersey, relying on the Duke of
York's release to them of the 14th of March, 1683, had
meanwhile revived the claim to Staten Island, which Lady
Carteret had made in 1681. Their agents "dispersed
printed papers" to the disturbance of the inhabitants and
staten laudowucrs there, so that even Judge Palmer thought it
prudent to secure his 0"wn title by obtaining additional pat-
ents from the Jersey proprietors. Dongan is said to have
done the same. Yet it was notorious that, after that island
had been " adjudged to belong to New York" in 1668, it
had been bought for the duke by Lovelace in April, 1670 ;
and that in March, 1683, the East Jersey Assembly had
conceded it to New York, by not including the island in
either of the four counties then established. With full
knowledge of the duke's release, Dongan had approved the
law of November, 1683, which declared the New York
County of Kichmond to contain " all Staten Island" and
the adjoining islands.
1 pQA Samuel Winder; the former prosecutor of Collector Dy-
9 Febr'y.' BY, was accordiugly commissioned to be clerk and register
of that county, and directed to collect the quit-rents due
23 Febr'y. withiu it ; and Philip Wells, the surveyor general of the
dutiet^ province, was ordered to lay out all the lands on Staten
Island, according to each owner's patent. Thomas Love-
* Council Min., v., 100, 103, 108 ; Col. MSS., xxxiii., 81, 97, 103.
t Min. of Com. Coun.,i..27-2; Council Min., v., 107; Col. MSS., xxxiii., 104; a?i<c,vol. i.,
628,004,740; ii., 391. Hoffman docs not notice, iu his Treatise, tliis application of tho
Common Council of the cily.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 411
lace, the sheriff of Staten Island, was afterward directed ch. viii.
to summon all persons not having land titles before the
governor and council.* The metropolitan memorial iniDecem."
March, 1684, praying the duke to reannex East Jersey, ap-
pears to have brought the question to a crisis. "Because
of some rumors I have met with," replied James to Don- 20 August.
gan, " as if some of yom* neighbors, under colour of grants no "inno-
from myself, or upon some other groundless pretences, en- the uud-
deavour all they can to obstruct the trade of New York to be W-
and Albany, I think it fit hereby to recommend that to you
in an especial manner, that you may not suffer any innova-
tion within that river." The next day, Werden added, 2: August,
with reference to a proposed sale of Billop's plantation on
Staten Island, opposite Amboy, that Dongan should " en-
deavor to procm'e some inhabitant of ISTew York rather to
buy it, than suffer any of those of New Jersey to doe it ;
but whosoever buys land in that Island, it being under
yom* government, he must be liable, as well as others, to
the laws thereof." Not long afterward, when the claim of
the East Jersey proprietors had been reported, "Werden
wrote more distinctly, " Staten Island, without doubt, be- l^^'^J^^^^j
longs to the Duke; for if Sir George Carteret had had and "with.
right to it, that would have been long since determined, teioDgs to
and those who broach such fancies as may disturb the
quiet of possessions in that Island are certainly very inju-
rious to the Duke, and we think have no colour for such
pretences." This was written by the duke's secretary, who
witnessed his release to the proprietors of East New Jersey,
and knew its true intent, f
But when Perth, and Mackenzie, and Drummond —
the Scotch proprietors of East Jersey, and the personal
friends of the duke — heard that Dongan had proposed that
their colony should be brought again under the govern-
ment of New York, they spoke to James, whom they found
to be " verie just, and to abhorr the thoughts of allowing
* Col. MSS., xxxiii., 69 ; xxxiv., 11. On 2T August, 1GS4, Elizabeth, widow of the late
Governor Philip Carteret, petitioned Dongan for some meadow-land on the island, formerly
granted to her husband by the Xew York governors : Col. MS.S., xxxi., 1G4 ; Hist. Mag., x.,
297-299 ; ante, 150, 166, 350, 359, 369, 371, 3SG.
t Col. Doc, iii., 348, 349, 350, 352, 354; Col. MSS., xxxiii , 69; xxxiv., 14; Council Min.,
v., 102 ; Chalmers's Ann., i., 621, 628 ; Learning and Spicer, 141-150, 229, 687; Whitehead's
East Jersey, 124, 216,217; Contributions, 94; Eastern Boundary, 30, 43, 44,49, 50; Index
N. J. Col. Doc., 115; an'e, 392.
412
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Cn. VIII.
1684.
22 August.
Perth's
letter to
Dongan.
1685.
13 Feb'y.
Uongiin's
reply.
18 Feb'5'.
Dongan
complains
of New
Jersey.
1684.
8 May.
26 Septem.
10 October.
Connecti-
cut bound-
ary ar-
ranged.
1685.
23 Feb'y.
any thing to be done contrary to what he hath past under
]iis hand and seall." They also discoursed with his com-
missioners at London, whom they supposed they had con-
vinced " of the reasons which induce us not to yield to such
a proposall." Accordingly, they wrote fi-om Edinburgh " a
very angry letter" to Dongan, in which they desired him to
"lay aside all thoughts of attempting what may reflect
upon the justice or honour of your master, or may give us
just reason to complain." Dongan, " mightily surprized" at
this letter, replied that he had only done his duty in repre-
senting to the duke " the great iuconveniencies of having
two distinct governments upon one River, yours having the
advantage of being some leagues nearer the sea than we
are. Your agents have dispersed printed papers, to the
disturbance of the inliabitants of Staten Island. It hath
been in the possession of his Koyal Highness above twenty
years (except the little time the Dutch had it), purchased
by Governor Lovelace from the Indians in the time of Sir
George Carteret, without any pretences, 'till your agents
made claime to it." At the same time, Dongan wrote to
Werden, that if vessels were allowed to come to Amboy
without entering at New York, it would be impossible to
prevent smugghng into Staten Island. "The Quakers
making continual pretences to Staten Island disturbs the
people. More than two hundred families are settled on it.
And in case his Royal Highness cannot retrieve East Jer-
sey, it will doe well to secure Hudson's River, and take
away all claim to Staten Island."*
If New York was troubled about New Jersey, she was
quieted about Connecticut. Under the agreement of No-
vember, 1683, Dongan appointed commissioners to meet
those of Connecticut, to lay out a boundary-line between
the two colonies. The joint commissioners accordingly
met at Stamford, and went to the Byram River. From
there they surveyed the proper courses, of which they made
a map and i*eport. These having been approved by the
council of New York, Dongan met Treat at Milford. The
two go^■ernors there signed a ratification, which was order-
• Col. Doc., iii., SiS, 353, 354, 3.'56 ; Chalmers's .\nn., i., C27, C'2S, 629 ; Whitehend's K. J.,
214-217; Clarke's James 11., i, T31. Chalmers conjectures Ih.at Dongnn's "•spirited an-
swer" to Lord Perth " probably contributed t<> procure his recall" in IGSS. This may be .so ;
Lut the real reason.s will be afterward explained; pas', 501.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 413
ed to be recorded in botli colonies, and which was confirm- cn. vni.
ed in England fifteen years afterward.*
While at Milf ord, Dongan had conferred with Treat p^^jj^j ^^l
about establishing a regular post between New York and ^'*^'■^•
the neighboring British colonies as far eastward as Bos-
ton. The project had been started by Lovelace in 1673, but,
owing to the Dutch war and other causes, it fell through,
although Massachusetts afterward appointed a local post-
master at Boston. Dongan had proposed to set up post-
houses along the coast fi-om Carolina to Nova Scotia ; and 1684.
Werden instructed him to offer the privilege for a term of ^f August,
years to any one Avho would farm it from the duke, whose
title to the profits of the English post-office was held to
include all the British plantations. The governor, on his 1685.
return from Connecticut, accordingly ordained in the New ^^o^'fJi'
York Council, " that for the better correspondence between ^"^^i^^^
the colonies of America, a post-office be established ; and ^y New
that the rates for riding post be per mile three pence ; for
every single letter, not above one hundred miles, three
pence ; if more, proportionably."t
Although the eastern boundary of New York was now
arranged with Connecticut, her frontier toward Massachu-
setts remained unsettled. That colony had insisted that Massachu-
her territory extended westward beyond the Hudson Kiver. bonndaiy.
The second grant of the king to the Duke of York in 1674,
by which he again gave him all the lands between the
ECudson and the Connecticut Elvers, was disregarded by
Massachusetts ; and Dongan notified Werden that he ex- is Feb-y.
pected a dispute with that colony about them, it " pretend-
ing all along to the south sea, as Connecticut did." The
governor accordingly commissioned Clerk West to claim, ciaim? of
on behalf of the duke, Westfield, Northampton, Deerfield, on tiie cou.
and other towns, which Massachusetts had organized with- Rher."'
in his territory of New York, on the west side of the Connec-
ticut Biver. But proceedings under this commission were
made unnecessary by what had just been done in England.:};
• Council Min., v., 2i?., 244; Col. Doc, Hi., 355; iv.,C28-G30; Col. Ktc. Conn., iii., 142,
1T6, 33T-339 ; Trumbull, i., 365, SCO, 401 ; New York Boundary Report, Sen. Doc, 1S5T, No.
165, T, 9, 45, 113, 114 ; Smith, i., 2ST; ante, 3S9.
t Col. Doc, iii., 340, 350, 355, 350 : Council Min., v., 106; Val. Man., 1S57, 542, 543; Mass.
Rec, v., 147, 148, 273 ; P.ilfrey, iii., 306 ; Rapin, ii., 635; Anderson, ii., 475; ante, 4, 196-198.
t Col. Doc, iii., 112, 240, 856; Ti.,50S; vii., 5G4, 508; viii.,440; Mass. Rec, iv. (i.), 305,
306 ; (ii.), 54S, 558, 570 ; C. WoUey, 70, nute ; ante, 188.
4:14 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cn. vni. jjj ^i^Q mean time, political convulsions, which quickly
-J poo affected the British colonies in America, had disturbed
their motherland. A conspiracy against the lives of her
sovereign and his heir was detected; which, because it
had been hatched at a small farm near London, of that
The Rye- name, was commonly called The Rye-House Plot. Sever-
' al Whigs — some of high social rank — were implicated, con-
demned, and executed. Among these victims were the pa-
trician Lord William Russell, and the nobler Algernon Sid-
ney. To exliibit its subserviency, the University of Oxford
siJuiy. decreed that "the badge and character" of the Episcopal
Church of England was absolute "submission and obedi-
ence" to her voluptuous king. Sir George Jeffreys, a bru-
tal, impudent lawyer, who had been the Duke of York's
solicitor general, was paid for his devotion to his patron by
28 septem. being made lord chief justice of the " Defender of the
chief jut. faith" of Protestant Englishmen. The " Franchise" of the
gland. ' City of London was adjudged to be " seized into the King's
hands." Almost every corporation within his realm was
deprived of its charter. The despotic power which Charles
the Second now grasped in England was clearly demon-
strated.
Yet the head of the Episcopalian English Church saw
that he must give some pledge to his subjects for the secu-
rity of their Protestantism. Charles tlierefore insisted that
his brother's only remaining legitimate child, the Princess
Anne — wlio, hke her elder sister Mary, had been nurtured
a Protestant — should be married, like her, to a Protestant
husband. As the Prince of Orange was a Calvinist, it was
thought desirable that the next son-in-law should be a Lu-
theran. The Crown Prince of Hanover — who afterward
became King George the First of England — was discussed
The Piin- as a fitting match. But, on farther consideration. Prince
marriedTo Gcorgc of Denmark — whose recommendations were his
GeOTge of dullness and his Lutheranism — was preferred. The Duke
Denmark. ^£ Yox\ — uot yct despairing of a Roman Catholic male
heir — ungraciously agreed to liis daughter's marriage;
23 July, which was solemnized to the satisfaction of most British
subjects.
1CS4. The king rewarded his brother's submission by dispens-
ing with the " Test Act" in his favor, and by restoring to
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 415
him his old office of Lord High Admiral of England, which ch. viii.
that law had forced him to resign in 1673, Soon after- ^^^.
ward, Charles called the duke back again to his Privy ^ -^^^ '
Council. These bold steps awoke jealousy; and even ^^j^^^^^-^^
startled Tories balked at Oxford as they questioned the ^^^^^^'
right of their anointed sovereign to violate a statute of the ^"^' ^^'^
O o James re-
realm. But the season for Revolution had not come, fto^^e^'o
his omces.
God's field was not yet harrowed enough. In the fallow
meantime, the sycophants of absolutism rejoiced. "And
now," wrote James, in his own private memoirs, " the King
had brought his affairs to a more happy situation than ever
they had been since the Restoration : — He saw his enemies
at his feet, and the Duke, his brother, at his side, whose in-
defatigableness in business took a great share of that bur-
then off his shoulders, which his indolent temper made un-
easy to him."*
"Wliile these events shook England, the proceedings of
the fii'st Assembly in New York were brought over by
Talbot to "Werden. The duke's commissioners proposed New York
several amendments to the revenue part of the charter; ^^^^'
and "Werden suggested to Dongan that they had better be lo March.
passed at the next meeting of the Assembly. This, as has
been seen, was done.f
Several months afterward, James wrote to Dongan, "My 26 August.
o ' J James's'
commissioners are making what dispatch they can with letter to
those Bills that you have sent hither, and particularly with
that which contains the Franchises and Priviledges to the
Colony of New Yorke, wherein if any alterations are made
(either in the forme or matter of it) they will be such as
shall be equally or more advantageous to the people there,
and better adjusted to the^aw^s of England." At length,
all the amendments thought necessary were completed, and 4 October.
the duke " signed and sealed the Charter of Franchises and signs the
Priviledges to New Yorke in America." The instrument charter.
• Clarke's James II., i., T38-74G; ii., 81; Dalrymple, i., 23-62; Burnet, i., 53T-5S3 ;
Eeresby, 163-183 ; Eapin, ii., 725-134; Tindal, iv.,534; Kennett, iii., 408-423; Evelyn, ii.,
186-206 ; Narcissus Luttrell, i., 272, 307 ; Hume, vii., 153-172 ; Lingard, xiii., 275-311 ; xiv.,
89; Macaulay, i., 268-271; Kniglit, iv., 367-376; Campbell's Chancellors, iii., 509, 527;
Martin's Louis XIV., ii., 27; Hargraves's State Trials, iii., 545-630, 706-824; ante, 201, 341,
373.
t Col. Doc, iii., 340, 341, 355; Chalmers, l, 585; CouncilJoum., i.. Int., xiii. ; ante, 3S7,
408. It was rumored, about this time, at Boston and Philadelphia, that the duke had sold
New York to "one Colonel Thompson," prob.ably Major Robert Thompson, of London, the
friend of Massachusetts and Connecticut : see Col. Doc, iii., 355; Mass. Rec, v., 408, 409,
420, 467 ; Col. Rec. Conn., ii., 344, 528; Hutch. Coll., 473 ; ante, 257, 286.
416 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF KEW YORK.
ciL viii. was ordered to be registered and taken to New York. In
■ the mean time, " His Royal Hie-lmesses' Charter" was con-
1 Notem ' sidered to be in full operation. Indeed, under Dongan's
instructions, every colonial law assented to by him, as this
had been, was " good and binding" mitil the duke's nega-
tive should be signified. But before the amended charter
was made "complete and irrevocable" by being sent to
New York, great changes happened.'"'
Dudley and Richards, the agents sent by Massachusetts
to England, had meanwhile found that their colony must
either submit to her king, or be deprived of his father's
royal charter, as the City of London had been of hers.
In vain did they try to obtain a pardon for " all passed
offences" from their licentious sovereign by a bribe of two
thousand guineas, which the authorities at Boston had fru-
gally authorized them to contribute " for his Majesty's pri-
The Massa- vate scrvice." But the Boston agents found that they had
agents foil- not guiueas enough to satisfy the Duchess of Portsmouth ;
ed m Lon- ^^^^ ^|^g t.i dclicatc transaction" was managed so awkward-
ly, by offering a Massachusetts price to " the wrong per-
son," that the Puritanical tempters were laughed out of
Whitehall. It did not please the Almighty "that devo-
tional prayers, associated with such unholy exertions, should
prevail."!
Charles do- The king now determined to make void his father's pat-
q^udi Mas" cut to the Corporatiou of Massachusetts Bay by a writ of
sac usetts. q^^ Warvaiito, as advised by Jones and Winnington, his at-
torney and solicitor, in 1678. That colony was in a dilem-
ma. She was either an independent sovereignty, or else
the creature of her king. Yet, while Massachusetts affect-
ed independence, she insisted Idiat, as an English corpora-
tion, she had properly used the delegated authority of her
sovereign. On the other hand, Charles thought that those
subjects who controlled his colony had abused their corpo-
♦ Col. Doc. iii., 332, 34S, 351; Chalmers's Ann., i., 5SS; S. P. O., Board of Trade, N. Y.
Entries, No. 49, p. 50; ajifc, 3S3. The official record is as follows: "MD: That this day
the 4'h October 1G84 His Royal Highness tiig7iccl and sealed the Charter of Franchises and
Privilcdgcs to Neio Yorke in America ; lohichieas countersigned by Sir John ]Ye)-den in the
^tsuall formci and sent the same evening to the Auditor (Mr. Aldworth) to be Registred by
him, and then to he delivered to Capt. Talhotl to carry to New Yoike." Tliis interesting
document was iniblished for the first time in tlie Historical Magazine for August, 1S62, vol.
vi., page 233.
t Hutch. JIass., i., ,337; Chalmers's Ann., i., 413, 450-402; Clarke's James II., i., 730-
738; Kennett, iii.,4n5, 403; Macaulay, i., 2G4, 209; Bancroft, ii., 123; Darry, i., 474; Gra-
hamc, i.,3J7; Palfrey, iii., 350, 30S-370, 410, 411 ; a)i/f, 3G0.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOE. 417
rate privileges. If they had done so by excluding from cn. vni.
the freedom of their corporation those who did not " agree
in the Congregational way," or by other methods, it was his
duty to resume the authority of the crown. The king's
idea of a proper charter for an English colony in America
may be inferred from the patent which he had just before
granted to William Penn. The time had come when the
government of Massachusetts should be made at least as
liberal as that of Pennsylvania. Randolph, who had been
ordered home from Boston, accordingly charged the Cor- 13 June.
poration of Massachusetts with assuming unwarranted pow-
ers ; evading the Navigation Laws ; opposing the Episco-
pal Church of England ; and with various other offenses
against British sovereignty. Sir Robert Sawyer, the attor-
ney general, thereuj)on prosecuted a w^rit of '•'■Quo War- 11 zym^.
rantd''' in the King's Bench, to inquire into the alleged warranto
abuses. After various delays the proceedings in the Com-
mon-law com't were dropped, and a more searching writ 1684:.
of '•'■Scire Faciai'' in Chancery was issued. This was fol- le Apru.
lowed by a second, or " alias''' writ ; upon the return of 12 May.
whicl], the defendant not appearing, Lord Keeper Guilford,
after hearing counsel, decreed, " ?^^s^'," in Trinity Term, that 21 June.
the Massachusetts patent "be vacated, cancelled and an-chusetts"
nihilated, and into the said court restored, there to be can- ceied.
celled." In the following Michaelmas Term final judg-
ment was entered in Chancery, and the Cor23oratioii of 23 October.
Massachusetts was dead.*
Thus, by the decree of the Keeper of the English Great
Seal, a corporation, to which his official predecessor had
given technical life, was annihilated. The separate name
of Massachusetts no longer existed legally ; and that part
of New England which had been governed under the pat-
ent of Charles the First was left to the discretion of Charles
the Second. The only English power that could review
the judgment in Chancery was the House of Lords ; and
that house was not hkely to reverse the decree. It now
* Mass. n. S. Coll., xxi., 9C; xxxii., 24G-278, 2r3, 294, 295; Mass. Eec., v., 382-468;
Hutch. Mass., i., 337-340 ; ChalraeiB's Ann., i., 405, 414, 415, 440, 462 ; Rev. Col., i., 133, 134,
173 ; Palmer's Impartial Account, 10-12 ; Force's Tracts, iv., No. 9, p. 4, No. 71, p. 5, G; N.
I.uttrell, 1., 274 ; Barry, i., 474-478; Bancroft, il, 124-127 ; Palfrey, iii., 371-394 ; Col. Doc,
iii., 3.50, .578. ,579; ante, 316, 337,349. In the same Trinity Term, 16S4, judgment was given
against the Bermuda's corporation, chiefly because the inhabitants of those islands were op-
posed to tlie Church of Kngland ; Hutch. Mass., i., 336; Anderson's Col. Ch., ii., 87, 334, 335.
IL— D D
418 IIISTOEY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
ch. vni. became necessary for the king to determine how his siib-
jects in Massachusetts should be ruled. The point, which
Novem. ^'^^ " carcf ullv investigated" by his Privy Council, was,
Sle^privy whether the English system of representation in Parlia-
conncii. ment should prevail in America, or whether the colonists >
should be governed directly by the Crown. Sir Wilham
Jones, the deceased attorney general, had maintained that
Charles could no more levy taxes on his colonial subjects
"without their consent by an Assembly, than they could
discharge themselves from their allegiance to the English
crown." At the same time, Jones maintained that the
British Parhament "might rightfully impose taxes on ev-
ery dominion of the crown."
These principles had been adopted by the king in his re-
cent charter to Pennsylvania in 1681. Under the Eoyal
Instructions to Cranfield in 1682, New Hampshire enjoyed
a popular Assembly. In August, 1683, Charles had recog-
nized such an Assembly in Virginia, by his Instructions to
Lord Howard of Effingham. And now, in council at
Arf^ment Wliiteliall, tho Marouis of Halifax arg-ued that the laws of
ofllalifax. t-iiii •!•« Tfi-i
England ought to prevail m " a country composed or En-
glishmen." He urged that an absolute government was
neither as happy nor as stable as one in which the authori-
ty of the prince was limited ; and he plainly declared that
he could not live under a king who had the power to take
at pleasure the money he might have in his pocket. But
the Lord Privy Seal stood alone. James and all the other
counselors " strongly withstood" Hahfax's arguments, and
maintained that the king should govern such distant
countries " in the way which might appear to him the
most convenient to maintain the mother country in the
state in which she is, and to augment still more her power
Decision and wealth." So it was determined that the governor and
England, couucil iu Ncw England " should not be obliged to call
Assemblies of the whole country to lay taxes, and regulate
other important matters, but that they should do what they
might jndge proper, without rendering an account of it,
except to the king."*
* Barillon's dispatch to Louis XIV., 7 Dec., 1CS4, inFox'sJamesII.,59, 60, App.vii., viii.;
Chalmera's Ann., i., n4r>, 340, 41C, 404, 4!J5, 403, 497, CS6, 690 ; Rev. Col., i., 173, 174, 309 ;
Force's Tracts, iv.^ No. 9, p. 45, 46 ; Mather's Magnnlia, i., ITS ; nrahnme, i., 2r)5 ; BiimPt,
i., 396, 532; Lingard, xiii., 310; Macaulay, i., 272 ; Palfrey, iii., 395, 514; ante, 340, did.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR 419
This decision of the English Council was momentous, cn.vin.
The period of royal American corporations had passed
away. It was now settled that, in all colonies where it
was convenient, the king's sovereignty was to be resumed,
and his direct government established. As no Parliament
had met in England for three years, its power to interfere
with English Plantations was disregarded. To carry out
Charles's arbitrary but simple policy, it was necessary for
him carefully to choose his colonial officers. Andros was
thought of as the first royal governor of Massachusetts.
But, as Sir Edmund was occupied with his private affairs
in the Channel Islands, Colonel Piercy Kirke was chosen, s Novem.
Kirke had just returned from the government of Tangier, sektobe '
where he had proved himself to be a licentious despot. ffNew*En-
But, being " a gentleman of very good resolution," it was ^^^^^'
considered that he would not fail " in any part of his duty
to his Majesty." A commission and Instructions were ac-
cordingly ordered for Kirke, as " his Majesty's Lieutenant it Novem.
and Governor General" of " Kew England," including
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and New Plym-
outh ; while for the present Rhode Island and Connecticut
were excepted from his authority. It was, however, in-
tended to form a royal government over all the New En-
gland colonies, of which the king appointed Randolph to
be his secretary and register. Charles himself directed 22 Kovcm.
that in Kirke's Commission and Instructions "no mention biy in Ne\v
be made of an Assembly, but that the Governor and Coun-
cil have power to make laws and to perform all other
acts of Government, 'till his Majesty's pleasure be further
known."*
The annihilation of the Massachusetts charter relieved Boundn.y
New York from her anticipated boundary dispute with that New York
colony, and confirmed to the Duke of York all the territo- chusettr*^
rial rights, west of the Connecticut River, which he claim- ^^
ed under his patent.f
But how could James now complete the Instrument he
had executed a few weeks before ; which, nevertheless, had
* Chalmers's Ann., i., 416 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 341, 343, 344 ; Coll., 542, 543 ; Narcissus Lut-
trell, i., 52, 160 ; Anderson's Col. Church, ii., 282; Douglas, i., 413; Whitmore's Androp,
22; Rapin, ii., 732, T33; Kennett, iii., 423; Macaulay, i., 627, 628; Palfrey, iii., 394, 395,
396, 482, 483, 513 ; ante, 357.
t Col. Doc, iii., £5G ; vi.,508; vii., 564, 598; vi;i.,440; Smith, i., 297; anle,4T.3.
420 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cu. VIII. not been perfected by delivery? True, the Assembly of
New York bad voted a Revenue Bill, in consideration of liis
■ anticipated "bountiful confirming" of their charter. Yet
James sus- Jamcs liesitatcd. He had thought of obtaining a grant of
New York Ehode Islaud and Connecticut. The transmission of his
sealed charter was therefore suspended. In writing to
4 Decern. Dougan, Wcrdcu enjoined prudence in dealing with the In-
dians in New York and Pemaquid ; " always avoiding, as
much as possible, any proceedings on our part that may
run us into disputes with the French, w^ho, in our present
circumstances, are not to be made enemies."*
Yet Halifax remained in Charles's comicil despite James's
' JL Decern, entreaties for his dismissal. Louis wrote to Barillon, at
London, that " the reasonings of Lord Halifax on the man-
ner of governing New England little deserve the confi-
dence which the Iving of England has in him ; and I am
not surprised to learn tliat the Duke of York has called
the attention of the King, his brother, to their conse-
Haiifax, quences." Halifax, on the other hand, urged the king to
Charles, Call a Parliament, and to dismiss James from his councils,
. anics. j^ ^^^^ thought by many that the royal brothers would soon
be estranged. The Princess of Orange would probably be
announced as the heiress presumptive of the crown. The
illegitimate Duke of Monmouth might even be declared
Prince of Wales. All forfeited charters would be restored.
But Charles was weary of his brother's excessive zeal : per-
haps he foresaw the result of his violent designs. Just aft-
er the dissolution of his last Parliament at Oxford, the
The king king told the Prince of Orange that, should James come
duke. to the crown, he " could not hold it four years to an end."
To the duke himself he said, " Brother, I am resolved nev-
er to go on my travels again : — you may, if you will."f
The words of Charles were prophetic.
• Col. Doc, iii., 341, 34S, 351, 353, CT7, C7S ; Hutch. Coll., 543 ; Chalmer.=, i., 2T8, 416, 5SS;
I!. I. Rec, iii., 147; ante, 3S4, 401, 405, 403.
t Fox's James II., App. viii., ix. ; Dalrj'mple, i., 63, 64; Macpherson, i., 419 ; Secret
Hist, of Whitehall, Lett. Ixxii. ; Burnet, i., 575, 604, C05; Echard, 53 ; Eapin, ii., T25, 7."4 ;
Kennett, iii., 423; Hum?, vii.,175; Lingard, xiii., 316; Macaulay, i., 277, 278 ; Mariiu,ii.,27.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 421
CHAPTEE IX.
1685-1688.
Chaeles the Second had now reigned for nearly a qiiar- chap. ix.
ter of a century since his restoration. He was about fifty- "TT^T"
five years old ; and his strong constitution, helped by bodi-
ly exercise in the open air, promised him a length of days.
But, early in the February of 1685, Charles was strick-
en by a disease wliich baffled the skill of his physicians.
After suffering a short and sharp illness, the head of En-
glish Episcopalianism mumbled his reconciliation with the Decease of
Church of Rome ; w^ished the Duke of York a long and the second.
prosperous reign ; and, after spending the life of an Epicu-
rean Protestant, went to his judgment a pusillanimous, 6 Febr-y.
eleventh-horn- Roman Catholic.
The successor of Charles was a very different man:
colder, more honest, more decided — a bigot in place of a
shuffler. A quarter of an hour after the decease of his
brother, James the Second of England and the Seventh of
Scotland, came out of the closet whither he had retired to
give " full scope to his tears." The Privy Counselors of
the late king were already assembled, and their new mas- c FebrY.
ter hastily told them that, although he had " been reported ofj^mes
to be a man for arbitrary power," he would endeavor " to '^ ^'''"" '
preserve the government, both in Church and State, as it is
now by law established." Immediately afterward James
was proclaimed king in the usual form. ISTo opposition was
made to the accession of a sovereign whom the Commons
of England had so often attempted to exclude from its
throne. The new ministry was arranged. Sunderland and Mini.^ttrs
Middleton were retained as secretaries of state. Rochester, °
the brother-in-law and old commissioner of James, was
made the head of his treasury ; Clarendon, also his brother-
in-law, privy seal ; and Halifax, although dishked, became
lord president of his comicil. The king, who loved busi-
422 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORIC
Chap. IX. iiess, took again the Admiralty into his own hands, and
was assisted by the long experience of Samuel Pepys.*
^' Since the year 1675, Charles the Second had intrusted
all matters relating to the Trade and Plantations of En-
gland to a committee of his Privy Council. Approving
of this policy, James appointed a similar committee, which,
included the great officers of state. As the Duke of York
had now become king, his rights as a subject proprietor
were merged in his sovereignty ; and New York, with her
dependencies, having devolved to the crown of England,
became a royal government, under the supervision of the
Plantation Committee. A few days after the accession of
iTFeb'y. Jamos, the records belonging to the province were ordered
Records to bc scut to the Plantation Office ; and Sir John Werden
Plantation delivered all that were thought "material" to Secretary
Blathwayt. Among these were thirteen of the acts passed
at the first session of the New York Assembly, which had
been transmitted for confirmation, and were readily ap-
proved. Another, and the most important, was " The
The Ne;7 Charter of Franchises and Privileges to New York," which,
terkept although it had been signed and sealed by the dulie, and
ordered to be delivered, had been kept back, and was " not
yet perfected."!
Thus the political condition of New York was again
changed. For twenty years — with a short interruption —
the province had been the conquered dukedom of a royal
English subject. At length her subordinate proprietor
had become king; and New York — following his for-
• Clarke's James II., i., T46-750; ii., 1-S; Burnet, i., 606-621; Kennett, iii., 423-428;
Papin,ii., 734-742; Pari, lliat., iv., 1342; Lingard, xiii., 317-321 ; xiv.,l-S; Macaulay, i.,
426-437,440-446; Proud, i., 290, 291; Martin, ii., 28; Fox's James IL, 73-81, App. xi.-xvi.;
Dalrymple, 1., 152-166 ; ii., 1-11 ; ante, 201.
t Col. Doc., iii., 229, 230, 354, 355, 357, 359, 363, 370 ; viii., 443 ; Chalmers's Ann., i., 584,
585 ; ante, 297, 416, 420. It is to be regretted that Werden, the Duke of York's secretary,
did not transfer all the papers relating to New York during its proprietary period, whether
thought "material" or not, to the Plantation Committee; in the archives of which they
would have been carefully preserved. To this omission we probably owe much of the dark-
ness which still obscures that period. Many of the documents relating to the governments
of NicoUs, Lovelace, Andros, and Dongan— from 1664 to 16S5— are now missing from the
Records in the State Paper Office in London. The Duke of York, after he became James
the Second, appears to have kept as souvenirs, in his own possession, much of the corre-
spondence which his deputies had addressed to him as Proprietor ; and it may be that these
letters shared the fate of his otlier private papers, which were sent to Paris in ICSS, and
were afterward destroyed in the French Revolution : Fox's James IL, Introd., xvi.-xix. ;
Clarke's James IL, Preface, xiv.-xviii. In 1670 and 1671, Evelyn appears to have been fur-
nished with some now well-known official documents, which he gave back to the Lord Treas-
urer Clifford, who took them with him to Devonshire : Evelyn, ii., 51, 55, 50, 50 ; iii., 221-
223, 229-i;31, 23S-242, 260-263; Pepys, iv., 221, 222; ante, IS, 187,
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 423
tunes — became an American province of the Englisli chap. ix.
crown. Out of a proprietorship came forth a royal gov-
emment. Her "Charter of Privileges," which her late j^,g^ york
proprietor had sealed, required to be confirmed by lier ^j»^°y^i.^*';°-
present king before that instrument could be " complete "''=•'•
and irrevocable." But James, King of England, was a
very different person from James, Duke of York. He
presided in person at a meeting of his Plantation Commit- 3 March,
tee, when the New York charter was considered. A series
of " observations" upon several of its clauses w^as read, to
which it was objected that they gave more privileges than s March,
had been " granted to any of his Majesty's Plantations,
where the Act of Habeas Coi-pus, and all such other Bills
do not take place;" that the words, "TAe Peojple,, met in
a General Assemhly^^ were " not used in any other Consti-
tution in America f^ in short: that some of its enact-
ments were inconvenient, and tended too much to restrain
the governor and " abridge the King's power." Moreover,
the New York charter expressly recognized a " Lord Pro-
prietor," who had now become sovereign. This was a fatal
objection to that Instrument, as it had been sealed. The
kins; therefore declared that he did " not think fit to con- The New
York cliflr-
fii-m" the charter. "And, as to the Government of New ter not con-
York, his Majesty is pleased to direct that it be assimilated James the
to the Constitution that shall be agreed on for New En-
gland, to which it is adjoining : And, in the mean time,
his Majesty orders a letter to be prepared for his Koyal sig- 3 March.
nature, dh-ecting Colonel Dongan, Governor of New York,
to pursue such powers and instructions as he shall receive
under his Majesty's signet and sign manual, or by order in
Council, until further order."*
By this action James the Second did not repeal the char-
ter of New York. He merely dechned to confirm it, and
thus left it in force until his disapproval should be notified
to Dongan. As the " Constitution" for New England had
not yet been settled, the government of New York, under
its late proprietor's Instructions, was not disturbed. So s March.
James wrote to Dongan : "Whereas, by the decease of the second-sor-
ders to
late King, our most dearly beloved brother, and om* acces- Dongan.
• Col. Doc, iii., 357-359 ; Iv., 264 ; viii., 443 ; Chalmera's Ann., i., 56, 74, 5SS ; ii., 72, 113 ;
Rev. Col., J.,1S1; N. Y.CouncilJourn., l.,45; anie, 33S, 416.
424 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP.ix. sion to the Imperial Crown of this Realm, om* Province of
New York — the Propriety wliereof was by the letters Pat-
ents of his said Majesty vested in ns— is now wholly de-
volved upon our royal person, and annexed to our other
dominions, We do hereby signif}^ our ^dll and pleasure that
you publish and make known the same to all our loving
subjects within our Province. And as we have been
pleased by our Poyal Proclamation to direct that all men
being in office of government shall so continue therein un-
til further order, so we do hereby charge and require you
to pursue such powers and instructions as we have for-
merly given you, and such further powers authority and
instructions as you shall at any time hereafter receive un-
der our royal signet and sign manual, or by our order in
our Privy Council. And that you likewise give our said
loving subjects to understand, that, having committed to
our said Privy Council the care of our said Province, Avith
the consideration of the several Bills and Addresses lately
presented unto us from our Assembly there, they may
shortly expect such a gracious and suitable return, by the
settlement of fitting privileges and confirmation of their
rights, as shall be found most expedient for our serAdce and
tlie welfare of our said Province.""
This letter of the king was equivalent to a new royal
commission to Dongan. It recognized the existing Assem-
bly of New York, while it foreshadowed such changes in
the provincial government as might be " found most expe-
5 March, dieut." The Privy Council at the same time instructed
tii'e Privy Dongan to proclaim the new king "with the solemnities
and ceremonies requisite on the like occasion," and inclosed
the royal proclamation for continuing all persons in office
in the same form as they had already notified the other
c jiaich. American colonies. Dongan was also directed by Blath-
wayt, the secretary of the Plantation Committee, to corre-
spond hereafter with him instead of Werden.f
Although James the Second thus recognized a royal As-
* Col. Poc, iii., 33'2, "GO, 3G1. The effect of this letter seems to have been misapprehend-
ed in 16S0 : Col. Doc, iii., 677, 67S. Hoffman, in hi3 recent "TreatiBe," i., 21, 22, appears
to have overlooked it altogether.
t Col. Hoc, iii., 35T, 350, 300, 363 ; Council Min., v., 109 ; Col. Eec Conn., iii., 339, 340;
Mass. r.ec, v., 473, 474 ; Chalmers's Ann., i., 346, 370, 417 ; ante^ 416. Sir John Werden'a
occupation, as secretary of the Duke of York, being now gone, he was recompensed by being
appointed a commissioner of customs: Beatson, i , 443-451 ; Col. Doc, v., 41.
Assemblies
under
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 425
sembly in New York, he did not mean it to last ; for he cuap. ix.
had directed the " Constitution" of the province to be as-
similated to that of New England, where there were to be jj^ colonial
no Assemblies. Home affairs, which crowded the begin-
ning of his reign, prevented prompt action on colonial J''™^^-
business ; and the government of Massachusetts was mean-
while left in the hands of its late magistrates. Colonel
Kirke, whom Charles had appointed to be governor of
New England, was confirmed by James ; and, after some
delay, orders were given to complete his Instructions, and is May.
send him to America, with two frigates to maintain his au-
thority. But the insurrections in Scotland, under Argyll, May.
and in the west of England, under Monmouth, caused June.
Kirke to be retained at home ; and, wliile his throne was " ^"
thus actually threatened, the king could bestow little
thought on his distant American dominions.*
The first dispatches from James the Second were brought
to America by Captain Baxter, whom Dongan had sent to
England in the previous August. The acting authorities
of the late Corporation of Massachusetts hastened to pro-
claim their new sovereign " with all due solemnity." Con- 20 April.
necticut did the same, " with great solemnity and affection." 22 April.
On receiving his letters, Dongan — now the royal governor
of New York — ordered a parade of the metropolitan miH- 21 April.
tia ; and, two days afterward, James the Second was joy- 23 April.
fully proclaimed sovereign of the province he had ruled so ciaTmed'in
long as proprietor. It was natural that " the People" of ^^'"^ ^'"^'
New York should rejoice that their duke had become their
king ; for they hoped that the interest which James had
shown in the prosperity of the province when it was his
own property, would continue to be manifested after it de-
volved, as a colonial appendage of England, to her imperi-
al crown.f
Quickly after his proclamation, the Corporation of the
metropolis drew up an address to James, congratulating May.
him on his accession, and wishing him " a long, peaceable,
• Burnet, i., 623-64G; Kennett, iii., 431-438; Rapin, ii., 743-740; Lingard, xiv., 33-65 ;
Macaulay,i., 546-632; Clarke, ii., 14-47; Fox, 125-277; Mackintosh, 13-36; Hutch. Mass.,
i., 341, 342; Coll., 542; Chalmers, i., 416; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxv., 142; Palfrey, iii., 4S0-
4S2; ante,4l9.
+ Col. Doc, iii., 351, 357, 360; v., 651; viii., 443; Col. MSS., xxxiii., 113-117; Council
Mln.,v.,109, 110; Mass. Rec, v., 473, 474; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 340; Hutch. Mass., i., 340;
Chalmers, i., 417 ; Penn. Col. Rec, i., 132, 133 ; Palfrey, iii., 481 ; ante, 401.
426 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IX. and prosperous reign," wliich, at Dongan's suggestion, they
sent to his late Secretary Werden, for presentation. They
13 May ' ^^^'^ asked Werden to acquaint the king that since he had
wtk)a°o?°' " ^^^^ pleased to separate Delaware and the two Jersies
Yo5;'s ad- ^^^ ^^^^j ^^^ Government of New York, this City hath ap-
dre^^stotheparently and extremely suffered in the diminution and loss
of its trade, being thereby deprived of at least one third
part thereof ; and hath ever since much lessened and de-
cayed, both in number of inhabitants, rents, and buildings ;
and his Majesty in his revenue likewise suffers thereby.
And the remaining part of this Province, when less able
the more burthened, which with great willingness and sub-
mission they bear ; But now hope that this appearing to
His Majesty, he will find it consistent with the ease and
safety of his subjects, and his Majesty's interest and service,
to reunite those parts and enlarge this government East-
ward, and confirm and grant to this his City such privileges
and immmiities as may again make it flomish, and increase
July. his Majesty's revenue." This letter "Werden handed to the
Plantation Committee, where it soon produced a decided
effect.*
An interesting point now came up to be settled. Saul
Browne, a Jew, formerly of Rhode Island, complained that
he had been hindered in his trade — apparently under the
"scott and lott" regulation of the previous March — and
Dongan having referred Bro^vne's petition to the metropol-
is septem. itan authorities, they answered that "no Jew ought to sell
by retail within the city, but may by wholesale, if the Gov-
jewsin ^mor think fit to permit the same." A question liaA'ing
New York. ^Iso ariscn, under the Charter of Liberties of 1683, wheth-
er others than those " which profess faith in God by Jesus
Christ" were guaranteed freedom of conscience, the Jews
petitioned the governor " for liberty to exercise their relig-
ion," This was referred to the mayor and aldermen, who
14 septem. retmTied their opinion " that no public worship is tolerated,
by act of Assembly, but to those that profess faith in Christ ;
and therefore the Jews' worship not to be allowed." This
severe constniction, however, was contrary to the duke's
policy in regard to New York, after he became a Roman
* Col. Doc, iii., 361, 302 ; Index to N. J. Col. Doc, 11. The Corporation of the City of
New York always exercised great influence in provincial affairs.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOE. 427
Catholic ; and it does not appear to have been adopted by cuap. ix.
its provincial government.*
The events v^hich had occurred in Scotland and England -'-"^'^•
just after the accession of James were communicated to 26 June,
the several American governors in a circular letter from
Secretary Sunderland. Dongan replied that " the people is septem.
of this place express themselves very willing to obey the lettll'to''
King in any thing to their power : when the Assembly laJTd.^'"
meets, which will be in October next, your Lordship's letter
shall be read to them. It came very seasonably to give us
a true account of the rebellions in Scotland and the west
of England ; malicious and factious reports having pester-
ed this place, wliich came every day by the way of Bos-
ton. In my opinion, the King cannot do better than with
all expedition to send his Governor thither. It would
certainly alter the way of that people very much for the
better." * * * * "This place is composed most of stran-
gers ; and we have very few or none of ill principles
among us that I know of. If any of the English be so,
they have the v/it to conceal it. A new seal of this Prov- a new seai
ince is very much wanting, and the people extraordinary
desirous to have the King's seal to their patents and other
papers that concern them."f
The Assembly had adjom*ned in October, 1684, to meet Assembly.
again in September, 1685. But the question arose whether
it was not dissolved by the demise of the crown. To pre-
vent future trouble, the council, of which Captain Baxter
had been sworn a member, thought that it was expedient s jnne.
to dissolve the Assembly and to call a new one. Dongan 5 August.
accordingly, by proclamation, dissolved the first Assem- is August.
bly; and writs were sent out for the election of new rep- ir Angust.
resentatives, to meet at New York on the twentieth of 20 October.
October. On that day the new Assembly met, and chose ^^New"^
"William Pinhorne, formerly an alderman of the city, its^mwy.'"
speaker, and Robert Hammond was again made clerk.
* Min. of C. C, i., 285, 2S7 ; Dunlap, ii., App. cxxxiv. ; Col. Doc., iii., 218 ; R. I. Rec, iii.,
160 ; Shea's note to Miller, 103 ; ante., 410. The Jews were then, as they are now, classed
with Turks, infidels, and heretics by the Roman Catholic, the Protestant Episcopal, and the
Reformed Dutch Churches. In his Instructions to Dongan of 16S2, James did not repeat
the clause he had inserted in those of Andros in 16T4 : compare Col. Doc., iii., 218, 331-334;
ante, 373. But he renewed it in 1686: Col. Doc, iii., 373. Saul Browne, the petitioner,
afterward became Reader in the Jews' Synagogue in New York: Shea's note to Miller, 103.
t Col. Doc, iii., 364, 365; Council Min., v., 125; Col. Rec Conn., iii., 345, 346 ; Mass. H,
S. Coll., XXXV., 139 ; Hutch. Coll., i., 344 ; Chalmers, i., 378, 379 ; ante, 158, note.
428
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IX.
1685.
3 Xovem.
The second
New York
Assembly
ended.
20 Novem.
Thanks-
giving.
20 Novem.
7 Decern.
10 Decern.
IC Decern.
17 Decern.
17 Decern.
14 Decern.
Court of
Excheq-
uer.
Six laws were enacted. , Three bills passed the* Assembly,
but did not receive the governor's assent. One bill, which
made a single witness sufficient in revenue cases, passed
the council, but failed to receive the sanction of the repre-
sentatives. At the close of its session the Assembly ad-
journed to the twenty-fifth of the following September.
But, before that time came, such changes happened that it
never met again.*
After the adjournment of the Assembly, a day of
thanksgiving was proclaimed by the governor, according
to the old Dutch custom, for the king's victory over the
rebels under Ai-gyll and Monmouth. Collector Santen,
who had not given a satisf actoiy account, was ordered to
produce his books of revenue before the council. Thomas
Rudyard, formerly governor of East Jersey, whom Dongan
had made attorney general of ISTew York the year before,
now made his will, and determined to emigrate to Barba-
does ; and the governor commissioned the metropolitan re-
corder, James Graham, to be Rudyard's successor. This
caused other official changes. Isaac Swinton was made a
clerk in Chancery in Graham's place, and was installed,
with his older colleague, John Knight. Nicholas Bayard,
who had succeeded Minvielle as mayor of the city, was now
sworn as a royal counselor. A Court of Exchequer, to de-
termine all royal revenue cases — and which was composed
of the governor and council — was also appointed to be held
in the city of N^ew York on the first Monday of each
month. This tribunal was thought necessary, because it
was found that when the king's revenue causes were tried
in the " settled Courts," there was a " great hazard of ven-
turing the matter on Country Jurors ; who, over and above
that they are generally ignorant enough, and for the most
part linked together by affinity, are too much swayed by
their particular humours and interests."t
*MS. Laws, Secretary's Office; Council Min., v.,123; Col. MSS., xxxiii., 152, 153 ; Min.
of C. C, i., 2S3 ; Dunlap, ii., App. cxxxiv. ; Col. Doc, iii., 304, 716; Council Journ., i.. Int.,
xiii.-xv. ; Wood's L. I., 102; Thompson,!., 162; ante, 408. The note in N. Y. H. S. Coll.,
iii., 355, that there is "no evidence of any session of an Assembly" during the reign of
Jnmes the Second is erroneous.
t Council Min., v., 131, 13S-146; Col. MSS., xxxiii., 1S4, 1S5, 190,200, 21C; xxxiv.,93;
Col. Doc, iii., 351, 390, 412, 657 ; iv., 847; ix., 293; Daly's Sketch, 32; ante, 409. Mr.
Whitehead, in his " East Jersey," 99, 124, 125, and his " Contributions," 81, does not state
that Kudyard became attorney general of Kew York; and he makes him die "abroad i;i
1692," at Jamaica.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 429
In his first letter to Secretary Blathwayt, Dongan report- chap. ix.
ed that the French were " now quiet," and that the Enghsh
trade would be " much better, if we take but the same care ^-^^ August,
as the French, by putting a little fort on this side of the J'gpoft^to'
Great Lake [Ontario], as they have on the other. It is in Biathwayt.
the King's dominions, nearer to us than to them, and
would be an obligation to the Indians to bring their beaver
to us, which would be six for one at present. I put the
arms of the Duke, now his Majesty, upon all the Indian
Castles near the Great Lake, and that by their own consent
who have submitted to this government. They are a con-
siderable people, and ought to be encouraged, because they
have a considerable influence over most of the Indians in
America. The French quarrel only because they cannot
obtain them, which, if they should, they would be trouble-
some to most of the King's subjects in these parts of
America."*
Before Dongan's arrival, Greenhalgh and his comrade
were the only " Christians" under the New York govern-
ment who had gone as far as the Seneca country. To car-
ry out his policy of attracting their fur-trade to New York,
the governor licensed a Canadian refugee, Abel Marion la i Apru.
Fontaine, with several others, to hunt beaver in the woods
amonsT the "Western savae-es. A similar pass was given to 12 August.
'p ° X o Dongan
Captain Johannes Eooseboom, of Albany, These ad ven- gives pass-
1 11' 1 /~v , es to New
turers went a three months journey to the Uttawas and Yorkers to
Miamis country, as far as Michilimackinac, whence they west,
brought back many beaver-skins. They were very well re-
ceived by those Indians, whom they found more inclined
to trade with them than with the French ; and Rooseboom
and his party of young Dutchmen were " invited to come
every year" by the Western savages, who desired that their
enemies, the Senecas, " would open a path for them, that
they might come to Albany,"f
Notwithstanding the treaty made the last year, some Cay-
ugas had committed outrages on the frontiers of Virginia.
Dongan, however, summoned the Five Nations to meet
" Assarigoa" at Albany, and confirm the peace. But Lord
• Col. Doc, iii., 353, 363, 393-396 ; ante, 398, 3"9, 420.
t Col. Doc., iii., 250-252, 256, 395, 437, 438, 476; v., 76, 731 ; ix , 275, 297, 302, 1023; Doa
Hist., i., 133; Col. MSS.,x.xxiii., 106, 107, 142, 150; Charlevoix, ii., 332; La Hontan, i., 97 ;
ante, 310.
430 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IX. Effingham's wife, " Philadelphia," having died in Yirginia,
~ he deputed one of his council, Colonel Bird, and his attor-
13 August ^^^5 Edward Jennings, to represent him. Accompanied
by chiefs of the Pamimkeys, Chickahominies, Mataponys,
and Powhatans, the Virginia agents came to Albany ; and
September. Bird sharplv reproved the New York savages for havinar
Conference J. t/ i. o o
with the broken their covenant. The Senecas and Mohawks freed
Albany, thcmsclves from blame, and chid the other nations. The
offending cantons apologized, and promised satisfaction.
The • orator for the Mohawks then declared that the path
of fi'iendship led to Albany, where was the " House of
Peace." And then he sang " all the covenant chain over ;"
after which he admonished the Oneidas, Onondagas, and
Cayugas, and sang another song in honor of the sachems
who had come from Yirginia. The younger Garakontie
attended this conference as the Onondaga deputy. By
rc> Sept. him Lamberville, or ^^ Teiorensere^ wrote to Donovan, ura:-
Lamber- . . o ^ O
vine's let- ing him, as well by his " zeal for the public peace, and es-
gan. pecially for the Christians of this America," as by his devo-
tion as a Romanist, to solicit the Senecas to be friendly
with the French ; of whose faith he declared the " sole ob-
ject" was, " that the blood of Jesus Christ, shed for all men,
may be useful to them." Lamberville's adroit letter did
not deceive the straightforward Dongan.'^
Effect of De After Dc la Barre's treaty at the Salmon River, the Iro-
la Barre's
treaty on quois bcgau to dcspiso the French, whose " Onnontio" had
quois. proved liimself a poltroon ; and the Mahicans promised
them twelve hundred wari'iors if they should be attacked
by the Canadians. Dongan also offered them all needed
aid of men and ammunition. The Senecas, accordingly,
instead of paying the beavers which they had promised to
De la Barre, carried more than ten thousand of those furs
to Albany.f
Tjan'y. Wlicu Louis heard of De la Barre's submission to the
moves De Iroquois, and abandonment of the Illinois, he superseded
andap-^' liis wcak Canadian representative, and appointed in his
nonviue'to placc Jacqucs Rene de Brisay, Marquis de Denonville, a
Canada, coloncl of his dragoous, and a French nobleman, " equally
estimable for his valor, his integrity, and his piety." De-
* Col. Doc.,iii., 453, 4'54; ix., 259, 261, 2T4; Doc. Hist., i., 121, 122; Burk, ii., 291 ; Col-
Tins' a Peerage, v., 25; Golden, i., 4S, 59, 59, first ed., 61, 68, 69; aiitc^ 39S, 402.
t Charlevoi.x, ii., 321, 322, 323; ante, 405.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 431
nonville was instructed to " humble the pride of the Iro- chap. ix.
quois," and to sustain the Illinois and other Western tribes T"
who had been abandoned by his predecessor. Notwith- ^^ ^^^,^^\
standing Dongan's "unjust pretensions," a good under- ^^°°^-.^_
standing must be maintained between the French and En- stmctions.
ghsh colonists ; yet if the latter should " excite and aid the
Indians, they must be treated as enemies, when found on
Indian territory, without at the same time attempting any
thing on territory under the obedience of the King of En-
gland." Barillon was also directed to complain that Don- lo March.
gan had hoisted English flags on the Iroquois villages, and
to demand " precise orders" from James to " confine him-
self within the limits of his government, and to observe a
different hne of conduct towards Sieur de Denonville."
It does not appear that the " precise orders" which Louis
asked of James were given.*
Early in August, Denonville landed at Quebec with a August.
large re-enforcement of troops, and went to Fort Fronte-
nac, where he estabhshed a garrison. In his dispatches to 20 August.
Seig-nelay, he declared that a war with the Iroquois was in- 3 septem.
evitable ; that Englishmen, led by French deserters, were 13 NoveS.'
trading with the Ottawas; and that it was necessary tOto^se^e-^
subdue the Senecas, and establish good French posts at M- ^^^'
agara and on Lake Erie, so as to check both the English
and the Indians. The French king should make himself
"absolute master" of Lake Ontario, which the English
coveted ; and " nothing, save the power alone of the Iro-
quois, prevents them having posts there, inasmuch as it is
quite easy to go from Manatte and Orange to Lake Onta- French
rio on horseback — the distance being only one hundred llsel ^^'^
leagues through a beautiful country." Denonville also de-
sired the Jesuits in Canada to send their Father Millet,
lately of the Oneida mission in New York, to Fort Fronte-
nac, to be interpreter there, and co-operate with Lamber-
ville, who yet lingered among the Onondagas. This was
accordingly done. But Denonville, adopting the suggestion
of Duchesnau in 1681, urged that "the most certain safe-
* Col. Doc, ix., 3G0-272, 801; Charlevoix, ii., 323, 324; Garneau, i.,256; La Hontan, i.,
6S ; Doc. Hist., L, 121. The French government was so mortified with De la Barre that the
copy of his treaty at La Famine, now in the archives of the Jlarine .it Paris, is indorsed by
Seignelay, '■'■These are to be kept secret:" Col. Doc, ix., 230; Doc. Hist., i., 7T. Aa to the
orders which Louis asked James to give to Dongan, nothing appears in Dalrymple, or Fox,
or Clarke : compare Charlevoix, ii., 330, 336 ; Col. Doc, v., 731 ; Colden, i., 44, 250.
432 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IX. guard against the English of New York would be to buy it
from the King of England, who, in the present state of his
■ affairs, will doubtless stand in need of the king's money.
We should thus be masters of the Iroquois without a war."
In the light of Quebec, Denonville reasoned well.*
Denonville quickly notified his arrival to Dongan, and
complained of the harboring of Canadian deserters in Kew
York — alluding probably to La Fontaine and others. In
13 October, liis reply, Dongan charged De la Barre with having " med-
and d'" died in an affair that might have created some indifference
between the two crowns ;" and that, as to the fugitives
from Canada, they would be surrendered to the proper of-
ficers of that government whenever sent for.f
New Jersey continued to prosper at the expense of New
York, yet not to the degree exjDected by its proprietors.
New Jer- To arousc morc interest in Scotland, George Scot, of Pit-
andscot.' lochie, following John Reid, pubhshed in Edinburgh a
pamphlet entitled " The Model of the Government of the
Province of East New Jersey, in America," in which he at-
tractively set forth its condition, and refuted objections to
emigration. With a ship-load of colonists — many of whom
were exiled by Perth and his Pri\^ Council for having
August, taken part in Argyll's rebellion — Scot embarked for the
land which he had done so much to make so favorably
known. The author died at sea, leaving his printed work
immortal. Perth Amboy was now made the seat of gov-
^prii. eiTunent instead of Elizabethtown. Dyer, who had been
^y*^'- appointed surveyor general of the king's customs in his
American Plantations, was admitted by Governor Lawrie
to discharge his duties in New Jersey. But he soon com-
june. plained to tlie commissioners of the customs at London,
"that when he prosecuted vessels, the juries found their
verdicts against the most undoubted facts.":}:
By this time James the Second had settled the affairs of
his kingdom greatly to liis own satisfaction. Domestic re-
bellions, which menaced his throne, had been crushed ; and
« Col. Doc, ix., 165, C05-26S, 273-28G, 297; Doc. Hi?t., i., 123-126; La Ilontan, i., 63;
Charlevoix, ii., 323-326, 335 ; Shea's Missions, 309 ; Quebec MSS., iv. (ii.), 420 ; a7ite, 401. .
t Col. Doc, ix., 275, 290-293 ; Charlevoix, ii., 32S ; ante, 429.
t Wodiow, iv., 216, 220-223, 332, 333; Whitehead's East Jersey, 104-109, 115, 231-333 ;
Contribution?, 23-40; Leaminp; and Spioer, 175, CS3 ; Chalmers's Ann., i., 621 ; M.iss. Rea,
v., 630; Penn. Col. Rec., i., 148, 197, 198, 209, 210, 211 ; Hist. Mag. (ii.), i., 87-95; N. Y. CoL
Doc., iii., 354, 392, 493 ; ante, 309, 392, 412.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 433
victims of the Scotch Privy Council, and the remnant who chap. ix.
escaped the tender mercies of Kirke's " lambs" in the south- ~
west of England, dangerously crowded the ships bound to
the American Plantations. And now the king could think
of the deferred affairs of his colonies. The most pressing james
of these seemed to be the establishment of a government in coioniaf
Massachusetts, where, for more than nine months since its ^ ''^'^°'
charter had been canceled, local authority had been admin-
istered by doubtfully appointed officials. But the Planta-
tion Committee moved slowly. They seem to have been
aroused by the letters of the Corporation of New York, and
of Dyer, the surveyor of the king's customs in East Jersey,
complaining of the inconvenience of the existing arrange-
ments there. Accordingly, they recommended that writs is juiy.
of Quo Warranto should be prosecuted against the proprie-
tors of East and "West New Jersey, and of Delaware, be-
cause it was growing prejudicial " that such independent
governments be kept up and maintained without a nearer
and more immediate dependence" on the crown. Quakers
and Roman Catholics — Penn, and Perth, and Baltimore —
were alike involved. They were all now the subjects of a
new sovereign. Pandolph having exhibited articles against
the charter officers of Connecticut and Rhode Island, the
Plantation Committee also recommended that similar writs
should be issued against those corporations. James ap-
proved these recommendations, and directed Sir Robert n juiy.
Sawyer, his attorney general, to proceed against Connecti- cut, Rhode
cut and Rhode Island " forthwith," and against the several sey^and""
claimants of East and West Jersey and of Delaware, " if ^^''''^*''^-
he shall find cause."*
Randolph now urged that " a temporary Government" is August,
should be established in Massachusetts, by the king's com- advice.^
mission, " to the best disposed persons upon the place, until
such time as his Majesty's Governor General shall be dis-
patched from hence to take upon him the government of
all the Colonies in New England." He even named candi- 2 septem.
dates for offices, and suggested a joint Assembly, in which
the people of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Maine, and New
* Col. Doc. iii., nCl, 362, 3G3; Chalmers, i., 278, 297, 301-304, 371, 621 ; Arnold, i., 481 ;
P.alfrey, iii., 482, 505, .'JOS ; R. I. Rec, iii., 17.5-177; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 34-7-352 ; Dalrymple,
ii.,53; Burnet, i.,G47-G51; ^Yodro^v>iv., 216-223; Mackintosh, 14; Macaulay, i., 565, 628-
630 ; ante, 426, 432.
II.— E E
434 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IX. Hampshire should be represented. But, in spite of the
opinions of Sawyer and Finch, his attorney and solicitor
9Septem.' general, James expressly directed "that no mention of an
Assembly be made in the Commission." This, however,
was only following out the order of the late king in No-
vember, 1684. Joseph Dudley, for whose loyalty Dongan
•27Septeni. vouched, was accordingly appointed president, and seven-
8 October, teen others counselors, of that part of New Ensrland in-
New En- . ^ '^
Riandreg- cludiug Massacliusctts, New Hampshire, Maine, and the
Narragansett Country, or the King's Province, to govern-
the same until the "chief Governor" should arrive. As
his special reward, Randolph had his previous appointment
21 septem. by Cliarlcs confirmed by James's commission to be " Secre-
tary and sole Register" of this territory. Moreover, as the
Duke of York's personal interest in the revenues of the
post-office was now vested in his crown. Lord Treasurer
19 Novem. Rochcstcr appointed Randolph, whose attention had been
Randolph 1 , V^ ^ i ^
deputy awakened by JJongan s movement, to be deputy postmaster
in North of New England — apparently the first instance of the
kind in American colonial annals.*
.^ptem. Wliile thus arrangins: a temporary government in New
Baptism of_,,,_ i • ^ • -n, - /-.
negroes in Jingland, J amcs took care to announce m Ins rriyj Coun-
pianu- ° cil his resolution " that the negroes in the Plantations
should all be baptized ; exceedingly declaiming against
that impiety of their masters prohibiting it, out of a mis-
taken opinion that they would be, ipso facto, free." This
determination of the king was afterward practically en-
forced in the Instructions to his colonial governors. It ap-
pears to have been suggested by the second article of the
famous ''''Code iV^oi/'," which Louis had just published at
Versailles, and which required all slaves in the French col-
onies to be baptized and taught in the Catholic religion.f
The King of France now took a step which moved both
• Col. Doc, iii , S50, 304, 305, 5T9 ; Chalmers, i., 41T, 418, 419, 403 ; R. I. Rec, iii., 1T8, 105,
190, 200 ; Mass. II. S. Coll., v., 244; xxvii., 148, 149, 101, 102 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 341 ; Coll.,
543, XiX>1, 559, 500 ; Belknap, i., 1S5, ISO ; Douglas, i., 413 ; Palfrey, iii., 395, 482-485 ; Force's
Tract?, iv.. No. 8, p. 13, 14; antf^ 419.
t Evelyn, ii.,245; Anderson's Col. Ch., ii., 303; Long's Hist, of Jamaica, iii., Appendix;
OIdmi.\-on, ii.,130; Buik, ii., 129, 130; Martin's Louis XIV., i., 4S9, 490; Ilurd's Law of
Freedom and Bondage, i., 105, 1S5, ISO, 210, 281; Col. Doc, iii., 374, 54T. In Valentine'rt
Manual for 1801, C40-GC4, are numerous instances of the niarriag.s of negroes with negress-
68 by the Dutch ministers in New York, from 1042 to 10S3; and several children of such
marriages appear to have been baptized : Val. Man., 1803, 738-834. In 1067, Virginia en-
acted that baptism did not free slaves from bondage : Hening, ii., 260; Iiurd, i., 232; .An-
derson's Col. Church, ii., 344.
TH01LA.S DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 435
Europe and America. His grandfather, Henry the Fourth, chap. ix.
had made an edict at Nantes in 1598, which e-ranted to ~77Z'7~
• • 1685
Protestants full liberty of conscience, and many privileges
they had not before enjoyed in the French kingdom. This
edict had been respected by Louis the Thirteenth, by Riche-
lieu, and by Mazarin. But, after the death of Colbert, and
the secret marriage of Louis the Fourteenth with Frances
de Maintenon, a great change happened. Roman ideas
took the place of Protestant ideas. Huguenots, protected
by Henry, were persecuted by Louis, who sent his dragoons
to convert them to the Pomish doctrine. At last the king n October
revoked his predecessor's Edict of Nantes. The conse- vokes the
quences of this act were immediate and immense. Brutal Kante?.
persecutions drove more than two hundred thousand of her
million and a half of Protestants out of France. The ref-
ugees sought new homes in England, Holland, Prussia, and
America, where they introduced unkno'wn French arts and
industry. Scorning thraldom, genius renounced allegiance ;
and Schomberg, Basnage, Papin, with a host of others, un-
der freer skies, gave their talents and their gallantry to
help the retributive humiliation of the vainglorious perse-
cutor of their faith.*
William Penn had meanwhile been employed in helping Penn mc
himself at Whitehall. Penn was an uncommonly adroit withjamcs
and selfish Englishman. He knew where, when, and how giand!
to touch his sovereign's weaknesses. And he had the luck
to touch James, to his own great gain. Yet, in liis contro-
versy with Lord Baltimore about the undefined boundaries
of Maryland, William Penn had on liis side the advantage
of historical truth. When the case was brought to the king
for decision, the rival claimants were politically equal.
One was a Romanist, the other a Quaker. So James
took up the question. As Duke of York he had, since
1669, denied Baltimore's claim to the Delaware temtoiy ;
and in 1682 he had conveyed it to Penn. After patient
hearings, the Plantation Committee reported that Lord s Novem.
Baltimore's patent granted " only land uncultivated and in-
habited by Savages ;" whereas the territory in dispute had
* Anderson on Commerce, ii., 56S-571 ; Lavalloe, iii., 25T-263, 316 ; Martin's Louis XIV.,
i., 534-55S; ii., 30-56; Anderson's Col. Ch.,ii., 329-331 ; Wodrow, iv., 349-351 ; Burnet,!.,
C55; Macaulay, ii., 13-17; iii., 124; Evelyn, ii., 253, 254; Arnold, i., 496,497; Palfrey, iii.,
453 ; N. Y. Col. Uoc, iii., 399, 426, 450, 650 ; ix., 309, 312, 425, 509, 540, 549.
436 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAp. IX. been inhabited and planted by Christians before his grant.
~ Delaware, therefore, did not form a part of Maryland.
' But, to end differences, the committee recommended that
the land between the Chesapeake and the Delaware should
be divided into two equal parts, of which the half nearest
the Delaware should belong to the king (or to Penn), and
that nearest the Chesapeake remain to Lord Baltimore.
13 Novem. Thisrcport was approved by James in council, who order-
about the ed the division to be made accordingly. This decision es-
tenltoiy. tablislicd the original title of the Dutch as they maintain-
ed it in 1659 ; while it denied the rightfulness of the Duke
of York's patent for N^ew ISTetherland in 1664, and " inval-
idated the reasonings upon which England had always con-
tended for American sovereignty."*
Perhaps the most important result of Penn's visit to En-
gland was the introduction of the art of printing into the
middle colonies of British America. Up to this time the
only printing-press in the English- American Plantations
had been the one in Massachusetts, which had always been
under Pm-itan censorship. A new act of Parliament had
2 July, iust revived the censorship of the English press, which had
soKhip re- expired in 1679. Ereedom of printing was not one of
England, tlic ideas of that age. But the necessity of the printer's
art was every where felt. That necessity had moved the
council of Pennsylvania, when, in July, 1684, they " left to
the Governor's discretion to have the laws and charter
printed at London." So the proprietor, while there, en-
gaged " a friend," William Bradford, to set up a printing-
press in Philadelphia. Bradford was then twenty -two
years old, born in Leicestershire, and said to have gone, as
a stripling, to Pennsylvania with Penn in 1682. Lie was
now married to a daughter of Andrew Sowle, a distin-
guished Quaker printer, of Grace Church Street, in Lon-
don, to whom he had been an apprentice. George Eox
c August, therefore wrote to several eminent Quakers in America,
that " a sober young man, whose name is William Brad-
• Col. Doc, ii., SS-lOO; iii., 1S6, 339, 340,342-347, 302, 363; Chalm., i., 371, C50, 651, C63;
Hazard's Reg. Penn., ii., 202, 203, 225 ; Proud, i., 290-295 ; ii., 20S-211 ; Grahame, i., 327,
328,521; Bancroft, ii., 308,393, 394; Dixon, 222-227 ; Macaulay, i., 502-505, C50; an<e, 150,
164, 367, 393 ; vol. i., 666-669. The boundary between Pennsylvania and Slaryland w.ia
run from Delaware westward, between 1703 and 1768, by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Di.x-
on, and is now popularly known as "Mason and Dixon's line:" see interesting papers on
this subject in Hist. Mag., ii., 37-42; v., 199-202.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOE. . 437
ford, comes to Pennsylvania, to set np the trade of print- chap. ix.
ing Friends' books." On reaching Philadelphia, Bradford ~
quickly started his press ; the first work of which seems to B^adfo^'
have been an Almanac for the year 1686, compiled by'^^P°^.^°
Samuel Atkyns. This almost unique curiosity at this day Phiiadei-
was sharply censured by the critics of Pennsylvania. It
stated, as a chronological fact, that at a certain day in
1682 was " The beginning of government here by the Lord
Penn." These words provoked much Quaker wrath ; and
the temporary subordinate of the absent proprietor — with-
out whose active friendship many probably would never 1686.
have seen Philadelphia — ordered Atkyns " to blot out the ^ '^*°'^-
words Lord Penn^^ from his Almanac, and charged Brad-
ford " not to print any thing but what shall have license
from the council.""'^"
Meanwhile an order of the New York Council in March,
1684, requiring the several towns in the province to renew
their patents, had caused muoJi anxiety. Dongan had a
double motive to enforce it; for the king's revenue from
the new quit-rents would be increased, and he would him-
self gain a harvest of fees. The towns did not delay when
they saw they must act. Hempstead and Flushing made Dongan
large grants of land to the governor, and obtained advan- fa'nd by
tageous patents. Flatbush also got a new charter. After SiTfu'^i^
a long negotiation about boundaries, Newtown likewise"^'
procured Attorney General Graham's approbation to a pat-
ent, which the council resolved should be the model after 20 Febr'y.
which all those for other townships should be drawn. enti for"
Accordingly Brooklyn, and all the other towns on Long
Island, with the exception of Huntington, in the course of May to
this year obtained new patents fi-om the governor. This
result, however, was not gained without opposition. East-
hampton was especially stubborn ; and Mulford and others
riotously protested against any interference with their old e October,
patents. James, the minister of the town, preached a stir- it October.
ring sermon against those who acted mider the governor's
order. The offenders were summoned to New York, 19 Novcm.
where Attorney General Graham filed informations against ton. ^^^^
* Penn. Col. Rec, i.,74, 82, IIT, 165; Historical M.ng., iv., 52; vii., 70,71; viii., 274-276;
Thomas's Hist. Print, ii., 7, 8, 91; Dixon, 208; Penn. H. S. Mem., 1., 104, 105; Wallace's
Address, 1863,20-57; Statute 1 James II., cap. 17; iMacaulay, i., 248, 579, 580; Lingard,
xiii., 105, iwte; ante, 89, 145, 338.
-1-38 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IX. them. They came accordingly, and humbly asked pardon
for what they had done, which was granted ; and, in the
9 Decern ^^^^' Easthampton was glad to take out " a more full and
liberal" patent from Dongan.*
The Corporation of New York had for some time de-
su'ed a new charter from the king, confirming their old
privileges, and granting to them all the vacant land in and
about the city. As Bayard, its mayor, was one of the
council, and Graham, its recorder, attorney general of the
province, a draft of the desired patent was quickly submit-
24 April, ted to the municipal authorities, who agreed to give Don-
gan three hundred pounds, and Secretary Spragg twenty-
four pounds, as their official fees. The engrossed charter,
having been read and allowed in council, was accordingly
'2T April, signed by the governor, who caused it to be sealed with the
terfor the old provincial seal which the Duke of York had sent out to
York. ^^^ Lovelace in 1669, and which was yet the only one that
could be used. The instrument itself is too familiar to
need a particular description here.f
May. Soon after signing the metropolitan charter, the govern-
or went up to " settle his Majesty's business" at Albajiy,
the inhabitants of which were anxious to be incorporated.
Reiisse- Douffan had granted a patent for Rensselaerwyck on the
IneriTvck cd c? i. j
patent. 4th of Novcmbcr, 1685, to its Dutch proprietors, for which
they paid him two hundred pounds. But after their pat-
ent was sealed it was found inconvenient, because it in-
cluded Albany, which, being the second town in the gov-
ernment, should not " be in the hands of any particular
20 July, men." Through the influence of Graham, Palmer, and
tife Van" Van Cortlandt, the Yan Rensselaers now released " their
laew'^' pretence to the town, and sixteen miles into the country for
Commons to the King.";}:
The governor accordingly executed a charter agreed
upon between himself and the magistrates at Albany, for
• Council Min., V, C3, 148,161, 1S3,1SS; Col.MSS., xxxi., 121; xxxii.,2G; xxxiii.,6&-
80,99; Doc Hist, iii., 213-218; Wood, 41, 103, 104; Hedges' Address, 20, 8S-95; Thomp-
son,!., 315, 330, 414, 408; ii., 14-17, 82, 105, 185,193, 223; Riker'a Newtown, 100-113; Stiles's
Brooklyn, i., 200-202; Hoffman, L, 95; Patents, vol. v. ; Col. Doc., iii., 333, 401, 412.
t Col. Doc, iii., 360, 361, 365, 412, 425, 427, 495 ; iv., 812 ; v., 36^ ; Council Min., v., 155 ;
Min. of N.Y. Common Council, i., 272, 299, 300; Val. Man., 1844, 318; 1858,13-24; Diin-
lap, ii., App. cxxxiv. ; Hist. Mag., vi., 875; Doc. Hist., iv., 1"; Patents, v., 381-406; Hoff-
man's Treatise, i., 20 ; ante, 158, note, 409, 427.
t Patents, v., 228-235 ; Munsell's Annals, iv., 145 ; Barnard's Sketch, 130-135 ; Doc. Hist.,
iii., 552 ; Col. Doc, ii., 553 ; iii., 224, 225, 209, 270, 351, 401, 410, 411, 455, 405 ; ante, vol. i..
635; ii., 258, 287.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 439
which they promised him three hundred pounds. By this chap. ix.
instrument Dongan incorporated the " ancient town" of
Beverwyck, or Willemstadt, or Albany, as a city, with large ^ j^,y *
franchises, including the management of the Indian trade ; ^^'^'"^j.^j^-
and appointed Peter Schuyler to be its first mayor; Isaac ^^"'y-
Swinton, its recorder ; Robert Livingston, its clerk ; Dirck
Wessels, Jan Jansen Bleecker, David Schuyler, Johannes
WendeU, Levinus van Schaick, and Adrian Garritse, its al-
dermen ; Joachim Staats, Jolm Lansing, Isaac Yerplanck,
Lawrence van Ale, Albert Ryckman, and Melgert Wi-
nantse, its assistants ; Jan Becker, its chamberlain ; Richard
Pretty, its sheriff; and James Parker, its marshal. The
mayor and the sheriff were afterward to be appointed an-
nually by the governor ; the recorder and the town clerk
to hold office during his pleasure ; and the aldermen and
assistants to be annually elected by the inhal)itants on the
Feast of Saint Michael, or the twenty-ninth day of Sep-
tember. The charter, being brought up to Albany, " was 2g juiy.
pubhshed with all the joy and acclamations imaginable ;" bany cha.-.
and the officials named in it were duly sworn.* ed.^"
Dongan also appointed Robert Livingston to be sub-col- 12 juiy.
lector and receiver of the king's revenues at Albany, which, Livingston
with his place as town clerk, " might afford him a compe- fbnabi&™'
tent maintenance." Appointed by Andros to be secretary
of his Indian Commissioners at Albany in 1675, Livingston
secured colonial position by marrying, in 1683, Ahda, wid-
ow of Domine Nicolaus van Rensselaer, and a sister of
Peter Schuyler. Gifted with remarkable acquisitiveness,
and enjoying peculiar official advantages, he learned that
there were valuable lands on the east side of the Hudson,
just below those of the Yan Rensselaers, which had never
been granted by the government of New York. So Liv-
ingston quietly secured the Indian title to all the territory
from Roeloff Jansen's Kill, opposite Catskill, to a point op-
posite the Saugerties Kill, with all the lands further east-
* Patents, v., 44G-iT8; MimseH's Annals, ii., G2-92; viii., 205-216; Col. Doc, iii., 401,
407, 411, 42G, 494. As to the families of BleecIcer,Van Schaick, and Livingston, see Holgate, .
87-98, 141-200; and as to that of Schuyler, see Munsell, ii., 177; O'Call., ii., 177. Denon-
ville, the governor of Canada, writing to Seignelay from Montreal, in August, 16S7, report-
ed that, by his charter to the city of Albany, Dongan had, " for money, divested himself of
the finest right he possessed — that of nominating the magistrates and other officers, where-
by he was enabled to execute the orders of the King of England. Thus he is no longer mas-
ter of the merchants:" Col. Dt-c, ix., 337.
440 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK.
Chap. IX. ward towai'd Massachusetts and Connecticut, called " Tach-
kanick." He then got Dongan to give him a patent for
22 Jul *^^^ ^'^®* region, with manorial privileges; and thus the
Living- shrewd Scotch clerk of Albanv became one of the largest
ston's pat- ^ " o
cnt- landowners in New York.*
s May. After his first winter's experience, the new governor of
vinXca- Canada informed Seignelay of Dongan's enterprise in trad-
imdianpoi- .^g with tho Wcstcm savages by Albany parties, led by
Canadian deserters. The only way to check this would be
to establish a strong French post at Niagara. Moreover,
Fort Frontenac, at Cataracouy, should be made a magazine
to aid an attack on the Senecas, who must be humbled.
The Iroquois, he declared, "maintain themselves only by
13 June, the assistance of the English." Again, Denonville insisted
" that the English are the principal f omenters of the inso-
lence and arrogance of the Iroquois, adroitly using them to
extend their sovereignty," which they pretended covered
Lakes Ontario and Erie, " and the whole territoiy towards
the Miscissippi."t
To counteract Denonville's policy, and to maintain his
15 April, own, Dongan summoned the Five Nations to meet him at
Natio^T Albany. A new order had been made, forbidding all
toAibany^ traffic with the Indians, unless the governor's license had
been obtained. The commissaries there represented that
its trade had been diminished by the intrigues of the French
among the Indians, and asked to have the French priests
removed from their castles, and to have them replaced by
"English, capable to instruct and continue them in the
knowledge of the Christian religion." Dongan according-
May. ly promised to establish a church at " Serachtague," or
wiSfes°En- Saratoga, for such Iroquois as should come back from Can-
fts*^ rf-"' ad a, and to ask King James to send over English priests as
French'*' soon as possible. He also warned the Five Nations of
e^agls!^^ Denonville's purpose to attack them ; and, promising his
fi'iendship, advised retaliation. Lamberville, the elder
French missionary at Onondaga, had endea^•ored to pre-
10 May. •• vent this meeting at Albany, and appealed to Dongan's re-
• Pat., v., 401-409 ; Doc. Hist., iii., 367-435; Col. Doc, iii., 401 ; iv., 251, 514, 791, S22 ;
Col. MSS., xxxiii., 206; Council Min., v., 117; Ord.,Wan-., etc., xxxii;^, 13, 14; Sedg-
wick's Liv. ; Hunt's Liv. ; ante, 287, 300.
t Col. Doc, ix., 2S7-29C; Quebec MS?;, (ii ), v., 1S9-252; Doc. Hist., i., 12G-128; Chaile-
voix, ii., 327, 32S, 332 ; ante, 405, 429, 432.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 441
ligioiis sympatliy. The governor replied that he would cuap. ix.
protect him from any danger he might apprehend from the
Indians ; the question as to the dominion over whom must 20 May
be left to tlie kings of England and France. At the same
time he invited the younger Lamberville to Albany, and
even asked the Onondagas to send him there ; but the mis-
sionary staid at his post. Dongan also wrote to Denon-ssMay.
ville that his preparations at Cataracouy had alarmed the wl^S^
Iroquois ; and he warned Iiim not to attack " the King of viiie?°"
England's subjects," nor to build his intended fort " at a
place called Ohniagero [Niagara], on this side of the Lake;
— witliin my master's territories, without question." War
would not begin on the side of JS'ew York ; and the gov-
ernor of Canada should "refer all questions home, as I
have done."*
Denonville now appealed to Dongan, as a Eoman Cath- 5 June.
olic, for aid in converting the savages, and asked him to J^Tongin.
return deserters from Canada ; promising reciprocity, and
alleging that he had done all he could to find and send
back two New York negroes, whom Tesschenmaeker, the
Dutch clergyman at Schenectady, supposed to be harbored
in Canada. A few days afterward, Denonville asserted 20 June,
that the supplies sent to Cataracouy should give no um-
brage ; that the Iroquois were treacherous ; and that the
pretensions of the English to their country were not as
good as the actual possession by the French, who had long
maintained establishments there, in regard to which " om-
masters will easily agree among themselves, seeing the
union and good understanding tliat obtain between them."
Dongan, in reply, complimented Denonville at the expense 2g juiy.
of De la Barre, and promised to do all he could to pre- Sfto'
vent the Iroquois harming the French missionaries^ and^uie?'''
also to surrender all refugees from Canada.f
Informed by the Minisinks of the designs of the French, 7 August.
Dongan summoned the Five Nations to send delegates to
* Col. MSS., xxxiii., 234; Col. Doc, iii., 394, 3r5, 41S, 419, 454, 455, 45G, 464 ; ix., 296, 207, *
211, 802; Doc. Hist., i., 12S, 129 ; Chailevoix, ii., 329, 330, 331, 332; Shea's Missions, 314.
Colden does not mention this meeting at Albany. The date of Dongan's reply to Lamber-
ville's letter, in Col. Doc., iii., 4G4, and Doc. Histoi-y, i., 143, 144, is wrongly given as 16S7
instead of ICSS : compare Col. Doc., ix., 311. Dongan was not at Albany in May, 1CS7 : Col.
MSS., XXXV., C4.
t Col. Doc, iii., 456-461 ; ix., 297, 312 ; Doc. Hist., i., 129, 130, 131 ; Charlevoix, ii., 329-
334; Shea's Missions, S14; Warburton, i., 406; «7!fe, 380, 432.
442 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1686
30 August
Chap. IX. jSTew Yoi'k. A conf ereiiCG was accordingly held at Fort
James, wlien the governor told the Iroquois that the King
of England would be their "loving father;" that they
Dongan'3 ghould not incot the French at Cataracouy : that no Euro-
conference •' '
with the peans would be allowed to e-o to the Susquehanna River
Iroquois ■•- ox
ntioit and trade there without Corlaers consent; that he was
J nines.
about sending other expeditions to the Western savages,
and wished some from each Iroquois nation, especially the
Senecas, to accompany them ; that he would provide good
land and an English Jesuit priest for all the Iroquois Chris-
tians at the Sault Saint Louis who would return to New
English in- York ; that he would also establish English Jesuits among
Frenchjes-the Fivo Natious, who, he wished, would dismiss their
""*■ French missionaries; that they should send to him all
Frenchmen who should visit their country ; and finally he
said that if they were attacked by the Governor of Canada,
" Let me know ; I will come ; it will be with me he shall
1 septera. liavc to Settle." The next day the several nations answer-
th?Five ed in their turns. Although Albany was the "appointed
Nations, pi^ce" to tallc, they had cheerfully come to New York ; and
tliey were glad that they were to be " no more Brothers,
but looked upon as children." As to trading on the Sus-
quehanna, they avoided committing themselves; but the
AnEngiish Mohawks — froiu whom most of the proselytes at the Sault
wanted at Saint Louis had gone — earnestly desired that Dongan would
• •■"■» oga. ^£ QY^QY ^1^^^ j^^^(j g^j^(j ^ Priest may be at Saraghtoge."*
October. Detecting this movement, Lamberville liastened to De-
vnie de' nonville, who sent him back, with instructions " to assem-
n^non-"^^ ble all the Iroquois nations, next spring, at Cataracouy, to
'^'"''' talk over our affairs;" and also to dispatch his younger
brother James to Canada, while he remained alone among
the Onondagas. " The poor father knows nothing of our
8 Novem. dcsigus," wroto Deuonville to Seignelay, " and I am sorry
to see him exposed." And well might the marquis-gov-
ernor feel " sorry ;" for his purpose Avas to use the adroit
but sincere missionary as the instrument to accomplish one
of the vilest stratagems which ever marked the policy of
France in North America.f
• Council Min., v., 163, 165-170; Charlevoix, li., 333, 334; Col. Doc, iii., 305, 4S9 ; ix.,
302, 308, 310, 320, 802 ; Doc. Hist., i., 130, 141, 142, 2C5, 266. Colden Ooes not give any ac-
count of this interview at New York.
t Col. Doc, iii., 463; i.\., 20S; Doc. Hist., i., 134; Charlevoix, ii., 334, 335; Shea, 315.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 443
Denonville sent Dongan a caustic reply, charging liim chap.ix.
with duplicity in iiis transactions with the Iroquois ; wrong-
fulness in sending English parties to Michilimackinac ; and ^ October.
want of religion in furnishing the savages with " Eau de ^''Dongaa
vie," which converted them into demons, and their cabins
" into counterparts and theatres of hell." With Irish wit,
Dongan retorted that he had " only permitted several of i oecem. •
Albany to trade among the remotest Indians," and hoped retofu" *
that they would be civilly treated by the French, among
whom they intruded ; while as to furnishing liquors to
the savages, " certainly our Rum doth as little hurt as your
Brandy ; and in the opinion of Christians, is much more
wholesome."*
Dongan did not fail to show that he was as bold as his
French rival. The expedition he had sent from Albany
the last year having been so successful, he again commis- is septem.
sioned Captain Eooseboom to go with another party andand'oth^S
trade with the Ottawas. Rooseboom's company was made ?o th"^^"^
up of active young men, chiefly Albanians, among whom ®'''
were the sons of Arent Schuyler, and Jan Jansen Bleecker.
The refugee La Fontaine accompanied them. From Sche-
nectady they traveled westward in canoes, twenty of which,
" freighted principally with rum," were reported by James October. ,.
de Lamberville as having passed " Galkonthiage," near the
head of Oneida Lake. This party was to winter among the
Senecas, and go on to Michilimackinac in the spring. It
was accompanied by two savages from each of the Iro-
quois tribes, as Dongan had desired.f
Another party was organized to start from Albany ear-
ly in the spring, under the command of Major Patrick
MacGregorie, a Scotch officer, who had served in France,
and whom Dongan had made ranger general of Staten Isl- lo septiin.
and, and muster master general of the militia of the prov- ^'"^'°*
ince. MacGregorie was commissioned by the governor to 4 Decern.
* Col. Doc, iii., 4C1-4C3 ; ix., 298, 312, 979, 10T3 ; Doc. Hist., i., IDl, 132, 139, 140 ; Wol-
ley's Two Years, etc., 35, 47; ante, 146, 332.
+ Col. Documents, iii., 436, 437, 463, 476, 4S9, 513 ; ix., 302, 303, S02, 816 ; Doc. Hist., i.,
167 ; Col. MSS., xxxiii., 286, 292 ; ante, 409, 429, 432, 442. Johannes, the eldest son of Cap-
tain Jan Jansen Bleecker, was eighteen years old when he left Albany with Captain Koose-
boom on the eleventh of September, 1686. He was taken prisoner by the Canadians in the
following May, and did not return to Albany until "after the second sermon," on Sunday,
the 23d of October, 1087. Johannes Bleecker became recorder of Albany in 1700, and mayor
in 1701 ; and was member of the Provincial Assembly in 1701 and 1702: Uolgate, 91 ; Mun-
sell, iv., 119, 122, 142, 145, 153 ; ante, vol. i., 625, nute.
444 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAr.ix. be commander-in-chief not only of his own party, but of
~ that of Kooseboom, which he was to overtake, and lead
MacGrego- ^^^^^ ^"^ ^^® Ottawas country and back again to Albany,
aitosen"'' ^i^lc, the interpreter, accompanied MacGregorie, who was
westward, ordered " not to disturb or meddle with the French."*
13 October. In liis dispatchcs home, Denonville complained of Don-
lONovem. gan's procccdings, and insisted that Canada would be lost
i6Noveni! to France if war were not made against the Iroquois the
Population next year. The population of the colony was now a little
■ over twelve thousand, and its military strength only eight
himdred men. Troops must be sent from France, and the
post at Chambly be strengthened, so as to hold the Mo-
hawks in check, while the main attack should be made on
the Senecas. A strong fort should be established at Niag-
ara, and that at Detroit be maintained, so as to command
Hiigiic- the Western lakes. Fiftv or sixty Huguenots from the
nets shel- *^ */ o
tered in Frcuch Wcst ludics had lately settled themselves in l^ew
and Boa- York, and some had come to Boston from France. These
were " fresh material for banditti." Exasperated at Don-
Denonviiie gan's tradiug-partics to the West, Denonville asked the min-
wishea to r
bum Ai- ister to send him specific orders, " for I am disposed to go
^°^" straight to Orange, storm their fort, and bum the whole
concern."!
Pemaquid. Tlic affairs of Pemaquid had meanwhile fallen into con-
fusion ; but as Dongan was unable to go there, it was de-
10 June, termined in council to send Judge Palmer thither with
19 June, large powers. West was likewise deputed by Spragg to
act for him as secretary at " Pemaquid, in the County of
Cornwall." Dongan also licensed Spragg, Graham, and
others to take up parcels of land in that country. On
reacliing Pemaquid, Palmer and West tore " all in pieces"
spptember. tlic old grants and settlements of Andros. " They placed
.indwest and displaced at pleasure, and were as arbitrary as the
as"th7 Great Turke." Extravao-ant o-rants of land were made,
Tmke" in chicfly to Dougau's favorites. As they liad been directed
to claim all the territory eastward to the Saint Croix as
• Col. Doc, iii., 395, 431, 43T, 442, 473, 4TC, 4S3 ; ix., 308, 318; Doc. Hist., i., 100; Col.
MSS., xxxiii., 137, 138, 236, 298 ; Council Min., v., 175; License?, etc., v.
t Col. Doc, Ix., 296-318, 801, 802 ; Col. MSS., xxxiii., 219-298 ; Quebec MSS. (ii.), v., 25D-
345; Doc Hist., i., 132-139 ; Chailevoi.x-, ii., 333-336; Garneau, i., 259, 260. Dongan re-
ported that tlie population of Canada, in 1685, was 17,000: Col. Doc, ill, 396; Chalmers,
5., 609. This is an error of 5000 ct7 for 12), as in 1086 Denonville reported a census of 12,373:
Col. Doc, ix., 310.
Maine.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. MS
belonging to Xew York, the commissioners seized from chap. ix.
Saint Castin, at Penobscot, a quantity of wine and brandy
belonging to John Nelson, of Piscataqua. This seizure 23 juiy. '
was at first thought good ; but, at the instance of Louis's ^n-g^iqf '
ambassador at London, James ordered the " chearing como- "ors seized,
dity" to be restored. In the autumn Palmer and West re- Novem.
tm-ned to ]^ew York, and reported their proceedings at
Pemaquid. Disgusted with the trouble and costliness of Dongin
that distant dependency, Dongan prayed the king to an-wmTpem-
nex it to Massachusetts, and, in its place, to add Connecti- '"^"'
cut and Rhode Island to the government of New York.*
Randolph had meanwhile returned to Massachusetts in 14 May.
the Rose frigate, accompanied by Robert Ratcliffe, an again at
Episcopal clergyman recommended by the Bishop of Lon- and the
don. For the first time the Protestant ser'vdce of the chLch
Church of England was celebrated in the Boston To^\ti celebrated.
Hall, with Bibles and Prayer-books provided by James the
Second. The king's commission was published ; and Pres- 26 May.
ident Dudley, with his associate counselors, quietly re- stalled a\""
placed the magistrates of the late corporation. Instead of
Sewall, who had controlled the Puritan colonial press. Ran- Randolph
dolph was made its censor ; and Massachusetts sullenly its press
sunk into her condition as a part of her sovereign's territo- sewaii. ° '
ry of New England. ^Vhile a bafiled ohgarcliy mourned
its loss of power, James's new govermnent of his colonies
assumed its duties, " with the generall consent and applause
of the people."!
Although sectarian tyi'anny was quelled in Massachu-
setts, the older colony of Plymouth had departed from the
liberal maxims of its founders. Quakers were taxed for 22 June,
the support of its Puritan ministers. Randolph expressed unjlist[r
to Governor Hinckley his regret that, while their king had piymoulh.
made conscience free in Massachusetts, it was restrained in '
Plymouth, '' without any particular directions from White-
* Col. Doc, iii.,3ST, 391, 402; ix.,919; Council Min., v., 15", ISG, IS", ISS; Col. MSS.,
xxxi.,16G; xxxiii.,4T, 48,249-253; Patents, vi. ; Quebec MSS. (iii.), i., 134; Hutch. Mass.,
i.,370; CoU.,54T, 548, 5G3-5G5; Mather's Magnalia, ii., 5SG,5S9 ; Force's Tracts, i v. (9), 3T;
Maine H. S. Coll., v., S9-91, 107-130; Col. Rec. Conn., iil, 3G6, 3GT; AVmiamson, i.,5Sl-
5S4; Palfrey, iii., 533; an/p, 394, 40T.
t Col. Doc., iii., 368; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 3.51, 352: Hutch. Mass., L, 341-343, 350-353,
355, 356; Coll., 544-550; Mass. Rec, v., 452, 515-617; Andereon's Col. Church, ii., 454, 455;
Coit's Puritanism, 203 ; Dixon's Penn., 241; Palfrey's N. E., iii., 484-495,500,519; ante,
434 Why should Mr. Palfrey (iii., 519) say that Randolph ^^ assumed to be censor of the
press" in Massachusetts, when he only took the place of Se\yall, who formerly controlled
that press? S^e Hutch. Mass., i., 355; Mass. Rec, v., 452.
446 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IX. liall." With CEustic logic he added : " It will be as reason-
able to move that your colony should be rated to pay our
■ minister of the Church of England, who now preaches in
Boston, and you hear him not, as to make the Quakers pay
in your Colony."*
27 May. Without loss of time, Randolph wrote to Governor Treat,
cut claim- of Connecticut, that "his Majesty intends to bring all New
James. England under One Government, and nothing is now re-
maining on your part but to tliink of an humble submis-
sion and a dutiful resignation of your Charter, which if
you are so hardy as to offer to defend at law, whilst you
are contending for a shadow you will in the first place lose
all that part of j^our Colony from Connecticut to New
York, and have it annexed to that Government ; a thing
you are too certainly informed of already." In tribula-
14 June, tion, Treat besought Dongan to recommend Connecticut to
peah to"' the king's favor ; suggesting that, if that colony must fall, it
ongai- jYiigiit be as easy to slide westward to New York as east-
ward to Boston ; and that nothing said by Randolph had
"at all prejudiced us against your Honor or your Govern-
3 July. ment." Again Treat asked Dongan's " good advice."
cjiiiy. The General Court at Hartford also begged the king to
allow his colony to retain its charter, which would " be
most for the profit" of the inhabitants ; while the contrary
would "be very prejudiciall to them." The Massachu-
1 June, setts rulers had meanwhile prayed James's Plantation Com-
mittee that Rhode Island and Connecticut might be annex-
21 July, ed to the old " Bay" colony. Jealous of Dongan, Dudley
an'd Treat iuf oi'mcd Treat that " the consideration of the new model-
ijongan. ling and perfect settlement of all his Majesty's Provinces,
from Pemaquid to New York, is now lying before his
Majesty, and probable to have a sudden and lasting dis-
patch ; and that your parts, as lying between the two seats
of government, may be the more easily poised either way,
if early solicited." Pynchon and Winthrop, of the Massa-
27 July, chusetts couucil, were dispatched to Hartford to urge this
^s July. view. But Connecticut instructed an agent at London to
24 August, (jgfgi^^ i\^Q colony against her king's Quo Warranto; and
put off Dudley with a sarcasm, while she sent a special mes-
• Hutch. Mass., i., 35G, 357 ; R. I. Rec, iii., 109; Arnold's R. I., i., 464, 4S5, 501, 502 ; Pal-
frey, iii., 504, 522.
THOMAS DOKGAN, GOVERNOR. 44 <
seiiger to New York to ask Bongan's "favorable aspect." cuap. ix.
The metropolitan governor replied, that " for subjects to ~
stand upon terms with Princes, is not very proper ;" that the 4]^^^,;,
best policy of Connecticut would be "a downright humble J,^^"^","*-
Bubnnssion ; and that if that colony thought it convenient "P'y-
to be annexed to New York, every thing would be made
pleasant. Quit-rents would be lightened ; ports would be
continued where they now were ; there would be " no neces-
sity of entering at New York, or coming hither for any, ex-
cept such as shall be named to be of the Council and As-
sembly : and the Judges in their circuits shall bring the
laws to your doors. I shall say nothing of Boston, or any
other place. You know what this is ; and I am sure we
live as happily as any in America— if we did but know it.
The condition of some of our neighbors will best commend
»us." Dongan wTote truly. He might have said more.*
While James's colony of Connecticut was thus coquet-
ting with her wooers in Boston and New York, her sover-
eign at Whitehall was arranging her affairs to suit him-
self. In the previous November James had prorogued his
Parliament, and then virtually annulled the Test Act of jan'y.
1673 by stretching his prerogative so as to dispense with aactTonat
statute of his realm.f And now he thought of New En- '^^''"'^'•''"•
gland, which Dudley and his council were temporarily
governing. The king's attention had been drawn to the
encroachments of the French upon the territory claimed
by England in North America, and especially to their in-
terference with the New England fisheries, of which Pres-
ton, his ambassador at Paris, had complained, but had
gotten no satisfaction. It was therefore determined in
the Privy Council that Connecticut, New Pl;yTnouth, and
Ehode Island should be imited with Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Maine, and the Narragansett country, and be
made " one entire government, the better to defend them-
selves against invasion." Tliis was good policy for En-
• Col. Doc, iii., 368, 385-3ST; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 207-213, 352-3T5; Hutch Coll 514-
543 ; Chalmers, i., 419 ; Palfrey, ilL, 494-511. '
t Burnet, i.,667-C71; Rapin, ii., 753, 755; Macaulay,.ii., 35, 70,80-84, 146, 209 no • Har-
gnives's State Trials, vii., 611-646 ; ante, 201. It may interest Americans to know that Sir
Edward Hales— whom James used as his instrument to procure a judicial decision that he
could dispense with statutes— was appointed governor of Barbadoes in Marcli, 16S6, which
office Hales exercised through his Lieutenant Stede, preferring to Ptay in England :' Ellis's
Co'Tc.spondence, i., S5, 122, 297 ; Oldmixon, ii., 42,
448 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. '
Chap. IX. gland. It was the despotic idea of consolidation. It was
opposed to the republican system of confederation, as ex-
consoiida- Guiplified bj the Helvetians and Batavians of Europe, and
idea o'r ^y ^^^^ British colonists of New England. It was the an-
james. tagouism of Sovereignty and subordination. Consolidation
was indeed the best mode of establishing in his colonies
the king's direct government which Charles had adopted
in November, 1684, and which James was now to enforce.
It was charged, and it appeared to be true, that in some of
the New England colonies there was less real popular lib-
erty than there was in Old England. There certainly was
less religious freedom in most of them. The reasoning of
James was, that if the people of New England were not to
govern themselves on democratic principles of general rej)-
resentation, they would be more equitably governed direct-
ly by the crown than by subordinate corporations, which ^
justified their local tyranny by appealing to the grants of
the crown. If there must be despotism, that of the sover-
Royai in eign of all Englishmen would be better than that of colo-
coioniai nial oligarchies which, under English charters, claimed to
e.po icm. ^^^-j^ .^ their own way all their fellow-subjects within their
corporate bounds. In spite of the opinions of the crown
lawyers, " that the right did yet remain in the inhabitants
to consent to such laws and taxes as should be made or im-
posed on them," James had directed that there should be
no mention of an Assembly in Dudley's commission. Pie
now went a step further, and determined that the legisla-
tive and executive authority throughout Ne^v England
should be conjoined in the same persons ; " whereby a tyr-
anny was established."*
Who should be James's governor general to " regulate"
New England was already settled. As Kirke could not be
spared from comnfanding his "lambs" at home, the king
Sir Ed- chose Sir Edmund Andros as a more fitting instrument to
ciros np- do his will in America. This arrangement seems to have
goveinorof bccu kuowu to Randolph when he brought over Dudley's
Kiand ij"y temporary commission. There was every reason why An-
dros should be selected. James had chosen him, in 1674,
to govern New York ; and in 1678, as the duke's deputj^,
* Col. Doc, iii., 5T9, 5S1 ; La Potheric, i., 145; Charlevoix, ii., 302; Arnold, i., 404;
Chalmers's Ann., i., 410 ; Rev. Col., i., ITS; Macaiilay, ii., 12; Palfrey, iii., 4S3,4S5, 5G3;
mitc, vol. i., 301, 302 ; ii., 419, 434, 445.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVEKNOK. 449
he liad recommended a strong royal government should be chap.ix.
established in New England. Although " misrepresented ^
as a Papist, because he was fond of prelacy," Andros —
from his long American experience, his administrative
ability, his irreproachable private character, and, above all,
his soldierly notions of prompt obedience to orders — was
just the agent to execute his king's arbitrary designs. Sir
Edmund's worst enemies said that he had "large indow-
ments of mind." Since his recall from New York, Andros
had lived quietly in Guernsey. Yet his faitliful service
had not been forgotten by James, who, soon after his ac-
cession, promoted him to be the colonel of his daughter's
(the Princess Anne's) regunent of horse.*
For more than twenty years James had been trying his
" 'prentice hand" upon New York. The time had now
come when he was to use his master hand on New England.
The best English lawyers concurred in the opinion that
the only way in which English authority could be exercised
in English unchartered colonies was by their king's com-
mission under his great seal. Indeed, there was no other
mode of securing English supremacy beyond " the four American
seas." Without the king's great seal no English patent Jame^ the
had life. With it came power. If that " mysterious" seal
could quicken a royal charter, why could it not quicken a
royal commission ? If the king could delegate any of his
prerogatives to any of his subjects, so as to make them pro-
prietors or corporations, by charters under his great seal,
he certainly could delegate similar authority to his govern-
or by a commission under the same waxen symbol of his
sovereignty. This logic seemed to be indisputable. So, by
the advice of Sunderland, James commissioned Colonel Sir 3 June.
Edmund Andros to be captain general and governor-in-
chief over his " Territory and Dominion of New England
in America," which meant Massachusetts Bay, New Plym-
outh, New Hampshire, Maine, and the Narragansett coun-
try, or the King's Province. Andres's commission was
drawn in the traditional form, settled by tlie Plantation
Board for tliose of other royal governors in Virginia, Ja-
• Chalmers, i., 419, 423 ; Douglas, u., 247 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 343, 353, 354; Coll., 542, 54T,
548: Palfrey, iii., 490, 517; Burnet, i., 647, 64S; Mackintosh, 14; Col. Doc, ii.,741; iii.,
2C3 ; Hist. Mas-, viii., 247 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll. (ISGS), 306 ; Whitmore's Andros, 22, 23 ; ante,
316, 370, 419, 433, 434.
II.— F F
Andros's
commis-
sioD.
450 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IX. maica, and New Hampshire. Its substance, however, was
much more despotic. Andros was authorized, with the
* consent of a council appointed by the crown, to make
laws and levy taxes, and to govern the territoiy of New
England in obedience to its sovereign's Instructions, and
according to the laws then in force, or afterward to be es-
tablished. Yice was to be discountenanced and virtue en-
couraged. " And for the greater ease and satisfaction of
our loving subjects in matters of religion," added the king,
Liberty of " We do hcrebv will, require, and command that Hberty of
C0IlSCi6IlC6 «/ -^ i ■' V
to "all ^_ conscience be allowed to all persons, and that such espe-
person.. ^^^^ ^^ shall bc Conformable to the rites of the Church of
England be particularly countenanced and encouraged."*
James's In- The kiug's iustructious to Andros, which were also pre-
toTndios. pared by the Plantation Committee, followed the form of
those given by the crown to its American governors : to
Berkeley, of Virginia, in 1661 ; Culpepper, in 1679 ; and
Howard of Effingham, in 1683 ; to Cranfield, of New
Hampshire, in 1682; and to Sir Thomas L}Tich, and Sir
Philip Howard, of Jamaica, in 1681 and 1685. But An-
dros's orders differed fi*om those models in important de-
tails.f They exhibit a singular picture of the mind of
James : — " humane and severe, tyrannous and conciliatory ;
affecting an attention to the rights of the governed, while.
No Assem- by the same stroke, he removed the fence which secured
elin-slw them." This "fence" was a popular, a democratic "As-
J^ngian . ggj^j^jy " Yet Jamcs should not be charged with having
" removed" that which never existed. " The people" of
Massachusetts, before the abrogation of the charter which
a sectarian oligarchy misused, never had the share in local
government which their fellow-English subjects in Jamai-
ca, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jerse}^, and
' Macaulay, ii., 523 ; Chalmers, i., 141, 142, 345, 419, 420, 464, 405, 4P3 ; Col. Doc, ii., 4SS ;
vii., 363 ; Force's Tracts, iv.. No. S, 1-14; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxvii., 139-140 ; R. I. Kec, iii.,
212-218 ; Narrative of the Miseries of New England, 33; Mather's Magnalia, i., 175; Pal-
frey, iii., 512, 516.
t Tlie Instructions of James the Second to Andros, in 1686, among the New England
" Entries" in tlie British State Paper Office, have never been published. A synopsis of
them is given in Chalmers's Ann., i., 420, 421, 463. Mr. Palfrey, in his third volume, page
515, erroneously states that they are in what he calls '■'■O^Callaghan Documents" (appar-
ently intending to refer to the " New York Colonial Documents" procured in Europe — 1S41-
1S44 — by the agent of the state, and afterward printed by its order), iii., 543. Thi.s is too
gross a blunder to be passed by. The instructions thus cited are dated 16 April, 16S8, and
are Andres's second, not his first general orders from the king, which Mr. Palfrey refers to in
a note on page 562 of his third volume.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVEENOR. 461
New York actually enjoyed. Although arbitrary in form, chap. ix.
the Instructions of Andros were equitable in substance.
Among other things, the governor was directed to allow pj.ggg ggn'.
no printing-press without his special license. But this was ^0^^/!°^
only extending to America the restrictive policy of the ^^^^=g^''<=^"-
late act of Parliament. It was no colonial novelty; for
the royal governors of Virginia had been similarly instruct-
ed— and the press in Massachusetts had almost always been
under the restraint of spontaneous Pm'itan censorship.*
A salary of twelve hundred pounds sterling was assign-
ed to Andros ; and a peculiar local flag was devised for the
territory under his government. At the same time, a great
seal for New England was delivered to the governor, which 29 septem.
bore "a remarkable motto" abstracted from Claudian:ofNewEn-
" NuNQUAM LiBERTAs GEATioE EXTAT." The phrase was, ^ "'' ■
just then, " the theme of every song, and, by the help of
some perversion of Scripture, the text of every sermon" in
England ; and it has always been familiar to the friends of
despotism — ^^ Liberty is never more agreeable than tender a
jpious king}''\
To secure Andros in his government, two companies of soldiers
regular soldiers, chiefly Irish Papists, were raised in Lon- Boston.
don, and placed under his orders. One of these companies
was commanded by Captain Francis Nicholson, who, al-
though a Protestant, had not hesitated to gratify the king
by kneeling during the celebration of the mass in the royal
tent at the camp on Hounslow Heath. At the suggestion 20 June.
of the Plantation Committee, James also ordered that the annexed to
fort and country of Pemaquid, " in regard of its distance gilnd. °"
from New York, be for the future annexed to and con-
* Chalmers's Ann., i., 244, 245, 340, 345, 392, 420, 421, 463, 493; Eev. Col., i., 179; Col.
Doc, vii., 362, 363 ; Anderson's Col. Ch., ii., 281, 288, 289, 341, 375, 380 ; Belknap, i., 139-
187; Mass. Rec, iv. (ii.), 62, 73, 141, 211, 509 ; v., 4, 32, 323, 452 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 248, 257,
258, 355 ; Palfrey, ii., 530 ; iii., 519 ; Thomas, i., 207, 246, 247, 270, 278 ; Penn. Col. Bee, i.,
165, 278; iii., 145; ante^ 89, 145, 146, 338, 436, 445. The names of Andros's counselors are
given in Palfrey, iii., 604.
t Chalmers, i., 463, 465 ; New England Entries (S. P. O.), iv., 223, 267, 282, 311 ; Hutch.,
i., 362; Arnold, i., 495, 496; Palfrey, iii., 516; Claudian, Stilic.,lii., 114; Gibbon, iii., Ill;
Fox's James II., 57. An engraved copy of this great seal, of which original impressions are
now very rare, is published in Valentine's Manual for 1862, 738, 739: see also Hist. Mag.,
vi., 105, 106 ; Index to New Jersey Doc, 13 ; Mass. H. S. Proceedings for 1862, 79-81. The
lines of Claudian —
****** '^Nunquam libertas gratior extat,
Quam sub rege pio." **********
are thus translated by Hawkins :
"Ne'er liberty displays a higher grace,
Than under one where piety we trace."
452 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
chajp. IX. tiimecl under the government of ISTew England," Dongan,
who felt the inconvenience of that far-off dependency, was
about recommending this measure, so obviously proper.
wseptem. The Idug accordingly directed him to surrender to the
dererti""^' governor general of New England the " Fort and Country
Biirrender ^^ Pemaquid." Andros was at the same time instructed
isseptem. to demand the surrender of the charter of Rhode Island,
and to receive a surrender of that of Connecticut, against
which writs of Quo Warranto had been issued, and to take
both these colonies under his government.*
According to the declared intention of James, just after
his accession, the government of IS^ew York was now " as-
similated" to that which had been agreed on for New En-
10 June, gland. A royal commission, very like that to Andros, was
Dongan'a ?- -^•^ i-iiiii i
loyal com- issucd to iJongan, which, although he was an avowed
Roman Catholic, appointed him to be the king's captain
general and governor-in-chief over his " Province of New
York, and the territories depending thereon, in North
America." The Test Act, as we have seen, did not of its
own force extend to the English Plantations ; and, more-
over, James had dispensed with it in England. Dongan
was authorized by the king, like Andros, to suspend coun-
selors and nominate others for approval, so that there
should be always seven at least. With the advice of his
makriaw" <^'0^iiicil the govcmor could make laws as near as might be
to those of England, which were to be approved or reject-
ed by the king ; and le^y taxes, continue those already im-
posed, and erect courts of justice. He was also empower-
other ed to appoint judges, pardon offenders, " collate any person
or persons in any churches" which might be vacant, levy
and command the military force of the province, execute
martial law, build forts, act as vice-admiral, grant lands,
appoint fairs, and regulate ports, harbors, and custom-
houses ; and he was required " to take all possible care for
the discountenance of vice, and encouragement of virtue
and good living, that by such example the infidels may be
invited and desire to partake of the Christian Religion."t
* Chalmers, i., 421 ; Clarke's Jaraea II., ii., 71 ; Secret Services Ch. II. and Jac. II., 130 ;
Dalrymple, il., 55, 65, 103; Col. Doc.,iii.,391; Doc. Hist., ii., 17; Deeds, viii., 75; Maine II.
S. Cnll.,v.,131, 2C5; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxvii., 100, 1C2, 163; xxxii., 295, 296; R. I. Col. Eec,
iii.,21S; Col. Kec. Conn., iii., 877, 3S0 ; Arnold, i., 495; Palfrey, iii., 516, 517; a?i?e, 445.
• t Col. Doc, iii., 357, 300, 377-3S2 ; Col.MSS., xxxiv. (ii.), 6; Chalmers, i.,5SS; ao^e, 423.
447. The clause in Andros's commission relative to liberty of conscience and tlie encour-
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 453
The Instructions of James to Dongan resembled those cuap. ix.
to Andros, and to his other governors in America. Don-
gan was directed to administer oaths of allegiance and 29 May.
of office, but not the Test oath, to Anthony BrockhoUs, fZf^V
Frederick Phillipse, Stephanus van Cortlandt, Lucas San- 1'°^^-
ten, John Spragg, Jervis Baxter, and John Younge, whom
the kine: named as counselors of New Tork, and who were counsei-
'-' ore
to enjoy " freedom of debate and vote in all things to be
debated of in council." The governor was to 'nominate
proper persons to be appointed counselors, and to take care
that all civil officers were " men of estate and abilities, and
not necessitous people or much in debt," and that they
should all be "well affected" to the royal government.
" And whereas," added the king, " we have been presented
with a Bill or Charter passed in the late Assembly of New
York, containing several franchises, privileges and immuni-
ties mentioned to be granted to the Inhabitants of our said
Province, You are to declare our will and pleasure that the
said Bill or Charter of Franchises be forthwith repealed The char-
and disallowed, as the same is hereby repealed, determined erties re-
and made void : — But you are nevertheless, with our said
Council, to continue the duties and impositions therein
mentioned to be raised, until you shall, with the consent of
the Council, settle such taxes and impositions as shall be
sufficient for the support of our Government of New Y^ork.
And our further will and pleasure is that all other laws. Taxes and
statutes and ordinances already made within our said Prov- tinued.
ince of New York, shall continue and be in full force and
vigor, so far forth as they doe not in any wise contradict,
impeach, or derogate from this Commission, or the orders
and instructions herewith given you, till you shall, with the
ad^dce of our Council, pass other laws in our name for the
good Government of our said Province, which you are to
doe with all convenient speed."* The style of all laws was
to be " By the Governor and Council," and not otherwise ;
and transcripts of them and of the Council Jom-nal were to
agement of Episcopalians (ante, 450), was not inserted in Dongan's, because there was no ne-
cessity for it in New York, where conscience had always been free, and where Episcopacy
was not opposed. Religious freedom, however, was enjoined in his Instructions : Col. Doc,
iii.,3T5.
• Col. Doc, iii., 357-359, 309, 370; Council Jouni., i., 45. It will be observed that, al-
though the king declined to confirm the New York Charter in March, 1C85, he did not re-
peal it until May, 1GS6: ante, 3S3, 384, 423, 449, 450.
454 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK.
cuAP. IX. be regularly sent to England. " Tou shall take especial
care," was the king's further direction, " that God Almighty
be devoutly and duly served throughout your Government;
Church of the Book of Common Prayer, as it is now established, read
se^ice'es- cach Suuday and holiday ; and the blessed sacrament ad-
ministered according to the rites of the Church of En-
church of gland ;" and " that no minister be preferred by you to any
prefer- ^ ecclcsiastical benefice in that our Province, without a cer-
tificate from the most Peverend the Lord Archbishop of
Canterbury, of his being conformable to the doctrine and
discipline of the Church of England, and of a good life
and conversation."* The ecclesiastical jm*isdiction of the
English primate was ordered to prevail throughout New
York in every thing but collating to benefices, granting li-
censes for marriage, and the probate of wills, which pow-
ers were reserved to the governor. James f m-ther direct-
schooi- ed " that no schoolmaster be henceforth pennitted to come
from En- from England and to keep school within om* Province of
ficCTised. ^ Xew York, without the license of the said Ai'chbishop of
Canterbury ; and that noe other person now there, or that
shall come from other parts, bee admitted to keep school,
witliout your license first had."t And then James the
Second — in the very words he had addressed to Andros in
1674, and which the ISTew York charter of 1683 had limit-
Liberty of ed to Christians — directed Dongan to " permit all persons, '
in Ne'r*^^ of what religion soever, quietly to inliabit within your gov-
ernment, without giving them any distm'bance or disquiet
whatsoever, for or by reason of their differing opinions in
matters of religion ; Provided they give noe disturbance to
the public peace, nor doe molest or disquiet others in the
fi'ee exercise of their religion.":}: The orders of August,
* Col. Doc, iii., 36, 372 : compare the Instructions to Berkeley and Culpepper, of Virginia,
and Lynch and Howard, of Jamaica : Col. Doc, vii., 3G2, 363 ; Anderson's Col. Ch., ii., 2S9,
S41, 342; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxxvii., 153 ; Hist. Mag., v., 153. The "ministere" to be pre-
ferred to benefices here referred to were those of the "orthodox," or Episcopalian Church
of England. Dongan was not instructed to interfere with those of the Dutch, or Lutheran,
or other churches in New York. Why the Archbishop of Canterbury, rather than the Bish-
op of Loudon, was to have ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the province, will be explained :
poat^ 455.
t Col. Doc, iii., 3T2. This Instruction was the policy of the Church of England influ-
encing the Plantation Committee, and not that of James the Second, who had never before
interfered with school-masters in New York, of all denominations. The restriction seems
to have been adopted by the committee, at the request of Bishop Compton, of London, on 15
April, 1GS5, and to have been first inserted in the Instructions to Sir Philip Howard, as gov-
ernor of Jiimaicft, on 27 April, 16S5: Col. Doc, vii., 3G2, 36.B; KIlis (:orre?pondencp, i., 36,
99, 105, 109 ; Hist. Mag., vii., 330. t Col. Doc, iii., 21S, 350, 373 ; ante, 264, 3S3.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 455
1684, prohibiting " any innovation" on the trade of " the chap. ix.
Kiver of New York" by East Jerseymen or others, under ""
" groundless pretences," were renewed ; and all goods pass- ^^^ inno^'a.
ing up the Hudson River were required to pay duties at Hu°dson"'^
New York.* Dongan was also instructed to encourage ^iver.
"the Indians, upon all occasions, that they may apply
themselves to English trade and nation, rather than to any
others of Europe. But you are alsoe to act soe prudently,
in respect to your European neighbors, as to give them noe
just cause for complaint against you." * * * " You are to
give all due encouragement and invitation to merchants
and others who shall bring trade into our said Province, or
any way contribute to the advantage thereof ; and in par-
ticular to the Royal African Company of England. And
you are to take care that there be no trading from the
Province of New York to any place in Africa, within the
charter of the Royal African Company. And you are not Royai Af-
to suffer any ships to be sent thither without their leave or pany.
authority."f Treaties with foreign powers were to be care-
fully observed ; and New York was required to pass a law
against pirates, according to a transmitted formula. " In-
human severities," which bad masters might use against
their Christian servants or slaves, were to be restrained by
law, and the willful killing of Indians and negroes made
punishable by death. The conversion of negroes and In- conversion
dians to Christianity was to be encouraged. The govern- and in- °
or's salary was iixed at six hundred pounds sterling a year, Ne\7Vork.
to be paid out of the provincial revenue. " And forasmuch
as great inconvenience may arise by the liberty of printing
within our Province of New York, you are to provide by
all necessary orders, that no person keep any press forNounu-
printing, nor that any book, pamphlet, or other matters printing,
whatsoever, bee printed, without your especial leave and
license first obtained.":}; Such were the main features of
* Col. Doc, iii., 248, 240, 3T3 ; ante, 411.
t Col. Doc, iii., 245, 365, 3T4; Col. MSS., xxxv., 77. Of this Eoyal African Company-
one of the purposes of which was to bring negro slaves to America — James, while Duke of
York, had been governor; ante, 6. In September, 1681, Governor Lynch, of Jamaica, was
instructed to encourage this Eoyal English Company's trade in " merchantable negroes :"
Anderson's Col. Ch., li., 281.
t Col. Doc, iii., 374, 375. This restriction of the press in New York was according to the
precedents of the Plantation Committee, in their Instructions to the several colonial gov-
ernors. As proprietor, James had given no such orders to Nicolls, or Lovelace, or Andros,
or Dongan : see flw/c, S9, 145, 140, 3C8, 434, 436, 445, 451.
456 mSTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1686.
cnAP. IX. the Instructions of James the Second to Dongan. Thus
" a real tyranny," like that in New England, was establish-
ed in New York, which, deprived of its popular Assembly,
was "reduced once more to the condition of a conquered
Province."*
3 June. The Plantation Committee likewise ordered Dongan to
the puinta- send them, every quarter, a particular account of all im-
m^ttee?"* portaut matters concerning the province, mth his opinion
how its government might be improved. Secretary Spragg
10 June, was also directed to transmit official transcripts promptly
and faithfully.f
By James the Second's Instructions to Dongan, the Epis-
copal Church of England was, for the first time, directed
to be especially fostered, and the " ecclesiastical jurisdic-
james the tiou" of its primate to be established, " as far as conven-
tabiishea icutly may be," in New York. Some episcopal power
Episcopal' ' in his colonies appears to have been delegated by Charles
New York, the Sccoud to the Bishop of London. But, as late as 1675,
the Plantation Committee were doubtful of its extent ; and
the prelate himself considered his duties as merely ministe-
rial, " the Plantations being no part of his diocese, nor had
he any authority to act there." After the accession of
compton. James the Second in April, 1685, Bishop Compton, of Lon-
don, was, at his own special request, authorized by the king
to exercise "all ecclesiastical jurisdiction" in the Planta-
tions, including the licensing of school-masters going thith-
er f rpm England. The bishop's power was accordingly de-
clared in colonial Instructions. But Compton, having of-
fended James by opposing his abrogation of the Test Act,
januaiy. ^vas rcmovcd from the Privy Council early in 1686. For
this reason the king, in his Instructions to Dongan, ordered
^ncroft!°^ that the Archbishop of Canterbury, and not the Bishop of
London, should have ecclesiastical jurisdiction in New
York.t
* Col. Doc.,iii.,3C9-375; Chalmers's Ann., i., 5SS; Rev. Col., i.,lSl.
t Col. Doc, lii., 375, 376 ; Council Min., v., 241.
t Col. Doc, lii., 253,872; vii., 3C2, 363; Anderson's Col. Cli., i., 411, 412; ii., 2S4-291 ;
Hist. Mag., v., 153; Miller's N. Y., 108 ;Hazard, i., 844; Burnet, 1., 665; Reresby, 220;
Evelyn, ii., 258; Mackintosh, 55; Macaulay, ii., 32, 35; Ellis Corr.,i.,0; an^f, vol. i., 257,
26S. The authority under which Bishops Compton, Robinson, and Gibson, of London, suc-
cessively exercised episcopal power in the Plantations, was the instructions of the English
sovereign. But, as that sovereign could delegate his supreme ecclesiastical jurisdiction over
the British colonies only by his patent under the great seal, the attorney and solicitor general
reported tlicir opinion, in 1725, " that the authority by which the Dinhnps of London had act-
ed in the Plantations loas insufficient." A patent was accoidingly granted to Bishop Gib-
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 45^
Curiously enough, the " Defender of the Faith" of En- chap. ix.
glish Episcopalians was a notorious Roman Catholic. This ~
was very queer to honest Protestants. James openly re-
jected the English communion, and partook of the Roman
mass in his palace. Encouraged, perhaps, by the former
subserviency of Oxford, the king resolved to maintain his
ecclesiastical supremacy. Accordingly, in defiance of pre-
cedents, he commissioned Chancellor Jeffreys, with Arch- 14 juiy. •
bishop Bancroft and others, to pmiish summarily all who 3 August.
should oppose his will in religious matters. This arbitrary
commission suspended Compton from his episcopal f unc- e septem.
tion. James then appointed the Bishops of Durham, Roch- cie^iasticti'
ester, and Peterborough to manage the diocese of London tiZlui^
during the suspension of Compton. But Sancroft, the bishop
Archbishop of Canterbury, although a weak man, was^°"'P'°°"
honest enough not to approve these illegal acts of his sover-
eign. The king therefore ordered in council " that the ec- 27 October.
clesiastical jurisdiction in the Plantations" should thence- ciefiasti^T
forth be exercised by the commissioners whom he had ap-uonin^he
pointed in place of the Bishop of London. Thus the colo- ^°'°°''^^-
nial episcopacy of the English primate, Sancroft, under
James the Second, was even more short-lived than that of
his subordinate, Bishop Compton.*
Yet English Episcopalianism did not gain much foot-
hold in New York. The Reverend Alexander Innis was 20 April,
commissioned by James to succeed Josias Clarke as the chapiata"
" orthodox" chaplain of his garrison at Fort James. But F°ort^ ^'
while the King of England was a Roman Catholic, " the '^*"^^'
Church," of which he was the lawful head, could scarcely
thrive among honest colonial Protestants outside of the
citadel, t
Dongan's royal commission and Instructions reached
him on the fourteenth of September, 1686, when "his Ex-i4Septera.
cellency did take an oath duly to execute the Office and J^ivfs^hia^'
trust of His Majesty's Captain General and Governor-in- mfssion""'
Eon by George the First, in February, 1727, and another by George the Second in April,
1728: Col. Doc, v., 849-854; vii., 3G3.
•Clarlie's James II., ii., 88-93; Dahymple, ii., 77-79 ; Burn^., "-74-678; Evelyn, ii., 207;
Kennett, iii., 454-460 ; Rapin, ii., 755, 756 ; Lingard, xiv., 92-95 ; Mackintosh, 68-70 ; Ellis's
Corr., i., 144-148, 160, 187; Hargraves's State Trials, iv., 247-254; Macaulay, ii , 92-97; Col.
Doc, iii., 388 ; ante, 414.
t Deeds, viii., 13, SI, 39; Col. Mass., xxxiii., 804; Col. Doc, iii., 415; Doc. Hist., iii.,
245,265; ante.m.
458 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. IX. Chief in and over the Province of New York and the ter-
~ ritories depending thereon." BrockhoUs, Phillipse, Yan
Dongan'3 Cortlandt, Spragg, Baxter, and Younge, whom the king
counselors j^^d named as his counselors, were also sworn ; but San-
8wom. ' '
ten's oath was deferred, because he was a hypochondriac,
subject to fits, and " wholly unfit for business."*
Population At tliis time the population of IsTew York was about
York. eighteen thousand; although it was "not possible to give
an exact account." The provincial Assembly had adjourn-
ed to meet on the twenty-fifth of September, 1686. Don-
4 septem. gau, howcvcr, had meanwhile thought fit, " for weighty and
Assembly important reasons," to prorogue it until the twenty-fifth of
p'orogue . ]jj;g^j.^jjj^ 1687. This he did, just ten days before he received
his new commission and Instructions from James the Sec-
ond, which abolished an Assembly in New York, and vest-
ed all legislative power in the governor and council of the
province. After pondering this grave matter, Dongan and
9 Decern, his couiicil at length " ordered that all the branches of the
and hi^ revenue, and all other laws that have been made since the
take order, year 1683, cxccpt sucli as His Majesty has repealed, re-
maine and continue as they now are, till further considera-
13 Decern, tiou." Thcy also directed that " every Monday be council-
dry?"' day for the consideration of the King's affairs, and every
Thursday for the hearing of public business." The next
1687. month Dongan issued his proclamation that the General
The nIw Assembly of the Province of New York was " dissolved."
^embi^dis. By this formality all the legislative authority which the
eoived. jjjjjg (.o^^(j vest iu them, as his provmcial subordinates, and
which Judge Palmer and Attorney General Graham pro-
is Decern, nounced to be " sufl3cient," remained in the hands of Don-
gan and his council. It was an awful trust ; yet it was not
the less a legal delegation of the sovereign's power. It was
the forerunner of revolution. In the fullness of God's
time, English subjects in America were to maintain the
truth that "only a State can tax itself," which Hollanders
had taught to Europe in 1572, when they perilled every
thing to stop the exaction of an arbitrary tithe.f
Dongan and his council did their first legislative duty,
* Council Min., v., 172, 173 ; Col. Doc, iii., 369, 404, 416 ; ante, 453.
t Council Min., v.,164, 172, 173, ISS, 1S9; Col. MSS., xxxiii., 291; xxxiv., 81, S3; xxxv.,
16; Col. Doc, iii., 398; CoimcilJourn., i.,Introd., xv.,xvii. ; Min.ofN.Y. Common Coun-
cil, i., 303 ; ante, vol. i., 442 ; ii., 42S, 449.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 459
under their new instructions from King James the Second, chap. ix.
by re-enacting the former revenue law passed by the New
York Assembly in October, 1683, in consideration of his24Febr'y
expected " confirming" of their charter ; and another against ^^csedT*
privateers, according to the model which had been furnish- f°^^^
ed from England. During the following summer and an- counciu
tumn, other laws of more or less importance were enacted.
Among them was one to prevent Boston merchants, who
refused to pay New York duties, shipping oil from the east
end of Long Island ; they must now export from the me-
tropolis, and pay honestly, as others did, and as the law re-
quired. A patent, with the usual privileges, was also grant- lo May.
ed to the town of Kingston, formerly known as Esopus, in pateit""
Ulster County.*
The Quakers in New York now raised an interesting
question. By the militia law, persons who refused to train
were liable to have their goods seized if they did not pay
their fines. This the Quakers did not like, because they
scrupled to bear arms. Accordingly, they presented an24Febi'y.
address to Dongan, claiming that, by the Charter of Liber- Quakers in
ties, all peaceable persons professing faith in Christ should not^ex-
enjoy freedom of conscience in New York, and that the fr™m miii-
seizure of the property of Quakers for not training was " an ice7 ^^'^"
infringement upon the liberty granted in the f orecited act."
The absurdity of this position was evident. The council
accordingly, on examining the mihtia law, " unanimously
gave it for their opinion that no man can be exempted
from that obligation, and that such as make failure therein,
let their pretents be what they will, must submit to the un-
dergoing such penalties as by the said Act is provided."f
Anxious to have the northern boundary between New Northern
York and New Jersey settled, Dongan had agreed with between^
Lawrie in April, 1684, to appoint surveyors to run the lineandTNew
from the Hudson Biver to the forks of the Delaware, now ^^^^^'
known as Port Jervis. George Keith was accordingly
named surveyor for East Jersey, Andrew Bobinson for
West Jersey, and Philip "Wells, the New York surveyor
general, who had been Andros's steward, and one of the
surveyors of the Connecticut boundary in 1684, on the part
• Col. MSS., XXXV., 32-115; Doc. Hist., i., 429 ; Patents, vi., 300-308,- Council Journ., i.,
Introd., xvii.-xxi. ; ante, 157, 384,415, 420.
t Col. MSS.,xxxv.,35, 3G, 1G9; Doc. Hist, iii., 007, GOS, 009 : ante,5SS.
4,60 HIsTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. IX. of New York. The K^ew Jersey boundary-line, liowever,
~ was not run for several years.*
1 AQ'7 •'
' • Perth Amboy having been made the capital of East Jer-
sey, its nearness to the sea attracted commerce, w^hich Don-
gan thought illicit. So he reported to the English Planta-
Febr'y. tion Committee : " As for East Jersey, it being situate on
complains the othcr side of Hudson's E.iver, and between us and
Jersey. where the river disembogues itself into the sea ; paying noe
Custom and having likewise, the advantage of having bet-
ter land and most of the Settlers there out of this Govern-
ment, Wee are like to be deserted by a great many of our
Merchants whoe intend to settle there if not annexed to
this Government. Last year two or three ships came in
there with goods and I am sure that that Country caimot,
noe not with the help of West Jersey consume one thou-
sand Lb. in goods in two years, soe that the rest of these
Smuggling. Goods must havc been run into this Government M'ithout
paying his Majesty's Customs, and indeed there's no possi-
Beavcrs bility of preventing it. And as for Beaver and Peltry, it
takerto'^ is impossiblc to hinder its being carried thither; — the Li-
tey. ^^' dians value not the length of their journey soe as they can
come to a good Market which those people can better af-
ford them than wee, they paying noe Custom nor Excise in-
wards or outwards. An other inconveniency by the Gov-
ernments remaining as it does is that privateers and others
can come within Sandy Hook and take what Provisions
and Goods they please from that Side. Alsoe veiy often
shipps bound to this place break bulk there and run their
Goods into that Colony with intent afterwards to import
the same privately and at more leisure into this Province
notwithstanding their Oath, they salving themselves with
this evasion that that place is not in this Government — To-
inteviopera day au Interloper landed five Tun and one half of teeth
in^New°^ there. To prevent all which inconveniences and for the
'''^^^' securing of this place from enemy s, I desire to have an or-
Dongan dcr to jnakc up a small Fort with twelve guns upon Sandy
b.uidlfoit Hook, the Channell there being soe near the shore that noe'
Hoot" ^ vessel can goe in nor out but she must come soe near the
Point that from on board one might toss a biscuit Cake on
• Council Min., v., 65, 159, 170, 171 ; X. Y. Assembly Journ., ii., 52S--,'>35; Col. Doo., iii.,
302, 350, 4nr>; iv., CP.n ; (;„i. MSS., xxxii., Sa ; xxxiii., 4; N.J. 11. S. Troc, viii., 1U2, 103;
anU, 389,332, 41", 412.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVEKNOR. 461
Shore. If the Proprietors would rightly consider it, they chap. ix.
would find it their own Interest that that place should bee
annexed to this Government for they are at a greater j^g^^^^:^'
charge for maintaining the present Government than the ^g°^]j'^^'%
whole Profits of the Province (-vyhich is by quit Rents) *? ^^«""
will amount unto ; for they are at the whole Charge, the
Country allowing nothing towards its support soe that had
they not the charge of the Government they might put that
Money into their own pockets. And indeed to make Am-
boy a port, will be no less inconvenient for the reasons afore
mentioned, neighboring Colonys being not come to that
perfection but that one Port may sufiiciently serve us all.
We in this Government look upon that Bay that runs into
the Sea at Sandy Hook to bee Hudson's Hiver ; therefore The month
there being a clause in my Instructions directing mee that son Rive" '
I cause all vessels that come into Hudson's Piver to enter Hook!' ^
at 'Neyv York, I desire to know whether his Majesty in-
tends thereby those Vessels that come within Sandy-Hook,
the people of East Jersey pretending a right to the River
soe farr as their Province extends which is eighteen miles
up the River to the Northward of this Place. "West Jer-
sey remaining as it does will be noe less inconvenient to this
Government for the same reasons as East Jersey, they both inconven-
making but one neck of Land and that soe near situate to J^^un **
us, that its more for their convenience to have commerce ^ey^ ^^'"
here than any where else, and under those circumstances
that if there were a Warr, either with Christians or Indians
they would not be able to defend themselves without the
assistance of this Government. To bee short, there is an
absolute necessity those Provinces and that of Connecticut
be annexed."*
Collector Santen had meanwhile been admonished to be- 1686.
have better, but still continued to talk " scandalously and septem.
incivilly." Charges were then filed against him, and proofs santen"^
made out. On his side, Santen prepared counter charges Novem.
against Dongan. At length the governor and council sus- 1687.
pended the collector, and ordered his arrest by the sheriff. i3^j^n-'lf'^'
Thinking him "fitter for a retired life than to be the^"^'' ""J,
O and sent to
King's Collector," Dongan ordered him to be sent a prison- Engi-'^ad.
* Col. noc ,iii.,3C3, 392, 408. 416, 493; Doc. Hist., i.,95-llS; Learning and Spicer, 28S.
295 ; Wbitsliead'3 E. J., 109-118 ; Chalmers, i. , 621, 022 ; ante^ 333, 369, 433, 452, 455.
462 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cnAP. IX. er to England, in the ship which conveyed Secretary Spragg
and Major Baxter with imj)ortant dispatches to the home
27 jan'y.' govemuient. During Santen's suspension, Counselor Van
Van c'orfc.* Cortlaudt and Attorney General Graham were appointed to
Graham*^ manage the king's revenue. As Younge lived one hun-
joint col- (Jred and fifty miles away from Fort James, at the east
lectors. "L "^ '
end of Long Island, was now very old, and had no estate
of his own, and as the absence of Spragg and Baxter in
England would leave the council without a sufficient quo-
28 Febr'y. rum, the govcmor swore Judge John Palmer and Mayor
Bay™rd^° Nicholas Bayard to serve as counselors until the royal
cM™eiors. pleasure should be made known ; and he also nominated six
others " of the fittest" in the province to supply vacancies.
2 March. Dougau also asked the king to allow him to name a col-
lector who lived in New York, as those who came from En-
gland expected " to run suddenly into a great estate, which
this small place cannot afford them."*
Dongan's By Sprag-ff and Baxter the governor sent to the Planta-
report on .
New York tiou Committce his replies to their official " Heads of In-
spraggand quiry," with a map of New York and the adjoining govern-
ments, showing " the extent and inequality of them, and of
Canada alsoe ;" which was accomplished " with much labor
and charge." Dongan's report, although encumbered by
details very interesting to himself, but of little present im-
portance, is one of the most careful, as well as most honest
pictures of his provincial government which an American
subordinate ever sent home to his English sovereign.
The several courts and the laws of New York in force
Militia, were described. There were about four thousand foot and
three hundred horse, besides one company of dragoons.
Fort James had been repaired, covering two acres, and
" though this fortification be inconsiderable, I could wish,"
said Dongan, " that the king had several of them in these
Pioiific parts — In this Country there is a Woman yet alive from
whose Loyns there are upwards of three hundred and sixty
persons now living. The men that are here have generally
lusty strong bodies. At Albany there is a Fort made of
» Council Min., v., 173, 174, ISO, 181, 186-189, 192-104; Col. MSS., xxxiii., 283 ; xxxv.,
10-15, 18-24, 32, 83, 37, 74; Col. Doc, iii., 401-414, 416, 417, 420-424, 493-500; iv., 418;
Doc. Hist., i., 104-118 ; ante, 428, 458. Dongan's nominees for counselors were Judge Mat-
thias NicoUs, Attorney General Graham, William Smith, Gabriel Minvielle, Francis Kom-
bouts, and Nicholas de Meyer: Col. Doc, iii, 417.
Fort
Jamsi
woman.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOK. 463
Pine Trees fifteen foot high and foot over with Batterys chap. ix
and conveniences made for men to walk about, where are
nine guns, small arms for forty men four Barils of Powder p^rt ai- '
with great and small shott in proportion. The Timber ^*°y-
and Boards being rotten were renewed this year. In my
opinion it were better that Fort were built up of Stone
and Lime which will not be double the charge of this years
repair which yet will not last above six or seven years be-
fore it will require the like again whereas on the contrary
were it built of Lime and Stone it may be far more easily
maintained. And truly its very necessary to have a Port
there, it being a frontier place both of the Indians and
French. At Pemaquid there is another Fort built after Pemaquid,
the same manner, as I am informed ; A particular descrip-
tion whereof I am not capable of giving having never been
there, however its a great charge to this Government with-
out being anything of advantage to it, having officers there
with twenty men always in pay. And which makes it yet
more chargeable I am forced to send from time to time
provisions and Stores thither altho' its near four hundred
miles from this place. If his Majesty were pleased that I
might draw off the men and arms from that place with the
Guns being of light carriage and that I might have leave
to put them further into the Country, I would place them
where I will give your Lordships an account hereafter.
And then if his Maiesty were further pleased to annex that Dongan
fl.(lvls63 tllG
place to Boston, being very convenient for them in regard annexation
of its vicinity affording great Store of Fishery and Islands quid to
fit for that purpose lying all along to the eastward of them sefts, and'
— And in lieu of that to add to this Government Connecti- ticut°°r*''
cut and Rhode Island, Connecticut being so conveniently ^^''^'^^ "
situate in its adjacing to us and soe inconvenient for the
people of Boston by reason of its being upwards of two
hundred miles distance from thence. Besides, Connecti-
cut, as' it now is, takes away from us almost all the land of
Value that lyes adjojming to Hudson's River, and the best
part of the River itself. Besides, as wee find by experience
if that place bee not annexed to that Government it will bee
impossible to make any thing considerable of his Majesty's
Customs and Revenue in Long Island; they carry away
without entering all our Gyles which is the greatest part of
464: HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cnAP. IX. M-hat wee have to make returns from this place : And from
Albany and that way up the river our Beaver and Peltry.
Right of * "^^^^^ Government too has an undoubted right to it by Char-
t^oTonne?- ^^^' ^hich his late Majesty of blessed Memory granted to
ticut. our present King. And indeed if the form of the Govern-
ment bee altered, their people will rather choose to come
under this than that Government of Boston, as your Lord-
ships will perceive by their present Governor's lettei*s di-
rected to mee." - * * " I believe for these seven years last
past, tliere has not come over into this Province twenty En-
Engiisii, glish, Scotch or Irish families. But on the contrary, on
Irish im- Long Island the people increase soe fast that they com-
migrants. p|^|j-^ £qj. ^y^ut of land, and many remove from thence into
French, the neighbouring province. But of French, there have,
since my coming here, several f amihes come both fi-om St.
Christophers and England, and a great many more are ex-
Dutch, pected ; as alsoe from Holland are come several Dutch fam-
ilies, which is another great argument of the necessity of
adding to this government the neighbouring English Colo-
nies, that a more equal ballance may bee kept here between
his Majesty's naturall born subjects and Foreigners, which
latter are the most prevailing part of this government."
Petition of The govemor at the same time forwarded a petition of
protest- " the new-come natm-alized French" Protestants, thanking
the king for the privileges he had granted them, and ask-
ing that they and those who followed them might be
allowed to trade with all the British American colonies.
In reply to the inquiry about religious persuasions in New
York, Dongan reported : " Every town ought to have a
minister. New York has, first, a Chaplain belonging to the
Religious Fort, of the Church of England ; secondly, a Dutch Cal-
atoi^"" vinist ; thirdly, a French Cahdnist ; fourthly, a Dutch Lu-
theran. Here bee not many of the Church of England ;
few Roman Catholicks; abundance of Quakers preachers
men and Women especially ; Singing Quakers ; UUnting
Quakers ; Sabbatarians ; Anti Sabbatarians ; some Ana-
baptists ; some Independents ; some Jews : in short, of all
sorts of opinions there are some, and the most part of none
The Putch at all. The Great Church which serves both the English
NertYoik. and the Dutch, is within the Fort, which is found to bee
very inconvenient. Therefore, I desire that there may bee
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 465
an order for their building another ; ground being already cuap. ix.
layd out for that purpose, and they not wanting money in
store wherewithal! to build it. The most prevailing opin-
ion is that of the Dutch Calvinists. It is the endeavor of
all persons here to bring up their children and servants in
that opinion which themselves profess ; but this I observe,
that they take no care, of the conversion of tlieir slaves.
Every town and county are obliged to maintain their own nq beggars
nJ J n nor idlers.
poor, which makes them bee soe careful that noe vaga-
bonds, beggars, nor idle persons are suffered to live here.
But as for the King's natural-born subjects that live on
Long Island and other parts of Government, I find it a
hard task to make them pay their ministers."*
The Corporation of the metropolis, wishing a confirm a- is Jan-y.
tion of their charter from Dongan under his royal commis-
sion, authorized Mayor Bayard and Eecorder Graham " to
■procure the same." They also addressed the king, defend- Address of
mg their charter, which no one was displeased with except ration of
" ' j: J. fjg,,r York
Collector Santen, " the author of those clamors ;" and urged t6 the king.
"the absolute necessity there is that those adjacent parts
of Connecticut, East and West Jersey, Pennsylvania, or at
least soe far of Pennsylvania as extends from the Falls of
Susquehannah should bee united to this your Majesty's Prov-
ince ; the effect whereof will not only secure your Majesty's
Government, but will lil?:ewise make it formidable against
all that may become your Majesty's enemies, ease your
Majesty of the charge, and alsoe bring in considerable
profit unto your Majesty's coffers."f
Among the domestic incidents was the case of Francis
Stepney, a dancing-master, who, having been forced to
leave Boston, and having no visible estate, was ordered not s j.in-y.
r . . Case of
to teach, dancing in New York, and to give security that he stepney, a
would not become a public charge, or else to quit the prov- mTsterf'
ince. But, upon Stepney's petition, he was allowed an ap- c jan-y.
peal to the king in person.:}:
• Col. Doc, iii., 3S9-41T, 419, 420 ; ix., 309, 312 ; Doc. Hist., i., 95-llS ; Val. Man., 1850,
456-486 ; Col. Eec. Conn., iii., 292-204 ; ante, 310, 331, 435, 445-44T. The T,ev. Alexander
Innis succeeded Josias Clarke as chaplain to the garrison in October, 1G80 ; Domine Hen-
ricus Selyns was the Dutch minister in New York, Daille was pastor of the French Calvin-
ists, and Arensius of the German Lutherans : Col. Doc, iii., 415, 651, 749 ; Doc. Hist., ii.,
247 ; iii., 289, 707 ; Secret Sen, Ch. II. and Jac. II., 130 ; ante, 174, 273, 329, 380, 407, 457.
t Min.of C. C, i., 308; Val. Man., lSi4-5, 318; Col. Doc, iii., 412, 424,425; ante, 426, 438.
t Council Min., v., 101 ; Col. MSS., xx.xv., 3, 7, 8.
II.— G G
466 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP.ix. As the colonial post-office, established by Dongaii in
1685, had been modified by the appointment of Randolph
4A rn *^ ^^ deputy postmaster of New England under Lord
New York Trcasurcr Rochester, the governor appointed William
ter. Uogardus to be postmaster tor the provmce or JNew
York.*
In place of Graham, who was now joint collector with
n April. Van -Cortlandt, Dongan appointed William Nicolls, a son
NicouT of Judge Mattliias NicoUs, and a regularly educated law-
KenewTof ycr, to bc attomcy general of the province.f
xewYork. l^'otwithstaudiug all the laws passed against pirates by
order of James, the American waters were infested by
June. freebooters. The pink Good Hope, or Hopewell; Captain
yoaTiiip George Heathcote, on her way from New York to En-
an^irah^'' gkud, was stoppcd between Long Island and Nantucket by
^"'''**'" a pirate from Youghal, in Ireland, who pillaged money
from the master and men, and a sail, provisions, and a boat
from the pink. By their speech, the pirates seemed to be
• " North countrjanen.":}:
The iro- In his rcport, Dongan described the Iroquois as the " bul-
" bulwark" wark" of New York against Canada. The metaphor was
York"^ admirable. The Five Nations were the " most warlike"
canrL. savages in North America ; and Dongan, following the ex-
ample of Andros, suffered " no Christians to converse with
them any where, but at Albany," and then only with his li-
cense. His policy was " to keep them peaceable and an-
nexed to this Government," so that upon any occasion he
could have three or four thousand of their warriors at a
call to aid New York. Dongan accordingly recommended
that the boundary with Pennsylvania be run westward from
latitude 41° 40^ on the Delaware River; that forts be built
Dongan'a ou that liuc, and also at Niagara ; and that, to counteract
thrking" the French Jesuits, the English priests, whom he had prom-
ised the savages, should be sent over as soon as possible.
Above all, it was '' very necessary for us to encourage our
young men to go a beaver-hunting as the French do." But,
wliile the king's governor of "the centre of all his Domin-
• Council Min., v., 106 ; Col. MSS., xxxv., 52 ; Col. Doc, iii., 349, 350, 35G ; ante, 41.'5, 4.^54.
t Licenses, Warr., etc., v. ; Col. MSS., xxxiv. (ii.), 59 ; Col. Doc., iii., 412, 424, 429, 709 ;
Wood, 144; Thompifon, ii., 391 j anfc, 312, 462.
t Ellis Corr., i., 330 ; Col. Doc, iii., 2SS, 374, 3S7, 490, 496 ; C. Wolley, 61, 97; ante, 2SG,
287, 469.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 467
ions in America" was giving this good advice, James the cuap. ix.
Second was meditating other arrangements.* -iRQa
Colonel Sir* Edmund Andros, governor general of the ^^ Deceni.
king's "Territory and Dominion of New England," had^pdr^^B^t
meanwhile reached Boston in the frigate Kingfisher, ac-
companied by Francis Nicholson, his lieutenant governor,
and the Irish soldiers who were to maintain his authority.
The next day Andros landed ; and, after being received 20 Decem.
with "suitable demonstrations," quietly assimaed the power assumes
which Dudley and his associates had temporarily adminis- ment of
tered. It is remarkable that this event happened about gilnd.
the very day on which " the Pilgrims" fi'om Leyden and
England landed on Plymouth beach, sixty-six years before.
But the anniversaiy, now so ostentatiously celebrated, was
then passed by in Massachusetts without observance. A
comicil was held a few days afterward at Boston, which 30 Dcccm.
was attended by members from Plymouth and Rhode Isl-
and. The Records of Massachusetts, obtained with difii-
culty from Rawson, were- intrusted to Secretary Randolph, 1687.
in whose place Dudley was appointed licenser of the press, Du<u°y u-
" according to previous colonial custom." Among the first the^ree^.
of his acts, Andros was obliged to reprove Hinckley, the s ^arcn.
late governor of Plymouth, for his intolerance in distrain-
ing the property of Quakers to pay compulsory rates for
the support of other sectarian ministers. The governor
soon afterward organized the Royal New England judi-
ciary, by appointing Dudley chief justice, and William 25 Apni.
Stoughton and Peter Bulkley associate judges of the Supe- xew En-
rior Court ; while George Farewell, a lawyer who had just ^^''^^'
come from New York with West, was made attorney gen-
eral of the dominion.f
The assumption by Andros of the government of New
* Col. Doc, iii., 391-396, 402, 415, 416, 418, 423 ; Doc. Hist., i., 96-101; Val. Man., 1350,
458-464; ante, 306, 30T, 309, 395, 429, 440, 442, 44T, 452.
t Chalmers, L, 421, 422; Col. Kec. Conn., iii., 376; R. I. Eec, iii, 218-224,257; Douglas,
i., 413, 478; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxvii., 138, 1.56, 162, 166, 171 ; xxxv., 149, 190; Hutch. Mass.,
L, 353, 354, 355, 357, 359 ; Coll., 555, 557 ; Arnold, i., 499-502 ; Barry, i., 486-488 ; Palfrey,
iiL, 486, 511, 515, 517-522, 526 ; Force's Tracts, iv.. No. 9, p. 16 ; Palmer's Impartial Account,
22 ; Adlard's Sutton Dudleys, 77 ; Val. Man., 1862, 741 ; Col. Doc, iiL, 657, 663 ; Col. MSS.,
xxxiii., 308, 342; ante, i., 133 ; ii., 445, 446, 451. The Records of the Royal Government of
New England, which Hutchinson, i., 354, states were " secreted or destroyed," are preserved.
in the hand-writing of Secretary Randolph, or his clerk, in the British State Paper Office,
and the Library of tlie Worcester Antiquarian Society : Chalmers, i., 463 ; Palfrey, iii. , 437,
493,518; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxix., 187. The private papers of Andros were probably "buiTt,
or otherwise made away with," iu 1689 : Hutch. Coll., 575 ; j^oat, 553.
4:QS HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1687.
Chap. IX. England concerned New York botli directly and incident-
ally. He had been her governor, and many of her people
esteemed him as their friend or patron. Aniong these was
John "West, the clerk of the New York Common Council,
who resigned that office and went to Boston, where, through
3 May. the influence of Andros, he hired from Randolph his place
to Boston of secretary of New Eng-land. As soon as Dons^an received
and be- . ®
comes sec- the king's orders of 19 September, 1686, he surrendered
24 Feb'y. Pcmaquid to Andros, who sent thither Ensign Joshua Pi-
Dongan pou, witli somc of the newly-come soldiers, to recei^•e pos-
"pemlquld, scsslou and o-arrison Fort Charles. The transfer from New
waii,"°t?' York of its distant county of " Cornwall" to the govern-
Andros. j-j^gQ^- ^f j^^ew England was cheerfully made by Dongan,
who had recoimnended it as expedient. But James the Sec-
ond did not see fit to annex Connecticut to his own old
province, as the desired equivalent."
1(5S0. -A-s soon as he could, Andros notified Governor Treat, of
22 Decern. Conuecticut, that the king had authorized him to receive
the surrender of the charter of that colony, if tendered,
and to take charge of its government, as a part of New En-
23 Decern, gland. A fcw days afterward Randolph served another
writ of Quo Warranto upon Treat, suggesting that the peo-
ple of Connecticut had " no way to make themselves hap-
py" but by an early application to Andros. In this crisis
1687. a General Court was convened at Hartford, which left the
Aitt\a i^t- business of the charter in the hands of Treat and his coun-
n"cticut°to" oil. An evasive answer was returned by them to Andros.
dwilnd.'^' But a very artful letter was sent to Lord Sunderland, stat-
ing that they were unable to make a " suitable return" to
the Quo AYarranto, and adding: "We are liis Majesty's
loyal subjects, and we are heartily desirous that we may
continue in the same station that we are in, if it may con-
sist with his princely msdom to continue us so. But if his
Majesty's royal purposes be otherwise to dispose of us, we
shall, as in duty bound, submit to his royal commands ; and
if it be to conjoin us with the other Colonies and Provinces
under Sir Edmmid Andros, his Majesty's present Govera-
• Maine H. S. Coll., v.,. 110, 130, 131, 264, 265, 266 ; Williamson, i., 5S2-5S6 ; R. I. Kec, iii.,
223,224; N. Y. Deed.^, viii.,75; Col. Doc., iii., 391, 41 T, 513, 515, 05T ; ix.,910; Col. MSS.,
XXXV., 36 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 358, 359 ; Coll., 555, 55T; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxvii., ITS, ISO,
XXXV., 156, 176; Palfrey, iii., 523, 531 ; ante, 310, 445,452, 463. On the 25th of July, 16S7,
Slicriff John Knight (anfr, 42S) was appointed olerk of the New York Common Council in
place of West, resigned : Min, of C. C, i., 313.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOE. 469
or, ii will be more pleasing than to be joined Avitli any otli- cuap.ix.
er province."* ' ~1fiS7~
A curious intercolonial intrigue now followed. Andros,
who had just come from London, and was fully acqiiainted
with the king's policy about JSTew England, did all he could *
to induce Treat and the other chief men of Connecticut to
submit with a good grace to his government. But Dongan
was not equally well aware of the intentions of James in
regard to that colony ; at all events, he was not informed
by Andros, who regarded his royal fellow-servant and suc-
cessor in the government of New York with personal jeal- Andros
OTisy, and always acted toward liim with extreme official re- Don°g" n?
sers'e. Both governors coveted Connecticut. Andros, who,
as the Duke of York's deputy, had thought it a part of New
York, was how anxious that it should be a part of New En-
gland ; while Dongan sturdily maintained that what would
have been advantageous to James as duke, would be more
advantageous to James as king. Accordingly, Dongan,
with less light than Andros, sent Palmer and Graham as is Aprii.
commissioners to induce the people of Connecticut to sub- senda*^
mit to the government of New York, and to insure them of and'o'ra-
the enjoyment of their estates, offices, and other advan- oonnecti-
tages. Dongan also wrote earnestly to Treat in the same 21 Apiu.
strain. • But the New York effort did not succeed. Palmer
and Graham, although commissioned by Dongan to repre-
sent Ills views, appear to have s}TTipathized with the present
designs of their earlier patron, Andros. They wrote to him 5 May.
from New Haven that they found the leading men in Con- York ^^
necticut " all united in one mind that it was their only in- wh^ to
•terest to be joined to York, and they did expect that his '^°'^''°^-
Majesty would accordingly dispose of them that way; but
they were so foolishly fond of their charter that they unan-
imously agreed to be passive and not active in the case;
that is, they would never surrender, but if it were his Maj-
esty's pleasure to take their charter from them, they would
submit thereto." And then the New York agents told the
governor of New England that Treat and most of his coun-
cil were on his side, but that the king would be obliged to
• Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 222-22G, 375-3T0; Mass. H. S. Qoll., xviii., 1S2, 23T, 23S ; xxvii.,
163, 165, 166 ; XXXV., 14T; Hutch. Mass., i., 339; Chalm;rs's Ann., i., 279, 29S, 306, 307;
Palfrey, ui. , 537, 538 ; anle, 452.
470 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cnAp. IX. proceed to judgment against the Connecticut cliarter; and
~ that as "Whiting, the agent of the colony at London, had .
Duplicity 3^^* written " that it was the discourse at Wliitehall that all
Hnd Gra" *^ *^^® Westward of Connecticut" [probably meaning the
ham. 'Connecticut Hiver] "■v's-ill be joined to New York," and as
" the rest is not w'orth desiring," it w^ould be Andros's " in-
terest to make Court at home for accomplishing the mat-
ter." This " matter" was the annexation of Connecticut to
ISTew England rather than to New York, which the trusted
agents of Dongan thus furtively advised Andros to "ac-
12 May. complish." The Connecticut Court left its " emergent oc-
casions" in the hands of Treat and six others. Treat ac-
12 May. cordiugly replied to Dongan " that the matter is in his
reply to Majcsty's liaiids ;" but that, if a new disposition was to be
ongan. j^g^^g^ a ^^ ^^ earnestly request that bur whole Colony or
Province may together be annexed to such government as
his Majesty shall see fit ; for a dividing of it will be very
23 May. prejudicial." On their returii to New York, Palmer and
nnd"Gra- Graham reported to the council "that the people of Con-
port'to"^^' necticut are obstinate not to surrender to the king." Don-
2T°aiT^" g^'Ji) however, informed Lord Sunderland that Palmer and
Sport to* Graham had told him that they had prevailed on the Con-
necticut Assembly to write him a letter, in which " they
signified their submission," and asked him to g&t them
" firmly annexed" to the government of New York ; and
that this letter was " ready to be signed, having the unani-
mous approbation of the whole. But before that Could be
done, some of their clergy came among them, and quite
overthrew all they had done ; telling them that to whatev-
er government they should be joined it would be a grievous
affliction. '^' * * With these, and such- like contrary ex-
pressions, the Assembly was wrought npon to let sending
that letter alone."*
13 June. Andros, on his side, again urged Connecticut to surren-
der its charter as a " duty to his Majesty." John Saffin,
the last speaker of the late General Court of Massachusetts,
n June, also wa'ote to Secretary AUyn that all British America be-
• Col. Doc, iii., 235, 236, 396, 415, 416; Col. MSS., xx.^v., 5S, 61, 64, 73 ; Hutch. Coll., 55G;
R. I. Rec, iii,, 223, 224; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 227-236, 368-370, 379-381, 384; Palfrey, iii.,
639, 540, 541 ; ante^ 280, 285, 4(54. The Connecticut Records do not allude to thi.s mission of
Palmer and Graham from Ne\r York. Mr. Pnlfrcy (iii., 539) wondrously muddle.^ lii.-tory by
intimating that DonganVs .igcnta were salt by A iidivs from Boston !
Lord f?un
derland
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 471
tween Carolina and Canada Would soon " be brought under a chap. ix.
more immediate dependency and subjection to his Majesty" ^
by the abrogation of all charters ; that, whatever might hap- connecti-
pen in England, "matters will never be againe iii statu quo to*ubmu
here, in each respective colony ;" and that if Connecticut *" ^'"^'■°~'-
adhered " to the West," or New York, " you are an undone
people, for there you part with your best friends." But
AUyn cautiously wrote back to Andros that the Connecti- is June,
cut Court had " resolved to continue in the Station they
are in, 'till his Majesty's pleasure be made known to them
for a change," which would " readily be submitted unto."*
By a cm'ious coincidence. Lord Sunderland, that same
day, laid before the king a report of his Plantation Com- is June.
mittee on the Connecticut letter of the 26th of January.
This report — incautiously assuming that letter to express, Error of
by its promise to " submit" to the royal commands a sur- giuh gov-
render of the charter, and also a desire to be annexed to ab^™tThe
New England rather than to New York — recommended slon"™*'
that Andros should be instructed to signify his majesty's cut!°"'''
acceptance of the " dutiful submission" of Connecticut ; to
take the colony under his government ; and to swear Treat
and Allyn in the council of New England. James at once
approved his committee's I'eport ; and Lord Sunderland was
ordered to give the proper directions to Andros. This ac-
tion was taken in too great confidence. All fm-ther pro-
ceedings on the Quo Warranto were dropped, in spite of
Randolph's advice that a legal judgment on the writ was Randoiph'3
" absolutely necessary," as much in the case of Connecti- heeded.
cut as it had been in that of Massachusetts. It was an er-
ror—like that into which gentlemen sometimes fall when
dealing with shai'pers.f
Ignorant of this action at Whitehall, Dongan again urged s septem.
Lord Sunderland to have Connecticut and the Jerseys join- ag^n*"
ed to New York, because he thought that the addition of any suider-
part of Connecticut to Massachusetts would be " the most co'lmectr
unproportionable thing in the world, they having already a '^"'*
hundred times more land, riches and people than this Prov-
ince, and yet the charge of this government more than that,"
• Col. Eec. Conn., iii., 237, 3S1-383; Mass. Eec, v., 514; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxviL, 177;
Hutch. Coll., 55(3 ; Dalrj-mple, ii., 90.
t Ma88. H. S. Coll., xxxii., 297, 29S; Chnlmera's Ann., i., 29S, 305-310; CoL Kec. Conn.,
ill, 377, 37S, 3Si, 3S5, 470 ; Force's Tracts, iv., No. 9, p. 47 ; wUe, 468.
472 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cnAp. IX. which had " a vast advantage" by the recent annexation of
Pemaquid. The next month, on hearing that Treat and
IbbY. jtjiy^ i^ad written to London their wish that Connecticut
4 October, "might be added to Boston," Dongan bluntly expressed to
piwrthe' the Hartford Court his " great surprise" at the weak or the
Trearan°d dcccltful couduct of tlicir governor and their secretary ;
^"^°' and — yet in the- dark about what had been done in En-
gland— pressed the Connecticut legislatoi-s to join their col-
ony to New York. When, at length, the whole truth was
revealed, Dongan, with Celtic impulsiveness, told Lord Sun-
derland that Connecticut had been taken from " the bul-
wark to Boston," and been added to New England, " by the
fraud" of Treat and Allyn, " unknown to the rest of the
The people General Court ; and, for one that wishes it as it is, there is
ticut"Jf8h a hundred in that colony that desires it were annexed to
nexed to""' the Govemmeut of N. Yorke." Dongan wrote lionestly ;
New York. ^^^^ j^^ ^.^ ^^^ £^^ll^ kuow the uiiud of his sovereign in
England.*
As soon as he received his " effectual orders" from James,
22 octoiber. Audros left Boston with several of his council, and some
uartford. sixty grcuadicrs as his guard ; and, traveling by way of
Providence, New London, and Wethersfield, reached Hart-
ford, " where he was received with all respect and welcome
congratulation," and was "greeted and caressed" by the
governor and assistants qf Connecticut, A General Court
31 October, of the colouy. Specially summoned by Treat, was in session,
and there was " some treaty between his Excellency and
them that evening." It is related, upon " tradition," that
Treat remonstrated against the surrender of the charter;
Andros se- aiid it is Said that after Andros had secured one of the
cinMctf. copies of the instrument, the lights were " blown out," and
tei' anT that Lieutcuant Joseph Wadsworth secretly carried off " the
^rth"it8 dupHcate" from the table, and hid it in a large hollow oak
cMe."'' tree. No contemporary writing, liowever, mentions this
alleged occurrence. Andros himself does not appear to
have observed it ; and Secretary Allyn, in his own hand-
writing, closed the old records of the colony with the fol-
lowing entry : " His Excellency Sir Edmund Andros, Kniglit,
Captain General and Governor of His Majesty's Territory
• C;ol. Doc, iii., 429, 511 ; Col. Kec. Conn., iii., 3S6, .^8". New England writers seem to
have ehtinned or obscured this detail : Eee Palfrey, iii., 541, 542.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 473
and Dominion in. New England, by order from his Majesty cqap.ix.
James the Second, Kinsr of Eno-land, Scotland, France and ~~~
1 fiS7
Ireland, the 31st of October, 1687, took into his hands the 31 October.
Government of this Colony of Connecticut, it being by his ^^esThe
Maiesty annexed to the Massachusetts and other Colony s govem-
J ■/ J ment of
under His Excellency's Government. FINIS." Thus did connecti-
Andros — according to Puritan notions — "commit a rape hands,
on a whole colony."*
The next morning Andros was conducted by the offi-iNovem.
cers of the late Corporation of Connecticut to its " public
Court-house" at Hartford, attended by the royal counselors
Stoughton, Mason, "Winthrop, Usher, Pynchon, Gedney, and
Tyng, who had accompanied him from Boston. Suspect-
ing no duplicity respecting the actual surrender of the Andros-a
Connecticut charter, the governor general had his commis- mfssion°™'
sion publicly read, and then swore the complacent Treat [Sy Fn "
and AUyn into office as royal counselors of New England. ^X a^nd "
After establishing royal courts in Connecticut without any sekTrl*^"""'
opposition, Andros crossed from New London to Newport, ^^°™'
where the old seal of Rhode Island was broken, and his
unquestioned authority was acknowledged. At last the
dominion of James the Second was supreme throughout
New England. A post-route — which had been originally 23 Novem.
suggested by Lovelace and urged by Dongan — was soon in New ko-
afterward arranged by Andros between Boston and Stam- ^ '"^
* Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 24S, 249, 3ST-390, 450; Trumbull, i., 371, 372; Holmes, i., 421;
Bancroft, ii., 430; Arnold, i., 504, 506; Palfrey, ia, 541-543, 545; Force's Tracts, iv., No. 9,
p. 47, 43. Chalmers (writing in 1780, eleven years before Trmnbull) states that the Con-
necticut charter was carefully concealed "in a venerable elm," at the time that the "s?<6-
mission" letter of 26 January, 1GS7, ivas written : Annals, i., 298, 306; ante, 463. The tree
in which Trumbull (L, 371) says that Wadsworth hid the charter on 31 October, 16S7, stood
in front of the house of Samuel Willys, and was long known as " The Charter Oak," until
it was blown down, in a great storm, on the morning of 21 August, 1S56 : Holmes, i., 422 ;
Hist. JIag., i., 4, 5 ; Palfrey, iii., 542. In May, 1715, the Connecticut Court granted Wade-
worth " the sum of Twenty shillings," in consideration of his gbod service, "especially in se-
curing the duplicate charter, in a veiy troublesome season, when our constitution was struck
at, aiul in safely keejnng a7jd 2ireserving the same ever since, unto this day:" JIS. Conn. Rec,
quoted by Palfrey, iii., 543. According to Doctor Stiles, Nathaniel Stanley took one copy
of the charter, and John Talcot the other, when the lights were "blown out" in the Hart-
ford Meeting-house. One of these documents is now in the office of the Secretary of State
of Connecticut ; and a fragment of the other is in the Library of the Historical Society at
Hartford, " having been obtained from a tailor to whom it had been given, or sold :" Pal-
frey, iii., 543. Considering that Wadsworth appears to have safely kept '■'■the duplicate"
in his possession until 1715, it looks as if he secured it in January, 1687 (at the time stated
by Chalmers), and that the original, which was so ostentatiously " brought into the Court"
on 15 June, 1687 (after Wadsworth had "secured" the duplicate), was the one of which it is
supposed that Andros " obtained possession" in October of the same year : compare Col.
Rec. Conn., iii., 23S; Palfrey, iii., 539, 545. Chalmers and Palfrey— the earliest and the
latest printed authorities — make me skeptical about the traditionary stories of Stiles or
Trumbull, so rii-iterated in New England Common School books.
4:74 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IX. ford, Oil tlie border of Kew York, upon which John Perry
was appointed to carry a monthly mail as the deputy of the
'' provincial postmaster Randolph.*
Dongan a Of ^11 the British colonial governors of New York, Don-
vorker/^^^ gan was perhaps most truly a " New Yorker." He seemed .
to have identified himself with her hereditary catholicity
in religion, and her comprehensiveness in secular affairs.
Learning that Lamberville had urged the Onondagas to
meet the governor of Canada at Cataracouy, he forbade
T April, them to go there, and ordered the Jesuit to come to New
0 June. York. Not long afterward, it was further ordered in coun-
cil that the French should not be allowed to hunt " toward
Schuylkill and the Susquehanna." "When it was ascertain-
ed that Denonville really meant to attack the New York Iro-
The sene- quois, the Seiiccas, warned by Dongan, recalled their war-
the protec- parties fi'om Ohio and Yirginia, and sent delegates to Alba-
''"coriaer." ny to ask help from " Corlaer." The Indian commissioners
there made the savages large presents of ammunition, but
declined to send European soldiers to aid them in repuls-
ing the Canadians. As they went sadly home, the Seneca
ambassadors replied, " Since we are to expect no other as-
sistance from our Brethren, we must recommend our wives
and our children to you, who will fly to you if any misfor-
tune shall happen to us."t
But while Dongan was thus striving to hinder the French
from interfering with the Iroquois, whom he graphically
described as " the bulwark" between New York and Cana-
da, his sovereign at Whitehall was paralyzing his well-
meant zeal. The politics of Europe again swayed the in-
janieaand tercsts of America. Louis, troubled by the condition of
affairs in Canada, sent the Count D'xYvaux to London " on
purpose" to settle the boundaries between it and Hudson's
* Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 390, 391, 393, 397, 398, 438, 439, 44G ; Arnold, i., 505, 506 ; Palfrey,
iii., 536, 543-548 ; Force's Tracts, iv., ix., 47, 48; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxvii., 178; Col. MSS.,
xxxiii., 261; Chalmers, i., 298, 463; an/e, 196-198, 413, 434. There is much curious and
Hovel Information about Boston and its neighborhood, in the autumn and winter of 16S7, in
a pamphlet entitled " Report of a French Protestant Refugee," privately printed by Mr. J.
Carson Brevoort, of Brooklyn, L. I., in 1S68. Among other things, the writer says, " You
may also own Negroes and Negresses ; there is not a house in Boston, however small may
be its means, that has not one or two." * * "■ Negroes cost from twenty to forty Pistoles, ac-
cording as they are skillful or robust :" Report, etc., p. 20 ; compare aiite, 337. A list of
the inhabitants of Boston in 16S7 has recently been published by the Prince Society as an
appendix to John Dunton's Letters.
t Col. MSS., XXXV., 54, 55, 60, 60 ; Col. Doc, iii., 393, 440; ix., 325 ; Golden, i., 78, 86;
Doc. Hist., i., 144; Chailevoix, ii., 34S; Penn. Col. Rec, i., 202; aji(«, 442.
THOMAS DOKGAN, GOVERNOR. 475
Bay on the north, and New York on the south. But this chap. ix.
was found to be " a thing which it was not possible to de-
cide." Yet, to make the union of James with Louis " more
perfect," the British ministers proposed a Treaty of Neu-
trality, which should be observed by the subjects of both
crowns in America. James therefore empowered his
Chancellor Jeffreys and others to arrange the details with
Barillon, the representative of Louis. A treaty was ac- 1686.
cordino;ly sio-ned at Wliitehall, by wliixih it was agreed that M No^em.
O J & 5 ./ & WhitehiiU
there should be peace and good correspondence between Treaty of
Neutrality
the subjects of both kings in America; that those subjects in North
should not assist the "wild Lidians" with whom either
king might be at war; that those of the one should not
fish or trade in the territories of the other ; that unlicensed
privateers should be punished as pirates ; and that, notwith-
standing any breach between their sovereigns in Europe, a
firm peace and neutrality should be maintained between
English and French subjects in America. The ministers
of Louis foresaw " that if the King of England should arm
and commission his subjects in New England, the French-
men in those parts could not stand before them." It was
not pretended, on tlie part of James, that the L'oquois were
his subjects, " and not a single word was said about it."
In this remarkable treaty the French king gained a great Effect of
advantage over his English brother, who thus sacrificed to of NeJitrau
his " mistaken politics" those noblest of native American *'^'
tribes who had so long been " a mighty wall against the
irruptions of the Canadians." Copies of it, in English and
Latin, were sent to Dongan by the Privy Council, with or-
ders to cause it to be " duly observed and executed."*
As soon as it was received at New York the Neutrality 1687.
Treaty was published. Dongan also dispatched Anthony s June.
L'Espinard, of Albany, with a copy of it to Denonville, M J""^-
whom he requested to avoid any correspondence with the notifies
New York Indians " of this side of the Great Lake ;" and viue. '
that, as he was " daily expecting religious men from En-
gland," whom he intended to put among the Five Na-
* Clarke's James U., ii., 93, 94; Charlevoix, iii., 340,341; Shea's Charlevoix, iii., 273;
Chalmers's Ann., i.,6S9; Col. Doc, iii.,3SS, 393, 4T6,50S; iv., 109, 210; ix., 322, 330, 914,
915; Sylvius, xxiv., 4; Corps Dip., vii. (ii.), 141; Anderson on Commerce, ii., 575, 576,
577; Hohnes, i.,4iS; Grahame, i., 435; Bancroft, ii., 425; Force's Tracts, iv.. No. 11, p. 9;
ante, 460. Smith, i., 7S, nnfc, errs In stating that this treaty made the Indian trade in
America ^'■free to the English and Erencli." It did just the reverse: Garneau, i., 262.
476 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK.
cnAp. IX. tions, he asked tliat Lamberville should be ordered, as long
~77Zir as he staid with those Indians, to " meddle only with the
' • affairs belonging to his function."*
Louis had meanwhile sent a copy of the Whitehall Neu-
5Febv. trality Treaty to Denonville, with orders to "execute it ex-
actly." He also approved the proposed expedition against
Louu '^''''' ^^® Iroquois, and directed that all prisoners who might be
.^gain or- taken from them, in obedience to his order to De la Barre
quois cap- of 31 July, 1684, should be sent to France, to serve " in the
tives to be -,, ,, rr\i -r-i t i
sent to hjs galleys." I he English were not to be attacked; but if
Dongan should not obey his instructions to execute "the
Treaty of Neutrality," his conduct was to be reported, so
that "his Majesty may demand his recall from the King
of England."!
May With these dispatches came a re-enforcement of eie-ht
Vaudfeuil -i -, -, -r^ •, -, ,, ^
in Canada, liundrcd 1 rcuch regulars, under the command of Philippe
de Kigaud, Chevalier de Yaudreuil, an accomplished sol-
dier, wlio had distinguished himself at Yalenciennes. A
8 June, camp had meanwhile been formed near Montreal, in which
were assembled eighteen hundred regular soldiers and mi-
litia, one hundred voyageurs, and three hundred domiciled
Iroquois, among whom were the Oneida Garonhiague, and
Denon- • Kryu, " the Great Mohawk." Denonville took the chief
pedition command, assisted by Callieres and Yaudreuil. The army,
>feTYoi-k^ accompanied by the Jesuit fathers Bruyas and Yaillant,
went up to Cataracouy, where Millet was now stationed as
chaplain and interpreter. In the mean time a number of
Iroquois chiefs had come there, at the invitation of Lam-
irpqtiois berville, to confer with the governor of Canada. These
catara- wcrc scizcd by Champigny, the intendant, and bound fast
llnlto^ to stakes in the fort ; whence, with some others captured
on the Saint Lawrence, making in all fifty "able-bodied
men," they were sent down' to Quebec and quickly era-
barked for France, in obedience to the king's reiterated or-
ders. Among these American prisoners was Oreouate or
Tawerahet, the Cayuga chief who had driven the Father
Carheil out of that canton three years before. The capture
*Col. MSS.,xxxiii.,U2; xxxy.,67; Col. Doc, iii., 405, 4GT-472, 487 ; ix.,3S0; Doc. Hist.,
i.,14.''); Munsell's Alb. Ann., ii., 100; ante, 442. By L'Espinard, Dongan sent to Denon-
ville "•some oranges, hearing they are a rarity in your partes;" but the marquis replied
that " it was a great pity that they should have been all rotten" before they reached Mon-
treal : Col. Doc, iii.. 4G5, 472.
t CoL Doc, iii., 4S7 ; ix., 233, 313-323, 330; Charlevobc, ii., 320, 240, 341 ; ante, .070,406.
THOMAS DOXGAN, GOVERNOR. 477
of these lavages was the weakest treachery ever ventured chap. ix.
by a governor of Canada. Its first effect was to jeopard ^
the life of Lamberville, who remained at his post, uncon-j^^^gj..'
scions of Denonville's perfidy. When the news from Cata- ^^nger.
racony reached Onondaga, its " Ancients" summoned their
" Dawning of the day" into their council, and, full of just
indignation, told him what " Onnontio" had done. But,
while " Tieorensere" awaited his death-stroke, which ap-
peared inevitable, an old Onondaga, through the influence
of Garakontie, thus addressed him : " We have every right
to treat thee as an enemy ; but we cannot resolve to do so.
We know thee too well not to be assured that thy heart
hath had no part in the treason thou hast done against us ;
and we are not unjust enough to punish thee for a crime
of which we believe thee to be innocent, which thou dost,
no doubt, detest as much as we, and for having been the in-
strument of which, we are convinced that thou art in de-
spair. Yet it is not proper for thee to remain here. Oth-
ers would not, perhaps, do thee the justice which we do :
-=-and when once our young men shall have sung the war
song, they will see in thee only a traitor, who hath betray-
ed our chiefs into a harsh and degrading slavery, and they
will listen only to their fury, from which we shall not be
able to save thee." With these words the great-hearted
sachems of Onondaga dismissed the trembling Jesuit, andxiiejesm*
ordered trusty guides to conduct him " through by-paths" dSssed
toward Cataracouy ; who never quit " Tieorensere" until he quoisf ^^
was beyond all danger. Thus the French missions among
the Iroquois were closed by an act of the Canadian gov-
ernor, the insanity of which was hardly relieved by the
self-denying virtues of those faithful devotees who had
labored so long to spread Christianity through Western
K'ewYork.*
Denonville, on reaching Cataracouy, where he was in- f § Jane. ;
formed by Lamberville of the result of his folly, sent back
* Col. Doc, iii., 431, 433, 453; ix., 2S4, 298, 324-334, 35S-363, 402, 925; La Potherie,i.,
332 ; iii., 57, 62; La Hontan, 1, 90-95; Charlevoix, ii., 342-346, 3.50, 424; Shea's Charle-
voix, iii., 2T5-27S, 2S2, 283; N. Y. H. S. Coll., ii. (ii.), 153, 154, 165-1T2; Pinkerton, xiii.,
' 290,291; Colden, i., 78, T9; Shea'3 Colden, 97, 13S ; Garaeau,i., 261 ; She.Vs Missions, 309,
315, 317; Bancroft, ii., 423 ; Doc. Hist., i., 134, 146 ; ante, 236, 377, 403, 442, 474. There is
an interesting account of the galleys to which Louis condemned the Iroquois in the London
Quarterly Review of July, 1S66, p. 39-04, and another in the Edinburgh Review of July,
1863, p. 86-120.
478 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. IX. to Onondaga the imprisoned son and the brother of Grande-
~ Gueule, or " Hotre-houati," whom it was important to con-
24 June ciliatc. The French expedition then proceeded along the
Tju^. south shore of Lake Ontario, so as to keep the Iroquois
doubtful which of their nations was to be attacked. Aft-
30 June, er a week's coasting it landed at " Ganniag-atorontagouat,"
TheFrench-^^* what is uow Called " Irondequoit Bay," in Monroe Coun-
''*oiMn^' *3^' ^^^ literal meaning of which, in English, appears to be
New York. " an opening from the Lake." There Denonville was join-
ed by the French and Indian auxiliaries under Tonty, La,
Durantaye, and Du Lhut, who had been ordered thither
from the West.* While coming from Lake Huron, early
in May, about twenty leagues below Michilimackinac, La
Durantaye met Dongan's trading party, which had set out
from Allbany the previous September, mider the command
of Captain Rooseboom. It consisted of twenty-nine Chris-
Kngiiah tians, three Mohawks, and two Mahicans, who were at
teken pris- oucc made prisoners, and their goods, which would have
theFrench. bouglit eight tliousaud beavcrs, were pillaged. Below Fort
Saint Joseph, at " the Detroit of Lake Erie," Du Lhut, who
had been joined by Tonty, soon afterward seized MacGrego-
rie and his later company of twenty-nine Christians, six In-
dians, and eight prisoners. Both these captured New York
expeditions were brought to Niagara, and then to Ironde-
quoit Bay, where they were delivered to the French gov-
Jj- July, ernor. By Denonville's order, the young La Fontaine Ma-
ti1ne°Ma- riou, wlio had accompanied Captain Rooseboom's troop,
"y°rde°rof was shot to death as a Canadian deserter, in conformity
vml^' with the edicts of Louis, notwithstanding he had a pass
from Dongan. The rest of the prisoners were sent to Ca-
taracouy, and thence to Montreal.!
• Col. Doc, ix., 255, 2C1, 32T, 362-364, 402; Barber and Howe's Coll., 265; N. Y. H. S.
Coll. (ii.), ii., 176. After being appointed governor of Louisiana (ante^ 40G), La Salle sailed
from Rochelle for the mouth of the Mississippi on 24 July, 16S4, and on 20 March, 16ST, was
murdered by some of his followers not far from the present town of Washington, in Texas.
In February, 1686, Tonty went "down the Mississippi in search of La Salle; and, on his re-
turn to Montreal in July, was sent by Denonville to bring down the Illinois in the rear of
the Iroquois, which he did : Col. Doc, ix., 300, 301, 315, 316, 323, 327, 331, 332, 339, 303, 364;
Hist. Coll. Louisiana, i., 67-70, 85-144, 214-220; N. Y. H. S. Coll., ii., 2S8-333; Charlevoix,
ii., 347, 348; La Potherie, ii., 1!13-198; Sparks's La Salle, 119-159, 204; Shea's Discovery,
185-213 ; Shea's Cliarlevoix, iii., 270-281 ; Bancroft, iii., 16S-1T3.
t Col. Doc, iii., 430, 431, 484, 436, 437, 438, 4T6, 483, 489 ; v., 731 ; ix., 224, 275, 300, 336,
337, 339, 348, 362-364, 3S3, 1023 ; Hist. Coll. Lou., i., 69 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll., ii. (ii.), 172-176,
190 ; La Potherie, ii., 200-207 ; Charlevoix, ii., 352, ,353 ; Shea's Charlevoix, iii., 284, 286 ; La
Hontan, i., 95, 90, 97 ; Pinkerton, xiii, 2!l2, 293; Coldcn, i., 80; Smith, i., 79; Garneau, i.,
262 ; Holgate, 91 ; anir, 121, 40Q, 429, 4.12, 443, 444.
THOMAS DON^GAN, GOVERNOR. 479
Having palisaded their encampment — which was appro- chat, ix.
priatelj named " The Fort of the Sands," and garrisoned
by -four hundred men under D'OrviUiers — the French ^j^^^'
pushed southward along the east shore of Irondequoit Bay, penonviiia
through the superb'" oak openings" of Monroe and Ontario theseneca
Counties, which allowed them to march in three columns. Ne^7York.
"Wood-rangers and savages formed the van and rear guards,
while the regulars and the Canadian militia were in the
centre. After passing two defiles the expedition reached fa J"'y-
a third, near the Seneca village of " Kohoseraghe," or Gan-
nagaro, or Saint James, not far from what is now Vic-
tor, in Ontario County. The Senecas had meanwhile sent
away their women, children, and old men to Cayuga, and
to a lake — probably the Canandaigua — " to the southward
of their castles." About five hundred — among whom were
several women who would not leave their husbands — re-
mained in an ambuscade near Gannagaro, and, as the Battle near
French came confidently on, received them with a war-ro! "^"
whoop and a fire of musketry. The European regulars,
unused to warfare with the American savages, were thrown
into disorder mitil their Ottawa auxiliaries repulsed the
Senecas, who left nearly thirty dead on the field. The in-
vaders had eleven killed and as many wounded, among
whom was the Father John Enjalran, who had come down
from his Ottawa mission with La Durantaye's party. .
Among the slain was the famous Oneida chief Garonhi-
ague, or La Cendre Chaude, who had led the first Iroquois •
emigration to Canada, and became a catechist at tlie Sault
Saint Louis. Instead of pushing on, as their Indian allies
advased, the French halted on the battle-field. The next
day they marched triumphantly into the deserted and burn- ^^ j„iy.
ed village of Gannagaro. Two old Senecas, who had been
left behind, were shrived by the Father Bruyas, and then
cooked and eaten by the French savages. All the maize
that could be found was destroyed. Gandagarae, or Saint Gandaga-
Michael, was next visited in the same manner. The in- '^'"''
vaders then moved their camp to the great Seneca village
of " Theodehacto," or Totiakto, or Conception, on a bend Totiakto.
of the Honeyoye Creek, near what is now West Mendon,
in Monroe County. Here a pompous " Act of possession"
of all the Senecas' lands " conquered in the name of Iiis
480 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IX. Majestj" was attested by the chief officers of the French
expedition ; while ever}^ body shouted " Yive le Koy." At
} the ffate of the small village of Gannounata, or Gannon-
9 July, ^ o '
The data, near East Avon, in Livingston County, were found
take po3- the English arms, which Dongan had caused to be placed
tiTe'seneca there in 1684, " ante-dated as of the year 1683." This
ii Ju^. gi'eatly disgusted the French, who thought it " beyond ques-
tion that they first discovered and took possession of that
country, and for twenty consecutive years have had the
Fathers Fremin, Garnier, etc., as stationary missionaries in
all these villages." After destroying all the Indian corn
they could find, being more than a million of bushels, and
1% July, a " vast quantity" of hogs, Denonville's expedition return-
ed to Irondequoit without meeting any more Iroquois war-
riors.* And so, having destroyed the stored grain, and the
acorn-fed swine, and the frail bark cabins of the thrifty
native New Yorkers whose territory he invaded, the French
marquis stopped. He was but a weak imitation of Louvois.
Penonviue Tlius far Denonvillc had only irritated the Senecas. He had
tates the" uot liumblcd tlic bravc red Americans who had fatally dis-
loquois. Qj.(;jgpg(j j^jg disciplined European troops ; w^hose wooden vil-
lages could soon be rebuilt ; and whose yellow maize would
spring again in quick abundance throughout the beautiful
and fertile valley of the Genesee. If he had been a gener-
al, Denonville would have pursued the retreating Senecas
eastward among the Cayugas and the Onondagas, whereby
. he might have crushed the power of the Iroquois. Instead
^^-Juiy. of this, he sent back a part -of his force to Cataracouy, and
went with the rest to the east bank of the Niagara River,
Denonville whcro he built a palisaded fort on the sj)ot which La Salle
fort at Ni- liad appropriated in the winter of 1678, and had named the
"g'"'''*- a p'qp^ ^q Conty." It was " the most beautiful, most pleas-
ing, and most advantageous site on the whole of Lake On-
tario." La Salle had chosen it nine years before, to the
• Col. Doc, iii., 251, 252, 431-435, 446, 447, 4T0 ; ix., 334, 337-339, 364-3GS; Doc. Hist., i.,
149, 151-154; Col. MSS., xxxv., IGO; Hist. Coll. Lou., i., 70; N. Y. H. S. Coll., ii. (ii.), 157-
163, 176-1S-2, 1S9-191; La Potherie, ii., 207, 208; La Ilontan, i., 98-101; Chailevoi.x, ii.,
353-355; Shea's Charlevoix, iii., 285-290; Golden, i., SO, 81 ; Shea's Missions, 298, 318, 371,
375 ; Pinkei-ton, xiii., 293, 294 ; aiite, 179, 236, 324, 398, 400. 1 think that La Hontan ex-
aggerated when he wrote, "We found in all these villages horses^ cattle, poultry, and an
abundance of hogs." At all events, Denonville speaks only of the "vast quantity of hogs"
which the French destroyed : compare Col. Doc, ix., 338, 367 ; Charlevoix, ii., 355 ; La lion-
tan, i., 101 ; Tinkerton, xiii., 294; N. Y. II. S. Coll., ii. (ii.), 191; Col. Doc, iii., 432, "in
one village they got some hogs and fowle.' '
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 481
great disgust of Andros ; and now Denonville occupied it cnAp. ix.
again to " circumvent" Dongan. A formal " Act" was
drawn up, declaring that La Salle's previous possession was 21 j^,
"reiterated anew," in the name of Louis the Fourteenth."*^
The Fort at Niagara was mounted with some small can- 24 juiy.
non, and the Che-'alier de la Troye, who had led the expe- ^^1^"'
dition to Hudson's Bay the year before, was left in com- gl°^^'^^i
mand of the garrison of one hundred men, with the Sieur ^^"'^t'"'j[5.
des Bergeres as his lieutenant ; and Lamberville was ap- ^s*™.
pointed chaplain. Denonville then returned to Montreal
by way of CataracouyJ where he left another garrison of
one hundred men in charge of D'Orvilliers.*
The Mohawks and Oneidas had meanwhile advised Don- 12 June.
gan of Denonville's invasion of the Senecas. The New
York Council determined at once to protect the Five Na- 24 June,
tions ; and the governor, witli Counselors BrockhoUs and precau-
Palmer, hastened to ^Albany. Under the late Treaty of ag^hist the
Neutrahty, Dongan assumed that the Iroquois were British '"^^'^ '
subjects, although they had not yet been distinctly claimed
as such by his king. It was thought, too, that the French
might push on eastward; and Brockholls was therefore
sent down to New York, with orders to Colonel Bayard 19 juiy.
there, and to Major "Willett in Queen's County, to send up
the river militiamen for the defense of the frontier of the
province at Albany and Schenectady.f
Soon afterward Dongan talked with the Iroquois, whom 5 August,
he had convened at Albany. He congratulated his " Breth- con°frence
ren" that the French had done them so little harm, and Troquois^at
told them that he would send Palmer to report to the King ^^^^^'
of England all that had happened. In the mean time he
advised the Five Nations not to kill any Frenchmen whom
they might take prisoners ; to manage their own affairs by
a secret council ; to make peace with the Ottawas, Miamis,
and further Indians, as well as with the Mahicans ; and
to draw home those Iroquois who had been Christianized
* Col. Doc, iii., 396, 432, 435, 416; ix., 335, 336, 339, 349, 36S, 369, 386, 3SS; Doc. Hist.,
i., 149, 150, 15S; Col. MSS., xxxv., 160; La Potherie, ii., 20S; La Hont.^n, i., 101, 102;
Pinkerton, xiii., 294, 295 ; Charlevoix, iL, 33T, 356, 366, 369 ; Colden, i., 81, 82 ; Shea's Lou.
H. S. Coll., i., TO ; N. Y. H. S. Coll., ii., 182, 185; Shea's Charlevoix, iii., 290, 291 ; Shea's
Jfigsions, 318 ; Gameau, i., 264. I have already noticed the misdate in Denonville's "Act
of Possession :" a7ite, 1G3, 164, 325.
t Col. MSS.,xxxv., 70, Tl; Council M in., v., 195, 200; Doc. Hist., i, 150, 157; Col. Doc.,
iii., 475; ante. 475.
IL— II u
482 HISTORY or THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IX. in Canada ; to name the " most convenient" place on Lake
Ontario wliere the English might build a fort ; to refuse to
No French, ^'^^®i^'® LambcrviUe or any other French priests, " having
Engush' ^^^^ ^'^^ English priests, whom you can be supplied with,
be'aiiowed ^^^ ^^ coutcut f and to be on their guard, and make no
iro°Sfis*^^ treaties without Corlaer's means, nor do any thing with the
Erench without his knowledge; "for then you will be
looked upon as the King of England's subjects." Dongan
then referred to the recent outrages of the Oneidas, who
had " killed a fine gentleman, with some others," at the
head of the James River. These outra2;es had oblio;ed
Lord How- Lord Howard of Effingham to come with Sir Robert Park-
Robert er from Virginia to New York, where, while lamentino- the
Parker of ~
Virginia, govomor's abscuce at Albany, the citizen-peer was other-
York, wise " satisfied with his entertainment." The Eive Nations
were chidden for their breach of the treaty of 1684, and
told that, if they did so again, New York and Yirginia
would dig up the biu-ied axes, and "totally ruin" the
breakers of the covenant chains. But the Senecas, who
had never done any thing against Corlaer's orders, were
freed from blame, " except the making of that unlucky
peace with the French three years ago, which has been the
cause of all these troubles.""^
0 August. The next day, Sindacksegie, a Mohawk sacliem, ans"\ver-
the^'Five ed for the Five Nations that the French had attacked
bongan. them only because, " about six years ago," the Senecas had
troubled La Salle at Niagara during the government of
Andros, who had forbidden those French to trade there ;
and because those New York L'oquois had " submitted
themselves to the King of England," when Lord Howard,
of Yirginia, was with Dongan at Albany in 1684. As to
hunting beavers in the great West of America, what, asked
the Mohawk, had " the Christians to do with that," to the
prejudice of its aborigines? "O, Brethren!" he added,
with the serene logic of truth, " you tell us the King of
England is a very great King: — why should you not join
with us in a just cause, when the French join with, our en-
emies in an unjust cause ? O, Brethren, we see the reason
• Col. Doc., iii., 420,428, 438-441,475; Doc. Hist., i., 151; iii.,73; Colden, i., 53, S2-S7;
Smith, i., 80-S5 ; ante, 396, 393. Neither Beverley nor Burk mention this second visit of
Lord Effingham to New York in July, 16S7.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 483
of this. The French would fain kill us all ; and when that chat. ix.
is done, they would carry all the beaver trade to Canada,
and the Great King of England would lose the land like- rj,^^ ^^ '
wise. Awake, therefore, O, Great Sachem beyond the Great ^eai'to^"
Lake [the Atlantic], and suffer not those poor Indians who Jr^e^Jon,
have given themselves and their lands under thy protection,
to be destroyed by the French, without cause !" After this
pathetic appeal the Iroquois agreed to Dongan's proposi-
tions, and promised not to receive Lamberville or any oth-
er French Jesuit ; and, if possible, would draw the Chris-
tian Indians back from Canada. They suggested the Sal-
mon River, in Oswego County, as the best place for an En-
glish fort ; and engaged that they would do every thing to
prevent further mischief toward Virginia, and also that
they would make no peace with the French without per-
mission of the Governor of "New York. Several Seneca
sachems, who had been in the engagement near Ganna,-
garo on the third of July, then gave an account of what
the French had done in their canton. Uj)on this, Dongan c August.
felt justified in interpreting the Treaty of Neutrahty so supplies
that he might supply the Senecas with arms and ammuni- quoia with
tion, which he did; although he declined to assist themammuni-
with soldiers, as the farmers in New York were then all
busy with their harvest*
On his return to Montreal, Denonville, having received
the letter which Dongan had sent him by L'Espinard the
previous June, charged him with duplicity in sending New ^ Aug.
York traders to Michilimackinac, " where no Englishman vine's re-
If
had ever put a foot, and where our Frenchmen haVe been Dong°an.
established over sixty years ;" and reproached him for
breaking the Treaty of Neutrality, by advising and pro-
tecting the Iroquois, and causing the French missionaries
to leave the cantons. MacGregorie and the other prison-
ers would be retained until the Neutrality Treaty should
be executed. In a later letter Denonville rejected the i| Aug.
claim of the English, and maintained the right of the The
French to sovereignty over the Iroquois ; adding, " I am sovereign-
astonished that you should be ignorant that before Manate iroquoL
belonged to the King, your master — being in possession of "i"^ ^'"'
• Col. Doc, iii., 42S, 441-447, 474; v.. 76; Doc. Hist., i., 151, 152, 157, 164; CoL MSS.,
XXXV., 90, 91 ; Shea's Charlevoix, iii., 2SQ ; ante^ 326, 307, 479.
484 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IX the heretic Dutch, as you are aware — our missionaries, per-
secuted and martyred, found there an asylmn and protec-
^^^^' tion!"*
August. As Denonville wished to know what was going on in the
^'G^t^t ^ Mohawk country, Kryn, " the Great Mohawk" chief at the
meeu^ ' Sault Saiut Louis, offered to go with five others and bring
stockfng" his countrymen in New York to treat with Onnontio. Most
chMi^.^ of tlie party were dressed by the French in " very nigh
plain. Christian habits." On reaching Lake Champlain by way
of Chambly, they met sixty Mohawks, commanded by
" Blue Stocking," who, with Dongan's assent, were going
to make prisoners in Canada. Kryn addressed his old
companions so eloquently that he persuaded four of them
to go back with him to Canada. Instead of capturing the
Canadian proselyte and his followers, the Mohawks return-
ed to their country, accompanied only by Kakariall and
Adandidaghko, whom they sent from Albany to New York
31 August, as prisoners, and who were examined before Counselor Yan
Cortlandt. They had both been wdth the French expedi-
tion against the Senecas, of which they gave interesting ac-
Theiro- counts. Both exprcsscd their shame at having left their
an En- owu couutry, but declared that " if a priest would settle at
It'sarato! Saragtoga," many would return ; " for they have waited a
^* long time for it."t
18 August. Upon returning to the metropolis, Dongan and his coun-
19 August. ... jr 7 o
20 August! cil, considering the expenses caused by the French, enacted
levied by the Icvy of au additional penny in the pound upon the fi'ee-
and w^ holders and inhabitants of Kings, Queens, Dukes, Dutchess,
New Yo'il. Richmond, Orange, Westchester, and Suffolk Counties. But
2 septem. Only a halfpenny in the pound was levied on New York,
Albany, and Ulster, " these three places being the only sup-
8 Septem. port of tlic Government.":};
instiuc- As Palmer was now going to England, Dongan gave
Palmer him full instructlous to lay before James the condition of
going to
England.
• Col. Doc, iii., 466-472, 4ST ; ix., 33G ; Doc. Hist., i., 159-162; ante, vol. i., 346, 373, 374,
402,428; ii., 119, 121, 466.
t Col. Doc, iii., 431-438, 483,487, 488,512,514, 530; ix., 352, 353; Col. MSS., xxxv.,95;
Charlevoix, ii. , 357, 358 ; Shea's Charlevoix, iii., 292 ; Shea's Missions, 299, 319, 320 ; ante,
442, 476. Isaac Swinton, the deputy secretary under Spragg, having died while Dongan
was at Albany, the council ordered, on 6 July, 1687, that Counselor Van Cortlandt should
take charge of the seal, and John Knight act as deputy secretary: Council Min., v., 195;
Col. Doc, iii., 407, 426 ; Col. M?S., xxxv., 162.
t Council Min., v., 198, 199, 200 ; Council Journ., i., Int., xx. ; Col. Doc, iii., 4T6, 477 ;
Doc. Hist., i., 154, 155, 158.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOE. 485
New York, and the conduct of the French in Canada. In cuap. ix.
this interesting paper the governor again urged that Con-
necticut and New Jersey should be joined to New York, -'■"° ' •
which could not alone " help our Indians," as its revenue
had fallen off from some thirty-five thousand beavers ex-
ported every year, to about nine thousand. Forts should Forts pro-
be built on Lake Champlain, at Salmon River, and at Ni- ^oToniai"
agara on Lake Ontario; and smaller posts between themiy^uhcala-
and Schenectady. The boundary with Canada should be adjusted,
adjusted in England; but not until the country had been
better explored by the English, in which matter "the
French at present have much the advantage." Priests
should also be sent fi'om England to live among the In-
dians. Dongan likewise asked Sunderland that people s septem.
should be sent to New York from Ireland, " who had pre- wfsuir
tences to estates there, and are of no advantage to thcpieto'te'
countiy, and may live here very happy." A few days aft- n^u- York.
erward he informed the lord president that news from Al- 12 septem.
bany would oblige him to spend the winter there ; and that
" it is a great misfortune for this government that there are
so few of his Majesty's natural-born subjects ; — the greater
part being Dutch, w^ho, if occasion were, I fear would not
be very fitt for service."*
On recei^dng the information brought by L'Espinard t septem.
from Canada, it was ordered in council that Albany and by advice
Schenectady should be strengthened with palisades, a watch cu, re-''""'
kept, and Indian scouts stationed near Lake Champlain. winter L
"Word soon came that the French had provided fifteen '^^''*°^"
hundred pairs of snow shoes, with the intention of destroy-
ing Albany during the winter, and threatened to send its
inhabitants to Spain, Portugal, and the West Indies. The
council therefore ordered that the Five Nations should ?septem
. New York
send all their old men, women, and children to the neigh- precautions
in favor of
borhood of Catskill, " Livinsrston's land," and elsewhere the iro-
' O 7 _ _ quois
along the Hudson River, where they could be assisted in against tue
case of need. It was also determined that Dongan should
spend the winter at Albany, which was in great conster-
nation ; and that every tenth militiaman in the province n septem.
should be drafted to go thither, " except those that were out
• Council Min., v., 200 ; Col. Doc, iii., 421, 42S-430, 4T6-47S ; Doc. Hist., i., 15T-153, 165 ;
ante, 471.
486 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IX. the last year a whaling."* This exception affected only
~~ the east end of Long Island.
IbbT. ijij^g mayor and aldermen of Albany also conferred with
the Mohawks, who gave up a French prisoner to the fami-
ly of Viele, still held a captive in Canada, " to wash the
tears of his wife and children." Their war-chief, Tahaja-
doris, lamented that their party who had met Kryn on Lake
Champlain had not seized him ; but they would at once
send out expeditions to attack the French. The Ononda-
i4Septera. gas also askcd succor for the Senecas and Cayugas, and
the Albany suggested that Oswego would be a better place than Sal-
i?septem. Hiou Rivcr for the proposed fort. They were told that
Dongan would spend the winter at Albany with a large
force, and expected them to send him re-enforcements;
upon which they joyfully promised to " acquaint all the
nations."t
saseptem. Bcforo going to Albany', the governor appointed and
Dongan"' sworc Stophauus vau Cortlandt mayor of the City of New
mlnta^for York, as succcssor to Nicholas Bayard. John Younge,
ernment of wlio was uow " a vcry old" man, and lived at the east end
incer"""' of Long Island, one hundred and fifty miles from Fort
s October. Jamcs, was removed from the council because he detailed
"many aged and sickly men, and others without arms or
cloths," to make up the quota of Suffolk County for the
expedition to Albany. In his stead, James Graham was
appointed and sworn as a counselor. Peter Schuyler was
11 October, reappointed mayor of Albany. It was also ordered in
indfan^ council that certain Spanish Indians who had been brought
slaves
again
free in
again set froiii Campcacliy, in Mexico, and sold as slaves, should be
New York, sct frcc. This was only confirming previous legislation in
1680, The New England Puritans ruthlessly enslaved
both the long-haired native red American, and the curly-
haired imported black African. But New York was more
just toward the superior aboriginal races, who occupied
North America ages before Europeans usurped their lands.:}:
Dongan's uncle, Tyrconnell, the lord lieutenant of Ire-
« Council Min., v., 202-205 ; Doc. Hist., i., 155, 150, 102, 103, ICC ; Col. Doc, iii., 47T-1S2,
4ST ; Col. MSS., xxxiv., 120.
t Col. Doc, iii., 4S3-4SS; Col. MSS., xxxv.,99 ; Council Min., v., 20G; Col. Kec Conn.,
iii., 3S7; a?i?^, 4S3.
t Council Min., v., 207, 20.\ 210; Col. Doc, iii., 41C; iv., 72C, S47; Val. Man., 1S53, 3SG,
389 ; Dunl.ap, ii., App. cxx.-tv. ; Min. of Com. Council, i., 319 ; Col. MSS., xxix., SG ; xxxiv.,
77, 7S; XXXV., ICO ; ante, 290, 331, 4G2.
THOMAS DOXGAN, GOVERNOR. 487
land, now informed liim that it was " requisite" for the cn.vp. ix.
king's service that he should go home. The governor at —
once wrote to James that he would cheerfully obey hiSg/Q^^J^;
commands ; but that he was larajely in debt on his maies- congan
, 1//1 Tc. /. "^ writes to
ty s account, " and no ways left to paying it if Connecticut J^^^es
be not joyned to this govermnent, which your Majesty will expected
otherwise be continually out of purse to maintain, and
whoever comes after me will certainly run your Majesty
more in debt."*
The governor being now ready to winter in Albany, it ssoctober.
was ordered in council "that Major Brockliolls sign all fnTom-""'
warrants, papers, and licenses, usually signed by his Excel- Ne^Vork
lency, and that all other public business be managed by DongL's
him and the council, as if his Excellency were present."! Mh^uy.''^
Had Dongan's advice been adopted by Iiis sovereign,
English Jesuits might have replaced French missionaries English
in English New Tork. But the English disciples of Loy- Slt's in
ola do not seem to have had the manly spirit of adventure unler^"'*'
among the savages which distinguished their order iu^°°s«"-
France. At this time there were three Jesuit fathers in
New York : Thomas Harvey, of London, who had accom-
panied tlic governor from England; Henry Harrison, of
Ireland; and Charles Gage, of Norwich. One of them
seems to have taken charge of the Latin school which Ja- Latin
mison had relinquished ; and Dongan asked James to en- couege'in
dow it witli the "King's farm." To this school Graham, nnlJ""''
Palmer, and Tudor " did contribute their sones for some
time ; but nobody imitating them, the college vanished,"
although the Dutch Church bell was tolled every morning
at eight o'clock to summon the students. The Father Har-
rison appears to have assisted Harvey as Dongan's chap-
lain ; and one of them seems to have taken the name of
John Smith. He had a small chapel adorned with images,
which the governor arranged in Fort James; and this
Smith was a very " good-humored" man.:]:
• Col. Doc, iii , 400, 422, 423, 4-23, 475, 47S, 487,412 ; Burnet, L, 246; CouncilJoui-n., i.,
Int., xxiii. ; Secret Services Charles II. and James II., 105.
t Council Min., v., 211. On the 20th of October, 16S7, before he left New York, Dongan
chartered the manor of Pelham : Patents, vi., 30G; Bolton, i., 530-539.
t Col. Doc, iii., 394, 405, 527, 013, T47; iv., 39S, 490; v., 478; ix., 266; Doc Hist., i.,
145; ii.,14,147; iii., 73; Smith, i., 90; N. Y. II. 8. Coll. (1S68), SOS; Bayley's Sketch,'l9]
22; Shea's Charlevoix, iii., 26!i; Shea's Missions, 314 ; anfc, 374, 40S, 431, 440, 442. Sixty
jiounds a year were paid to " two Komish priests that attended on Govenior Dongan :" Coun.
Min., vi., 17; Col. MSS., xx.wii , 103; post, 641.
Dongan.
488 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
^°^- ^^- On reaching Albany, where he was attended by Chap-
-tcgfr lain Innis and Father Harrison, Dongan asked from Gov-
Novem. cmor Treat, of Connecticut, the assistance of some of her
Andros's infantry and cavalry. Bnt Andros, having now supei'seded
jealousy of,^ ., ,,,• i-x ^ rr • • 11
Dongan. Ircat, paiQ no attention to Dongan s " very inconvenient
request.'^'
9 septem. Mcanwhilc Don2:an had protested to Denonville against
protests his invasion of English territory, and demanded the release
if^non- of MacGregorie and the other New York traders whom he
vasfon oT had scizod for going to the Ottawas, who, with " the In-
dians who wear pipes through their noses, traded with Al-
bany long before the French settled at Montreal." De-
nonville soon afterward returned them safely to Albany,
12 October, and asked that the Canadian prisoners whom the Senecas
Yorkpris- had scnt to Albany should be given up; praising the En-
turned,^' glish king, " whose rare virtues have attached him to the
hearts of all the French."f
24 October. Exaspcratcd against the Canadians, a party of Mohawks
1^"^^™' and Mahicans besieged Fort Chambly, burned houses, and
tesi^ed^ took several prisoners. Another band, led by an Onon-
hlwks'and <iaga chief, captured, near Fort Frontenac, Mademoiselle
Au^JTsr^' D'Allonne, and three soldiers of its garrison. Lamber-
French villc, wlio was thcii there, came out with a white flag, and
captured ' ' ~'
atcatara- gave two wampum belts to the savages to prevent them
from injuring their prisoners, and from taking part with
the Senecas, against which nation only the French were at
war. The prisoners were carried to Onondaga, and thence
Lamber- to Albany : and Lamberville's belts were faithfully handed
ville's belts
sent to Ai- to Dougau. The governor dispatched MacGregorie with
25 October. Icttcrs, demanding Denonville's explanations of these belts ;
31 October, maintaining that the Iroquois had been in " brotherly cor-
i^ Novem. respondcuce" since the first settlement of Albany ; had
?emfnd3 " Submitted themselves, their Country, and Conquests to the
tioM.""' Dutch in their time, and to the King of England since this
Colony came under his Majesty's obedience ;" and suggest-
• Col. Doc, iii., 527, 579 ; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 39S, 399, 400; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxiii., 167-
169 ; ante, 457, 469. Colonel Talcot, writing from Hartford on 5 December, 16S7, to Andros
at Boston, about Dongan's call for aid from Connecticut, says that in King Philip's War
"Your Excellency did very honourably and wisely prevent the barbarous heathen from
drawing the sword against His Majesty's subjects in tlie territory of New York, and then
under your government :" ante, 286-296.
t Council Min., v., 202, 204 ; Col. Doc, iii., 4:^6, 437, 472-475, 510, 512, 513 ; ix., 330, 348,
355,356; Doc Hist., i., 163-167; Holgate, 91; Shea's Charlevoi.x, 291; «n<?, 443, 478.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVEENOR. 489
ing that a French agent should be sent to arrange all dif- chap. ix.
ferences with the English governor at Albany.* ~
Denonville accordingly sent the Jesuit, Francis Yaillant, ^g Decem
who had been the last French missionary to the Mohawks Senonvnie
in 1683, as his representative to Albany, with the Father lant and
Elambert Dumont, who could speak English. Yaillant was Albany,
instructed to make no propositions, but only to receive any
that Dongan might offer. On his return to Canada the
father was to visit his old Mohawk flock. So, on the last
day of the year, the Canadian agents began their dreary f J Decem.
journey from Montreal.f
In writmg to Paris, Denonville put as good a face as he
could on his miserable Seneca expedition ; blamed Dongan hi Aug.
heartily, and advised a new French campaign the next year
against the Onondagas and Cayugas. But the best thing
for France would be to get the Iroquois country from the
English, " either by exchange or otherwise." Dongan had
not asserted Enghsh sovereignty over these savages until
1684, and would never faithfully execute the Wliitehall ^ oct.
Treaty of Neutrality. The forts at Niagara and Detroit complains '
must be maintained by the French; and more soldiers to louS^°
should be sent to Canada. If Louis could gain from En- vLs'th'e
gland " the entire coast of Manate, it would be a great ad- lew York.
vantage for religion and our country, which will, sooner or
later, suffer from the vicinity of the English." This idea,
broached by Duchesnau in 1681, Denonville now enforced.
Calli^res also urged that Dongan should be recalled, as the Novemuei:
surest means of ending the French and English strife about
the Iroquois. The acquisition by Louis of New York, with
its beautiful harbor of Manhattan, " would render his Maj-
esty master of all North America.":|;
English domestic affairs had meanwhile grown more crit-
ical. Having dispensed with the Test Act of 1673, James
determined to take another step, which, he thought, would
put the Church of Rome in place of the Protestant denom-
ination which had been established by law in England. By
his commissions and instructions to Andros and to Dongan,
* Col. Doc, iii., 479, 480, 513-517, 52T, 529, 535; ix., 362, 389, 390; Quebec MSS.,t. (ii.),
427; Doc. Hist., 5., 266 ; Charlevoix, ii., 365, 366, 367 ; Gameau,i., 267; Warburton, i.,411 ;
Smith, i., 85, 86 : ante, 441, 481, 483, 4S4.
t Col. Doc., iii., 517-519, 521; ix., 383, 762; Quebec MS3., v. (ii.), 429 ; Charlevoix, iL,
867; Smith, i., 86; of;ite, 377, 476.
t Col. Doc, ix., 105, 286, 33C-354, 357-371, 873, 919, 920 ; ante, 864, 401, 431.
490 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IX. the king had already ordained liberty of conscience to all
his subjects in New England and New York. He now
adopted the same policy in regard to those in Great Brit-
ain. Among his motives, as stated by himself, were " the
example of several foreign countries, where trade flourish-
ed most, that nothing could be more beneficial to it than
liberty of conscience ; that it was the support of Holland ;
and that the want of it in England had not only crampt its
trade, but had furnished the seeds of several rebellions,
which had no other origin than one religion's lording it
4 April, over the rest." James accordingly issued his royal dec-
tion onlb- laration — w^hich Penn is said to have helped to draft — that
conscience all laws agaiust non-conformity to the English formula of
by James. j-gj^g^Qj^ should bc suspcudcd, and that all British subjects
should have free leave " to meet and serve God after their
own way and manner." This declaration was ordered to
be published throughout the kingdom, and in the Planta-
tions of England.'^
The Protestants, who had been driven from France after
the revocation of tlie Edict of Nantes, were now openly f a-
21 April, vored in England ; the liberality of the nation was again
French
Protestant appealed to in their favor, and they were chartered to build
favored by a new church in London. In answer to a petition of sev-
James. ^^,^1 ^£ them" in New York, Dongan w^as directed to give
such French Protestants as might settle in the province
" all fitting encouragement, so far forth as may be consist-
19 July, ent with His Majesty's service ;" and letters of denization
promised, w^erc promised, " whereby they may become qualified to
trade."t
At the same time, James resolved to carry out his pur-
wi^t7of pose of making the Plantations more immediately depend-
ranto OT-" Gut ou the crowu. Hc accordingly ordered writs of Quo
aga'inst Warrauto " to forfeit all the Charters of the Proprietors
and coi'po. and Corporations in America." New Jersey, Maryland,
rations in
America.
and Carolina were the special objects of this fresh attack;
S'ex- fo^' Connecticut was understood to have surrendered her
cepted. charter. Pennsylvania was excepted by tlie express com-
• Cl.irke's James II., ii., 102-115; Ellis Corr., i., 2C9 ; Evelyn, ii., 2T3, 27G; Dalrymple,
ii., S5-SS ; Rcresby, 243 ; Wodrow, iv., 424-420 ; Pari. Hist., iv., 138S ; Kennett, iii., 463-465;
Kapin, ii.,7r)7, 758; Burnet, i, 714 ; Lingard,xiv., 121-124; Macaulay,ii., 204-213; Palfrey,
iii., 460, 548 ; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 393 ; N. Y. Council Minutes, v., 214; ante, 452^155.
t Col. Poc, 419, 4i;0, 426, 427 ; Evelyn, ii., 253, 262, 277, 2<2, 2St; Ellis Corr., ii., 157 ;
Kennett, iii., 472; Macaulay, ii., 76-80,215, 216; an^f, 464.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERXOR. 491
mand of James, as her proprietor had purchased immunity chap. ix.
by becoming " a tool of the King and the Jesuits."*
East Jersey, however, obtained a temporary boon. Her
capital and sea-port was Perth Amboy, which was consider-
ed to be " within the Kiver of !N"ew York," up which Don-
gan had been instructed to allow no goods to pass, unless
the duties on them should have been paid at the metropol-
itan custom-house. This regulation ha\'ing been enforced,
the ISTew Jersey proprietors complained to the king, and
asked that " an officer might be appointed at Perth Am- so Mny.
boy to collect the Customs, [and] to cause the acts of Nav-
igation to be executed." Dongan was accordingly instruct- 14 August.
ed to permit all vessels bound to New Perth, in East Jer- boy mad^"
sey, to go thither directly, without touching at New York ; subject to a
provided that the person whom he or the receiver general officer. "
at New York might appoint should be suffered by the East
Jersey government " peaceably and quietly to receive and
collect for His Majesty's use the same customs and im-
posts as are usually paid at New York for such ships and^ .
their lading as are entered there."f
James at the same time ordered that a new seal, which 1-1 Augui-t..
had been so long desired, should be sent to the governor of seaiTfor^"
New York. It was made of silver, engraved on both sides,
and bore the significant motto, " Alius q : et Idem" — oth-
er, yet the same. This seal was to be " of the same force
and validity as any former seal" within the province.:}:
These dispatches reached New York while Dongan was 19 Noven.
at Albany. Andrew Hamilton, the acting governor of
East Jersey, having produced before the council a dupli- 21 xovem.
cate of James's letter regarding Perth Amboy, measures to 25 Novem-
give it effect were ordered. The king's declaration of the New yo'i'L.
previous April for liberty of conscience was also read and
published in the metropolis.§ L^^en re-
Collector Santen's case having been considered in Lon- moved and
don, his commission was revoked. Although Dongan had appointed
recommended Graham, Matthew Plowman, an English Eo- New York.
• Dalrymple, ii., S3, nn ; Annual Reg., 1771, 24"; Chalmers, i., 298, 371,425, 549, C22,C54;
Grahame, i., 4S5; Whitehead, 111, 112; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 37S, 3S4 ; Proud, i., 309-314;
Dixon, 239, 259 ; Kennett,iii., 469; Macaulay,ii., 292, 29.'5-297; niifc, 433, 471.
t Col. Doc., iii., 349, 373, 392, 42S, 502 ; Chalmers, i., 622 ; Whitehead's E. J., Ill ; In^e.x
to N. J. Col. Doc, 12, 18 ; N. Y. Council Min., v., 180, 212, 213 ; ante, 455, 4C0.
t Col. Doc, iii., 300,36.'), 378, 427; iv..S12; v., 369; Doc Hist., iv., 1,*; fl:?i?c, 427, 43S.
§ Council .Minutes, v., 212, 213, 214 ; Whitehead's E. J., IIS, 153.
4:92 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. IX. man Catholic, was appointed collector and receiver of New
York, at a cost of five hundred pounds. Plowman's in-
' • structions were fuller than Santen's in 1683. Among oth-
13 Decern, cr things, he was directed to permit all vessels bound to
East Jersey to go directly to Perth Amboy. At Dongan's
lONovem. rcquest, Counselor Stephanus van Cortlandt was commis-
sioned by Auditor General Blathwayt to be liis deputy in
New York.*
18 May. Negotiations for the settlement of all differences in Amer-
tion°ar' ica between the French and English governments had been
about° New goiug ou iu the mean time at London. Louis sent Bonre-
^"■^^ pos to assist his ambassador Barillon, and ordered them to
represent to James that Dongan continued to " thwart" the
French in Canada ; had supplied the Iroquois with arms ;
and had broken the Treaty of Neutrality of November,
28 Oct. 1686. The French ambassadors accordingly requested the
7 Novem. j^j^^g ^^ order Dongan " to put an end to the troubles" he
had caused ; and also to direct Andros not to disturb the
French established in Acadia by virtue of the Treaty of
' Breda.f
At this moment Palmer reached London with Dongan's
September dispatches. It was now perceived at Whitehall
that " a treaty of neutrality in America was not for the in-
terest of England." Denonville's invasion of the Seneca
country, and the appeal of the Five Nations to their " Great
sachem beyond the great Lake," brought to a crisis the ques-
tion of European sovereignty over the Iroquois. As that
sovereignty must be either French or English, James de-
• termined to maintain the claim asserted by Andros and
Dongan, that the Five Nations were British subjects. Ac-
loNorera. cordingly, he instructed Dongan that those savages had,
suuctions" "from all times," submitted themselves to English govern-
.ibourthr ment, and, " by their acknowledgments," had become his
Iroquois. g^|3jggj-g . Qj^^ i^Q directed his governor of New York to de-
mand from the Governor of Canada the release of all Brit-
ish prisoners, " as well Indians as others," with the restitution
of their goods. " And as we are sensible," continued James,
" of what great prejudice it may be to us and our subjects,
• Col. Doc, iii., 335, 336, 407-414, 420^24, 429, 403-503, 641, 650, 71S, 719 ; Doc. Hist., i.,
110-116 ; Commissions, i., 7S ; Council Min., v., 223 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll. (1S6S), 290; ante, 462.
t Col. Doc, iii., 506 ; ix., 314, 330, 345; Ellis Corr., i., 224, 2S9, 305 ; ante, 475.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 493
if any incroaclimeiit be allowed on our Dominions, or the chap. ix.
Trench permitted to invade our Territories or to annoy
our subjects without a due care in us to preserve the peace
of our government, and to give all due protection to such
as have brought themselves under our subjection; "We
do, therefore, hereby charge and require you to give no-
tice, at the same time, to the said Governor of Canada, that
upon mature consideration "We have thought fit to own the
Five Nations or Cantons of Indians, namely, the Maquaes,
Senecas, Cayougas, Oneydes, and Onondagues, as Our Sub-
jects, and resolve to protect them as such." To make good
this assertion, James farther ordered Dongan " to defend
and protect" those Indians from the Canadians ; to build
necessary forts ; to employ the militia of New York ; and
to call on all the neighboring English colonies for assist-
ance. Eoyal orders were, at the same time, sent to Andros lo Novem.
• -K-r 1 i ' J. • Orders to
and the other English governors m JN orth America to give other royai
,,-,,, • 1 , • -v- governors.
New York "such help" as her governor might require.-'
"Yery much sm*prized" at the complaints of Louis i| xovem.
against Dongan, James answered that it was " well known" jamla'to
that the Five Nations of New York had been British sub- l^^l the
jects, as proved, since the first settlement of their country ^"^''°''-
by Europeans, " and now lately by their voluntary submis-
sion, made and confirmed by them in writing to the Crown
of England, on the Thirtieth of July, 1684, before His Maj-
esty's Governors of Yirginia and New York." The Enghsh
king was therefore obliged to protect those Indians, " as
other his subjects ;" but he would not suffer them to annoy
the French Canadians if the latter did not injure them ;
and the limits between the dominions of France and En-
gland in North America might be adjusted by a treaty be-
tween the two European crowns. The French commission-
ers, not prepared to make such a treaty at once, signed an rx^^^"^-
agreement that until the first day of Januaiy, 1689, and to^revent
afterward, no English or French commander in America hos'tmties.
should " commit any act of hostility against," or invade the
territories of either king ; and that the necessary orders
should be given by each sovereign. At the same time, the f^ necem.
agents of Louis, in answer to the " entirely novel" preten-
• Col. Doc, iii., 428, 438, 475, 503, 504 ; Chalmers, i., 425, 466, 590; Col. Rec. Coan., iil.,
438,442; Penn. Arch.,!., 104, 105; Burk,u., 301,302; anfe, 4S3, 4S5.
494 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. IX. sion of James, insisted that tlie Iroquois had acknowledged
French sovereignty since Champlain " took possession" of
lDb7. ii^Qiy. country; that, in 1665 and 1666, they had by treaty
vieuch declared themselves French subjects ; that in October, 1666,
English Tracy had again taken possession of their country, and that
their oVn tlicir alleged acknowledgment of British sovereignty in
sovweign- 1684 " cannot be admitted, to the prejudice of the ancient
iroquds! ^ right and actual possession of the French." Moreover,
when the NeutraUty Treaty was made in November, 1686,
the English had not pretended that " the Iroquois were sub-
jects of His Brittanic Majesty; and not a word was said
about it." Here the negotiations at London ended.
1688. In communicating their result to Dongan, James direct-
james'3 ©d him to avoid " all occasions of misimderstanding" with
Don-ln° t^6 Canadians; "entertain a good correspondence" with
them, and take care that no just complaints should be made
ao-ainst him. Similar letters were sent to Andros and to
Fenn.*
vaiiiant Meauwliilc Yaillant and Dmnont, whom Denonville had
niont at scut to Dougau, had reached Albany, under the escort of
'^°^" MacGregorie, after maltreatment on theu* winter's journey
by a party of drunken Mahicans. Dongan promptly re-
stored their effects and punished the offenders. A long ne-
February. gotiatiou f ollowcd bctwcen the representatives of New York
t^ons wuii and Canada, chiefly upon the proper construction of the
^°"^"°- Treaty of Neutrality. The' king's letter of November hav-
ing been sent to him by Andros at Boston, Dongan an-
nounced that he " must protect" the Five Nations as En-
glish subjects, and required the French to demolish the fort
at Niagara, and restore all goods and prisoners they had
taken. At the request of the Iroquois, he also demanded
that the forts at Cataracouy and Tircksarondie, or Detroit,
should be demolished. The French agents demurred, and
l^t Feb. were sent back directly to Canada with a letter to Denon-
ville, under the escort of Dirck Wessels, of Albany, and
some savages, who did not allow them to visit the Mohawk
country.f
j8g Feb. Dongan also had an inter\dew witli " the wisest men of
• Col. MSS., XXXV., 1S7 ; Col. Doc, iii., 121-12T, 135, 417, 41S, .504-510, 549 ; ix., 371 ; Chal-
mere's Ann., i., 406,590; Penn. Arch., i., 103, 104; on^c 397, 475, 4S1.
t Col. Doc., iii., .519-532, 536 ; i.x., 3S9, 702 ; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 43S, 442 ; Charlevoix, ii.,
307, 30S, 370 ; Quebec MSS., v. (ii.), 441 ; Council Min., v., 21S ; Smith, i., SO ; ante, 47S, 4S9.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOB. 495
the Five Kations" at Albany, and told his " Bretliren" that chap. ix.
the King of England had adopted, and wonld protect them
as his own " Children." The sachems expressed joy that ^3 ^^^ '
James had taken them under his protection, and said that ^""san'a
instead of the French having any right to their country, the
the Iroquois could better claim all Canada. Dongan re-
phed that his king was " the greatest man that the sun
shines upon : — he never told a lie in his life," and he would
surely protect them. He therefore wished them to promise
not to make peace or war without the consent of all. The
sachems answered that they would refer themselves wholly i| Feb.
to Dongan, who represented their " great King," and hoped
that he would remove the French from Niagara, Catara-
couy, and Detroit.*
In writina; from Albany to Sunderland, Dongan reported 19 Feb.
ins domgs with the Canadian agents and ^vitn the delegates report to
of the Iroquois, who must be kept " fast" to tlie English, laad.
" for if they were otherwise, they are able to ruin all the
King's Colonies in these parts of America." And, he add-
ed, " we must build forts in the country upon the Great
Lake, as the French do, otherwise we lose the country, the
beaver trade, and our Indians ; and also there must be Mis-
sionaries sent amongst them ; the French Priest [Yaillant]
desired of me leave for their Missionaries to go and live
amongst them again, by which I find they make religion a
stalking-horse to their pretence." Again he urged that the
Jerseys would be a " very convenient" addition to New
York, which, in case of war with the French or Indians,
" must be the bulwark to Boston, which is not at the fourth
part the charge New York is, and has ten times the reve-
nue." Connecticut should also be annexed to the govern-
ment of New York.f
Baxter now came down to New York with instructions is March.
from the governor for the Council to consider ways ancf senfdown
means to defi*ay the extraordinary charges which the French vork.^
movements had caused the province. These charges were
more than eight thousand pounds ; and the Council, finding
• Col. Doc., iii., 510, 533-536, 579. A different account of this interview is given in Col.
Doc., ix., 339, 390, upon the report of an escaped Caghnawaga prisoner, from which Charle-
voix (ii., 36S) compiled his statement about Dongan's advising the Iroquois only to cover the
hatchet " under the grass."
t Col. Doc., iii., 510, 511, 512 ; Col. Eec, Conn., iii., 3ST, 442 ; ante, 472, 4S2.
496 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. IX. that New York " alone is no way able to bear so great a
burthen," advised that the " neighboring colonies" should
be invited to contribute. A few days afterward Dongan
28 March, retumcd to the capital, and gave the Council a full account
of his doings at Albany. Under the authority of the king's
30 March. Icttcr of Novembcr, 1687, he also called on the governments
JInTon the of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and New Jersey to aid
hfg^OT^o-' that of New York with money ; as New England, " being
heip.^""^ to help us with six hundred men, any other assistance can-
not be proposed from them."*
To fortify Dongan's appeal to Sunderland from Albany,
23 March, it was also rcsolvcd in Council to address the king "that
alirealto^ tliis govemmcnt has been much diminished by taking away
the king. Pgj-Qaquid, the Jerseys, Pennsylvania, and the lower coun-
ties of Delaware ; that this is the bulwark of all these parts
of America ; that the revenue is but small, yet the charges
very great ; that Connecticut in his Majesty's patent from
Charles the Second, is added to Boston by the contrivance
of the Governor of it and the Clerk of the Colony, and un-
Imown to the major part of the Colony ; that the French
war has stop't the beaver trade; so that, without some
speedy help, this place will be ruined."t
* Council Min., v., 220,221,222; Col. Doc, 503, 504; Doc. Hist., i., 167; Pcnn. Arch., i ,
104,105; Col. Rec.,i.,217; Chalmers,!., 4GC; a?!<c, 493.
t Council Min., v., 221, 222; Col. Doc, iii., 511 ; Maine H, S. Coll., v., 132; an^e, 472, 482.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVEBXOS. 497
CHAPTER X.
1688-1689.
While Dongan and liis counselors, in the citadel of Man- chap. x.
hattan, were thus urging their trans- Atlantic monarch to
restore to New York some of her ancient territoiy, as a '^^^^
means of protecting her frontier against colonial enemies,
King James the Second of England, near the Whitehall
banqueting-house, where his father lost his head, was ar-
ranging American provincial affairs to suit his own rojal
purposes.
Of all the sovereigns of England, James the Second
knew most about her colonies. Soon after the restoration
of his brother he was made the proprietor of a large rojal
English-American province. In the details of its admmis-
tration he took a lively persojial interest, because the rev-
enue of that province affected his pocket. So, with his own
hand, the hard-working Stuart prince wrote many letters to
his deputies in Kew York. Certainly his dispatches had
the merit of directness and precision. Unconstrained by
the conventional plirases which often beguile mere secre-
taries, the terse holographs of the Duke of York uttered his
own imperious will.
Witli this long proprietary experience, James became the
sovereign of England and her dependencies. Yet, while
as king he could no longer correspond directly with his co-
lonial subordinates, he retained some tranquil pleasure in coioniai
guiding the action of his Plantation Committee. The dil- tr^aTi^n'^f
igent business habits of the Duke of York infused order ^^"^^'d!^^
and economy into every department of the government of
James the Second. As far as mere administration was con-
cerned, his short reign seems to have been more effective
than that of any other English sovereign.
But with orderly and frugal administration. Englishmen
got a more despotic system of government. The personal
II-I I . . .
498 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. X. character of their industrious king was stamped on all his
measm*es. James was too active to drift : he always want-
Govern-* ^^ ^^ ^'^^ ^^^ ^^ stccr. His ministers were less his ad-
mentof yigers than his instruments. Governins; at last without a
James. o
Parliament, James of England became almost like Louis
of France, himself " The State."
Yet James was more a bigot than a tyrant. His chief
object was to establish in England the Roman Catholic re-
ligion in place of the Protestant. To this end he claimed
sovereign power to dispense with statutes, forfeited char-
ters of corporations, and delayed summoning a Parliament
until he felt sure that it would meekly obey him. The king
did not attempt, and probably did not desire, to abolish
what popular representation there was in England, but he
James wishcd to make the English Lords and Commons as sub-
^"than^'a^' scrviont as were his temporary ministers. He would have
tyrant, pejoiccd to soc Parliament in London resemble the docile
" Bed of Justice" which affirmed the decrees of his kingly
brother in Paris. If his English subjects would but think
as he did, James would have liked their representatives to
gather about him at "Westminster and sanction the laws he
desired. So they would maintain his supremacy by be-
coming a breakwater to defend the crown's hoary preroga-
tive against the advancing surges of democracy.
Popular Thus shuuning popular representation in England, James
Hon'norLt denied it to the English colonies in America. These he in-
t?ilaigush sisted on governing by his royal prerogative as " depend-
coiomes. gj^^ies" of the British crown, and not as constituencies of
the British empire. So had his predecessors determined ;
so had English courts awarded ; so were most Englishmen
wilhng that those colonies should be treated. As its pro-
prietor, James had conceded to New York a popular As-
sembly, which, as its sovereign, he had abolished. Dongan,
with his Council in New York, and Andros, with his Coun-
cil in New England, were now the only English makers,
and the only English enforcers of laws throughout the ter-
ritory between the Hudson and the Saint Croix. In New
York, Dongan represented that imperial crown which first
had delegated, and then had recalled British authority. So
Andros, in New England, I'epresented the same sovereign
whose delegations of colonial power had been abused by
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERXOR. 499
his trans- Atlantic subjects near Cape Cod. James had al- chap.x.
ready resolved that the vigor of direct monarchy would be
better for them than the discords of substituted oligarchies,
which damaged his American realm. At the worst, An-
dros was but one English ruler instead of several. Gov-
ernor or oligarchs — commissioned by the crown or char-
tered— all were creatures of their British king. " The Peo-
ple" in New England had not given, and could not give, any
authority to their colonial ralers. In truth, the American
government of James the Second was more tolerant and James the
just than that which it superseded. Certainly it provided coioTiai''
for the prosperity and happiness of all classes of inhabit- ^anTanV
ants, who, while not allowed colonial assemblies, were guar- ^^^^
anteed equal rights in America, and as large religious lib-
erty asEnghshmen in England.
Bigot and tyrant, James had one characteristic which
shone in vivid contrast. He was a more patriotic English-
man than his faithless brother. Anxious for the support
of Louis, James scorned to betray England to France. Yet
he had stretched courtesy by his treaty of colonial neutral-
ity in the autumn of 1686. Scarcely had he remedied that
error by his next year's agreement and his orders to pre- 22 Jan.
vent hostiUties in North America, when James saw that fouwni to ■
Louis had gained an advantage. The American British ^"s^^"*^
colonies were at stake. New France, with its undefined
territory, was governed by a viceroy, who executed his
French king's orders. The neighboring British posses-
sions had discordant local administrations of English au-
thority. To the savages, Louis seemed a greater monarch
than James. As long as Canada had the energy of imion,
while New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylva-*
nia were distinct and inharmonious, so long France would
be stronger in America than England.
Dongan's warnings now impressed Whitehall. James's
recent arrangement with Louis about colonial hostilities
offered British statesmanship a grand ohance to establish
the supremacy of England in the trans-Atlantic world.
And so the king did the best thing he could, which was to
unite, as far as convenient, all the North American British
poseessions under one vice-regal government. Seeing that
Andros had brought the New England colonies into de-
500 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cn.vp.x. pendence on the crown, James resolved to carry out his
policy of union or fusion. By this means he hoped to se-
Poiicy of' ^^^^'® ^^^ ^^^^ American territories against their neighboring
drtin°g"the Canadian adversary, and, at the same time, strengthen his
M°fnS in ^^'^} arbitrary rule over them. For colonial reasons, Don-
America, gan had urged that Connecticut and the Jerseys should be
annexed to New York. The matter of the Jerseys had
been already decided. Finding that the king had expe-
March. ditcd writs of scire facias against them, Perth, with his co-
Aprii. proprietors, surrendered their powers of government to him.
Connecticut, however, had just been quietly joined to the
other Kew England colonies under the government of An-
dros. So, instead of annexing Connecticut to New York,
as Dongan had asked, James resolved to add New York and
the Jerseys to his " Dominion of New England." Thus all
the territory which his grandfather's patent of 1620 had
named " New England in America" would be brought, for
the first time, under one royal Enghsh governor. Hither-
to, New York had never really been a part of the titular
Peculiar " Ncw England" of James the First. Her central geo-
of New°° graphical position, her vast territory, her extraordinary va-
riety of interests, and her peculiar relations to Canada and
the Iroquois, had demonstrated that a separate government
was a necessity for her. These considerations did not de-
ter James the Second from his purpose of consolidating all
his American colonies north of the fortieth degree of lati-
tude. Yet he made one solitary exception : — it was Penn-
sylvania, Her Quaker proprietor had long enjoyed the fa-
vor of James, who at this moment found him too useful an
instrument to be offended. Protected by her astute own-
er's "interest" at court, Pennsylvania, alone in her immuni-
ty, escaped the forfeiture of her charter. But all the rest
of British North America, between Delaware Bay and Pas-
samaquoddy, and stretching across the continent from the
Atlantic to the Pacific, was now to be made a political
whole, under one colonial governor chosen by the king, to
rule his " Dominion of New England."*
• Col. Doc, iii., 3G3, 391, 392, 397, 415, 416, 425, 429, 492 ; Hutch. Coll., 559 ; Learning and
Spicer, 604, 605 ; S. Smith, 204, 206, 211, 56S ; Gordon, 53; Grahame, ii. , 299 ; Bancroft, ii.,
46, 47 ; Whitehead's K. J., 112, 113 ; Index to N. J. Col. Doc, 13 ; Chalmers's Ann., j^ 590,
622; Hev. Col.,i.,lS3; Troud, i., 322, 341 ; D.aliymple, ii., 89,90 ; Narcissus Luttrell, i., 401;
Macaulay, ii.,292, 205; aji^c, vol. i., 90 ; ii., 445,490.
York.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 501
Whom that viceroy should be was already determined, cn^r. x. '
Either Dongan or Andros must be displaced. Both had :; —
been twice commissioned by James, first when duke, and ^^^^•
afterward as king. Andros had the largest experience in Andros.
government, and, perhaps, the best executive talent. He
had ah-eady governed New York, and was now vigorously
ruling New England to the satisfaction of his arbitrary sov-
ereign. Although " fond of prelacy," Sir Edmund was not
a Koman Catholic. But he had proved himself an uncom-
promising executer of all the royal commands. A thorough
soldier, Andros made quick obedience his canon of duty.
On the other hand, Dongan, also a soldier, yet more a pa- Dongan.
trician, was an Msh Koman Catholic, a nephew of Tyrcon-
nell, and the presumptive heir of the intensely loyal Earl
of Limerick. But, with equal affection and fidelity to his
king, I)ongan had more independence of character than
Andros. He had not hesitated to foil and embitter Penn,
nor to anger Perth and Melfort in his own master's serv-
ice. He had been sharply censured by the King of France
for maintaining the American interests of the King of En-
gland. In a word, Dongan had shown more official " zeal"
than a cunning politician might think expedient in a subor-
dinate. So the Eoman Catholic governor of New York was 23 March,
superseded, and offered the command of a regiment, with made°vice.
the rank of major general of artillery in the British army, ZeSdn
and a new commission was ordered, making the Protestant io??™f °"
Sir Edmund Andros governor general of James the Sec- '^''™^'-
ond's whole " Territory and Dominion of New England in
America.""
By this step James appeared to have made a graceful
concession to Louis. Seignelay hastened to notify Denon- s March.
ville that Dongan had been recalled, and that liis successor
was to live in harmony with the Canadian authorities. " His
Majesty," it was triumphantly added, "could not believe Louis de-
that the King of England would countenance the chimeri- ''^'^^^'
cal pretension which that Colonel would fain claim for him
over the Country of the L-oquois." But in this Louis erred.
While James recalled Dongan, he adopted Dongan's Indian
policy ; and the " speculative wisdom" which directed colo-
• Col. Doc, iii., 348, 354, 422, 423, 4ST, 492 ; ix., 314, 322 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxii., 298 ; N. ' '
y. Council Journals, i, Int, x.tiii. ; Chalmers's Ann., i, 425, 028 ; UTite, 449-456.
502 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YOEK.
Chap. X, iiial uiiion in British North America anticipated that it
would " be terrible to the French, and make them proceed
io M h with more caution than they have lately done." At the
'*"' same time that Andros was instructed to " entertain a good
correspondence" with the French Canadian authorities, he
was enjoined to "protect" the Five Nations of JSTew York
as British subjects. So far was James fi*om giving up what
Louis called the "chimerical pretension" of Dongan, or
from surrenderino; an acre of his claimed American do-
James miuion to France, that he aiSrmed his sovereignty over the
sovereign- whole region lying between the Saint Croix, the Saint Law-
America, rence, and the great lakes on the north, and the fortieth de-
gree of latitude on the south, and stretching across the con-
tinent from sea to sea.*
T April. ^ The new commission which James now sent to Andros
ne^com- was similar to that which he had given him in 16S6, with
Andlos. ° an additional clause annexing to his government the neigh-
boring colonies of Rhode Island and Connecticut, the prov-
ince of New York, and East and "West Jersey, " with the ter-
ritories thereunto belonging." By this instrument Andros
was made King James's captain general and governor-in-
chief of " all that tract of land, circuit, continent, precincts,
" and limits in America, lying and being in breadth from
" forty degrees of northern latitude from the Equinoctial
Extent of " liuc, to the Eivcr of St. Croix eastward, and from thence
seS*s ^ " directly northward to the Eiver of Canada, and in length
alavT^ " and longitude, by all the breadth aforesaid, throughout
New En-^ " the main land, from the Atlantick or Western Sea or
America." " Occau ou the East part, to the South Sea on the "West
" part ; with all the Islands, seas, Bivers, waters, rights, mem-
" bers and appurtenances thereunto belonging : — (our Prov-
" ince of Pennsylvania and Country of Delaware only ex-
" cepted,) To be called and known, as formerly, by the name
" and title of our Territory and Dominion of New England
" in America." Thus, after sixty-eight years full of mar-
velous vicissitudes, nearly all the nominal " New England"
of James the First was brought, by his grandson, under the
rule of a sole vice-regal representative of the British crown.f
• Col. Doc, iii., 504, 543, 548, 549 ; ix., 203, 3T2 ; Hutch. Mags. Coll., i., 3T1, 559 ; Chal-
mers's Ann., i., 425,590; Eev. Col.,i.,lS4; Charlevoix, ii., 376; nnte, 405.
. t Col. Doc, iii., 537-542; Chalmers's Ann., i., 425, 426, 590; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxvii., 130
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOK. 50^
CUAP. X.
James's instructions to Andros, like those he gave to him
and to Dongan? two jears before, were minute and specific, -taoo
Forty-two'^'' of the principal inhabitants of his several colo-ie April.'
nies and provinces were named by th^ king to be members ^strac°^ ^
of the Council of his " Dominion of ISTew England in Amer- Androa as
ica," to w^hom his governor general was to communicate kl'New"*'^
such of the royal instructions as he shovild " find conven- ^"siand.
lent." These counselors were to have freedom of debate,
and seven of them were necessary to act as a quorum, except
on " extraordinary emergencies." By the advice and consent
of a majority of these counselors laws could be made and
taxes imposed. The governor "was authorized to suspend
any counselor " for good and sufiicient cause ;" and he was
required to. nominate to the Plantation Committee "persons
fit" to supply vacancies. In nominating counselors, as well
as in choosing judges, sheriffs, and other legal ofiicers, he
was " alwa^'S to take especial care that they be men of es- •
tate and abilities, and not necessitous people, or much in
debt, and that they be persons well affected to the govern-
ment." All laws within the " Dominion" were to remain
in force until the governor and his Council should make
others. The "new seal," which had been devised in 1686
for the king's " Colonies of New England," was now to be
alone used throughout his present " Territory and Domin-
ion in its largest extent." As a consequence, it was direct-
ed that the seal of the province of New York, which had
been ordered in August, 1687, should be "broken and de-Theseaiof
faced." Liberty of conscience in matters of religion was toTe de^
to be allowed " to all persons, so they be contented with a ^"■°^®'^-
quiet and peaceable enjoyment of it," pursuant to the king's
declaration of the fourth of April, 1687, which was " to be
-149; xxxii., 298 ; Force's Tracts, iv., No. 8; Rhode Island Col. Rec, iiL, 212-218; ante,
vol. i., 9G ; vol. ii., 449, 450.
* The persons composing Andros's council were now Joseph Dudley, William Stoughton,
John Pynchon, Peter Bulkley, Richard Wharton, John Usher, Bartholomew Gedney, Jona-
than Tyng, Edward Tyng, Barnaby Lathrop, Samuel Shrimpton, Simon Lynde, and Wil-
liam Brown, of Massachusetts and Maine ; Robert Mason and John Hincks, of New Hamp.
shire; Thomas Hinckley, William Bradford, Daniel Smith, John Walley, and Nathaniel
Clark, of Plymouth ; Walter Clarke, John Sandford, John Coggeshall [Coxhill], Walter New-
berry, John Greene, Richard Arnold, John Alborough, and Richard Smith, of Rhode Island ;
Robert Treat, Fitz John Winthrop, Wait Winthrop, and John AUyn, of Connecticut; An-
thony Brockholls, Frederick Phfllipse, Jervis Baxter, Stephen van Cortlandt, John Spragg,
John Younge, Nicholas Bayard, and John Palmer, of New York ; Francis Nicholson and Ed-
ward Randolph, at this time of Boston. Col. Doc, iii., 543; R. I. Rec, iii., 255; Hutch.
Mass., i., .=554; Mass.H. S. Coll., xviii., 182 ; Williamson, i., 534; Arnold, i.,508; Palfrey, iii.,
553, 5C2, 604; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 441, 442, 447.
o04 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1688.
ch.vp.x. duly observed and put in execution." But nothiug was
said about the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Bishop of
London or the Archbishop of Canterbury in the English
American possession^. This had been provided for in the
The king's Instructions of June, 1686 ; but James, her " Defend-
Engiand cr of tlic Faith," now thought chiefly of subverting the En-
ed'inTn- " glisli Churcli establishment. Neither did he require any
struVtions. schoolinaster to be licensed by the Bishop of London or the
Archbishop of Canterbury, as formerly. The injunction,
however, was renewed, that no press be used, nor book be
printed, without the governor's license. The English Roy-
al African Company was to be encouraged, and " ill mas-
Negroes ters" were to be restrained from inhuman severity toward
mansTo be their slaves, while the conversion of negroes and Indians
converted. ^^ Christianity was to be promoted. The recent Instruc-
tions to Dongan respecting the Iroquois were reiterated,
and Andros was directed to inform the Governor of Cana-
The iro- da that the King of England had resolved to own the Five
protected JSTatious as his subjects, and " to protect them as such." At
subjeas'.' the same time, he was to observe the agreement for pre-
venting hostilities in America, and " entertain a good cor-
respondence" with the French officers there.'^
Such were the prominent directions of James for the gov-
ernment of his ISTew England dominion. As its territory
was now so vast, it was necessary that some one should be
appointed to act as chief executive officer under Andros in
case of his absence, and to take his place in case of his
20 April, death. Captain Francis Nicholson, who commanded one
N'lchoi'sra of the companies of regular soldiers at Boston, was accord-
goveinon i^gly commissioucd to be the king's "Lieutenant Governor
of New England, with directions to observe such orders as
he shall receive" from its chief governor. To Andros's
present salary of twelve hundred pounds, two hundred
were added out of the six hundred allowed to Dongan, of
which the remaining four hundred were assigned to Nich-
The New olsou as licutcnant governor. No place was fixed by the
Kat oTgov- king as the " Seat of Government" of his dominion. It
Avas necessarily transitory. It might be at Boston, or New
York, or elsewhere, at the discretion of Andros, who, witli
* Col. Poc, iii., 372, 375, 427, 503, 504, 543-540 ; Mass. 11. S. Coll., x.wii., US; antr, 450,
451, 453-460, 490-4?4.
ernment
transitory.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVEEXOR. 505
a majority of liis counselors, could make laws whenever chap.x.
and wherever they pleased.* .
These arrangements were notified to Dongan by James, 22 Apni.'
who signified his pleasure that, on the arrival of Andros at^^'[?g^^"s
New York, the seal and the records of that province must dongan.
be delivered to him, and that its colonial governor should
return to England, and expect marks of royal " entire satis-
faction" about his services in the most important British
possession in America.f •
Ignoi'ant of these sweeping changes which his sovereign '
was directing at Whitehall, Dongan had pledged his per- congan
sonal credit, and even mortgaged his farm on Staten Isl- esutlTfor*'
and, to secure upward of two thousand pounds which j^q^'^^^"''^
had borrowed from Robert Livingston to meet the expenses
of the Albany expedition. The provincial debt was so
heavy that the governor had been obliged to call on Penn- so March.
sylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and New Jersey to assist New
York with ready money.:};
But little aid came fi'om abroad. Andros was required
by the king to assist New York with the men, but not the
money, of New England. In answer to Dongan's appeal,
Pennsylvania withheld and Maryland refused any help. Little aid
Virginia was not disposed to contribute ; but Lord Howard, YorkTrom
of Effingham, her governor, who had witnessed Dongan's cofonieT
zeal in Indian affairs, sent him five hundred pounds. New
Jersey, anxious to stand well with the king, voted a tax for 14 May.
the benefit of New York, which, however, does not appear
to have been paid.§
Wlien the accounts of the Albany expedition were at last .
made up, it was found that the province was so much in 3 May.
debt that a new levy of money was necessarj'. Dongan and
his Council accordingly passed an act to raise two thousand it May.
five hundred and fifty-six pounds and four shillings in the ietk!d*by
several counties, according to a fixed rate. This tax was and hl^
directed to be paid to Matthew Plowman, the king's new *'°"°'^''"
• Col. Doc, iii., 374, 537, 512; iv., 263 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 362, Coll., 559 ; Palfrey, iii., 561,
5C2; a?!??, 451.
t Col. Doc, iii., 550 ; Council Min., v., 237 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll., iii., 353 ; Hutch. Coll., 5G4 ;
Chalmers, i., 590.
tCol. Doc, iii.,511; iv., 133,134,137; Hist.Mag., v., 184; Doc. Hist., i., 167, 168; Coun-
cil Min., v., 222, 229 ; Secret Services Ch. II. and James II., 195 ; ante, 487, 496.
5 Col. Doc, iii., 566, 619, 620; Doc Hist., i., 167; ii., 25; Penn. Arch., i., 104, 105; Col.
Roc, i., 217; Proud, i.,33S; Burk, ii., 301, 302, 303; Learning and Spicer, 306-300 ; White-
head, 113, 120, 121; Chalmers's Ann., i., 406, 629 ; a7itf, 396.
506
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. X.
1688.
4 April.
The New
York Re-
formed
Dutch
Church
nsks to be
incorpo-
rated.
30 April.
6 May.
19 May.
30 May.
Dongan
goes again
to Albany.
11 June.
Dongan'a
corre-
spondence
with De-
nonville.
JlJuly.
collector, at the custom-lioiise in New York before the next
■ November.*
Interesting local events had meanwhile occurred. The
minister, elders, and deacons of the metropolitan ancient
Dutch Church prayed Dongan that, as they wished to build
their new church outside the fort, as had been contem-
plated in 1680, the governor would establish them as " a
body corporate and ecclesiastic, and thereby qualified per-
sons, capable in law to have, hold, and enjoy lands and ten-
ements, &c., under the name and style of the Minister or
Ministers^ Elders and Deacons of the Dutch Reformed
Church in New YorTcP But years rolled on before a suc-
cessor of Dongan granted the desired patent to this ven-
erable church of Dutch Eeformed Christians in North
America.f
Word having come from Albany that the French were
again troublesome, the Council resolved that the governor
should hasten there again, and soldiers be sent up the river
to observe their enemy. Dongan accordingly commission-
ed his comiselors, Yan Cortlandt, Phillij)se, and Bayard, to
manage provincial affairs during his absence from the me-
tropolis, and gave them full instructions how to act as his
temporary representatives. %
Intelligence of the negotiations at London reached Don-
gan at Albany, who informed Denonville that the King of
England's letter to him of 22d January ought to end their
disputes. A pleasant correspondence followed. The Iro-
quois were directed by the Governor of New York to with-
draw from Canada, and Mademoiselle D'Allonne, who had
been taken prisoner at Cataracouy, was sent, with several
* Council Min., v., 229, 230, 234 ; Doc. Hist., i., 16T, IGS ; Council Journals, i., Int., xxi.,
xxii. ; ante^ 492.
t On the 12th of December, 16S6, Domine Selyns and the elders and deacons of the Dutch
Church of the city of New York represented to the mayor and aldermen that they were
willing to build their new church as soon as a convenient place and necessary materials
should be provided, and prayed that their worsliips would grant them "a certain vacant
piece of ground, formerly designated for that purpose, lying within this city, or any other
convenient place," and also intercede with the governor to give them " a parcel of clipstone
from the old fortifications." The Dutch Church was built in Garden Street in 1693, and its
ofificers were made the first religious corporation in New York by Governor Fletcher in 1696.
Ante^ 331, 464, 465 ; Col. Doc, iii., 315, 415, 71T ; Doc. Hist., iii., 240, 265, 305 ; Records of N.
Y. R. D. C, Liber A., 40, 161, 169, 199 ; Patents, vii., 27-36 ; Smith, i., 301, 302 ; Murphy's
Anthology, 125, 126; Note F., Appendix, p. 661, 662, post.
t Council Min., v., 229, 281, 235; Col. MSS., xxxv., 14S-163, 171; Commissions, i., 76;
anle^ 4S7. In June, after Dopgan went to Albany, John Knigbt, who was .about to return to
England, delivered the New York records in his posses-sion, as deputy secretary, to Van Cort-
landt, Phillipae, and Bayard. Col. Doc, iii., 407 ; Col. MSS., xxxv., 162 ; ante^ 468, 4S4.
1688.
Niagara.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVEENOR. 507
others, from Albany to Montreal. But the French were chap.x.
desired to evacuate Niagara.*
The French did eyacuate Niagara not long afterward
Louis would not admit the pretension of James that the Iro
quois were British subjects. Denonville was therefore di- 8 March,
rected to send all the information he could to Paris respect-
ing the French claim to Hudson's Bay, the Ii'oquois coun-
try, and " the Southern portion of Acadia, from Penobscot
to the River Kinnebec ;" and Louis declared his intention
.of appropriating all the unoccupied American territory nec-
essary for the maintenance of Canadian trade. Seignelay
also wrote that the exchano-e or ffaininsi; of New Tork was s March.
., 1 . . 1 , . ° , ^ New York,
not possible at present, yet its inhabitants must be prevent- Canada,
ed from " thwarting the trade of the French." As the king i^oquoL
must " chastise the Iroquois," he would send fresh Euro-
pean soldiers to attack the Mohawks and Onondagas who
should winter in their country. Forts Niagara and Fron-
tenac must be maintained, and new posts established at So-
dus Bay and Salmon River, on Lake Ontario, as well as at
the southern end of Lake Champlain, " towards the Mo-
hawks," which would be " at the head of the whole." More
Iroquois prisoners should be sent to France, " as it is cer-
tain that those Indians, who are vigorous and accustomed to
hardship, can serve usefully on board his Majesty's galleys." t
This masterly European scheme of Louis was not to be
accomplished. Irritated at the deportation of their breth-
ren-to France, the Iroquois harassed the Canadians all the
winter. Denonville sent re-enforcements to Niagara, where
Millet had succeeded Lamberville as chaplain, which were
attacked by the New York Indians, who then besieged Fort
Chambly. Some Onondaga captives were restored; and
Lamberville, at Cataracouy, persuaded the Oneidas, Ononda-
gas, and Cayugas to send deputies to Montreal. Six hundred The iro-
warriors, headed by Haaskouan, or Outreouati, the Ononda- ace m^-
ga whom the French called" Grande-gueule,'' then descend- '^^ '
ed the Saint Lawrence to the Lake Saint Francis, where
they were joined by six hundred more. There the savage
force halted, while Grande-gueule, with a few others, went
* Col. Doc, iii., 556, 563, 564; ix., 391 ; Col. MSS., xxxv., IGO ; Quebec MSS. (iL), v., 445,
452,455,459,460,464,502; Charlevoix, u., 3T4 ; Ganieau,i., 267,268; anfe, 4SS, 494.
t Col. Doc. , ix. , 371-377 ; ante^ 501. *
50S HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cn.vr.x. down to Montreal. Denonville gave tliem instant andi-
ence. Speaking for the Cayugas, Onondagas, and Oneidas,
Grande * ^^^^'^^ orator Set forth the weakness of the French, and the
Denon ^^^ ^^^® ^^^^ which the Iroqnois could drive theni out of Can-
'^iue. ada. Learning, he said, " that our warriors had resolved to
come and burn your forts, and houses, and granges, and
corn, so that after famishing you, they could have you an
easy prey, I begged so strongly in your favor, that I have
got leave to warn Onnontio that he can escape this evil by
acceptirig peace on the terms proposed by Corlaer."*
These haughty w^ords from the glib Onondaga who had
humbled De la Barre at La Famine four years before, and
the twelve hundred Iroquois warriors at the Lake Saint
Montreal Fraucis, dismayed all hearts at Montreal. Kews had mean-
™^^^ ' while come that nearly all the French left at Niagara the
yiear before had died. Fort Frontenac w^as invested by the.
Iroquois, while from the Sorel River to Montreal scarcely
a Canadian could venture out of doors. So Denonville
8 June, agreed to a peace, including the Western savages, and the
makes ' Moliawks and Senecas, provided he could send supplies to
theYro-' Cataracouy. He also promised to solicit the return of their
quois. brethren now in the galleys at Marseilles. The truce was
concluded " on the spot," and the Iroquois deputies left hos-
tages to ratify it " at the wane of the August moon."f
At Montreal, the Oneidas, Onondagas, and Cayugas re-
jected Dongan's assumption that they were British subjects.
15 June. They declared that his claim " was not true; that they 'had
quois "as- always resisted his pretensions, and wished only to be friends
indlpend- of tlio Frcncli and English equally, without either the one
FrancLnd or the otlicr being their masters ; because they held their
Kngiand. (jouutry du'cctly of God, and had never been conquered in
war, neither by the French nor the English ; and that their
intention was only to observe a perfect neutrality." Thus,
while Louis and James were wrangling about American sov-
ereignty, the Iroquois asserted their independence of both,
and preserved Northern New York, as their own native land,
from annexation to Canada.:}:
• La Potherie, ii., 221-227 ; iii., 58 ; Col. Doc, iv., 343 ; ix,, 243, 247, 380, 387, 388, 390, 402 ;
Charlevoix, 369-371,373; Bancroft, ii. , 424 ; Garneau, i., 268 ; nnic, 403, 404, 481.
t Col. Doc.,ix., 339, 391, 395, 390; Charlevoix, ii., 364, 372-374; Coldcn, i.,S8; Garneau,
i.,268; ante, 405, 481. With truly British contempt for even French idioms, Smith, i., 87,
twists the " sur le champ" of Charlevoix into " iu the field !"
• t Col.Doc.,ix.,3S4-3SC; Bancroft, ii., 424.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOR. 509
Soon afterward, the French captives whom Dongan had cuap. x.
sent from Albany reached Montreal. In acknowledging
his courtesy, Denon\dlle said that, as soon as he could, he j„,y
would withdraw the garrison at IS^iagara, " in order to con- M ^^s-
tribute to a permanent peace."
. When Denonville's orders tardily reached Des Berg^res e juiy.
at Niagara, he assembled the officers and made a formal French fort
record of the condition of the fort. A large wooden cross, demoufh-*
eighteen feet high, with an appropriate inscription, which ^^'
Millet had solemnly blessed on the last Good Friday, was
left standing in the middle of the square. The cabins and
quarters were also preserved entire, " for the purpose of
maintaining the possession his Majesty and the French have
for a long time had in this Niagara district." The garri-
son then evacuated the fort, and came down Lake Ontario j% sept.
to Cataracouy in the bark " la Generale."*
Tliis abandonment of Niagara by the French was chiefly
owing to the policy and the firmness of Dongan. f But be-
fore the event was accomplished, his own authority over
New York had ceased. On his return from Albany, Don-
gan received the king's letter of the 22d.of April, requiring
him to surrender the government of New York to Andros
on his arrival there. The unwelcome missive was read in 2s juiy.
Council, and " ordered to be recorded amongst the records preplres to
of the Province of New York," And now all was agog, fovera-'"^
The Long Island Quakers set forth to the expiring govern- Andro*?
ment all the losses they had suffered for not training and ^'**^^'^-
not paying town-rates according to law ; but they got no
redress. The act w^hich, in obedience to the king's desire,
had been ordered to be engrossed in May, for the education
of Indian slaves and negroes in the Christian faith, was ei- Negroes.
ther forgotten or dropped. But it was resolved in Council Juiy so.
" that all Indian Slaves within this Province, subjects to the siavss.
King of Spain, that can give an account of their Christian
faith, and say the Lord's prayer, be forthwith set at liberty,
and sent home by the first conveyance, and likewise them
that shall hereafter come to the Province." This was only
confirming the Council's action in the previous October.
•Col. Doc., iii., 556; ix.,3S6-3SS, 391, 396; Doc. Hist., i., 16S, 169; Col. MSS., -xxxr., 160;
Quebec MSS., v. (ii.), 460, 464, 502 ; La Hontan, i., 131, 132 ; Charlevoix, ii., 357, 364, 3T2, 374.
t Palmer, in his Impartial Account, p. 21, erroneously attributes the demolition of Niaga-
ra to the action of Andros under his new commission. Compare Col. Doc, iii., 556, 557. ,
610 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. X. Eobei't Allison, who had. purchased an Indian slave at Hon-
duras, and brought hun to New York, asked that he might
30 jiiy I'^t^i^ 1^^^^ i^ bondage there ; but his petition was rejected.
As the administration was soon to be in other hands, Don-
gan and his Council, " for the ease of this, his Majesty's
Province, which it is his Majesty's pleasure should be an-
30 July, nexed to his Government of New England, Ordered that all
Tax law
fe^""^?
suspended, further proceedings towards the levying the late tax and im-
position of £2555, 6, to be paid by the first day of Novem-
ber next, do cease, and it is hereby suspended 'till further
order, and that the sheriffs of the respective counties have
notice given them accordingly." The last law passed by
2 August. Dongan was "to prohibit shoemakers from using the mys-
Shoemak- o jl o •/
ers not to tcrv of tauuiug hidcs," when Counselors Brockholls, Bax-
tan bides •/ o ^ /
ter, Phillipse,yan Cortlandt, and Bayard were present. The
Hunting, same day the last New York patent under her recent pro-
" viucial seal from James the Second was issued by Dongan
to the town of Huntington.*
In the mean time Andros had been aiflicted by the death
22 Jan. of his wif 0 at Boston, where she was buried with great
10 Feb. pomp. Soon afterward he went to New Hampshire and
Andros at -^^^^^^ whcro his presence was required. At Pemaquid he
Pemaquid. refreshed himself " with sheep and soles," and then went,
in the Rose frigate, to the French settlement at Penobscot.
Learning his approach, Castin retired, leaving his house
shut. Andros respected the baron's altar and emblems of
his Eoman faith, but he seized his other property, and sent
it to Pemaquid for condemnation, on the charge of illegal
trading within the British dominions, which were claimed
to extend as far east as the Saint Croix Biver. On his re-
turn to Pemaquid, Andros was joined by Secretary Ean-
dolph, and a conference was held with the neighboring In-
dian sachems, who were told not to fear the French, and
promised the protection of the English. The conduct of
Palmer and West in 1686 was thouglit by Randolph to be
"as arbitrary as the Great Turke." Perhaps Randolph's
criticism was deserved, yet not so much because Dongan's
* Col. Doc, iii., 3T4, 42T, 550 ; iv., 510, 511 ; Council Min., v., 222, 224, 237, 23S, 239 ; Col.
MSS.,xxxiv., TT,7S; xxxv.,16S, 169 ; Doc. Hist, i., 1C7, 168 ; iii., 608,609; Council Jour.,
i., Int.,xxi.,xxli.,xxiii.; N.Y. H. S. Coll., iii, 353 ; Patents, v., 338-349 ; Anderson's Col.
Ch., ii., 303, 344 ; Evelyn, ii., 245 ; AVood's Long Island, 103, 104; Thompson, i., 468 ; ante,
330, 331, 434, 455, 486. There are no regular New York Council Minutes in the secretary's
office at Albany between 2 August, lOSS, and 19 March, 1091.
THOMAS DONGAN, GOVERNOE. • 511
late agents had been " arbitrary," as because they had yen- cuap. x.
tured " to tear all in pieces that was settled and granted at
Pemaquid by Sir Edmund" in 1677, when he was Govern-
or of New York. But the jealousy of Dongan, which An-
dros continually manifested, was soon appeased. News
came fi'om Boston that the king had determined to add lo March.
New York and New Jersey to Andros's present government.
Fort Charles, at Pemaquid, was ordered to be repaired, and
its command was intrusted to Ensign Joshua Pipon. An-
dros then hastened back to Boston to receive his new com- 21 june.
mission, for the arrival of which he waited " in great ex- tuvZ^lo '
pectation." Meanwhile James Graham, who had been his
fellow-passenger from England in 1678, and seems to have
preferred him to Dongan, had resigned his New York ap-
pointments and hurried eastward, where he was made At-
torney General of New England in place of Farewell. Gra-
ham appears to have been assisted in his new office by Da- Graham
vid Jamison, the Scotch " sweet singer," who had given up sonffivOTed
his Latin school in New York, and desired advancement ^^ ^'^'^^■''^•
under the rising sun. John West was already at Boston
as Randolph's deputy. John Palmer, one of the judges of
New York, whom Dongan had sent to London with his dis-
patches in September, 1687, now returned to New England,
of which he had been named a counselor by the king. As
the dominion was enlarged by the annexation of New York,
Andros appointed Palmer to be one of the judges of its Su- paimer
perior Court, along with Dudley, Stoughton, and Bulkley. New En-
And now the governor was "safe in his New York confi-j^'dga.
dents, all others being strangers to his Councill." Yet so
far from being, as stigmatized by coarse Boston partisans,
"a crew of abject persons," the gentlemen who came from
New York were " well known to have lived there for a long
time in esteem and reputation — enough to merit a better
Epethite of all good and honest men."*
"When Andros's vice-regal commission reached Boston, it
was proclaimed from the town-house balcony, and Captain lo.juiy.
- Col. Doc, iii., 428, 423, 430, 450, 513, 515, 551, 6GT, 571, 65T, 662, 663; iv.,2S2, 4T6; v., 47S;
ix., 263, 265, 380, 396 ; Charlevoix, ii., 360, 38T ; Col. Rec. Conn., ili., 437-446 ; Hutch. Mass.,
L, 364, 370, 371, 381 ; Coll., 557-565; Adiard's Sutton Dudleys, 77 ; Palmer's Impartial Ac-
count, 22 ; Force's Tracts, iv., No. 9, p. 8, 9, 16, 18, 21, 22, 37, 40, 53, 58 ; No. 10, p. 8 ; Mather,
Mag., ii., 586 ; Williamson, i., 5S6-5S8 ; Belknap, i., 196 ; Palfrey, iii., 526, 533, 549, 552, 55S
-560, 562; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxvii., 180 ; xxxv., 190 ; R. I. Rec, iii., 257 ; Andros Tracts
(Prince Soc.) i., 13, 43, 114 ; ante, 310, 318, 407, 444, 445, 467, 468, 469, 4S4.
1688
31 July.
Andro3
goea to
512 • HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. X. Francis Nicholson was installed as Lieutenant Governor of
the dominion. A fortnight afterward the governor general
set out for New York, attended by Mason, Dudley, Usher,
Randolph, and Walley, of his Council, and deputy Secretaiy
New York. "VYest. Nicliolsou accompanied his chief as far as New
London, whence he was sent back to Boston, because the
Indians were making trouble near Springfield. On his
way Andros was joined by Counselors Clarke, Ilj^ewberry,
Smith, Winthrop, and Allyn.*
n August. On Saturday, the eleventh of August, the governor gen-
tiieme- cral rcaclied the metropolis, where he was received by Col-
lopo 13. ^^^^ Bayard's regiment of foot and a troop of horse. The
king's new commission was read in Fort James, and then
published at the City Hall. Immediately afterward, An-
dros sent for and received from Dongan the almost virgin
seal of the late government of New York, " which was de-
The seal of faced and broaken in Council," according to the king's In-
broken.""^ structious. In its stead, the great seal of New England was
11 August, thenceforth to be used. A proclamation was at once issued
continuing all persons not removed by order of .the king in
their offices, and directing taxes to be continued. Thus
Andros began his second government of New York. He
had left it seven years before to be justified with the Duke
of York. In the interval, the province had gained and
. had lost a popular assembly. Her old governor now revis-
ited familiar scenes to assume almost imperial authority as
the viceroy of James the Second.f
A few days afterward the governor general went over to
New Jersey, with several of his Council, and at Elizabeth-
is August, town published his commission, as well as the proclamation
for continuino; officers and the revenue. Similar ceremo-
IS August, nies were observed at Burlington. Andrew Hamilton and
C5 'August, others were appointed justices of the peace by Andros un-
der the great seal of the dominion. It was remarked that
New jer- the " out placcs" of both East and West Jersey were " very
duced.' . thinly inhabited," but that " all shewed their great satisfac-
tion in being under his Majestie's immediate government.":}:
* Col. Doc., iii., 550, 557, 567, 56S; ix.,392; Hutch. Mass., i., 371; CoIl.,5GC; Col. Rec.
Conn., iii., 447; Barry, i., 496; Bancroft, il., 431 ; Charlevoix, ii., 3S2.
+ Col. Doc., iii., 2S3, 2S6, 316, 427, f)4G, 550, 554, 567, 722 ; Min. of C. C, i., 329, 330 ; Dun-
lap, ii., App. cxxxv ; ante, 345, 451, 401, 503.
. t Col. Doc, iii., 553,-554, 507 ; Chalmers, i., 590, 022 ; Smith's N. J., 204, 206, 5GS ; Gor-
SIR EDJIUND ANDEOS, GOVERKOR GENERAL. 513
•
If the people of liiew Jersey were satisfied with the chap.x.
change which brought them directly under the government
of their king, the people of New York were not generally
pleased that their province should lose its individuality, and
be consolidated with New England. It was true that their
old governor, Andros, whom many preferred to Dongan, ■
had come back to them. But Andros's return was acgom-
panied with disagreeable circumstances. Geographically,
politically, and socially, New York was unlike any other
British possession in North America. For half a century situation
before her conquest she had remained a distinct territory yoiiT^
of the Dutch Kepublic, lying between the J*uritan colonies
of England at the east, and the Episcopalian and Koman
Catholic colonies of England at the south. For more than
that period her relations with the French in Canada and
"the savages within her own borders had required peculiar
skill in their management. Up to this time New York had
always been differently governed from any other British
American colony. She had never been a chartered or a
corporate government under Dutch or English authoi-ity.
H*er eclectic people never wished to be ruled by incorpo-
rated oligarchies like those in New England, Wliat they
desired, and what, for a season, they had enjoyed, was a
" Charter of Liberties," securing to every inhabitant a share
in local legislation, freedom of conscience, and equality of
all modes of Christianity. While a Dutch province. New Ne^r vork
York, with the comprehensive liberality of her fatherland, neVatfon °o
had invited strangers of every race and creed to nestle gitndi°'
among her own early colonists. The invitation had been
greedily accepted. For these and other reasons, her peo-
ple— especially those of Bat&,vian origin — cherished a mag-
nanimous " State pride," not surpassed by that professed in
any of the colonies by which she was siuTounded. She had
desired the annexation of Connecticut and the Jerseys be-
cause'they had belonged to her ancient territory, and be-
cause their restoration would only make her what she was
intended to be by the patent which Charles the Second had
granted to the Duke of York. But New York did not wish
don, 53 ; Bancroft, ii., 413, 431 ; Whitehead's E. J., 113, 121. The original great seal to Ham-
ilton's commission still exists ; Index N. J. Col. Doc., 13. It is difficult to understand what
Palfrey, iii., 562, means by saying that " Xew York and New Jersey had never be/ore had
what viight seem a stable government of any Mnd,"
II.— K K
514 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
*
, ciiAr. X. to be united with Massachusetts, which — although inchaded
~ within the Dutch " New Netherland" of 1614, six years be-
lbb8. £^j,g ^j^g a j^.Qy^ England" of James the First — had never
been in her actual possession, and, if now joined to her,
might be " ruinous and destructive." It is not surprising
New York- that, under these circumstances, the people of New York
nanr '^' fclt .tliemsclves to be in an "unmerited state of degrada-
tion," which they contemplated with " just dissatisfaction."
Their metropolitan city, knowing that it had become ".the
envy of its adjacent neighbors, who did not cease by all
their little artifices to interrupt its trade," especially la-
mented " that unliappy annexation to New England."*
Peculiar Bcsidcs tlicsc political considerations were some of an-
Lgalnst the otlicr cliaractcr. The colonists at the eastern end of Long
of Ne"^ '°° Island, who had chiefly come from New England, and who
New En- wislicd to barter their oil and other commodities at Boston
gland. rather than New York, were perhaps gratified at the change
which brought them- back to old sympathies. But the an-
cient Dutch possessors of New Netherland and their de-
scendants had no reason to like most of the New England
colonists or their characteristics. If they liked any, they
preferred the people .of tolerant Rhode Island, whom al-
• , most all other New Englanders disliked. The genial Ejjis-
copalians of Virginia and the liberal Roman Catholics of
Maryland were nearer the hearts of the New York Dutch-
English Calvinists than were the sour Puritans of Massa-
chusetts, whose predecessors would not be comforted in
Holland by the calm pleasures of a Ley den Sunday. On
the American side of the Atlantic these antipathies deep-
ened. Rivals and antagonists from the start, New York
Kewyork and Massachusetts could not be' sympathetic. The two col-
,».°chusett3 onies differed essentiall}'. The oldest, Dutch one, was al-
entT ' ^'^' ways grand, inviting, and magnanimous : — the later, English
one, was ever sectional, narrow, and selfish. The cardinal
principle of New York was comprehensive liberality : — that
of Massachusetts, Procrustean rigor. Both erred in perse-
cuting noisy Quakers. But the history of the old Dutch
province in North America is not marred by the despotic
self-righteousness which deforms tlie annals of the " Bay
•Col. Doc, iii., 576, 722,795, 799; Chalmers's Pol. Ann., i., 590; ii., 29; Rev. Col, i., 212;
Min. of N. V. C. C.,ii.,93 OCf Dunlap,ii., App. cxli. ; au^c, vol. i., 62-66, 95, 90 ; ii.,50a.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 515
State." So it was natural that genial New York did not chap. x.
like too intimate an association with her surly and grasp-
ing eastern neighbor. She had acquiesced in the conquest
which reduced her, in 1664, under the dominion of Charles
the Second and the Duke of York, but she could never
have submitted to the selfish and arrogant colonists who so
long and so vainly coveted her territory. It was inevitable
that New York should consider her compulsory union with
Massachusetts, by order of their common sovereign, " an
abhorred connection."*
Yet, if the people of New York generally felt it a " deg-
, radation" for their province to be annexed to New England,
there were some who at first enjoyed a vainglory. The
resident counselors Brockholls, Phillipse, Bayard, and Van
Cortlandt found their ofiicial importance rather increased
than diminished by the change. If the New England coun-
selors could now vote on the affairs gf New York, the New
York counselor could likewise vote on the affairs of New
England; This they were soon called upon to do. At a
Council held at New York, a law to regulate the carrying 29 August.
of passengers in ships and vessels, -which Andros could not edit New'
pass- at Boston because so many counselors there " strenu-
ously opposed" it, was readily enacted. It was also order- '29 Augu:;t.
ed that the New York revenue act of the seventh of May,
which Dongan and his Council had suspended on the thir-
tieth of July, should " be fully- and duly executed."t
Some of the Protestants in New York, who had been
troubled at observing Papists settling themselves in the
pro^-ince " under the smiles" of Dongan, appear to have re-
joiced in the return of their old governor, Andros. The
Dutch Domine Selyns informed the classis of Amsterdam 10 oct.
that " Sir Edmund Andros, Governor at Boston and the like, ^^ns-g .
and now stepped into this Government of New York and Andros. "^
Jersey— »-as such having charge from Canada to Pennsylva-
nia— is of the Chm-ch of England,; and understanding and
• Col. Doc, iii., 391, 402, 57G, 797, 793 ; Chalmers's Rev. Col., i., 212.
t Col. Rec Conn., iii., 447, 448 ; Doc. Hist., ii , 45 ; CoL Doc, iii., 5G7, 56S ; R&v. in N. E..
Just, in Force's Tracts, iv., No. 9, 13, 55; Palfrey, iii., 551, 562 ; an<e,MO. The counselors
present on this occasion were Dudley, Usher, and Randolph, of Massachusetts ; Mason, of
New Hampshire ; Walley, of Plymouth ; Clarke, Newberry, and Smith, of- Rhode Island ;
Winthrop and AUyn, of Connecticut ; Brockholls, Phillipse, Baxter, Van Cortlandt, Younge,
and Bayard, of New York ; in all si.xteen, besides the governor. John West acted as depu-
ty Eecretary.
516 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. X. speakiiig the Low Dutcli and French, he attends mine and
~~ Mr. Daille's preaching." Yet no danger could arise from
the few Roman Cathohcs who assembled to worship their
creator with Dongan and others in a small chamber in Fort
Hinckley's Jamcs. Evcn the Puritan Hinckley, of Plymouth, testified
Bongan.° that the late Governor of New York showed " himself of a
noble, praiseworthy mind and spirit ; taking care that all
the people in each town do their duty in maintaining the
minister of the place, though himself of a differing, opin-
ion from their way."*
An avent had occurred, however, which gave uneasiness
to the Dutch people of New York, For almost half a gen- ,
eration they had looked with hope to the time when the
wife of the Prince of Orange — the stadtholder of their fa-
therland, and their own chief magistrate fourteen years
before — would become the- Queen of England. Joyfully
would they have mingled cries of " Okanje Boven" with
" Long live the QueenP But divine Providence bid them
wait. James the Second had married a Roman Catholic
second wife, who, after due proclamation of her condition,
10 June, bore him a son on the tenth of June, 1688. That son was
Prince" of '^ at oucc dcclarcd Prince of "Wales, and, if all went regular-
waies. 2y ^^^ |_^g would bccomc King of England on the death of
liis father. The news came from the Privy Council to Bos-
ton, with directions for Andros " to appoint such days, as
well for a solemn thanksgiving to Almighty God for this
inestimable blessing, as for such other expressions of public
rejoicings suitable to this great occasion," as he should judge
fit. Nicholson sent "the happy news" by express to his
23 AuKust. chief at New York, where, the same evening, it " was sol-
in New"°^ emnized, with all demonstrations of joy and gladness for so
great a blessing." The hilarity waxed so boisterous that the
Dutch Mayor Yan Cortlandt" sacrificed his hat, peruke, &c."
This exuberant manifestation of loyalty was afterward ob-
jected against the genial magistrate when the reminiscence
2d August, was very inconvenient. The next day, Andros, with the ad-
vice of his Council, issued his proclamation for a general
thanksgiving, " to be observed within tlie City of New York
* Chalmers's Ann., i., 590 ; Smith,!., 90; Council Min.,vi., 17; Doc. IIist.,ii., 14, 17; iii.,
73 ; Bayley's Sketch, 19-22 ; Mass. U. S. Coll., x.xxv., 101, ISO; MSS. letter of Selyns to Claa-
&is, 10 October, ICSS ; ante, 4ST.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 517
and dependencies on Sunday tlie Second day of September chap.x.
next coming, and fourteen days after in all other parts of "TTT^
this Dominion." At tliis time New York was undoubted- ■'■"'^^•
ly the " seat of Government" of James the Second's " Do-
minion of New Eno-land."*
Indian affairs now required the governor's careful atten-
tion. Tlie day he reached New York, he announced his ar- n Aug.
rival to Denonville, and claiming the Five Nations as Brit-
ish subjects, in obedience to his Instructions, requested that
they should not be injured by the French. Word soon aft-
erward came " that all was not well" with the L-oquois, and
it was resolved that Andros should go to Albany. This he
did^ accompanied by Counselors Baxter, Mason, Yan Cort- so August
landt, and others, in a sloop, which also conveyed fifty sol- Albany.
diers and ammunition to supply the fort. At Albany he
was joined by Nicholson, whom he had summoned from Bos-
ton, and who came overland by way of Springfield.f
l^he Five Nations, .warned by " Arie," or Yiele, sent del-
egates, who had a stately interview with Andros in the town- is Sept. .
house of Albany. Sindacksegie, the Moliawk orator, in the
name of the Five Nations, welcomed their " Brother Cor-
ker" as " the same person which did us the kindness to be
called Corlaer when you was Governor foitnerly." The
next day Andros named the Iroquois " Children," as Dongan 19 scpt-
had, and told them that they " need have no other regard 4°u7ho
to the French, nor hearken to them, than, as they are our
friends, to do them no harm." But they should be on their
guard, and call back those of their nations who had gone
to settle near Montreal ; and " 'twill be your own faults if
you do not eat, drink, and sleep in safety." Another con-
ference followed, when the Mohawks, dropping the " Broth- 20 sept
er," said, " Corlaer, we are exceeding glad to see you here,
who was formerly in Tionondoge, om- third Castle ; and are
assured of yom* good inclinations towards us, because we
have experienced your goodness heretofore. For* you was
pleased to accept the name of a man that was of good dis-
* Col. Doc, iii.,554, G55; Council Min., v., 223; Min. of N.Y. Com. Council, 1,330; Dun-
lap, ii., App. exxxvi. ; N. Y. H. S. Coll., iii., 353 (1S6S), 390 ; Penn. Arcli/, i., 100 ; CoL Rec.
Conn., iii., 443; Palfrey, iii., SGI, 5G2 ; Kennett,iii., 4S4; aji^c, 203, 24S, 315, 504.
t Col. Doc, iii., 548, 553, 554, 555, 556, 562, 56S, 569, 722 ; ix., 394 ; Quebec MSS. (ii.), v.,
.5n2. Andros's letter of 11 August was carried to Canada by John Smith, " the quaker froA
Albany." Col. Doc, iii., 566; Force's Tracts, iv., No. 9, p. 59; Andros Tracts, i., 146- La
llontan, i. 125 ; Charlevoix, i., 3S6.
Iroquois
' Chil-
dren."
;i8
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. X.
1688.
The old
Corlaer.
Salmon
Mver.
Ticondero-
The Mo-
hawks wish
to remain
"Breth-
ren.''
The West-
ern Iro-
quois ac-
cept the
name of
''Chil-
dren." .
Andros's
answer.
21 Sept.
if Sept.
positions and esteemed deare amongst ns, to wit, The old
CorlaerP They promised to have no correspondence with
the French, but would treat them a,s friends, as Andros had
proposed. Dongan had asked them about places for forts,
and they had named Salmon River, or the Oswego, and they
understood that he would build a fort " at the end of Cor-
ker's Lake [Champlain] at a place 'called Onjadarakte, [Ti-
conderoga] and put great guns in the same." But they did
not insist on this being done. " Let the old covenant that
was made with our ancestors be kept firm. Then w-e w^ere
called^ Brethren, and that was also well kept ; therefore let
that of Brethren continue, without any alteration." Some
of the Iroquois warriors, " whose names are known like the
Sun," had not yet been sent back from France ; neverthe-
less, " we keep to that which was done by the* two great
Kings beyond the Seas." But a Cayuga, speaking for that
nation and the Oneidas, Onondagas, and Senecas, address-
ed Andros as " Father Corlaer," and accepted " the name
of Children." - Only they desired the return of their twen-
ty-eight countrymen, prisoners in France. " The Governor
of Canada," they said, " is pleasant with his eye, and speaks
fair with his lips ; but his heart is corrupt, and we find that
the old covenant made with this government has been kept
inviolated." Andros answered these several speeches adroit-
ly : — " You take notice of the word Brethren, and Children ;
— But leave it to me : — They are both words of relation and
friendship; but Children the nearer." On the following
day, the conference with the Five Kations was ended by
Andros promising them to do all he could to get back their
" people that w^ere carried beyond sea." He also wrote to
Denonville, charo-ino; him with beino; the author of the late
murders by the Canadian savages near Springfield and
Northfield, and hoping that the French had evacuated Ni-
agara. This last mentioned step, as has been seen, had al-
ready been taken, chiefly at Dongan's solicitation.*
• La Hontan, i., 125; Charlevoix, ii., 3S6; Col. Doc.iii., 443, 475, 4S5, 535, 557-552, 56S,
775; ix., 392, 393, 402 ; Col. MSS., xxxv., 172-lSl ; Coldtn, i., 105, 106, 132 ; Quebec MSS.
(ii.), v., 507 ; Chalmers's Ann., i., 428 ; Col. Kec. Conn., iii., 448, 449 ; ante, vol. i., IS, 42, 55,
67, 88, 422 ; vol. ii., 287, 4S3, 496, 509. Some of the Massachusetts Puritans objected against
Andros in 1C91 that he did not keep the Iroquois in liostility to the French, because "it
was very advantageous to the English interest to Iiave it so;" and they charged that the
^eace wliicli he made those savages promise at Albany strengthened the French and. weak-
ened the English : Rev. in N. E. Justiiiod, in Force's Tracts, iv., No. 9, 40, 41 ; Andrea
Tracts,!., 118; ii.,207,21S;_ Col. Doc, iii., 650, G51.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENEKAL. 519
1688.
Leaving Baxter in command of Fort Albany, witli Thorn- chap. x.
as Sliarpe as his lieutenant, and a company of soldiers, An-
dros returned to ]S"ew York. On his way down the Hud-
son he had an interview with the Esopus and other savages,
whom he admonished to be at peace with the neighboring
Christians. At Kingston, Colonel Kobert Mason, of -New
Hampshire, one of the Council who had accompanied An- .
dros, died, and was buried, in his fifty-ninth year.*
Denonville had meanwhile waited in vain at Montreal
mitil after tlie August moon had waned for the promised
return of the Iroquois delegates. These had been chosen
at Onondaga, and were about setting out, when Yiele sum-
moned the Five Nations to meet Andros at Albany. This
they did, as has been seen. But Dekanesora, or Teganis- Dekane^o-
soren, the Onondaga chief, who seemed to have succeeded way to
Garakontie as the most unwavering Iroquois friend of the
French, went on with a small party to meet Denonville, ac-
cording to promise, at Montreal. When they reached La
Famine, or Salmon River, on Lake Ontario, they were sur-
prised and captured by a band of Hurons, led by their chief
Adario, or Kondiaronk, whom the French called "The
Eat." He was the bravest, most subtile, and most accom- The nat.
plished savage they had ever known in Canada, and well
deserved to be called " The Machiavel of the Forests." He
had come down from Michilimackinac to join the French '
in their war against the Iroquois, upon condition that these
common enemies should be exterminated. At Fort Fron-
tenac Adario learned that Denonville had just made a peace
with them, and was awaiting at Montreal the return of their
ratifying deputies. Seeing that his own nation had been
betrayed, the wily Huron coricealed his chagrin, and pre-
tended to return home. But from Cataracouy he quietly
went across Lake Ontario to La Famine, by which route he
knew that the Onondagas must go to Montreal. After ly-
ing in wait for several days, the Rat captured the aston- The iio-
ished Iroquois ambassadors, and told them' that he had done gates cap-
so by order of Denonville. The artifice was worthy of the Adario.^
most refined European policy in wickedness. Both parties
protested against the supposed double treachery of Onnon-
* Col. Doc.,iu.,5CS, 503, 040; iv.,202; Doc. Uist., ii., 5T, 244 ; Hutch., i., 3C5; Belknnp,
L, 19L
520 HISTORY OF- THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. X. tio. Adclressing Dekanesora and his companions, Adario
said, " Go, my brethren ; I untie your hands, and send you
Ibbb. i-^Q^y^Q again, although our nation is at war with yours. It
is the French governor who has made me commit an act
so black that I shall never be consoled until the Five Na-
tions- have taken a just vengeance." The false Huron's
words were uttered on the very spot where the Onondaga
Grande-gueule had humbled De la Barre four years before.
Denonviue Like liis then, they served their turn now. Each savage
party returned to its own home ; and, full of anxiety at the
mysterious absence of the delegates he had chafed for so
ji; Oct. vainly, Denonville went down the chillj' Saint Lawrence to
Quebec*
i| Oct. From Quebec the Canadian governor wrote to Andros,
in reply to his letters from New York and Albany, alluding
spitefully to Dongan ; announcing the withdrawal of the
French garrison at Niagara, and complaining of the recent
violence offered by the English to Castin at Penobscot, for
which satisfaction was required. But the tirth of the
Prince of "Wales had been the signal for rejoicing through-
10 August, out "the whole country of Canada." In his dispatches to
Seignelay, Denonville attributed the safety of New France
Ciuicies "to God alone." He therefore sent Callieres to France,
France, that lie might explain matters more fully. A treaty should
' be made between England and France, by which the Iro-
quois should be " ceded" to one or the other European pow-
er. " But," Denonville added, " in order to make peace, it
"will be necessary to return to Canada the Iroquois who
have been sent to the galleys;" and proposed that they
should " be dressed somewhat decently."t
On his return from Albany and Kingston, Andros learh-
indian cd that tlic savagcs in Maine had been disorderly near Cas-
co Bay, and that men had been raised in Boston and sent
•Col. Doc, ix., ITS, 181, 183,180,192, £27, 391, 393, 394,402,404,405; La Hontan, i. , 1 17,
125,189-192; Charlevoix, ii., 383-380; Colden, i., 88, 89, 90 ; Smith, i., 87, 88; Kaynal, viii.,
81, 82 ; Garnean, i., 2G0, 270 ; Shea's Missions, 326, 332 ; ante, 364, 508. La Hontan— whom
Colden follows and Smith repeats, instead of trusting the more accurate Charlevoix — errs
in placing the scene of Adario's exploit on the cascades of the Saint Lawrence instead of at
the mouth of the Salmon River. Compare Col. Doc, ix., 391 ; Charlevoix, ii., 384.
t Col. Doc, iii., 555, 557, 569-571 ; ix., 393-39S, 401 ; Quebec MSS. (ii.), v., 511-5G0; Chal-
mers's Ann., i., 423. Charlevoi.K, ii., 391, 392 (who is followed by Garneau, i., 271), supixj^es
that Galli^res went to Taris with' a scheme of his own for the conquest of New Yoi-k by the
French. But it seems to me that this idea did not occur to him until hejeiich^d France,
and found that a revolution had happened in Kngland. See Col. Doc, ix., 401-404.
troubles.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 521
thither without his orders. This intelligence obliged the cnAP.x,
governor to decide on an immediate overland journey to
Boston, by way of Hartford and Springfield, " to prevent a ^ October,
second Indian war."*
Nicholson was accordingly directed to remain in New Nicholson
York, at the head of its affairs, to be assisted by the local New York,
counselors Phillipse, Bayard, Van Cortlandt, Younge, and '
Baxter, the latter of whom was stationed in command of *
the fort at Albany. As it was most convenient for the gov-
ernor general to make Boston" his head-quartei*s for the pres-
ent, such of the New York records as w^ere thought -neces-
sary to have at hand were taken there. Accompanied by
Broqkholls, Randolph, West, and others, Andros hastened o October,
eastward from New York, supposing that the revenue for turns to
the support of his government amounted to about twelve with°New
thousand pounds a year, and that " all places were well and ords. "''*
quietly, settled, and in good posture."t
After the departure of Andros from New York, Dongan
retired to his farm at Hempstead, on Long Island. Nich-
olson, with Van Cortlandt, Bayai'd, Plowman, Beekman, and
Minvielle, under the governor's own warrant, made an ex-
amination of the city fortifications, and drew up a detailed isNovem.
report of their condition. The fort was found to be " ex- of Fort
traordinarily out of repair," and carpenters were employed New York.-
.to make the barracks weather-tight until the spring, when
every thing was intended to be put in good order. A dep-
osition of one of these workmen, afterward taken, declared
that there was " great joy" among some at New York when
Andros came from Boston, because they were delivered
from a "Papist Governor," and had Nicholson -as deputy
in the fort, " who would defend and establish the true re-
ligion." It was thought that all images erected by Dongan
in. Fort James would be taken awaf ; but Nicholson order-
• Col. Doc, iii., 5G8, 560 ; Col. Kec. Conn., iii., 449 ; Force's Tracts, iv., No. 9, p. 35, 58 ; No.
10, p. 10; Palmer's Impartial Account, 33, 34 ; Chalmers, Ann., ii., 50; Andros Tra*cts,i., 54.
t Col. Doc, iii., 50S, 569, 590, GliS, 656, 711, 722, 723, 701, 709 ; v., 83 ; Col. Rec Conn., iii.,
449-452 ; Doc Hist., ii., 3, 15, 23, 103, 128, 244 ; Chalmers's Ann., i., 427, 590 ; Palfrey, iii.,
563,564. In N. Y. Pass Book, iv., there is a memorandum of the records taken to Boston
by Randolph, some of which do not appear to have been restored. In 1785, Judge Samuel
Jones, of New York, saw at Boston, " on the floor in an upper room of a public building,
among a parcel ef loose papers, several parchment rolls, cont.aining copies of acts of the Leg-
islature of New Yolk," supposed to have been taken away by order of Andros, who was "a
great lover of method and dispatch in all sorts of business." N. Y. H. S. Coll., iii., 362;
Burk, ii., 316; Hutch. Mass., i., 354,- Coll., 575.
522 . HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK,
Chap. X. ed the workmen to assist the priest John Smith to remove
„ to " a better room in the fort," and arrange every thing for
Priest John ^"^ " according to his will." This gave great offense to
Smith, ii^Q Protestants, and no donbt helped to injure Nicholson.
During the winter the lieutenant governor directed Mayor
Yan Cortlandt to send orders to every county to exercise
• the militia and see them well equipped, which was gener-
' ally done. In the city of New York " he did the same,
and was well beloved amongst the people."*
On returning to - Boston after an absence of eleven
Acuon'^or' ^^^^^^5 Andros, disapproving what his subordinates there
Andros at had doue, issued his proclamation requiring the Indians to
release their captives, and surrender the murderers of the
colonists. But this was'uot heeded by the savages ; and the
governor sent eastward most of the regular soldiers in gar-
rison, with necessary stores and vessels to secure the coast.
1 xovem. It was also ordered in Council that a considerable force of
militia should be raised out of the several colonies, and An-
dros offered the command of 'the expedition, " upon very
good terms," to Fitz John Winthrop, of Connecticut, one of
winthrop his counselors. But Winthrop, pleading illness, declined the
decline duty, and the governor's offer was repeated to others, who
service in
Maine. " absolutcly rcf uscd the service." Indeed, the Connecticut
and Massachusetts colonists did not wish to do hardy work
in the wilds of Maine during the cold winter ; and many of
them, asserting that Brockholls Avas a " Popish command-
■ er," imagined that the expedition was a plot " to bring them .
low," and made it a pretext for poltroonery. Seeing that
none in New England were willing to take the command,
Andros, by the advice of his Council, determined to do it
himself. "The Governor's proposal to the Council about
his. going to the eastward met with no opposition, lest some
of the military men there should have been bound in hon-
our to have taken that imployment upon themselves." Aft-
Androa BY dispatcliiug MacGrcgoric with another message to De-
M:.ine him. uonville at Quebec, Andros, at the head of some eight hun-
eraL^^ gen- ^^.^ ^ ^^^^ levicd iu tlic Ncw England colonies,t according-
• Col. Doc., iii., 390, 301, 500, 591, C13, G55, 716; iv., 197, 213; Doc. Hist., ii., 14, 17, 147;
iii., 73 ; Bayley's Sketch, 19, 22 ; Smith, i., 90 ; N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll. (1S6S), 87, SS ; Col. Rec.
Conn., iii., 454, 455; N.Y. Surrogate's Kec.,Will8, iv., 1-16; Valentine's Manual, 1865, SSI-
OSS ; ante, 40S, note, 4S7.
t According to the return in New England Paper.?, v., 202, quoted by Chalmer;", Ann., ii.,
68 ; N. Y. II. S. Coll., 1808, the militia force of Massachteetfs, New Hampshire, Maine, Plym-
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 523
ly went to Maine, in the depth of winter, sharing all the c-hap. x.
hardships of the troops. Many of them died from fatigue
• and exposure in marches " above one hundred miles into
the desart, beyond any Christian Settlement." But the at-
tempt to capture the savages was like a pi'oject to " hedge
in the cuckoo," Many canoes were destroyed, and two In-
dian forts were burnt. The savages ^vere driven into re-
mote retreats, where they were reduced to great straits, and
"were ready to submit at mercy," had not "some mer- Traitorous
1 . -T-. Ml. 1 11 ^ Boston
chants in i3oston,' during the governor s absence, sent a ves- merchants,
sel, meanly cleared for Bermuda, with supplies of ammuni-
tion and provisions, to trade with them and the French be-
tween ?ort Royal and Penobscot.
As he could not capture nor destroy its natives, Andros
established -some eleven garrisons for the protection of
Maine. At Fort Charles, in Pemaquid, thirty-six regulars Garrisons
and sixty militia were placed under the command of Cap- ta Maine
tain Brockliolls and Lieutenant Weems. MacGregorie and ^^ ^° '"°^'
Lockliart, of New York, were stationed at other forts. By
presents and good treatment, the governor endeavored to.
wiTi the chiefs of the savages. But all he did was miscon-
strued at Boston,' where it was reported that he had en-
gaged the Mohawks to attack New England in concert with
the French, with other equally absurd stories. During the
winter he caused a sloop to be built at Pemaquid for gov-
ernment service ; but before it was completed, miexpected
events happened.*
Among James's instructions to Andros and to Dongan
was one to suppress " all Pirates and Sea rovers." These
depredators had become so bold that Sir Robert Holmes
was sent with an English squadron to the West Indies, in
the autumn of 1687, to quench them effectually. From the
time of Cicero, all civilized nations had denounced pirates
as " enemies of the human race." In 1630, these outlaws
took possession of the island of Tortuga, near Hispaniola ;
and many of them having been originally engaged in the
outh, Rhode Island, and Connecticut was 13,529. Tliat of New York was probably 2000.
Col. Doc, iv., 29, 1S5, 197, 213 ; Chalmers, Rev. Col., i., 228 ; Arnold, i., 520.
• Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 449-453 ; Hutch., i , 365, 3T0, 3T1 ; Coll., 5CG ; Col. Doc., iii., 551,
.581,711, 723, T24, 709; Chalmers's Annals, i, 428, 429 ; ii., 20, 50, 51 ; Force's Tracts, iv.,
No. 9, 28-31, 3."), 5S, 59.; No. 10, 11; Palmer's Impartial Ace, 34, 35; Andros Tracts, i., .54,
55; ii., 193, 216 ; .Mather's Mag., i., 178, 179 ; ii., 5S8 ; Maine II. S. Coll., i., 19.5, li'C ; v., 30,
268,269,271; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxi.,S5-S7; Williamson, i., 533,590; Palfrey, iii., 567-563.
524 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. X. lioiiest busincss of " boiicaning," or smoking fish and meat,
after the manner of the Carib savages, they and their pirat-
Buccaneers ^^^^ comrades Were generally kno^vn in Europe as " Buc- •
or pirates, canecrs." By the Hollanders they were named " Zee Rov-
ers ;" by the Fronch and Spaniards, " Flibustiers" — which
word modern usage has corrupted into "Filibusters" — •
while the English- generally called them "Adventurers"
and " Free-bboters." The sack of Panama by the "Welsh
Henry Morgan, in 1671, gave the command of the Pacific
to the buccaneers, who enriched themselves with the spoils
of captured Spanish towns and galleons. Charles the Sec-
ond had vainly attempted to repress the outrages of these
bold scoundrels. Unlawful private expeditions were con-
tinually fitted out in the British American plantations,
where many buccaneers found refuge and encouragement.
The Carolinas, Virginia, New York, Rhode Island, and Mas-
sachusetts all share the odium of the scandalous renown ;
and the peremptory commands of James were not issued
too soon.*
In obedience to these orders, Nicholson imprisoned at
31 August. Boston several supposed pirates in the summer of 16 88.
prisoned by They had been commanded by "one Petersen;" and they
at Boston, remained in the common jail- of Boston until the next
spring, when they were liberated by another authorit}^ The
efforts of Andros and his ofiicers to suppress piracy met
with little sympathy among the chief men of Massachu-
setts. " Since the vacating their charter," wrote Randolph
from Boston, " they have been kept from the breach of
the Acts for Trade and Navigation, encouraged by their
former government ;" and " they are restrained from set-
ting out privateers who, for many years together, robbed
the Spanish West Indies and brought great booties to Bos-
ton ; and also, they durst not, during the Governor's time,
harbour pirates. This place was the common receptacle
of pirates of all nations." Palmer also — in answer to com-
plaints that Andros had taken measures to "damp and
spoil" the commerce of Massachusetts — declared that " their
constant and profitable correspondence with Foreigners and
• Col. Doc, iii., 374, 400, 401, 547, 5S2; ix., 120, 793; Chalmers's Annals, i., 540, 547; Cic.
in Verr., v. ; Coke's Institutes, iii., 113 ; Hunt's Merchant's Magazine, xiv., 39, 4) ; Valen-
tine's Manual, 1S57, 455-401.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 525
Pij-ates" had been " diligently obstructed" by the governor, chap. x.
" which was very disagreeable to many persons who had
even grown old in that way of trade." The chief attrac- ^"^^•
tion of the freebooters to Boston seems to have been the
colonial mint, established in 1652, of which Samuel Sewall
had been the last master. This "encouraged pirates tOTUeoid
bring their plate hither, because it could be coined and con- m'lnt'coind
veyed in great parcells, undiscovered to be such." If the plate!'"''
abrogation of the Massachusetts charter had so .fatally af-
fected these illicit commercial interests, it had still more Restora-
gravely concerned the ministers of Puritanism and their ligfous ou-
sectarian flocks ; and it is not surprising that all these com- dred*b/^'
bined interests should have earnestly worked together to M™sachu.
obtain the restoration of an oligarchy .under which they ^^"^'
had enjoyed such valuable privileges.*
The charter which Charles the First had granted to Mas-
sachusetts in 1629 had made a corporation "which knew no
representative body." Almost its first act was to form a
religious aristocracy. By its laws of 1631 and 1664, no
person could be a " freeman" of the Massachusetts corpora-
tion unless he was a Puritan Church member, or was cer-
tified to be " orthodox in religion" by a Puritan minister. .
Most of the inhabitants of Massachusetts in 1684, when its
charter was canceled, were not Puritanical communicants ;
yet this popular majority was utterly disfranchised. Tlius
the Bay corporation was perverted into a mere sectarian
ohgarchy. The majority of her inhabitants were not rep-
resented in her General Court ; they could not act as mag-
istrates ; they were taxed without their consent and against
their will ; they were forced to pay rates to support Puri-
tan ministers whose preaching they did not desire ; they
. could not worship their Creator in any other way than that
which the " freemen" of the corporation dictated ; and they
were thus the victims of a hideous spiritual despotism.
Class-government can not be democracy. Before the Mas- ciass.gor-
sachusetts charter was canceled the majority of inhabitants nonem«:.
had no real political equality; and not until the abrogation
of that charter did exclusive pri\dlege give way to equal
racy.
• Col. Doc, iii., 552, 553, 571,531,552; ix.,120; Hntch. Mass., i., 17T, ITS; Coll., 573,574;
Val. MivJ., 1S57, 461, 402; Chalmers's Annals, i., 421; Palmer's Impaitial Account, 20; '
Mather's Masnalia,ii., 399; Barry, i.,344; Palfrey, ii., 403, 404; Andros Tracts, i.,4l! "
526 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. X. rights, nor was any genuine democracy known in the boast-
——ful colony,*
When the English crown resumed the power which had
ruled Massachusetts indirectly by the perversion of a royal
charter, it was natural that her Puritan preachers should
have keenly felt their altered condition, and have bitterly
vented their griefs. They could no longer control their
flocks in choosing officers of the corporation, who would
make law§ to suit them. Their political supremacy was
gone. There was now popular equality near Boston, where
sectarian privilege had flourished of old. The. cry soon
TiieMassa-went forth that "wild beasts of the field" had entered
"'hedge" through the broken " hedge," and were ravaging that sheep-
i^^copaf fold of which Puritanism had so long enjoyed the exclu-
l^ls... sive pasture.
There was truth in this metaphor of Cotton Mather.
Most composers of American history have denounced
Andros, as Governor of New England, in terms of coarse
invective. They generally describe him as a mere bigot,
and minion, and tyrant, with hardly a redeeming trait.
xevr En- The chicf authority for such representations are early New
represen- England writcrs, whose partisan statements have been reit-
Andros. cratcd without question, to the exclusicHi of almost every
thing recorded by others. Whether James the Second's
commission and instructions to his governor were more
or less " arbitrary" or " illegal" than the canceled charter
which Charles " the martjT-" had granted to Massachusetts,
was certainly not a question for Andros to answer. He
was not to blame because James had directed Xew England
to be governed without an Assembly, by himself and "iii*
counselors. Andros's duty was to execute his sovereigp's
commands ; and this he did with characteristic energy — •
faithfully, fearlessly, and sometimes harshly. In doing this
Andros's duty, he greatly offended the "perverse people" with whom
traTiOT not lic had to dcal, and who had so long been accustomed to
Matsachu- ordcr every thing in their own way. So they thought it a
^^"'' great wrong that deponents should be required to touch
• Hutch. Mass.,i.,25, 26, 231,423; ii,,l-5; Coll., 1-23. 418, 4S4; Mass. Eec, i.,ST: iv.(ii.),
117, 118; Chalmers's Annals, i., 136-154; Rev. C"l., i.. 41, 42; Col. Doc, iii., 87, 111, 5S2;
Mather's M»gnalia, i., 200; Story's Misc. Writ., 64, 66 ; Bancroft, i., 342-345, 360'; ii., 75-S3;
, iii., 74; Harry, i., 159-162, 392; Hist. Map., Jan , 18G7, p. 6 ; Boston Transcript, 51 Feb.,
1S67; Palfrey, i.,2?0, 291, 345-343, 353, 373-378, 3SS, 432-434; IL, 557,610; iii., 369-560;
anfc, vol. L, 189,208.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR. GENERAL. 527
the Bible instead of holding up their hands ; a grievance chap. x.
that Quakers should be allowed " freedom to worship God"
in their own fashion, and be excused from paying forced
rates to support Puritan clergymen; an offense that the
Episcopal Church service should be celebrated in Boston
by Kector Samuel Myles. They liked their own censorship
of the press, but they did not like that press to be muzzled
by an agent of their royal governor. It was "especially
g-allino; that West, and Farewell, and Graham, and Palmer, The New
CO' York con-
the chief subordinates and "confidents" of Andros, hadfidentsof
come from New York. Many of the apts of these experi- ernol '
enced officials were selfish and oppressive. Land titles were
questioned, perhaps that fees might be exacted for new pat- ^
ents. Otlier official charges were avariciously increased.
The judges administered the law strictly; and they were
stupidly blamed for not allowing writs of habeas corpus
under the English statute of 1679, which did not extend to
the British colonies. For every thing done by each of his
subordinates, the governor was held responsible. Most of .
his own acts were able and statesmanlike, while some of
them were arbitrary and provoking. The real fault of An-
dros was that he administered his government too loyally
to his sovereign, and too much like a brave soldier. What
is called loyalty often depends on fashion or accident. In-
stead of conciliating, Andros wounded ; and James, seeing
the injury his viceroy was doing him in New England, was
obliged to rebuke his excessive zeal.*
. The king's declaration for liberty of conscience of April,
1687, which had been proclaimed at Boston and in New
York the following November, was at first received with
joy by the most sanguine of his New England subjects.
Puritans thought it a deliverance from English prelacy ; Liberty of
Quakers and Anabaptists felt that they could at last share in Maesn-
in the liberty which Congregationalists had monopolized ;
and the small b^nd of Episcopalians gathered in Boston re-
• Force's Tract?, iv , No. 9, No. 10; Mather's Magnalia, i., 175-178; Historical Magazine,
vi., 10, 11, 13 ; i. (ii.), 7 ; Holmes's Annals, i., 403, -120, 421 ; Chalmers's Annals, i., 74, 142,
421-429, 464-468 ; Rev. Col., i., 179-185 ; Palmer's Impartial Account, 13, 21, 25 ; Col. Doc,
iii., 357, 582, 722 : Hutch. Mass., i., 353-363 ; Coll., 555, 557; Bancroft, ii., 425-432 ; Gra-
hame, i., 357-387; Barry, i., 486-498; Arnold, i., 485, 499, 501, 514-517; Palfrey, iii., 518-
555 ; R. I. Rec, iii., 199, 223 ; Anderson's Col. Church, ii., 456 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxv., 149 ;
ante, 338, 511. The first Episcopal service in Boston was in the South Meeting-house, on
Good Friday, 1687. An Episcopal Church was soon afterward built, of which Samuel Myles
became the rector : Palmer, 33 ; Andros Tracts, i., 53 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxvii., 192-195.
528 HISTORY^ OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cnj.r.x. joiced that they might now freely hear the beautiful litur-
gy of their denomination read by a surpliceji clergyman.
What in modern. times has been called "Broad Church"
seemed now to be establislied by James throughout British
North America. But the Puritan clergymen of Massachu-
setts quickly caught an alarm. They were vexed because
" a licentious people take the advantage of a liberty to with-
hold maintenance from them," and because Andros would
not allow distresses to be levied for the compulsory taxes
by which they had been comforted of old. Puritanism
waxed wroth around Boston when it discovered that its own
Puritan hatred of Protestant Episcopacy was sui*passed by that of
Ep^copa- the Roman Catholic head of the Church of England ; and
^^' the most discerning politicians, of Massachusetts* began to
dread a royal toleration more than the enforcement of the
suspended penal laws about religion — "the only wall
against Popery." Addresses of thanks to James were nev-
ertheless adopted by several congregations ; but, at the same
time, petitions were signed for relief from the imperious
administration of Andros. These were intrusted to In-
7 April, crease Mather, the most eminent Puritan minister of Bos-
goM to ton, who, escaping the vigilance of Kandolph, by whom he
had been sued for a libel, sailed for London, apparently
hoping to obtain from the king a restoration of the can-
celed Massachusetts charter.*
But the determination of James to maintain thp govern-
• ment he had established in New England could not be shak-
en. Personal favorites, successful in other points, were foil-
ed in this. William Phipps, a native of Pemaquid, where
he had spent his youth in honest toil, had won the king's
special regard, in 1687, by his success in recovering a large
treasm-e from a Spanish wreck near Hispaniola. The hum-
ble* ship-carpenter of Maine was made an English knight ;
and his sovereign, who claimed half the riches taken from
the sea, offered him an opportunity to ask what he pleased.
Sir wii- Sir WilHam prayed " that New England might have its lost
riiippa. privileges restored." But James replied, " Any thing but
• Eapin, ii., 759 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 75, 7G, 357, 353, 3C6 ; Coll., 55,5, 564, 565 ; Chalmers's
Annals, i., 170, 423, 424, 426, 464-468 ; Mather's Magnalia, i., 197 ; €ol. Doc, iii., 57S ; CoL
Rec. Conn., iii., 392, 393 ; Force' .s Tracts, iv., No. 10, p. 10; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxxv., 153-1S6 ;
Palmer's Account, 32 ; Andros Tracts, ii., x., xj. ; Bancroft, ii., 426-432 ; Bany, i., 49S, 499 ;
Palfrey, iii., 460, 548-558; mite, 490, 491.
sill EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 529
that." Phipps then, at a large expense for fees, obtained a chap.x.
royal patent making him high sheriff of New England, hop-
ing that he might thereby be able to supply it with " con-
sciencious jm'ies." Thus appointed. Sir William came to
Boston, by way of the West Indies, in the summer of 1688,
some months after Mather had gone to England. But An-
dros, who w^as then " in the western parts" of the dominion, August.
or in New York, having already commissioned James Sher-
lock to be sheriff of Massachusetts, " found a way wholly
to put by the execution" of Phipps's costly patent from the
king, and " a few weeks" afterward Sir William returned September.
in his ship to London, with some merchandise obtained
from the imprisoned pirates in the Boston jail, and " with
some further designs then in his mind."*
In the mean time, Mather had been kindly received by so May.
James, to whom he presented the addresses of thanks he cefved'
had brought from New England, and afterward submitted jamel ^^
complaints of the " enslaved and perishing estate" of the ^ ''"'^®'
inhabitants, by reason of the misgovernment of Andros.
In concert with No well and Hutchinson, former magistrates
of Massachusetts, Mather also presented memorials for lib-
erty of conscience, and for favor to the college at Cam-
bridge. But these spoke of the Episcopal Church in such
"very indecent language" that they disgusted the king's
ministers, and the agents having been summoned before
the Plantation Committee, " they withdrew their petition i9 June.
and did not appear." Having gained the favor of Father
Edward Petre, the king's Jesuit confessor and counselor,
the agents then petitioned for a confirmation of estates in
New England, " and that no laws might be made, or mon-
ies raised, without an Assembly ; with sundry other par-
ticulars." James referred this petition to his Plantation lo August.
Committee, who directed Sir Thomas Powis, the attorney
general, to make them a report. But in the copy of the
petition sent to Powis, " the essential proposal of an Assem-
bly was wholly left out" by Lord President Sunderland, sunder-
who told " Mr. Brent, of the Temple," the solicitor of the
• Mather's Magnalia, 1,167-176,178; Douglas, i , 475 ; Kennett, iii.,470 ; Hutch. Mass.,
i., 306, 397 ; Coll., 55S, 573; 574 ; Force's Tracts, iv.. No. 9, p. 23 ; Col. Doc, iii, 491, 55?, 5S2,
720; 01dmi.xon,i., 129-132, 134, 138; Evelyn, ii., 278 ; Ellis Corr.,i., 295-297, 325; ii.,30;
Palfrey, ill., 390, 590, 591 ; ante, 524. Mr. Palfrey errs in supposing that Mather found
Phipps in London when he reached there. In the summer of 16SS Phipps was in Boston,
after a second visit to the Spanish wreck in the West Indies.
II.— Ll
530
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. X.
1688.
Powis.
October.
petitioners, " that it was by his ad^^[ce that the King had
■ given a commission to Sir Edmund Andros to raise mon-
eys without an Assembly, and that he knew the king would
never consent to an alteration, nor would he propose it to
his Majesty." Powis, however, was " dexterously gained,"
and by the assistance of Brent, a report was obtained from
him that the charter of Massachusetts had been " illegally
vacated." A copy of Powis's opinion was dispatched to
Boston, where it was used to excite hopes of a new char-
ter " with larger power." Hinckley, of New Plymouth, had
also asked relief for that colony through Richard "Wharton,
one of the royal counselors then in London. During the
summer, in spite of the declared opinion of the king, the
Massachusetts agents still hoped to be allowed an Assembly
elected by the inhabitants, without which their condition
was " little inferior to absolute slaver}'," and the mere
change of the governor would not " ease any thing." See-
ing at length that they could not obtain their desire, they
asked the Plantation Committee to report " that until his
Majesty shall be graciously pleased to grant an Assembly,
the Council should consist of such persons as shall be con-
siderable proprietors of lands within his Majesty's domin-
ions ; and that, the counties being continued as at present,
each county may have one at least, of such of the inhabit-
ants of the same, to be members thereof ; and that no
acts may pass for law but such as have or shall be voted
by the manifest consent of the major part of the Council."
The agents of Massachusetts at last perceived that they
could expect neither a restoration of its old charter nor a
separate colonial government. Looking upon the " Domin-
ion of New England" as permanently established, they now
TheMassa- askcd that cach county should have a counselor who must
agents Lk he a large landowner, and that no laws should be passed
jamls to without the consent of a majority of these counselors. This
fanded'ar^ detcstable proposition, if accepted by the Iving, would have
In thd7 placed English colonial government in the hands of a local
colony, aristocracy of lando^\^lers. Yet such was the deliberate
supplication of Massachusetts to James the Second.*
• Narcissus Luttrell, i., 443 ; Narrative of the Miseries, etc., 32, 33 ; Andros Tracts, ii., xi.
-XV., 3-14, 206 ; Mather's Magnalia, i., 19T ; Parentator, 109, 110 ; Mass. H. S. Collections,
XXXV., 109-189; Hutchinson's Massachusetts, i, 362, 3C6-.369; Coll., 505, 571 ; Chalmers's
Ann,, i., 424-42T, 406-463 ; Kev. Col., i., 179, 1S5; Colonial Documents, iii., 578; Historical
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 531
"Whether James would have -adopted the policy thus so- cuap. x.
licited is a problem. Extraordinary events were culmina-
ting in England which postponed definite action in colonial
affairs. Yet William Penn retained the favor of his sov-
ereign, who made him " Supervisor of Excise and hearth- it septem.
money," and promised to enlarge Pennsylvania by " a grant vored tj
under the Great Seal for the three counties on the Dela-
ware." If this promise had been executed, there would
have been one less North American State, and New York
w^ould now have had a rival sister, no less powerful in com-
merce than in agriculture. Yet, while James especially
favored Penn, he promised Mather a " speedy redress" of
many grievances in New England ; and that, in the mean
time, Andros " should be written unto, to forbear the meas- so septem.
ures that he was upon." No " such thing," however, was
done. "Without consulting his ministers, the king never-
theless declared in writing that lie would grant his subjects icoctoter.
there " a full and free liberty of conscience and exercise promLs.
of religion, and their several properties and possessions of
houses and lands, according to their ancient records; and
also their college of Cambridge, to be governed by a Presi-
dent and Fellows, as formerly. All to be confirmed to
them under the great seal of England."*
But none of these promises were performed by James.
AVhile he was making them, as he afterward informed Pope
Innocent the Eleventh, " it was his full purpose to have
set up [the] Poman Catholic Peligion in the English Plan- James's
tations of America." This idea seems to have been medi- '^^* ^^'^°'
tated as early as 1671, when it was suggested to Charles the
Second that Irish Eoman Catholics " may transport them-
selves into America, possibly near New England, to check
the growing Independents of that country ."f
A revolution in England prevented any attempt to exe-
cute such a design. The rasH bigotry of James precipi-
tated the event which observing men had foreseen. It
alarmed the penetrating judgment of the Vatican. "We
ifagazine, vi., 13 ; Force's Tracts, iv., No. 9, p. 10 ; London Gazette, IS June, 16SS ; Palfrey,
iii., 504-566.
* Narcissus Luttrell, i., 461 ; EUia Corr., ii., 211 ; Chalmers's Ann., i., 427, 46S ; Parenta-
tor, 114, 115 ; Rev. Col., i., 299 ; Dixon, 325 ; Historical Mag., vi., 13 ; i. (ii.), 8, 9 ; Force's
Tracts, iv.. No. 9, p. 10; Palmer, 32; Andros Tracts, i., 52 ; ii., xv.,xvi., 274; ante, 366.
t King's " State of the Protestants of Ireland," 292 ; Mather's Magnalia, i., 179 ; Paren-
tator, 116 ; aiUe, 1S4, 185.
532 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. X. must," Said the thoughtful cardinals of Innocent, " excom-
municate this king, who will destroy the little of Catholi-
• cism which remains in England." But before Rome could
apply her " brake," the English king had accomplished his
fate. A few days after James commissioned Andros to be
the governor general of his enlarged " Dominion of Xew
2T April. England," he issued'a second declaration for liberty of con-
se"nddec. sciencc, in which he renewed his abrogation of all test-
ifberty°of'''^ oaths aud laws against dissenters, and announced that none
conscience. gjjQ^^|(;[ scrvc him but such as would aid him in his own de-
signs. To give this unconstitutional declaration greater
4 May. effcct, Jauics Ordered it to be read in every church in his
kingdom. But Archbishop Bancroft, of Canterbury, and
IS May. six Other bishoi>s, in a petition, refused to obey the king's
s June, command. This petition James pronounced to be " a sedi-
29 June, tious libcl," and the seven prelates were committed to the
Trial of the Towcr, and arraigned before the Court of King's Bench.
TheTac- Eminent counsel, among whom was John Somers, defended
quittai. ^i^g prisoners, whom, after full trial, the jury acquitted.
The verdict was joyfully received by most Englishmen as
a fatal blow to the arrogated prerogative of their sovereign.
The only consolation which James had now left him was
10 June, the hope that the son whom his Italian queen had mean-
the Prince wliile produced would succeed him as a Koman Catholic
king of England, to the exclusion of both his Protestant
daughters by Anne Hyde.
But no Prince of Wales was to succeed James the Sec-
' ond on the English throne. God's field in Britain had now
been "harrowed enough. The crisis had come. English
Protestants — Episcopal and dissenting — were aroused. Ox-
ford Tories now adopted the Whig doctrine of resistance.
Even the insular antipathies of Englishmen were subdued.
Feeling that their sovereign should be a Protestant, many
who had never before looked for good from Holland saw
that their only " Deliverer" could be the husband of their
Princess Mary, the Stadtholder of the Dutch Eepublic, the
Calvinistic William of Orange. The very day that the
The princ ^^ishops wcrc acquitted, a secret invitation was sent to the
of Orange Dutcli princc, implonn2: him to come over to Eno^land,
invited to ^ J lO O ^
England, whcrc hc was assured multitudes would hasten to Ins stand-
ard.
SIR EDMUND ANDEOS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 533
If no Prince of Wales had been born, the Princess Mary cuap. x.
of England and of Orange would, of course, as heiress,
have succeeded to the British throne on the death or the
abdication of her father. But the event which gave so
much joy to James compelled William to become a party
to measures which involved a fundamental change in the
British Constitution. By that Constitution Mary of Orange
could not take the crown of England as its presumptive
heiress as long as her new-born half-brother lived. While
a rebellion might drive her father from his throne, nothing
but a revolution could prevent the succession of his son.
But such a revolution could only be the work of English-
men. The Dutch Stadtholder's position was embarrassing, wnuam's
Yet his capacity and prudence surmounted complicated ^° ''^^'
difficulties. Quietly, but skillfully, he organized in Hol-
land a military and naval expedition. For a time, both
Louis and James were ignorant of its object. A declara-
tion explaining William's purposes in going over to En- io o<='-
gland was at length printed at the Hague, and published
in London. The prince tlien took leave of the States Gen-
eral, and embarked at Helvoetsluys. Cornelis Evertsen, Evertsea.
of Zealand, who had led an avenging Dutch fleet up to
Manhattan in 1673, now assisted in conveying the Prince
of Orange to England. William's expedition landed at
Torbay on the day after his own birthday, and on the 5 Nov.
eighty-third anniversary of the " Gunpowder Plot" of Guy landr^t
Eawkes in 1605. " Je MAmTiENDEAi" — / will maintain ^°'''^^'
— was the ancient legend of the house of Nassau. As
William stepped on shore in Devonshire, his banner dis- 5 Nov.
played his own Batavian arms, quartered with those of his
English wife, and his unambiguous motto now read, " I will ms motto.
MALNTAIN THE PkOTESTANT KeLIGION AKD THE LIBEETIES OF
•England."*
The reception which William met at first in England
was cooler than had been promised him. Indeed, if James
had acted with judgment, he might even now have saved
his crown and prevented the coming revolution. When,
• Lavallee, iii., 272-276 ; Kennett, iii., 470-495; Burnet, i., 736-7SS; Clarke's James H.,
ii., 151-214; Pari. Hist., v , 1-15: Echard's Revolution, 15S; Dali7mple,ii., 189; Eapin,ii.,
762-776; Mackintosh, 239-3.'58 ; Macaulay, ii., 340-479 ; Sylvius, xivi., 44, 45, 144-147, 1G5,
166; Wagenaar, XV., 394-479; Davies, iii , 190-212; Campbell's Chancellors, i., 357; Iii.,
5G0-5C6 ; Hargrave'6 State Trials, iv., 303-325 ; ante, 205, 203, 4r0, 516.
534
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Vaxv. X.
1688.
23 Sept.
James's
proclama-
tioa.
■2 October.
IT Oct.
16 Oct.
The king's
letters to
the Amer-
ican colo-
nies.
English-
men flock
to WU-
liam.
C'oote,
Lovelace,
Wharton,
Cornbury,
Kirke,
George of
Denmark.
25 Novem.
at length, the daft king was convinced of his danger, he is-
sued liis proclamation " that a great and sndden invasion
from Holland with an armed force of foreigners and
strangers" would speedily be made upon his kingdom, and
warned his subjects to be prej)ared to defend their coun-
try. To conciliate them, he took off the suspension of
Bishop Compton, restored the charter of the city of Lon-
don, and gave back the franchises of all English corpora-
tions which had been forfeited. As a farther precaution,
he -^Tote to Andros and his other colonial governors, warn-
ing them " to take care that upon the approach of any fleet
or foreign force, the militia of that our Plantation be in
such readiness as to hinder any landing or invasion that
may be intended to be made within the same."*
A few days after the dispatch of this last colonial in-
struction of James, he removed Sunderland, the wily min-
ister who countersigned it, for treasonable correspondence
with the enemy. But these time-serving measm-es of James
were accompanied by so many acts which proved his big-
otry that his subjects would trust him no longer. And so
the last male Stuart British sovereign became his own de-
stroyer. Englishmen of rank and influence now hastened
to the Prince of Orange, who was attended from Holland by
the historians Gilbert Burnet and Rapin de Thoyras, and by
John Balfour of Burley, and " other Oliverians." Eichard,
Lord Coote, afterward Earl of Bellomont, was already one
of William's household. John, Lord Lovelace of Hurley,
the nephew of the former Governor of I^ew York — in the
vaults under whose old mansion of Lady Place many mach-
inations of the revolution had been arranged — rose in arms
for the Dutch prince. Edward, Lord Cornbury, the king's
own blood nephew, with PhilijD, Lord Wharton, and his tur-
bulent son Thomas, who wrote " Lillibullero," the venal
Churchill, and the cruel Protestant Kirke, and others, went
to the invader at Exeter. A few days afterward. Prince
* Kennett, iii., 4S9-492, 490 ; Kapin, ii.,7T2; Sylvius, xxvi., 154; Clarke's James IT., ii.,
185; Ellis Correspondence, ii., 218, 22S-291 ; Virginia Entries, iv., 229; New England Pa-
pers, v., 34 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll. (1SC8), 20, 33, 34 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxviii., 713 ; Force's
Tracts, iv.. No. 9, p. 10; Valentine's Manual, 1S59, 452; Historical Magazine, x., 144, suj).
The king's letter of 16 October, 16SS, was sent to Andros by a vessel wliich reached Boston
in the beginning of January, 16S9, while the governor was in Maine. By the same convey-
ance Mather and tlie other New England agents warned their friends to prepare " for an in-
teresting change :" Chalmers's Annals, i., 409 ; ii., 20, 33, 34; Palfrey, iii., 5T1, note.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 535
George of Denmark joined his brotlier-in-law ; and the chap.x.
Princess Anne, escaping from Whitehall, abandoned her
father, to follow her husband and William. ^
James's cause was now desperate. He tried to negotiate
with William, and meanwhile he secretly sent the queen lo Decem.
-. -1 T-v • /> 11 , 1 -n A 1 The queen
and the Prince of Wales to 1 ranee. As soon as he was sent to
assured of their safety, he arranged his own escape. The
time had now come which Charles had predicted, and James
prepared to go a second time " on his travels." ' His last
orders were to disband the royal army. A little after mid-
night on the eleventh of December, he left his palace in dis- n Decem.
The si'6at
guise, threw his great seal into the Thames, and went down seaithrown
the river to follow his queen to Prance. Thus James ab- Thames.
dicated his crown. Arrested in his flight, he returned to tion."''*'
London and once more attempted to play monarch, while
the Prince of Orange's Dutch soldiers were mounting guard
at Wliitehall. Again James left the splendid apartments
he was never more to see, and fled unquestioned to France. 23 oecem.
A mimic British court was established at the airy and beau- to France.
tiful heights of Saint Germains, which Louis munificently
assigned to his fugitive royal guest. But the reign of
James the Second over England and her dependencies was
ended.*
• Kennett, iii., 491-505 ; Clarke's James H., ii., 215-2S3 ; Burnet, i., 684, 765, TS9-S04 ;
Rapin, il., 7T2-783; Echard, 161-193; Ellis Correspondence, ii., 28S-37C; Dalrymple, ii.,
172; Col. Doc, iv., 851; Narcissus Luttrell,i., 435, 461; Sylvius, xxvi., 154-190; Macaulay,
ii., 428-5S8, 597-599 ; Knight, iv., 431 ; Martin's Louis XIV., ii., 85-ST ; ante., 143, 420, 435,
449.
536 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
CHAPTER XI.
1688-1689.
Chap. XI. At the English Christmas of sixteen hundred and eighty-
eight there was no king nor regent in England. James the
* Second had fled from Whitehall to France, pitched his great
seal into the river, disbanded his army, and left no force
in his realm to oppose the advancing battalions of the
Dutch Prince Stadtholder.
Sensible Englishmen considered such poltroonery of their
anointed sovereign an abdication of his crown. And so it
was. With James and his" " essential" great seal had van-
ished the machinery by which Englishmen allowed them-
selves to be governed. Prompt action was necessary to
prevent anarchy in the deserted kingdom. In this crisis,
the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, with other Brit-
11 Decern, isli pccrs, met at the London Guildhall, assumed provisional
direction of English affairs, and declared for the Prince of
William in Orange. William soon afterward came from Windsor to
IS Decern. Saint Jamcs's, where a great multitude of Protestant En-
glishmen, wearing Orange ribands — " the emblem of civil
and religious freedom" — assembled to welcome their Dutch
"Dehverer."*
Some of William's advisers now urged him to seize the
English cro"\\Ti, as Henry the Seventh had done, by right
of conquest. But this William refused to do. He had
come to England as her deliverer from evil : if Englishmen
wished him to become their king, they must themselves in-
vest him with the royal office, and place its diadem on his
brow. The peers of the realm, the members of the House
of Commons during the reign of Charles the Second, and
23 Decern, the Corporation of the city of London were therefore sum-
moned to meet the Dutch Stadtholder at Saint James's.
26 Decern. They assembled accordingly, and requested William to take
* Ellis Correspondence, ii., 346-C60 ; Kennett, iii., 500-604; Macaulay, 530, 549-5S1.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 537
on himself the provisional government of England, and in- ciiap. xi.
vite the Protestant peers, and the several constituencies of
the kingdom, by their representatives, to assemble in a Con-
vention at Westminster. In obedience to this request, the
third William of Orange assumed the direction of English wuiiam at
affairs. Ilavine: received the communion according to tlie England.
o . . 30 Decena.
Episcopal ritual of England, as his " first act" of adminis-
tration the Dutch prince published a declaration author- 3i oecem.
izing all civil officers in the kingdom, " not being Papists,"
to act in their several places until further orders.*
The prince's attention was soon called to the English 1689.
North American colonies, " for the happy state of which he
professed a particular care." Mather was promptly intro-
duced to him by the Cromwellian Philip Lord Wharton, 9 January.
n 1 n 1 • -t ^ • ■] William's
and he was fully informed of the warning letter whicli first coio-
King James had dispatched to his American governors the
previous October. William thought "it proper to commu-
nicate to them at once his own directions. Accordingly,
he wrote an adroit circular letter to the various colonial 12 Jan.
governors, directing that all persons, " not being Papists,"
who lawfully held any offices in the several English plan-
tations, should continue to execute their duties as formerly,
and that " all orders and directions lately made or given
by any legal authority shall be obeyed and performed by
all persons," until further commands from England. This
letter, countersigned by the prince's secretary ,William Jeph-
son, a cousin of Wharton, was dispatched to Virginia, and
it was directed to be sent to New England and the other
colonies. But the Massachusetts agents in London saw that
if it should be received by Andros it would be " fatal to The
their schemes," by reducing their constituents to the dilem- circular
• •/»■! letter
ma of submission to his authority under the direction of the
prince, or of rebellion. Accordingly, Mather, with Phipps,
who had just returned from New England, made such ef-
fectual "application" to Jephson that William's letter to
Andros " was stopped, and ordered not to be sent." From not sent
,.,,, .11 • , to Boston,
this Massachusetts " trick" with the prince's secretary sprang
much future embarrassment.f
* Ellis Correspondence, il, 370-376; Kennett, iii.,505,506,607; Eapin, ii., 7S2, 7S3, 7S4;
Macaulay, ii.,5Sl-503.
t Macaulay, ii.,6S9; Virginia Entries (S. P. O.), iv., 233; New England Entries, Hi., 43;
Chalmers's Annals, ii., 12, 21, 23, 35, 36, 39 ; Hutch. Mass... i., 377, note, 389; Mass. II. S.
538 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. XI. The Convention called by William declared that the
throne was vacant by the abdication of James. It was
2-2 Jan ^^^^ considd'cd how the vacancy should be filled. The
conven- Commons resolved that the " relisrion, laws, and liberties"
tion. o 7 7
29 Jan. of England should be first secured. Somers accordingly
7 Feb. submitted a report, reciting the causes of the revolution,
and contemplating, among other things, that the forfeited
soinersand Or Surrendered charters of the Plantations should be re-
stored. But the clause respecting the restoration of colo-
12 Feb. nial charters was omitted from the Instrument- adopted by
the Convention. That famous state paper — chiefly the
work of Somers — set forth the errors and crimes of James;
reviewed his administration; asserted the rights of sub-
jects and of Parliament ; defined the authority of the sov-
ereign, and then settled the English crown on "William,
Prince, and Mary, Princess of Orange, during their lives,
and the life of the 'survivor of them, with the executive
power in the prince ; after them, on the posterity of Mary ;
then on the Princess Anne and her posterity; and then on
the posterity of William. New oaths of allegiance and ab-
juration were ordained in place of the abrogated oaths of
The pec- allegiance and supremacy. This instrument — the most
Rig^t."^ important in English annals next to Magna Chaeta — is
known as the " Declakation of Right."*
More than a hundred years before, in 1581, the States
General of the United Provinces had declared their inde-
pendence of Spain in a manifesto which, the more it has
Copied been studied, the more it has been admired for its bold as-
Dutch, sertion of the rights of the people, and its clear exposition
Coll., ix., 245; xxxviii., 25S, 364, T05 ; Parentator, IIS, 119 ; Mather's Magnalia,!., 176, ITS;
Palfrey, ili., 591, 593; ante, p. 534. It waa about this time that Increase Mather drew up
and published in London the " Narrative of the Miseries of New England," etc., which makes
the tenth number in the "Sixth Collection of Papers," 1689. The first paragraph of the
narrative infoi-ms the British public and William "that he that is Sovereign of New En-
gland may, by means thereof (when he pleaseth), be Emperor of America ;" and the last par-
agraph expressed the "hope that England will send them speedy relief; especially consid-
ering that through the ill conduct of their present rulers, the French Indians are (as the last
vessels from thence inform) beginning their cruel butcheries amongst the English in those
parts ; and many have fears that there is a design to deliver that country into the hands of
the French king, except his Highness the Prince of Orange, whom a divine hand has raised
up to deliver the oppressed, shall happily and speedily prevent it." This "Narrative,"
which doubtless influenced events aflfecting New England in the spring of 16S9, is reprinted
by the Prince Society in 1S69 : Andros Tracts, ii., xvii., xviii., 274.
* Commons' Journal, x., 17, 22, 23, 2S ; Pari. Hist., v., 23-113 ; Kennett, iii., 507-514 ; Ra-
pin,ii. ,784-794; Burnet, i.,797-S26 ; Sylvius, xxviii., 19, 20; Chalmers's Rev. Col., i., 231;
Macaulay, ii., 016-652 ; Campbell's Chancellors, iv., 94-97 ; Martin's Louis XIV., ii., SS, 89;
Clarke's James IL, ii., 2S5-307.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 539
1689.
of tlie principles of political liberty. This venerable Ba- chap.xi.
tavian declaration must have been carefully studied by
Somers — for an English translation of it is in the printed
collection of his papers — and internal evidence demon-
strates that it was the model of the later English manifesto.
The first William of Orange, under their marvelous declar-
ation of national rights, and by the spontaneous act of his
countrymen, became the chief of the Dutch Republic. A
century afterward, his great-grandson — called out of Hol-
land by the voice of Protestant Englishmen — cordially af-
fii-med tlie instrument of which his own fatherland had
furnished the pattern ; and William and Maey of Orange, is Feb.
accepting the offered diadem, were proclaimed King and and Mary
Queen of England and of " all the dominions and territo- qiela.^
ries thereunto belonging."*
Thus was the English " Revolution" accomplished. The
first act of the new sovereigns was a proclamation confli-m- u Feb.
ing all local oflicers, " being Protestants," in the places estants *
which they respectively held within the kingdom of En-i'noffiM^n
gland, on the 1st of December, 1688. This did not affect '°=^° •
the English colonies. The same day William chose a
new Privy Council, which was wholly composed of Enghsh
"Wliigs." Two days afterward, the king named a Com-i6Feb. _
mittee of the Council "for Trade and Foreign Planta- piantatloa
tions." This committee was : the Earl of Danby, Lord tee"""''"
President ; the Marquis of Halifax, Lord Privy Seal ; the
Earl of Devonshire, Lord Steward ; the Earls of Shi-ews-
bury and of Nottingham, Secretaries of State ; the Earl of
Bath, Yiscoiints Fauconberg and Mordant, Bishop Henry
Compton, of London, Sir Henry Capel, Mr. Henry Powle,
and Mr. Edward Russell, " or any three of them." The
committee was directed to meet on the next Monday, the
18th of February, and " prepare the drafts of Proclama-
tions for Proclaiming their Majesties in the several Planta-
tions, and also for continuing all persons in their employ-
ments and offices 'tih further order." Proclamations were
accordingly prepared, and letters forwarding them to the
several colonial governors were signed by enough privy lo Feb.
• Lord Somer3'3 Tracts, xiv., 417-424 (Sir Walter Scott, ed. i., 323); Kennett, iii., 514;
.Eapin, ii.,795; Tindal, iii.,30, 31, 99; Clarke's James 11., 307, SOS, 309; Sylvius, xxvii., 27;
Macaulay, iL, 654, 655 ; ante, vol. i., 446, 761.
540
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cbap.xi. counselors. These letters signified to those governors
1689.
William's
first royal
orders to
the En-
glish colo-
nies.
How the
English
revolution
affected
the colo-
nies.
23 Fub.
5 ilarch.
16 March.
English
Corpora-
tion Bill
their majesties pleasure " that all men being in offices of
Government shall so continue until their Majesties further
pleasure be known," and that the new oaths of allegiance
and abjuration should be taken by each of them. Tlie dif-
ference between the original proclamation of William and
Mary continuing in their places the local officers in En-
gland and that sent to the Plantations, is significantly clear.
In England only " Protestants" were to be kept in office.
But in the Plantations, " all men being in offices of Gov^-
ernment" were to remain undisturbed.*
The revolution in England was thus held by her states-
men as in no way affecting her colonies otherwise than in
transferring, without their consent, their allegiance from
one English sovereign to another, by the act of an irregular
English Convention. It was certain that the Protestant re-
ligion could not be jeoparded in the English colonies as it
had been in the mother country. The Test Act of 1673
had never been in force in those colonies, where Brock-
holls, and Dongan, and other avowed Eoman Catholics had
acted under undeniably legal commissions. The Prince of
Orange's Convention of January, 1689, therefore, did not
extend that Test Act to the English colonies. It merely
required " all persons" in office to take its own ordained
oaths of allegiance to William and Mary, and of abjuration
of the Pope's " authority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within
this Realm" of England.f
This convention, however, was transformed into an En-
glish Parliament, which went on to make laws as if it
had unimpeachable authority. The House of Commons
tried to repair the significant omission in the Declaration
of Piglit by resolving that the forfeiting of the charters of
the Plantations was " illegal and a grievance." A bill was
accordingly brought in to restore all corporations, at home
and in New England, to the condition they were at the Res-
toration of King Charles the Second in 1660. This crude
measure passed the House of Commons through the active
• Kennett, iii., 514, 515 ; Tindal, iii., 3S-41 ; Sylvius, xxvii., 29, 31 ; Smollett, i., 4; Pari.
Hist., v., 113; Macaulay, iii., 1-27; N. Y. Col. Doc., iii., 572, 596, 641; Board Journals, vi.,
195; Virginia Entries, iv., 236 ; Chalmers's Annals, i., 373, 431, 469 ; ii., 12, 22, 37, 8S ; Rev.
Col., i., 201 ; Penn. Col. Rec., i., 341 ; Appendix, Note G., p. 662, post.
t Kennott, iii., 514 ; Chalmers's Annals, ii., in N. Y. II. S. Coll. (ISCS), 13, 37; ante, 202;
2C4, 447, 452.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 541
exertions of Mather, Pliipps, and Sir Henrj Ashurst. But chap. xr.
William detected the embarrassment it would cause to his '
prerogative ; and his courtiers delayed it in the Lords until •^^^^•
the Convention Parhament was dissolved. Thus " the Sis-
yphsean labom- of a whole year came to nothing."*
The key-note thus sounded in the English House of Com-
mons was meant to influence the colonial policy of their
Dutch sovereign and his wife. A few days before Mary ^^J'^"-
left the Hague for London, she was " dexterously gained" Marygam-
to favor New England by the "eminent" Abraham I^ck, ^Er'
of Amsterdam, who had long been a correspondent of Ma- ^'^°'^'
ther, and at whose house Shaftesbury had died. Thus en-
couraged, Phipps and Mather petitioned Wilham that An- is Feb.
dros should be removed from his government of New Eii-MatK""*
gland; that Massachusetts, Plymouth, Khode Island, and^viluam!'
Connecticut might be "restored to their ancient privileges,"
and that their former governors might be reinstated. The
king referred this petition to his Plantation Committee, and
ordered the letter of the Privy Council to Andros, of 19th20Feu
February, to be "postponed 'till the business of taking away
the charters should be considered." The committee, hav-
ing heard Phipps's and Mather's counsel, as well as Sir 22 tc\
Eobert Sawyer, the late attorney general— who reported
the reasons for canceling the Massachusetts patent— agreed
to report "that his Majesty be pleased to send forthwith a
Governor to New England in the place of Sir Edmund An-
dros, with a Provisional Commission, and with Instructions
to proclaim his Majesty in those colonies, and to take the Queer
present administration of the Government in those parts wniia._ _
until further order; in which Commission and Instructions com^r"
it may be expressed that no money shall be raised by the *"'
Governor and Council only. And their Lordships will like-
wise propose that His Majesty do thereupon give further
order for preparing, as soon as may be, such a further es-
tablishment as may be lasting, and preserve the rights and
« Commons Jour., x., IT, 41,49, 51 ; Pari. Hist., v., 159, 50S-516, 53T; Kennett,iii 51C-
Tindal, iii., 119 ; Macaulay, iii., 393, 498, 517, 522, 532, 534 ; Chalmers's Ann., i., 415- ii 6l'
62, 90 ; Rev. Col., i., 231 ; Douglas, i., 465 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 3S9, 390 ; Barry, i., 509; Mass'
II. S. Coll., ix., 246, 247 ; xxxviii., 6S0 ; Mather's Magnalia, i., 197, 19S ; Parentator, 122 123 '
Andros Tracts, ii., xx., 276. If the bill passed by the House of Commons had become a law'
important questions must have come up about the condition of New York, New Jersey!
Connecticut, Rhode Island, and other American colonies, to which Charles and James bad
granted patents after May, 1660.
port of
iam's
542 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. XI. privileges of the people of New England, and yet reserve
such a dependence on the Crown of England as shall be
' thought requisite." But the sending another royal govern-
or to New England in place of Andros was not what Phipps
and Mather asked ; and William was prevailed upon to dis-
regard " the salutary advice of his ministers." According-
ly, when the report of his Plantation Committee was con-
26 Feb. sidered by the king in Council, he> ordered "that it be re-
dubious, ferred back to the Committee to consider of and prepare
the draught of a New Charter to bo granted to the inhab-
itants of New England, and [which?] may preserve the
rights and properties of those colonies, and reserve such a
dependence on the Cro^vn according to the Eeport; and
that, instead of a Governor to be sent in the room of Sir
Edmund Andros, there be appointed two Commissioners to
take upon them the administration of the Government
there, with directions immediately to proclaim the King
and Queen."*
This order of William, while it settled the fate of An-
dros, showed that the king meant to give a new charter " to
the inhabitants of New England" which would allow them
a Colonial Assembly, and yet preserve their " dependence
on the Crown" of England, first, through two royal English
commissioners, and afterward by a royal governor. Wil-
wiiiiam liam at once adopted James's policy of consolidation, so as
preserve" to kcop tlic " Domiuiou of Now England" an entirety, under
ion of°NeT a royal governor; but he wished to modify that policy so as to
wh^lr*^ allow " the inhabitants" to choose their o-\vn Assembly. This
scheme may have suited Phipps, whose enmity to Andros
was personal ; but it was fatal to the views of Mather, who
desired the restoration of Puritan oligarchy in Massachu-
setts, of which he was a chief preacher. Mather therefore
-J 4 March, got Lord Wliartou to present him again to the king, whom
.nga\n"ee3 ho Implorcd " to favour New England." This William
the king. j,gj^(-^-^y promised, but he cautiously remarked, " there have
been irregularities in their government." Being farther
pressed, lie added, " I will forthwith give order that Sir Ed-
• Plantation Journals, vi., 19T, 198, 200-204; New England Entries, iii., 200, 201 ; Privy
Council Min., Will, and Maiy, i.,'21 ; Chalmers's Ann., ii., 22, 23, 25, 39 ; Mass. H. S. Coll.,
xxxii.,298; xxxviii., 101,105, 107, 528, 598, T05; Force's Tracts, iv.. No. 11, 11-14; Andros
Tracts, ii., xvi., xviii., 149-170; Palfrey, iii., 592, 593. Kick, who wrote to Maiy at the
Hague, was made English consul at Kotterdam in ICOO : AVagenaar, xv., G05.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 543
mund Andros shall be removed from the government of chap. xi.
Few England, and be called unto an account for his mal- ; —
administration. And I will direct that the present King wimfm-;
and Queen shall be proclaimed by their former Mao-is- o^^'^^^^-
trates." What William really meant by "their former
magistrates" is not clear. But he certainly did not intend
to sever or disunite his royal dominion of New England
into its former several colonies. In this Whitehall uncer-
tainty, Phipps, thinking that " the best stage of action for
him would now be New England itself," hastened thith-
er. ^ But, " before he left London, a messenger from the
abdicated King tendered him the government of New En- james of.
gland, if he would accept it." James, who had now come go've™!
from France to Dublin, seems to have thought-that by re- New En-
moving Andros and ajDpointing Phipps, he might retain IhTppf
his authority over New England. Phipps of course de-
clined this Irish ofPer by " the abdicated King" of a colo-
nial "government without an Assembly;" and he soon aft-
erward embarked for Boston, carrying the Council's delay- Apra.
ed letters to Andros, " with certain instructions from none
of the least considerable persons at Whitehall," that if the
people of New England gave them " the trouble to hang
Sir Edmund, they deserved noe friends."*
After Phipps left, the Privy Council directed Secretary is Aprii
Shrewsbury, " upon inquiry from those who ha^-e the most
considerable interest in New England, New York, and the
Jerseys, to present to the King the names of such as may
be thought fit at this time to be Governor and Lieutenant
Governor of those parts." A few days afterward, the Plan-
tation Committee, seeing that a war with France was at
hand, suggested to the king " the speedy settling of such a 26 Apm
government in New England, New York, and the Jerseys, SS1!°'
as, upon recalling Sir Edmund Andros, may enable your Son?"
Majesty's subjects, who are very numerous in those parts,
not only to oppose by their united forces the French of
Canada and Nova Scotia, but to carry on such further de-
signs as your majesty may find requisite for your service ;
fhI/\? "• r ^-"Vif'^nf ;^"'^' ^'^-^"•' ^'^' ^•^^^"'•' ^05' ^"d^°« Tracts, ii., xix; Ma-
ther sMagnaha, l, ITS, 197,198; Parentator, 120, 121 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 377, 3S9 3^0 397-
Oldmixon, 1., 138 ; Chalmers, Rev. Col., i., 201, 207, 208, 231 ; Pol. Ann., i., 373 431 469 • ii '
f'^^.:.^;,r^''''-^«=-''"'5^8, 583, 557,588; Bancroft, iii., 78,79; Barry, i., 508, 509: Wl-
frey, 111., 5'J2, 533; Clarke's James II., ii., 327-330. /. , , , x-ai
544 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAi'. XI. without wliicli union and government the Frencli may easi-
ly possess themselves of that Dominion, and trade of those
parts wliich are so considerable to the crown." The com-
mittee also proposed " that, as Maryland, Pennsylvania, and
CaroHna are Proprieties of great extent in America, which
do not hold themselves subjects to your Majesty's immedi-
ate government, nor render any account to your Majesty of
their proceedings, your Majesty would please, in this con-
juncture, to give such directions as may better secure your
Majesty's interests in those parts, and put them in a condi-
tion of defence against the enemy." This advice pleased
2 May. William, who ordered the Plantation Committee to consult
the Admiralty about sending ships to America, and also to
propose " the names of fit persons to be sent as Governors
to the Plantations, and what may be fit to be done for his
Majesty's service in the present conjuncture, as well for set-
tling the government of New England, New York, and the
Jerseys, as for securing His Majesty's interest in the several
proprieties in America." The committee shortly afterward
18 May. represented that " the present circumstances and relations
tationsto they stand in to the government of England is a matter
jiK™''de- worthy of the consideration of Parliament for the bringing
thetrown° of thosc Proprieties and Dominions under a nearer depend-
giand! ence on the Crown, as his Majesty's revenue in the Plan-
tations is very much Concerned herein." Thus the Dutch
king who had succeeded James the Second was advised by
his "Whig English counselors, in the third month of his reign,
to carry into vigorous effect some of the most decided co-
lonial measures of his predecessor, because they were now
selfishly considered to benefit England.''^
12 MarcK Meanwliilc, James had come over to Ireland at the head
Ireland, of a large French expedition, hoping to recover his desert-
ed throne. By William's command. Secretary Shrewsbury
13 April, wrote a circular letter to the British American governors,
informing them that, by reason of. the assistance which
Louis had given to the king's enemies in Ireland, " and by
the invading His Majesty's territories in America, and dis-
turbing the trade of his subjects in those parts for several
years past," preparations were to be made for a speedy war
• Mas?. H. S. Coll., xxxii., 208 ; N. Y. Col. Doc, iii., 573, 574 ; Chalmers's Rev. Col., i., 223 ;
Dixon's Penn, 209.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 545
with France, and ordering them, with all diligence, to " take chap. xi.
effectual care for the opposing and resisting any attempt of
the French." The king and queen also issued their proc- wliual^;
lamation granting an asylum in England, with their royal coiontaTor-
protection, to the Protestants who had been driven from 25 Aprii.
France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. This Sees p^'.*""
was followed by a declaration of war against France, drawn Tmy
by Solicitor General Somers, which set forth, among other ^''^ ^^-
causes of hostility, the invasion of the territory of New t^'een En"-
York by the Canadians as an act "not becomino- even an^^T^e"'^
enemy." The necessity of promptly securing the English-
American colonies was obvious, for it was reported in Lon- 27 Aprii.
don that Louis had ordered their seizure before news of the
revolution in England could cross the Atlantic. But the
embarrassments of William's situation, and the folly of his
Whig ministers, caused him to neglect the best opportunity Error of
which England ever had to crush the power of France inSJoiT."
North America. Thus Whitehall placemen, sacrificing the '^•
interests of their mother country, inflicted present miseries
on her Plantations, and left them victims to domestic dis-
cords and protracted border wars.*
The policy of Louis the Fourteenth glittered in contrast
with that of William the Third. Tlie French king had
around him at Versailles devoted and accomplished men,
who did not hesitate to give him, when he demanded it,
their best advice. Louvois, his ablest minister next to the
dead Colbert, was yet savagely vigorous ; Seignelay was la-
borious to please ; and about Canada, the displaced Fronte-
nac was at hand to personally relate all his o^\^l experience
there. And now Callieres reached Paris with Denonville's Januaiy.
dispatches of the previous autumn. These were promptly potcy "f
considered. Louis was of opinion that if James had re- ^°"^'
niained King of England, he " would no doubt have recog-
nized" the French right of sovereignty over the Iroquois.
But, however this might have been, the condition of Euro-
pean politics was greatly changed. A Dutch Protestant
prince— the unrelenting enemy of France— was now a
• Clarke's James 11., ii., 319-331 ; Dalrymple, ii., 311-342; iii., 45-53; Macpherson, i , 174
-186 ; Kennett, iii., 526, 527 ; Tindal, iii., 80, 89, 90, 91 ; Sylvius, xxvii., US; Narcissus Lut-
an!e, 435.
IL— M M
546 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. XI. chosen sovereign of England. Her Jesuitical old king was
a refugee in France, encouraged to attempt the regaining
looy. ^£ i^'g abdicated royalty. Notmthstanding all his faults,
Louis was a cliivabic gentleman. "With James on his
throne in London, he might have negotiated about sover-
eignty over the North American Iroquois. With James
his own guest at Saint Germains, Louis could not chaffer.
Louis therefore gave James French soldiers, with which the
March. " abdicated king" went to Ireland to regain the crown he
had so foolishly thrown away. What the result of this
Irish campaign might be was uncertain ; but, at all events,
Louis could have no friendly dealings with the Dutch
Prince of Orange, who, he considered, had usurped the Brit-
ish throne. While James was thus in Ireland, and while
William in London was declaring war against France,
Louis resolved to make peace with the New York savages
1 May. at any rate ; and to render this more easy, he ordered that
prisoners all the Iroquois prisoners which Denonville had sent over
ome. ^^ ggpye jjj ^}jg royal galleys at Marseilles should be re-
turned to Canada, and supplied with gaudy clothes from
the shops of Paris.*
jannaiy.^ But Calli^rcs, iu au able memorial to Seignelay, expound-
pr^oject.' ed the advantage, and even the necessity, of now seizing
New York, where Andros, who was a Protestant, would cer-
tainly acknowledge the Prince of Orange, and be sustained
in doing so by the inhabitants, who were mostly Dutch, and
generally Protestants.f In a separate memoir, Callieres
detailed his plan, which was to advance with two thousand
men, in canoes and bateaux, from Montreal, through the
Pichelieu Piver, Lake Champlain, Wood Creek, and the
Hudson River, to Albany, and thence to New York ; while
two ships of war were to blockade the metropolis, the con-
dition of which was described with tolerable accuracy.
February. Louis, liowcver, hcsitatcd ; and Callieres as-ain and a2;ain
May. J J 5 & &
urged prompt action, arguing in favor of the conquest of
New York that, even if James should continue to be recog-
nized as king there, " we can make use of the plausible pre-
• Col. Doc, ix., 303-39S, 41C-418 ; ante, 520.
+ Col. Doc, ix., 403, 404, 422. It ia clear that the French did not expect Andres to be-
tray his government to them, as suggested in Mather's "Narrative," and aftenvard charged
by the Puritans of Boston : Force's Tracts, iy., No. 9, p. 41 ; No. 10, p. 11 ; compare Palmer's
Impartial Account, p. 30 ; Andros Tracts, L
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 54,7
text of having seized it with, a view to preserve it for him- chap. xi.
self against the attacks of the rebels, and to give it back
to him after his restoration, or treat with him for it."
Wliile the king " thought well" of Callieres's project, he put
off its execution, and ordered Denonville to send a full re- 1 May.
port on the subject. The English declaration of war, how- /^ May.
ever, forced Louis to act promptly. Disregarding the treaty
of colonial neutrality, he approved the project of Callieres ; Louis ap-
but he confided its execution to an abler general than him project of
whose ineffectual campaign against the Senecas was esteem-
ed only valuable " as material to be put in history, as if it
were some glorious achievement." Denonville was accord- Denonviiie
ingly recalled to serve in Europe, and the veteran Fronte- and Fron-
nac, who had been living in poverty at Paris since 1682, po'inted!^^
was again appointed Governor General of Canada.* ^ ^^'^^'
Erontenac's instructions, prepared with great care by 7 June.
Louvois, after conferences with the new governor himself nacs in-
and La Motte Cadillac, of Acadia, were more complex than
the original plan submitted by Callieres. It was now de-
termined that the English were to be simultaneously attack-
ed at Hudson's Bay and in New York. The expedition was
to embark at Eochelle, and after Erontenac had reached
Quebec and organized his forces, he was to direct Caffiniere,
the admiral commanding, to coast southward to Sandy Hook,
and then co-operate with him as soon as he should have
passed victoriously down the Hudson. After the conquest
of New York, its Roman Catholic inhabitants might be suf-
fered to remain ; but all Erench refugees, especially those what was
of the " Pretended Reformed Religion," were to be sent to in Ne^^"
France. Mechanics and laborers might be retained as pris- ^°^^
oners to work and build ; but all the other inhabitants were
to be sent to New England, Pennsylvania, and elsewhere.
These instructions certainly did not suggest any anticipated
co-operation of the Protestant Andros, or any purpose of
Louis to acquire New England, for wdiich he did not care.
What he desired was to obtain New York, and New York
only. After its conquest, Callieres was to remain Govern-
or of New York, under the command of Erontenac, and
" all the English settlements adjoining Manatte, and further
* Col. Doc, iy., 47S; ix., 401-408, 411-422, 427, S03; Charlevoix, ii., 392, 393, 394, 395;
Doc. Hist., i., 179-1S2 ; Garneau, i., 271, 301, 355-357 ; La Hoatan, i., 196, 197 ; ante, 4S0, 499.
548 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. XI. off if iiGcessaiy," were to be destroyed. These savage in-
structions were worthy of the iron-hearted Louvois, who
had just before directed the devastation of the Palatinate.
French frigates, the " Embnscade," the " Fom*gon," and the
" Saint Francis Xavier," were ordered to be prepared at
Rochelle to convey and co-operate with the expedition
meant to lay waste New York. But while Maintenon could
plead with Louis against the inhuman atrocities he had au-
thorized on the Rhine, she felt no sympathy for his medi-
tated victims on the far off Hudson. The providence of
God alone was their almighty protector.*
In those colonial days news from Europe came tardily
and uncertainly across the Atlantic. James's monitory let-
ter to Andros of October, 1688, did not reach Boston until
1 January, the beginning of January, 1689. By the same vessel wliicli
bore it, Mather and his fellow-workers in London conveyed
to their friends in Massachusetts the result of their " sohci-
tations" with the king, and " warned them to prepare the
minds of the people for an interesting change." James's
James's let- letter was sent by express to Maine, where Andros then was,
ber sent to bravcly guarding the New England frontier against the sav-
Maine.^ ^"^ agcs. lu loyal obedience to liis orders, the governor gener-
10 Jan. al promptly issued his proclamation, dated " at Fort Charles
Andrea's i. jl •/ i ■'
prociama- at Pcmaquid," charging " all officers civil and military, and
Pemaquid. all othcr, his Majcsty's loving subjects within this his Terri-
tory and Dominion aforesaid, to be vigilant and careful, in
their respective places and stations; and that, upon the ap-
proach of any Fleet or Forreign force, they be in readiness,
and use their utmost endeavour to hinder any landing or in-
vasion that may be intended to be made within the same."f
Soon afterward, while Nicholson was busily putting New
York in a better condition of defense against a " foreign
force," news of the landing of the Prince of Orange at Tor-
• Col. Doc, ix., 422-431, 446, 659, 660, 671; Doc. Hist., i., 1S3-1S5; Charlevoix, ii., S95-
401 ; Garneaii, i., 302 ; Macaulay, Hi., 122-126 ; Martin's Louis XIV. ; Chalmers's Ann.,ii.,
OS. In the light of Frontenac's instructions, it is amusing to read the hearsay twaddle
about Andros which its compiler has stuffed into the "Revolution in New England Justi-
fied:"' Force's Tracts, iv., No. 9, p. 31-43; compare Falmer's " Impartial Account," p. 36 ;
Andros Tracts, i.
t Chalmers's Ann., i., 469; ii., 20, 21, 23, 39 ; Force's Tracts, iv.. No. 9, p. 10 ; Mather's
Mag.,i.,179; Hutch. Mass., i., 373; Coll., 571; Barry, i., 504; Palfrey, iii., 569, 570, 571,579;
New England Papers, v., 34-94 ; ante, 534. An original of Andres's Prcclamation of 10 Jan-
nary, 1CS8-9, printed by Richard Pierce, " at Boston in New England," is in the New York
Society Library, and a lithograph fac-simile of it is in Valentine's Manual for 1S50, p. 452,
and a copy in Hist. Mag., x., 144, sup. : see als) a copy post. Note II., p. 602, 603.
SIR ed:,iund andros, governor general. 549
bay reached Yirginia. A coasting vessel from there came chap. xi.
to New York, and Andries Greveraet, her master, called on
the lieutenant governor in Fort James. Astonished to hear 5 p^^, '
of William's invasion of England, Nicholson compared him ^m-a^-g
to Monmouth, and prophesied that " the very 'prentice boyes |.gjgfj°^ ^^
of London will drive him out againe ;" and he strictly for- New York.
bid Greveraet to divulge the news. A week afterward,
Jacob Leisler, then engaged in importing liquors, and com-
missioned a captain in Colonel Bayard's city regiment, re-
ceived a confirmation of the intelligence by way of Mary-
land. The news, which, " to hinder any tumult," was kept t March.
private at first, was dispatched by Nicholson to Andros in dispatched
Maine by two separate expresses, on land and water.* ^miJ^'
Having put the garrisons in good condition, and placed
Brockholls in command at Fort Charles, the governor, as
soon as he received the intelligence, left Maine, accompa- ig Marcii.
nied by West, Graham, and Palmer, and hastened to Bos- tums°tV^
ton, which he reached " about the latter end of March." A
few days afterward a sliip came to Boston from Nevis in 4 April,
the West Indies, which brought as a passenger John Wins-
low, who had copies of the Prince of Orange's declaration
of the previous October, and also confirmatory intelligence
of " his happy proceedings in England, with his entrance
there." Instead of promptly calling on the governor, as
Greveraet had called on his subordinate in Fort James,
Winslow sullenly remained at home, and Andros, hearing
that he had important intelligence, required his attendance.
Being asked for the prince's declarations, Winslow refused
to produce them, telling the governor that he was " afraid
to let him have them, because he would not let the people
know an}^ news." Winslow was then sent before a justice winsiow
'of the peace, and, remaining obstinately contumacious, heaTBoston^
was committed to prison for not imparting to the Govern- macyT'''
or of New England important and unique public documents
from the mother country, which, in default of their open
production, were supposed to be "traiterous and treasona-
ble libels."t
• Col. Doc, iii., 591, 6G0 ; Hutch. Slass., i., 3V2 ; Penn. Col. Kec, i., 240 ; N. Y. U. S. Coll.,
21 (186S), 241-243, 359; Chalmers's Annals, ii., 21; ante, 533. Mr. Palfrey does not refer
to this New York intelligence.
t Palmer's Narrative, 35 ; Rev. in N. E. Justified, in Force's Tracts, iv., No. 9, 10-12, 18 ;
N. Y. Col. Doc, iii., 5S1, 723 ; Chalmers's Ann., ii., 21 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 373 ; Palfrey, iii.,
570-575; Mather's Magnalia,i., 179; Andros Tracts, i., ii. ; anle,5Z3.
550 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. xi. Mather's intrigue in London, which prevented the trans-
mission to Andros of the Prince of Orange's confirmatory
Mather's letter of the 12th of January, now produced its intended
intrigue result. That wandering divine had written from Ensrland
ripens. o o
that a " charter with larger power" for Massachusetts would
be obtained from James the Second. It was plausibly ar-
gued by Bradstreet and other correspondents, whom Mather
had encouraged, that if favor was to be expected from
James, much more would surely come from William. The
Dutch invading prince — although the stadtholder of that
large-minded Continental nation of which insular English-
men were always jealous — was nevertheless a Protestant
and a disciple of Calvin, whom the English Puritans also
followed. The success of William of Orange over their
bigoted popish king was now the earnest prayer of most
British subjects in Old and New England. Although it
was well understood in France that Andros would declare
for the Dutch prince if he should become the sovereign of
England, the chief leaders of opinion in Massachusetts pro-
Faisehoods nouucod otlicrwise. It was accordingly rumored that, by
Boston, his proclamation from Pemaquid to hinder the landing of
any " foreign force" in New England, its governor general
meant to oppose the la^vf ul commands of the British so^'er-
eign, whoever that sovereign might be. Of such a political
solecism, Andros was too good an English soldier and too
faithful a colonial officer to be guilty. In truth, few En-
glish-American governors were more thoroughly "loyal"
than the slandered, domineering, and exacting Sir Edmund.
He was only a prototj^pe of meaner pretenders. But by
this time an unusual excitement prevailed in and around
16 April. Boston. Hearing of it, the governor wrote to BrockhoUs
letter to at Pcmaquid that " there's a general buzzing among the
people, great with expectation of their old charter, or they
know not what ;" and he cautioned all officers there to be
faithful in their trusts, and careful " to avoid surprise." By
this order, Andros meant to guard his subordinates in fron-
tier Pemaquid — not from any imaginary " surprise" by Wil-
liam or the Dutch, who, if they hadany longings for Amer-
ican dominion, would surely not have made their first dem-
onstration there, but — from the French savages, to whom
" some merchants in Boston" had, as has been seen, traitor-
BrockhoUs.
SIR EDMUND AJ!IDE0S, GOVEKNOR GENERAL. 551
ously, but very characteristically, conveyed supplies of am- chap. xi.
munition while their own governor was absent fighting
those savage enemies in Maine.*
Andros sent BrockhoUs an expressive metaphor. The
"buzzing" people were stirred up by their ministers to "bcizz.
swarm on the " old charter" granted by " King Charles the Boston.
Martyr," under which Congregational clergymen had long
been used to control their flocks in Massachusetts. But the
most discerning colonial minds saw that the fate of the
British Plantations must follow that of the mother country,
and they wished to await in quiet the event in England,
about which a few more days Avould bring those authorita-
tive orders that no Enghsh subject in America could loyal-
ly question. So the " principal gentlemen in Boston," aft-
er consultation, agreed that they would, if they could, " ex-
tinguish all essays in the people towards an insurrection."
Yet, if an " ungoverned mohlle''' should push matters to an
extremity, those " principal gentlemen" would themselves
head the movement, and secure any official rewards that
might follow the contemplated stroke of state. Cotton Ma-
ther accordingly prepared a prolix " Declaration of the Gen- Politics of
tlemen, merchants and inhabitants of Boston and the Coun- "genue"'^
try adjacent," giving their reasons for a revolt against the ™'^"'
government of Andros, and announciug their resolution to
secure him and his officers, "for what justice Ordei-s from
his Highness with the English Parliament shall direct, lest,
ere we are aware, we find (what we may fear, being on all
sides in danger) ourselves to be by them given away to a
Forreign power, before such orders can reach unto us."
This "Declaration" was just such a writing as its penman,
who was " more a clergyman than a lawyer," was likely to
draft.t
The mine, thus carefully prepared, was adroitly exploded.
It was rumored that Boston and its inhabitants were to be Liea circu-
destroyed by the New York Mohawks, and by undermining *
the town ; that the soldiers in Maine were poisoned with
rum ; and that there was a French fleet on the coast. These
* Col.Doe.,iii.,57S, 5S1; Lx., 403, 404; Chalmers's Ann., i., 469: ii.,20,21; Hutch. Mass.,
i., 372,373; Williamson, i., 5S9, 590, 606-610 ; Bancroft, ii., 445; Palfrey, lii., 571-577; An-
dros Tracts, i., 54, 55 ; ii., 193,216; aTiie, 522, 523, 537, 546.
t Palmer's Impartial Account, 13 ; Mather's Magnalia, i., 179, 180; ii, 588,559; Hutch.
Mass., i., 373, 3S1; Palfrey, lii., 570, 57S, 579 ; Byfield, in Force's Tracts, iv., No. 10, 6-12;
CoLDoc.,iii.,5S2; Historical Magazine, vi., 10-14; Andros Tracts, i., u.
552 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK,
Chap. XI. and otliei' absurd stories were so generally believed as to
provoke insurrection. On Thursday morning, the eight-
is April eenth of April, " a sudden irruption of the people from all
tfon'of^'^iie P^^'ts" awaked Boston, and the town rose in arms, " without
pop^ace in t};ie privity" of her most " substantial men." Captain George,
of the royal frigate Rose, was seized as he came on shore ;
and with him Sherlock, Randolph, Farewell, and other
obnoxious officials, were imprisoned. About noon. Brad-
street, the last Governor of Massachusetts under its cancel-
ed charter, with several clergymen and other prominent cit-
izens of Boston, had assembled at the Council Chamber in
the Town House, in front of which " all the companies were
Cotton Ma- soou rallied." Mather's verbose " Declaration" was read
" Deciara- f roui the balcouy, and a message from the " gentlemen" in
tion-'read. ^|^^ Qouucil Chamber, for themselves and "many others,"
who were "surprised with the people's sudden taking of
arms," was sent to their governor at the fort. It urged him
to "forthwith surrender and deliver up the Government
and Fortification, to be preserved and disposed according
to order and direction from the crown of England, which
suddenly is expected may arrive ; promising all security
from violence to yourself or any of your gentlemen or sol-
diers, in person and estate." If the signers of this sum-
mons were " surprised" by the insurrection, the " strange
and sudden" movement was, as he himself deliberately
wrote, "wholly a surprise" to Andros, who knew "noe
cause or occasion for the same." He sarcastically " ad-
mired" whence so many armed men came now, because
when he wanted them " to go to the eastward, he found it
difficult to have them procured." But the lieutenant of the
Rose frigate, hearing that her captain had been seized, had
meanwhile prepared the ship for action, and had sent a boat
ashore to bring off the governor. As Andros and his at-
tendants were going down to embark, they were met by an
armed party, headed by John ]N"elson, which, having over-
powered the boat's crew, delivered the summons from the
Town House. Seeing that it was signed by " several of the
Council," some of whom he had particularly " sent for from
distant parts," the governor and those with him went at
once to the Council Chamber. As they passed thither, " the
streets were full of armed men, yett none offered him, or
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 553
those that were with him, the least rudeness or incivility, chap. xi.
but, on the contrary, usual respect." In his Council Cham-
ber, Andros was ordered by those present, "who had no ^n^ros im-
suitable regard to him nor the peace and quiet of the coun- ^y thTfn-
try," to be imprisoned, as were also Graham, Palmer, West, 3"^^°'^ '"^
and other subordinate officers of the "Dominion." The
insurgents broke open the secretary's office, and took away
all the records ; but they missed finding " Sir Edmund's
papers," which they were especially anxious to secure ; and
the great seal of New England seems to have disappeared.*
A more unjustifiable rebellion of colonists, who profess-
ed allegiance to their mother country, never happened. Yet
it has been praised as patriotism by many writers of Amer-
ican history. If Massachusetts had been an independent soiecism of
state at that time, she might have well done. But Massa- sstts.
chusetts was only a subordinate colony of England, and a
part of its royal " Dominion of New England in America."
The colony at that very moment was beseeching royal favor.
Loyalty should have kept her quiet. There was no reason
why she should vex William. Yet, with the headstrong
audacity which always marked her pretensions, she set her-
self up as superior to other English colonies in America,
and demanded privileges greater than those of her coequals.
The governor being safely in prison, the question arose
how the government of the royal dominion of New England
was to be lawfully administered ? If Andros had embark-
ed in the Rose frigate, as he intended, he would probably
have transferred his seat of government to New York, and
thus have maintained his authority. This is the main rea-
son why the insurgents were so anxious to secure his per-
son. Under the king's commission, Lieutenant Governor
Nicholson was to succeed his chief only in case of his
death or absence from the territory. Forced incapacity of
the governor had not been contemplated. Whether the im-
prisonment of Andros entitled Nicholson to assume the gov- was Nich-
emment of New England under a strict construction of the govern ia
king's commission, is doubtful; yet no maladministration Andros?
• Mass. H. S. Coll., xxvi., 205, 20G ; xxxv., 190_19S ; Conn. H. S. Coll., i., 7T, 78 ; N.Y. Col.
Doc, iii., 5TS, 723, T24; R. I. Eec, lii., 2S1-2S5; Palmer's Impartial Account, p. 9, 34-37 ;
Force's Tracts, iv., No. 9, p. 30-39, 40-43 ; No. 10, p. 3-5; Hiitcli. Mass., i., 374-3S1 ; Coll.,
507-571, 575; Chalmers'.s Ann., i., 429, 430, 4G0, 470 ; il., 23, 24; Barry, i., 502-504 ; Arnold,
i.,515; Palfrey, iii , 677-5S7 ; A ndroa Tracts.
554 HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF KEW YORK,
Chap. XL could be alleged against liim, as it had been cliarged against
~ his immediate superior. It was certain that, next to An-
' dros, the only chief representative of the English crown in
the dominion was its Lieutenant Governor Nicholson. But
this was disregarded by the Boston mutineers, whose object
was to break that dominion into its old pieces. Their im-
prisonment of Andros was really only a cloak for " Seces-
sion." Massachusetts did not like union, imless she could
control that union, as she had done for many years after
the old colonial confederacy of 1643. She pined for a sep-
arate local government, like that which she had enjoyed un-
Massacha- dcr her perverted and abrogated charter. It was very eall-
setta the •' o
author of ing to her that, in common with other British American col-
sion." onies, she should be subjected by her king to the authority
of a governor general. Although but a subordinate English
colony, not claiming sovereignty, but imploring royal char-
ity, she determined to revolt : — and so she seceded.
20 April. A " Council of Safety" assumed the government of Mas-
sachusetts, and hastened to cashier the officers of the king's
2T April, regular companies, and to withdraw the garrisons which
Andros had estabhshed in Maine. Major Brockholls, Lieu-
tenant Colonel MacGregorie, and Captain George Lock-
hart were sent to Boston from the Maine garrisons. They
were all New York officers ; and Peter Schuyler served as
lieutenant of Captain Lockhart's troop of horse on duty at
Albany the previous winter.* The Boston notion of " se-
cession" quickly spread throughout the dominion of New
pij-mouth England. Plymouth — as Wiswall wrote to Hinckley — did
like "to not like " to trot after the Bay horse." Rhode Island cer-
the Bay taiuly had no sympathy with the persecutors of Anne Hutch-
inson and Roger Williams. Connecticut — which had so
adroitly coquetted with Massachusetts and New York — did
not wish to be joined with either. New York, always im-
perial, abhorred a political connection with the New En-
gland colonies. New Jersey followed placidly in the wake
of New York. And so, in the spring of 1689, all the con-
stituent colonies which formed their sovereign's dominion
Secession of Ncw England were rij^e to adopt the " most sanctified"
"•^"P • Massachusetts idea of " secession."
•Williamson,!., 500, 593; Col. Doc, iii., CIS, 724; Maine H. S. Coll., v., 394,395; N.Y.H.
S. Coll. (ISGS), 200 ; Col. MS3., xlvui., 120, 121, 122 ; Andros Tracts, i., 140-173.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 555
Plymouth boldly reinstated her former Governor Ilinck- chap, xi.
ley, and went on in her old system of administration. Chief ^^^^
Justice Dudley, on his return from holding court at South- 22 April.*
old, on Long Island, was arrested at Narragansett and tak- zi^ApnL ^^
en a prisoner to Boston. The freemen of Khode Island rested.
resumed their old charter government, and replaced their 1 May.
former magistrates. One of the copies of the charter of connecti-
Connecticut was brought out of the hollow tree at Hart- boidened,
ford, and Eobert Treat, the former governor, with his asso-
ciates, resumed the functions they had surrendered eighteen 9 May.
months before. A few weeks afterward a Convention met
at Boston, which, instead of entering on " the full exercise"
of the old charter government, merely reinstated the mag- 24 May.
istrates chosen in 1686, provisionally, until orders should
come from England. A vessel now reached Boston with 20 May.
news of the accession of William and Mary ; yet the Brit-
ish sovereigns were not proclaimed in Massachusetts. Three
days afterward Sir William Phipps arrived with the delay- 29 May.
ed dispatches from Whitehall directed to Andros. Finding
that the governor, whom he had intended to " secure," was
already in custody, Phipps, instead of sending them to Nich- p^pp^'^^^
olson, feloniously opened the letters addressed to Andros Boston.
and to Secretary Kandolph on public business, which, among
other things, contained the official proclamations. The same
afternoon William and Mary were proclaimed at Boston
king and queen, " with greater ceremony than had been
known." Emboldened by the advice of Phipps, the usurp-
ino- authorities of Massachusetts determined that Andros, 21 juae.
with Dudley, Kandolph, Palmer, West, Graham, Farewell,
and Sherlock, his most obnoxious subordinates, should be
kept close prisoners without bail. But Brockholls, Mac-
Gregorie, Jamison, and others, who were at first impris-
oned, appear to have been discharged.*
* Col. Doc, iii., 574, 5T5, 5T8, 5S1, 5S2, 583, 5ST, 5S8, CIS, 724 ; Col. Eec. Conn., iii., 248, 250,
255, 4'55-459, 463-4G6 ; R. I. Eec, iii., 257, 26G-269 ; Arnold, i., 512, 513 ; Plymouth Rec, vi.,
203, 209 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll. (186S) ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxv., 190-202, 301 ; Maine H. S. Coll.,
i.,196; v., 271; Williamson,!., 593; Mather, Mag., i., ISO; ii.,58S; Force's Tracts, No. 9, p.
9-12,18; No. 10, p. 3,4; Hist. Mag., vi., 9-14; Hutch. Mass.,!, 371-388,413; Coll., 568, 571,
575; Chalmers's Annals, i., 429-431, 409, 470 ; ii., 24-23, 51 ; Rev. Col., i., 209; Grahame,i.,
3S8,'390; Bancroft, ii., 447-450; iii., 71, 72, 78; Barry, i., 501-507; Trumbull, i., 376, 377;
Palfrey, iii., 581-598 ; ante, 543. It is remarkable that Mr. Palfrey suppresses the accounts
given by Randolph and French (Col. Doc.,iii.,582,5S3,5S7,.588) of the behavior of Phipps
on board the " Prudent Sarah," in which he came from England, and afterward on shore iu
Boston.
556 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. XI. Thus, witliout the knowledge, and against tlie purpose of
Kino- "William, his " Dominion of New Ens-land" was " dis-
united." That dominion had lasted just eight months aft-
er the annexation of New York and the Jerseys to New En-
gland. By the "secession" of Massachusetts, a loyal but
perhaps reluctant union was dissolved, and the most preten-
tious English colony became the first practical exponent in
North America of that doctrine of " State Rights" w^hich
inconsist- af tcrward produced so much national disorder. Yet, in all
Boston re-^ the insurrcctiouary movements in New England, there was
^°"" no intent to revolt from the mother country. The colonial
subjects who deposed Andros did not claim the right to
frame their own local governments. On the contrary, ve-
hemently protesting their loyalty to the crown, they sought
to obtain from their actual sovereign a restoration of the
charters which former English kings had granted to them.
Local corporate privilege under royal authority, and not
miiversal popular freedom, was the object desired, and in
the mutiny to regain it, the selfish lust of oligarchy was
more apparent than devotion to the genuine principles of
civil liberty.*
The insurrection in Boston was wholly owing to Pliipps
and Mather's intrigue in London, which prevented the dis-
patch to Andros of William's orders in January. Had
rhe whole tliosc ordcrs been sent to him at once, as intended, there
mean.^^'^^ would liave bccu uo rcvolt in Massachusetts. The Prot-
estant Governor of New England was too loyal a colonial
officer to hesitate in obeying the directions of the head of
his home authority. William and Mary would have been
dutifully proclaimed as soon as the English royal Council's
dispatches reached Andros, and the dominion of New En-
gland would not have been broken up by rebellious seces-
sion. The orders of the Privy Council were duly forward-
20 April, ed to Virginia, where William and Mary were promptly
I'ginia. pj.QQ]g^jj-|^g(j Q^^ Jamestown. The case of Maryland some-
what resembled that of New England. Lord Baltimore, be-
ing in London, received the Council's orders there, and in-
structed his deputies in Maryland to proclaim the new sov-
ereigns. But his directions were delayed by accident or
design, and in April John Coode headed a Protestant asso-
• Col. Doc, in., .'.SI, 725 ; Chalmers, Kev. Col., 1., Int., x., xi, 209 ; Annals, ii., 25.
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, GOVERNOR GENERAL. 557
elation, wliicli soon overthrew the proprietor's government, cuap. xi.
and carried on a usurped authority for some time with
" predatory tyranny." Penn, who was also in England, re- j^j^
ceived similar orders, which, like Baltimore's, were not for- ^^^^"f*^^
warded, and the government of Pennsylvania was admin- ^^^ Pe°H-
' o « . Bylrania.
istered in the name of King James until the following No-
vember, when William and Mary were proclaimed.*
When the first news of the revolution in England reach- February.
ed ISTew York, its provincial affairs were administered un-
der Andros by Nicholson, the lieutenant governor, and the
three royal resident counselors, Phillipse, Yan Cortlandt,
and Bayard, The other New York members of the Coun-
cil were absent from the metropolis — Brockholls in Maine,
Baxter in Albany, Younge at Southold, on Long Island, and
Palmer near his chief in Massachusetts. Nicholson, the Nicholson.
lieutenant governor of the dominion of New England, was
a soldier and a martinet, quick and irascible, a good subor-
dinate, but hardly equal to responsible command ; natural-
ly a sycophant ; professing to be a Protestant English Epis-
copalian, yet not troubled by inconvenient sectarian scru-
ples ; cheerfully kneeling among a Roman Catholic crowd
while the popish mass was celebrated in the tent of King
James, in his camp on Ilounslow Heath, in the summer of
1686. This outward conformity to a ritual, which no gen-
tleman accidentally present would refuse to accord, did not
prove Nicholson to be a Poman Catholic. But it showed
him to be a courtly English Episcopalian ; and his timely
genuflection told against him now, when the most trivial
circumstances were distorted by popular credulity. Over
many a Delft- ware-teacup in the little society of New York
the rumor went from mouth to mouth ; and the verdict of
the burghers and their wives, who compared notes every
Sunday after hearing Domine Selyns expound the Heidel-
burg Catechism in the Dutch church, was very damaging
to the lieutenant governor's reputation as a good Protestant.
Frederick Phillipse, one of the royal counselors, with piuinpse.
fourteen years' experience in the oflEice, was only remarka-
* Chalmers's Ann., i., 3T3, 374, 3S1-3S4, 431, C54, G67 ; ii., 13-20, 37, 3S ; Rev. Col., i., 202
-206; Burk, ii.,306, 307; Anderson's Col. Church, ii., SSI, 3S2, 410, 401 ; Doc. Hist. N.Y.,
ii., 19, 25, 126, 140, 150 ; Davis's Day Star, S7-105 ; Penn. Col. Rec, i., 301-305, 341 ; Proud,
i., 347; Dixon, 263, 266 ; Grahams, ii., 50, 51, 36S-370 ; Bancroft, ii., 245 ; iii.,30,31; An-
dros Tracts, ii., 275 ; ante, 537.
558 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAr. XI. ble for being the richest and the dullest man in New York.
Stephen van Cortlandt, another counselor, was the mayor
Van cort'- ^^ ^^^® motropolis, and a brother-in-law of Peter Schuyler,
landt. tbe mayor of Albany. Being a gentleman, he was reputed
to be an aristocrat, and his genial sacrifice of hat and wig
the last August at the city carouse for the birth of the
Prince of Wales marked him as a very loyal Conservative.
Bayard. Nicholas Bayard, the third resident royal counselor, was a
nephew of Stuyvesant, and, like Phillipse and Van Cort-
landt, was an opulent man, according to the modest stand-
ard of those days. He had long official experience, and,
having served as mayor, was now colonel of the city regi-
Bayard's mcut of traiu-bauds, of which the captains were Abraham
captains. ^^ Peystcr, Johannes de Bruyn, Gabriel Minvielle, Charles
Lodwyck, Nicholas W. Stuyvesant, and Jacob Leisler. For
more than twenty years Bayard and Van Cortlandt had
been elders and deacons of the Eeformed Dutch Church,
of which their more quiet colleague Phillipse was also a
communicant. With Nicholson, these were the tlu-ee Prot-
estant citizens who governed New York in subordination to
tlie governor general of the dominion of New England.*
Seeing that the news of the landing of the Prince of Or-
ange in England " troubled the Paj)ists very much," Nich-
olson and his council, being " jealous" of Plowman, the Eo-
Actionof man Catholic collector, ordered him to bring the public
and hif° moneys in his hands, amounting to nearly twelve hundred
counselors, p^^^j^^g^ ^j^j-q ^|^q fort, "in a strong chest made on purpose."
26 ApiiL The next month " the surprising news" of the insurrection
at Boston, and the imprisonment of Andros, reached New
York by Ensign Vesey, of Braintree. Had the governor
succeeded in his attempt to embark in the Eose frigate,
and come in her to the metropolis, the course of events
would have been veiy different. His vigor and experience
would certainly have prevented what followed in New York.
But Nicholson and his three counselors, without instructions
from their imprisoned chief, in great consternation direct-
ed Mayor Van Cortlandt to convene the Aldermen and
Common Council of the city, " to advise together what best
is to be done for his Majesty's service, and the quieting of
• Col. Doc, iii., .'>S4, 5S8, C4'5, 670 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 4, IT, 244; Hutch. Mass., i., 3S5; N. Y.
H. S. Coll. ( 1S08), 295; aufc, 451, 510, 549.
FRANCIS NICHOLSON, LIEUTENANT GOVERNOK. 559
the inhabitants of this place, in this dangerous conjuncture chap. xr.
and troublesome time." The next day it was reported that
France was at war with England and Holland, and the mi-
litia officers were called into council. By this " General 27 Aprii.
Convention for the Province of New York," it was resolved tiorof°offi-
that the city should be fortified. As half the regular sol- '""' ''"""•
diers in the garrison had been sent to Maine, Nicholson, " to
prevent all manner of doubt and jealousies," himself pro-
posed that a part of the city militia should mount guard in
the fort. The inhabitants accordingly took their turns in 2s April,
watching, under the command of Colonel Bayard. As there
was no time to lay taxes, and as the merchants began " to
dispute the customs," Nicholson also proposed that the rev-
enue from the first of May should be applied to the city 29 Apiu.
fortifications ; and this " was thankfully accepted of." The tiolis, ''^'
person who showed the greatest dislike to this arrangement
was Captain Leisler, who, having a cargo of wine on board
a ship, the customs on wliicli amounted to a hundred pounds,
refused to pay any duty, alleging that Collector Plowman,
" being a papist, was not qualified to receive it, denying the
then power to be legal." The justices and military officers Justices
of Kings, Queens,"Westchester, Richmond, and Bergen coun- g'™'""""
ties, and Colonel Andrew Hamilton, of New Jersey, having
been summoned, all appeared, and " promised to do their
endeavour to keep the people in peace." A watchman was
stationed at Coney Island, to give an alarm if more than
three ships together should come within Sandy Hook. .Let-
ters were also written to Albany and Ulster, recommending 30 April.
the officers there to keep the people in peace and exercise
the militia. The nearest royal counselors of the dominion,
Winthrop, Treat, Allyn, Younge, Pynchon, and others, were Eoyai
invited to come to New York and assist with their advice. dTnotcomo
But none came ; and none wrote answers except Smith, cd^ies!!^'^
Clarke, and Newberry, of Rhode Island.*
Nicholson and his three associate counselors now dis-
patched a letter of condolence to Andros at Boston, and 1 May.
asked him to send back the New York records. They also letter tothe
wrote to the "Gentlemen" in power there, hoping "that his Ssf""''^'
• Col. Doc, iii., 575, 5T6, 591, 592, 636, 637, 639, 640, 667, 6CS, 725 ; iv., 200 ; Doc. Hist., ii,
17, 18, 229, 244, 245 ; Whitehead's East Jersey, 122 ; Hutch. Mass., 1., 384, note; N. Y. H. S.
Coll. (1868), 243-248 ; ante, 552.
560 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
ciiAv. XI. Excellency and the rest of the officers may be restored to
~ their former stations, or at least have liberty to come liith-
er. For this part of the Government, we find the people
in general inclined to peace and quietness, and doubt not
the people will remain in their duties." This was certain-
ly a reasonable request of the lieutenant governor. Al-
though Massachusetts insurgents had overthrown the gov-
ernment of Andros within the old borders of that colony,
they had no right to prevent him from exercising his com-
mission within the rest of the dominion of New England,
and especially in New York, which desired his presence.
But those insurgents well knew that if the governor gener-
al should resume his authority in Fort James, there would
be an end to New England " secession." So Bradstreet
and Winthrop, in behalf of the Massachusetts " Committee.
11 May. of Safety," wrote back to Lieutenant Governor Nicholson
eirtruc'u- ' and his New York counselors that Sir Edmund would not
^''^*" be released, and they inclosed a printed copy of Mather's
declaration of 18 April as the justification of their action.*
This Boston " Declaration" had already excited the New
York people at the eastern end of Long Island. The coun-
ty of Suffolk displaced their civil and military officers and
chose others. Queens and Westchester did the same. Word
now came to them from Leisler that Nicholson meant to
betray the fort at New York " to a foreign power." So
delegates from Southampton, Easthampton, and Ilunting-
8 May. tou Were sent to New York, " to demand the Fort to be de-
anduou'b- livered into the hands of such persons as the country shall
led by Bos- ^^j^^^g^ » rpj^^ Loug Islaud militia who had been with Don-
gan at Albany now became clamorous for their pay, and
some eighty of them met in arms at Jamaica. The New
York city men who had been drafted did the same, and the
8 May. Couucil ordcrcd all to be paid off, which quieted the up-
Mc-houon. roar. The delegates from Suffolk were told that each coun-
ty might send a man or two to join with the authorities in
11 May. New York, and letters were accordingly dispatched to in-
vite them ; " but none came."t
The lieutenant governor and his associate counselors now
• Col. Doc, iii., 502, 640 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 383-3S6 ; Force's Tracts, iv., No. 10, 6-13 ; N.
Y. II. S. Coll. (18CS), 250, 251 ; Hist. Mag., vi., 10-14; ante, 551.
• + Col. Doc, iii., 5T.5, 57T, 502. COS ; Doc Hist., ii., 22T; Wood, 100, 110; Hutch. Mass., i.,
385,jiofe.- N.Y.H. S. Coll. (ISGS), 252,230; (ISCO), 24T, 243.
FRANCIS NICHOLSON, LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 561
wrote to the British secretary of state and the Plantation chap. xi.
Committee, regretting the want of intelligence from En-
gland; describing the rebellious secession of Massachusetts, ^snay. '
Rhode Island, and Connecticut from the king's dominion ; ^pon t^'^
and declarino; that, althouo-h " the seed of sedition had been wuiiam.
blown from thence to some of the outward skirts of this
Province," and that " libels and falsehoods" had been prop-
agated from Boston against Sir Edmund Andros, which
would excite the Canadians to ruin " all the English settle-
ments on this continent," yet that New York, although de-
prived of "its free course of justice" by the imprisonment
of Judge Palmer at Boston, and deploring its fatal annex-
ation to I^ew England, was " inclined to rest at peace and
quiet 'till orders do arrive." These letters were intrusted
to John Biggs, " a servant of Sir Edmund Andros," who,
coming from Boston to Xew York, was persuaded by Nich-
olson to convey them at once to England. Biggs was ac- Riggs and
companied thither by the Jesuit Father John Smith, who Engiald.
had performed the service of his church under Dongan.
But funis, the Episcopalian chaplain at Fort James, not
instructed by his bishop, continued to read the authorized
prayers of his religious " denomination" for the Prince of
AYales ; and that the dethroned King of England might be
victorious over his enemies.*
George "Wedderborne now came from Boston to New is May.
York, with verbal instructions from the imprisoned govern- verbaror-
or general of New England, directing Lieutenant Governor Nicholson.
Nicholson to intimate to the Council "the unjust proceed-
ings of the people in Boston, by keeping his Excellency pris-
oner, and the other gentlemen, upon frivolous pretences of
their own, without any shadow of reason ;" and desiring
that Councilors Hamilton, of New Jersey, and Smith, of
Long Island, should be sent " to Boston, with commission
to demand his Excellency and the other gentlemen, to be at
liberty, that they may come amongst you." But Hamilton
and Smith both excused themselves from going to Boston 22 May.
on a fruitless journey, because " they did think it not ad-
visable in these dangerous times to act any further, for fear
it would bring" New York " in actual rebellion." So Nich-
• Col. Doc, iii., 5T4-5T6, 5S5, 593, 655, 747 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 244; N. Y. H. S. Coll. (ISCS), 27,
29, 253-266 ; Andros Tracts ; Chalmers's Ann., i., 591 ; ii. , 27, 29 ; Palfrey, iii., 535, 5SG.
II.— Nn
562 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. XI. olsoii and liis coimcil, " seeing the nproars in all parts of
the Government," thought it " most safe to forbear acting
in the premises till they see the minds of the people better
satisfied and quieted." The citizens of New York contin-
ued meanwhile to work on her fortifications, under the di-
rection of Colonel Bayard, imtil one Joost Stoll, an ensign
22 May. of Captain Leisler's company, and some others, presented
to their commanding oflicer an " unsigned and ill penned"
petition demanding that all papists should be disarmed. It
Needless was also noiscd about that Staten Island was full of roam-
New^York. iug papists, who threatened to burn the metropolis ; that
discharged Irish soldiers were coming from Boston to
garrison Fort James ; and that Dongan had fitted out an
armed brigantine " for some warlike design." No explana-
tions would satisfy the aroused populace of New York.
There were ridiculously few Roman Catholics living in the
province ; and only seven disbanded soldiers came from
Boston, who, with the others in the citadel, made twenty-
two in all, among whom were some " old cripples." But,
to avoid all jealousies," Ensign Russell, of Fort James, and
Major Baxter, who had come down from Albany, being
27 May. avowcd Romau Catholics, were suspended from their com-
Russeii"'' mands and allowed to leave the province. Baxter went at
Buspen e . ^^^^ ^^ joiu Dongau, wlio was staying in the " Neversincks,"
at the house of Captain Andrew Bowne, of Monmouth, in
East New Jersey, preparing to sail for England in his brig-
antine.""
The crisis was at hand in New York. Hitherto there
had been little or no sectarian intolerance within the prov-
Protest- ince. Certainly its preponderating Protestantism was in
jeop^dcd no danger from the sparse Roman Catholics who shared
York.''' with others its long-cherished freedom of conscience. Yet
their presence in New York was made the excuse for the
events which followed. The example of Massachusetts, in
seceding from the royal government of New England, had
doubtless some influence. But the leading idea in New
York was intense devotion to its old stadtholder, the Prince
of Orange, who had delivered England from her Roman
Catholic king. There was no suggestion of misgovernment
• Col. Doc, lii., 6»3, 632, C37, 040 ; Doc. llist., ii., 4, 16, 17, IS, 244 ; N. Y. II. S. Coll. (1S5S),
2C3-2C7, 2S4-2S7 ; Col. r.cc. Conn., iii., 401; Whitehead's E. J., 133; antr,6'>7.
FRANCIS NICHOLSON, LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 563
against Nicliolson and his counselors in ISTew Tork, as there chap. xi.
had been as-ainst Andros and his counselors at Boston. New ~~~
York did not want a sectarian oligarchy, as did Massachu-
setts. But her Dutch people were so honestly attached to
William that they doubted the sincerity of the officials of
the dethroned James, although those officials were all Prot-
estants — Mcholson an Episcopalian, and Phillipse, Bay- Excess of
ard, and Yan Cortlandt members of the Dutch Church. fleiSg?^
In popular movements trifles become momentous. Hen-
ry Cuyler, the lieutenant of Captain De Peyster's militia
company, whose turn it was to do duty at Fort James, or-
dered one of his men to stand as a sentinel at tlie sally- so May.
port. The sergeant of the regular soldiers in garrison ob-
jected that the lieutenant governor had given no such direc-
tions. Upon Nicholson's return, late at night, the incident
was reported, and Cuyler was summoned to attend him in
his bedchamber. Irritated at this breach of military disci-
phne, the lieutenant governor demanded, " Who is com- Nicholson
mander in this Fort, you or I ?" Cuyler answered tliat he ^"^"^ ^ '
had acted under Captain De Peyster's orders. In a pas-
sion, Nicholson replied, " I would rather see the town on
fire than be commanded by you," and — seeing in his cham-
ber a stalwart corporal, Henry Jacobsen, who had accom-
panied his lieutenant thither as interpreter, with a drawn
sword — he seized a pistol, and ordered them both out. The
next morning the story was buzzed all over town, with the si jiay.
usual vulgar exaggeration. It was reported and generally mis^rep??
believed that the lieutenant governor had threatened toN^wYwk.
burn New York, and it was added that he meant to mas-
sacre those of its inhabitants who should come to worship
in the Dutch church in the fort the next Sunday. The ab-
surdity of this rumor seemed to give it greater currency.
No contradiction could satisfy the people. They would
have it that Nicholson and his Dutch counselors were all
" Papists." The flight of James from England, it was ar-
gued, had destroyed " all manner of Government" in New
York, and there were not wanting noisy demagogues to
work up popular credulity with the scoundrel industry of
political adventm'ers of their class,*
• Col. Doc, iii., 593, 504, 640, GGS ; Doc. Hist., ii., 8, 232, 2J5; Hutch. Mass., i., SS5, note;
N. Y. II, S. Coll. (ISSS), 292,
564 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. XI. Of tliG Gveiits wliicli HOW strodc Oil in New York, Jacob
Leisler must be considered the chief mover. Although
j.Do». commonly called a Dutchman, Leisler was no Hollander
Jacob Leia- •/ '
ler. except by association. He was a German, born at Frank-
A German i. ./ j
-not a fort-on-the-Maine, and h§ had first come to New Netherland
as a stipendiary soldier of the Dutch West India Company.
For nearly thirty years he had lived in New York, where,
from his first condition as a mercenary private, he had
grown to be a prosperous merchant. By marriage he had
become connected with both Bayard and Van Cortlandt ;
but he had been involved in lawsuits with them and others
whom he felt to be his superiors in education and in social
position. A rankling envy of these New York gentlemen
moved Leisler, as it always moves those brutal natures
which count elbows and impudence better than refinement.
Leisler was a fair sample of his class. His nature was
coarse and vulgar ; his mind vigorous, but narrow ; his tem-
per hot, stubborn, and vindictive ; his prejudices ungovern-
able ; his vanity inordinate ; his education very defective ;
his deportment presumptuous and overbearing ; his person-
Leisiei's al integrity as unquestionable as was his active benevolence
character. ^Q-^.r^j.(j pgor Protostauts, and his blazing zeal against popery.
Wanting judgment and discretion, but supercharged with
unscrupulous boldness and low cunning, Leisler had many
of the characteristics of a successful demagogue, but few
of the qualifications of a statesman.
Peculiar The peculiar position of New York offered Leisler an ad-
situation of • i i , -v mi • it ti t •
New York. mirabJc opportunity, llie province had never liked its an-
nexation to New England, yet its form of government had
not been changed by James's arbitrary measure which de-
stroyed its old identity. It had no charter, as had Mas-
sachusetts, and Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Its people
were glad when the New England colonies seceded from
the dominion established by their king, although they would
never have revolted themselves. Every one of them felt
that New York must follow the fate of England, and that
the sovereign of that country must be their sovereign, un-
less the province was independent. But the absence of di-
rections from England, and the imprisonment of Andros in
Boston, could not fail to produce disorder in New York.
Tlie only wish of Nicholson and his counselors was to keep
FRANCIS NICHOLSON, LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 565
the old province in peace until orders should come fi-om chap. xi.
the actual sovereign of England. Such orders they would
gladly ha^■e obeyed. But they Y\'ere sworn royal officers,
and they could not act without their sovereign's instruc-
tions, which of course would be communicated — as in fact
they had been — to his imprisoned governor general at Bos-
ton. Their situation was certainly trying. If Nicholson
was an English Episcopalian, Phillipse, Yan Cortlandt, and
Bayard, his counselors, were eminent Dutch Calvinists,
and these New York gentlemen all had strong sympatliies
with William of Orange. Yet, as royal counselors, they
could not recognize an English sovereign whose accession
had not been officially uotilied to them. But there was al- Dutch in-
wsLjs a powerful Dutch under-current in New York, which x"^ York.
now ran very strong. William of Orange was known to be
the actual King of England ; why should he not be proclaim-
ed king in New York ? But if official f oi'ms restrained Nich-
olson and his Dutch counselors, no such reserve affected
the people of New York. Of these, the G-erman Leisler
now took the lead. Leisler had nexer been in the royal
council, nor had he ever held any important provincial of-
fice; but he supposed that if he should exhibit headlong
zeal for the Prince of Orange, it would help him with Wil-
liam as king. His narrow logic argued that if the prompt
adherence of Lovelace, and Cornbury, and others in Devon-
shire contributed to the success of William the Third in En-
gland, so the prompt adherence of Jacob Leisler to William
in New York would, in some degree, affect the great result.
And so Leisler forgot that a towed yawl must follow the
tacking of her ship.*
Near the Cape of Good Hope there is a growth of prick-
ly briers which sorely trouble incautious visitors. Long
before Portuguese or Dutch saw these ugly brambles, the
natives of Africa carefully avoided them. When the Hol-
landers first encountered these thorns, and found that they
hindered the bold wayfarer who would dash through, they
gave them an expressive name, "AYacht een beetje," which "wacht
in English means Wait a little hit. The Dutch were a pro- je."
verbially cautious people. If Leisler and his confederates
had profited by this suggestive hint from the Cape of Good
* Chalmers's Annal?,ii., 35; Palfrey, iii., 4S"; Col. MSS.; aji?<',534, 540, 513.
566 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. XL Hope, tliey would have slio^vn wisdom, and have avoided
much misery which their precipitate folly inflicted on New
1689. Y^j.1^
The design imputed to Nicholson, of making the next
Sunday another Saint Bartholomew's Day in New York,
was so generally reported by Leisler's friends, and so read-
ily believed by the people, that on Friday, the last day of
May, the metropolis was in a great commotion. The lieu-
si May. tenant governor came from Fort James to meet the Coun-
cil and the militia captains, who were all present at the
City Hall except Leisler. All were " Protestants and prin-
cipal freeholders." Nicholson explained to them what had
occurred at Fort James the night before, and denied the
truth of Cuyler's story. But Cuyler maintaining his ver-
sion, Nicholson told him, " Go, fetch your commission ; 1
discharge you from being Lieutenant any more." Upon
this. Captain De Peyster took his lieutenant's part, and re-
tired m anger. The drums were soon beat, and groups of
citizens appeared in arms. The fii'st among them M-ere
those of Leisler's company, who mustered tumultuously be-
fore their captains door. Leisler, however, declining to
Mutiny in licad them, left the command to his sergeant, Joost Stoll,
the keeper of a dram-shop, who quickly led them into Fort
James, shouting " we are sold, betrayed, and to be murder-
ed ; it is time to look for ourselves 1" Leisler now girt on
his sword, and joined his company in the fort. Colonel
Bayard, his superior ofiicer, at tlie desire of the Convention
sitting at the Town Hall, went there to bring Leisler's mu-
tineers to reason, but their drmiken Sergeant Stoll answer-
ed that they "disowned all the authority of the govern-
ment." As the evening came on. Captain Lodwyck's com-
pany took its turn in mounting guard, and the people in-
sisted on having the keys of the fort, which Nicholson kept
with him at the City Hall. Sergeant William Churcher,
of Leisler's company, was sent with an armed force to de-
mand them, and the lieutenant governor was obliged to give
them up, which he did to Captain Lodwyck. The six cap-
tains now agreed that each would take his daily turn in
commandinc the fort until orders should come from En-
rjl May .
Leisler's gland. A " Declaration," drafted by Leisler, was also sign-
tion!'' *"' ed by some of those who had seized the fort, in whicli, aft-
FRANCIS NICHOLSON, LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 567
er referring to Dongan's " Popisli" government, and charg- chap. xi.
ing Nicholson witli having threatened to " set the city on
fire," they announced that they were " entirely and openly
opposed to Papists and their religion, and therefore, expect-
ing orders from England, we shall keep and guard, surely
and faithfully, the said Fort, in behalf of the power that
now governeth in England, to surrender to the person of
the Protestant Keligion t]iat shall be nominated or sent by
the power aforesaid."'^
The next day there was a reaction, and Bayard was asked i June.
to take the "sole command" against the lieutenant gov-
ernor. Leisler, seeing that he was being deserted, started
fresh rumors that Nicholson and his Dutch counselors were
papists, rogues, and traitors, who intended to secure the gov-
ernment for the late King James. These and other " fal-
ceties" were circulated verbally, and by "Pamphlets in
writing," throughout the city, which then enjoyed no print-
ing-press. The following day was Sunday, on which it was 2 June.
Leisler's turn to guard the fort, and he determined " not to Fort
leave it until he had brought all the train-band fully to join
with him." He caused to be noised around that the Prot-
estant religion and the government were in immediate dan-
ger, and that the inhabitants would meet " to sign and pre-
vent the same." The militia companies were warned to
come to the fort the next morning at a certain signal, and
not to obey their officers if they should attempt to prevent
them. Accordingly, on Monday morning, a sloop from 3 June.
Barbadoes arrived near Coney Island, and a rumor was
spread over New York that French ships were inside of
Sandy Hook. Leisler gave the concerted signal from Fort False
James, and the parade-ground in front of it was quickly fill- about the
ed with train-bands. The falsity of the alarm being soon
discovered. Colonel Bayard ordered the captain whose turn
it was to go with his company to work on the city fortifi-
cations, and the others, to dismiss their men. Instead of
obeying their colonel, the train-bands, instigated by Ser-
geants Stoll and Churcher, of Leisler's company, pressed
* Col. Doc, iii., 5S5, 593, 594, C29, 634, 637, 639, CG8, 669, 763 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 3, 7, 8, 245;
Chalmew, i., 591, 610 ; Smith, i., 91 ; Hutch., i., 385, 7iote ; Hist. Mag., v., 154 ; N. Y. H. S.
Coll. (1863), 268, 288, 345, 346. This declaration was printed several weeks afterward by
Samuel Greene, at Boston. Bayard, in saying that it was " antedated," confounds it with
a second paper, signed on the 3d of June : Thomas, Hist. Print., ii., 286; Col. Doc., iii., 629,
C30, 639 ; pos\ p. 538.
568 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. XI. into the fort, reluctantly followed by their captains, who
'""~~~~ were told that, unless they also went in, their houses would
' be pulled down, and their lives jeoparded. Shouts and huz-
Fort James zas welcomcd them within the gates, and a paper which Leis-
3 June, ler had prepared w^as offered for their signature. It was a
proclamation, declaring that they held the fort " till the safe
arrival of the ships that we expect every day from his lioy-
al Highness the Prince of Orange, with orders for the gov-
ernment of this countiy, in the behalf of such person as the
said Koyal Highness had chosen and honored w^ith the
charge of a Governor, that as soon as the bearer of the
said orders shall have let us see his power, then, and with-
out any delay, we shall execute the said orders punctual-
Leisier'3 ly." This ill-worded document was quickly signed by all
procama- ^j^^ ^.^ New York captaius, and by four hundred of their
men. Few of them really knew that they had actually
signed a declaration that they would obey only the orders
of the Prince of Orange, and not those of the crown of En-
gland. It was, in truth, a thoroughly Dutch movement.
Most of the signers were Hollanders, " a notion being put
in many of tlieir heads that, by a vote of Parliament, all
charters and Privileges were to be restored to all places of
the Dominions, and they be put in the same state as they
were in the year 1660. And by consequence this govern-
ment to be restored to the Dutch ; and therefore no orders
from the authority or crown of England, but only from his
Poyal Highness the Prince of Orange, w^ould serve their
terms." This absurd idea grew out of the inconsequential
resolution of tlie English House of Commons in the pre-
vious March, of which some inkling had reached America.*
3 June. If this idea existed, it was quickly corrected. The same
afternoon, copies of the London Gazette containing the
proclamations of William and Mary of 14 February, for
continuing all " Protestants" in office in England, was re-
ceived in New York. It was not yet known there that, in
obedience to the dispatches brouglit over by Phipps and
addressed to Andros, those sovereigns had been proclaimed
at Boston, and that the English Privy Council had directed
• Col.Doc.,iii.,.'')S4,5SC,594,59e,C30,f)3T-630,GGa, 670; Doc. Hist., ii., 3, 4,9, 66; Col. Rec.
Conn., iii., 466; Hutch.,!., 385, note; N. V. U. S. Coll. (186S), 269, 2S8 ; Smilh, i., 92, 389;
ante, 541.
FRANCIS NICHOLSON, LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 569
that "all persons" in the colonies should retain their offices, chap-xi.
Two days afterward, Philip French, who had come from
England in the same ship -with. Phipps, reached New York, 5 j^^^^ '
and Leisler, who was now really at the head of affairs, ^effJI ^
" made bold" to open and read publicly in the fort all the Leisier.
letters w^hich he had brought addressed to Nicholson, Bay-
ard, and Van Cortlandt.*
Had Nicholson been equal to his position, he might have
saved New York and her Dutch king from much trouble.
But the lieutenant governor was a regular parade soldier. Nicholson's
Without the directing mind of Andros, he shrunk into in-
significance. His resident counselors were provincial gen-
tlemen, conservative, and disliking public broils. Such con-
troversies generally benefit impudent oflicials, who, if their
schemes turn out well, make fortunes out of the plunder
of their fellow-citizens. Such antagonism Nicholson and
his advisers wished to avoid ; but they had not the energy
and skill to cope with the occasion, and so, by mere imbe-
cility, they lost their opportunity, and left a \T.ilgar, vigor-
ous, and despotic usurper master of the field.
Leisler's proceedings at New York were quickly commu-
.nicated to the leading insurgents in Connecticut, her next
colonial neighbor. The German captain now in command t June.
of Fort James wrote to Major Nathan Gold, at Fairfield, cut appii-
that he wanted to have " one trusted man sent to procure ^
in England some privileges," and, assuming to speak for
New York, he added, " I wish we may have part in your
charter, being, as I understand, in the latitude." This was
just such a display of folly as an ignorant demagogue would
exliibit. It w^as followed by an address of " the militia and Leisier-s
other inhabitants" of New York to William and Mary, which wiiifam."
gave " a tedious, incorrect, ill-drawn" narrative of recent
provincial events, and promised entire submission to their
majesties' pleasure. The address was signed by Captains
Leisler, De Peyster, Lodwyck, De Bruyn, and Stuyvesant,
their colleague Min\'ielle having declined to act further
with them, and obtained his discharge from Nicholson,
Copies of the address and other papers were sent to some 11 June.
• Col. Doc, Hi , 5S3, 5S4, 5S6-5SS, 595, T20 ; iv., 396 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 4 ; Chalmers's Ann.,
i.. 4r.o : ii., 28, 37; N. Y. U. S. Coll. (186S;, 20, 3T, 269 ; Hutch., i., 3ST, 397 ; Wood, 110; ante,
539,555.
570 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF KEW YORK
cuAr. XI. Dutch mercliants in London, who were asked to deliver it
to the king, and put in " a seasonable word" if they could.*
loo J. After Leisler and his adherents took possession of Fort
James, the lieutenant governor lodged at the house of Coun-
selor Phillipse, and kept up the show of his authority, whicli
a little timely vigor would have secured. If, wlien he re-
ceived the London Gazette announcing the accession of
"William and Mary, IS^icholson had at once proclaimed them
king and queen in New York, official forms might have
been violated, but much provincial trouble would have been
avoided. He knew that those sovereigns had been pro-
claimed at Boston on the arrival of Phipps with the Pri\-y
Council's dispatches for Andros. But Nicholson was a fair
example of a straightforward English official bomid by
"red tape." He had no instructions fi'om his immediate
chief, and would not act without them. Subordinate to the
imprisoned Andros, and hampered, perhaps, by his conserv-
ative provincial advisers, Nicholson did not dare to take the
bold steps which the unfettered Leisler trod. Upon these
steps the fortunes of New York were for some time to de-
6 June. pend. The lieutenant governor unwisely determined to go
res'oiveTto to England, " to render an account of the present deplor-.
York.^^"^ able state of affairs here." In the mean time, he deputed
Counselors PhilHpse, Van Cortlandt, and Bayard " to pre-
serve the peace during his absence, and until his Majesty's
10 June, pleasure should be known." These three counselors wrote
I ettcr of
the New by him to Secretary Shrewsbury that news had come to
cu to th^' New York from Barbadoes and Boston of the proclamation
goTera- of William and Mary in England, and that they " were in
™^'*'' daily hopes to be so happy as to receive the suitable orders
for to observe the same solemnities here. But before we
could be made partakers of those our happy desires, it has
come to pass that, by the means and ill contrivances of some
disaffected and dangerous persons, all manner of govern-
ment is totally overthrown here, in like manner as to tliat
of Boston." And they expressed their belief " that although
orders from his now Majesty should arrive for the contin-
umg of the persons formerly entrusted in the Government,
that no such orders would be obeyed." Several confirma-
• Col. Doc., Hi., 5S3, 5S4, .W.";, COO, 670; Doc. Hist., ii., 3, 4, 0 ; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 406, 467 ;
Smith, i., 92 ; N. Y. U. S. Coll. (ISGS), 270, 271, 290, 291.
FRANCIS NICHOLSON, LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 571
toiy documents accompanied this letter, among others a chap.xi,
Latin certificate by Domine Selyns and his Consistory, of
the good standing of Counselors Yan Cortlandt and Bay- j^ j^^^ '
ard in the Reformed Dutch Church. Innis, the Episcopa- innia.
lian chaplain at Fort James, also provided himself with the
attestation of the Dutch and French ministers at New York
of his being a good Protestant, and accompanied Nicholson
to England. But feeling ran so strong that they were re-
fused a passage by the captains of the ships which carried
out the papers sent by Leisler, Nicholson therefore bought
a share in Dongan's brigantine, in which he had returned
from sea, and after some delay set sail for London. Don- 24 June,
gan, however, having suffered from sea-sickness, determined
to remain for the present in New York.*
Nicholson's desertion of his post gave Leisler an unex-
pected advantage. Assuming the lead, the bold German 12 june.
captain invited each of the counties and neighboring towns sumerthe
to send two delegates to New York on the 26th of June, '°'^'"'''"^'
to form " a Committee of Safety," as well as two men from
each to guard the fort, the name of which was now changed
again from " James" to " William," which it had borne in
1673. Leisler also tried to put out of office the Roman
Catholic collector Plowman, to whom he was obliged to
pay duties on his imported liquors, but his colleague-cap-
tains would not help him in this personal spite. Finding le June,
that Leisler answered all objections with " What, do you
talk of law ? the sword must now rule," and declared that
all commissions under the authority of James the Second
" were utterly void," the city magistrates prudently " re-
solved to be passive."!
Connecticut having now proclaimed William and Marj-, 13 june.
appointed Gold and Fitch to go to New York and give such ofconnX
advice and promise such assistance as might be necessary. *"'"'•
Secretary Allyn also advised that no Roman Catholic be
allowed to enter the fort, or keep arms within the city or
government of New York. Learning that the Connecticut
messengers were expected,yan Cortlandt and Bayard, with
others, went to meet them at Colonel Morris's house, in 20 June.
• Col. Doc, iii., 3S3, 542, 585, 5S6, 5SS, 505, 599, 013, 615, 616, 61S, 630, 60T, 649, 655, 669,
675, T31 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 3, 18, 3S ; Hutch., i., 38T ; Chalmers, i., 431 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll. (1S6S),
270-2T2, 2SS-292 ; Smith, i., 93 ; Wood, 105 ; ante, 555.
t Col. Doc, iii., 600, 614, 641, 6T1 ; Doc Hist., ii., 3, 4 ; Wood, 105, 110 ; ante, 559.
572 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cnxp. XI. "Westchester ; but Gold and Fitch went directly on to the
fort, and gave Leisler a copy of the printed English proc-
"ijunT' l^ni^tion of the accession of William and Mary. The next
22 June, moming, Mayor Van Cortlandt and his fellow-counselors
asked the Connecticut delegates for their papers, so that the
king and queen might be proclaimed in the city "with such
honor and splendor as the occasion required." But Gold
and Fitch replied that they had come " to the persons that
had the fort in custody," and that they had already confer-
wiiiiam red with Leisler. A little while afterward the drum was
proclaimed bcatcn, aud the king and queen were proclaimed by the Ger-
York.^ uian captain in the fort "in the most meanest manner."
In the afternoon, Leisler, with Lodwyck, De Bruyn, and Do
Peyster, and their companies, marched from the fort to the
City Hall, where the proclamation was repeated " with all
the demonstrations of joy and affection they were capable
of." Mayor Van' Cortlandt, and his associate counselors
Bayard and Phillipse, all of them Dutch gentlemen of New
York, and well disposed toward William and Mary of Or-
ange, were thus made to appear more lukewarm than Leis-
ler's followers. A fire, timely discovered in the turret of
the church in the fort, under which the powder was stored,
was charged by Leisler as " a papistical design," and added
to the excitement of the eventful day.*
And so Leisler prevented the royal counselors in New
York, who represented English sovereignty, from proclaim-
ing William and Mary as they desired. Yet he failed in
Leisier'a ouc important point. Lie did not publish the royal procla-
mation of the fourteenth of February, which confirmed all
Protestant English ofiicers in their places. It was not then
known in -New York that on the nineteenth of February
all persons were confirmed in their offices in the English
colonies ; but Mayor Van Cortlandt, having received a copy,
24 June, couveued the municipal authorities at the City Hall, and
published the royal proclamation continuing " all Protest-
ants" in office. This made Leisler very angry, for.it con-
firmed the authority of Phillipse, Van Cortlandt, and Bay-
ard, all of whom were members and some of them officers
of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church. So he charged
• Col. Doe., iii., 5Sn, .505, COl, 014-61", 641, 6T1, 73S, 704 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 10, 19, 245; CoL
Kec. Conn., iii., 253, 255, 467, 46S ; TrunabuU, i., 377, 37S.
FRANCIS NICHOLSON, LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 573
that all magistrates who would not join with him were " Po- odap. xi.
pishly affected." On the other hand, the Dutch royal coun-
selors and their friends likened the German Leisler to the
Italian Masaniello, and declared that " not one Papist, or
popishly affected, throughout tliis their Majesty's Province,
were in commission of the Peace, and that many whom he
hath thus wickedly scandalized have always been of far
greater reputation both in Church and State than himself."
The next day the acting counselors removed the Roman 25 June.
Catholic collector Plowman, and appointed Counselor Bay-
ard, Alderman Richards, with Thomas Wenham and John
Haynes, merchants, to act in his stead as " Commissioners
of the Customs" until other orders from England. Leisler, Leisier's
however, came with armed men and forcibly drove them
out of the custom-house, in which he installed Peter de la
Noy as collector. Bayard, the especial object of Leisier's
rage, was obliged to escape secretly to Albany.'^ 23 June.
In the mean time, some of the counties and towns, in Leisier
compliance with Leisier's invitation, had chosen delegates convea-
to a Convention. Brooklyn, Flatbush, Flushing, Newtown,
Staten Island, Orange, Westchester, and Essex in New Jer-
sey, each sent two, while New York was represented by Pe-
ter de la Noy and Samuel Edsall. The delegates were " the
greatest Oliverians in the Government," some of whom
openly declared that " there had been no legal king in En-
gland since Oliver's days." Not a third of the inhabitants
of the province "'condescended" to vote. Most of the
towns in Queens and New Jersey, and all in Suffolk, Ul- 20 June.
ster, and Albany, would " not meddle themselves." The ster°Lnd^''
people of Suffolk county not only refused, but asked Con- wilfnot
necticut to take them under her jurisdiction, because, after ™^'^*^'^;
observing Leisier's conduct in seizing the fort, they " dis-
trusted the purity of his motives." Connecticut, however,
resolved to keep safely within her cliarter boundary, and
declined to exercise authority in Long Island.f
At the appointed day, Leisier's Convention met at the 26 June.
• Col. Doc, iii., 596, .598, 602, 603, 604, 608, 609, 617, 641, 642, 061, 668, 671, 672; Doc. Hist.,
ii., 245, 246; Sylvius, xxvii., 29; a»i<e, 539, 540.
t Col. Doc., Hi., 537, 617; Wood's Long IsL^nd, 105, 106, 110 ; Thompson, i., 164; Smith,
i., 42, 6S, 95. The towns in Sufifollc county sent a " representation" to Connecticut at thia
time, of which Smith speaks with personal knowledge. I have endeavored to recover it,
but neither Mr. Trumbull nor Mr. Hoadley, of Connecticut, to whom I applied, have been
able to find a copy. Compare N. Y. H. S. Coll. (1S6'0, 241-243.
574 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK.
cuAP.xr. fort ill New York. It had not, and could not have, any
proper authority. The Connecticut agents, Gold and Fitch,
Lci«ier'8 ^^ ^ pompous letter, offered their advice, and promised that
Convention i]^q orovemment at Hartford would assist Leisler and his
meets. o
friends, if necessary. Two of the delegates, of " a clearer
discerning than the rest, perceiving that the main drift was
to set up Leisler and make liim commander in chief," with-
drew after the first meeting. The remaining ten, Richard
Denton, Tennis Roelofse, Jean de Marest, Daniel de Klercke,
Johannes Yermilye, Samuel Edsall, Peter de Lanoy, Mathias
27 June. Harvoy, Thomas AVilliams, and William Lawrence, formed
teT-Gou- themselves into a " Committee of Safety." Abraham Gou-
Iiert:!"' "^ verneur was chosen to be its clerk, and a record of its pro-
28 June, ccediugs was begun. The next day the ten members of
tain of the the committce signed a commission appointing Leisler to
be " Captain of the Fort at New York 'till orders shall come
from their Majesties, and that the said Captain Jacob Leis-
ler shall have all aid and assistance, if need be and demand-
ed by him, from city and county, to suppress any foreign
enemy and prevent all disorders which evidently may ap-
pear."
The parentage of this document is obvious. It is said
to have been signed under a threat of Leisler that, " unless
they had made him soo, he would have departed the place
in one of his vessels, and turned privateering." Yet it
served as a pretext for the fraudulent authority which Leis-
i-eisier ler uow usurpcd. He cleared vessels * as " Captain of the
thority. ' Fort." He seized the public money and organized a com-
pany of soldiers, of which he made Churcher lieutenant,
and Stoll, the " Dram-man," ensign and commissary. To
this band Connecticut contributed ten men ; and she also
sent two camion from New Haven to strengthen the fort
at New York. A new semicircular battery, for some time
Half Moon, kuowu as " Lcislcr's Half Moon," was soon aftei-ward built
" behind the Fort, upon the flat rock to tlie westward."*
Thus passed away a summer's month in tolerable quiet
at New York. The city was now under a military despot-
ism, " the people being overawed by the strength of the
• Col. Doc., ill., 5S9, 590, 50G-59S, 604, COS, 609,'615, 61T, 620, 630, 643, 6W, 670; iv., C21 ;
Doc. Hist., ii., 5, 7, 10, 11, 13. 15, 18, 230, 246 ; Col. Rec. Conn., iii., 255, 467, 463 ; Conn. Min-
utec, i.x., 171, 174 ; Wood, 105, 100, 110 ; Thompson, i., 164 ; Smith, i., 42, 68, 95 ; Miller's
Map, 1695 ; Riker's Newtown, 117 ; N. Y. II. S. CoU. (1S6S), 293, 294.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING COMMANDER. 575
Fort." An actual dictator, Leislcr sent out his Sergeant chap. xi.
StoU " to disarm the papists ;" and all were counted as " Pa-
pists" who would not recognize the German captain. Fear-
ing that the populace " would hale the magistrates by the
leggs from the Town Hall," the Mayor's Court of New
York adjourned for a month. Bayard had already retired 2 juiy.^
to Albany, and his two colleagues, Phillipse and Van Cort- dlspousm.
landt, could do no more as royal counselors than to write 5 August.
to Blathwayte, the secretary of the Plantation Committee,
that " all is in a confusion." As none of the city magis-
trates would administer the oaths of allegiance in the fort,
Leisler was obliged to send for Gerardus Beekman, a Long
Island justice, to perform that service. Word now came
that Andros had escaped from his prison at Boston to Phode 2 August.
Island, and that Dongan had landed at New London to join
him there, " with a design to sell Martin's Vineyard." Tliis
made Leisler jealous of " a bad design," and MacGregorie,
who had just returned to New York, "to requite Dongan
for his favors," offered to go with a guard and bring him a
prisoner to the fort. Andros, however, was soon retaken,
and carried back to his prison near Boston. Meanwhile
four Cambridge " scholars" came with Perry, the postman,
across the Brooklyn ferry, and knowing only BrockhoUs and
Lockhart, who had served in Maine, Leisler chose to sus-
pect them as " Papists." They were accordingly arrested ; ic August.
their letters were seized and examined ; the drums beat an "°chXi=«
alarm, and in a short time over four hundred of Leisler's ^"^' ^
adherents appeared " courageously in arms." Several prom-
inent citizens, disaffected toward Leisler, were arrested and
imprisoned without warrant ; but the traveling students from
Boston, being soon found to be "honest men," were re-
leased, and the train-bands were dismissed. The ten mem-
bers of Leisler's " Committee of Safety," under his inspira-
tion, seized the opportunity to take a bold step. They sign- le August.
ed and sealed a commission declaring that, " it being un- commis-
certain whether the orders shall come from their Majesties, mander-inl
that Captain Jacob Leisler is hereby appointed to exercise toofs. ^ "^
and use the power and authority of a Commander in Chief
of the said Province, to administer such oaths to the peo-
ple, to issue out such warrants, and order such matters as
shall be necessary and requisite to be done for the preser-
576 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
16S9.
Chap. XI. vation and protection of the peace of the inhabitants, tak-
ing always seasonable advice with militia and civil author-
ity, as occasion shall require." ^^"
A more impudent document it would be difficult to find
in the colonial annals of North America. By ten persons,
assuming to represent a few of the tow^l3 near the metrop-
olis, Leisler was invested with dictatorial power over the
province of Kew York. This appointment has been pro-
nounced to be " in its form open to censure." It was much
more : it was totally unjustifiable. No adequate power had
given authority to Leisler's " Committee of Safety," which
assumed to make him the military dictator of New York.
20 August. But Leisler now wrote his own story of affairs to the king
xvriteTto and queen, which, while stating that he had been chosen in
^^ '""""■ June to be " Captain of the Fort" in the metropolis, avoid-
ed any allusion to his absurd commission as " Commander
in Chief" of the whole province of New York. This letter,
with other papers, was sent to London by Leisler's dram-
shop ensign, Stoll, whom Matthew Clarkson, a brother-in-
law of the German demagogue's former colleague. Captain
Lodwyck, accompanied thither.f
25 August. A few days afterward Jacob Milborne returned to Man-
borae.' ' " hattan from Holland, where he had been recently staj'ing.
Milborne had already been notorious in New York affairs,
and in 1687 he had become a partner with the Catholic
Brockholls in commercial ventures, which had obliged him
to go back again to Europe. Milborne's elder brother, Wil-
liam, was a noisy Anabaptist minister in Boston, who had
taken an active part in overthrowing the government of
Andros. Milborne had an " affected, ambiguous way of ex-
pressing himself," and seeing that his old friend Leisler was
now at the head of affairs in New York, Milborne at once
Miiiiorne'a entered cordially into his views. The English Revolution,
Milborne suggested, was a full justification of all that had
been done in New York. To all objectors it was now
answered, " By what law, warrant or cbmmission, did the
Prince of Orange go into England, and act as he hath done ?
• Col. Doc, iii., 69G, COS-CIO, 013-618, C'20, G72, fiT3, T64 ; iv., 213, 214 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 6,
14,15, IC, 19; Hutch.,!., 392, 393; Barry, i., 519; Bancroft, Hi., 52 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll. (ISGS),
295, 296.
t Col. Doc, iii., G09-61S, 629, 630 ; iv., 213, 214; Doc Hist., ii., 16, 230; Smith, i., 92;
Chalmcra'd P.ev. Col., i., 213 ; Bancroft, iii., 52 ; N. Y. II. S. Coll. (ISGS , 29T, 29S.
bad advice.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING COMMANDER. 577
And how do you think King "William can take that amiss chap. xl
in ns, who have only followed his example ?" Abraham "
Gouverneur, the youthful clerk of the Committee of Safe- -'■"'^*^*
ty, not to be outdone, declared that "Leisler had carried the
Government of New York by the Sword, and had the same
right to it as King William had to the Crown."*
If New York had then been an independent sovereignty,
as England was, the comparison would have been fair. But
colonial New York did not resemble sovereign England ;
nor was the German captain, Jacob Leisler, the counterpart Fallacy of
of the Dutch William of Orange. Orders from England,
which had been sent to, but witliheld from, Andros at Bos-
ton, were anxiously expected in New York ; and the ab-
sence of those orders gave a rare opportunity to a political
mountebank, of which Leisler did not fail to take advan-
tage.
Under the inspiration of Milborne — and ignorant that
William had confirmed " all" colonial officials, Protestant
or Catholic, in their places — Leisler now ordered the sever- September.
al counties in the province to elect civil and military offi-
cers. " Some counties accordingly did, by the appearance
of small numbers, turn out the Justices of the Peace, and
military officers, and chose new ; a method never formerly
allowed of." Most of the counties disregarded Leisler'a
order ; and in those in which elections were held, none but
his own partisans were chosen. A faction was thus repre-
sented— not the people of New York, It was indispensa-
ble to Leisler's success that the metropolitan city should be
under his control. Dongan's charter had appointed the
Eeast of Saint Michael the Archangel, or Michael-mas, as
the time to choose its aldermen and Common Council. On
that day the city wards all voted, and Leisler succeeded, 29 sept.
" right or wrong," in returning his son-in-law, Kobert Wal- m^sin'
ters, as an alderman. The charter, however, required that ^^"^^^^^
the mayor and sheriff of the city should be annually ap-
pointed by the governor and council, and the clerk by the
governor, and that they were to remain in office until oth-
ers should be duly appointed in their places. The Com-
• Col.MSS., XXXV., 170,100-207 ; xxxvi., 2S ; Col.Doc., iii., 301, 5S2, 621, 674, 6S0, 727, 755;
iv., 621 ; Doc. Hist., iL, 42 ; iii., 527-5n0 ; Dunlap, i., 156 ; ante, 196, iiote, 300, 321, 356. Mil-
borne was not at this time " Leisler'a son-in-law." He was not married to Mary Leisler
until 3 February, 1G31 : Pass Book, iv. , 71 ; post, 625, note,
IL— O o
578 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. XI. niittee of Safety, however, ordered " all the Protestant free-
holders" in the city to elect these oflScers. An election was
October. ' accordingly held, at which " none but about 70 or 80" per-
fhJrtS^ sons voted ; and Peter de la Noy was returned as mayor,
New Yor^ Jolianncs Johnson sheriff, and Abraham Gouverneur clerk
— all devoted to Leisler. If the fi'anchise had not been re-
stricted to " Protestant freeholders," this election by a very
small minority might be said to have been the first choice
of a mayor of the city of New York by its people. But
14 October. Lcislcr's farcG was not a popular election. On the birth-
day of James the Second, as required by Dongan's charter,
Leisler issued a proclamation confirming the persons so
elected in their several offices. It was a curious inconsis-
tency that he should thus have scrupulously observed that
charter in regard to its two marked days — the Catholic
feast of Michaelmas and the birthday of James the Sec-
ond— while he violated it otherwise. But Leisler's los^ic
was veiy peculiar. His object was to gain power by any
means. Accordingly, he endeavored to imprison Mayor
16 October. Yan Cortlandt, who was obliged to fly privately out of the
city, while his wife, " the Mayoress," was insulted in her
own house by Leisler's rude followers, who came to demand
the municipal records and seal.*
Feeling himself secure in the metropolis, where he had
strengthened Fort "William with supplies of powder from
Burlington and Philadelphia, Leisler burned to extend his
sway over the other counties which had refused to recog-
Leisier at- nizc liis assumcd authority. Albany, the only other city in
ba"y!^ " the province, and its neighborhood, had long been controlled
by a few prominent persons who now held office under Don-
gan's charter of 1G86. Schuyler, the mayor of Albany, and
his brother-in-law, Livingston, its clerk, and Wessels, its re-
corder, Avere appointed by the governor ; while its alder-
men,'Wendell,Bleecker,Yan Schaick, and others, were elect-
ed by the citizens, as in Kew York. Most of the Albany
officers were Hollanders; Livingston, the clerk, was a
Scotchman, and Pretty, the sheriff, an Englishman. They
were all Protestants, and most of them were members of
• Col. Doc. iii., 620, 645, 655, 65T, 674, 675, 684 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 21 ; Minutes of N. Y. Com-
mon Council, i., .S36, 344-347 ; V.nl. Man., 1S50, 201, 239, 486 ; 1S5S, 19, 20; Dunlap, i., 156,
157 ; ante, 438, 540. Cornelius W. Lawrence was the first citizen who was elected mayor of
the metropolis by its people in 1S34.
JACOB LEISLEE, ACTING COMMANDER. 579
tlie Reformed Dutch Church, of which Schaats and Del- chap. xi.
lius were the colleoriate domines. None of them were at ~7777~
• 1689
all " popishly inclined." When the news of the landing ^p^.^
of the Prince of Orange reached Albany, the inhabitants,
being generally Dutch, were overjoyed at the prospect of
his becoming king. But Livingston, who owed much of
his estate to ojfficial emoluments, dreaded the idea of a
change, and, lilve Nicholson at New York, openly declared
that the prince was at the head of " a parcell of rebells,"
and would "come to the same end as Monmouth did."*
Connecticut now sent Captain Jonathan Bull, of Hart- is May.
ford, " to enquire how matters stand between them of Al- conAecti-
bany and the Indians." Bull was invited to meet the offi-
cers and magistrates, who were all " inquisitive for news ;"
but as he did not wish to speak freely before Baxter, the
commandant of the fort, who was an avowed papist, he
showed his " printed papers," containing the prince's dec-
larations, first to Captain Bleecker, who did not agree with Bieecker
Mayor Schuyler in keeping " all intelligence from the peo- \er. ''^"^'
pie." The next day being Sunday, the news was generally lo May.
known, and Baxter went down to New York, leaving the
fort in charge of the Albany city officers. Bull then visit-
ed Schenectady, where the people were "much rejoiced
with the news." A few days afterward he was present in 24 May. •
the Albany Court-house, at a conference with the Mohawks,
who renewed the old covenant chain, and, on hearing the
news of the revolution in England, promised " neither to
speak with the French, nor hear the French speak to them."
At the same time, they showed their preference for the
Dutch over the English. Addressing the Albany officers,
they said, " We hear a Dutch prince reigns now in En-
gland ; why do you suffer the English soldiers to remain in
the Fort ? Put all the English out of the town. When the
Dutch held this country long ago, we lay in their houses ;
but the English have always made us lie without doors."
The next month the Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas, and 2t June.
Oneidas came to Albany and renewed the " old cov^enant"
which was first made many years ago with Jaques Eelkens,
" who came with a ship into their river. Then we first be-
* Doc. Hi3t.,ii.,23, 35, 114, 115, 116; Col. Doc.,iii.,T4T; MunselI,iL,72,92, 100; N.Y.H.
S. Proc. , 1846, 104 ; Dunlap, i. , 1 G4 ; ante, 619.
5 so HISTORY OF THE STATE OF KEW YORK.
Chap. XL came Brethren," they said, " and continued so 'till last fall,
that Sir Edmund Andros came and made a new chain, by
Theoid calling US Children. But let us stick to the old chain,
Dutch -which has continued from the first time it was made, by
'•• cove- _ " •'
nant" with which we became Brethren, and have ever since always be-
qiiois. havedassuch. Virginia, Maryland, and New England have
been taken into this silver chain, with which our friendship
is locked fast. "We are now come to make the chain clear
and bright."*
The city of At tliis time the city of Albany was not much more than
a large stockaded village, of which the two chief streets
crossed each other at right angles. The one, " Handelaer's
Straat," or Market Street, ran nearly north and south, skirt-
ing the river, proverbially apt to overflow its banks in times
of great flood. The other, running about east and west, a
little way up a steep hill, was called "Yonkheer's Straat,"
now known as State Street. About half way up tlie hill
stood the fort, just outside one of the city gates, of which
there were six. Albany had no large foreign commerce
like New York, but she was the centre of the great internal
trafiic of the province with the native savages. Her im-
portance was only second to that of the metropolis, and her
magistrates always maintained their ofiicial dignity. As
1 July. soon as they received from New York a copy of the proc-
lamation, they formed the citizens in a procession and
marched np to the fort, where "William and Mary " were
proclaimed in solemn manner in English and Dutch," and
the guns were joyfully fired. The ceremony was repeated
at the City Hall, and " the night concluded with the ring-
ing of the bell, bon fires, fire works, and all other demon-
strations of joy."t
5 July. A few days afterward Bayard arrived at Albany, and
A^ny."' " found most part of the inhabitants inclined to peace and
quietness, and to maintain their civil government 'till or-
ders do arrive from their Majesties." Leisler had endeav-
ored to gain over the people of Albany and Ulster, and
threatened to bring some of their magistrates prisoners to
• Col. Doc, iii., 55!), 5G0, 592, 593, 599, G45, 775; iv., 902; Golden, i.. 100, 10], 105, l.',2 ;
Col. RccConn., iii., 460-463 ; Munsell, ii., 106, 107 ; ante, vol. i., IS, 42, .55, 6T, SI, SS, 146, 152,
229-231, 246 ; vol. ii., 61S, 562. Colden, being an inveterate Scotchman, could never get rid
of acrimony when speakinp; of the Albany Dutch.
t Doc. Ili3t.,ii.,5; Munsell, ii., 63,108; iii., 39; iv.,200.
1689.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING COMMANDER. 581
"New York. But those counties disapproved of the " mu- cuap. xi.
tinous proceedings" at New York, and agreed to remain
steady, and maintain their local governments pursuant to
the king's proclamation of 14 February. The Albany mag-
istrates declared " that they were not in any wise subordi-
nate to the city of New York, nor the power then exercised
therein."*
A convention of civil and military officers was now held i August.
at Albany, at which it was " Resolved that all public affairs conveu-
for the preservation of their Majesties interest in this city
be managed by the Mayor, Aldermen, Justices of the Peace,
Commission Officers and Assistants of this city and county,
until orders shall come from their most Sacred Majesties."
In taking this position, Albany, under her regular officers,
was surely as justifiable as was the metropolis under Leis-
ler. It was also resolved that, as there was news of a war
between England and France, " the gentlemen now met at
this Convention do each bring a gim, with half a pound of
powder, and ball equivalent, to be hung up in the Church,
in the space of three days ; and that the traders and other
inhabitants be persuaded to do the same, to make up the
number of Fifty, to be made use of upon occasion." As
some of the citizens, alarmed at the rumor of a French at-
tack, were preparing to leave Albany, by which " bad ex-
ample of such timorous and cowardly people, others will be
discouraged to stay and defend their Majesties interests in
this frontier part of the Province, and forasmuch as there
is no settled government for the present in this Province,"
the Convention ordered that no able-bodied inhabitant t August.
should leave the county for the next three months without
a pass from a justice of the peace. News of what the
French and Indians had just done in Pemaquid was now
published, so that all might " be upon their guard." The 21 August.
Onondagas having sent an ambassador with an account of soothedf '^''
what had lately happened in Canada, the Convention ad-
vised their " Brethren" not to be " imposed on by the idle 23 August,
and nonsensical speeches of the Governor of Canada," and
desired them to send to Albany some Iroquois sachems and
warriors, " whose feet shall be well greased."t
• Col. Doc, iii., 500, 508, 509, 604, 620, 645, 748 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 38.
+ Doc. Hist., ii., 11-13, 46-50; Dunlap,l,15S; Munsell,ii.,108,109.
582 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chat. XI. The news from New England and Canada was, indeed,
' startling- enouo-h. Instio-ated by Denonville, the Abena-
"1 ACQ o o o c/ 7
quis, or Onoganques, and the Panococks, or Ouragees, had
surprised Dover, in New Hampshire, and afterward Pema-
quid, in Maine, whence the garrisons established by the mil-
itary prudence of Andros had been withdrawn by the self-
ish jealousy of Massachusetts insurgents. The New En-
gland colonies were filled with apprehension, which was in-
The Abe- crcascd whcn they learned that the Abenaquis had tried to
iTew Yolk persuade the New York Iroquois and Schagtacooks to " take
Indians. ^^ ^-^^ ^^^ ^^^j^ them agaiust all the Christians on this Con-
tinent." It was the unconquerable desire of the native red
American to avenge the injustice of white European in-
vaders of his territory. Of this injustice New England was
peculiarly guilty. New York had always treated her abo-
sympa- rigines kindly. The Iroquois naturally swung toward their
Iroquois. *^ genial friends. By the same impulse they became the bit-
ter enemies of the French Canadians, whose governor had
sent some of their most stalwart warriors in chains to row
with felons and long-suffering Huguenots in the galleys of
Marseilles. And so they besieged Fort Frontenac, where
Denonville had treacherously seized their countrymen. Fa-
ther Millet, who had been recalled from Niagara, was chap-
lain of the French post. Lured outside of its walls, he was
taken prisoner and carried to Oneida, where he had former-
ly ministered. Saved from death by a Christian squaw, he
was named Genherontatie, or " the dead who walks," and
adopted as a brother by Gannasatrion, or Tareha. Soon
Millet an afterward Millet was naturalized as an Oneida Iroquois,
chem." ^^' and made a sachem in place of their deceased Otassetd.*
These events were followed by tlie severest blow that
Canada had yet felt. During the spring and summer De-
nonville had remained ignorant of the purposes of the Iro-
quois, as well as of those of his king. Callitires was in
France, and there was a general want of vigilance and sub-
ordination among the Canadians, Unconscious of dan-
ger, Denonville had gone, with his wife, from Quebec to
Montreal. In the gray of a summer morning, after a tem-
• Col. Doc, iii., 610, 611, 621, 714, 724, 783 ; iv., 349 ; ix., 3ST, 440, 665 ; Charlevoix, ii., 345,
415-410 ; Hutch., i., 396 ; Belknap, i., 19S-206 ; La Potherie, iii., 24S ; Colden, i., 60, 101, 110,
119,1S,S; .'^hea'.f Mission?, 277, 319, 325; Garnc.iu, i., 305; Bell, i., 322; Williamson, i., 590-
695 ; Millet's letter of 6 July, 1691, 9-49 ; antc^ -!01, 442.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING COMMANDER. 583
pest of hail and rain, fifteen hundred Iroquois warriors, who chap. xi.
had quietly traversed Lake Saint Francis, suddenly landed
from their canoes at Lachine, the upper end of Montreal ^^ j^j '
Island. Most of the inhabi^nts were asleep; the men 5 August.
were killed at once, the women and children with greater quois rav-
deliberation and cruelty. In an hour two hundred French cfLef "
colonists perished, and all the houses in Lachine were burn-
ed. Montreal, only three leagues off, in consternation await-
ed an attack. French parties were sent out, and defeated
or captured. At length the Iroquois retired, after losing
only thirteen warriors, and ravaging nearly all the island of
Montreal, and killing a thousand French Canadians."-'
Denonville was almost stupefied by this terrible calami-
ty. Most of the " praying Iroquois" at the Falls of Saint
Louis and the Prairie de la Madeleine retreated to Mon-
treal. The victorious warriors sent " very insolent proposi-
tions" to Denonville for the demolition of Fort Frontenac,
and he accordingly ordered it to be evacuated and blown Denonviiie
up. The order was obeyed ; a slow match was put in a Frontenac <
mine under the bastions ; three French barks on Lake On- moiTsife^d.
tario were burned ; and Yalrennes, with his garrison, went
down the rapids of the Saint Lawrence to Montreal. But
the match in the mine went out, and the Iroquois soon took
possession of the deserted fort, where they found a great
quantit}' of powder and other French property worth twen-
ty thousand crowns.-f-
Tlie news from Canada caused great anxiety in Albany,
where every effort was made to keep the Iroquois friendly.
The near Mohawks asked and were granted assistance of 2 sept. ■
men and horses to draw the heaviest logs for stockading
their " new castle- of Tionondage, which they removed an
English mile higher up." An express was also " sent down 4 sept.
to Captain Leisler and the rest of the militia oflScers of the and«ie
City and County of New York" for help of men, money, ^'°'^"°^-
and ammunition "for the securing of their Majesty's fort
* Col. Doc, ix., 429, 431, 432, 434, 435 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxv., 212 ; La Hontan, i., 193,
194; La Potherie, ii., 229 ; iil., 53 ; Gameau, i., 2T2-2T4 ; Bell, i., 295-297 ; ante, 520. Char-
levoix, ii. , 403, errs in stating this attack on Lachine to have been made on the 25th (in-
stead of the 5th) of August; and Golden, i., 91 (whom Smith follows, i., 88), blunders still
more, antedating it in 1688.
t Col. Doc, ix., 436-438, 441, 441, 454; Charlevoix, ii., 406-409; La Hontan, i., 105; Que-
bec Slss. (ii. ), v., 28 ; Golden, i., 92 ; Documentary History, ii., 77, 78 ; Millet's letter of 6
July, 1631, p. 45.
5S4
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CiiAr. XI.
1689.
IT Sept,
Leisler,
Wendell,
and
Bleecker.
23 Sept.
4 Sept.
New En-
gland
agents at
Albany.
23 Sept.
24 Sept.
25 Sept.
The action
of the Iro-
quois.
and the out plantations of this County." But the German
captain in New York would not recognize the Albany Con-
vention. The messenger reported that Leisler said " he had
nothing to do with the civil power ; he was a soldier, and
would write to a soldier." Accordingly, he addressed a let-
ter to Captains Wendell and Bleecker, declining to send
men or money to Albany, and desiring them to " induce the
common people to send two men to assist them in their
Committee." Finding that Leisler was playing demagogue,
and would not assist them, the Albany Convention raised
money, sent down to the Esopus Indians on the river, and
also wrote to Massachusetts and Connecticut, asking each
to send one hundred men " to be in garrison here this win-
ter, to secure their Majesties Fort and the frontiers of this
Coimty against the French or their Praying Indians."*
Meanwhile Pynchon, with Savage, Belcher, and Bull, had
visited Albany as agents of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and
Connecticut, to engage the Iroquois against the Eastern sav-
ages, and were " kindly treated by the gentlemen there,"
who quickly summoned the Five Nations to a conference.
But the New England agents failed in their endeavor to
commit the Iroquois delegates to a war with the Abenaquis
and Panococks. The Mohawk orator Tahajadoris, in an
adroit speech, declined to attack the Eastern savages, who
had done the Five Nations no harm, and desired their
" Brethren of the three colonies" to send men for the se-
curity of Albany against the French, where " the Christians
have victuals enough for their entertainment." The next
day, at a private conference, the Iroquois delegates assured
the Albany officers that, " if the French shall attempt any
thing this way, all the five nations will come to your as-
sistance ; for our Brethren and we are but one, and we will
live and die together. We have desired a hundred men of
our Brethren of Boston to assist us here, because this place
is most exposed." And they all joined in singing, and cry-
ing out " Courage ! courage !"t
On the return of the New England agents, Secretary Al-
• Doc. Hist., ii., 19, 20, 50-55, 88; Munaell, ii., IDS; Dunlap, i., 15S; Mass. II. S. Coll.,
XXXV., 212,217,218; anfc, 287, 517.
t Doc. Hist., ii., 19, 51; Col. Doc, iii., Cll, 621; Coldcn, I., 106-111 ; Smith, i., 90, 100;
Plymouth Records, vl., 213 ; Mass. II. S. Coll., xxxv., 205, 212, 217, 218. Millet's letter of 6
July, ICOl, 40-45, gives an interesting account of what happened at Oneida when the Albany
mcBsengers came to eummon that nation to the conference.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING COMMANDER. 585 •
lyn, of Connecticut, notified Leisler that the ten soldiers of cuap. xi.
that colony doing duty in New York would be transferred to •
Albany. Governor Treat also wrote to the Albany Conven- j^ October.
tion that eighty Connecticut soldiers would be sent there, ^^ 0*='°^^^-
under Captain BuU, if the Convention would pay the wages
of the commissioned officers. This was agreed to, " Pro- 24 October.
vided they be under the command and obey such orders cut in favor
and instructions as they shall receive from time to time ** ^°^"
from the Convention of this City and County ;" and Cap-
tains Yan Eensselaer and Teunise were sent to return 25 October.
" hearty thanks" to Connecticut. But Massachusetts, plead-
ing " their present circumstances of things," declined to as-
sist Albany.*
On the day appointed in its charter, the city of Albany
duly installed its aldermen and other municipal officers, at 14 October.
Albany of-
least as regularly as New York had done. Lieutenant ficers in-
Thomas Sharpe, the commandant of the fort, and all his
soldiers, also took oaths of fidelity to William and Mary. 19 October.
To stop the " false aspersions" of Leisler and his friends,
who called them " Jacobites," the civil and miUtary officers
and citizens of Albany also swore allegiance to their new 25 October.
sovereigns. Three out of the four militia captains at Eso- Esopas.
pus declared that they would help Albany in case of need.f
There were now two rival local governments within the Eivai gov:
province of New York. The one was as rightful as the f™New *
other. But the independent attitude of Albany galled the
ambitious German captain, whose few subservient instru-
ments had undertaken, in August, to declare him " com-
mander in chief" of the w^hole province. Leisler therefore
prepared a force of fifty-one men, under the command of
Milbome, to go to Albany and take possession of its fort
for himself. Hearing of this, the Albany Convention,
through Alderman Levinus van Schaick, notified him that 26 October.
they would willingly accept any re-enforcements he might ny Ideas!"
send for the defense of the country, " Provided they be
obedient to, and obey such orders and commands as. they
shall from time to time receive from the Convention ; and
that by no means will they be admitted to have the com-
• Doc. Hist., ii., 20, 21, 55, 50 ; Trumbull, i., 379 ; Mass. U. S. Coll., xxxv., 217, 21S ; N. Y.
II. S. Coll. (18CS), 28, 29, 68.
+ Doc. Hist., ii., 56, 57, 5S ; Munsell, ii., 100, 110 ; Dunlap, i., 159 ; otUc, 439.
•586 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. XI. mand of their Majesties' Fort in this city, which we intend,
by God's assistance, to keep and preserve for the behoof
^^^^- of their Majesties William and Mary." The logic of this
paper was conclusive. By the same right that the " Com-
mittee of Safety" exercised local power in New York,
the " Convention" exercised it in Albany. As to formal
regularity, Albany was perhaps more rightful than New
York. But this made no impression on the infatuated
2s October. Leislcr and his followers. They wrote letters to Albany^
Kinderhook, and Schenectady, urging submission to the
captain in New York; and some of them were stupid
2 Novcm. enough to try to persuade the Dutch freeholders that " all
lands, plantations, houses and lots, which were escheated
since the year 1660, are again restored, by act of Parlia-
20 October, meut." Lcislcr himself declared " that they of Albany
nbaurd dea- sliould bring their charter here, if they have one ;" and
po ism. ^j^^^ Lieutenant Sharpe and Sergeant Rodgers, of its gar-
rison, who had sworn allegiance to William and Mary,
" were Papists." Milborne, who was well " acquainted
with the place and people," where he had formerly lived,
was accordingly dispatched to Albany with three sloops
full of armed men and ammunition.'"
4Noveni. Wlicu the Albany Convention learned from Alderman
Van Schaick that the German demagogue at New York
meant to turn the government of their city "up -side
down," and get possession of their fort, they acted. The
citizens of Albany were summoned " by bell-ringing," and
5 Novem. a declaration was signed that they would not, in this con-
Albany . o ./ 7
acta. junctm*e, suffer " them of New York, or any person else,"
to rule over Albany, of which the Convention was the
" only lawfull authority." " To prevent all jealousies and
animosities," Mayor Peter Schuyler — as thorough a Dutch-
sNovera. man as he was a gentleman — was appointed to the chief
command of the fort, with the loyal Lieutenant Sharpe un-
der him ; and the principal burghers of Albany with great
pomp led Schuyler up the hill to the little fortress, where
he was " with all cheerfulness received by the officers and
soldiers of their Majesties' garrison."!
• r>oc, Ili^t., ii., 14, 15, o.'i, 5T, 50, CO, C3-G7 ; Col. Doc, iii., MO, G4G, C55, C75 ; Smith, i.,
05,90,97; Diinlap, i., 159, IGl; a7i«c, 300, 575, 576.
t Doc l!i3t.,ii., CO, 01, G2, 03; Smith, i., 00 ;. Dunlap, i., 159, 160.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING COMMANDER. 587
The next morning the three sloops sent up from New cuap.xi.
York, under the command of Milborne, were descried at
Albany, anchored near " Martin Gerritsen's Island," a little 9 ^wem '
below the city. Leisler's emissary demanded, and was re- i^''^i^an
fused, admission into the fort, of which Mayor Schuyler was
in command. Milborne then came to the City Hall, where
he harangued the people " in a long oration, with a high
style and language," telling them that all that had been
done in the reign of King James the Second was illegal —
" yea, the charter of Albany was null and void." This ex-
position was characteristic of the demagogues who had just
gained local power in the city of Kew York by a pretend-
ed observance of a similar charter granted by the same
governor. Wessels, the recorder of Albany, quietly an-
swered that " there was no arbitrary power here." The
next day, which was Sunday, " after the second sermon" in 10 Novcm.
the old Dutch church, Milborne appeared before the Con-
vention and produced his commission, signed by Leisler and
his Committee of Safety. Recorder Wessels replied " that
such a commission granted by a company of private men"
in New York was of no force in Albanj^, " but that if he
could show a commission from his Majesty King William,"
he would be willingly obeyed. Milborne then " made a
long oration to the common people which Avere got togeth-
er in the City Hall," condemning all things which had been
done in the reign of King James, especially Dongan's char-
ter to Albany. He was answered " that if all things were Good ren-
null and void which were passed in King James's time, then Albany?
the inhabitants were in a desolate condition," and their
land titles good for nothing ; that there had been " a free
election according to the charter ;" that his only aim was
" to raise mutiny and sedition ;" and that if things were car-
ried on as he would have them, " all would run into confu-
sion with the Indians, and all authority be turned upside
down, as in many parts of the government was done, to
which the Convention by no means could condescend."
Milborne was therefore told " to desist from such discourse,
for that they would dispute no more with him about it,
leaving all 'till a lawful power came, not acknowledging
him to have any."''^
• Doc. Uiat., ii., 63-GS, T2; Col. Doc., iii., C46, G4T; Smith, i., OS; Dunlap, i., Id, 161.
588
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Ca-vp. XL
1689.
11 Novera.
Milborne
attempts a
mob at
Albany.
12 Xovem.
14 Xovem.
Bleecker
and Schuy-
ler oppose
Milborne.
15 Novem.
LeiFler's
etnisHary
hafflpd at
Albany.
Defeated in the Convention, Milborne plied the people
out of dooi-s, about one hundi'ed of whom, chiefly youths
and not freeholders, met tumultuously at the City Hall and
chose Jochim Staats, a lieutenant in Captain Wendell's Al-
bany company, to command the men whom Leisler had
sent from New York. Milborne also wrote to the Conven-
tion that Leisler's ISTew York committee had authorized him
to " order the affairs at Albany." The next day the Con-
vention met at Captain Jan Jansen Bleecker's house, and
refused to accept the men from New York unless they
should be under the command of the Convention. Mayor
Schuyler also explained to the burghers at the City Hall
tlie reasons why he had seized the fort, which were to de-
feat Leisler's design " to make an absolute change of gov-
ernment, to carry some persons prisoners to New York, and
so to make a general disturbance among the people, and
force us to comply with their new-fashioned government."
These reasons were satisfactory to the burghers, who thought
that their Convention had done rightly.
Milborne now resolved on a bold step to get the mastery.
Assembling his company in arms, he marched out of the
city gate up to the fort, of which he demanded possession.
Schuyler answered that he held it for their majesties, and
ordered him away "with his seditious company." Mil-
borne attempted to enter, and, " having one foot in, was
thrust out." He then withdi*ew his company inside of the
city gate, before which he put np the king's Jack, ordered
his men to load, and then " read a paper." Upon this, a
protest by Schuyler, on behalf of the Convention, was read
" off one of the mounts" of the fort, directing Milborne and
liis seditious troops to withdraw at once. These move-
ments were watched by a company of Mohawks standing
on the hill near the fort, who charged their guns, and sent
word to Schuyler that if the New York soldiers came out
of the city gates "in a hostile manner to disturb their
Brethren in the Fort," they would fire on them. At Schuy-
ler's request, Domine Dellius and Recorder "VVessels went
to pacify the savages ; but they insisted on sending the dom-
ine to tell Milborne that if he came out of the city gates
"Martin Gcrritsen's Island," or the old "Castle Island, "just bclnw Albany, was so named
after Martin Gerritsen van Borgen, to whom it was leased in 16C3.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING COMMANDER, 589
they would fire on him. Upon this, Leisler's baffled emis- cuap. xi.
sary " marched down the town and dismissed his men."*
Finding that he could do nothing at Albany, Milborne, J-"°9-
after signing a contract with some "private but extreme
active men" for the support of his soldiers, prevailed on
them to accept Staats as their captain, and went back to ic Novem,
New York, leaving his company in great confusion. On
his way down the river he stopped at Esopus ; but the peo- MUborne
pie of Ulster county, being informed of his defeat at Al- * ^°^"^*
bany, dispatched him quickly from there " for to give an
account of his misfortune to his commander Leisler and
the committee that sent him."t
A few days afterward Captain Bull reached Albany with 25 xovem.
eighty-seven men from Connecticut, who were " extremely banyf
well accepted." As it was necessary to garrison Schenec-
tady, Lieutenant Enos Talraage, of Captain Bull's company,
was sent there with twenty-four men. Staats refused to29Kovein.
assist with any of his New York soldiers, but went to Sche-
nectady himself, to create faction. Considering " the lam-
entable condition" of Albany, the Convention ordered tliat 2t Novem.
Wednesday, the fourth of December, should be observed as at^AibaZy.
" a day extraordinary for fasting and prayer.":};
Anxious to visit New York, where his only son was very
ill. Bayard had meanwhile written to the justices of the
peace there, offering to answer any complaint against him.
They replied that " the sword now ruled in their city," and
that they could not protect him against Leisler. Upon this,
Bayard, as their colonel, wrote to De Peyster and De Bruyn, 20 oct.
two of the captains in his regiment, declaring that Leisler \euevdl
and his associates, without " any the least shadow of Au- Ser?^
thority" from William and Mary, having " subverted all
manner of Government by law established" in the city of
New York, it was his duty, as a royal counselor and their
own colonel, to require them to " desist from any ways
counselling, aiding, assisting, or abetting the illegal pro-
ceedings of the said Jacob Leisler and his associates," be-
cause the commissions issued by Andros, who represented
the crown of England, were " in full force, notwithstanding
• Doc. Hist., ii., 69-73 ; Smith, i.,9S; DunIap,L,162.
t Col. Doc, iii., 647, 675 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 74 ; Dunlap, i., 163.
t Doc. Hist ,ii., 74, 75, 76; Col. Kec. Conn., iii., 463; Dunlap, i., 163.
590 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. XI. the imprisonment, yea death, of any Governor that granted
the same, he being only an inferior officer of the crown,
and the commissions being matters of record."*
This was certainly a true exposition of English law. It
was just what William himself had declared to be his will
when he directed all English colonial officers in America
to remain in the places which they held under James. But
Leisier can the German demagogue in New York, to whom Bayard's
°°and Bay- letter was shown, saw at once that its logic, if followed,
"SIC. ^Q^|i(j (defeat his own personal ambition. Leisier therefore
assembled his adherents in New York, Bergen, and Kings
counties, armed, in the fort, where he told them^ with im-
pudent falsehood, that their Lieutenant Governor Nichol-
son, who had been some time in London, was a " Popish
dog," and " was turned a Privateer, and would never show
his face in England ; and that he [Leisier] had discovered
Leisier's a plot, in wliich Bayard, with about three hundred men,
would attempt to retake the Fort for the late King James."
Bayard's Albany letter had clearly asserted the supremacy
of William and Mary. So Leisier caused his partisans " to
make a new subscription, in substance for to be true and
faithful to King William and Queen Mary, and to be obe-
dient to the Committee of Safety, as the supreme authori-
ty, and to himself as their commander in chief." Dongan,
who was now living quietly on his farm at Hempstead, was
charged with holding " cabals at his house and other places
adjacent, to make an attempt on the Fort ;" and this in-
duced many to subscribe Leisier's new association. Such
as scrupled were denounced as creatures of King James ;
and as Captains De Peyster, Lodwyck, and Stuyvesant were
dissatisfied, more pliant officers were put in their places.
Phiiupge Phillipse, who quietly submitted to Leisier, was not disturb-
uisTer! ° ed ; but his colleagues, Bayard and Yan Cortlandt, were
roughly searched for in their own houses, as well as in those
of their friends, including that of Domine Selyns, and the
two royal counselors were obliged to hide themselves from
Leisier's rage " till relief from England." These violent
doings caused many of the inhabitants of New York to fly
to East Jersey and Pennsylvania, where the German cap-
tain charged that the Quakers encouraged his opponents.
• Col. Doc, iii., G46, C47, 658 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 22; Dunlap, i.,163.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING COMIHANDER. 591
Yet, amid all their troubles, the people of jSTew York joy- chap. xi.
ously kept two new holidays. The birthday of King Wil-
liam was heartily observed in the metropolis with bonfires ^ j-o^em,"
and the roasting of an ox. The next day — ^which doubly ^rthdS'^
commemorated the " gunpowder treason" of Gruy Fawkes s Novem.
and the landing of William at Torbay — was as earnestly Fawkes,
celebrated " with bonfires and burning the Pope."*
• Col. Doc, ui., 634, 646, 647, 648, 655, 656 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 24, 25, 3S, 246 ; ante^ 533.
592 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAPTER XII.
16S9-1691.
CiiAr. xir. When the reports which Kicholson and his counselors
had dispatched from New York in May, and the other co-
1689, lonial intelligence brought by Riggs reached Whitehall,
Trouble in tlicy sliowcd that William and his ministers had been duped
about the by Mather and Phipps into committing a great mistake in
CO oQies. jjQ^Qjjj^;^ administration. The intrigue which had withheld
from Andros the directed notification of the accession of
William and Mary, and of the continuance in their several
places under them of all English colonial ofiicers, had re-
sulted in a mutiny in Massachusetts, the disruption of the
royal " Dominion of Kew England," and great confusion in
New York by reason of " secession." After the departure
of Phipps to Boston in April, the mopt active notice which
William's embarrassed government took of his American
colonies was to send a packet-boat in June with orders to
the colonial authorities in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsyl-
vania announcing his war witli France, and promising that
a squadron would be sent to protect the English Plantations.
3 July. By a letter of Kandolph from " the common gaol" of Bos-
ton, the king's Plantation Committee learned that the re-
volt in Massachusetts was not so much against Andros as
for restoring the old charter of that colony, under which
its Puritan ministers might regain power, and gainful pri-
4 July, vateering and illicit trade be encouraged. The next day
Mather hurried to Hampton Court, where he was received
by the king in his bedchamber, who did " kindly accept"
of what tlie Boston insurgents had done. Sir Henry Ash-
urst also presented the Plymouth address to the king, who
assiu-ed him " that he would take care of the good of his
colonies in New England." But William saw that an un-
expected colonial mutiny had broken up his " dominion"
there, and that it was necessary for him to re-establish his
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING COMMANDER. 593
direct authority in the several colonies and provinces into cuap. xn.
which that dominion had been reduced against his will.
Mather's adroit suggestion that " by means of New En- ■^"°"'
gland" he might become " the Emperor of America," had wuiiam
no weight with the new British sovereign, whose mind was European^
occupied with Europe. A few days afterward, when Riggs le juiy.
told the Plantation Committee his story of what he had wit- 22 juiy.
nessed at Boston, the whole truth came out. It was clear
that Andros had been imprisoned because he had executed
the orders of his lawful English sovereign. Such orders it
was not William's colonial policy to undervalue. A peti-
tion from Andros having been read before the king in coun- 25 juiy.
cil, it was ordered that Sir Edmund, and his fellow English
subjects, " seized by some people in Boston, and detained
under close confinement there," should be sent at once to
London " to answer before his Majesty what may be ob-
jected against them." A royal letter was accordingly writ- 30 juiy.
ten to the acting authorities in Massachusetts, requiring E^o"'
them to send Andros, Randolph, Dudley, Palmer, West, Gra- s'^tT'^""
ham. Farewell, Trefrey, and Sherlock by the first ship to
England. The existing government of the colony was also 12 August.
authorized by William to continue in administration until
further directions.*
A letter was at the same time addressed to Nicholson by 29 juiy
the Privy Council, directing him, as lieutenant governor, ^^"^"''
"with the assistance of the principal freeholders and in-
habitants, of their Majesties' Province of New York," to pro-
claim William and Mary according to a form which was in-
closed. The king also authorized Nicholson to take on him- so juiy.
self the government of the province, calling to his assistance i^terTo'
such of " the principal fi-eeholders and inhabitants" as he ^'*'^°^'°°-
should think fit ; and requiring him, until further ordei",
" to do and perform all things which to the place and ofiice
of our Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of
our Province of New York doth or may appertain." Wil-
liam's letter, like that of his Privy Council, was addressed
to " Francis Nicholson, Esquire, Our Lieutenant Governor
* Col. Doc, iii.,5T4-5T6, 578-583,593,664; Doc. Hist., ii., 26; Penn. Col. Rec, i., 301, 302 ;
Burk,ii.,30T; Mass. H. S. Coll., ix., 246,241; xxvii., 191; xxxii.,299; xxxv., 199-202, 206,'
209,210; Paventator, 122; R. I. Rec.,iii.,256,257; Hutch. Mass.,!., 388, 390, 891; Narcissus
Luttrell, i.,'55T ; Macartay, iii., 379^14 ; Chalmers's Annals, ii., 26, 27, 29 ; Sixth Collection
of Papers, 29; Davis's Morton, 472 ; Bancroft, iii., 79 ; Barry, i., 509, 610; Palfrey, iii., 585,
586 ; Andros Tracts ; ante^ 543, 561.
II.— P P
594: HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap, xil and Commander in Chief of om- Province of New York in
America, and in his absence, to sucli as for the time beino^
take care for preserving the peace and administering the
laws in our said Province of New York in America.''*
20 August. The rojal dispatches for Massachusetts were delivered to
Increase Mather, who, after losing the Corporation Bill by
the adjournment of Parliament, embarked for Boston. But
Mather was obliged to give them to another passenger, aft-
12 Sept. er landing at Deal, where his son Samuel had " fallen sick
with the small-pox." Those for New York were intrusted
Riggs re- to Johu Risrsrs, who had broug-ht over the letter of Nichol-
turns to oo ^ o
New York son and his council of the previous May. Nicholson, how-
royai dia- Bvcr, rcaclicd London before Riggs set out ; but as it was
^* '^ ^' supposed that the dispatches to him as lieutenant governor
would be opened and acted upon by Phillipse, Bayard, and
Van Cortlandt, the royal counselors whom he had left in
charge, no alteration was made, and the messenger went on
with his letters to New York.f
Informed by Nicholson in person of the actual condition
31 August of the pro%-ince, the Plantation Committee moved the king
" that a Governor be forthwith sent to New York, with such
a Commission and Instructions as are intended for the oth-
er Plantations, and that a ship of strength be appointed to
carry the Governor ;" also that presents be sent to the five
Iroquois nations, who " may be very useful to the English
against the French ;" and that two new foot companies be
sent to the province, in place of those dispersed " by the
2 Sept. late disorder." The king, in Council, approved these rec-
sioushter ommendatious, and declared Colonel Henry Sloughter to be
G^o^eraor liis Govcmor of Ncw York. Nicholson strove to obtain
York.'' the post, " but had not interest to carry it." The appoint-
ment of Sloughter was probably secured by some of the cor-
rupt courtiers of William ; for the colonel, although praised
by London merchants trading to New York for his " integ-
rity, courage, and conduct," has been deliberately pro-
nounced " utterly destitute of every qualification for gov-
ernment, licentious in his morals, avaricious, and poor.":j:
* Col. Doc., iii., 605, COG, 64S, 675; Smith, i., 94; Dunlap, i., 1C6; Chalmers's Annals, ii.,
•29, 30, 35 ; Palfrey, iii. , 480, note.
t Col. Doc, iii., 63n, 635, 648, 654, 656, 664, 6T5 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 38, 246 ; N. Y, H. S. Coll.
(ISeS), 230-299; Andros Tracts ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxv., 200, 210; IIutch.,i., 392; Macau-
lay, iii. , 414 ; ante, 5T5.
t Col. Doc, iii., OlS, 619, 633, 051 ; Smith, i., 103 ; Coldcn, i., 128; Hutch., i., 395; Duolap,
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING COMMANDER. 595
To strengthen his government, Sloiighter proposed that chap. xii.
New York, " so advantageously situate between the colony
of New-England and Virginia," should include Connecticut,
the Jerseys, and Pennsylvania ; but, as the Connecticut char-
ter had not been legally surrendered or adjudged void, that
colony escaped annexation. It was then proposed to add
Plymouth to New York, and Secretary Blathwayt actually
included it in the draft of Sloughter's commission. But
Mather, who had returned to London, with " industry and
discretion" persuaded the governor that the addition of
Plymouth would be of " little service" and rather an " in-
convenience" to New York, and so it was stricken out
again. The providential illness of young Samuel Mather
thus prevented the annexation of Plymouth to New York.
At length the revised draft of Sloughter's commission was
approved by the king and ordered to pass the great seal. 14 xovem.
The same day Nicholson was consoled by being appointed Nicholson
lieutenant governor of Virginia, under Lord Howard of Ef- goverSo?*
iingham, who had returned to London, Phipps, who knew °^'^"°"'''^
the ways at Whitehall, afterward asserted that Nicholson
" was recommended by some that were about their Majes-
ties, who for money got in many that were not for the
King's interest ;" but his appointment by William to such
an important colonial office was certainly an emphatic ap-
proval of his administration in New York.*
There was every reason why Sloughter should go at once
to his government. It was known that the French had a
design upon New York, and, if successful, would " put to
the torture" some two hundred Huguenot families then in
the province. The Bishop of London was appealed to in so Decem.
their behalf, and urged to procure from the king authority
for Leisler to secure New York until Sloughter should come,
who would not be ready until the spring. But no such au-
thority was given to Leisler. A number of London mer-
chants trading to the American colonies earnestly petition-
i.,19G; Chalmers's Annals,!., 594; ii.,C8; Kev. Col.,i.,242; Tindal,ili., 92-99; Macaulay,
iii., 60-62.
•Col. Doc, iii., 622-629, 651, 719; iv., 8,9,10; Doc. Hist., ii.,12T; N. Y.H. S. Proc.,1849,
106; Coll., 186S, 298 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxv., 210, 211, 226,229, 231,248, 276; Magnalia,i.,
198; Hutch. Mass., i., 392, 395,405-407; ii.,4Sl; Coll., 576; Davis's Morton, 472-476 ; Plym-
outh Rec, vi., 259 ; Burk's Virginia, ii., 310 ; Chalmers's Ann., i., 298, 347, 359 ; ii., 44, 90 ;
Rev. Col., 211, 243, 261 ; Trumbull, i., 386, 387, 537-540; Grahame, i., 108, 271 ; Bancroft,
iii., 66; Andros Tr.icts. Sloughter's commission did not pass the great seal until 4 Jan-
uary, 1690 : Commissions, ii., 3 ; Col. Doc, iii., 623 ; Smith, i., 109 ; post, p. 627.
596
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
GuAP. XII,
1689.
William
urged to
protect
New York.
9 Novem.
StoU in
LondoQ.
IC Novem.
C Decern.
(Jlarkson
appointed
Secretary
of New
York.
S Decern.
Rigg3 re-
turns to
New York.
ed the king to dispatch a large force at once to protect
New York, which was " the center of all English Planta-
tions in North America, and if lost, it will become a nest
of French pirates." The campaign in Ireland, however,
and the wretched condition of the English navy, prevented
due attention being given to the situation of New York,
which, of. all William's American Plantations, most needed
his promptest action.*
While Sloughter's commission and instructions were yet
under consideration. Ensign Jacob Stoll reached London
and presented Leisler's dispatches of August to the king,
who referred them to Secretary Shrewsbury. In a pomp-
ous memorial Stoll burlesqued his own great services, while
he asked the approval of all Leisler's proceedings and a
suspension of the governor's commission. Stoll's exertions,
however, were of no avail. The boastful New York " dram-
man" was foiled by the presence in London of Nicholson
and Innis, who exposed the true character of Leisler's trans-
actions ; and, as Sloughter was appointed governor, the af-
fairs of the province must thenceforth pass through his
liands. But Matthew Clarkson, who had come over with
Stoll, fared much better. By a patent under the privy seal,
the office of " Secretary of New York in America" was cre-
ated and granted to Clarkson during the royal pleasure and
his own residence in the province, with power to appoint
deputies.!
After a long voyage Eiggs arrived in Boston, and hasten-
ed with his important dispatches to New York. On reach-
ing there late on Sunday night, he called at Baj'ard's house,
where Phillipse having come, Kiggs exhibited his packets
to them, and declared that, as in Nicholson's absence, they
belonged to his council, being in answer to their letters of
May, he would deliver them to the three counselors when-
ever Van Cortlandt should join his colleagues in town; add-
ing that he did not believe that Leisler would receive and
* Col. Doc, lii., C50-653 ; Macaulay, iil., 432-435; Chalmera's Anna!?, ii., 6S, 91 ; Hist.
Mag., xi., 333.
+ CoLDoc.,iii., 597,614, 616, 629-633,731; viii., 324; Comtniasions, ii., 17, IS ; Smith, 1.,
93 ; N. Y. II. S. Coll. (1S6S), 298 ; ante, 576. Secretary Clarkson came out to New York, as
a young man, in 1686, probably at the suggestion of his brother-in-law, Captain Lodwyck.
He was a son of the Keverend David Clarkson, of Yorkshire, England, an eminent noncon-
formist divine (Neal's Puritans, ii., 332). In January, 1692, Matthew Clarkson was married
to Catherina, daughter of Captain Goosen Gerritsen van Schaick, deceased, of Albany, and
became the nncegtor of the very respectable New York family now bearing his name.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING COMMANDER. 597
open them if they should be tendered to him. But before chap. xn.
the three counselors could meet together the next morning,
Leisler sent a lieutenant and two sergeants to convey Riggs 9 cecem.'
to the fort. At Riggs's request, Yan Cortlandt and Phil-
lipse attended him thither. Leisler peremptorily demand-
ed the English packets. Phillipse and Van Cortlandt, on
the other hand, claimed them as addressed to them, being
royal counselors deputed by the lieutenant governor "to
preserve the peace during his absence and until his Majes-
ty's pleasure should be known." Leisler then told Riggs
that they had nothing to do with the government, that they
were papists, and that the packets belonged to and were di-
rected to him, who was commander-in-chief under the com-
mission of the Council of Safety, which he exhibited. Upon
this Riggs surrendered his dispatches to Leisler, who gave The dis.
him a receipt, and, turning to the two counselors, called given to
them "Popishly affected, Dogs and Rogues," and, with
" many opprobrious words," ordered them out of the fort,
" for they had no business there."*
These dispatches from England which Leisler thus seized
were certainly intended for Nicholson, or, in his absence, intention
for the three counselors whom he had left in charge of the
province. William's letter of 30 July meant Francis Nich-
olson, and no one else, as his " Lieutenant Governor and
commander in chief" of New York, and authorized him to
perform the duties of that office. In Nicholson's absence,
those duties were to be executed by " such as for the time
being take care for preserving the peace," etc., in the prov-
ince ; and this duty William expected would be done by
his resident counselors Phillipse, Yan Cortlandt, and Bay-
ard, of whom the first named was to act as " president," ac-
cording to the commissions given by his predecessor to Don-
gan and Andros, the words of which were followed in that
w^hich he himself gave to Sloughter. The king's letter,
therefore, was intended for, and ought to have been deliv-
ered to, the oldest counselor, Frederick Phillipse, who
should then have acted as President of New York.f
• Col. Doc, iii., 633-635, 64S, 649, 654, 656, 664, 675, 676, 759 ; Doc. Hist., 11., 28, 3S, 228, 232,
246 ; Smith, 1., 94 ; Dunlap, i., 166, 167 ; Wood, 106 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll. (1S6S), 299, 326, 360,
378.
t Col. Doc, ill., 3S2, 542, 595, 606, 628, 633, 649, 675, 685, 759 ; iv., 1018 ; ante, 570. Dun-
iap, i, 166, alters the address on the king's letter from such as '■'•take care^" etc., to such
as '■'■takes care " ani argues that '■'thus the person at the head of the Government" mean-
598 ' HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chat. xii. But Leislei* had now gotten the king's letter in his hands.
It was the first royal letter he had seen. It was a sort of
Godsend, and he determined to use it for his own advan-
tage. The train-band captain was in possession of the fort
of New York ; and in August, ten of his tools, calling them-
selves a " Committee of Safety," had signed a commission
appointing him to be " commander in chief" of the whole
Leisier'3 proviucc. This impudent assumption of authority had been
rejected by all the counties of the province except those
near the gmis of Fort William. But the German dema-
gogue, who had hitherto pretended that " the people" of
New York had given him power, now changed his tactics.
Leisler saw that the time had come when he might, with
equal right, pretend that he was the royal instead of the
democratic chief of New York, and he acted boldly, yet
cunningly. He carefully concealed William's letter to
Nicholson from all except his own adherents, because he
knew that it had not been meant for him ; but he auda-
ciously declared that " he had received a commission to be
their Majesties' Lieutenant Governor, and that all their ac-
tions were well approved of."* Finding that this false-
hood was believed, Leisler unwarrantably " esteemed his
own authority to have received the royal sanction." He
at once assumed the station and the title of " Lieutenant
10 Decern. Govcmor" of New York, and he caused William and Mary
to be proclaimed anew, according to the form which the
English Pri\'y Council had directed Nicholson, or his coun-
n Decern, sclors, to follow. The next day Leisler called together De
la Noy, Edsall, Beekman, and others of his friends, to ad-
vise who should be his council. The king's directions to
Nicholson were that tliese counselors should be " the prin-
cipal freeholders and inhabitants." Among these were as-
suredly Phillipse, Yan Cortlandt, Bayard, and Minvielle, of
New York ; Smith, Nicolls, and Younge, of Long Island ;
Schuyler, Wessels, Bleecker, Yan Schaick,Yan Bensselaer,
and Li^^ngston, of Albany — all of them good Protestants.
But the devotees to himself whom Leisler selected as his
advisers were Peter de la Noy, Samuel Staats, Hendrick
ing Leisler, "was empowered to take the chief command" of the province, which was not
the case. C. F. Hoffman reiterates Dunlap : Sparks'a Am. Biog., xiii., 210.
* Col. Doc., iii., COG, 670,764. William'ri letter to Nicholson " was not openly communi-
cated" to the people during Leisler'a rule : Doc. Hist., ii., 209, 221.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 599
Jansen, and Johannes Yermilye,.for New York ; Gerardus cuap.xil
Beekman, for Kings ; Samuel Edsall, for Queens ; Thomas
Williams, for Westchester ; and William Lawrence, for Or- Leiaier-s "
ange. Most of these had been members of the late " Com- counselors..
mittee of Safety," and all of them were now chosen by
Leisler to be his royal counselors, because he knew they
were " for his turn." Jacob Milborne was appointed sec-
retary of the province and clerk of the Council, and he,
with De la l^oy, Staats, and Edsall, formed Leisler's " root,"
or cabinet. On Sunday the German usurper took his seat
in the governor's pew in the old Dutch church, "with a
large carpet before liim," while his new advisers sat in the
Council's pew ; and thus a vulgar vanity was gratified.*
As the king's provincial seal for New York of 1687 had
been broken by Andros in 1688, another was manufactured Leisier
by altering the Duke of York's coronet in his old seal of seai for
1669, and placing the crown of England in its stead. Thus
a royal prerogative was boldly, perhaps igiiorantly, usurped
by Leisler. It was also ordered and proclaimed that the ic Decom.
customs and excise duties settled by the colonial act of
1683 remained in force, and should be collected. The act Duties to
had been disallowed by King James, but the duties it levied ed.*""
had been continued by order of Dongan and his Council.
Leisler himself had refused to pay duties under that order ;
but now he attempted to enforce, by his own arbitrary de-
cree, an act of a " Popish Governor," which his inconsistent
logic had, up to this time, argued to be " null and void."t
The people, however, objected to Leisler's proclamation,
wliich was torn down from the door of the custom-house,
and another paper affixed in its place showing its illegality.
Upon this Leisler issued another proclamation, forbidding 20 Decem.
any person to deface or take away any paper aflSxed " by objea!°^'*
the authority of this Province or city." Several persons
were soon arrested under this order, and imprisoned in the 23 Decern,
fort during Leisler's will and pleasure. Others were arrest-
ed, and bail was refused until they- would petition the usurp-
ing captain for release under the title of " Lieutenant Gov-
ernor.":}:
' Col. Doc, iii., 605,600,636,656,676,764; iv.,1111; Doc. Hist., ii., 26, 27, 28, 246; Chal-
mers's Ann.,!., 592; Rev. Col., i., 213; Smith, i., 94; Bancroft, iii., 52 ; Dunlap, i., 166, 16S.
t Col. Doc, iii., 357, 370, 676, 6T7, 673 ; Iv., lOlS ; Doc Hist., ii.. 29, 30; iv., 1*, 2* ; ante,
157, 512, 559. X Doc. Hist., ii., 30 ; Col. Doc, iii., 678-6S1.
30 Decern.
11 Jan
IS Jan,
600 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CHAP. xn. New commissions were quickly issued by Leisler, making
his friends justices, sheriffs, and military officers in the va-
1689. J counties of New York. But as those issued by Don-
Decemoer. , or
Leisier's pran aud Andros were generally esteemed to be in full force,
new com- o •> - • ^^ iiti
missions, au ordcr was issued requiring all persons holding them to
surrender them to the nearest magistrate, and all who re-
fused were " to be deemed and esteemed as persons ill-af-
fected to this government, and unfit for bearing office, or
having any trust reposed in them whatsoever, and to be re-
garded as the case shall require."*
1690. Com-ts of Oyer and Terminer were also commissioned
for New York and Queens county. Finding that the peo-
ple would not obey his order establishing custom and ex-
20 Jan. cise dutics, Leisler erected a Com-t of Exchequer. This tri-
©Turte!* bunal quickly summoned the recusants, and compelled pay-
ment by distresses, notwithstanding Thomas Clarke, in be-
half of the defendants, objected that no member of the pre-
tended court had a commission from King William to be a
baron of his exchequer.!
7 Jan. ^ Leisler now wrote to the king that he had acted on the
letrersM) royal letter addressed to Nicholson, " although two of Sir
Ind Bkhop Edmund Andros's Council pretended thereunto ;" and he
Burnet, ^^ggjared that his conduct was "to the great satisfaction of
the generality" of his majesty's liege subjects in the gov-
ernment. Another letter, signed by Leisler and some of
his Council, was addressed to Bishop Burnet, of Salisbury,
setting forth in greater detail what had just been done in
New York. Both these letters were sent by way of Bos-
ton, and were evidently drawn up by Jacob Milborne, the
secretary of the province under Leisier's appointment.":}:
As it was known that the king had ordered that Andros,
Randolph, West, Farewell, and the others whom the Boston
insm-gents had imprisoned should be sent to London, letters
to some of them were written by Bayard, Yan Cortlandt,
Nicolls, and others, which were given by Colonel Lewis Mor-
ris to the post-rider, John Perr}^, as he passed his house in
Westchester. Fearing that the truth would be made known
* Doc. Hist., ii., 32, 196-199.
+ Col. Doc, iii., 613, 673, 683 ; Col. MSS., xxxvi., 142 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 36. The members
of Leisier's Court of Exchequer were Samuel Edsall, Benjamin Blagge, Johannis Provoost,
Uendriclc Jansen, and John Couwenhoven.
t Col. Doc., iiL, 653-657, 700,731; Doc. Hist., u., 36, 247.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 601
in England, Leisler declared that he had " detected a hell- chap. xii.
ish conspiracy" to subvert the king's government in New
York, and ordered Lieutenant Daniel Terneure to arrest 3 j^^^ '
the postman to Boston, and bring him, with his papers, to
the fort. Perry was accordingly brought before Leisler,
who opened and read the letters he carried, and put him in is jan.
prison. As they reflected on him very severely, Leisler or- ters seized!
dered their writers, Bayard,yan Cortlandt, Brockholls, Mor- Their°writ-
ris, Mcolls, and Reed, to be apprehended and brought be- apprehend-
fore him for " writing execrable lies and pernicious false- ^^
hoods." Private correspondence, proverbially sacred, was
thus violated to serve a partisan despotic power. Leisler
now declared '*' that he was invested with such a power as
in a little time he could command the head of any man in
the Province, and it would be forthwith brought him."
Bayard and Nicolls were soon arrested and imprisoned in Bayardand
the fort ; but Van Cortlandt escaped. The low spite of the prS'one™'
German demagogue was chiefly manifested against his old
colonel, Bayard, whom, with brutal triumph, he caused to
be carried in chains around the ramparts of Fort William.
Ill in body, and dejected in spirit. Bayard was obliged to24jan.^
ask freedom from his upstart persecutor under his assumed
style of " Lieutenant Governor" of New York. Even this
submission produced no effect. Abundant bail was offered
and refused, and for thirteen months Bayard and Nicolls
were kept in close confinement, while their houses were pil-
laged to gratify the vulgar malice of Leisler and his fol-
lowers.*
The usurper at New York had meanwhile been greatly 1689,
troubled that Albany would not submit to him. Acquaint-
ed by Milborne with the characters of the principal men
there, Leisler acted with prompt decision. He issued hisssDecem.
ovni commission to Captain Jochim Staats to take posses- letters to
sion of " the fort Orange," and command it until farther *°^*
• Doc. Hist., it, 32, 35, 36, 3T, 3S, 39, 101, 246, 247 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll. (1SC8), 379 ; Col. Doc.,
iiL, 657, 661-663, 682-684, 709, T16, 721 ; Dunlap, i., 168, 169, 171, 172 ; ante, 593. An ac-
count of Leisler's proceedings to the 2l8t of January, 1690, was drawn up — prohably by Bay-
ard and Nicolls, and their friends — which they meant to have presented to the Mayor's
Court of New York on the 25th of January. But the "fury and rage" of Leisler prevent-
ed this, and their paper, under the title of "A modest and Impartial Narrative," etc., was
printed at Boston, and afterward reprinted at London: CoL Doc.,iii.,665-6S4; Dunlap,!.,
167, 169. It is written with acrimony, and perhaps is somewhat unjust ; yet, without its help,
a fair account of New York affairs at that time could not now be given. This pamphlet
was not printed at New York, as its title-pags states, for there was no press there in 1690.
602
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. xrr.
1689.
1690.
11 Jan.
Convention
assembled.
12 Jan.
Schuyler
opposeg
Leisler'3
preten-
siona.
Wendell
nnd
Bleecker
do tiot
" compre-
hend."
13 Jan.
Albany
Declara
tion.
orders. Leisler also wrote to the Albany magistrates and
to Staats, directing " a free election" to be made for a may-
or and aldermen ; but he carefully named the persons he
was " willing to have chosen, if the people will elect them."*
When these letters reached Albany, Schuyler assembled
the Convention, which called on Staats to produce his or-
ders, and show that Leisler had been made lieutenant gov-
ernor by the king, in which case they would cheerfully obey.
Staats, however, only exhibited the orders sent him by Leis-
ler, but not the king's letter to Nicholson. The next day
the officers of the county of Albany were convened to give
their opinions whether Leisler should be acknowledged as
lieutenant governor. Schuyler, the mayor, voted " that he
can not acknowledge the said Captain Leisler to be Lieu-
tenant Governor and Commander in Chief of this Prov-
ince, nor obey his orders, 'till he hath shown that he hath
lawful authority from his most sacred majesty. King Wil-
liam, so to be." This was plain good sense. The other
officers were " of the same opinion with the mayor," except
Captains Wendell and Bleecker, who could not " compre-
hend" the matter. The opinions of Captain Bull and En-
sign Bennet, of the Connecticut forces, being asked, they
said that for any thing that yet had been seen or heard,
they had " no reason to conclude that Captain Jacob Leis-
ler is either Lieutenant Governor or Commander in Chief
of the Province of Kew York." Leisler's cunning in " not
openly communicating" the king's letter to ISTicholson thus
served " his turn," but it was a sad calamity to the prov-
ince.f
The Albany Convention now issued the ablest document
which had been written in New York since the imprison-
ment of Andros. It declared that " Jacob Leisler, of the
City of New York, merchant," with "restless and ambitious
spirit," had assumed unlawful power and the title of lieu-
tenant governor of the province, " without the least shadow
of orders or authority so to do from his most sacred maj-
esty King William," and that the king's letter to Nicholson
was as much directed to them in Albany as it was to Leis-
ler in New York. Moreover, in this juncture Leisler had
* Doc.lIi3t ,il.,nO,31,8I.
t Col. Doc, iii., COG, 070, 704 ; Doc. Hist., ii., S2, S3, 202, 221 ; Dunlap, i., 103, 170.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 603
made " new confusion when peace and unity is most requi- cuap. xii.
site," by sending his commissions and seditious letters, " so
that great part of the time must be spent to defeat the said
Leisler's pernicious and malicious designs which otherwise
could be employed to resist upon all occasions the common
enemy." Staats was therefore prohibited from disturbing
the peace, under Leisler's pretended authority, " upon pain
of rebellion." This protest was published with great for-
mality " in English and Dutch" before the churcli and at
the fort. It was signed and sealed by all the county offi-
cers except Captains Wendell and Bleecker, who would
" have nothing to doe with the Protest, when they heard it
read."
The logic of this manifesto could not be confuted ; but
events were now at hand which subordinated all provincial
jealousies. Suspecting that the French intended to invade
New York, the Convention employed the Mohawks to keep 20 jan. -,
Moliawk
scouts on Lake Champlain, and report any hostile move- scouts.
ment at once. This they faithfully promised to do; but2ijan. ]
they were not vigilant enough.-'
Upon receiving his instructions, Frontenac, accompanied 1689.
by Calli^res, had set out from Paris full of hope, anticipat- ''"°^'
ing a rapid conquest of New York. But, owing to various
mischances, it was not until the middle of September that September.
he reached Acadia, whence he went on to Quebec, after at Quebec
ordering Caffiniere, who commanded the ships, to cruise be-
fore New York until the tenth of December, when lie was
to return to France if no news reached him from the land
side. Crowds welcomed " the Pedeemer of Canada" as he i'j oct. i
landed at Quebec. The news of the late irruption of the
Iroquois at Montreal obliged him to hasten thither, where M o*'*-
he found- Denonville in great embarrassment. Frontenac quest of
at once saw that the projected conquest of New York must abandoned.
be abandoned. The Iroquois and the English were both
on their guard, and the Canadians reduced to the defensive.
Even his favorite fort at Cataracouy, whicli bore liis own
name, had been evacuated. Frontenac had reached Canada
fully three months too late.f
• Doc. Hist., ii., 83-87; Dnnlap, ii., 170.
t Col. Doc, iii., 621 ; ix.,419, 429, 430,435-43S,462; LaPotherie,ii.,233; Hi., 59; La Hon-
tan, i., 198-202 ; Charlevoix, ii., 400-409 ; Golden, i., 102, 103 ; Smith, i., 101 ; Ga-.Tieau, L,
274,804; Bell, i., 297, 320-322; Force'a Tracts, iv.,ix., 41-43; onf?, 547, 533.
604 HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP.rxii, To conciliate the Iroquois, Frontenac dispatched a mes-
^ sage to Onondaga inviting them to meet again at Catara-
French ^ouj their " old Father," who was as much their friend as
[hl^iro- *° 6ver. This was conveyed by three of the savage prisoners
quois. -^iio had been brought back from France, while Oreouate,
or Tawerahet, the Cayuga chief, in whose name it was sent,
remained sumptuously entertained in the Castle of Saint
Louis at Quebec. Lamberville also wrote to Millet at Onei-
da, and Le Moyne and Hertel sent wampum belts. When
26 Decern, the messcugers from Canada reached Onondaga, a general
council was summoned, and a request was sent to Albany
that Schuyler and others might be present and give their
advice. The Convention, not thinking it "convenient at
2T Decern, this juucture to scud Christians," dispatched three "of the
most prudent Mohawks" to Onondaga, to recommend the
Iroquois Council not to hearken to the French ; to inform
them that a governor of New York was daily expected from
England, who, it was hoped, would bring orders " that the
English may unanimously go and root out Canada ;" and
to desire them to hold Millet as a hostage for their captured
brethren, and send to Albany the letters he had received
1G90. from Canada. A few days afterward, Tahajadoris, one of
* "^*°' the chief Mohawk sachems, who was going to Onondaga,
came to ask "the Brethren's advice how to act there."
5 Jan. Upon this, the Albany officers directed Arnold Cornelissen
New York. Viclo, the interpreter, to go thither, with Robert Sanders,
c Jan. and fully explain their message. Its purport was, that the
Iroquois were " subjects of the great King of England," and
should not hearken to the French, but send warriors to aid
in protecting New York against their hostile designs, " since
they have called all their garrisons together to Montreal."*
22 Jan. A grand Iroquois council now assembled at Onondaga,
quois where eighty sachems were present. The Albany messen-
onondagL gcrs wcrc addrcsscd by the Onondaga sachem Sadekanac-
tie, who told them what the French had sent from Canada.
Adarahta, the chief sachem of the " Praying Indians" near
Montreal, then delivered the Canadian wampum belts. Ta-
hajadoris, the Mohawk sachem, then gave the message he
• Col. Doc, iii., 733, 734; ix., 435, 430,465; La Potherie, i., 333; iii., C3, 63, 70 ; Charle-
voix, ii., 424, 425; Colden, i.,104,112, 113, 114; Garneau, i.,304; BelI,i.,32S; Smith, i., 102;
Shea,32G,332; Doc. Hist., ii., 76-80; Chalmers's Ann., ii., 69. Colden and Smith, ignorant
of the real reasons why its officers could not leave Albany, unjustly reflect on their conduct.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 605
liad received at Albany " word for word." A Seneca sa- cuap. xir-
chem, Cannehoot, followed in a harangue about the peace
his nation had made with the Western savages against the
French, and gave the Council a calumet, and "a red-marble
sun as large as a plate," as tokens of friendship. The wam-
pum belts from Albany were hung up in the Council lodge,
along with " the model of a fish," sent on behalf of " Kin-
shon," or New England, " as a token of their adhering to
the general covenant." The superb salmon of Maine prob-
ably furnished the image ; yet it may have been a Massa-
chusetts cod.*
The Onondao-a Sadekanactie then said, " Brethren, we stick to
o _ ' ' ^ ''Quider.
must stick to our Brother Quider, and look upon Onnontio
as our enemy, for he is a cheat."t All this passed in the
presence of Millet, as an adopted sachem of the Oneidas.
The letters to him from Canada were given to Yiele, the
Albany interpreter, who urged the Council not to hearken
to the French. The Iroquois orator then announced the
Albany message : " Brethren, our fire bm-ns at Albany ; we
will not send Dekanesora to Cataracouy. "We adhere to our
old chain with Corlaer ; we will prosecute the war with On-
nontio, and will follow your advice in drawing off our men
from Cataracouy. Brother Kinshon, we hear you design to Kinsiion,
send soldiers to the eastward, against the Indians there ; but
we advise you, now so many are united against the French,
to fall immediately on them. Strike at the root :— when
the trunk shall be cut down, the branches fall of course.
Corlaer and Kinshon, courage ! courage ! In the spring to ^^^^^^to^
Quebec ; take that place, and you will have your feet on bee.
the necks of the French and all their friends in America."
In their reply to Frontenac, the Council refused to meet
him at Cataracouy, and insisted on his sending back all tlie
prisoners that had been taken to France. The Five Nations,
however, were not unanimous. Millet's influence was strong
enough to prevent the Oneidas and Cayugas from engaging
themselves against the French. The two sachems who were
sent to Albany to report the reply of the Council to On-
♦ Golden, i., 113-116, ISO; Doc. Hist., ii., 79, 80. The Iroquois allegorically called New-
England '■^Kinshon," after Pynchon, who had first covenanted with them in 167T: ante,
303 ; MUlet's letter of 6 July, 1691, p. 48.
t "By Qrdder they meant Peter Schuyler,ihe Mayor of Albany, who had gained a con-
siderable esteem among them ; as they have no labeals in their language, they pronounce
Peter by the sound of Quider :" Golden, i., 16, 116 ; ante, 309, 582.
G06 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. XII. nontio, delivered a belt to Quide?', or Peter Schuyler, in
"7" which only three axes were represented.*
But Frontenac had meanwhile seen that the only way in
which the French could regain the respect of the Iroquois
was to strike audacious blows against the English. After
sending off his dispatches to France — among which was a
fresh plan of Calli^res for the conquest of New York — the
Frontenac vigorous old govemor organized three several expeditions
ttKeelx^- against the English neighboring colonies — one at Montreal,
to invade New York ; another at Three Kivers, to attack
28 Jan. JSTcw England, between Albany and Boston ; and a third at
Quebec, to ravage Maine. The party from Three Rivers,
27 March, commandcd by Hertel, destroyed the village of " Semen-
fels," or Salmon Falls, now Berwick, in New Hampshire,
and joined that sent from Quebec under the command of
Maiue. Portneuf . The combined expedition then burnt " Kaskebe,"
or Casco Bay, now Portland, and alarmed the whole eastern
frontier of New England.f
Expedition Frontcuac's most important party fi-om Montreal was
sfhene*cta- directed against New York. It was composed of two hun-
'^^' dred and ten men, of whom eighty were " Praying Indians"
from Caghnawaga, opposite Montreal, on the Saint Law-
rence, under their " Great Mohawk" chief Kryn ; sixteen
Algonquins, and the remainder Canadian traders, or " bush
rangers." The expedition was commanded by Sainte He-
15ne and Mantel, Canadian lieutenants, under whom were
Iberville, Repentigny, Bonrepos, La Brosse, Montigny, and
February, othcr oificcrs, as voluutccrs. Early in February the party
set out from Montreal, and, after marching several days,
held a council to determine which was the best point to at-
tack. The French officers wished to go directly to Albany ;
but the converted Mohawks, who knew the country well,
opposed this, and it was decided to march on Schenectady.
After a severe tramp over an intensely cold desert covered
Nearsche- with suow, tlic expedition halted within two leagues of
^SgFtb. Schenectady about four o'clock on a Saturday afternoon.
* Colden, i., 116-110, 18S ; Col. Doc, ix., 465, 466 ; La Potherie, iii., 63-6T ; Ch-irlevoix, ii.,
425-427 ; Smith, i., 102, 103 ; Chalmers, ii., 69 ; Millet's letter of 6 July, 1691, 41-46, 51 ; aiUc,
582,584. The French wrote Schuyler's Indian name of Quider^ "Kouiter."
t Col. Doc., iii., 70S, 720; ix., 42S-439, 464, 471-473; La Potherie, iii., 61, 76-79; Charle-
voix, ii., 409, 410 ; iii., 63, 72-79 ; Maine H. S. Coll., i., 201-205 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxvi., 210
-218; XXXV., 253; Belknap, i., 207,203; Doc. Hist., ii., 146; Garneau, i., 306, 30T, 308; Bell,
i., 325.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 607
Tlie great Mohawk, Kryn, harangued his " praying" coun- chap. xii.
trymen, and exhorted them to aveno;e the massacre of the ~~
-n • 1690
French at Lachine. A reconnoitring party was sent out, ^^.^^ j, J
which reported that Schenectady was unprepared for at- '''^"sues.
tack ; and a little before midnight the exhausted Canadians,
benumbed with cold, and ready to surrender themselves if
they had been summoned, advanced on the devoted village.
Schenectady was indeed lamentably unready. Reliance condition
had been placed on the vigilance of the Mohawk scouts tad/. **"
whom the Albany authorities had dispatched toward Lake
Champlain, but who had not seen the French expedition.
Leisler's recent letters had excited bitter party spirit in the
village ; neighbor was set against neighbor, and no watch
was kept, " notwithstanding several gentlemen of Albany,
no longer than three days before, were up there to persuade
them to it." The villagers thought that in that bitter weath-
er no foe could march on them from Canada, forgetting
that exactly twenty-four yeai-s before Courcelles had gal-
lantly demonstrated the endurance of his countrymen.*
Disregarding the warnings of Talmage and his guard, they careless-
gayly spent their Saturday evening within their warm houses, fihlm- ^
leaving open both the gates of their stockade, and, instead '^°*^"
of living sentinels, placing in mockery images of snow.
The village of Schenectady, at that time the western fi'on-
tier post of ISTew York, contained upward of eighty well-
built and well-furnished houses, and formed an oblong, sur-
rounded by a palisade, which could be entered by only two
gates. One of these, on the west side, commanded the road
to the Mohawk country ; the other, on the east side, that to
Albany, and both were now left "wide open." At mid-
night the French, under Sainte Hel^ne and Mantel, entered ThePrench
by the Mohawk gate through a driving snow. The vil- bum sche-
lagers were all asleep in their houses, after their evening's ^^^th^
revelry. The " small fort" where Talmage and his garri-
son kept watch was the only place "under arms." This
was at once attacked by Mantel ; " the gate was burst in
after a good deal of difficulty, the whole set on fire, and all
who defended the place slaughtered." The sack of the ^dl-
lage at the same time began with a war-whoop " given In-
dian fashion." Few houses made any resistance. Adam
• Oa the 9tli of February, IGGG ; see anie, 103.
608 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. XII. Vrooman secured quarter by a brave defense, and another
house, belonging to a widow, was saved because Montigny
had been carried into it after being severely wounded. The
house of the Dutch domine, Petrus Tesschenmaeker, had
been " ordered to be saved, so as to take him alive to obtain
information from him ;" but, as it was not known, it was
Domine destroyed with the others, and the domine and his papers
maeker perislicd. His head was put on a pole and carried to Can-
ada. The massacre lasted two hours, and then the assail-
ants took " some rest." With barbaric ferocity, the Iroquois
atrocities at Lachine were avenged by French " Praying In-
dians" at Schenectady. " No pen can write nor tongue ex-
press," were Schuyler's words, the terrors of that cruel night.
Sixty persons, including Talmage and several of his Con-
Kiued and uccticut soldicrs, were killed, and an equal number of old
prisoners. ^^^^^^ wouicu, and children, who escaped the first fury of the
attack, were made prisoners. Twenty-five almost naked
survivors fled from their burning homes, and pushed their
miserable way through the snow to Albany. Some thirty
Iroquois, who were lodging in the village, were spared, " in
order to show them that it was the English, and not they,
against whom the grudge was entertained."
At daybreak a party was sent to the house of Captain
Alexander Glen, at " Scotia," on the north side of the Mo-
hawk River, about half a mile above Schenectady. Glen,
who was the chief magistrate of the village, and supported
the Albany Convention, had become so unpopular among
the partisans of Leisler at Schenectady that they threaten-
ed " to bum him upon the fire" if he came on guard with
Glen, or them. The English called him " Captain Sander," and tlie
coudre.' French " Coudre." Seeing that he was on his guard, the
French told him that they had resolved that he and all his
relations, und all his property, should be safe, in consequence
of the good treatment which their countrymen had received
from his father, his brother, himself, and his wife. Glen,
thus assm'ed, accompanied the party to Schenectady, where
the French officers were directing the conflagration. A
few houses, which he said were his, were spared, and sev-
eral women and children, who claimed affinity with him,
were released from captivity. The Canadian savages, ob-
serving the number of their prisoners so greatly reduced,
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 609
complained that "every one seemed to be a relation of Con- cuap.xii.
dre's." ^ "l690~
It was well for the French that they listened to their In-
dian advisers, and did not attack Albany, where they would
have been annihilated by the vigilance of Schuyler. The
next day they hastily collected their twenty-seven prisoners M ^^^-
, The French
and their plunder, among which were " fifty good horses,' return to
and set out on their retmii to Canada, having caused a loss
in Schenectady of " more than four hundred thousand li-
vres." The retreating Canadians suffered from hunger and
disease ; thirty-four of their fifty captured horses were eaten
for food, and Mohawk war-parties cut off many stragglers.
At length the remnant of Frontenac's New York expedi-
tion returned to Montreal with its surviving prisoners, hop- 1| March,
ing that it had " greatly retrieved, in the estimation of the
barbarians, the reputation of the French arms."*
The terrible intelligence from Schenectady was brought 9 Feb.
. The news
to Albany about five o'clock on Sunday morning by Symon at Albany.
Schermerhorn, who, wounded himself, and on a lame horse,
had tediously worked his path there by way of JS^iskayuna.
Schuyler quickly fired the guns of the fort to summon the
people ; and an express was sent through the deep snow to
Esopus, and to Kinderhook, and Claverack, for assistance to
Albany, which it was supposed would be next attacked.
The next day, however, Bull was sent with a party to Sche- lo Feb.
nectady to bury the dead and pursue the enemy. Leisler's
letters were " found all bloody" in the streets. The French
were pursued as far as Crown Point, whence the Mohawks
followed them to Canada, and killed and took twenty-five.f
Remembering the advice of the sachems at Onondaga,
the Convention quickly wrote to the governments of Mas- is Feb.
sachusetts, Connecticut, Maryland, and Virginia, and to "the vise^°nat-
civil and military officers of New York," desiring them " to c^ada.
join together, that Quebec may be taken by water in the
spring." Thus from Albany, in the midst of its distress,
* Col. Doc, iii., 700, T08, 716, 727 ; ix., 466-469 ; La Hontan, i., 204; La Potherie, iii., 67-
70; Charlevoix, iii., 63-68 ; Colden, i., 121-123 ; Chalmers, ii., 69, 70 ; Doc. Hist., i., 186-195 ;
N.Y. H.S.Pi-oc, 1846, App., 101-123; Coll. (1S6S), 403 ; Mather, ii., 595; Smith, i., 103-105 ;
Trumbull, i., 379, 380; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxv., 230,268; Garneau, i., 305, 307; Bell, i., 323,
324 ; Dankers and Sluyter, 315, 316 ; Dunlap, i., 175-179 ; aiite, 329, 583. I refer with some
diffidence to such a blundering "■ authority" as Dunlap, who persistently substitutes the
name of '■^ Frontiffnac" the wine, for that of" Fronlenac" the governor.
t Doc. Hist., i.,18S-193; ii., 87,88; Col. Doc, iii., 708; Colden, i., 123.
II.— Q Q
610 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cn.vp. xir. came the first suggestion of a union of the English colonies
to attack the French.*
o?w ^ The sachems of the Mohawk castles now came to Alba-
2a i eb.
The Mo- jjy to condole with its masristrates on the calamity at Sche-
hawks at »' ~ •'
Albany, ncctadj, which they could not call a French victoiy, " for it
is done by way of deceit." With many Avamjjum belts,
they desired to wipe away all tears, and urge those who
wished to go to New York not to leave Albany. " If the
enemy should hear that, it would much encourage them ;
we are of the race of the bear, and a bear does not yield
as long as therQ is a drop of blood in its body. We must
all be so." Three years before they would have humbled
the French if they had not been prevented by Dongan, who
was then " Corlaer ;" but now, " let us go on briskly with
the war." " Let us not be discouraged ; the French are
not so many as people talk of ; if we but mind our busi-
ness, they can be subdued by the assistance of our neigh-
bors of New England, whose interest it is to drive on this
war as much as ours, that it may be speedily ended." The
2G Feb. Albany magistrates the next day answered their brethren,
nesT of Mo- reproving the carelessness of the Mohawk scouts, who had
HcZts given no notice of the French approach, and informing them
that letters had already been sent to the English colonies to
urge the capture of Quebec, and promising that special mes-
sengers should be sent to New York and New England "on
purpose to la}^ open the case before them, and to move them
to rig out vessels not only to hinder succor coming from
France, but to take Quebec itself, as also to send more men
hither, that we may then send men along with you to an-
noy the enemy in their country." Thus the Albany offi-
cers in February foreshadowed the campaign which was at-
tempted the following summer. At the same time they ex-
plained that Dongan had acted under the orders of a king
who " was a papist, and a great friend of the French ; but
our present Great King will pursue the war to the utmost."
r.pqnen to They also desired the Mohawks to persuade the Oneidas to
to Albany, scud Millet to Albany ; " for you have seen how dangerous
it is to have such persons among you, who inform the ene-
my of all your doings, and discover all our designs." The
Mohawk sachems shouted their approval, and replied, " We
* DocUist., ii.,S9,03; Golden, i, 117; ante,C05.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. Gil
will go with a whole army to ruin the French country ; chap. xii.
the business must be soon brought to a period ; therefore
send in all haste to New England, for we nor you cannot
live long in this condition ; we must order it so that the
French be in a continual fear and alarm."*
The Albany Convention accordingly dispatched Barent- 2t Feb.
Barentsen
sen to N^ew York, with instructions to wait on Governor dispatcbcd
Sloughter "if he be arrived, otherwise on the authority York,
there," and urge " that every one exert his power to crush
the common enemy ;" that men and supplies be sent to Al-
bany ; and that the people in the metropolis should " bring
all their sea-force together, to unite with our neighbors of
Boston to attack Canada." Livingston and Teunissen, of s Jiarcii.
. , 4 March.
Albany, and Garton, of Ulster, were also commissioned to Living- '
hasten to Connecticut and Massachusetts, and ask that Cap- nissen, and
tain Bull and his company should be allowed to remain; sent tTcon.
that more men and supplies be sent to Albany ; and that and Massa-
botli those colonies should unite with New York in attack- '=^"^^"^-
ing Quebec by sea, which " was but meanly fortified and
few men there, the strength of Canada being drawn up to
Montreal, which the French have fortified."f
The idea of a confederation of British North American
Plantations originated in New England in 1643. The pol-
icy of consolidating his colonies, to make them " terrible to
the French," was the thought of James the Second in 1688.
The patriotic purpose of a union of all the English depend- The union
encies in North America, from Virginia to New England, Bruisi/coi-
against a common enemy, was inspired by the New York agLILt
Iroquois, and formally propomided by the Albany Conven- Albany ''"
tion in February, 1690. From Schuyler and his associates "^^'"'
just praise should not be withheld.
When the news from Schenectady reached the provincial is Feb.
capital, Leisler " made an alarm," and disarmed and impris- piisonsAn-
oned about forty officers who held Andros's commissions. Jrs.lnd'
Warrants were also issued against Dongan, Willet, Hicks, mnte ^^^'
against
^ Dongan
* Doc. Hist., ii., 91-r5 ; Golden, i., 123-12T: Smith, i., 105, lOG; N. Y. 11. S. Coll., ii., 105- and others.
109; Fioc, ISIG, 122, 123 ; Millet's letter of C July, 1691, 49. Golden paraphrases rather
than copie.s Livingston's verbatim account, which I follow, and postdates the interview of
25 Februaiy on 25 March, 1690. Compare N. Y. IL S. Coll. (ISGO), le.VlSG.
t Doc. Hist, ii., 95-99 ; Col. Doc, iii.. 692-098, 70.3-T10. Captain Thomas Garton, of li-
ster, had married Ann Tye, who, after the decease of her first husband, Captain Daniel Broii-
liead, in 1G67, espoused his former subordinate, William Nottingham, and was left a second
time a widow : N. Y. U. S. Coll. (ISGS), 1S5 ; Munsell'g A!b. Coll., iii. ; ante, 123, 157.
612 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. xn. aud others, and the sheriffs of the neighboring counties
were directed to secure " all such persons who are reputed
IbJO. pa^pjg|;g^ QY iiold or maintain any commissions" fi-om Don-
gan or Andros. Yan Cortlandt, BrockhoUs, and Plowman
21 Feb. were ordered to be arrested. Finding himself thus perse-
Dongan in cuted, Dougau left his house at Hempstead and went to ISTew
fey^''"'' Jersey, whence he came to Boston to "be quiet." "Van
Cortlandt escaped to New England. Hamilton, Townley,
Pinhorne, and other New Jersey gentlemen, dared not come
to New York for fear of Leisler's despotic tastes. To such
a degree did he gratify his appetite for imprisoning, that
Alderman Kip, a deacon in the Dutch Church, was sent to
jail " for going in the church to old Mr. Beekman to receive
the alms before he went to young Henry the baker," who
was one of the Council.*
Wrongly blaming the Albany Convention for the calam-
ity at Schenectady, which was owing to his own intrigues,
21 Feb. Leisler dispatched Counselors Yermilye and Blagge, with
Secretary Milborne, to New Haven, where they had a con-
ference with Treat and AUyn, the governor and secretary
24 Feb. of Couuecticut. The New York agents desired that the
agents in Couuecticut forccs should not obey the Albany Convention,
connecti- -^^^ Lcisler. AUyn, in behalf of Connecticut, advised " hope-
ful and peaceable measures for a right understanding" be-
tween the rival authorities at New York and Albany, and
thought that the latter would jield when they saw the king's
letters to Nicholson. But this did not satisfy Leisler. He
1 March, caused Milborne to charge Treat and the Connecticut mag-
istrates with being upholders of " rebellion" in Albany, and
demanded that Allyn especially should be prosecuted as a
5 March, traitor. Allyn calmly rebuked Leisler's " angry letter, stuff-
bukedb^y ed with unjust calumniating charges," and declared that
connecti- ^|^^ Conuccticut govemmeut had advised the gentlemen of
Albany " not to contend, but to submit to the present pow-
er in the Province of New York, and to unite as one man
to oppose the common enemy ."f
4 March. Adopting the Albany suggestion of 15 February, Leisler
Maiyiand wi'otc to Coodc, of Maryland, asking him to assist New York
find Massa- «/ ■' o
chuaetts.'" " to dcstroy or take Canada," and to invite Yirginia to join.
• Doc. Hist., ii., 41, 43, 103 ; Col. Doc., iii., C36, 701, 716, 719, 721 ; Wood, lOS.
^ t Doc. Hist., ;L, 40, 43-40, 103 ; Dunlap, i., 1S0-1S3.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 613
At the same time he asked Bradstreet what assistance Mas- chap. xii.
sachiisetts would sive, chargino; that Connecticut had " re- ^TZ
1 fiQO
fused to advise" with New York. The next day, hearing '
that Livingston had gone on his mission to Boston, Leisler
dispatched Blagge thither, and Terneure to Hartford, to ap- 5 March.
prehend him under a general warrant, which alleged that against
he had doubted the success of the Prince of Orange's inva- '^*°^''°°-
sion of England."*
On reaching Hartford, Livingston and his colleagues ex- ii March.
plained to Treat and his council the condition of affairs at
Albany, and in a powerful memorial urged a union of all
the English colonies " by sea and land to invade and sub-
due Canada." The Connecticut authorities, however, in- 12 March,
sisted on recalling Bull and his soldiers from Albany. At connecti-
the same time, they informed Leisler that his warrant to ap-
prehend Livingston was defective, and, promising to join
" with all the rest of the Colonies and Provinces in this wil-
derness to do what we shall judge necessary to manage the
design against the French," advised moderation and as lit-
tle alteration as possible among the officers at Albany, so
" that nothing be done to discourage the Five Nations in
amity with us."t
From Hartford the Albany agents hastened to Boston, 20 March,
where they earnestly pressed the capture of Quebec, which
would be " the downfall of Anti-christ," and the plunder
would " ten times pay the charge of the expedition." La-
menting the distractions in New York, where, by reason of
Leisler's ambition, " there is neither pleasure nor satisfac-
tion to be in office," they set forth the influence the French
had gained over the Iroquois by their Jesuit missionaries,
and urged that " young divines" should be sent from Mas-
sachusetts " to instruct the Indians, especially the Mohawks,
in the true Protestant religion, since divers have an inclina-
tion to it, one being by the great pains and industry of our
minister, Domine Dellius, brought so far that he made his
public confession in the church at Albany." Massachu- Massachu-
setts, however, received Livingston's propositions coldly. theAibtny
She was fitting out an expedition, under the command of cfidiy.
Phipps, against Port Poyal, where spoil was nearer. But
• Doc. ni£t., iL, 35, SO, 95, 100-104, 114-117 ; Col. Doc, iii., 747 ; Dunlap, i., 1S2, 183 ; ante,
609. t Col. Doc, iii., 632-694, 6D6 ; Doc Uist., ii., 105, 100.
G14
HISTOHY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
4 March.
Leisler
sends De
Bruyn,
Provoost,
and Mil-
borne to
Albany.
17 March.
cuAp. XII. when Blagge demanded the apiDrehension of Livingston un-
der Leisler's warrant, he was flatly " denied." The Albany
1690. j(jga of taking: Canada, however, was not dropped, and a
But refuses ~ i. j. ^
toietLiv- sloop which Andros had built in Maine was dispatched
.apprehend- from Boston to England to beg a snpply of powder. By
1 April, that conveyance Ashurst was informed that, " there being
now wars between Holland and France, some are fearful
least the Hollanders should essay the possessing themselves
of Canada," and that it was better that the English should
have it rather than " the French, or Dutch either."*
Meanwhile Leisler had gathered a force of one hundred
and sixty men in New York and its neighborhood, and had
commissioned De Bruyn, Provoost, and Milborne to go with
it to Albany, and " superintend, direct, order and controul"
every thing there, and obtain possession of Fort Orange. A
similar commission authorized them to " order, settle, and
establish" the county of Ulster, The commissioners hast-
ened up the river, taking with them presents to gain the Iro-
quois, and clothing for the refugees of Schenectady.f
On reaching Albany, Leisler's commissioners found its
Convention ready to act on the advice of Connecticut, and
recognize the authority in New York. A joint meeting
was held, and Bull was desired to remain ; but this he could
not do ; and, as he left Albany, he and his company received
" uncivil entreaty" from Milborne. Fort Orange was sur-
rendered upon written conditions, which were soon violated,
and most of the soldiers discharged, including Lieutenant
Sharpe, who had been wounded by the bursting of a can-
non in firing the alarm for Schenectady. To calm all ani-
mosities, it was ordered that no one should asperse or re-
proach another, under penalty of breach of the peace.
Schuyler, the mayor, and the other city officers, were con-
coufirmed. firmed in their places, and all persons charged to respect
and obey them. Arrangements were made for an expedi-
•20 March, tioii against the French, and a detachment was sent to keep
watch at Crown Point.:}:
• Col. Doc, iii., C95-609, 709, TCT ; Poc. Iliat., ii., 104, 127, 151 ; Hutch., i., 30C, 307, SOS ;
Mather, i.,lS3; ii., 439, 59G ; Chalmer?, ii., 52-55,88, 89.
t Doc. Hist, ii., 41, 100, 101, 103, 111, 112; Col. Doc, iii., 702, 703, 717. The remainder of
the money that was gathered for the redemption of the slaves in Turkey in 1G7S, which An-
dros had given to build a new church in N. York, had been laid out in Oanaburf); linen, whicli
Leisler seized and sent to Albany with Milborne: Col. Doc, iii., 3 1. "5, 717; T>i'C. Ili-^t., ii.. Ill ;
onta, 331, 50G. t Doc. Hist., ii, 107-113; Col. Doc, iii., 70.->, 70S, 70:\ 710,716, 727.
20 March.
Fort Or-
ange sur-
rendered to
Leisler.
22 March,
Mayor
Schuyler
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 615
Leaving Provoost and De Bruyn at Albany, MilbornecnAr.xn.
went down to Esopus, and then proceeded to ]^ew York, ac- ~7T~~
companied by two Mohawk sachems, who received " great ^ ^^, *
satisfaction" from Leisler. The next day Milborne went Mohawks
1/ at Isew
back to Albany with additional forces, and a large quanti- York,
ty of maize was sent up from Kingston to supply the sol-
diers.*
As money was indispensable, Leisler, assuming the char-
ter of 1GS3 to be in force, had issued his writ to the sever- 20 Feb.
al counties, requiring them to elect and send representatives
to K'ew York " to consult debate and conclude all such mat-
ters and things as shall be thought necessary for the supply
of this Government, in this present conjuncture." But he
found the people "very slack" in complying. Suffollc ab- Suffolk ais-
solutely refused. Easthampton " could not comply" with hiuui-s
Leisler's demand to be recognized as the king's lieutenant 15 jiarcu.'
governor, and informed him that they would petition their 10 Marcu.
majesties to be rejoined to Connecticut. They '* distrusted
the purity of his motives," and would not submit to him.
New writs were accordingly issued of the same tenor, un- s Apni.
der which several of the counties chose representatives " by auve?^"'"
a few people" of Leisler's side. Albany elected Jan Jan- ^^^'^^^^
sen Bleecker and Ryer Schermerhorn. New York chose
John Spratt, Cornelius Pluvier, Eobert Walters, and Wil-
liam Beekman. The latter excused himself from attend-
ing. Pearson, of Queens, refused to sit. Ulster, Kings, and
Westchester sent some " very weak men." The Assembly,
thus constituted, met at the house of Walters, the son-in-law 24 Apni.
of Leisler, and, having chosen Spratt to be speaker, passed meTt™^'^
an act " to raise throughout the whole government three
pence in every pound real and personal, to be paid the first
of June ; and that all towns and places should have equal
freedom to boult and bake, and to transport where they
please, directly to what place or country they think it fit,
any thing their places afford, and that the one place should
have no more privileges than the other." This was aimed
against the bolting monopoly which New York had enjoy-
ed under Andros and Dongan, of which Albany and Ulster
were jealous. But petitions from the inliabitants coming
in " for the prisoners to be set at liberty, and that their griev-
• Doc. mat., ii., IIS, 119, 127, 132 ; Col. Doc.,iii., 703, 716.
616 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. XII. ances might be redressed," Leisler hastily prorogued his As-
sembly to September when he saw " they intended to work
1690. ^j^Ij ^j^g prisoners." The German tyrant justly feared a
popular inquisition, and doubted the fidelity of his profess-
ed friends, some of whom were gentlemen.*
If Leisler was a despot and a usurper, he had more exec-
utive ability than most of the colonial governors in North
America imder British authority. In his youth he had
struggled against his superiors in social position, while his
talent and his mercantile training would have admirably
fitted him to command if his education had equaled his ex-
perience in practical life. Like most men suddenly exalt-
ed, he was beguiled by vanity. He was as honest as he was
vain ; but his jealousy of gentlemen like Bayard and Van
Cortlandt, his wife's own relatives, was so overpowering
that he gratified it whenever he could. ISTevertheless, Leis-
ler was a true, though blundering colonial patriot. Saga-
ciously adopting the Albany idea jointly to attack Canada,
2 April, he urged Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and Mary-
congresa''' kud to scud delegates to New York to concert measures for
NewYork. that purposc. But, at Livingston's suggestion, Massachu-
setts had already called a New England meeting at Ehode
Island. This, however, was abandoned ; and the first North
1 May. American colonial Congress met at New York on the call
of Jacob Leisler.f
To this New York Congress Massachusetts sent "William
Stoughton and Samuel Sewall ; Plymouth, Maj or John Wal-
ley ; and Connecticut, Nathan Gold and William Pitkin.
New York was represented by Jacob Leisler and Peter de
la Noy. Ehode Island sent no delegates, but voted that, as
she could not give men, she would raise money in " reason-
1 May. able proportiqn." The Congress unanimously agreed that
fhc'con- New York should provide four hundred men, Massachu-
setts one hundred and sixty, Connecticut one hundred and
thirty-five, and Plymouth sixty, while Maryland promised
one hundred ; in all, eight himdred and fifty-five men. It
was also agreed that Leisler should appoint the major, or
• Doc. Hist., ii., 42, 104, 114, 120, 131, 133, 151,150; Col. Doc.,iii., 702,717 ; Wood, 10G,107,
110; Thompson, i., 163; Smith, i., 42, 6S, 95; Chalmers, ii., 70 ; Council Journals, i., Int.,
xxiv; an^c, 330, 391.
t Dnc. Hist., ii., 80, 95, 97, 117, 125, 126, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134 ; Col. Doc., iii., 697, 69S, 090.
709; M.-i^g.H.S. Coll., xxx-v., 232, 230, 244,249,250; Trumbull, i., 3S2; Hutchinson,!., 398;
Bancroft, iii , 1S3 ; anU\ GIO.
greas
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVEENOR. 617
'' chief commander," and the other colonies the next cap- chap, xil
tain. But, in "Walley's judgment, " he is a man that carries
on some matters too arbitrary." The Massachusetts dele- -^"^^*
gates, however, " would not engage that their fleet should
go in Canada River for Quebec ; only if they had success
at Port Eoyal, where they were bound they believed, being
thereby encouraged, they should resolve then."*
To stimulate Massachusetts, Leisler fitted out three ves-
sels for the capture of Quebec — one a privateer of twenty
guns, another a brigantine belonging to De Peyster, and the
other a Bermudan sloop, commanded by Captains Mason,
Goderis, and Bollen. They were commissioned to attack lo May.
Canada and take French prizes at sea, and Mason was to cruisers
act as admiral. Two sloops were also sent to cruise about French.
Block Island and the Sound against the French. Thus Leis-
ler zealously imitated the early energy of Mcolls in 1667.t
Meanwhile the answer of the Iroquois at their January
conference with the French had reached Montreal. Fron-
tenac resolved to restore several of the prisoners, and sent 9 March.
back a reply, which he wished La Hontan to convey ; but, sends
as he declined, the Chevalier D'Eau, a " reduced" or half- onondaga.
pay captain, was chosen. D'Eau was accompanied by four
Frenchmen, and carried full instructions from Frontenac
and messages from Oreouate, as well as a letter from Lam- c May.
berville to the Oneida sachem, Father Millet.:}:
The authorities at Albany had not been negligent on
their side. A conference was held with representatives of 13 ^^^7-
the Five Nations, whose speaker, " Diadorus," or Tahaj ado- conference
ris, accepted the metaphor of the Albanians that the French
were like "a fox engendered by a wolf." At the same
time, they desired their brethren to maintain peace among
themselves, " and join together the several colonies of Kew
England and Virginia, likewise those of Albany, who have
always sat under the green tree ; otherwise we shall destroy
one another." They also recommended that Montreal
• Doc. Hist., ii., 133-135, 13S, 143, 144 ; Col. Doc, iii., TIT, 72T, 732 ; R. I. Col. Rec, iii., 273 ;
Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxv., 244, 245, 247, 249, 250, 251, 252; Hutch., i., 397; Trumbull, i., 3S2;
Bancroft, iii., 1S3, 1S4 ; Arnold, i., 520; Chalmers, ii., 70, 71. In the Proceedings of the New
York Historical Society for 1849, p. 104, 105, is an interesting extract from Sewall's Diary,
giving an account of his journey to and from New York.
t Doc. Hist., ii., 132, 138, 141, 151, l.'>2, 158, 165; Col. Doc, iii., 717, 727, 732, 751 ; Valen-
tine's Man., 1S57, 462 ; DunIap,i.,lS5; N.Y. H. S. Coll. (1S6S), 321, 327; nnte.nj.
i Col. Doc, iii., 714, 715, 733-736 ; ix., 465, 466, 469, 470 ; La Hontan, i., 205 ; La Potherie,
iii., 63-67, 70-74; Charlevoix, ii., 425-429; Colden, i., 118, 129 ; antc,605.
618 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. XII. sliould be attacked by land, and Quebec by sea ; that Sche-
nectadj should be fortified anew, as their own castles had
been ; and they promised that the Iroquois confederates
would furnish eighteen hundred men to assist in conquer-
ing Canada."^
27 May. Ordcrs were at the same time dispatched by Schuyler
and others to apprehend the French agents on their arrival
at Onondaga, and send them to Albany. They were ac-
cordingly seized, and despoiled of all their letters and pres-
ents. Four Frenchmen were given to the savages, who
D'Eau burned two of them. D'Eau, with his papers, was sent to
ononda^ga Albany, and thence to New York. Among his papers was
>rew York." the Latin letter of Lamberville to Millet, which, containing
some expressions of good-will toward Domine Dellius, of
Albany, gave Leisler the opportunity to charge that cler-
gyman with "treasonable correspondence" with the en-
emy.f
IS May. Another expedition had meanwhile been dispatched from
Montreal to act against the English. It was composed of
"Praying" or Caghnawaga Indians, and commanded by
Kryn, the great Mohawk, and was accompanied by some
French officers who had been at the burning of Schenecta-
dy. Going by way of the Sorel River and Lake Cham-
plain, the expedition took several Iroquois and eight En-
4 June, glish womcu prisoners. On their return they were attack-
ed at Salmon Eiver by a party of Algonquins and Abena-
quis, who, mistaking them for English, killed two and
Kryn, the wouudcd tcu. Among the slain was Kiyn, the " Great Mo-
Mohawk,- hawk," whose death was the more deplored, because Fron-
tenac and the Jesuits had hoped that through his influence
all the New York Mohawks would eventually be dra\^^^ to
Canada.:}:
20 May. Eusigu Stoll now rctumcd from London with galling
turaa't'ith news to Lcislcr. The king had taken no notice of him, but
news^to""' had appointed Sloughter governor of New York, and Nicli-
Leiiler.
* Doc. Hist., ii., 136, 139 ; Col. Doc., iiL, 712-714, 7S3. Golden does not notice this confer-
ence. There is a remarkable difference in style between the minutes kept by Livingston
and those which now seem to have been recorded by Milborne.
t Col. Doc, iii., 714, 715, 732-736, 7.53; iv., 214, 219; ix., 470; Doc. Hist., ii., 108,144, 1.50,
151 ; La Potherie, iii., 74, 110 ; La llcintan, i., 20C, 207 ; Charlevoi.x, iii., S3, S4 ; Colden, i.,
129; Smith, i., IOC; Millet's letter, 43. .M
t Col. Doc, iii., 710,727; ix., 473.474; La Totherie, iii., S1-S3 ; Charlevoix, iii., G9-7i;
Shea's Missions, 320; Doc. Ui^it., ii., 151.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVERNOE. 619
olson lieutenant governor of Yirginia, where the latter soon chap. xii.
arrived. " Tlie merchants, traders, and others, the princi-
pal inhabitants" of New York, accordingly drew up an ad- jg jj^y '
dress t6 William and Mary, complaining that for nearly a ^e'^p^ncu
year they had been oppressed by the " arbitrary power" ex- jfj„\°^"f^'
ercised by some " ill men," who, in spite of the king's proc- ^^''^^i^^m
lamation, ruled New York " by the sword, at the sole will aid Mary.
of an insolent alien [meaning Leisler, who was a German],
assisted by some few, whom we can give no better name
than a rabble, those who formerly were scarce thought fit
to bear the meanest offices among us, several of whom also
can be proved guilty of enormous crimes." These persons
imprisoned at will, opened letters, seized estates, plundered
houses, and abused the ministers of the Keformed Dutch
Churches, so that "several of the best and most considera-
ble inhabitants are forced to retire from their habitations
to avoid their fury." This address was signed by Domines
Yarick, of Long Island, and Perret, of the French Church
in New York, with several elders, and deacons, and other
prominent persons.*
The people of New York not in Leislcr's interest now be-
came restive. " In a most audacious manner" they demand- c June.
ed the release of their fellow-citizens, whom he had impris-
oned and kept captive because they would not acknowledge
his government ; and many refused to pay the tax which
his pretended Assembly had imposed. Leisler himself was Leisier ns-
assaulted in the street, but his opposers were quickly over-
powered, some " twenty odd" of whom were put in prison,
charged with being " Papists." There was probably more
real despotism in New York at this moment than in any
other government pretending to be " popular." To clinch
his power, Leisler proclaimed that all who would not sign 7 June,
a declaration of fidelity to himself as representing King
William "shall be deemed and esteemed enemies to his
Majesty and country, and shall be treated accordingly."
Dispatches to the king and Lord Shrewsbury were also pre- 23 june.
pared by Leisler and his council, which were intended to be Lettemo
sent to England by Milborne, but which were intrusted to Ind Lofd
Shrews-
bury sent
* Col. Doc, iii., 415, T19, 731, 74S, T40, 7G2 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 247; Chalmers's Annals, i., 610 ; l^X Ulagge.
Bancroft, iii., 52. The very imperfect extract of this address by Chalmers has misled some
later writers.
620 HISTORY or THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
1690.
ciiAP. xiL Blagge, as Milborne could not well be spared from Kew
York at this time,*
Leisler had prevailed on the colonial Congress in May
to allow him to name the commander of the expedition
25 May. against Canada. Accordingly, he hastened to commission
appointed Milbomo to lead the forces of New York, New England,
Leisler. and Maryland. This very unfit appointment was especially
by connec- distastcf ul to Conuccticut, whcre Winthrop was known to
jiassa^chu- bc the bcst general. Seeing that Massachusetts united with
Connecticut in favor of Winthrop, with an " importunity
20 June, that was irresistable," Leisler appointed him commander,
and sent a blank commission for the purpose to Albany.
But Massachusetts and Plymouth, which had agreed to con-
tribute forces, recalled them, in consequence of the French
attack on Casco Bay.f
Having received a commission fi*om Governor Treat, of
Connecticut, " to command the forces designed against Can-
14 July, ada," Winthrop set out from Hartford, accompanied by Liv-
appointej ingstou. After a week's march " through the diflacult and
marches to aluiost impasiblc parts of the wilderness," the Connecticut
*°^' general reached I^nderhook, where some of the Albany of-
21 July, ficers hastened to meet him,* On reaching Albany, "Win-
throp made Livingston's house his headquarters, and " found
the design against Canada poorly contrived and little pros-
ecuted, all things confused, and in no readiness or posture
for marching," None of the quotas of men were equal to
those promised at the New York Congress, and Milborne,
as commissary, was inefiicient and obnoxious. After sev-
31 July, eral days spent in frivolous disputes, "Winthrop accepted the
commission which Leisler had sent up to be commander-in-
chief of the combined expedition of New York^ New En-
gland, and Maryland against Canada, The forces moved
northward, through Stillwater and Saratoga, to "Wood Creek,
7 August, near the head of Lake Champlain, where a council of war
warTt ° was held. The savages advised the army to advance at once
Creek. to Islc La Motte, at the foot of the lake, where the "Western
Iroquois were to meet the expedition. But word soon came
• Col. Doc, iii., 732-74S, 750, 7C4, 765 ; Doc. Hist. , ii., 14, 147, 14S, 151 ; N. Y. II. S. Coll.
(1SG8), 326, 327. If Milborne had gone to ICnglandfhe would have escaped the fate which
befell him.
t Doc. in.<t.,ii., 135, 142-147, 149-152, 170; Col. Doc, iii., 703-707, 727-731, 752; M.iss. II.
S. CoU., XXXV., 25S-2G0 ; ante, 606.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 621
that Milborne could furnish no provisions from Albany, and cqap. xii.
that the Senecas were suffering from the epidemic small-
pox, and " that the Great God had stopt their way." At- g j^^^^^[
tempts were nevertheless made to construct canoes of elm f^^^^u.^^
instead of birch ; but it was so late in the season that the
bark would not peel. The small-pox now broke out in the
camp, and another council of war was called, at which " it is August.
was thought most advisable to return with the Army." This marches
^ baclc to
decision saved Canada from her threatened danger. But, Albany.
by the advice of the savages. Captain John Schuyler, a
younger brother of the Mayor of Albany, was detached,
with forty Christians and one hundred and twenty Mohawks,
Schatacooks, and Kiver Indians, to attack the Prairie de la
Madeleine, opposite Montreal. Disheartened by circum-
stances which he could not control, Winthrop led his army
back, " many of the soldiers being sick and lame," and in a
few days encamped it at Greenbush, opposite Albany.* 20 August.
Meanwhile Phipps had sailed, with a large force, from 9 August.
Boston to attack Quebec. Knowing this, and furious at the
return of Winthrop's army, Leisler hastened to Albany.
Assuming supreme power, he "questioned" the Connecticut sr August.
general and put him in prison, with other officers, whom he Albany,
selected as " chief actors." This outrage excited the Mo- winthrop-
hawks and the Connecticut soldiers at Greenbush, and
Leisler was obliged to set free liis prisoners. Nevertheless,
he insolently required Winthrop " to make his defence" be-
fore him at I^Tew York. The Connecticut government at
once sharply rebuked the vanity of the German demagogue. 1 Sept.
" The army being confederate," it wrote, " if you be con-
cerned, so are we, and the rest ; and that you alone should
judge upon the General's and Council of war's actions, will
infringe our liberty." The wholesome reproof was added
" that a prison is not a catholicon for all state maladies,
though so much used by you."f
The long-talked-of conquest of Canada had failed ; yet
one masterly achievement blunted the edge of disappoint-
ment in New York. Captain John Schuyler's expedition
• Col. Doc., ili., T52, 753 ; iv., 193-196 ; ix., 492, 495, 513, 514 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 149, 151, 152,
15T, 158, IGO, 169, 170 ; La Potherie, iii., 126, 127 ; Charlevoix, iii., 86-94 ; Trumbull, i., 382,
383; Millet's letter, 44, 46, 47 ; Chalmers, ii., 55, 56.
t Col. Doc, iii., 753 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 160, 162, 163 ; Hutch., i, 400; Trumbull, i., 3S4, 385,
540,541; Millet's letter, 47 ; Chalmers, Key. Col., i., 230; Annals, ii., 57; Dnnlap, i., 191;
Valentine's Man., 1861, 686.
G22 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
ciur. XII. was a brilliant success. Leaving their canoes at Chambly,
they marched to La Prairie, opposite Montreal. Frontenac
had meanwhile gone up to Montreal from Quebec to oppose
the expected expedition, and a force of twelve hundred men
11 August, -^as reviewed ; but no enemy appearing, vigilance was re-
^ '""^'" laxed. Learning from his spies that the farmers and the
garrison were all cutting grain, Schuyler endeavored to gain
25 August, possession of the fort ; but the eagerness of the young sav-
ofptaVa ages precipitated the attack, and enabled many of the French
Schuyler's to cscape. Nineteen prisoners were taken and six killed ;
suSuT all the houses and haystacks were burned, and one hundred
and fifty head of cattle destroyed. Schuyler then fell
30 August, back to Chambly and returned to Albany, having lost only
one European and six Iroquois. Thus Schenectady was
avenged.*
10 Sept. On his return to New York, Leisler wrote to Bradstreet,
at Boston, charging the failure of the Albany expedition
upon Winthrop's " treachery and cowardice," and Living-
30 Sept. ston's confederacy with the New England officers. His re-
i^ttera to ply to Connecticut was still more intemperate. Wiiithrop
?eus an'd"" was chargcd with lax morality, and called upon to vindicate
coonecti- iiijjiggif . ^yhilo the Hartfoi'd authorities were threatened
that, when " searched with candles," their nakedness would
be uncovered. This, however, did not affect the General
9 October. Court, who approved Winthrop's conduct, and thanked him
for his " fidelity, valor, and prudence."t
The Massachusetts naval expedition against Quebec had
9 August, meanwhile sailed under the command of Phi|)ps, with Wal-
ley, of Plymouth, as general of tlie land forces. It consist-
ed of thirty or forty vessels and two thousand men, and was
23 Sept. more than a month in reaching Tadoussac. Hearing of its
approach, Frontenac hastened with a large force from Mon-
j*j Oct. treal to Quebec, which he quickly put in a state of defense.
Two days afterward Phipps anchored at Beauport, and sent
f„ Oct. a pompous summons, which Frontenac was required to an-
swer within an hour. The veteran refused to negotiate
with those who served the Prince of Orange, " a usurper,"
' Col. noc.,iii.,T53; iv.,19C; ix., 4T7-4'>1 ; Doc. Jlist., ii..lC0-162,169; New Jersey II. 3.
rroc.,i., 72-74; La llontan, i.,207, 20S; La Potherie, Hi., 98, 101, 102; Cliarlevoi-x, in., SC-
91 ; Chalmers, ii., 74.
t Hutch., i., 30!), 410; Doc. UUt , ii., ICO, 170 ; Tmmbull, i., 3S5; Dunlap, i.,103, 193; N.
V. II. S. I'roc, 1819,1(17.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 623
and would answer only by his cannon. An ill-conducted chap. xii.
attack was made and vigorously repulsed, and the discom- "TTTT"
fited expedition retreated. A church was dedicated at Que- g '
bee to " our Lady of the Victory ," and Louis ordered a med- Mipps re-
al to be struck in honor of one of the most glorious deeds Quebec.
of his reign. Phipps returned humiliated and without
spoil to Massachusetts, which was obliged to issue the first Paper
paper bills in America to pay its public creditors.* money.
During the summer, however, the three vessels which
Leisler had fitted out had been quite successful at Port Roy-
al and Isle Percee. On one of the captured French vessels ^^ '^"'^- .
was a letter from Louis to Frontenac, intimating that he New York
could afford no further assistance to Canada this year, take
Hearing that some French privateers were committing ex- prizTs.
cesses at Nantucket and Block Island, Leisler commission- 23 juiy.
ed four other vessels to cruise against them. Several French
prizes were taken and brought in triumph to New York,
whicli were condemned by a Court of Admiralty appointed n sept.
by Leisler, of which De la Noy was president, while Mil-
borne acted as attorney general.f
Owing to Leisler's absence in Albany, the Assembly,
which he had prorogued to the first of September, did not
meet, and new writs were issued summoning it for a later 11 sept
day. At its meeting the Assembly enacted a law requiring is sept.
all persons who had left the province to return within three at^xew ^
weeks after its publication, under pain of being " deemed and
esteemed as persons disobedient to the government." An-
other law levied a new tax for the support of two hundred 2 October.
men as Leisler's garrison in the fort. A third law declared 4 October.
that any person refusing to accept a civil or military com- passed,
mission from Leisler should be fined seventy-five pounds ;
that any one leaving Albany or Ulster without his permis-
sion should be fined one hundred pounds ; that no merchan-
dise from those counties should be brought down the Hud-
son Piver without his license, under penalty of confiscation ;
• Col. Doc, ix., 452, 455-462, 4S1-401, 4r5 ; La rotlieric, iii., 111-123 ; La Hontan, 20S-217 ;
Charlevoix, Iii., 94, 95, 110-128, 130, 134 ; v., 107 ; Hawkins's Quebec, 133, 137-140, 229, 314 ;
Hutch. Mass., i., 399-402, 554-500 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxv., 263-2GS ; Plymouth Rec, vi., 248,
249; Humble Address, etc., by L. Hammond; Chalmers, ii., 50-58, 89; Andros Track;
Smith, 1., 107, 108. Golden, i., 137, 138, wrongly dates this expedition in 1601.
t Doc. Hist., ii., 141, 154-156, 164-108, 172, 176, 229, 230 ; Col. Doc, iii., 751, 752 ; ix., 452,
475, 477 ; La Potherie, iii , 89, 90 ; Charlevoix, iii., 101-106 : Mas.s. H. S. Coll., xxvi., 263-274 ;
Arnold, i., 521, 522; N.Y. U. S. Coll. (1S6S), 822,327; Col. MSS., xxxvi. ; an.V, 617.
624 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. xu. and that " all persons" who had left those counties must re-
7 tm-n within fourteen days after publication of the law, " at
loyu. ^[^q[j. utmost perils." In the annals of "popular" legis-
lation, it would be difficult to find more despotic laws than
these.*
Leisler now superseded his former commission to De
10 October. Brujn, Provoost, and Milborne, and appointed Staats, Wen-
ficer3°^°' dell, Bleecker, Bogardus, and Schennerhorn "to superin-
tend, direct, order and controul all matters and things re-
lating to the city and county of Albany, and the safety and
defense of the subjects therein, according to the laws of
this Province, and the present establishment." Wendell
8 October, was also commissioucd to be mayor in place of Schuyler^
14 October, and on King James's birthday aldermen and assistants were
elected who all appear to have been Leisler's friends.f
20 October. Lcttci's wcrc also written to the king and to Lord Shrews-
bury, as it was not known that he had resigned his office of
secretary of state. "ISTew England's perfidy and disap-
pointments" were set forth offensively, and the " Cocceian"
Domine Dellius, of Albany, and others, denounced as trai-
tors. These letters, which were the last that Leisler address-
ed to England, seem to have been written by Milborne.:}:
Leisler Among otlicr quarrels, Leisler engaged in several with
with tiie the Dutch and French ministers. Dellius at Albany, who
Fr"encii^'^ was a f avoritc with the Indians, had opposed his authority,
mmi=tera. ^-q^^j^j p^.g^^ Q^y £qj. ^]^q crowu, and not for the King of En-
gland, and had been kindly spoken of by the Jesuit Lam-
berville. Leisler endeavored to imprison him in N"ew York,
but Dellius wisely escaped to Boston, whence he intended
returning to Em'ope, and complain. Yarick, of Flatbush,
who had signed the address to the king and queen of the
previous May, for uttering his sentiments too freely, was
obliged to fly to Newcastle, and, on returning to his house,
was arrested and imprisoned " for • speaking treasonable
words against Captain Leisler and the Port." After a trial
before De la Noy and others, under a special commission,
he was sentenced "to be deprived from his ministerial func-
tion, amerced in a fine of eighty pounds, and to remain in
• Doc. Hist., ii., 1.33, 15S, 159, 103, 1S1, 200, 201 ; Col. Poc, iii., 753 ; Col. MSS., xx.xvi., US;
CouncilJoumaU, i.,Tnt., XXV. ; S.Wood, lOS; nji^c, 61C.
t Doc. Hist., i!., 100, 171, 199, 200; Munsell, ii., 112.
t Col. Doc., iii., 751-754 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxv., 277.
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 625
close prison until that fine should be paid." Upon making chap. xii.
his submission to Leisler, he was released. Selyns offered
bail for Yarick, but he was refused, and " grossly abused by '
Leisler himself in the church at the time of divine service,
and threatened to be silenced." The French ministers, Fer-
ret and Daille, were often menaced " because they would
not approve of his power and disorderly proceedings."*
A colony of French Huguenots had meanwhile been
founded at New Kochelle, upon ground sold to them by 20 May.
Leisler, who had bought it of Pell. Its first minister was atle^Ko.
the Eeverend David Bonrepos, who, a few years afterward,
removed to Staten Island. Small as it was, the new colony,
greatly to its disgust, was called upon to raise the taxes im-
posed by Leisler's Assembly.f ,
Discontent was now spreading through the province.
The people would not readily pay their taxes, especially as
the Canada expedition had failed, for whicli Leisler was
held responsible. In Queens County they declared against
his government, and he suspended the session of the court 26 October.
" until the said rebells be suppressed, and the counties on agafnst*"
Long Island reduced to their obedience." Milborne was^^"^^"^'
also commissioned to raise what force he could, and," with 28 October.
all violence and hostility," to subdue all "that are refrac- subdue the
tory to the established government." Another commission 30 October.
directed Edsall and Williams to assist Milborne, and exam-
ine vessels, search houses, and secure all "suspected per-
sons." These orders were executed with such predatory vi-
olence that the inhabitants of Hempstead, Jamaica, Flush-
ing, and Newtown met and directed Captain John Clapp to 7 Novem.
write a letter to the king's secretary of state explaining jota"'"
their miserable condition " by the severe opjDressions and ti'r to'tiJf'
tyrannical usurpations of Jacob Leisler and his accomplices." ofTa'teT
The letter was telling and bitter. Leisler was styled a " bold
«
* Doc. Hist., ii., 247 ; Col. Doc, iii., 415, C46, 651, 672, 696, 715, 732, 749, 753, 771 ; iv., 219,
489,533; Col.MSS., xxxvi.,142 ; Corr. 01. Amst. ; Mui-phy's Anthology, 103, 108, 113, 116,
ns ; N. Y. Christ. Int., 21 Sept., 1865 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll. (1S68), 407, 409. Leisler appears to
have been so hostile to Selyns, who had married his daughter Catharine to Walters in Feb-
ruary, 16S5, that he would not allow him to marry his daughter Mary to Milborne on 3 Feb-
ruary, 1690-1 : anie, 577. By whom the ceremony was performed does not appear : compare
Val. Man., 1861, 652, 665 ; 1S62, 604, 611, 646 ; 1863, 791, 830 ; Pass Book, iv., 71 ; New York
Marriages (1860), 230, 263.
t Doc. Hist., ii., 171 ; iii., 560 ; Col. Doc., iii., 745, 746; Bolton's Westchester, i., 375-396,
414 ; Church in Westchester, 388-396 ; Selyns to Classis ; Murphy's Anthology, 120, 127 ;
Dr. De Witt, in N. Y. H. S. Proc. for 1848, p. 82.
IL— Rk
026 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. XII. iisurper," and Milbome's former conviction for clipping
■ coin had made him " famous for nothins; but infamy," In
1 port
a barbarous and inhuman manner houses had been plun-
dered by them, women stripped of their apparel, and estates
sequestered, " because we would not take commissions from
the pretended Lieutenant Governor to be ptirt executioners
of his tyrannical will and exorbitant demands, and extort
an illegal tax from the subjects." The crimes which Leis-
ler had committed would force him to take shelter under
Catiline's maxim, " The ills that I have done can not be safe
but by attempting greater ;" and the king was besought to
" break this heavy yoke of worse than Egyptian bondage."
Adverse Popular fecliug could not be so openly expressed in New
New°York. York, wliicli was overawed by the fort, and where none
were safe but Leisler's " faction." It was alleged, never-
theless, that much of the plunder which he obtained from
houses, shops, cellars, and vessels was " sold to his friends in
this city, and shipt off for the West Indies and elsewhere."*
Yet Leisler did not neglect the security of Albany against
10 xovem. the Frcuch. The Ulster officers were directed to send thith-
er as many men as they could upon the first notice. Viele
20 Novem. was also appoiutcd general agent of the province, to go to
»t un.mda- Unoudaga and reside among the Iroquois, to act according
^'' to his best " knowledge, skill, and power."t
n Decern. Lcislcr was now advised from Boston that Governor
vted by " Sloughter was " daily expected," and that it would be well
for him, against whom many "strange reports" had been
made, to temper " justice with moderation and mercy," es-
pecially when the king's own settlement of the matter was
so near. But this good advice had little influence on one
•who clung to his usurped authority with the tenacious grasp
of a despot. His last letter to Treat had not been answer-
1G91. ed. Milborne therefore drafted for him a characteristical-
liiS'^' ly abusive New Year's greeting to Conjiecticut, in which
'^e^tl^con- Saint James was cited as condemning "hypocrites," and the
necticiit. colony reviled for its "fig-leaf" righteousness and its "ex-
tent of treachery." This joint " effort" was a coarse and
unsuccessful imitation of the usual Puritan stjde.:}:
• Poc. Hist., ii.,lT3, 174,175,247; Col. Doc, iii., 754-7.'>6; Wood, 108,103 ; Thompson,!.,
1C7; Uikcr'8 Newtown, 119, 120 ; Onderdonk's Queens County, 12; N. Y. II. S. Coll. (ISGS),
381, aS2. t Doc. Hist., ii., 177, 17S.
t Doc. Hist., ii., 17S, 179, ISO ; JIass. II. S. Coll., xxxv., 277, 27^
JACOB LEISLER, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 627
Seeing that even the New York comity militia were in chap. xii.
disorder, Leisler ordered their major, De Brnyn, to "settle"
them. A few days afterward he issued a proclamation re- g jan.
quiring the appointment of assessors and collectors of his fj^^^t^
last tax in each town, at their " utmost peril." But before °^^^l^2
this spasmodic effort of waning despotism could be accom-
plished, Leisler's pernicious colonial authority was over-
thrown.*
The revolution which shifted the crown of England from
James the Second to William and Mary, at the same time
transferred the allegiance of the English colonies from the
old to the new sovereigns. Thencef oi^ward Parliament as- Parliament
smned more immediate direction of colonial affairs than it ciown.
had ever before taken. Nevertheless, the English crown
remained the unquestioned sovereign of all British Planta-
tions. But the crown was taught wisdom by experience.
Not less fond of power than James, "William ordained for 1690.
New York a government which continued substantially in
operation for nearly a century. It consisted of a governor ^yiniam's
and council, appointed by the English sovereign, and an As- govem-
sembly elected by a majority of the freeholdei's in the sev-'"^^ '
eral counties of the province. In their mimic sphere these
provincial authorities faintly shadowed the king, the lords,
and the commons of England. Yet, supreme above minia-
ture colonial legislation soared the undefined prerogative
of the crown of England and the imperial arrogance of her
Parliament.
Sloughter's commission from Wilham resembled in form, 4 Jan.
and in most particulars, those which James had given to commis" ^
Dongan and to Andros. Its chief difference was the an- "°°*
thority intrusted to the royal governor and council to sum-
mon Assemblies of the fi'eeholders of the province of New
York. The governor, with the consent of the Council and
a majority of the Assembly of the freeholders, could make Assembly.
local laws conformable to those of England, which colonial
laws the king might approve or disallow at any time. The
governor might negative all laws, and adjourn, prorogue,
and dissolve such Assemblies. The new oaths enjoined by
Parliament were to be sworn to by the councilors as " the
• Doc. nut., ii., ISl ; Col. Doc, iii., 753; ante, 023.
(528 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. XII. Test" of 1673, which, not affecting America, James had
waived. But William now req uired it to be taken, as well
1 PQf)
as that for the due execution of their places. Like Don-
gan and Andros, Sloughter was authorized to appoint judges,:
erect courts, pardon offenders, collate ministers in vacant
benefices, command the militia, execute martial law, and
act as vice-admiral. In case of his death or absence from
the province, his duties were to be executed by the com-
mander-in-chief, if the king should appoint one, and if not,
councu. by " the first counselor," who was to act as president, with
the usual " powers and preheminences."*
3ijan. William's instructions to Sloughter were also modeled
instnic" ^ in most respects exactly after those which James had given
to Dongan and Andros. Sloughter, however, was required
to cause the Test of 1673 to be subscribed by all officers,
besides their other oaths, and was directed to appoint an at-
torney general and call a Court of Exchequer. The former
orders respecting the Church of England were renewed, by
which the Bishop of London was to have ecclesiastical ju-
risdiction in New York, certifying ministers and licensing
schoolmasters. The governor, hoAvever, could collate to ben-
efices, grant marriage licenses, and have the probate of wills
as surrogate. Liberty of conscience, which James had grant-
ed to all peaceable inhabitants, was restricted by William to
all such persons " except Papists." The old instructions
limiting the libert}^ of printing was repeated in the same
Avords. The royal councilors in New York named by Wil-
counciiors. Ham wcrc Frederick Phillipse, Stephen van Cortlandt, Nich-
olas Bayard, William Smith, Gabriel Minvielle, Chidley
Brooke, William Nicolls, Nicholas de Meyer, Francis Rom-
bouts, Thomas AVillett, William Pinhorne, and John Haines.
Of these, Phillipse, Yan Cortlandt, and Bayard had been An-
dres's former counselors, and their reappointment by the
Dutch king showed that he approved of their loyal conduct
under Nicholson. But he left out Leisler, because he was
a colonial demagogue, with brains and honesty, but blunder-
headed, and Brockholls and Baxter, because they were
• Col. Doc, iii.,377-3S3,. "337-542,023-025; Commissioni', ii. , 3 ; Narcissus Luttrcll, ii., 2;
ante, 201, 202, 2C4, 452-455, 502-504, 564. It will be remembered that the Knglish "Test
Act" of 1073 required all officers in England to take oaths of allegiance and supremacy to
the king, receive the .Sacrament according to tlie Knglisli Episcopal form, and sign a decla-
ration against the liomish doctrine of transubst.nntiation: an^e, 201.
JACOB LEISLEE, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 629
" Papists," while he appointed Smith, Minvielle, Rombouts, chap. xn.
and De Meyer, nominated by Dongan.'^ -irqo
In the mean time the acting authorities in Massachusetts
had sullenly obeyed the royal command to send to England,
to answer "what may be obiected against them," Andros, Androsana
011161*9 sent
Dudley, Palmer, Randolph, West, Graham, Farewell, and toEngiaad.
Sherlock, whom they had kept in close confinement. The
prisoners were meanly shipped on board the deeply-laden u Feb.
bark Mehitable, in which they " endured all the miseries of
a troublesome winter voyage." But three days before the ii Feb.
Mehitable sailed, Cooke and Oakes were dispatched in the
Martin, as special agents of the insurgents, to assist Mather
and Ashurst, on the part of Massachusetts. With them sail-
ed Wiswall, of Plj^mouth, who was " an artist at sea." When
Andros and his fellow-prisoners appeared before the Plan- lo Apra.
tation Committee, they were ready to charge Massachusetts
with " rebellion against lawful authority, and imprisoning
the King's Governor." The agents of that colony were
then required " to give the reasons of the opposition to Sir 14 ApriL
Edmund and his authority." This was done in an unsign- 17 Apru.
ed paper, which the committee, of course, disregarded.
Upon their report the king ordered the prisoners to be dis- 24 Apni.
charged. A month afterward Andros submitted to the ch°aig°ed.""
committee a fall report of his administration, which was ' ^^'
answered by the Massachusetts agents. But William, full so May.
of Irish affairs, took no further notice of this ISTew England
cparrel.f
Andros being thus absolved by his sovereign, Dudley and
Graham, with their associates, shared the triumph of their
chief. The question of a new charter for Massachusetts
was left undecided, and meanwhile tiie king directed that
Dudley should be added to the Council of New York as its Dudley.
* Col. Doc, ili., 3C9-3T5, 41", 543-549, 6S5-CS1 ; Chalmers, ii., 01 ; N. Y. H. S. CoU. aS6S),
393 ; Wood, i., 152.
t Doc. Hist., ii., 42; Chalmers's Annals, ii., 27, 2S, 29, 61, 89 ; Mass. H. S. Coll., xxxii., 299,
300,301; XXXV., 225-229 ; Col. Doe., iii., 722-720; Maine H. S. Coll., v., 393, 398; Hutch.
Mass., i., 388, 391, 393-396; Coll., 568, 515; Barry, i., 510, 511; Arnold, i., 515; R.I. Rec, iii.,
256,257,281-285; Narcissus Luttrell, ii., 32; Hist. Mag., i., 342 ; Palmer's Impartial Ac-
count, Preface ; Rev. in N. E. Just., in Force's Tracts, iv., ix., 9, 10 ; Andros Tratts ; Palfrey,
iii. , 582, note ; ante^ 593.
While imprisoned in Boston, Palmer drew up liia '■'•Impartial Account.," which he could
circulate there only in manuscript, it " being branded with the hard name of a Treasonable
and seditious libel;" but, on reaching more liberal London, he had it printed ^'•for Edward
Poole, at the Shjp, over against the Royal Exchange, in Cornhill, 1690." Palmer's "Account"
has been reprinted in the Andros Tracts, together with an answer to it, entitled " The liciy-
oluiion in New England Justified,^' which also makes No. 9 of Force's Tract.?, iv.
030 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. XII. first member. Graham was also recommended to be made
1690.
Graham.
recorder and attorney general.*
The king in Council also ordered that one of the sloops
20 Apru. i!3uilt bj Andros, together with the guns taken from Pema-
New York quid, and the New York Records which had been carried to
Boston, should be delivered to Sloughter ; and a letter was ac-
30 April, cordingly written to the acting authorities of Massachusetts.
31 May. A ncw scal was likewise appointed for New York, and de-
vinciar" livered to Sloughter. It represented on one side the effi-
gies of the king and queen, with two Indians kneeling and
offering presents of beaver, and on the other the royal arms,
with appropriate inscriptions.f
It was more than ever important that Sloughter should
hasten to his government ; yet, after all the delays that had
already occurred, his departure was again retarded. The
frigate appointed to carry him to New York was detached
as a convoy to Ireland, where William *vent to conduct the
1 jiiiv. campaign in person. The defeat of James at the River
Boyne enabled the king to return soon afterward triumph-
antly to London. The French, however, were still very
strong at sea. It was so difficult to obtain convoys that
English merchants were obliged to hire the protection of
Dutch privateers. At lengtli the frigate Archangel and
7 October, three smaller vessels were assigned to convey Sloughter,
Soldiers for , , . pit p o • i i -\-r ^7- i
New York. With two compamcs 01 soldiers, from Spithead to JNew l ork.
Of one of these companies Sloughter himself was made the
captain. The other was commanded by Major Richard In-
goldesby, of " a worthy family," but " a rash, hot-headed
man," wlio had formerly served in Holland, and had just
returned from victorious service under William in Ireland.
Ingoldesby probably owed his promotion to the friendship
of the eccentric Marquis of Winchester, whom William had
10 Sept. made Duke of Bolton. *IIis commission required him to
ard In- ^ " obcy tlic I'oyal " Governor of New York now and for the
commis^ ^ time being," but it did not authorize him to act as com-
mander-in-chief in case of Sloughter's absence or death.:}:
•Col.Doc.,iii.,364,721,7C0,7Gl,76T,TC8; iv., 551,847; Council Min., vi., 2; Doc. Hist.,
ii., 202 ; Mass. II. S. Coll., .xxxv., 277, 279 ; Hutch. Mass., i., 335 ; ii., 313. Although Dudley
was made a New York counselor, he was not appointed its chief justice by the king, who had
intrusted that power to Sloughter, who accordingly commissioned Dudley on 15 M.iy, 1601 :
Col. Doc, iii.,C25; Council Min.,vi.,27; ;>os?, 639.
tCol. Doc.,iii.,427. 540,024, 71>0-T1'2, 709; Doc. Hist., iv., 2»; ComraisMons, ii., 10.
t Chalmem's Annuls, ii., OS, 73, 91 ; Kcv. Col., i., 242 ; Uurchetf a Memoirs, 47, 5S, 02, lO.")-
JACOB LEISLEE, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 631
Meanwhile Blagge had reached London with Leisler's dis- cuap. xii.
patches of June, and submitted " a memorial of what has
occurred in New York," with a petition to the king, pray- ^j^^^^ ^
ing that Leisler's proceedings might be approved, that the Londou.
Assembly of New York might choose the members of the
Council, and that the petitioner might be "lieard in person.
Blagge, however, met with no more favor than his prede-
cessor Stoll. So far from recognizing Leisler as lieutenant
governor, or approving his conduct, the king did not even
name him as one of Sloughter's counselors. The Privy
Council referred all the papers received from " Captain Leis- it oct.
ler and others calling theipselves the Council of New York," refened'^u!
as well as the address from its principal inhabitants, to ""='*'"•
Sloughter, with directions strictly and impartially to exam-
ine the several allegations on his arrival, and return " a true
and perfect account of the state of that province."*
At length Sloughter set sail from theJsle of Wight fori Decern.
Bermuda and New York in the Archangel frigate. Captain s-°iu{oT^
Jasper Hicks, which was to convoy the Beaver, the Canter- anTia car-
bury, and the store-ship John and James. Ingoldesby, with J'^u'da! ^''
his company of soldiers, and Counselor Brooke, who had
also been appointed collector and receiver of New York,
Secretary Clarkson, and others, embarked in the Beaver.
The other soldiers were in the Canterbury. Dudley, the
" first Counsellor" of New York, appears to have sailed di-
rectly to Boston. After keeping company for some time,
the three ships separated at sea from the Archangel, " with-
out any direction or allowance," and made the best of their
way to New York, while the frigate steered for Bermuda.f
The Beaver and the store-ship arrived safely at New 1691.
York, and presently after, Stephanus van Cortlandt and jng'^.tde-by
many others came on board, complaining against Leisler, !J?^^^'^
and urging Ingoldesby to land his soldiers and take posses-
sion of the fort. As the Archangel, with Sloughter on
board, had not yet arrived, Ingoldesby was the highest roy-
al officer in the province. Accordingly, he sent Counselor
113 ; Narcissus Luttrell, ii., 127 ; Collins'a Peerage, i., 229 ; Macaulay, iii., 128, 1T0, 435, 533,
579,600-677; Doc. Hist., ii., 126, 140,186; Col. Doc, iii., 618,757, 791, 810, 845; iv., 214, 719,
760; Col. MSS., xxxvi., 119: N. Y. II. S. Coll. (1868), 299, 300.
* Col. Doc., iii., 631, 650, 731-750 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 33, 34, 151, 203, 220, 221 ; Mass. 11. S. Coll.,
XXXV., 277 ; ante, 619, 620.
t Col. Doc,, iii., 756, 757, 75:^, 760 ; iv., 321, 5:5; Wood, 15.1; Mass. U.S. Coll., .xxxv., 277,
2T9.
632 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cnAp. xir. Brooke, Lieutenant Shanks, and Ensign Simmes to demand
from Leisler possession of the fort for the king's forces and
1691. their stores. The fort was certainly the proper place in
which Ingoldesby and his soldiers should be quartered, and
the king's commissioned officer naturally considered the
German usurper no more than a " pretended Governor,"
Leisler Lcislor was " very angry at the demand ;" he was willing
veiy an- ^^ reccive the king's stores, but not the king's soldiers into
the fort, and he asked Brooke " who were appointed of the
Council in this Province ?" Wlien informed that William
had named Phillipse, Van Cortlandt, and Bayard, among
others, and not himself, Leisler fell into a passion, and cried
out, " What ! those Popish Dogs, Rogues — Sacrement, if
the King should send three thousand such, I would cut them
all qffr It was a crushing blow to the colonial demagogue
who had thus been reproved by his king, and his taste of
power had so infatuated him that he could not " bear the
thoughts of a supersedeas," nor conceal his resentment to-
ward those " harbengers, as he judged, of an authority to
which he must submit."*
i^uier'a And now Leisler had to meet a serious dilemma. He
dilemma, j-^g^^ scizcd the fort, as he pretended that it would not oth-
erwise be safely kept for William. He had usurped the
government of New York by sheer impudence, and without
the least authority from the English crown. The only per-
son now in the province who held William's commission to
command the king's forces there was Ligoldesby, and he
was bound to obey Sloughter, and him only, as the royal
governor of New York. As the proper place for the royal
garrison was the royal fort, Leisler should have let Ingoldes-
by and his soldiers occupy it at once. If he had done so,
much trouble would have been avoided.
Lei.-ier oij. Kcvcrthelcss, Leisler resolved to hold out against the
change which he saw William intended. Sloughter had
not arrived, and perhaps he might not come; while In-
goldesby was only commissioned to obey the king's govern-
or of New York for the time being. Of this technical di-
lemma Leisler took advantage, and assumed that, in Slough-
ter's absence, he was himself the commander-in-chief of
• Col. Doc, iii., 75T, 791 ; ir., .^25 ; Doc. Ilift., ii., 247, 24S ; Wood, i., 152 ; Thompson, i.,
263 ; N. Y. II. S. ColL (ISGS), 315, 31S, 329, 392.
btmate.
JACOB LEISLEE, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVEKNOR. 633
New York. He refused to give up the fort unless Ingoldes- chap. xir.
by bad directions to tbat effect from King William or Gov-
ernor Slougbter. So be sent De la ISToy and Milborne to
inspect Ingoldesby's orders, and offer all sorts of accommo-
dations for bimself, bis officers, and soldiers. The absurdi-
ty of Leisler's position is obvious. To tbis proposition In-
goldesby and the king's counselors on board tbe Beaver
could not assent. Tbey knew tbat wlien Slougbter left En-
gland, William bad never recognized Leisler's usurped au-
thority. So Ingoldesby replied : — " I bave seen tlie copy of so Jan.
bis Majesty's letter directed to Lieut. Govr. Nicbolson, etc.,
but cannot find bow you may derive any authority to your-
self from thence. I want not tbe accommodation you spe-
ciously offer to bis Majesty's soldiers under my command.
Possession of his Majesty's Fort is what I demand from
you ; and if you refuse tbat, I must esteem you no friend to
their Majesties King William and Queen Mary." The same
day Ingoldesby issued a mandate to Captain Samuel Moore, so jan.
of Long Island, for aid against tbe " rebels" who opposed
his Majesty. Leisler answered tbis by a protest, and a call si jan
of the neighboring militia to obey bis own orders. Find-
ing that malicious rumors bad been spread against him, In-
goldesby declared tbat his pm'pose was not to disturb, but 2 Feb.
to protect the people. The next day Leisler announced s Feb. -
tbat Slougbter had been appointed governor of the prov-
ince, and tbat the fort at New York would be surrendered
to him on his arrival ; and meanwhile directed Ingoldesby
and bis soldiers to be entertained in the city. So he for- 4 Feb.
bade all persons from aiding or comforting tbe major of poses'^in"-^'
William's forces, who bad no orders from the governor. At ^°^'^^^ ^'
length Ingoldesby, feeling tbat the " well affected" in the
city would stand by him, landed bis soldiers, with as much 0 Feb.
caution as if be bad " made a descent into an enemies' coun-
try," and quartered them in the City Hall.*
As Bayard and Nicolls, whom Leisler held close prison-
ers in the fort, bad been named royal counselors by the
king, Ingoldesby demanded their release. But Leisler re-
plied that they must " remaine configned until his Majesties 14 Feb.
further orders arrive." For a while there was quiet in New
• Doc. Hist., ii., 181-185, 219,240; Col. Doc, lii., T57, 750, TOl ; iv., 214; Punlap, i., 195-
198 ; N. Y. H. S. Coll. (1S6S), 300, 301, 302, 315-320, 383, 384, 403 ; ante, 502, 507.
63i HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cn.vr. XII. York, Ingoldesby hoping for, and Leisler dreading the ar-
rival of Sloughter. But as time wore on, and the governor
Leisier'a * ^^^ ^^*^^ come, Lcislor and his friends circulated reports that
fresh lies. '\;V'illiam's officers and soldiers were " Papists and disaffect-
ed persons fled from England," and that they had " forged
their commissions, and were enemies of King William and
Queen Mary," Upon this, Dudley, who had come on from
Boston, and the five other members of the royal Council,
except Bayard and XicoUs, whom Leisler still kept confined
Action of iu the fort, met in the city, and endeavored to " dispose the
tlie royal
councu. people to a better understanding." It was observed, how-
ever, that armed men from all parts of the province and
from Xew Jersey were constantly brought, with large sup-
plies of provisions, into the fort, the guns of which were
taken from the river front and trained to bear on the city.
The block-houses were likewise filled with the adherents of
Leisler, who objected to the king's soldiers going the rounds,
and threatened to beat the houses of the citizens " about
-1 Maich. their ears." This obliged the counselors to call for the
militia of the neighboring counties, and to desire " Major
Richard Ligoldesby, the chief commander of their Majes-
ties' forces sent thither, to take into his care and charge the
defending their Majesties' subjects in this Province from
any outrageous and hostile proceedings whatsoever, in such
manner, and by such proper and just means as to him shall
seem reasonable, 'till such time as his Excellency, Colonel
Henry Sloughter, shall arrive, or their Majesties' pleasure
shall be farther known." In the absence of the governor,
this was evidently the only way in which the king's regu-
fi March, lar autliority could be maintained. Leisler, however, issued
prociama- auothcr proclamation from Fort William, declaring that he
was " constrained to take np arms in defence of their Maj-
10 March, esties' supremacy," and denouncing the " illegal, nnwarrant-
lible, and undue practices" of the king's own counselors and
the second in command of the royal troops under Slough-
1*2 March, tcr. lie also wrote to the governor at Bermuda, hoping
that his excellency might speedily arrive."
By order of six of the king's counselors, Matthew Clark-
4 March, son, tlic royal Secretary of New York, meanwhile wrote to
* Col. Doc., iii., 757, 758.750,700, 70.1; Doc. Hist., ii., ISG, 1S7, ISS, 1S9, 192, 193; Dunlap,
IL, 199 ; N. V. II. S. Coll. (ISGS), 304-310.
JACOB LEISLEE, ACTING LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. C35
the government of Connecticut, giving an account of affairs cuap. xil
in the province, and soliciting their advice. Secretary Al-
lyn replied, advising the New York counselors " to avoid ciarkson'
contest with Captain Leisler, and rather to bear any thing '^'^^l^^„
tolerable and redressible, 'till his Excellency's arrival." At <="*•
the same time he wrote to Leisler that there was no doubt ii Marcii.
" but that the ships and gentlemen arrived, do come in sub- vice to
• Leisler
ordination to his Excellency Colonel Sloughter, and that his '
Excellency, as Governor from their Majesties, is daily ex-
pected at New York ; that therefore you so act and demean
yourself as may no ways violate their Majesty's subjects
peace and safety."*
The advice of Connecticut was seconded by several of
Leisler's own followers. Gerardus Beekman assembled the
people of Kings and Queens at the ferry, " to write togeth-
er a peace address." With this he came to the fort, " to " Poace aj-
persuade Leisler from such base and inhuman ' actions." Kings and
But " the malice of a choleric man" could not be restrain- colfnues.
ed. Seeing that he meant to hold out, and had already
gathered three hundred men in the fort, the Council hast-
ened the militia from the neighboring towns, and in a short
time five hundred came into the city. Ciarkson wrote again ic ikicii.
to Connecticut, asking for three or four hundred men to as-
sist in maintaining the king's government. Captain Wil- wiiiiam
liam Kidd, a " blasphemous privateer," was also employed ^^
by the Council, and did " many good services" with his ves-
sel.f
Leisler now prepared a long declaration against Ingoldes- is March.
by and the royal counselors, requiring them to disband their declaration
forces ; otherwise they would be pursued and destroyed as goidesby"
" impious and unreasonable men." This was sent the next
day, and an answer required within two hours. A temper- n March,
ate reply was returned, that the counselors, officers, and sol- coSacu.
diers were commissioned by King William, and wished to
preserve the peace, and that those who should attack them
would be " public enemies to the crown of England.":}:
Affairs were now coming to a crisis. Having usurped
* Doc. Hist., ii., 185, ISS, 189; Dunlap, ii.,199,200; ante,50e. It is marveloiig ho wr per-
versely Dunlap blunders in calling Ciarkson the "Secretary of the pretended King's Coun-
cil of New York.'*
t Doc. Hist., ii., 159,190-102, 194, 209; Col. Doc., iii., 760; Col. MSS.,xxxvi., 16; Council
Min., vi., 6; Journals, i., 3; Assembly Journ,"vl.i, i.,6; Hunt's Merchants' Mag., xiv., 41.
♦ Doc. Hist., ii., 193-196 ; Col. Doc, iii., 75S ; Dunlap, i., 20D-202.
636 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
CiiAr. xiL the authority of lieutenant governor by a false construction
of the king's letter to Nicholson, Leisler determined to at-
tack the king's own commissioned officers and soldiers. In
the absence of the governor, William had expressly direct-
ed that the commander-in-chief, or the " first counsellor" ap-
pointed by himself, should take the administration. The
ingoMesby Couucil held that Ingoldesby was such chief commander,
mande?."'" and therefore Dudley, the first councilor, did not act as pres-
ident. Certainly both were commissioned directly by Wil-
liam, which Leisler never had been.*
Scarcely a quarter of an hour after he received the reply
17 March, of tlic Couucil, Leislcr, with his own hand, fired one of the
i^iskifires ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ £^^^ ^^ ^1^^ king's troops as they stood on parade.
troops. rpi^.g ^^^g followed by other shots at the house where they
were lodged, and by volleys of musketry, which wounded
several and killed two, one of whom was an old soldier, Jo-
siah Browne, said to have been slain by Gouverneur. Balls
were also heated in the furnace to fire the town. The guns
of the fort were answered from the land side, and, in firing
Persona ouc of the cauuou, six persons, among whom was MacGreg-
orie, were killed. Leisler had meanwhile ordered the block-
house on the Smith's Ylye, at the opposite side of the city,
to support the fire from the fort. But Ensign Brasher, its
commander, not willing to oppose Ingoldesby's soldiers, who
were preparing to attack, went to the fort for farther orders,
where he was imprisoned ; and, in his absence, the burgher
Block- guard in the block-house laid down their arms and went to
)iou.«e sur- , . . -■
renders. thCU* llOUSCS.
This defection greatly discouraged Leisler and his adhe-
is March, rcuts, uow closcly invested in the fort. The next day,how-
more^'ho'u!^ cvcr, lie fired a few more shots, which did no harm ; while
Ingoldesby refrained from attacking and held his men on
the defensive, expecting a sally from the fort, or a batter-
ing down of the city. To distinguish his men from those
of Leisler, Ingoldesby directed them to wear white bands on
their left arms.f
IS March. At this critical moment word came that the Archangel
10 March, had auchorcd below the Narrows. The next morning Dud-
• Col. Doc, iil., COG, G2S, 791 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 192 ; N. Y. U. 3. CoU. aS4S), 404.
t Col. Doc, iii., 395, 75S, 760, 765, 767 ; Doc Hist, ii., 205, 206, 222, 227, 231, 233, 24S; Mass.
n. S. Coll., XXXV., 2S2-2S4 ; N. Y. H. S. Proc, 1S49, 107 ; Coll. (ISGS), 3S4, 404. Neither Dun-
lup (i., 202) nor Hoffman (22J) refer to the events of IT and IS Marclu
HENRY SLOUGHTER, GOVERNOR. 637
ley and the other councilors went down in a brigantine and cuap. xir.
met the long-expected governor. The frigate had been
nearly lost upon the rocks at Bermuda, where she was de- Arrival of
tained three weelis ; and six weeks more were consumed in siougiuer.
coming from there to Sandy Hook. On leanoiing the con-
dition of affaii-s in New York, Sloughter hastened up to the
city in the ship's pinnace, passing through the Buttermilk
Channel, on the east side of Nutten Island. " The noise .
and shouting that followed upon the Governor's landing"
made the hearts of Leisler's followers " to devide." Going
at once to the City Hall, Sloughter caused the bell to be
rung and his commission to be read, after which he took
the required oaths and swore in Councilors Dudley, Phil- coimcnora
lipse, Yan Cortlandt, Minvielle, Brooke, Willett, and Pin- ^*'™"
home, all who " were at liberty."* The governor directed
Ingoldesby to go with his company and demand entrance
into the fort. This was refused by Leisler, who sent Stoll
with a letter to Sloughter requiring "orders under the
King's own hand, directed to him." Sloughter told Stoll
that he was glad he had seen him in England and now
again at New York, and Ingoldesby was again directed to
demand possession of the fort, the release of Councilors
Bayard and Nicolls "to attend his Majesty's sendee," and
the presence of " Leisler, Milbome, and such as are called
his Council." To this second demand Leisler answered that
the fort was not to be delivered " upon such easy terms ;"
and he sent Milborne and De la Noy, with Ingoldesby, back
to the governor "' to capitulate," as if he were an enemy ; re-
fusing to attend himself or to set free the royal councilor
whom he held in prison. ' Upon this Sloughter committed
Milborne and De la Noy to the guards, and ordered In- Miibome
goldesby a third time to demand the surrender of the fort, SToy i™- '
the enlargement of Bayard and Nicolls, and the attendance ^^°^''^
of Leisler ; " all which was peremptorily and with contempt
refused." As it was now nearly midnight, the governor di-
rected the Council to meet the next morning, and so ended
this eventful day.f
* Colonel William Smith, formerly Crovernor of Tangier, who had come from England to
New York in 16SG, and, having been recommended by Dongan as a fit councilor, wag eo
named in Sloiighter's commission, was sworn and took his seat on 25 March, 1691 : Council
Min.,vi.,7; Col. Doc, iii., 417,685, T60, T67; iv.,1137; Thompson's L. I., ii., 442.
+ Col. Doc, iii., 75G, 758, 759, 700, 7G5, 76G, 767; ix., 507; Doc Hist., ii., 202, 222, 240;
Chalmers, Rev. Col., i., 243; Annals, i., 594, 611, 612 ; ii.,71; Council Min.,vi., 1,2; K.Y,
638 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. ■
cuAP. XII. On Friday morning, the twentieth of March, the Council
accordingly met the governor at the City Hall. Deprived
of Milborne, " his oracle, and De la Noy, his great Minister
of State," who were now in custody, Leisler wrote to Slough-
Leisier's tcr, " I 866 V6ry Well the stroke of my enemies, who are
to Slough- wishing to cause me some mistakes at the end of the loy-
1691.
20 March.
ter.
alty I owe to my gracious King and Queen ;" and he sup-
plicated the governor to receive the fort, and treat him as a
person who would give " an exact account of all his actions
and conduct." But this letter was not noticed. The gov-
ernor ordered Ingoldesby and his soldiers to require the
men in the fort to ground their arms and march out, prom-
ising that all should be pardoned except Leisler and his
Lcisiei's council. Lcislcr's men " readily forsook" the fallen dema-
reudei""^" gogue ; wlio was brought before the governor at the City
Hall, and the king's letter to Nicholson taken from him,
while he, with his councilors, " being found in actual rebel-
lion," were ordered to be committed to the guards. Bay-
Leisicr ira- ard and In icolls, freed from their long imprisonment, were
and Bayard swom of the Couucil, " and Bayard's chain put on Leisler's
and NicoUa ■, ,..^A
!-etlVee. legg. '^
Slonghter at once took possession of the fort, which he
20 March, named " William Henry," after the king, and then issued
an"\tsem. writs for the election of representatives to an Assembly to
'''^* meet on the ninth of April. John Lawrence was commis-
sioned as mayor of New York, William Pinhorne recorder,
21 March, and Thomas Clarke coroner. Sheriffs of the several coun-
poTnTed."^" ties wcre also appointed. Thomas Newton, of Boston, who
was reputed to be the best lawyer in America, was appoint-
ed attorney general of New york*by the governor, who did
not know of Graham's " pretensions" for the place. On the
23 March, flrst Siuiday after Leisler's imprisonment, Domine Selyns,
sc'iyi'is'd whom he had so coarsely insulted, preached, in the full-
ness of joy, before the new governor, from the text in the
twenty - seventh Psalm, " I had fainted, unless I had be-
n. S. Coll. (tSGS), 381, 404. It is surprising how Dunlap, i., 202, 203, misrepresents these
transactions, and how implicitly Ilofifman (223, 224) follows his errors, wliich later writers
have reiterated.
* Col. noc.,iii., 7C7, 780, 794; Doc. Hist., ii., 202, 203, 21C, 217, 222, 240,241, 248; Council
Min.,vi.,2, 3; N.Y.H.S. Proc, 1849, 107; Coll. (ISGS), 310, 311,405; Mass. U.S. Coll.,. xxxv.,
283; Chalmers's Annals, i.,C12; Smith, i., 110; Dunlap, i., 203, 204, 20.'5, 206. It is amusing
to see how obstinately Dunl.ap insists that Leisler was a "Dutchman," and not "a Ger-
man." Many in our own times maintain the same vulgar error.
eermon.
HENRY SLOUGHTER, GOVERNOR. 639
lieved to see the goodness of the Lord in the land of the chap. xn.
living."* -^^
Councilors Dudley, Van Cortlandt, and Brooke were ap- gg March!
pointed to examine the prisoners with a view to their com-
mittal for trial. The prisoners asked Sloughter for a hear-
ing before himself, under the reference to him by the Privy
Council of the previous October. But that order did not
relate to the recent transactions, which the governor judged
it proper should be tried by a cornt. A special commission
of Oyer and Terminer was accordingly ordered, under the 24 jraroh.
king's large authority to Sloughter. The court consisted comu.is-
of Joseph Dudley and Thomas Johnson, whom the govern- oye.- and
or forthwith appointed judges in admiralty, together with 26 MuvcIL'
Sir Robert Robinson, formerly governor of Bermuda ; Col-
onel "William Smith, Recorder Pinhorne, and Jo^in Law-
rence, of the Council ; Captain Jasper Hicks, of the frigate
Archangel ; Major Ingoldesby ; and Colonel John Younge,
and Captain Isaac Arnold, of Long Island, or any six of
them, " one of the Judges always being one." This court
was composed of persons " most capable of discerning the
truth, and the least prejudiced to those people ; who indeed
executed their commission with all the lenity and patience
imaginable." The prisoners were committed to the custod}'^ 20 March.
of Sheriff Lyndall, of New York, for trial before this tribu- onm/com-
nal on a charge of traitorously levying war against the king the sheriff.
and queen, counterfeiting their majesties' great seal, mur-
dering Josiah Browne, and other high misdemeanors. Coun-
cilors Bayard, Van Cortlandt, and Pinhorne were directed so Marcii.
to prepare tLfe evidence, and Nicolls, Farewell, and Emott
were assigned as king's counsel to assist Attorney General
Xewton.f
When the trial came on, the indictment found by theApni.
grand jury charged the prisoners with treason and murder dictment
'•' for holding by force the King's fort against the King's gramTjuvy.
Governor, after the publication of his Commission, and he
had thereby become Chief Magistrate, and after demand
had been made in the King's name, and in the reducing of
* Council Min., vi., 3, 5, 6 ; Col. Doc., iii., T21, T56, 761, T67, T6S ; iv., 219, 551, 847 ; Min.
of N. Y. Com. Council, i., 353 ; Smith, 1., 112; Dunlap, L, 200; Mui-phy's Anthology, 114; N.
Y. H. S. ColL (1S68), 406 ; ante, 630.
t Council Min., vi., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ; Doc. Hist., iL, 153, 204, 205 ; CoL Doc, iii., 625, 663, 701,
747,760,767,794; Col. MSS., xxxiv., 80; xxxvi.,32; xxxvii., 93,94; N. Y.Will?, i v., 336;
Smith, i., 110 ; DHnIap,i.,206; N. Y. H. S. Coll. aS6S), 311, 353, 364, 405 ; ante, 599,031.
640 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. XII. which lives had been lost." There was nothing alleged
against them for any previous irregularities or usurpations
Petu jury ^^ authority. The petit jury was " composed of youths and
other bitter men." Eight of the prisoners pleaded not
Leisier and guilty. But Lcisler and Milborne refused to plead " until
refuse to the powcr be determined whereby such things have been
^'^'^''' acted," and they insisted that the court should first decide
whether the king's letter to Nicholson of 30 July, 16S9,
" had not given Captain Leisier an authority to take upon
him the Government." This was simply begging the ques-
tion. The court, however, would give no answer until the
prisoners had pleaded, which they refused to do. Upon
this, the court thouglit it best to ask the governor and Coun-
cil whether the king's letter, or any of the papers which had
been referred to Sloughter by the Privy Council, " can be
understood or interpreted to be and contain any power and
direction to Captain Jacob Leisier to take the Government
of the Province upon himself, or that the administration
thereupon be to be holden good in law." Sloughter and
13 April, his counselors accordingly declared their opinion " that the
tiie givem- aforcsaid letters to Captain Nicholson, nor any other papers
coSneii on III the packct directed to his Excellency for a report, con-
I'uT "o^ tains any power or direction for the government to the said
Nichouon. Qap^aij^ Leisier." Announcing this decision as its own, the
court again called on Leisier and Milborne to plead to the
indictment. But this they obstinately refused to do, and,
" after several hearings as mutes" during eight days, the
F.ight of jury found them guilty, along with Abraham Gouverneur,
ers^^o™°°" Gerard us Beekman, Johannes Vermilye, Thomas Williams,
victed. ]\j;yn(Jei.t; Coerten, and Abraham Brasher. The jury, how-
Two ac- ever, acquitted De la Noy and Edsall. Sentence of death,
^"^ "^ ' according to the barbarous English law then in force, was
at once pronounced by Dudley, the presiding judge, upon
the eight condemned criminals. "By the advice of the
90 April. Judges," the governor reprieved the prisoners, upon their
sentenced pctitiou, uutil the kiug's pleasure should be known, " unless
prie%?d. any insurrection of the people necessitate their execution."*
Li obedience to the orders of the Privy Council, Slough-
* Col. Doc, iii., 60C, 750, TOO, 7G3, TOO, T6T, T89, 7.^2, 194, 811 ; iv., 215; Doc. Hist., ii., 20G,
207,203,209,211,213,217,222,235,241.248; Council Min., vi., 14, 59; Chalmers's Ann.ils,
i., 594,012; ii.,71,72; Rev. Col., i., 249; Assembly Journals, i., 7; Smith, i., 110, 111; Pun-
lap, i., 20C, 207 ; N. Y. U. S. Coll. (ISCS), 311-317, 323, 350-364, 385, 406 ; cntr, 593, 5:)4, 59T.
HENRY SLOUGHTER, GOVERNOR. 641
ter promptly examined into the allegations in the address cnAP.xii.
of the merchants and other inhabitants of ISTew York to the
king against Leisler, and found them " severally true, and
that they have been very modes.t in their relation," The
memorial of Blagge was reviewed and answered by Bayard 2t April.
and Nicolls, and the governor was " very well satisfied with memOTiai
the truth thereof." In his report to England, Sloughter re- 7 May!^^ '
marked that, during his absence, Ingoldesby "did behave repo?^s*to^
himself with much prudence and discretion, and make it ^^^land.
his whole care to prevent bloodshed, and had he not been,
covered by the militia, this place had been too hot for him.
I was joyfully received amongst them. I find those men
against whom the depositions were sent, to be the principal
and most loyal men of this place, whom Leisler and Mil-
borne did fear, and therefore grievously oppress. Many
that followed Leisler are well enough affected to their Maj-
esties' Government, but through ignorance were put upon
to do what they did ; and I believe if the chief ring-lead-
ers be made an example, the whole country ma}^ be quiet-
ed, which otherwise will be hard to do." In his letters 27 Jiarch.
to Secretary" Nottingham and the Plantation Committee, 7 uly.
Sloughter declared that "the loyal and best part of the
country is very earnest" for the execution of the prisoners,
but advised that, "if his Majesty shall please to grant his
pardon for all except Jacob Leisler and Jacob Milborne, it
will be a favour."* As Clarkson was the provincial secre-
tary by royal patent, the governor and Council appointed 15 Api-n.
David Jamison, the Scotch " Sweet Singer," who had come cfJSTthe
back from Boston, to be its clerk. The affairs of Albany ^°^^'^^-
and its neighborhood having been considered in Council,
letters were ordered to be written to Virginia, Maryland, Letters to
and the other adjoining colonies, asking assistance to 'New an!f other
York against the French and Indians, " the common enemy
of the English in America." Domine Dellius, who had
hastened back to New York after the fall of Leisler, was
now, in consideration of his services among the Mohawks, is Apru.
allowed the sixty pounds " formerly paid yearly to two Kom- turn's"and
ish Priests that attended on Governor Dongan."f w reward-
* Council Min., vi. , 20, 21 ; Col. Doc, iii. , 731-750, 756-768 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 220-223 ; Chal-
mers's Annals, i., 610, 611; awfe, 631.
t Council Min., vi., 15, 17, IS ; Col. WS3., xxxvii., 103 ; Col. Doc, iii., 771, 772 ; iv., 489 ;
anfe,407, 408, 437, 511, 555, 596, 624.
IL— S s
64:2 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cuAP. XII. On the appointed day the Assembly which Sloughter had
summoned met in the city of New York. It was the fii"st
9 A ril *^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^® popular representatives of the province had
Aseembiy couvencd Under the direct authority of the English crown.
The metropolis elected James Graham, after a contest Avith
Its mem- Abraham de Peyster, and William Merrett, Jacobus van
^^^' Cortlandt, and Johannes Kipp. Albany chose Dirck Wes-
sells andLevinus van Schaick; Ulster and Dutchess, Hen-
ry Beekman and Thomas Garton ; Westchester, John Pell ;
Kichmond, Elias Duksberry and John Dally ; Suffolk, Hen-
ry Pierson and Matthew Howell ; Queens, John Bound and
Nathaniel Pearsall ; Kings, Nicholas Stillwell and John Po-
land. Eensselaerswyck afterward sent Killian van Pens-
selaer. All the elected burgesses took the appointed oaths,
with the Test, except those from Queens county, who scru-
pled because they were Quakers ; in whose places Daniel
Whitehead and John Eobinson were returned. William
Demire was also chosen from Ulster in place of Garton,
who " could not attend." The members, who were all op-
posed to Leisler, chose James Graham, of New York, for
Speaker tlicir Speaker, and John Clapp, who had drawn up the
Queens county letter of November, 1690, their clerk. For
many years, in want of better accommodation, the Assem-
bly " sat in a Tavern."*
Speeches of The govcmor and " President" Dudley each made speech-
and Du" es to the Assembly, advising them to prepare an address to
AJsembiy. their majesties, as well as laws to establish courts of justice,
to maintain ministers in every town, to quiet the troubles
in the province, to support the garrison at Albany, and to
continue the revenue. As its first work, the Assembly took
15 April, up a petition " by several Freeholders, inhabitants within
this Province, setting forth several oppressions and hard-
ships executed upon their Majesties subjects in this Prov-
17 April, ince by Jacob Leisler, Samuel Edsall, and others." Upon
tion?^° "' consideration, the House resolved unanimously that Leis-
Sm's ler's acts had been tumultuous, illegal, arbitrary, destruc-
arbitrary ^.^,^^ ^^^^ rebellious ; and that the tragedy at Schenectady
could only be " attributed to the disorders and disturbances
• Assembly Journals, 1., 1-10, 17T, 101 ; Council Journals, i., 1-6, 218, 220; Col. Doc, iii.,
7.V5,TC1,7G8, "89.792,705; iv., 215, S47, 1115; Doc. Hist., ii., 2S0; Smith, i, 112,113; Dun-
lap, i., 207; ii., App. xlvii., xlviii, ; antc^ G25, 020.
HENRY SLOUGHTER, GOVERNOR. 643
of tlios3 who had usurped a power contrary to their Maj- chap. xii.
esties authority, and the right of government over this
Province." This expression of the popular voice of New ^g ^ ., '
York was agreed to by the governor and Council, and or-
dered to be published. In answer to Sloughter's request
for their opinion concerning a reprieve to Leisler and Mil-
borne, the Assembly resolved "that their Majesties have20ApnL
only intrusted that matter of reprieving with his Excellen-
cy alone, and they dare not give their opinion thereupon."
At the same time they presented him an address, " That as is Aprii.
in our hearts we do abhorr and detest all the rebellious ar- abhorred
bitrary and illegal proceedings of the late usurpers of their slmhiy^^'
Majesties' authority over this Province, so we do, from the
botfcom of our hearts, with all integrity, acknowledge and
declare that there are none that can or ought to have to
rule and govern their Majesties subjects here, but their
Majesties' authority, which is now placed in your Excel-
lency."*
A few days afterward, upon information " That the sev-siApriL
eral laws made formerly by the Genei-al Assembly and his
late Koyal Highness, James, Duke of York, &c.,and also
the several ordinances or reputed laws made by tlie pre-
ceding governors and councils, for the rule of their Majes-
ties' subjects within this Province, are reported amongst the
people to be still in force," the House resolved unanimous- The as-
ly, " That all the laws consented to by the General Assem- soi^es^thrt
bl}^, under James, Duke of York, and the Liberties and ailaws°of'
Privileges therein contained, granted to the People, and de- vouf^ ^^^
Glared to be their Rights, not being observed, and not rati-
fied and approved by his Poyal Highness, nor the late Eng,
are null, void, and of none effect : And also the several or-
dinances made by the late Governors and Councils, being
contrary to the Constitution of England, and the practice
of the government of their Majesties other Plantations in
America, are likewise null, void, and of none effect nor
force wathin this Province." Whatever may have been The coun-
the motive for this extraordinary resolution, the Assembly concu?in°'
did not present it to the governor and Council for their uon.^^^°'"'
concurrence, and therefore it never had any legal effect in
* Assembly Journals, i,, 2-7; CouncilJournals, i., 2-4; Smith, i., 113, 114; Doct. Hist.,
ii., 207, 208.
644 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. XII. ISTgw Yoi'k. Jaiiies's laws remained in force tliere until
regularly rej)ealed.*
1691. ^ loyal address to the king and queen was now signed
Asaembiy's by the goveriior and Council, and the Assembly, and sent
wiuiam to England by way of Yirginia. Its chief point was to de-
ary, g^^^ iiiQYQ clearly the " territories depending" on the prov-
ince, mentioned in Sloughter's commission and instruc-
tions. The king was therefore prayed to annex again Con-
necticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delawai'e to ISTew
York, and thus re-establish her ancient bomids, for her bet-
ter defense and support.f
As the members of the House of Assembly were not ex-
15 April, perts in legislation, they asked the governor and Council
Bills to be that Attorney General Newton might " draw up such bills
auorney^ as are ucccssary for their Majesties' service, and the good
ftf April, of this government." This was ordered ; but Newton at
the same time told the Assembly that the governor had di-
rected him to go to Boston, and bring back the provincial
records. lie was answered that " it was his duty and busi-
ness to attend this House during the sessions." Newton,
however, went to Boston, as Sloughter had ordered ; and
the difficulty was overcome by the appointment, first, of
George Farewell, and then of Speaker Graham, to draft
the Assembly bills.:|:
The first royal General Assembly of New York passed
c Slay. fourteen laws. Of these, the earliest was " for quieting and
quiet disor- Settling the disorders that have lately happened within this
Province, and for the establishing and securing their Maj-
esties' present government against the like disorders for the
future." This law was thought " very necessary to remove
the people's mistake they had been poisoned with from
New England, that the Crown has nothing to do with the
people here." It enacted " that there can be no power and
authority held and exercised over their Majesties' subjects
' Assembly Journals, i., S, 9 ; Smith, i., 114, 115 ; Chalmers's Annals, i., 5S5 ; Butler, 41 ;
Dal}', 34 Compare Journal of the Legislative Council of New York, i., 5-10, in which there
is no record of the concurrence of the Council, nor of the assent of the governor. Smith as-
cribes this action of the Assembly to "art" rather than to "ignorance;" but lean not see
how such transparent stupidity could deceive oi away even the weak Sloughter, much less
his Council.
t Col. Doc, iii., 623, 685, T62, 768, 700, 795; Assembly Journals, i., 3, 11 ; Council Jour-
nals, i., 7 ; Col. MSS., xxxvii, 85, S6.
t Assembly Journals, i., 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12; Council Journals, i., 3, 7 ; Council Min., vi., 15,
51 ; CoL MSS., xxxvj., 01, 238 ; CoL Doc, iii., 721 , 769 ; iv., 847.
HENRY SLOUGHTER, GOVERNOR. 645
in this their Province and Dominion, but what must be de- chap. xii.
rived from their Majesties, their heirs and successors; * *
« * and that none ouglit or can have power, upon any pre-
tence whatsoever, to use or exercise any power over their
subjects in this Province, but by their immediate authority
under their Broad Seal of their reahn of England as now
established." As Bayard and others had suffered severely
under Leisler, it was further enacted " that wliatsoever per-
son or persons shall by any manner of way, or upon any pre-
tence whatsoever, endeavour by force of arms or otherways,
to disturb the peace, good, and quiet of this their Majesty's
government, as it is now established, shall be deemed and
esteemed as rebels and traitors imto theii* Majesties, and in-
cur the pains, penalties and forfeitures as the laws of En-
gland have for such offences made and provided.""
"While the Assembly thus testified its loyalty to the En-
glish crown, it reasserted those popular rights which Don-
gan's first Assembly had proclaimed. An act was passed,
" declaring what are the rights and privileges of their Maj-
esties subjects inhabiting within this Province of New is May.
York," which followed, with little ^-ariation, the language ciadng the ■
of the repealed "Charter of Liberties" of October 30, 1683, tal people
It differed from its model in extending the Test Act of York!^
England to New York, and in omitting the clauses re-
ferring to the "privileged churches" and their ministers
throughout the province. At the instance of the Council,
a proviso was inserted that it was not " to give liberty for
any persons of the Komish religion to exercise their man-
ner of worship contrary to the laws and statutes of their
Majesty's Kingdom of England." This was necessary, be-
cause William's instructions to Sloughter required him " to
permit a liberty of conscience to all persons except Pa-
jpistsP Following the example of New York, Massachu-
setts the next year passed a similar law. But the govern-
ment of William not long afterward disallowed both these
laws, because, among other things, they contained " several
large and doubtful expressions."f
* Bradford's Laws of New York, 1 ; Van Schaack, 1, 2 ; Col. Doc, iii., 790, 795 ; Assembly
Journal, i., 8, 9, 10; Council Journal, i., 5, 6; Smith, i., 104, 105; Chalmers's Rev. Col., i.,
231 ; Hargtaves State Trials, v., 421. The latter clause of this &ct was repealed June 27,
1704, in consequence of the proceedings under it against Bayard himself : Council Journals,
i., 208, 221 ; Col. Doc, iv., 1114, 1115.
t Bradford's Laws, 2-5 (ed. 1694, 15-19) ; Assembly Journal, i., 9, 12, 13, 14 ; CouncU
Q4:6 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Chap. XII. Another important act was passed "for establishing
Courts of Judicature." This the governor, with liis Coun-
6 May ' ^^h ^^^^ ^^^^ powcr to do hj his commission and Instruc-
ji°^cature ^ions. But Sloughtcr recommended a law to be passed sim-
e^abikh- jiar to that of Dongan's in 16S3, which was " a forme found
A'ery agreeable to the Constitution of this Government."
So it was enacted that, besides various local tribunals, there
should be a Supreme Com-t, to sit in the city of Is^ew York,
and be held by a chief justice, a second justice, and associ-
ate justices, to be appointed by the governor. The act was
limited to two years, but it was afterward renewed fi'om
15 May. tiiuc to time. Under this law Sloughter appointed Joseph
pomted.''^' Dudley chief, and Thomas Johnson second justice, and
William Smith, Stephen van Cortlandt, and William Pin-
liorne associate justices. All the judges were members of
the Council. The chief justice was allowed an annual sal-
ary of one hundred and thirty pounds, and the second jus-
tice one hundred pounds, " for riding the circuit ;" but no
pay was given to the other three " puisne," or inferior
judges.*
•16 May. "A rcvcnue for defraying the public expense of the
^evenue pj.Qyjj^fjg" ^^s also granted by the Assembly. The mon-
eys raised were to be paid to the receiver general, and is-
sued under the gOA'ernor's warrant. But the law was lim-
Limited. itcd to two ycars ; and this became a precedent, to the an-
noyance of the succeeding governors, who wished revenue
to be granted for longer periods. At the same time, the
Assembly asked the governor to order the receiver general
Kiddre- to pay to Captain William Kidd one hundred and fifty
l^ounds, " as a suitable reward for the many good services
done to this Province," and also one hundred pounds to
Major Ingoldesby for like "good services."!
Journal, i., T, 8, 9 ; Smith, i., IIT ; Col. Doc, iii., 357, 3T0, CIS, CS9 ; iv., 263-2C5 ; Chalme^s•.^
Rev. Col., i., 235, 230,244; Annala, ii.,31,40, 72, 113; Hutch. Jrass.,ii., 64; Gordon's Araer.
Rev., i, 97-99; Bancroft, iii., 50, 95; Uutler, 35, 40,41 ; N. Y. Laws of 1S13, ii., App. iii.-vi. ;
ante, 3S3-3S5, 420; post, Appendi.x, Note E.
* Bradford's Laws (1094) ; Paine and Duer's Practice, ii., App., 715; Assembly Journal,
i., 4, 5, S, 9, 10 ; Council Journal, i., 3, 5, 6 ; Council Min., vi., 27 ; Col. Doc, iii., 364, C25,
CS7, 710, 756,818,848; iv., 25-28, 37, 1137; Wood, 140; Smith, i., 116, 370,380; Butler, 44;
Daly's Sketch, 34, 35, 36 ; Laws of 1813, ii., App. viii.-x. ; ante, 386.
t Bradford's Laws, 27; Chalmers's Rev. Col., 5., 244; Smith, i., 116; Butler, 43; Assem-
bly Journal, i., 6, 7, 13, 14 ; Council Journal, i., 2, 3, 5, 9, 10 ; ante, 635. At the game time
that Captain Kidd received the money voted him by the Assembly, bo was married to Sa-
rah, widow of the late John Oort, of New York : V.-xl. Man., 1847, 350 ; Col. MSS., xxsvii.,
112,121; Doc Hist., ii., 216; Hunt's Merchants' Mug., xiv., 41,42.
HENRY SLOUGHTEE, GOVERNOR. • 647
The Assembly, however, did nothing in regard to Slough- cn-vr. xir.
ter's recommendation for the establishment of ministers in
each town. A bill was drafted by Farewell, but it was re- ^ jj^^
jected, " not answering the intent of the House." The last ^°J^l;
law passed by the Assembly was " for pardoning such as le May.
hare been active in the late disorders." It excepted, how- law-cer-
ever, the most prominent actors, Jacob Leisler, Jacob Mil- tions.^^"*^^'
borne, Gerardus Beekman, Abraham Gouverneur, Abra-
ham Brasher, Thomas Williams, Myndert Coerten, and Jo-
hannes Yermilye, who had already been attainted of trea-
son and murder ; and also l^icholas Blank, Garret Duyck-
inck, Hendrick Jansen, John Coe, William Lawrence, Cor-
nelis Pluvier, William Churchill, Joost Stoll, Samuel Staats,
Jacob Maurits, Robert Leacock, Michael Hansen, Richard
Parton, Joseph Smith, John Bailey, Roeloff S wartwout, An-
thony S wart wout, Johannes Pro voost, Jacob Melyn, Benja-
min Blagge, Jochim Staats, and Richard Pretty, who had
been Leisler's most obnoxious followers.^'"
All the laws were duly promulgated at the City Hall,
and the Assembly was adjom-ned to the next September.
At the same time, the governor issued his proclamation is May.
" for calling back such as through fears and jealousies have procfanfa'-^
deserted their habitations, and to assm-e them of freedom
and liberty from unlawful and vexatious suits."f
Meanwhile the conviction of Leisler and his accomplices
]iad produced great excitement in the province. A pe-
tition for their pardon was largely signed, especially in Petitions
Staten Island and in Westchester ; for which Daille was ler-s par-
cited before the Assembly, and others imprisoned by order
of the Council as promoters of "riots and disturbances."
Word also came from Albany that the Mohawks, disgusted
with Leisler's mismanagement, were in treaty with the
French, and that it was indispensable that the governor
should quickly conciliate the Fi^'e Nations. Those inhab-
itants who had suffered under the late administration bit-
terly complained of its tyranny, and demanded expiation.
The Dutch ministers, Selyns, Yarick, and Dellius, constant- His execu-
ly preached and talked about Leisler's tyranny ; and even manded.
the " wives of principal men" besought the governor " to
• Assembly Journal, i., 7, 1(1, 11 ; Bradford's Laws (1694), 31-33 ; Doc. Hist., ii., 235 ; anU,
640. t Assembly Journ., i., 14; Council Journ., i., 10; Col. MSB., xxxvii., 116.
(348 HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
cnAP. XII. have compassion on them and the country" by executing
■ the sentence of the court. " Upon the clamour of the Peo-
14 Ma P^^ daily coming to his Excellency's ears," Sloughter asked
Resolution ^]^q opiiiioii of the Council ; which unanimously resolved,
councu " That, as well for the satisfaction of the Indians, as the
that sen- •' . .,..,.
tence assertinof or the government and authority residmo; m his
should be "^ •-' ,. . ttip
executed. Excelleiicy, and preventing insurrections and disorders for
the future, it is absolutely necessary that the sentence pro-
nounced against the principal offenders, be forthwith put
in execution." The governor's iii'st purpose had been to
reprieve the condemned until the king's pleasure should be
laiown ; but the " clamour" of Leisler's and Milborne's vic-
tims could neither be restrained nor disregarded. Slough-
ter, said to have been induced by his wife, accordingl}^,
14 May. with rcluctauce and sadness, signed a warrant for the exe-
signf thf cution of Leisler and Milborne, leaving the other convicts
rlnt'oT''' under reprieve. The same evening Domine Selyns was
MUborne?'^ scut to auiiounce to the prisoners their several fates, and
exhort to preparation those who were to die. The resolu-
tion of the Council was communicated to the Assembly,
15 May. wliicli tlic ncxt day answered " that this House, according
to their opinion given, do approve of what his Excellency
and Council have done." The judgment of the court was
10 May. accordingly executed on Leisler and Milborne the f ollow-
Miibome"^ ing morning, which was Saturday. The governor " respi-
executed. ^.^^ ^yi the Sentence saving the hanging and the separating
their heads from their bodies." The gallows on which
they were hung was near the old " Tammany Hall," in the
city of New York, and their bodies were buried at its foot.
Domine Selyns, in the midst of a drenching rain, offered
the last consolations of religion to the sufferers. Leisler,
Theiidy- ill his dying speech, acknowledged "several enormities"
Zf ^^^^'^ ' committed against his will, and prayed for " pardon and
forgiveness." Milborne, in a more theatrical vein, seeing
Livingston in the crowd, impeached his recent Albany vic-
tim " before God's tribunal."*
* Council Min., vi., 23, 26, 2S ; Assembly Journal, i., 9, 10, 11, 13, 14 ; Doc. IliPt., 211, 212-
215, 217,230, 247,248; Col. Doc, iii., 762, 76S, 780, 792,794,812, S2G; iv., 219, 400, 620; Col.
MSS., x.xxvii., 50, 9C ; Val. Man., 1S56, 441 ; ISCO, 543 ; 1SG6, 507 ; N. Y. II. .S. Proc., 1849,
IDS; Colden, i.,130, 131; Smith, i., 118, 119; Dunlap, i., 208, 209 ; Grahamc, ii., 231 ; Ban-
croft, iii., 54, 55; New York II. S. Coll. (ISOS), 71,72, 321, 400-409, 414. Upon " tradition,"
Smith (i.,113) asserts that Sloughter was invited to a feast, and tliat "when his Kxcellency'a
reason was drowned in his cups, the entreaties of tlio company prevailed with him to sign
HENRY SLOUGHTER, GOVERNOR. 649
The execution of Leisler and Milborne, although per- chap. xii.
fectly lawful, was, nevertheless, a great political mistake.
It at once made them martyrs instead of convicts, and gave ,j,j^g ^^^^'^_
rise to popular divisions, which for a long time injm-ed the J^°?j°^ ^^^
province. Concerning no prominent actor in New York poii^°™i® ^
colonial history has opinion more widely differed than in "j^gg^fgi
rea-ard to Jacob Leisler. A German, and not a Dutchman, ''"fences in
o ' _ 'New York,
he has been generally held up as a champion of Dutch de-
mocracy against English aristocracy ; of colonial liberty as
opposed to the rule of the mother country ; and of Protes-
tantism against Romanism. His official career negatives
these theories. His conduct proved him to be more a ty-
rant than a democrat, and as bitter an enemy of unques-
tionable'Protestants as he was of avowed Roman Catholics.
It was the selfish attempt of an upstart demagogue to ob-
tain a local importance, which neither his own character
nor the circumstances of the province warranted. Seizing
colonial authority under false pretenses, he clutched it to
the end with a firm hand, growing more confident, more
despotic, and more obstinate as he gained lacking experi-
ence, and committing greater excesses ' in maintaining his
impudent usurpation than any Governor of New York
commissioned by the Duke of York or King James the
Second. Leisler's assumption of provincial power did not
benefit the English Revolution. If William's colonial gov-
ernment had remained in the hands of Nicholson or his
counselors, the province would have been better protected
against the French and the savages; the Canada expedi-
tion might have succeeded ; and New York would not have
suffered from the party enmities which long disturbed her
peace.*
the death-warrant, and before lie recovered his senses the prisoners were executed." The
records of the Council and Assembly seem to disprove this "tradition," although it is af-
firmed in a letter of members of the Dutch Church in New York to the Classis of Amster-
dam of 21 October, 1698. The address of the Assembly to Lord Bellomont of 15 May, 1699,
attributes Sloughter's action chiefly to the "importunity" of Bayard, at whose house he
was then lodging: MS. Journal, N. Y. II. S., C3, 64; Col. MSS., xliii., 12; N. Y. H. S. Coll.
(1863), 406, 414.
* Col. Doc, iiL, 82r ; Chalmers's Annals, 11., 71, T2 ; Wood's Long Island, 109, 110, 111 ;
Miller's New York, 50, 51, 111, 112; Smith, 1., 118, 119; Dunlap, i.,210, 211 ; Grahame,ii.,
231; Bancroft, iii., 55, 50; Hoffman, in Sparks's Amer. Biog., xiii., 1T9-238. Ebeling is a
German, and not a Dutch writer, as stated by Dunlap.
APPENDIX,
Note A, Cuaptek I., page 17; Chapter VI., page 261.
King Charles the Second's Grant of Kew Ketherland, etc., to tJie Duke of York.
Chaeles the Second by the Grace of God King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland De-
fender of the Faith &c. To all to whom these presents shall come Greeting : Know ye that we
for divers good Causes and Considerations us thereunto moving Have of our especial Grace, Cer-
tain knowledge and mere motion Given and Granted and by these presents for us Our heirs and
Successors Do Give and Grant unto our Dearest Brother James Duke of York his Heirs and As-
signs All that part of the maine Land of New England beginning at a certain place called or known
by the name of St. Croix next adjoining to New Scotland in America and from thence extending
along the Sea Coast unto a certain place called Petuaquine or Pemaquid aud so up the River
thereof to the furthest head of the same as it tendeth Northward ; and extending from thence to
the River Kinebequi and so Upwards by the Shortest course to the River Canada Northward. And
also all that Island or Islands commonly called by the several name or names of Matowacks or
Long Island situate lying and being towards the West of Cape Cod and the Narrow Higansetts
abutting upon the main land between the two Rivers there called or kno^vii by the several names
of Connecticut and Hudsons River, together also with the said River called Hudsons River and all
the Laud from the West side of Connecticut to the East side of Delaware Bay. And also all those
several Islands called or known by the Names of Martin's Vineyard and Nantukes otherwise Nan-
tuckett ; Together with all the Lands, Islands, Soils, Rivers, Harbors, Mines, Minerals, Quarries,
Woods, Marshes, Waters, Lakes, Fishings, Hawking, Hunting and Fowling and all other Royal-
ties, Profits, Commodities and Hereditaments to the said several Islands, Lands and Premises be-
longing and appertaining with their and every of their appurtenances ; And all our Estate, Right,
Title, Interest, Benefit, Advantage, Claim and Demand of in or to the said Lands and Premises or
any part or parcel thereof And the Reversion and Reversions Remainder and Remainders together
with the yearly and other the Rents, Revenues and Profits of all and singular the said Premises
and of every part and parcel thereof; To have and to hold all and singular the said Lands, Isl-
ands, Hereditaments and premises with their and every of their appurtenances hereby given and
granted or hereinbefore mentioned to be given and granted unto our Dearest Brother James Duke
of York his Heirs and Assigns forever, To the only proper use and behoof of the said James Duke
of York his Heirs and Assigns forever, To be holden of Us our Heirs and Successors as of our Ma-
nor of East Greenwich and our County of Kent in free and common soccage and not in Capite
nor by Knight service yielding and rendering. And the said James Duke of York doth for him-
self his Heirs and Assigns covenant and promise to yield and render unto us our Heirs and Suc-
cessors of and for the same yearly and every year forty Beaver skins when they shall be demanded
or within Ninety days after. And We do further of our special Grace certain knowledge and mere
motion for us our Heirs and Successors Give and Grant unto our said Dearest Brother James Duke
of York his Heirs, Deputies, Agents, Commissioners and Assigns by these presents full and abso-
lute power and authority to correct, punish, pardon, govern and rule all such the subjects of us
Our Heirs and Successors who may from time to time adventure themselves into any of the parts
or places aforesaid or that shall or do at any time hereafter inhabit within the same according to
such Laws, Orders, Ordinances, Directions and Instruments as by our said Dearest Brother or his
Assigns shall be established ; And in defect thereof in case of necessity, according to the good dis-
cretions of his Deputies, Commissioners, Officers or Assigns respectively ; as well in all causes and
matters Capital and Criminal as civil both marine and others ; So always as the said Statutes
Ordinances and proceedings be not contrary to but as near as conveniently may be agreeable to
the Laws, Statutes & Government of this Our Realm of England, And saving and reserving to us
Our Heirs and Successors the receiving, hearing and determining of the Appeal and Appeals of all
or any Person or Persons of in or belonging to the territories or Islands aforesaid in or touching
any Judgment or Sentence to be there made or given. And further that it shall and may be law-
ful to and for our said Dearest Brother his Heirs and Assigns by these presents from time to time
to nominate, make, constitute, ordain and confirm by such name or name stile or stiles as to him
or them shall seem good and likewise to revoke, discharge, change and alter as well all aud sin-
652 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
gnlar Governors, OfiScere and Ministers which hereafter shall be by him or them thought fit and
needful to be made or used within the aforesaid parts and Islands ; And also to malse, ordain and
establish all manner of Orders, Laws, directions, instructions, forms and Ceremonies of Govern-
ment and Magistracy fit and necessary for and Concerning the Government of the territories and
Islands aforesaid, so always as the same be not contrary to the laws and statutes of this Our Realm
of England but as near as may be agreeable thereunto : And the same at all times hereafter to
put in execution or abrogate revoke or change not only within the precincts of the said Territo-
ries or Islands but also upon the Seas in going and coming to and from the same as he or they in
their good discretions shall think to be fittest for the good of the Adventurers and Inhabitants
there. And We do further of Our speciall Grace, certain knowledge and mere motion grant, or-
dain and declare that such Governors, Officers and Ministers as from time to time shall be author-
ized and appointed in manner and form aforesaid shall and may have fuU power and authority to
use and exercise Martial Law in cases of Rebellion, Insurrection and Mutiny in as large and ample
manner as Our Lieutenants in Our Counties within Our Realm of England have or ought to have
by force of their Commission of Lieutenancy or any Law or Statute of this our Realm. And We
do further by these presents for us Our Heirs and Successors Grant unto Our said Dearest Brother
James Duke of York his Heirs and Assigns, That it shall and may be lawful to and for the said
James Duke of York his heirs and Assigns in his or their discretions from time to time to admit
such and so many Person and Persons to trade and traffic unto and within the Territories and
Islands aforesaid and into every or any part and parcel thereof, and to have possess and enjoy any
Lands or Hereditaments in the parts and places aforesaid as they shall think fit according to the
Laws, Orders, Constitutions and Ordinances by Our said Brother his Heirs, Deputies, Commis-
sioners and Assigns from time to time to be made and established by virtue of and according to
the true intent and meaning of these presents and under such conditions, reservations and agree-
ments as Our said Brother his Heirs or Assigns shall set down, order, direct and appoint, and not
otherwise as aforesaid. And We do further of Our especial grace, certain knowledge and mere
motion for us Our Heirs and Successors give and grant to Our said Dear Brother his Heirs and
Assigns by these presents That it shall and may be lawful to and for him, them or any of them at
all and every time and times hereafter out of any Om- Realms or Dominions whatsoever to take
lead, carry and transport in and into their Voyages and for and towards the Plantations of Our
said Territories and Islands all such and so many of Our Loving subjects or any other strangers
being not prohibited or under restraint that will become Our Loving subjects and live under Our
Allegiance as shall willingly accompany them in the said voyages ; together with all such clothing,
implements, furniture and other things usually transported and not prohibited as shall be neces-
sary for the inhabitants of the said Islands and Territories and for their use and defence thereof
and managing and carrying on the trade with the People there and in passing and returning to
and fro : Yielding and paying to us Our Heirs and Successors the Customs and Duties therefore
due and payable according to the Laws and Customs of this Our Realm. And We do also for us
Our Heirs and Successors, grant to Our said Dearest Brother James Duke of York his Heirs and
Assigns and to all and every such Governor or Governors or other Officers or Ministers as by Our
said Brother his Heirs or Assigns shall be appointed, to have power and authority of Government
and Command in or over the Inhabitants of the said Territories or Islands that they and every
of them shall and lawfully may from time to time and at all times hereafter forever for their sev-
eral defence and safety encounter, expulse, repel and resist by force of Arms as well by sea as by
land and all ways and means whatsoever all such Person and Persons as without the speciall Li-
cence of Our said Dear Brother his Heirs or Assigns shall attempt to inhabit within the several
precincts and limits of Our said territories and Islands : And also all and every such Person and Per-
sons whatsoever as shall enterprize or attempt at any time hereafter the destruction, invasion, det-
riment or annoyance to the parts, places or Islands aforesaid or any part thereof And lastly Our
will and pleasure is and We do hereby declare and grant that these Our Letters Patents or the
enrolment thereof shall be good and efiectual in the Law to all intents and purposes whatsoever
notwithstanding the not recitiug or mentioning of the Premises or any part thereof or the meets
or Bounds thereof or of any former or other Letters Patents or Grants heretofore made or grant-
ed of the Premises or of any part thereof by L's or of any of Our progenitors unto any other Per-
son or Persons whatsoever. Bodies Politic or Corporate, or any Act, Law or other restraint incer-
tainty or imperfection whatsoever to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding ; although express
mention of the true yearly value or certainty of the premises or any of them or of any other gifts
or grants by L^s or by any of Our progenitors or predecessors heretofore made to the said James
Duke of York in these presents is not made or any statute, act, ordinance, provision, proclama-
tion or restriction heretofore had, made, enacted, ordained or provided, or any other matter cause
or thing whatsoever to the Contrary thereof in any wise Notwithstanding. In Witness whereof
We have caused these Our Letters to be made Patents. Witness Ourself at Westminster the
twelfth day of March in the Sixteenth Year of Our Reign. [1CG4]
By the King. Howahp.
Crininal in State TJbrar;/, Albany; Patents, i., 109-115 ; Learning and Spiccr, 3-8 ; Sew York Co-
lonial Documents, iL, 21)5-298.
APPENDIX. 653
Note B, Cuaptek I., page IS.
The Duke of York's Commission to Colonel Richard Kicolls.
JAMES, Duke of Yokk and Albany, Earl of Ulster, Lord High Admiral of Enqla^'D and Iee-
LAND, &c., Constable of Dover Castle, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, and Governor of Ports-
mouth, &c. Wheeeas it hath pleased the King's most Excellent Majesty, my Sovereign Lord and
Brother, by His Majesty's Letters Patents, bearing date at Westminster the Tivel/th day of March
in the Sixteenth year of His Majesty's Keign, to give and grant nnto me and to my Heirs and
Assigns, All that part of the mainland of New England, Beginning at a certain place called or
knovyn by the name of Saint Croix, next adjoining to Ketv Scotland in America, and from thence
extending along the sea-coast, unto a certain place called Petaquine or Pemaquid, and so up the
Eiver thereof to the furthest head of the same, as it tendeth Northwards, and extending from
thence to the Eiver of Kirtebequi, and so upwards by the shortest course to the River Canada
northwards ; And Also all that Island or Islands commonly called by the several name or names
of Matowacks or Long Island, situate, lying, and being towards the west of Cape Cod and the Nar-
row-Higansets, abutting upon the mainland, between the two rivers there, called or known by the
several names of Connecticut and Hudsoti's Eiver ; Together aiso with the said Eiver called Hud-
son's River and all the land from the West side of Connecticut Eiver to the East side of Delaioare
Bay; And Also all those several Islands called or known by the name of Martin's Vineyard and
Nantukes otherwise Nantucket; Together with all the Lands, Islands, Soiles, Eivers, Harbours,
Mines, Minerals, Quarries, Woods, Marshes, Waters, Lakes, Fishing, Hawking, Hunting, and
Fowling, and all other Eoyalties, Profits, Commodities, Hereditaments, to the said several Islands,"
Lands, and Premises belonging and appertaining, with their and every of their Appurtenances ;
To Hold the same to my own proper use and behoof. With Power to correct, punish, pardon, gov-
ern, and rule the Inhabitants thereof, by Myself, or such Deputies, Commissioners, or Officers as I
shall think fit to appoint ; as by His Majesty's said Letters Patents may more fully appear: And
Whereas I have conceived a good opinion of the Integrity, Prudence, Ability and Fitness of Eioii-
AKD NicoLLS, Esquire, to be employed as my Deputy there, I have therefore thought fit to consti-
tute and appoint. And I do hereby constitute and appoint him the said Richard Nicolls, Esquire,
to be my Deputy-Governor within the Lands, Islands, and Places aforesaid. To perform and exe-
cute all and every the Powers which are by the said Letters Patents granted unto me, to be exe-
cute by my Deputy, Agent, or Assign. To Have and to Hold the said place of Deputy^Governor
unto the said Richard Nicolls, Esquire, during my will and pleasure only ; Hereby willing and re-
quiring all and every the Inhabitants of the said Lauds, Islands, and Places to give obedience to
him the said Richard Nicolls in all things, according to the tenor of His Majesty's said Letters
Patents ; And the said Richard Nicolls, Esquire, to observe, follow and execute such Orders and
Instructions as he shall from time to time receive from myself. Given, under my hand and seal,
at Whitehall, this Second day of April, in the Sixteenth Year of the Eeign of our Sovereign Lord
Charles the Second, by the Grace of God King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, &c.,
Annoque Domini, 1664. JAMES.
By Command of His Royal Highness,
W. COVENTEY.
Patents, i., 116-llS ; Learning and Spicer, 6G5-CC7.
Note C, CnArxEE VL, page 271.
Governor Colve to the liurgomasters d:c of New Orange.
Burgomasters and Schepens being on the invitation of the H'. Govern^ assembled Collegi-
aliter in the City Hall on the 15 Ocf 16T4:—
The H'. Govemour General appearing at the meeting represents that he hath now received by
the Government ship the Miiyll Tromp, Letters & Absolute Orders from the Lords Majors and
their High Mightinesses, for the Restitution of this Province of N. Netherland to his Majesty of
Great Britain pursuant to the Treaty of peace concluded on the February last ; with further
order for himself to return immediately with the Garrison, which His Honour thought fit to com-
municate to the meeting, further stating to them if they had any Representation to make to their
High Mightinesses, and Honbie Mightinesses that his Honour would willingly present the same.—
New Orange Records, vii., 237.
Governor Andros to Governor Colve.
Being arrived to this Place with Orders to Receaue from you in the Behalf of his Mat'e of Great
Britagny Pursuant to the Late Articles of Pease with the States Generall of the United Neather-
lands, The New Netherlands and Dependances, now vnder your Command, I hane herewith, by
Capt. Philipe Carterett: and Ens. Cisesar Knapton, sent you the Respective Orders from the said
States Generall, the States of Zealand and Admirality of Amsterdam, to that Efect, and desire youl
654 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
Please to apoiut some short time for it, Our Soldjers having [been] long ahord, I pray your Answer
by these Jeutlemeu and I shall bee Keady, to serve yoa in what may Lay in my Power, Being
Your Very Humble Servant.
From abord His Mat'es Ship
The Diamond, att Anker neare
Staten Island this 22'"i of Oct''"
1674
Superscription.
" For the HMe The Gouemor
Commander in Chief in The
New Netherlands, These." Cvl. 3ISS., x:Kin.,i12.
Governor Andros to Governor Colve.
S'.— I Receined yours Last Night of the same date, by Capt Carell Epissej'n & Lieut Charles
Quirryuse which were I com in a private capasity or bound elsewhere, is very obligin to my supe-
riors and Family. But I am suprized that being sent Authorized as I am for Kecea\'iug the Place
which I length you severall Eeteirated the
States General!, the States of Zealand & Admiralty of Amsterdam (which you also tell mee you
had Already receaved before my Arival & itt being so long after the Tyme, itt should have been
delivered if demanded) you have nott, so Much as Sett any Time for the Effecting itt, I doe nott
Doubt the Freedom, & y Kind Vsage of all Inglish, In generall w^* is daylay practized betweene
our Superiors, & Two Nafons in.Vrope, & Elsewhere, but having no Orders to Land vpun a pri-
vate acompt & The Ships sent w"" mee by the King of Ingland, my Master, being nott ouely att
vci-y great Expense, but designed for his Sarvice, elsewhere as soone as I am possesd of this Place ;
I againe desire you y' pursuant to the Articles of Peace, & the Severall Orders you haue Received,
you vrill apoint a short Tyme for Effecting itt.
This is by Capne Philipe Carterett, Capne Mathias NicoUs & Ens : Csesar Knaptou who will tel
you the same things verbally, and also ashure you as I now doe that if M'' Colve or any of yo''^ or
Ships should nott be Ready to goe on Bord, or Saile, that you shall not onely have all kindnesse
as is dayly Practised att Home, butt myselfe. Ready to Sarve you upun all occacons to my Power:
So nott Doubting yo'' Considering things as they your present Resolve, Conformable to
friendship & orders of Superr" & desiring y' Answer by these Jeutlemen, I am in Reality
Yo' Friend & Humble Servant,
From Abord his Mat^ ship Signed Ed™ Andeos.
The Diamond, at Anker neare
Staten Island ; 23"' Oct''" 16TJ.
CoMfSS.,xxiii.,416.
Governor Andros to Governor Colve.
S"'.— I received yo" yesterday in the Evening in answer to mine by the hands of Capt Philip
Carteret Matthias Nicolls & Ensigne CiEsar Knaptou.
You tell me That you hoped & did not doubt but within the space of eight days you would be
ready pursuant to y" Articles of peace and Instructions to Surrender y= place now under yo' Com-
mand.
If the Time for y^ Surrender had beene certainly preflxt & by a Lesse space, I should not have
had [the necessity of] giving you this farther Trouble. Now once againe by the same Gentleman
I Desire you to lett me [know with certainty when] I tC- my forces viay 2iur8itant both to your tt my
Orders [.take jMsscssion of the2 Fm't and Government yoii now are [commanding'] I alsoe icish you will
take into your Co[7isideration to] pitch upon a shorter time then you have proposed :
These Gentlemen I have now appointed to discourse with you about the [time] thereof that
nothing may further intervene to delay it <i: for the furthering of which if you thinke convenient d:
you may please to send some ofyor Councell to mee (or whom else you shall thinke fitt to authorize)
that we may haue conference about the same.
I should bee very glad these matters may bee concluded in a Faire & amicable way I doe hope
& will not doubt yo' effectuall answer, desiring nothing more then a friendly Conference & the
houo' of seeing and serving you That I may not bee obleged pursuant as I think to my duty to
justify my proceedings by a pnblick Protest. And if there yet shall remaiue anything either pub-
lick or yo' private Concernes, if you please to let me Know it by these Gentlemen or any of them
I shall bee very ready & glad of all opportunitys to testify how much I am
Yo' humble Servant.
From on board his Ma'iea ship
Tlie Diamond at Anchor
neare Statcu Island Octob The 24""
30T4. CyJ.3/,S'.S'.,xxiii.,414.
APPENDIX. 655
Committee apx>ointed to uelcome Governor Andros.
04 OctoTier
g^g^- j--^ A" 1674. Burgomasters and Schepens being met at the City Hall with the Burgher
Council of war, they with the approbation of the W Govemour, appointed and qualified, as they
hereby appoint and qualify the H' Cornells Steenwyk, with the Heerea Burgomaster Johannes
van Brugh & Willem Beekman to repair on board his Majesty's frigate now anchored under Staten
Island, and there welcome the H^ Governour Andrews and to request together some privileges
from him for the advantage of the commonalty.
The foregoing Commissioners returning this date reported that they welcomed the H' Governor
Major Andrews and requested from him to favor the Inhabitants with some privileges ; Who an-
swered them that they the Commissioners may assure the Inhabitants of the Dutch Nation that
they should participate in the same privileges as those of the English Nation, and that his Honour
would as far as possible promote their interests ; referring himself further to the Instructions
given him by his Koyal Majesty & Highness the Duke of York.— ^Vci« Orange Records, vii., 253.
Governor Andros to Governor Colve.
S'— I rec"' yo''^ the last night by M'' Steenwyck & Capt Charles Eppistejnie together with the en-
closed paper of severall particulars relating to the Towue ; To which (did I think myselfe Author-
ized to Treat particularly of things of this nature afore my Landing) I should not scruple nor
doubt to give you a particular and satisfactory Answ^ to most of them ; which I hope you will
have in the Gen" by my Assuring you as I now do againe. That I am not onely Commanded punc-
tually to obsen-e the Articles of Peace, But have also his Majesty's and Koyall Highnesse particu-
lar Orders to do it in the best and most fi'riendly manner with kindnesse to such Dutch as I shall
finde upon the place ; As to y« last relating to the Ship, I desire to do it as farre as reasonably
they can expect (but It relates to some of our Acts of Parliam') I haue spoken to one of the Own-
ers, and desire that they will amongst themselves and the Master advise together, how farre that
may be with safety, particularly to themselves ; Vpon which I shall bee willing to do the utmost
in my Power accordingly. I have directed the Bearer, Capt" Matthias Nicolls, Personally to con-
ferre with you, more at large to this effect in any of these particulars, if you shall think fitt. I am
sorry for the disorders you menf on, happened in the Towne, which I doubt not are now wholly
remedyed by the Orders you have taken in commanding all the Souldyers to the Fort from ram-
bling about the towne, as also enjoyning all others to repaire Home, which will (without doubt)
quiet Peoples mindes ; so that if you have not already released those Souldyers committed for
som disorders in the street (being drunk) I againe now desire you to Pardon them, in which you
Avill oblige mee ; so hoping to heere from you to morrow, for sending p'sons on Shoare to see and
take knowledge of such things as you shall leave in the ffort, for me to receive ; with my thanks
for yo'' last Civilltyes, being ready to serve yo" in what may ly in my Power, I remaine
S' Yo"' most humble Serv'
Signed E. Axbros.
From on board his Ma'y»
Ship the Dyamond at
Anchor neare Staten Island,
Oct. 2Sth. 16T4. Col. 3LSS., sxiii., 415, 413.
Governor Andros to Governor Colve.
No : 2d 16T4.
Sr.— This is to return you my acknowledgements and thanks for both yo"^ of the 10"> and ll""
ultimo upon the subject of my relieving you in this place, being also obliged to you for yo'' good
opinion and Character of me here ; & shall bee glad of all opportunity wherein I may testify yc
Generosity in all yo' proceedings since my arrivall to these parts.
I have upon yo' desire wholly freed the two prison" you left mee here : I have also here enclosed
sent you as you directed an answer in the Margent to the severall particulars in the s^" pap' which
I hope you will bee satisfyed is as full & ample as is any way in my power. But againe assure
you that having his Maties & his K. H^ orders I shall endeauo' all I may the good & welfare of y«
Inhabitants of this place.
I haue now onely to adde my farther acknowledgements and thanks for y« present of the three
horses & Coach, am onely confused that yo' sudden departure for soe great a distance wUl deprive
me of y« means of shewing how sensible I am of this particular obUgacon to myselfe.
This is by Capt. Matthias Nicolls & E. Cses&r Knapton who will tell you the same verbally &
wish you a good & prosperous voyage, also requesting you from mee to let mee know all oppor-
tunityes wherein I may serue you during j'o' longer stay in these parts. Remaining
CoJ. Jf,S,S'.,X2dii.,420.
65G
HISTOEY OF THE STATE OP NEW YORK.
GOVEBNOB AnDEOS'S ANSWERS.
S'— I have upon yo' desire for yo' satisfaction
given you the following Answer to yo' several!
Particulars : —
To the 1»'. I shall bee ready upon all occa-
sions to countenance and bee helpeful to any
you shall think fltt to entrust in this place, as
farre as may bee in my power pursuant to the
Articles of Peace & Law.
To the 2n'i. To continue pursuant to Law and
the utmost of the Articles of Peace.
To the S*". All Justice with friendship shall
bee shewne, pursuant to the Articles of Peace.
To tlie 4">. The usuall discipline of their Church
to bee continued to them as formerly, and the
other of Inheritance, as farre as I may, & for
those that shall desire it.
To the S"". I have neither Orders nor directions
for any pressing whatever and shall allwaycs
bee glad to favour the Inhabitants therein.
To the C"'. I shall allwayes bee ready to allow
& favour so charitable a worke.
To the 7'\ I shall take fitting Care in this par-
ticular to the satisfaction of all the good.
To the S"". I have scene since my arrivall sev-
erall orders or Decrees upon Record, for the ar-
resting & forfeiting the Effects of the West In-
d3'a Company in these parts, during the former
Warre in ICC-l & 1065, which I am also informed
have since been accounted for at home, so not
in rrly power.
To the g"". I hope this will not bee expected
from mee, which if due should have beeue ef-
fected by my Predecessors & is not in my power.
To the 10'\ This seemcs to relate to the first,
Ilowever I have his Eoyall Highnesse particular
Orders & Eegulacon for the Customes in every
particular, from which I may not vary.
To the 11"'. As to this particular, I shall con-
tinue all the favour and friendship I may pur-
suant to the Articles of Peace, and Acts of Par-
liam' & shall not take any advantage or tollcrate
U, but afford a reasonable Time.
Pboposalls sent by GovEB^•OB CoLVE to Gover-
nor Andros previous to the Surrender of Kew
A'ethcrland, Oct. 27 1674.
Myn Heer— Pursuant to my last I have con-
sidered it my duty to propose to your Honor
herewith the following Articles, on the one side
for the greater satisfaction of my Lords & Mas-
ters, and on the other for the greater tranquility
of the good People of this Province, requesting
I may receive your answer in the margin there-
of—to wit : —
I'". As it is impossible to settle before my de-
parture all the debts of the present government
and to dispose of its effects consisting princi-
pally in the confiscated property of the late En-
glish Officers found here on the reduction of this
Province, from which their personal debts must
first be paid ; and as it will be necessary for that
end to leave authority here on behalf of my Lords
Principals, I do therefore request that your Hon-
or on being solicited, will be pleased to lend him
a helping hand on all occurring occasions.
2. That all sentences and Judgments passed
during my Administration may stand good.
3. That the present owners of the houses,
lands and other effects of private persons con-
fiscated during the war, may be maintained in
their possession.
4. That the ' Inhabitants of the Dutch Na-
tion may be allowed to retain their customary
Church privileges in Divine Service and Church
discipline besides their Fathers' laws & customs
in the division of their Inheritances.
5. That they may be excused from Impress-
ment, if not wholly at least against their own
Nation.
6. That each Congregation whether Lutherans
or others may support their own Poor.
7. That all Publick houses may continue ac-
cording to the Customs now existing.
8. That the West India Company's creditors
in this Country may be paid from their proper-
ty and outstanding debts here.
9. That the City Tapsters Excise may remain
for the benefit of the city until the debts of the
City, contracted before my Administration, shall
be paid, as was agreed unto by the Capitulation
in the Year 1664.
10. '\Miereas the Inhabitants of this Province
advanced some monies by form of a Loan for
the fortification of this City, for the repayment
of which money a small Impost was laid on ex-
ported Beavers and peltries and imported In-
dian goods, that the same Impost may stand
good until the said expended monies shall be
paid.
11. That the Ship the Beaver, Skipper Jacob
Mauritz destined hence for Holland may be al-
lowed to remain unmolested at anchor here to
sell his goods, to receive his pay, to load his
Ship here to depart with the same directly for
Fatherland.
APPENDIX. 657
S'^Yo'^most humble Serv'
For the Honi>ie Govern o"^ Colve on board the
States Ship the Surynam, These.
This is a true Copie of the Proposalls sent by Governo' Colve to Gouevno' Andres before the
surrender of the Fort bearing date Octob' 27'" old stile with the Answer returned to the seuerall
particulars therein afterwards ; pursuant to the Assurance given by those employed.
Mattuias Nicolls, Seer.
Endorsed
" Proposalls from the
Dutch Governo"' and the Governo"
Answer Nov. 2^1 lOli." Col. MSS., xxiii., 419, 421.
Governor Aiulros to Governor Colve.
S'— I have rcc" yo" of the 13"' new style, by Capt. Carel Epesseyn & Lieut Carel Quirinsen, to-
gether with the orders for the respective places of this Governm' to bee delivered to mee pursuant
to the Articles of Peace, And now have ouely to adde my ackuowledgm'^ and thankes for y« fuither
kind Expressions to mee in yo' letter.
As to yo"^ Postcript concerning pressing I doe hope my former Answer will bee satisfactory for
quieting y= miude of the Inhabitants ; but for yo'' owne further satisfaction I doe further assure
you, that I shall neither impose, nor desire their bearing Arms ag" their Nation.
As to M'' W"" Dervalls molesting in words a person possest of a Confiscated house, As soone as I
heard it, I did check the s" Darvall for soe doeing, Letting him know, that all were to have the free
benefit of y" law & Articles of Peace & did Assure the other of Right and Justice pursuant there-
unto which in all Cases shall bee my Endeavo"', as it is my Orders.
This is by Capt. Matthias Nicolls who will tell you the same verbally : & by whom (having had
many addresses) I have sent you such demands as haue beene given mee in writings, for damages
sustained from those under yo' Comand, since the time limited for Peace in these Parts ; vpon
which I pray & will not doubt yo' effectual Answer ; If there bee any thing yet remaining wherein
I may serve you before yo' voyage, I shall bee ready to testify how much I am
Yo' most humble Serv'
Novemb' 7'" 1674.
Endorsed
"Lre to Go. Colve
No. T. 1674." Col 2ISS. , xxiv., 7.
Governor Colve absolves the Dutch from their Allegiance.
At a Court ; present the Heeren Burgotnasters Schepens and Burgher Court Martial— holden
and assembled by the Special Orders of the Heer Governour General Antuony Colve, at the
City Hall of the City New Orange, the 9"" Novembr stilo novo, A" 1674.
The H' Governour General appearing in Court informed the same that he, pursuant to the orders
of his Lords Principals, should on to-morrow Surrender the Fort and this Province of N. Nether-
land, conformably to the Articles of Peace, to the H' Major Andros on the behalf of bis Majisty of
Great Britain. And hath thereupon thanked the Meeting for their past services and at the same
time absolved and discharged them from the Oath of Allegiance taken to their High Mightinesses
and his Serene Highness ; further ordering that the 5 banners of the Out people together -with the
Cushions and Ta|)le Cloth now in the City Hall should be taken Charge of by the Bargomaster
Johonnes van Brngh until they were demanded & removed by Superior Authority— taking there-
upon, further, his farewell of the Assembly which I testify having occuiTed.
Epheaim Heeman, Sec.
New Orange Records, vii., 2&4.
Governor Colve to the Sheriff of Esopus.
Honourable, Beloved, Faithful — Whereas I have received ample orders from ray Lords Superiors
their High Mightinesses the Lords States General of the United Netherlands, their ^Mightinesses
the Lords delegated Councillors for the Province of Zealand, and their Mightinesses the Lords
Commissioners in the Board of Admirality at Amsterdam, for delivering up the Province of New
Netherland for the behoof of his Majesty of England, pursuant to the Treaty of Peace concluded
between the two Nations dated the 19 February, to the Heer Major Edmond Andros who hath also
arrived here from his Majesty of England for that purpose, with orders & qualifications to me ex-
hibited, your Honour is therefore ordered & charged on receipt hereof to deliver up and hand over
to the aforesaid Heer Major Andros or to whomsoever his Honour shall qualify thereunto, accord-
ing to the tenor of said Treaty of Peace the Command, Eight and Jurisdiction of the Places, situ-
ated under your Honors resort ; further hoprug and wishing at all times to hear of your future
II.— T T
f,5S HISTORY OF THE STATE OE NE\V YORK.
j-.rosperity, happiness & welfare; finallj' assuring your Honour that my further servicea in Vropa
if required shall not fail you, if demanded, to my uttermost power, to prove that
I am your affectionate friend
(was undersigned) A. Colve.
Done, Fort Willem Hendrick
iu N. Nethherland ady 10 Nov 16T4.
The superscription reads thus
Honourable Beloved Faithful
Sieur Isaacq Greveraedt Scout iu the village
Swanenburg in the Esopus.
Agrees with the original
To my knowledge
W. i)E LA MoNTAGNE, Secret?^. Col. MSS., xxiii., :23.
Surrender of Xeio Xcthei-land to the English.
On the 10 November A" 1674, the Province of New Netherland was surrendered by Governor
Colve to Governor Major Edmund Andross on behalf of his Britauuick Majesty.
Keio Orange Records, vii., 255.
Compare Col. MSS., xxiii., 412-423 ; xxiv., 1-13 ; Sew Orange Records, vii., 237, 253-255 ; Vol. Man.,
1S50, 522 ; 1S52, 415-421 ; 1S53, 4S9, 49S ; Doc. Hist, iii., 45-52.
Note D, Cu after VII., page 354.
Petition of the Members of the Court of Assizes, to tlie Duke of York, for an Assemhhj.
To his Roijal Highness, James, Duke of York and Albany:
The humble petition of the council of the province, the aldermen of New-York, and of the jus-
tices assembled at a special court of assize held at the city of New-York, June 29th, 1681,
S/iOirc^/i— That we, your royal highness' most humble and obedient sen-ants, assembled together
by virtue of your royal highness' authority established in his colony, humbly craving the conjunc-
tion and assistance of this court to make a submissive address to your royal highness : therein
representing the great pressure and lamentable condition of his majesty's subjects iu this your
roj'al highness' colony ; and also presenting, for the only remedy and ease of those burdens, that
an assembly of the people may be established by a free choice of the freeholders and inhabitants
of this your royal highness' colony. The which request, we having maturely and deliberately
weighed and considered, and having full assurance of your royal highness' good gracious and real
intentions to encourage and advance the ease, benefit, and advantage of trade, and the merchants
and inhabitants of this your said colony, and the removal of all things that might obstruct or hin-
der the same to us particularly, signified by your gracious commission given to John Lewin, your
royal highness agent and' servant here, bearing date the 24th of May, 16S0, which with great joy
and general satisfiiction was received and published. Expecting aud longing for the happy event
of such your royal highness' grace and favour, the enjoyment of which we have not as yet attained,
we find ourselves encouraged aud obliged to concur with the said grand inquest ; and iu all sub-
missive manner to prostrate ourselves at your royal highness' feet, aud represent the miserable
and deplorable condition of the inhabitants of this your royal highness' colony, who for many
years past have groaned under inexpressible burdens by having an arbitrary aud absolute power
used and exercised over us, by which a j'early revenue is exacted from us against our wills, and
trade grievously burdened with undue and unusual customs imposed on the merthandize without
oiu- consent— our liberty and freedom iuthraled, and the inhabitants wholly shut out and deprived
of any share, vote, or interest, in the government, to their great discouragement, and contrary to
the laws, rights, liberties, and privileges, of the subject; so that we are esteemed as nothing, and
have become a reproach to the neighbours In other his majesty's colonies, who flourish under
the fruition and protection of his majesty's unparalleled form and method of government in his
realm of England, the undoubted birthright of all his subjects. Which necessitates us, in behalf
of this your royal highness' colony, to become humble suppliants and suitors to your royal high-
ness ; praj-ing, and we do hereby humbly and submissive!}', with all obedience, pray and beseech
}'Our royal highness, that, for the redressing aud removal of the said grievances, the government
of this your colony may, for the future, be settled and established, ruled and governed, by a gov-
ernor, council, and assembly : which assembly to be duly elected and chosen by the freeholders
of this your royal highness' colony, as is usual and practicable with the realm of England, and
other his majesty's plantations. Which will give great ease and satisfaction to all his majesty's
subjects in this your royal highness' colony ; who desire no greater happiness than the continu-
ance of your royal highness' grace and favour, aud to be aud remain his majesty's loyal and free
subjects. By order, &c., John We.st, Clerk of Assize.
Wood's Long Island, pp. 17S, 179.
APPENDIX. 659
Note E, Ciiaptee VIII., pagk 384, and Chaptek XII., page 645.
" The Chaetek of Libertys and Privileges granted by his Royal Hvjhness to the Inhabitants of New-
York and its Dependencies.
[Passed, Oct. 30, 1683.]
"For the better establishing the Government of this province of Nevr-York, and thatt Jus-
tice and Eight may bee equally done to all persons within the same: Bee it enacted by
the Govern'r, Councell, and Representatives now in gen'all assembly, mett and assembled,
and by the authority of the same,
*' Thatt the Supreme legislative Authority under his Majesty and Royall Highnesse James, Duke
of York, Albany, &c. Lord proprietor of the said province, shall forever bee and reside in a Gover-
nour, councell and the people, mett in a Generall assembly.
" That the Exercise of the Chiefe magistracy and administration of the government over the said
Province, shall be in the said Govern'r ; assisted by Councell, with whose advice and consent, or
with att least four of them, hee is to rule and govern the same according to the laws thereof.
"Thatt in case the Governour shall dy or bee absent out of the province, and thatt there bee no
person within the said province, commissionated by his Royall Highnesse his he3Tes or successors,
to bee Governour or Commander in Chief there, thatt then the Councell for the time being, or so
many of them as are in the said province, do take upon them the Administracon of the govern-
ment, and the Execucon of the laws thereof, and powers and authoritys Jpelonging to the Gover-
nour and councell. The first in nomiuacon, in which councell is to preside untill the said Gover-
nour shall retume and arrive in the said province againe, or the pleasure of his Royall Highnesse,
his heyres or successors, bee further known —
" Thatt, according to the usage, costome, and practice of the Realm of England, a sessions of a
generall assembly bee held in this province once in three yeares att least.
"That every ffreeholder within this province, and flfreeman in any corporacon, shall have his
free choice and vote in the Electing of the representatives, without any manner of constraint or
imposition, and that in all Elections the Majority of Voices shall carry itt, and by ffreeholders is
understood every one who is so understood according to the laws of England.
"Thatt the persons to bee elected to sitt as representatives in the Generall assembly from time
to time for the several Cittys. Towns, Countyes, Shires, or divisions of this province, and all places
within the same shall bee according to the proporcou and number hereafter expressed — That is
to say — For the city and county of New-York four— For the county of Suffolk two— For Queen's
county two— For King's county two— For the county of Richmond one — For the county of West-
chester one— For the county of Ulster two— For the county of Albany two — And for Schanectade,
within the said county, one— For Duke's county one— For the county of Cornwall one.
"And as many more as his Royall Highness shall think fit to establish.
"Thatt all persons chosen and assembled in manner aforesaid, or the major part of them, shall
be deemed and accounted the representatives of this province, which said representatives, togeth-
er with the Governor and his councell, shall forever be the supream and only legislative power
under his Roy'll Highnesse, of the said province —
"Thatt the said representatives may appoint their own times of meeting during their sessions,
and may adjourne their house, from time to time, to such time as to them shall seem meet and
convenient.
" Thatt the said representatives are the sole Judges of the Qualliflcacons of their own members,
and likewise of all undue elections, and may, from time to time, purge their house as they shall
see occasion dureing the said sessions.
"Thatt no Member of the Generall Assembly, or their servants, during the time of their ses-
sions, whilest they shall be going to, and returning from the said assembly, shall be arrested, sued,
imprisoned, or any wayes molested or troubled, nor bee compelled to make answer to any suite,
bill, plaint, declaracou or otherwise, cases of High treason and felony only excepted— provided the
number of the said servants shall not exceed three.
"Thatt all bills agreed upon by the said Representatives, or the major part of them, shall bee
presented unto the Governour and his councell for their approbacon and consent, all and every
which said bills so approved of and consented to by the Governor and his Councell, shall bee es-
teemed the Lawes of the province which said lawes shall continue and remaine in force until they
shall bee repeeled by the Authority aforesaid ; That is to say, The Governour, Councell, and Repre-
sentatives in Generall Assembly, by and with the approbation of his Royal Highnesse, or expire
by their own limitations.
" Thatt in all cases of death or removeall of any of the said Representatives, the Governour shall
issue out summons by Writt to the respective Townes, Cittyes, Shires, Countyes or Divisions for
which hee or they so removed or deceased were chosen, willing and requiring the ffreeholders of
the same to elect others in their place and stead.
"Thatt no ffreeman shall bee taken and imprisoned, or bee disseized of his ffreehold or liberty,
or free customes, or bee outlawed or exiled, or any other wayes destroyed, nor shall be passed
upon, adjudged or condemned, butt by the lawfull judgment of his peers, and by the law of this
660 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
province, justice nor right shall bee neither sold, denyed, or deferred to any man within this
province.
" Thatt no aid, tax, tallage, assessment, custom, loane, benevolence, or imposition whattsoever,
shall bee layed, assessed, imposed, or levyed on any of his Ma'ties subjects within this province,
or their Estates uppon any Manner of colour or pretence, butt by the act and consent of the Gov-
ernor, councell and representatives of the people in generall assembly mett and assembled.
" Thatt no Man, of whatt Estate or Condicon soever, shall be putt out of his lands or tenements,
nor taken nor imprisoned nor disinherretted, nor banished, nor any wayes destroyed without
being brought to answer by due course of law.
" Thatt a flfreeman shall not bee amerced for a small fault, butt after the manner of his fault,
and for a great fault after the greatnesse thereof, saving to him his fl'reehold, and a husbandman
saving to him his wainage, and a merchant likewise saving to him his Merchandize, and none of
the said amerciaments shall bee assessed butt by the oath of twelve honest and lawful men of the
\kinage— provided the faults and misdemeanours be not in contempt of courts of Judicature.
" All tryalls shall bee by the Verdict of twelve men, and as near as may bee. Peers or Equalls of
the Neighbourhood, and in the County, Shire, or Division where the fact shalf arise or grow,
whether the same bee by Indictment, Informacon, Declaracon, or otherwise, against the person,
offender, or defendant.
"Thatt in all cases capitall or criminal!, there shall be a grand Inquest, who shall first present
the Offence, and then twelve Men of the Neighbourhood to try the Offender, who after his plea to
the Indictment, shall be allowed his reasonable challenges.
"Thatt in all cases whatsoever Bayle, by sufficient suretys, shall be allowed and taken, unlesse
for Treason or ffelouy plainly and specially expressed and menconed in the Warrant of Commit-
ment ; Provided ahcaucs, thatt nothing herein conteyned shall extend to discharge out of prison,
uppon Baile, any person taken in execucon for debts, or otherwise legally sentenced by the judg-
ment of any of the Courts of Record within this province.
"Thatt no ffreeman shall be compelled to receive any marriuers or souldiers into his house, and
there suffer them to sojournc against then- wills ; Provided always, it be not in time of actuall war
within this province.
"Thatt no commissions for proceeding by raartiall law ag'st any of his Ma'ties subjects, within
this province, shall issue forth to any person or persons whatsoever, least by colour of them any
of his Ma'ties subjects bee destroyed or putt to death, except all such officers, persons and soul-
diers in pay throughout the* Government.
"That from henceforward no lands within this province shall be esteemed or accounted a chat-
tie or personal! Estate, but an Estate of Inheritance according to the customes and practice of his
Majestye's realme of England.
"Thatt no Court or Courts within this province have, or att any time hereafter shall have any
Jurisdiccon, power or authority, to grant out any execucon or other writt, whereby any man's land
may bee sold, or any other way disposed of, without the owner's consent ; Provided ahcayes, that
the issues or meane proffitts of any man's land shall or may bee extended by execucon or other-
wise, to sattisfy just debts, any thing to the contrary hereof in any wise nottwithstanding.
" Thatt no Estate of a ffeme covert shall be sold or conveyed butt by deed acknowledged by her
in some Court of Record, the woman being secretly examined, if shee doth itt freely without
threats or compulsion of her husband.
" Thatt all wills in Writing attested by two credible Witnesses, shall be of the same force to con-
vey lands as other Conveyances being registered in the Secretarye's office within fforty days after
the testator's death.
"Thatt a Widdow, after the death of her Husband, shall have her dower, and shall and may
tarry in the chiefe house of her husband forty days after the death of her husband, within which
forty days her dower shall bee assigned her, and for her dower shall bee assigned unto her the
third part of all the lands of her husband during coverture, except shee were endowed of lesse
before marriage.
"That all lands and heritages within this province and dependencyes, shall bee free from all
ffiues and lycences upon alienacons, and from all hesiotts, wardships, liverys, primier seizins, year,
(lay, and wast, escheats, and forfeittures upon the death of parents or ancestors, natural!, unnata-
rall, casuall or judicial!, and thatt for ever; cases of High Treason only excepted.
" Thatt no person or person's, which proffcsse ffaith in God by Jesus Christ, shall, at any time,
be any wayes molested, punished, disquieted, or called in question for any difference in opinion
or matter of religious concernment, who do nott actually disturbe the civil! peace of the province,
butt thatt all and every such person or p'sons may, from time, and at all times freely have and
fully enjoy, his or their judgments or consciences in matters of religion throughout all the prov-
ince, they behaving themselves peaceably and quietly, and nott using tliis liberty to Lycencious-
ncsse, nor to the civil! injury or outward disturbance of others ; Provided alwaija, Thatt this liber-
ty, or any thing conteyned therein to the contrarj', shall never be construed or improved to ma!<e
void the settlement of any publique minister on Long Island, whether such settlement bee by two
thirds of the voices in any Townc thereon, which shall alwayes include the minor part; or by sub-
APPENDIX. 661
scriptions of perticular inhabitants in said townes; Provided, they are the two thirds thereof;
liutt thatt all such agreements, covenants and subscriptions thatt are there already made afid had,
or thatt hereafter shall bee in this manner consented to, agreed and subscribed, shall att all time
and times hereafter, bee firm and stable ; and in confirmation hereof, it is enacted by the Gover-
nour, Councell, and Representatives, That all such summs of money so agreed on, consented to,
or subscribed as aforesaid, for maintenance of said publique ministers, by the two thirds of any
towne on Long Island, shall alvrayes include the minor part, who shall bee regulated thereby :
and also such subscriptions and agreements as are beforemenconed, are and shall bee alwayes
ratifyd, performed and payd, and if any towne on said Island, in their publique capacity of agree-
ment with any such minister or any perticular persons, by their private subscriptions as aforesaid,
shaU make default, deny, or withdraw from such payments so covenanted to, agreed upon, and
subscribed, thatt in such case, upon complaint of any Collector appointed and chosen by two
thirds of such towne upon Long Island, unto any Justice of thatt County, upon his hearing the
same, he is hereby authorized, impowered, and required to issue out his warrant unto the consta-
ble or his deputy, or any other person appointed for the collection of said rates or agreement, to
levy upon the goods and chattells of said delinquent or defaulter, all such summes of money so
covenanted and agreed to be paid, by distresse, with costs and charges, without any further suit
in law, any law, custome or usage to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding ; Provided alicays,
the said snmme or summes bee under fi"orty shillings, otherwise to be recovered as the law directs.
"And wJiereas all the respective Christian Churches now in practice within the Citty of New-
Yorke, and the other places of this province, do appear to bee priviledged Churches, and have
been so established and confirmed by the former authority of this Government ; Bee it hereby en-
acted by this present Generall Assembly, and by the Authority thereof. That all the said respective
Christian Churches be hereby confirmed therein, and thatt they and every of them shall from
henceforth, forever, be held and reputed as priviledged churches, and enjoy all their former free-
domes of their religion in divine worship and church discipline ; and thatt all fonner contracts
made and agreed on for the maintenances of the several ministers of the said Churches, shall
stand and continue in full force and vertue, and thatt all contracts for the future to bee made,
shall be of the same power ; and all p'sons that are unwilling to performe their part of the said
contract, shall bee constrained thereunto by a warrant from any Justice of the Peace ; Provided itt
bee under forty shillings, or otherwise, as the law directs ; Provided allso, That all other Christian
Churches that shall hereafter come and settle within this province, shall have the same priviledges.
"A continued bill for defraying the requisite charges of the government.
[This continued bill grants certain duties on liquors, merchandizes, &c. to the Governor, for the
support of government, and is on the same engrossed bUl with the foregoing "charter of libertys,"
&c. and passed with it]
" ISTew-Torke, Oct. 26, 1CS3.
"The Representatives have assented to this bill, and order it to bee sent up to the Governo'r
and Councell for their assent. M. Nicolt-s, Speaker."
"After three times reading, it is assented to by the Governour and Councell this thirtieth of
October, 16S3. Tuo. Dongan.
"John Spragge, Clerk of the Assembly."
MS'S. in Secretary's office, Albany; New York Revised Laws, 1S13, iL, Appendix, iii.-vi. ; Colonial
Documents, iii., 357-359.
Note F, Chaptee X., page 506.
It would seem, from the printed minutes of " The Acts and Proceedings of the General Synod
of the Reformed Peotestant Dutch Chuech in North America" for the years 1S66, 186T, 1S68, and
1869, that that venerable body deliberately perpetrated one of the grossest outrages on American
history ever done in this country. The Synod, after debate, and against the protest of some of
the most devoted friends of the Church, resolved that the words " Dutch" and " Protestant" were
not proper words to be retained in its title. Noisy and active members of the Synod denounced
those words as " foreign," and not "American." Yet the oldest ecclesiastical body of Christians
in our country is the one which has so persistently rejected these expressive designations. To
say that the Church which Holland planted in America is not a "Dutch" Church, is to affirm a
falsehood. To deny that that Dutch-American Church was a " Protestant" Church, is to reiterate
an historical lie.
By this action of the venerable Synod of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church in North Amer-
ica the history of our country has been belied. Ever since the surrender by the Dutch of New
Netherland to the English, the Church which the Fatherland planted in New York was known and
distinguished as a "Dutch" Church. Certainly it was a "Protestant" Church. How could it be
otherwse ? The blood of the martyrs in the " Dutch Republic" who resisted Alva must have been
wretchedly diluted when any of their descendants in America could shrink from calling them-
gelves "Dutch" and "Protestant."
QQ2 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
In a vigorous memorial against the proposed change of this old "denomination," some members
of it set forth their objections to the alteration of the name of the Church of their fathers. Their
objections baffled, for a time, the synodical machinations of those who wished to destroy the iden-
tity of their ancient body. Its name was first officially given in the memorial which Domine
Selyns, of New York, and his Consistory, offered to Governor Dongan in 10S3. It was confirmed
by a charter which Governor Fletcher granted to the metropolitan corporation in 1696, under the
title of "The Minister, Elders, and Deacons of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church in New
York." This is the oldest religious corporation in our country. It still retains its honorable his-
torical name. Yet, under foolish guidance, its superior ecclesiastical authority, in the full light of
day, rejected the words "Dutch" and "Protestant" from the title of an act by which the Legisla-
ture of the State of New Y'ork, in 1819, authorized " The General Synod of the lie/ormed Protestant
Dutch Church'" in North America to hold estate.
The memorial to the Legislature of New Y'ork, referred to above, presented in its session ofl86S,
stated the history of the Dutch Church in this country, and showed, among other things, that the
resolution ot the Sjiiod to change its corporate name to that of "T/ic Reformed Church in Amer-
ica" was the impudent appropriation of an ecclesiastical designation which might rightfully be
shared by those "Reformed" Churches which French and German Protestants planted here, after
the Dutch established theirs. This memorial was met by scurrility from some who called them-
selves "Christian." Nevertheless, the Legislature would not sanction the proposed synodical
change of name in 1S6S. But, as a preponderating majority of Dutch Churchmen chose to follow
those leaders who insisted on the change, controversy was abandoned, and the Legislature, in
1869, passed the desired law.
The Acts and Proceedings of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, 1866-1869 ; Historical Maga-
zine for May, 1868, pp. 268-2T0 ; Hoffman's Ecclesiastical Law in the State of Xeia York, pp. 98-129,
Note G, CnAriEE XL, page 540.
The following is a copy of the Circular Letter of the English Pricy Council to the several Colonial
Governors :
After our very hearty commendations: — Whereas, William and Mart, Prince and Princess of
Orange, have, with the consent and at the desire of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, in Parlia-
ment Assembled at Westminster, been proclaimed King and Queen of England, France and Ire-
land, and of the Territories and Dominions thereunto appertaining; We have thought fit hereby
to signify the same unto you, with directions that with the Council and other principal oflicers and
inhabitants of [Virginia] you proclaim their most sacred Majestys, according to the form here in-
closed [see N. Y. Col. Doc, ill., 605], with the solemnities and ceremonies requisite on the like oc-
casion. And we do further transmit unto you their Majestys most gracious Proclamation, signi-
fying their Majesty's pleasure that all men being in offices of Government shall so continue, until
their Majesty's further pleasure be known. We do in like manner will and require you forthwith .
to cause to be proclaimed and published, as also that you do give order that the oaths herewith
sent, be taken by all persons of whom the oaths of Supremacy and Allegiance might heretofore
have been required ; and that the said oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy be set aside and abro-
gated within your government. And so, &c. &c. &c.
From the Council Chamber, the 19t-h February, 1688-9.
IIaliiax, C. p. S. Siikewbbury, Macclesfield,
Bath, H. Capel, J. Boscawen,
Wi>"ouestee, Devonsuire, Delamere,
R" Howard, R. Hampden.
The foregoing dispatch was sent to, and acted on, in Virginia, and in Pennsylvania; and it would
surely have been obeyed by Andros, if he had received it, in Nexo England. Compare N. Y. Col. Doc,
iii., 572, 583, 587, 588, 605 ; Chalmers, i.,431, 469 ; ii., in N. F. //. S. Coll. (1868), 37; Anderson's Colonial
Church, ii., 381, 382 ; Penn. Col. Rec., i., 340, 341 ; Historical Magaziw, Jamiary, 1867, p. 10.
Note H, Chapter XL, page £4S.
The following is a copy of the Proclamation cf Governor General .indros, dated at Fort Charles,
at Pemaquid, on the lOi/t of January, 1688-9:
BY mS EXCELLENCY
A
PROCLAMATION.
TTTHEREAS His MAJESTY hath been graciously pleased, by His Royal Letter, bearing Date
' » tlie sixteenth day of October last past, to signifie that he hath received undoubted Advice
that a great and sudden Invasion from Uolland, with an armed Force of Forreiguers and Strangers,
APPENDIX. 663
will speedily be made iu an hostile manner upon His Majesty's Kingdom oi EXGLAND ; and
that altho' some false pretences relating to Liberty, Property, and Religion, (contrived or worded
with Art and Subtilty) may be given ont, (as shall be thought useful upon such an Attempt ;) It
is manifest however, (considering the great Preparations that are making) That no less matter by
this Invasion is proposed and purposed, than an absolute Conquest of His Majesty's Kingdoms,
and the utter Subduing and Subjecting His Majesty and all His People to a Forreign Power, which
is promoted (as His Majesty understands) altho' it may seem almost incredible) by some of His
Majesty's Subjects, being persons of wicked and restless Spirits, implacable Malice, and desperate
Designs, who having no sence of former intestine Distractions, (the Memory and Misery whereof
should endear and put a Value upon that Peace and Happiness which hath long been enjoyed)
nor being moved by His Majesty's reiterated Acts of Grace and Mercy, (wherein His Majesty hath
studied and delighted to abound towards all His Subjects, and even towards those who were once
His Majesty's avowed and open Enemies) do again endeavour to embroil His Majesty's Kingdom
in Blood and Ruin, to gratitie their own Ambition and Malice, proposing to themselves a Prey
and Booty in such a publick Confusion :
And that although His Majesty had Notice that a forreign Force was preparing against Him,
yet His Majesty hath alwaies declined any forreign Succour, but rather hath chosen (next under
GOD) to rely upon the true and ancient Courage, Faith and Allegiance of His own People, with
whom His Majesty hath often ventured His Life for the Honour of His Nation, and in whose De-
fence against all Enemies His Majesty is firmly resolved to live and dye ; and therefore does sol-
emnly Conjure His Subjects to lay aside all manner of Animosities, Jealousies, & Prejudices, and
heartily & chearfully to Unite together iu the Defence of His MAJESTYsmdi their native Couutrey,
which thing alone, will (under GOD) defeat and frustrate the principal Hope and Design of His
Majesty's Enemies, who expect to find His People divided ; and by publishing (perhaps) some
plausible Reasons of their Coming, as the specious {Vao' false) Pretences of Maintaining the Prot-
estant Religion, or Asserting the Liberties and Properties of His Majesty's People, do hope there-
by to conquer that great and renowned Kingdom.
That albeit the Design hath been carried on with all imaginable Secresie & Endeavours to sur-
prise and deceive lixs MAJESTY, HE hath not been wanting on His part to make such provision
as did become Him, and, by GOD's great Blessing, His Majesty makes no doubt of being found in
so good a Posture that His Enemies may have cause to repent such their rash aud nnjnst Attempt.
ALL WHICH, it is His Majesty's pleasure, should be made known in the most publick manner to
His loving Subjects within this His Territory and Dominion oi NEW-ENGLAND, that they may
he the better prepared to resist any Attempts that may be made by His Majesties Enemies in
these parts, aud secured in their trade and Commerce with His Majesty's Kingdom oi England.
Do therefore, in pursuance of His MAJESTYs Commands, by these Presents make knotvn
siui Publish the same accordingly: And hereby Charge and Command all Officers Civil &
Military, and all other His Majesty's loving Subjects within this His Territory and Dominion
aforesaid, to be Vigilant and Careful in their respective places and stations, and that, upon the
Approach of any Fleet or Forreign Force, they be in Readiness, and use their utmost Endeavour
to hinder any Landing or Invasion that may be intended to be made within the same.
Given at Fort-Charles at Pemaquid, the Tenth Day oi January, in the Fourth year of
the Reign of our Sovereign Lord JAMES the Second, of England, Scotland, France
and Ireland KING, Defender of the Faith d-c. Annoq ; DOMINI lOSS.
By. His EXCELLENCY'S Command. E ANDROS
JOHX WEST. Wy. Seer'.
GOD SA VE THE KING.
Printed at Boston in ]S'ew-England by R. P.
I
INDEX.
"A moviDg fort," the Iroquois term for La
Salle's brigantine "Griffin," on Lake Erie, 325.
Abdication of James IL, 535; see James IL
Abenaqnis, the, a race of Americans who inhab-
ited, before European visitation, the region
now known as the State of Maine, U. S. A.,
3T4, 5S2, 584, 61S.
Aborigines, or "from the first," the people of
North America, their dislike to be considered
European "children, '-519, 580,582.
Acadia, or Nova Scotia, 8, 38, 39, 64, 78, 12T, 134,
136, 140, 199, 235, 23T, 254, 379, 492, 507, 574, 603.
Achter Col, or Kol, in New Jersey, 199, 200, 210,
218, 235, 255.
Acossen, or " the Partridge," 402.
Adarahta, a " Praying Indian," 004.
Adario, " the Rat," a Huron, 519.
Admiralty, the British, 4, 5, SO, 81 ; court of, in
New York, 87, 140, 219 ; see Courts.
Aemonts, Captain Juriaen, 254.
Agariata, a Mohawk chief, hung by Tracy at
Quebec, 116.
Albanel, the Father Charles, 117.
Albania, 48, 49, 84.
Albany, or Fort Orange, 25, 36, 40,45, 48, 74, 87,
97, 99, 103, 110, 114, 120, 127, 131, 141, 146, 159,
167, 1C9, 174, 181, 188, 194, 199, 213, 21S, 235, 248,
272, 280, 287, 289, 300, 306, 309, 313, 318, 360, 369,
376, 378, 382, 385, 391, 395, 398, 402, 409, 429, 434,
464, 474, 481, 487, 506, 517, 580, 585, 587, 589, 602,
610, 614, 617, 621 ; Duke of, 124.
Albemarle, George Monk, Duke of, a co-propri-
etor of Carolina, 82.
Albertsen, Arent, of Esopus, convicted of a riot
there, and mildly punished, 128.
Aldermen, the first, in New York, appointed by
Nicolls in June, 1065, names of, 76.
Algonquins, the aboriginal tribe of, 114, 117, 179,
192, 404, 606, 618.
"All related to Coudre," 609; see Iroquois, or
Five Nations.
Allard, Anthony, 48, 60, 76, 182, ISS.
Alleghanies, the, 9.
Alleghany River, the, 323.
Allen, John, sheriff of Pemaqnid, 379, 394.
Allison, Robert, denied his wish to hold his
Honduras slave in New York, 510.
Allouez, the Father Claude, 162, 179, 326.
Allyn, John, secretary of Connecticut, 253, 320,
389, 470, 472, 512, 559, 571, 585, 612, 635.
Allyn, Matthew, 53.
Alricks, Peter, 51, 140, 219, 224, 234, 27S, 320.
Alva, the Dnke of, 247, 661.
Amboy, in New Jersey, 369, 392, 411, 432, 460, 491.
America, North, the settlement of, 7 ; conflicting
claims of the English and Dutch colonizers,
10 ; general history of, 13, 15, 31, 38, 40, 42, 44,
50, 57, 61, 64, 68, 78, 97, 103, 112, 133, 136, 106, 174,
209, 246, 252, 271, 513, 536, 545, 553, 592, 611.
Amersfoort, L. I., 214, 227.
Amstel, New, on the Delaware, 51, 53, 219.
Amsterdam, in Holland, 22, 50, 78, 95, 136, 151,
160, 175, 205, 213, 222, 245, 248, 252, 256, 271, 2SS,
314, 329.
Amsterdam, New, in America, 9, 15, 23, 24, 25, 30,
32, 50, 64, 08, 78,"20S, 222, 230, 245, 248, 252, 256,
271, 288.
Andastes, 114, 147, 181, 192, 193, 299, 309, 328 ; see
Susquehannas and Conestogues, or Conesto-
gas.
Andringa, Joris, Governor of New Netherland,
245.
Andros, Major Edmund, Governor of New York,
257, 269, 272, 275, 279, 284, 287, 289, 301, 304, 300;
knighted, 315, 319, 327, 343, 354, 448, 467, 409,
472, 488, 492, 494 ; Governor General of New
England, again in New York, 512, 513, 515, 517,
521, 526, 542, 547 ; imprisoned at Boston by in-
surgents there, 553, 556, 564,575; sent to En-
gland, by command of King William, and ac-
quitted, 593, 014, 629.
Anne, Princess of England, 535, 538.
Anticosti, the Island of, 241.
Appleboom, the Swedish minister in England,
22.
Apsley, Sir Allen, 261.
Aquehonga Manacknong, the Indian name of
Staten Island, 166.
Archer, John, grantee of Fordham, 182.
Arensius, Domine Bernardus, Lutheran minis-
ter, 174, 195, 273, 329, 407.
Arkansas, the American River, explored or first
seen by Europeans, 241, 308.
Arlington, Sir Henry Bennet, Earl of, English
Secretary of State, 5, 35, 81, 105, 114, 125, 131,
138, 142, 144, 149, 251, 250.
Arnold, Captain Isaac, of Southold, L. I., 218,
228, 231, 639.
Arnont, or Viele, 319 ; see Viele.
Arrest of Boston " scholars" by Leisler, 575.
Ashley, Lord, Anthony Ashley Cooper, after-
ward Earl of Shaftesbury, 5 ; a member of the
"Cabal," 5, 82; an erratic but far-seeing cour-
tier, 185 ; see Shaftesbury.
G66
INDEX.
Ashton, Thomas, sheriff and marshal in New
York, 319.
Ashurst, Sir Henry, member of the British Par-
liament, 5il, 592, 014, 6-29.
Assembly,Nicolls's New York General, at Hemp-
stead, L. I., in 1GC5, 113.
Assembl}-, Provincial, in New York, 353, 85S, 372,
3S2, 3S5, 407, 40S, 410, 427, 453, 45S.
Assembly, Stuyvesant's, 63, 07 ; ante, vol. i.
Assizes, New York Court of, 63, 67, 60, 70, 75, 90,
108, 110, 113, 141, 173, 353, 3S0, 40S ; see Court
of.
Atkins, Samuel, 437.
Attiwandaronk, or Neutres, 102 ; see Hurons and
Senecas.
Autochthones, or aborigines, the red savages,
original or native owners of North America,
as were the Greeks of Greece, 2S1, 2S2.
Avon, in New York, 480.
Bailey, John, 49, 647.
Baker, Captain John, 49, 87, 103,114, 120, 123, 141,
167, 199.
Baker, Nathaniel, of Easthampton, 309, 407.
Baker, Thomas, 63.
Balfour, John, of Burley, 534.
Baltimore, Lord, of Maryland; 13, 50, 64, 100, 150,
164, 190, 279, 309, 347, 349, 3C5, 393, 435, 556 ; bee
Calvert.
Baukes, John, 230.
Barbadoes, or Barbados, 6, 58, 165, 190.
Barclay, Robert, of Ury, 346, 368.
Barentsen, Conielis, 123.
Bareutsen, Eegnier, of Albany, sent to New
York, Oil.
Barillon, Monsieur de, French envoy at London,
406, 420, 431, 492.
Barnegat, 303.
Barton, Roger, 63.
Basuage, Jacques de Beauval, 435.
Batavilin race, the, influence of, 9, 200, 246, 249,
271, 315, 448, 513, 533, 539.
Bath, Earl of, 539.
Battle of the Boync, 030.
Batts, Thomas, his explorations in Virginia, 177.
Baxter, George, 14, IS ; see vol. i.
Baxter, Jervis, Lieutenant and Captain, and
counselor in New York, 366, 401, 425, 427, 453,
453, 462, 495. 510, 517, 519, 521, 557, 562, 579, 028.
Bayard, Nicholas, afterward Colonel and Mayor
of New York, 31, 77, 145, 195, 211, 219, 222, 234,
258, 277, 390, 428, 433, 402, 465, 481, 486, 506, 510,
515, 521, 549, 557, 559, 502, 507, 570, 573, 580, 589,
594, 596, 600, 023, 633, 037, 639, 641.
Bayard's letter against Leisler, 589.
Bechefer, the Father Thierry, 115, 169.
Becker, Jan, 4i59.
Bedlow, Isaac, 144, 145, 173.
Bedlow's Island, 168.
Beekman, Gerardus, 595, 598, 635, 640.
Beekman.William, 46, 43, 83, 156, 107, 182, 234, 250,
269, 270, 277, 375, 521, 615.
Belcher, a New England agent, at New York,
5S4.
Bcllingham, William, Governor of Massachu-
setts, 2S7.
Bellomont, the Earl of, 534.
Benedict, Thomas, 68.
Bennet, Secretary Henry, 52, 58 ; see Arlington.
Bennett, Ensign, 602.
Beresford, Sergeant Christopher, at Esopus, 145,
150, 157, 107.
Bergen, N. J., 49, 67, 177, 219, 233, 235, 243, 369, 590.
Bergeres, Sieur de, 481, 509.
Berkeley, Governor Sir William, 13, 143, 206, 203,
301.
Berkeley, John, Lord, of Stratton, an owner of
New Jersey, 4, 5, 81, 83, 106, 150, 164, 340.
Berkeley, Vice-Admiral, 124.
Bermuda, 631, 634, 037.
Berry, Captain John, of New Jersey, 189, 20O,
219, 369.
Betts, Richard, 67.
Biggs, John, 157.
Biljou, Peter, 214
Billop, Christopher, 205, 306, 320, 342, 411.
Binckes, Commodore Jacob, 205, 206, 209, 213,
221, 245.
Bird, Colonel, of Virginia, 430.
Bishop, William, of Flushing, punished, 124.
Blagge, Benjamin, 612, 620, 631, 641, 647.
Blank, Nicholas, 647.
Blathwayt, Secretary William, 343, 359, 422, 429,
492, 595.
Bleecker, Captain Jan Jansen, 254, 298, 409, 439,
443, 578, 534, 588, 602, 615, 624; see vol. i., 62.5,
note.
Block Island, 617, 623.
Blom, Domine, of Esopus, 159; see vol. i., 080,
710, 711.
Bloodgood, Francis, chief of the Dutch of Flush-
ing, L.L, 243.
Boes, Nicholas, 210, 213.
Bogardus, Domine Everardus, his Bouwery (now
held by Trinity Church in the City of New
York), 183, 274 ; see vol. i., 206.
Bogardus, Pieter, of Albany, 624.
Bogardus, William, 466.
Bollen, Captain James, 49, 84, 86, 189, 219, 334,
350, 617.
Boniface, the Father Francis, 191, 235.
Bonrepos, Rev. David, 025.
Bonrepos, Sieur de, 492.
Boone, Francis, a New York alderman, 144.
Booth, John, of Southold, his case, 174.
Boston Gentlemen's "Declaration," 551.
Boston, in Massachusetts, 86, 89, 92, 112, 114, 127,
141, 152, 170, 188, 190, 199, 232, 237, 244, 254, 2S0,
237, 294, 317, 324, 336, 344, 359, 375, 379, 409, 416,
445, 459, 463, 467, 472, 495, 504, 511, 515, 521, 524,
526, 529, 549, 551, 554, 556, 500, 563, 593, 013, 017,
623, 630, 63S.
Boston in secession, 556.
Boston "scholars" apprehended by Leisler, 575.
Bourdon, the Sieur de, 395.
Bowne, Captain Andrew, 502.
Bowne, John, 67, 84.
Boyne, William the Third's victory at the River,
in Ireland, 630.
Bradford.Williara, 436.
Bradstreet, Simon, Governor of Massachusetts,
337, 550, 552, 560, 613, 622.
INDEX.
667
Brasher, Ensign Abraham, G3G, G40.
Breda, negotiations at, 131, 135, 13T, 141, 152, 1S2,
199, 249.
Breedon, Captain Thomas, 45".
Brent, Solicitor of the Temple at London, 529.
Brisay, Jacques Rene de, 430; see Denonville,
Marquis of, Governor of Canada.
Bristol, K. I., 24T, 2S2.
British Commissioners of Charles the Second,
proclamation of, 24, 49, 65.
British "Declaration of Right," 538.
British possessions in North America, see New
England, etc.
British " Whigs" and " Tories," 532, 539.
Brockholls, Major Anthony, 264, 271, 2T9, 2ST,
291, 310, 312, 336, 344, 349, 352, 354, 356, 360, 365,
369, 3S9, 453, 458, 481, 4ST, 510, 515, 521, 549, 554,
55T, 601, 612, 628.
Brodhead, Captain Daniel, 20, 45, 46, 88, 104, 121.
Brodhead, Mrs. Ann, 123, 15T, Gil;' see Notting-
ham and Garton.
Brooke, Chidley, 628, 631, 63", 639.
Brookhaven, L. I., 6S, 90, 108, 109, 216, 226 ; see
Setalcott, or Setauket.
Brooklyn, L. I., 33, 35, 42, 67,110, 159, 175, 214, 227,
289, 437, 573.
Brown, Daniel, his case, 190.
Browne, Josiah, 636, 639.
Browne, Samuel, 426.
Brugge, Carel van, 215.
Brugh, Johannes van, 43, 60, 76.
Briiyas, the Father Jacques, Jesuit missionary
and philologist, 128, 130, 147, IGl, 169, 178, 191,
235, 253, 287, 307, 404, 476, 479.
Bruyn, Francis de, 214.
Buccaneers, 524, 529.
Buisset, the Father Luke, at Cataracouy, 299.
Bulkley, Peter, of Massachusetts, 298, 316, 336,
467, 511.
Bull, Captain Jonathan, of Connecticut, 579, 584,
589, 602, 609, 611, 613.
Bull, Captain Thomas, 284.
Burhaus, Jan, 235.
Burlington, in New .Jersey, 164, 306, 312, 512.
Burnet, Bishop Gilbert, of Salisbury,152, 534, 600.
Burning of Frenchmen, 618 ; of Schenectady,
607, 608.
Burroughs, John, 276.
Burton, Captain Cassibelan, 270, 270.
Burying the axes at Albany, 398.
Bushwick, L. I., 67, 91, 109, 214.
Byllinge, Edward, of London, grantee of Lord
Berkeley, 2GG, 301, 341.
Cabal, the English, 5, 185, 201, 249, 252.
Cabo Corso, the Dutch fort at, 4.
Cabot, Sebastian, 10.
Cadillac, La Motte, 547.
Caffiniere, Admiral, 547, 60?, GIS.
Caghnawaga, 129, 161, 169, 235, 299, 327, 362, 395.
Caghnawagas, or " Praying Indians," 606, 618.
Callieres, Hector de, Governor of Canada, 405,
476, 489, 520, 545, 582, 603, 606.
Calvert, Cecil, 366.
Calvert, Charles, 366.
Calvert, see Baltimore, 164, 190, 278, 309, SGG.
Canada, or New France, T, 11, 38, 39, 78, 9T, 99,
102, 111, 113, 117, 121, 127, 133, 162, 164, 178, 193,
235, 240, 299, 306, 323, 326, 363, 365, 369, 378, 394,
401, 400, 442, 474, 476, 479, 485, 488, 494, 506, 613,
519, 547, 582, 603, 609, 620, 622.
Cauajoharie, 129.
Canandaigua, 479.
Canterbury, Archbishop of, 450, 504, 532, 536.
Cantwell, Captain Edmund, 278, 302.
Cape May, 267.
Capel, Sir Heury, 539.
Carheil, the Father Etieune, 147, 102, 169, 191,
237, 299, 327, 362, 377, 476, 494, 500.
Carolina, 490.
Carr, Andrew, 195.
Carr, Lieutenant John, 51, 52, 53, 140, 165, 190,
206, 234, 278.
Carr, Sir Robert, 18, 30, 35, 42, 50, 51, 75, 80, lOG,
111, 177.
Carteret, Captain James, 177, 189, 200, 205, 218.
Carteret, Captain Philip, SO, 84, 110, 149, 176, 189,
199, 235, 27(T, 278, 303, 312, 332, 334, 342, 349, 368.
Carteret, Sir George, 4, 5, 23, 81, 83, 106, 104, 189,
200, 221, 223, 235, 266, 268, 303, 305, 341, 368, 371.
Cartwright, Colonel George, 18, 20, 21, 24, 30, 35,
42, 45, 47, 50, 52, 66, 74, 75, 81, 92, 111, 158, 186.
Casco Bay, 520, 606, 620.
Castin, Baron Vincent de Saint, 379, 394, 510.
Cataracouy, or Kataracouy, or Fort Frontenac,
241, 299, 307, 326, 363, 365, 404, 440, 442, 474, 477,
494, 508, 519, 603, 620.
Catholicou, a prison not a, 621.
Catholics, Roman, in Canada, 7 ; in Maryland, S ;
in New York, 130, 146, IGl, 170, 184, 192, 193,
201, 235, 247, 250, 287, 299, 307, 326, 338.
Cavalier, John, 409.
Cayugas, the, 93, 102, 128, 147, 161, 169, 178, 191,
237,' 299, 32T, 362, 376, 395, 401, 429, 508, 518, 579,
C04.
Chambers, Captain Thomas, 46, 88, 156, 194.
Chambly, French fort at, 101, 254, 326, 444, 484,
4SS, 507, 622.
Champlain, Lake, 115, 120, 127, 128, 487, 507, 518,
546, 603, 618, 020.
Champlain, Samuel de, 163.
Charles IL of England, his accession to the
throne, 3 ; his lack of kingly qualities, 3 ; his
ministers, 5; the "Cabal," 5; his principles
and course, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 20, 22, 23, 38, 39, 57,
64, T8, 93, 94, 95, 97, 124, 131, 137, 143, 151, 158,
184, 201, 216, 247, 250, 256, 258, 206, 296, 304, 305,
314, 340, 347, 357, 359, 381, 385, 394, 414, 417, 421.
Charlton, R., Clerk of New York Court of Ad-
miralty, 87.
Charter of Connecticut, 471, 555; "Charter Oak"
of, 472.
Charter of Massachusetts, 417, 525.
Charter of New Jersey, 490.
Charter of New York, 415.
Charter of Pennsylvania, 348; Penn's "Treat}'-
tree" of, 368.
Chatham, in England, the Dutch at, 134.
Chaumonot, the Father Joseph, among the Sen-
ecas, 148.
Chazy, the Sieur de, murdered at Lake Cham-
plain, 116.
G6S
INDEX.
Chester, in Pennsylvania, 367.
Chicago, 324.
Chicheley, Sir Henry, of Virginia, 361.
Chippewas, 162.
Church of England, the, in New York, IS, 20, 44,
201, 2SS, 319, 33S, 374, 3S0, 407, 414, 440, 454, 457,
464, 490, 504, 513, 527, 534, 536, 557, 571, 628.
Church, the Dutch Eeformed, or Reformed
Dutch, in New York, 18, 159, 167, 175, 212, 219,
226, 246, 256, 2SS, 300, 361, 379, 407, 465, 506, 514,
557, 563, 565, 571, 572, 612, 624, 641, 647, 661, 602.
Church, the French, 624, 625.
Church, the Roman Catholic, 513, 528, 531, 547,
557, 571.
Churcher, William, 566, 574.
Churchill, William, 534, 647.
Cibola, meaning of, 322.
Clapp, Captain John, of Long Island, 625.
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of. Lord Chan-
cellor of England, 5, 12, 14, 15, 18, 57, 79, 82, 95,
105, 111, 136, 421.
Clarke, the Reverend Josias, 407, 457.
Clarke, Thomas, 24, 35, 600, 638.
Clarke, Walter, of Rhode Island, royal counsel-
or, 503, 512, 559.
Clarkson, Matthew, 576, 590, 031, 034, 641.
Claverack, 009.
Cleyborne, Captain, at Boston, 229.
Coaquannock, 367.
Coddington, Governor of Rhode Island, 290.
Coe, John, 67, 647.
Coe, Robert, 182.
Coerten, Myndert, 640.
Coffin, Tristram, of Nantucket, 174, 199.
Coinage of plate, illicit, established at Boston,
in Massachusetts, 525.
Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 1, 100, 117, 128, 134, 162,
169, 179, 240, 3'i2, 326, 435, 545.
Colbert, Jean B., the younger, see Seignelay.
Coleman, Henry, an insurgent Finn at the Dela-
ware, punished, 165.
Coleman, master of the frigate Elias, lands in
Staten Island granted to, 49.
Collier, or Collyer, Captain John, commander in
Delaware, 302, 300 ; Sheriff of New York, 331,
390.
Collins, John, Massachusetts agent at London,
257.
Colonies, or Plantations, the North American
English, required to help in defending New
York against the French, 493, 496, 505.
Columbus, Christopher, 10.
Colve, Captain Anthony, Governor, 207, 211, 221,
223, 225, 227, 232, 235, 242, 252, 256, 259, 270, 272,
288.
Communipaw, in New Jersey, 49 ; see vol. i.
Comprehensive Report of Governor Dongan,
402.
Compton, Henry, Bishop of London, 348, 456,
504, 534, 539.
Conde, Louis, " the great," 1, 17, 203.
Conestogas, or Audasles, 147, 328 ; see Susque-
hannas.
Coney Island, 559.
Confederation in North America, 611, 616, 623.
Congress, first Colonial, at New York, 016, 623.
Connecticut, S, 12, 16, 23, 24, 29, 33, 35, 53, 55, 57,
60, OS, 87, 107, 111, 113, 127, 139, 155, 171, 187, 200,
205, 215, 229, 232, 243, 253, 260, 274, 279, 280, 286,
2SS, 292, 295, 309; 335, 338, 360, 373, 387, 412, 419,
435, 445, 402, 463, 468, 471, 487, 490, 495, 500, 522,
554, 501, 569, 571, 574, 579, 584, 589, 612, 616, 620,
626, 635.
Connecticut, the annexation of, desired by New
York governors, 445, 463, 468, 495, 595, 644.
Conty, the Prince of, 323 ; Fort Conty, 320.
Convention at Albany, 581, 585, 588, 602.
Convention at Westminster, 537, 540.
Convention, Jacob Leisler's, 573, 587, 590.
Convention of "Boston Gentlemen," 551, 500.
Coode, John, of Maryland, 556, 612.
Cooke, Elisha, of Massachusetts, 629.
Cooper, Sir Anthony,Lord Ashley, 5 ; see Shaftes-
bury.
Cornbury, Edward Hyde, Lord, 534.
Corneilssen, Hendrick, 122.
Cornhill, Richard, 68.
Cornwall County, 3S6, 468.
Coruwell, Justice, of Long Island, 213.
Cortelyou, Jacques, 67, 142, 107.
Cortlandt, Oloff Stevensen van, 35, 60,76, 138,151.
Cortlandt, Stephanus van, 372, 389, 397, 43S, 453,
45S, 462, 484, 480, 492, 506, 510, 515, 521, 557, 563,
578, 590, 594, 596, 600, 612, 628, 631, 637, 639, 040.
Cortlandt, the manor of, see Kicthawan and S.
van Cortlandt.
" Council of Safety" in Massachusetts, 554, 560.
" Council of Safety" in New York, 576, 587, 590.
Courcelles, the Chevalier de. Governor of Cana-
da, 101 ; invades New York, 102, 103 ; retreats
ingloriouslj', 104, 115 ; tries it again, 117,121;
in command, 127, 147, 101, 109, 177 ; up the St.
Lawrence, ISl, 192.
Courcelles, Daniel de. Governor of Canada, 100,
101, 102, 103, 101, ISO, 181, 193, 307, 607.
Coursey, Colonel Henry, of Maryland, 309, 365.
Court of Admiralty in New York, S7, 140, 319,
409, 639.
Court of Assizes, the, in New York, 62, 67, 69, 70,
75, 90, lOS, 110, 113, 141, 157, 160, 177, 195, 199,
275, 289, 301, 334, 353, 380, 408.
Court of Chancery in New York, 3S6, 409.
Court of Exchequer in New York, 428, 600, 028.
Court of Oyer and Terminer in New York, 3S0,
409, 639.
Court of Sessions in New York, 108, 140, 171, 173,
195, 199, 293, 335, 380.
Court or Office of Records in New York, 90.
Court, Surrogate's, in New York, 409.
Court, the Mayor's, 274.
Courts of Judicature established, 646.
Coussean, Jacques, 35, 60, 138, 151.
Couture, William, 116.
Coventry, Sir William, Secretary, 4, 5, 58, 92, 105,
136, 258.
Cox, William, 390.
Crantield, Edward,Governor of New Hampshire,
300, 394, 418.
Crfivecoeur, Fort, 302 ; see Peoria.
Cromwell, Oliver, 2, .5, 8, 11, 134, 136, 143.
Cromwell, Richard, of Long Island, 360.
Croton, see Cortlandt, Van, and Kicthawan.
INDEX.
669
Crown Point, 609, 614.
Culpepper, Lord, of Virginia, 336, 359.
Curafoa, 220.
Curler, Arendt van, 103, 105, 121.
Cuyler, Lieutenant Henry, 563, 506.
Dablon, the Father Claude, 162, 1T9, 191, 193, 236.
238, 241.
Daille, Domine Peter, 380, 516, 625, 64T.
D'Allonne, Mademoiselle, 4SS, 506.
Danby.'the Earl of, 539.
Dancing in New York, 465 ; see Stepney.
Bankers, Jasper, 328.
D'Argenson, Governor of Canada, 98.
D'Avaugour, Governor of Canada, 98.
D'Avaux, the Count, 474.
Davis, Samuel, 205.
Davison, Sir William, 131.
De Baugy, the Chevalier, 373, 305.
De Bruyn, Francis, 214.
De Bruyn, Johannes, 558, 569, 589, 614, 624, 627.
De Chazy, the Sieur, 116 ; see Chazy.
Declaration of "Boston Gentlemen," 551, 560.
Declaration of Jacob Leisler, 566.
" Declaration of Right" in England, 538.
Declaration of the Albany Convention, 581, 5SS,
602.
De Courcelles, see Conrcelles.
De Decker, John, 35, 45, 188.
D'Eau, the Chevalier, or D'O, 617.
Deerfield, in Massachusetts, attacked, 289.
D'Elba, Antonio, 121, 123.
D'Estrades, minister of Louis, 78, 93, 95, 97, 100.
D'Estrees, French Admiral, 188.
De Klercke, Daniel, 574.
De la Barre, Le Febvre, the Count, 120, 365, 369,
378, 395, 400, 405, 430, 476, 508, 520.
De la Noy, Peter, 573, 578, 598, 016, 623, 633, 037,
640.
De la Salle, Eobert Cavelier, 162, 170, 179 ; see La
Salle.
De la Troye, the Chevalier, 481.
Delavall, Thomas, 43, 61, 76, 122, 138, 144, 157, 1C7,
173, 181, 188, 195, 212, 223, 300, 321, 350.
Delaware, territory of, 50, 52, 87, 106, 140, 150, 164,
177, 190, 195, 200, 210, 219, 234, 255, 267, 278, 801,
306, 346, 366, 433.
Delaware, the River, 8, 9, 10, 49, 51, 82, 100, 149,
164, 177, 190, 224, 242, 302, 806, 319, 308, 459, 466.
Dellins, Domine Godfrey, 380, 579, 5SS, 613, 618,
624, 641, 647.
De Marest, Jean, 574.
De Meyer, Nicholas, 271, 628.
De Mezy, Augustin, 99.
De Milt, Anthony, 21 2, 277.
Democracy of New York, 354, 407.
De Montmorency, Bishop Laval, 99 ; see Laval.
Denmark, Prince George, of, 414, 535.
Denonville, the Marquis de. Governor of Cana-
da, 430, 440, 443, 474, 477, 484, 489, 494, 500, 517,
519, 546, 582, 603.
Denton, Daniel, 49, 68, 74, 153, 154, 195, 219.
Denton, Richard, 574.
D'Orvilliers, the Chevalier, at Niagara, 479.
De Peyster, Abraham, 558, 503, 566, 569, 589,
617.
De Peyster, Johannes, 60, 212, 225, 259, 277,
289.
De Prouville, Alexander, Marquis of Tracy, 101,
104 ; see Tracy.
De Ruyter, Admiral, 22, 58, 79, 81, 94, 105, 124, 134,
185, 202, 205.
Dervall, William, 212, 271, 273, 276, 289, 355.
De Saint Castin, Baron Vincent, 379, 394, 510;
see Castin.
De Salieres, the Sieur, 101.
De Sille, Fiscal Nicasius, 84, 142.
De Soto, Hernan, 308.
Dethronement of James II., 532.
Detroit, 444, 489, 494.
Devonshire, the Earl of, 539.
De Witt, Cornells, 134, 204.
De Witt, John, " the wisdom of Holland, "2; in
alliance with Cromwell ; with Charles II. ;
with France; a controlling power in the
Dutch Government, 15, 21, 57, 78, 93, 94, 95,
124, 151, 202, 250.
Dictatorial government in New York, 575, 578,
585, 5S9, 612, 616, 619, 626.
Disunion in New England, 553, 556, 500.
Dollier, Franp ois, a French Sulpitian, explores
Lakes Ontario and Erie, 163, 164.
Dongan, Colonel Thomas, Governor of New
York, 370, 379, 400, 430, 4-13, 463, 469, 472, 4S4,
489, 494, 506, 512, 521, 562, 575, 590, 611, 641.
Doughty, Elias, 6S.
Douglass, William, 105.
Dover, in New Hampshire, 582.
Downfall of Leisler's tyranny, 638.
Downing, Sir George, his character, 5 ; his evil
influence, 6, 7 ; his general course, 14, 15, 21, 57,
5S, 78, 96, 151, 185.
Doxy, Ralph, case of, 255.
Draeyer, Lieutenant, Captain, and Admiral in
Danish and Dutch services, 224, 235, 254.
Drisius, Domine Samuel, 44, 91, 159, 175 ; see
Dutch Church.
Drummond, James, Earl of Perth, 368, 392.
Drummond, John, Earl of Melfort, 308.
Dryden, John, distich on Holland, 3 ; "Annus
Mirabilis," 125.
Du Bois, Louis, of Hurley, Marbletown, and New
Paltz, 157, 235, 311.
Duchesnau, Jacques, Intendant of Canada, 299,
363, 431, 489.
Dudley, Joseph, of Massachusetts andNewYork,
360, 394, 410, 445, 467, 511, 555, 593, 629, 634, 637,
639, 646.
Dudson, Joseph, 232.
Du Lhut, or Du Luth, Daniel, a French Canadian
explorer and trader, 862, 478.
Dumont, Elambert, 4S9, 494.
Dutch Church, the Reformed, in New York, 34,
36, 44, 47, 71, 91, 101, 159 ; privileged, 167, 175,
212, 219, 225, 246, 250, 255, 288, 301, 328, 330, 361,
379, 383, 465, 506, 514, 563, 624, 641, 645; repudi-
ation of the words " Dutch" an d " Protestant"
by the General Synod of, 661, 662.
Dutch, the, enterprise of, 2, 3 ; as colonizers, 9,
10, 12, 14, 18, 20, 23, 35, 38, 40, 42, 44, 50, 57, 60,
64, 74, 78, 91, 95, 97, 110, 131, 136, 151, 160, 185,
194, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 212, 215, 219, 242, 250,
G70
INDEX.
252, 255, 32S, 353, 3GT, 3S0, 387, 436, 4C4, 4S4, 483,
513, 532, 535, 53S, 563, 5SS.
Dutch view of taxation, 353.
Dutchess Couuty, 385.
Duyclvinck, Garret, 647.
Dyer, or Dyre, William, 247, 265, 271, 277, 293, 303;
332, 330, 351, 353, 355, 357, 432.
Eastchester, 109, 160, 215.
Easthampton, Long Island, GS, 109, 126, 132, 145,
155, 172, ISG, 226, 22S, 253, 274, 289, 355, 381, 407,
438, 560, 615.
East India Company, the Dutch, 3, C, 10, 22, 58,
79, 94, 96, 135, 185.
Easton, John, 282.
East Riding of Long Island, 215.
Ebbing, Jeronimus, 212.
Ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Bishop of Lon-
don in the English colonies, 456, 504, 628.
Edgartown (Martha's Vineyard), 199.
Edict of Nantes, 435, 490, ."US.
Edsall, Samuel, 142, 195, 573, 598, 625, 640.
Eelkens, Jaques, 579; see vol. i.
EiBngham, Lord Howard of, 396, 418, 430, 482,
505, 595.
Elbertsen, Elbert, 67.
Elections in New York under Dongau's char-
ter, 577.
Eliot, the Reverend John, near Boston, 281.
Elizabeth, Queen, 10, 11, 15.
Elizabethtown, in New Jersey, 49, 86, 177, 1S9,
218, 235, 303, 312, 332, 350^ 368, 392, 432, 512 ; see
Carteret.
Embarkation of William at Helvoetslnys, 533.
Emigration encouraged, 286, 432.
Emott, James, 639.
England, relations of, to America, 2, 7, 12, 13, 1.5,
17, 23, 26, 33, 38, 40, 42, 44, 57, 62, 64, 69, 78, 87, 93,
97, 103, 105, 111, 124, 131, 136, 151, 158, 172, 184,
201, 205, 209, 244, 247, 249, 251, 271, 304, 314, 357,
421, 489, 497, 516, 531, 533, 536, 540, 556, 592.
English bishops arraigned ; tried and acquitted,
532.
Epesteyn, Carel, 224, 228, 270.
Episcopalians, the English, IS, 20, 44, 70, 532 ; see
Church.
Erie, Lake, 163, 170, 241, 326, 362, 364, 431, 478.
Esopus, in New York, 4.5, 46, 67, 88, 104, 121, 140,
145, 156, 182, 194, 201, 213, 218, 220, 235, 242, 360,
375, 380, 407, 459, 519, 585, 589, 615.
Essex, in New Jersey, 573.
European colonies in North America, 7, 57, 62,
69, 79, 87, 93 ; see Colonies.
Evelyn, John, 135, 186.
Evertsen, Admiral, killed, 125.
Evertsen, Admiral Cornells, 205, 207, 209, 212, 221,
533.
Evertsen, John, of Brooklyn, 67.
Ewoutsen, Cornclis, 221, 231, 243.
Exchequer, Court of, 428 ; sec Courts.
Execution of Leisler and Milborue, 648.
Exeter, in England, William at, 534.
Exton, Sergeant and Captain Thomas, 111, 127.
Fabricius, the Reverend Jacobus, 159, 174, 255,
SOI.
Fallacy of Leisler's logic, 577, 586, 590.
Farewell, George, 467, 511, 527, 552, 555, 593, 629,
639, 644.
Fauconberg, Viscount, 539.
Fawkes, Guy, 533, 591.
Fenwick, John, 266, 301, 302, 320, 339, SCO.
"Filibusters," 524.
Finch, Sir Heneage, Lord Keeper and Lord
Chancellor of England, 250, 434, 539 ; see Not-
tingham.
First Colonial Congress called in New York,
616, C23.
First paper currency issued by Massachusetts,
623.
First royal General Assembly in New York, 644.
Fisher, William, 112.
Fisher's Island, 139, 335.
Fitch, James, of Connecticut, 571, 574.
Five Nations of New York, 97, 103, 105, 114, 121,
127, 130, 147, 161, 166, 169, 179, 191, 193, 218, 239,
287, 306, 309, 322, 327, 362, 365, 375, 377, 394, 404,
406, 430, 440, 466, 474, 479, 486, 492, 507, 517, 520,
546, 579, 582, 584, 594, 604, 60S, 611, CIS, 621 ; see
Iroquois.
Flatbush, or Midwout, in Long Island, 67, 109,
175, 206, 214, 227, 233, 437, 573, 624.
Flatlauds, in Long Island, 67, 109.
Florida, 38.
Flushing, in Long Island, 68, lOS, 126, IGO, 172,
191, 213, 215, 243, 437, 573, 625.
Fontaine, La Grand, French Governor of Aca-
dia, 379.
Fontaine, Marion la, 121, 406, 429, 432, 443, 444;
shot, 478.
Fordham, manor of, 182, 233.
Foresight of Charles II. — James "on his trav-
els," 535.
Forman, Samuel, 255.
Fort Albany, 313, 4Q3, 519, 521, 580, 5S6 ; see Al-
bany.
Fort Amsterdam, 26, 37, 40 ; see New York, Fort
James, Fort William, etc.
Fort Chambly, 101.
Fort Charles, 310, 313, 319, 4C8, 511, 523, 548 ; see
Pemaquid.
Fort Christina, 140.
Fort Conty, 325, 326.
Fort Du Coudray, 127.
Fort Frontenac, 298, 307, 323, 363, 378, 395, 401,
405, 431, 440, 4SS, 519, 582, 603 ; see Cataracouy.
Fort James, 49, 73, 81, 84, 87, 89, 127, 140, 145, 153,
166, 171, 188, 200, 206, 210, 302, 310, 313, 375, 382,
391, 442, 457, 4C2, 489, 512, 521, 549, 5C3, 570.
Fort La Galette, 365.
Fort Nassau, 218, 224, 235, 254.
Fort Orange, 25, 36, 40, 45, 4S, 51, 99, 103, 121, 134,
444, 601, 614 ; see Albany.
Fort Plain, 129.
Fort Saint Joseph, 478.
Fort Saint Louis, 363, 378, 395.
Fort Sainte Anne, 115, 118, 128.
Fort Sainte Thercse, 101, 103.
Fort William, 571, 578, 590, 601, 638.
Fort Willem Hendrick, 210, 217, 219, 225, 233, 255.
Fosse, Younger, 67.
Fox, George, 190, 191.
INDEX.
671
Fox, Lieutenant Humphrey, 49.
France, T, 3S, 39, 78, 99, 102, 104, 113, 114, 183, 151,
15S, 179, 1S4, 194, 199, 201, 204, 238, 240, 246, 248,
250, 299, 307, 314, 322, 364, 379, 387, 394, 405, 435,
442, 474, 479, 489, 493, 507, 518, 520, 535, 544, 547.
France, New, 97, 99, 102, 104, 113, 127, 133, 151, 153,
179 ; see Canada.
Free Trade in New York, 353, 391.
Fremin, the Father Jaques, 117, 123, 130, 146, 101,
17S, 236, 300, 327, 480.
French and Indians, massacre by, at Schenec-
tady, 60S.
French, Philip, 509.
Fresno, the Marquis del, 251.
Friesland, 125.
Froutenac, Louis de Buade, Count de, Governor
of Canada, 193, 237, 240, 254, 312, 322, 320, 363,
405, 507, 545, 547, 603, 606, 618, C22.
Gabry, Timotheus, CO.
Gage, Charles, 487.
Galinee, the Father Rene de, 163.
Galkonthiage, near Oneida Lake, 443.
Galley slaves of Louis XIV., 520, 540, 582, 604
Gannoron, meaning of the Indian word, 326.
Garakontie, or Garacontie, 98, 147, 169, 178, 191,
299, 404, 406, 430, 477, 519.
Gardiner, Da^^d, 90, 217.
Gardiner, Richard, 199.
Gardiner's Island, 90.
Gamier, the Father Julian, 147, IGl, 178, 192, 237,
299, 324, 362, 378, 480.
Garritse, Adrian, 439.
Garton, Captain Thomas, of Ulster ; see Brod-
head and Nottingham, 611.
Gaudais, Du Pont, 99, 102.
Gedney, Bartholomew, a counselor of Andros,
473, 503.
General Assembly of New Jersey, 369.
General Assembly of New York, 372, 382, 385,
408.
Genherontatie, Millet so called by the savages,
5S2 ; see Tareha.
George, Captain John, 552.
Gerritsen, Martin, 294.
Gibbs, Thomas, 188, 207, 274.
Glen, Captain Alexander, 608.
Goddard, Giles, 394, 407.
Goderis, Captain, 617.
God's field " sufficiently harrowed," 532.
Gold, Nathan, of Connecticut, 53, 389, 569, 571,
574, 616.
Gordon, the Rev. John, Chaplain at New York,
374, 380, 407.
Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 138.
Goulding, William, 84.
Gouverneur, Abraham, 574, 677, 636, 640.
Governor AndroB in prison at Boston, 553 ; see
Andros.
Governor Dongan proposes to annex Connecti-
cut and Rhode Island to New York, 445, 463,
468, 495, 500 ; see Dongan.
Governor Sloughter asks for " the Jerseys and
Pennsylvania," 595, 644 ; see Sloughter.
Governor's, or Nooten Island, 33, 154.
Graham, James, 318, 376, 391, 409, 428, 487, 458,
462, 4G5, 4C9, 4S6, 511, 527, 549, 553, 555, 593, 629,
638, 644.
Grande Gueule, an Onondaga chief, 403, 406, 478,
507, 520 ; see Outreouati.
Graveraet, Andries, 549.
Gravesend, Long Island, 25, 30, 32, 54, 60, 67, 74,
109, 152, 160, 172, 191, 214, 227.
Great Britain, Parliament of, 4, 15, 58, 69, 79, 134,
136, 152, 184, 201, 249, 251, 314, 536, 538, 540, 594,
627.
"Great wooden Canoe," La Salle's vessel on
Lake Ontario so called by the Seuecas, 323 ;
see GrifQn.
Green Bay, 240.
Green, Samuel, printer at Cambridge, near Bos-
ton, 89.
Greenhalgh, Wentworth, explores "Western New
York, 310, 429.
Griffin, the, launched in the Niagara, and sails
up Lake Erie, 325, 326 ; lost, 362.
Griffith, Captain Richard, 270, 276, 278.
Groom, Samuel, of New Jersey, 368.
Grove, Captain Edward, 49, 50.
Guineas, origin of the term, 6. ,
Guy Fawkes's plot, 533, 591.
Haaskouan, or Outreouati, or Hoteouati, an
Onondaga chief, 402, 403 ; see Grande Gueule.
Hackensack, or Hackinsack, in New Jersey, 49,
222, 369.
Hadley, in Massachusetts, 127, 289.
Hague, the Dutch Government at the, 14, 15, 22,
23, 35, 57, 64, 78, 91, 95, 97, 105, 110, 113, 132, 136,
151, 160, 172, 175, 184, 198, 201, 204, 208, 210, 213,
223, 226, 230, 242, 245, 247, 249, 251, 314, 533, 538,
541 ; see Holland.
Haige, William, 376.
Hales, Sir Edward, 447.
Half Moon, the track of the, 7.
Halifax, Lord, 418, 420, 539.
Hall, George, 273.
Hall, Ralph and Mary, 90, 142.
Hamilton, Colonel Andrew, of New Jersey, 491,
512, 559, 501, 612.
Hammond, Robert, 408, 427.
Hampton Court, in England, 592.
Hampton, East, on Long Island, 57, 68, 107, 109,
126, 132, 145, 155, 172, 186 ; see Easthampton.
Hampton, South ; see Southampton.
Hansen, Michael, 647.
Harlem, New, 76, 106, 142, 222, 233, 243 ; see New
York Cit}'.
Harrison, Heniy, 487.
Harrison, Katherine, 171.
Hartford, in Connecticut, 53, 55, T5, 114, 139, 171,
196, 210, 213, 215, 22S, 230, 253, 280, 285, 291, 388,
446, 468, 472, 521, 555, 574, 579, G13, 621 ; see Con-
necticut.
Harvey, Matthias, 68, 574.
Harvey, Thomas, 374, 487.
Hasbrouck, Abraham, a patentee of New Paltz,
311.
Hathorne, William, of Massachusetts, 111.
Haynes, or Haines, John, 573, 628.
Heathcote, Captain George, 287, 301, 466.
Heermans, Augustine, 49.
672
INDEX.
Helder, the, Battle of the, 204.
Hell Gate, 154.
Helvoetsluys, the embarkation of William at,
533.
Hempstead, on Long Island, 67, G9, 73, 89, 107,
lOS, 109, 155, 160, 1T2, 215, 243, 301, 437, 521, 590,
612, 625.
Hendricksen, Koeloff, 235.
Henlopen, Cape, 367.
Hennepiu, the Father Louis, 209, 307, 324.
Hermann, Ephraim, 215.
Hertel, the Chevalier, 606 ; see Schenectady.
Heymaus, Albert, 123, 157, 235.
Hicks, Captain Jasper, 631, C39.
Hicks, John, 6S, 74.
Hicks, Thomas, 360, 611.
Hill, Captain William, 49.
Hinckley, Thomas, Governor of New Plymouth,
445, 467, 510, 530, 554.
Hiunoyossa, Alexander, Governor on the Dela-
ware, 51, 86.
Hobart, Josiah, 355.
Holidays observed in New York, 591.
Holland, the States General of, 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14,
16, 22, 31, 35, 57, 64, 78, 91, 95, 97, 105, 110, 113,
132, 130, 151, 100, 172, 175, 1S4, 533, 535, 533 ; see
Dutch.
Hollis, Lord, 124.
Holmes, Sir Robert, his aggressions on the
Dutch, 7, 79, 125.
Hooghland, Christopher, 234, 256.
Hopkins, Samuel, 205, 219.
House of Nassau, 533, 539 ; see Orange and
Nassau.
Howard, Lord, of Effingham, 3S6, 418, 430, 482,
505, 595 ; see Effingham.
Howell, John, 54, 56, 68, 107, 229, 253, 274.
Hubbard, James, 67.
Hubert, Jeronymus de, 215.
Hudson, Henry, 10, 382.
Hudson River, the, 9, 10, 14, 16, 49, 55, 82, 89, 99,
IIG, 120, 149, 153, 166, 168, ISS, 229, 242, 280, 291,
295, 311, 369, 388, 396, 455, 400, 547.
Hudson's Bay, 507.
Huguenots, 435, 444, 490, 546, 547, 582, 505.
Huntington, Long Island, 68, 74, 109, 172, 216,
226, 228, 355, 361, 437, 510, 560.
Hurley, in New York, 89, 167, 21S, 254 ; see Ulster
County.
Huron, Lake, 478.
Hurons, the, 117, 148, 162, 109, 179, 404, 519.
Hussey, Frederick, 157.
Hutchinson, Anne, 554 ; see ante, vol. i.
Hutchinson, Elisha, 529 ; see Nowell, Samuel.
Hyde, Captain Hugh, 50, 51.
Hyde, Lawrence, 261 ; see Rochester, Earl of.
Illinois, the river of the, 241.
Illinois, the, 303, 878, 405.
Indian galley-slaves of Louis, 476, 507, 520, 546,
5S2, 604.
Indians, North Amerian, object to being called
"cbildrcu,"517, 580, 582.
Ingoklesby, Major Richard, 030, 639, 646.
Inhuman velaliatiou of the " Praying Indians,"
60S.
Innis, the Rev. Alexander, chaplain at New
York, 457, 488, 561, 571, 596.
Innkeepers, regulations for, 73.
Innocent the Eleventh, Pope, 581.
Insurgency in Massachusetts, 558, 556, 560.
Irish emigration favored, 485.
Irondequoit, 478.
Iroquois, the, 46, 51, 78, 99, 100, 102, 104, 114, 121,
127, 130, 147, 161, 166, 169, 178, 191, 193, 218, 235,
239, 254, 287, 290, 307, 309, 311, 322, 827, 802, 865,
375, 377, 394, 404, 406, 430, 440, 466, 474, 478, 486,
492, 507, 517, 520, 540, 579, 582, 584, 594, 004, 608,
611, 618, 62S ; see Five Nations.
Jackson, Robert, 68.
Jacob " my friend," or Jacob Young, 327.
Jacobsen, Henry, 563.
Jamaica, on Long Island, 49, 65, 68, 74, 109, 172,
191, 195, 215, 243, 560, 625.
Jamaica, the Island of, 840, 450.
James, Duke of York and Albany, 4 ; Lord High
Admiral of England ; his commissioners, 4 ;
Introduces "guineas" and slaves, 6; is made
Proprietary of New York, 12, 15, 17, 20, 23, 32,
87, 40, 40, 49, 53, 55, 57, 66, 68, 73, 76, 78, 80, 82,
87, 89, 93, 97, 105, 107, 112, 136, 140, 151, 157, 166,
184, 199, 201, 248, 256, 260, 269, 279, 298, 304, 314,
317, 332, 389, 352, 853, 858, 367, 371, 378, 394, 406.
James in Ireland, 544, 630.
James, the Second, of England, 10, 94, 421, 449,
457, 475, 487, 497, 517, 526, 528, 532, 535.
James, the Rev. Thomas, 145, 155, 229, ."81, 437.
James, the River, in Virginia, 126, 205.
Jamestown, in Virginia, 556.
Jamison, David, 407, 487, 511, 555, 641 ; see Sweet
Singer.
Jansen, Hendrick, 599, 647.
Jay, John, the first person of that name known
in America, a Bermudian Quaker, 191 ; see
Fox, George.
Jefi"reys, Colonel Herbert, of Virginia, 327, 841.
Jeffreys, Sir George, 341, 414, 457, 475.
Jeftrow's Hook, 311.
Jegow, Peter, 16-4, 184.
" Je Maintiendrai," the Dutch motto, 533.
Jennings, Edward, 430.
Jephson, William, 537.
Jersey, the island of, 201.
Jessop, Edward, 68.
Jesuits, the, in Canada and New York, 99, 100,
114, 117, 119, 128, 129, 146, 161, 170, 178, 192, 193,
237, 241, 247, 249, 253, 287, 80S, 824, 362, 364, 377,
394, 406, 435, 475, 487, 495, 529, 531, 546, 557, 018.
Jocelyn, Henry, 385.
Jogues, the Father Isaac, 129, 161 ; see Jesuits.
Johnson, Johannes, 578.
Johnson, Thomas, 639, 046.
Jolliet, Louis, 194, 240, 308, 363 ; see Mississippi.
Jones, the Rev. Eliphalet, 361.
Jones, Sir William, 297, 316, 340, 352, 418.
Jorassen, Hendrick, 67.
Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London in the En-
glish colonies, 456, 504, 628.
Kahanksen, or Kerhonksen Creek, 89 ; see Eso-
pus and Ulster.
INDEX.
673
Keith, George, 459.
Kendall, Colonel William, 328.
Kennebec, the River, 199, 394, 507.
Kensington, 363.
Ketcham, John, 68.
Kick, Abraham, 541.
Kicthawan, or Croton, see Cortlandt, Stephanus
van, and manor of.
Kidd, Captain William, 635, 646.
Kieft, Governor William, of New Netherland,
37, 111.
Kieft 's old Dutch Church in New York, or New
Amsterdam, 37 ; see Episcopal, Presbyterian,
and other Churches.
Kierstede, Koeloff, 235.
Kinaquariones, IGl.
Kinderhook, 5SG, 620.
Kings County, 3S6, 500, 635.
Kingston, in Canada, 193.
Kingston, in New York, 157, 194, 218, 235, 329,
459, 519, 015.
Kinshon, meaning of the word, 309, 6C5 ; see
Pynchon.
Kip, Alderman, 612.
Kip, Jacob, 60, 212, 234, 256, 259, 277.
Kirke, Colonel Piercy, 419, 433, 448, 534.
Knapton, Ensign Csesar, 265, 270, 272, 310, 312,
319, 335.
Knight, John, Clerk of New York, 409, 428.
Knight, Sir John, of Bristol, 247.
Knyflf, Captain William, 215, 224, 226, 228, 233,
242, 256.
Kregier, or Cregier, Martin, 166, 184, 284, 259.
Kryn, the great Mohawk chief, 476, 484 ; a Cana-
dian " Praying Indian," 606, 618.
Krynssen, Commander Abraham, of Flushing,
in Virginia, 126, 205.
Labadie, Jean de, 32S, 329, 332 ; founds the sect
of Labadists ; see Bankers and Sluyter.
Labadists, 328, 332 ; see Labadie.
La Ceudre Chaude, 479.
Lachine, massacre at, 583.
La Durantaye, 478.
LaFamine, on Lake Ontario, 402, 40C, 430, 508, 519.
La Fontaine, Abel Marion, 429, 443, 478 ; see Fon-
taine and Marion.
La Galette, on the St. Lawrence, 238 ; see Pres-
cott.
La Hontan, the Baron de, 617.
Lamberville, the Father James de, 362, 377, 395,
401, 430, 440, 443, 474, 481, 4SS, 507, 604, 618.
Lamberville, the Father John de, 236, 299, 306,
327.
La Montague, William, 46, 235.
La Motte, Captain, of Canada, 114, 323.
Landing of William at Torbay, 533.
Landt-dag, Stuyvesant's, 63, 67, 382.
Lane, Daniel, 68.
Lansing, Henry, 254
Lansing, John, 439.
La Prairie, 622 ; see Prairie de la Madeleine.
La Salle, Robert Cavelier de, 162, 170, 179, 237,
241, 298, 308, 323, 326, 362, 378, 405, 478.
La Salle, the village so called in Niagara Coun-
ty, 325, note.
II.— U u
Lauderdale, the Earl of, 87.
Laurie, Gawen, 302, 342, 392, 432.
Laval, Bishop de Montmorency, 149, 169, 178.
Lawrence, John, 76, 87, 212, 271, 273, 389, 638.
Lawrence, William, 108, 215, 233, 574, 599, 647.
Leacock, Robert, 647.
Leete, William, Governor of Connecticut, 303,
319, 320.
Leisler, Jacob, 90, 300, 318, 549, 558, 500, 564, 570 :
like Masaniello, 573, 574, 575 ; usurps author-
ity, 574, 575, 576, 585, 589, 590, 598, 599, 600, 602,
613, 616, 619, 622 ; his rule overthrown, 638; his
trial and execution, 648 ; see Milborne, Jacob.
Leisler's " Half Moon," 574.
Le Moyne, Charles, 180, 364, 402, 604.
Le Moyne, David, 147.
Le Moyne, Simon, 98.
L'Espinard, Anthony, 475, 485.
Leverett, Governor of Massachusetts, 244, 254,
257, 297, 312.
Lewin, John, 343, 351, 356.
LeOTSton, 323.
Liberty of conscience declared in New York,
527, 532, 628, 645.
Littleton, Colonel Southley, of Virginia, 328.
Livingston County, 480.
Livingston, Robert, 287, 439, 505, 578, 611,013, 620,
622, 648.
Livingston's Patent, 439.
Lloyd, Philemon, 365, 393.
Locke, John, 177, 187, 249.
Lockhart, Captain George, 523, 554.
Lockhart, Doctor George, 407.
Lodwyck, or Lodwick, Charles, 55S, 566, 569, 576,
590.
Lokeuius, Domine Laurentius, 165.
London, colonial ecclesiastical jurisdiction of
Bishop of, 456, 504, 628.
Loudon, the plague in, 93 ; great Are in, 125
blockaded by the Dutch, 135 ; William of Or-
ange in, 185, 536, 537 ; see Orange and William
Long Island, in New York, 8, 11, 13, 15, 18, 21, 24,
26, 28, 31, 34, 37, 42, 48, 53, 56, 61, 63, 65, 67, 73, 80,
90, 94, 107, 109, 124, 127, 143, 152, 160, 171, 182,
187, 191, 206, 210, 213, 215, 220, 229, 233, 248, 253
255, 261, 267, 275, 286, 288, 291, 300, 355, 360, 367,
375, 381, 391, 408, 459, 464, 486, 514, 555, 560, 573,
625, 639.
Louis XIV. of France, 1, 78 ; as mediator, 93
just decision of, about New Netherland, 95
97, 99, 102, 113, 127, 134, 152, 184, 203, 205, 247
249, 251, 298, 308, 314, 322, 326, 364, 378, 387, 394,
406, 420, 430, 435, 475, 489, 493, 507, 518, 533, 535,
544,546.
Louisiana, 364, 406.
Louvois, Louis Michael, Marquis of, 1, 545, 547.
Lovelace, Captain Dudley, 167, 1S4, 213.
Lovelace, Captain Thomas, 172, 188, 206, 411.
Lovelace, Colonel and Governor Francis, 138,
140, 152, 158, 101, 165, 171, 174, 181, 190, 194, 196,
199, 201, 205, 208, 212, 215, 223, 225, 229, 257, 269,
275.
Lovelace, John, Lord, of Lady Place,Hurley, 534.
Lovelace, Sir Richard, of Lady Place, Hurley,143.
Loveridge, William, 292, 301.
Lubberlsen, Frederick, 67.
674
INDEX.
Lucas, Nicholas, S02.
Lussou, Ue Saint, 199.
Lutherans in New York, 159, 174, 224, 226, 300.
Luxembourg, Francis Henry de Montmorenci,
Dnke of, 1, 203.
Lnyck, ^gidius, 175, 212, 225, 234, 259, 277.
Lyndall, Sheriff Thomas, of New York, 639.
Lyonne, Hugues de, 101, 124.
MacGregorie, Major Patrick, 443, 47S, 4S3, 4SS,
494, 522, 554, 575, 636.
Mackenzie, Sir George, 36S.
Macy, Thomas, 174.
Mahicans, 99, 113, 127, 129, 146, 161, 178, 191, 194,
236, 290, 325, 430, 47S, 4S1, 4SS, 494.
Maine, 141, 254, 296, SOS, 394, 419, 434, 520, 52S, 64S,
554, 582, 605.
Maiutenon, Madame de, 364, 435, 548.
Malypart, Anthony, 226.
Mamaroueck, 388.
Mamaroneck, the River, 55, 56 ; a boundary, 213,
215, 280, 294.
Manhattan, the Island of, or New York, 9, 15, 27,
30, 34, 36, 39, 40, 42, 48, 57, 68, 76, 78, 82, 87, 91,
134, 146, 151, 153, 157, 161, 168, 210, 214, 219, 225,
229, 248, 254, 257, 367, 385, 390, 431, 483, 489, 547.
Manning, Captain John, 45, 46, 74, 87, 138, 144,
156, 172, 181, 182, 188, 200, 206, 212, 213, 223, 256,
270, 276.
Manning, Nicholas, 394.
Manning's, or Blackwell's Island, 138, 276.
Mantel, a Canadian Lieutenant, with the party
which attacked Schenectady, 006.
Maquas, 290, 308 ; see Mohawks.
Marbletown, in New York, 157, 1C7, 21S.
Markham, William, 349, 353.
Marquette, the Father James, 162, 194, 240, 303 ;
see Mississippi.
Marson, Captain, 254.
Marteuse, Roeloff, 67.
Martha's, or Martin's, Vineyard, 138, 173, 174, 199,
211, 278, 288, 335, 875, 386, 575, 051, 653.
Martinique, 205.
Mary of Modena, 248, 532.
Mary, Princess of England and Orange, 185, 314,
532, 538.
Maryland, 8, 13, 39, 50, 52, 64, 86, 141, 164, 190, 223,
234, 237, 244, 248, 278, 309, 327, 348, 359, 365, 393,
396, 435, 460, 490, 505, 549, 556, 580, 592, 612, 616.
Mason, Captain audMajor John, of Connecticut,
155.
Mason, Captain, of New York, 617.
Mason, Colonel Robert, 297, 473, 512, 517, 519.
Massachusetts, .5, 8, 11, 12, 14, 23, 24, 29, 43, 66, 78,
86, 89, 92, 105, 111, 113, 125, 127, 136, 138, 141, 188,
199, 229, 232, 244, 248, 254, 257, 278, 291, 294, 296,
298, 309, 316, 319, 336, 354, 359, 394, 397, 416, 433,
445, 450, 471, 514, 522, 526, 527, 528, 530, 537, 54S,
553, 555, 560, 584, 593, 605, 613, 017, 020, 628, 029,
646.
^Massacre at Lacbinc, 533.
Massacre at Schenectady, 60S.
Massasoit, the chief, 281, 296.
Mather, Cotton, 526, 651.
Matlicr, Increase, 528, 537, 542, 54S, 550, 556, 560,
692, 694, 029.
Mather, Samuel, 595.
Maurits, Jacob, 647.
Maverick, Samuel, 14, 18, 21, 50, 52, 75, 86, 111,
126, 142, 149, 153, 158.
May, Cape, 367.
Mayhew, Thomas, 138, 174, 199, 278, 281.
Mayor's Court of New York, 274, 277, 578.
Mazarin, the Cardinal, 1, 248.
Megapoleusis, Domine John, 34, M, 47, 91, 159,
256.
Megapoleusis, Domine Samuel, 35, 15D.
Melyn, Isaac, 252.
Melyn, Jacob, 647.
Menard, Reni', 147.
Mennonists, the, 51, 125.
Meschasipi, " the great river," 103 ; see Missis-
sippi.
Metacomet, or King Philip, 281, 290, 295.
Metropolitan elections in New York, 577, 5S5.
Meulles, the Sieur de, 365, 405.
Miamis, 363, 404, 429, 481.
Michielsen, Andries, 213, 244.
Michigan, Lake, 362.
Michilimackinack, 194, 240, 323, 302, 429,
Middelburg, 215.
Middleton, Thomas, 106, 421.
Middletown, in New Jersey, 84, 190.
Midwout, 214, 227, 233 ; see Flatbush.
Milborne, Jacob, 195, 300, 321, 356, 576, 585, 587,
589, 612, 015, 620, 623, 633, 648.
Milborne, William, 576.
Milford, in Connecticut, 482.
Military despotism in New York, 574, 577, 589.
Militia laws of New York, 72.
Millet, the Father Pierre, 147, 162, 178, 191, 236,
253, 299, 327, 362, 377, 395, 401, 431, 476, 507, 509,
582, 604, 610, 018.
Minisinks, 441.
Mint at Boston, 525.
Minuit, Peter^367.
Minvielle, Gabriel, 184, 234, 273, 375, 408, iZS, 521,
558, 569, 028, 637.
Mississippi, the River, 163, 194, 240, 308, 322, 303,
378, 405.
Missouri, the River, 240.
Mohawks, or Maquas, the Iroquois tribe of, 46,
87, 97, 100, 102, 104, 113, 115, 121, 127, 129, 146,
101, 178, 191, 194, 222, 235, 254, 287, 290, 294, 299,
307, 311, 312, 327, 302, 377, 394, 442, 478, 482, 488,
494, 507, 517, 579, 583, 588, 003, 610, 018, 622.
Monroe County, 479.
Montauk, 155, 155.
Montezuma, New York, 192.
Moutigny, the Chevalier, at Schenectady, 008.
Montmaguy, 101 ; see Onondagas and Onuontio.
Montmorency, Bishop Laval de, 99, 299.
Montreal, 98, 102, 120, 163, 178, 193, 237, 241, 302,
304, 404, 470, 489, 507, 519, 546, 583, 603, 611, 617,
622.
Moore, Captain Samuel, 633.
Mordaunt, Viscount, 539.
Morgan, Henry, 524 ; see Buccaneers.
Morley, Captain Thomas, 50, 51.
Morrice, Secretary Sir William, 5, 87, 111.
Morris, Captain Richard, 188.
Morris, Colonel Lewis, 190, 227, 309, 392, 571, 600.
INDEX.
675
Malforcl, John, 253, 274, 43T.
Muuicipal Government of New York City, 300.
Mutiny in Boston, 554, 556.
Mutiny in New York, 566, 5S7.
Myles, the Eev. Samuel, Rector, of Boston, 527.
Nantasket, Dongan at, 375.
Nantes, the Edict of, 435, 490.
Nantucket, 13S, 173, 174, 199, 231, 278, 2SS, 335, 623.
Narragansetts, 155, 2S2, 290, 555.
Nassau, the House of, 533.
Navigation Act-, the British, 3, 12, 13, 29, 52, 105,
156, 1S5, 249, 2S2.
Navigation Law of New York, 40S, 417.
Needham, Captain Rohert, 43, 52, T5, 86, 87, 122.
Negroes and uegresses, the price of, at Boston,
337, 474.
Nelson, John, 329, 552.
Neperhaem, 109.
Netherlands, the United, treaty of, with France,
1 : at the zenith of prosperity, 2 ; foreign trade
of, 3 ; aggressive spirit of the English Govern-
ment upon, 6 ; seizure of the Dutch fort Cabo
Corso by, 7 ; apology of Lord Clarendon to, 7 ;
the territorial question, 10 ; conflicting Dutch
and English claims, 11 ; policy of Charles II.,
12; England resolves to seize New Nether-
land, 13 ; the Dutch expostulate, 14 ; the Duke
of York's unwarrantable claims, 16 ; a com-
mission, for conquest, formed, 18 ; instructed
to possess the country and reduce the people,
19 ; ships ordered, 20 ; infatuation of the gov-
ernment at the Hague, 21, 22 ; defenseless con-
dition of Fort Amsterdam, 26 ; efforts of Gov-
ernor Stuyvesant, 30 ; New Netherland lost to,
36^0, 57, 64, 78, 91, 93, 131, 175.
Nevius, JoanfSes, 77.
New Amsterdam, 206, 208, 211, 219, 224, 230, 244,
250, 257, 260, 271.
Newark, New Jersey, 164, 218.
Newberry, Walter, 512, 559.
Newcastle, Delaware, 53, 140, 104, 106, 1S4, 190,
302, 320, 329, 348, 367.
New Dorp, in Esopus, S9, 145, 153, 167 ; see Hur-
ley.
New England, in North America, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15,
18, 20, 22, 24, 34, 37, 42, 52, 57, 62, 68, 78, 80, 80,
89, lOS, 111, 126, 141, 172, 186, 196, 223, 228, 230,
244, 247, 257, 281, 290, 309, 317, 336, 345, 359, 366,
373, 385, 409, 417, 434, 446, 450, 407, 473, 490, 500,
502, 512, 513, 517, 526, 528, 530, 537, 547, 554, 556,
560, 580, 582, 593, 611, 622, 629, 644 ; see British
Possessions, etc.
Newfoundland, 10, 58.
New France, or Canada, 7, 11, 38, 39, 78, 98, 102,
104, 114, 121, 162, 235, 323.
New Hampshire, 359, 374, 394, 418, 434, 450, 502,
519, 582, 606.
New Haven, Connecticut, 24, 53, 55, 66, 173, 213,
320, 469, 574, 612.
New Jersey, or New Csesarea, 82, 89, 106, 149, 164,
166, 176, 184, 189, 190, 199, 200, 210, 218, 235, 255,
260, 267, 278, 2S6, 301, 303, 332, 339, 345, 352, 366,
368, 371, 392, 409, 412, 432, 450, 455, 459, 491, 495,
500, 502, 505, 512, 513, 554, 556, 5T3.
New London, Connecticut, 231.
Newmarket, or Hempstead, L. I., 74.
New Netherland colonized, 1 ; motives of the
colonizers, 8 ; Cromwell's recognition of, 8 ;
superb geographical position of, 9 ; influence
of its founders, 9 ; the germ of a mighty cos-
mopolitan state, 9 ; views of the States Gen-
eral and Charles II. of England concerning,
10 ; charter by the States General in 1614, 10 ;
inconsistency of the English claim in 1621, 11 ;
Stuyvesant's boundary treaty at Hartford in
1650, 11 ; English Navigation Act of 1600, 12 ;
Charles II. resolves to seize, 13 ; expedition
ordered, 15 ; oflicers and details of the squad-
ron, 20 ; remissness of the Dutch Government,
21 ; Stuyvesant's letter to the West India Com-
pany, 28 ; Winthrop's letter to Stuyvesant, 29 ;
Stuyvesant tears it in pieces, 30 ; imperious
demands of NicoUs, 33 ; a capitulation agreed
to, 36 ; New Amsterdam surrenders, Sth Sep-
tember, 1664; a result of duplicity and out-
rage, 37; what Holland lost and England
gained, 38^1, 57, 64, 78, 91, 93, 98, 101, 110, 124,
131, 136, 142, 166, 175, 209, 211, 216, 219, 223, 225,
230, 244, 250, 254, 256, 200, 271, 281, 309, 340, 366,
430.
New Orange, 211, 214, 216, 219, 224, 227, 230, 242,
249, 254, 256, 260, 271, 281.
NewPaltz, patent of, see Dubois andHasbronck,
311.
Newport News, Virginia, 84.
Newport, Rhode Island, 155
New Rochelle, 625.
Newton, Isaac, 345.
Newton, Thomas, 638, 644.
Newtown, L. I., 63, 67, 109, 100, 243, 276, 437, 573,
025.
New Utrecht, L. L, 67, 109, 142, 206, 214, 227.
New York, 38, 40, 45, 48, 50, 52, 56, 61, 63, 66, 69,
73, 75, 78, 83, 87, 91, 97, 102, 105, 110, 124, 127, 131,
137, 140, 142, 157, 160, 168, 170, 175, 184, 188, 190,
195, 199, 206, 208, 209, 211, 219, 227, 230, 242, 250,
254, 256, 260, 271, 281, 288, 300, 306, 309, 313, 317,
320, 332, 339, 345, 352, 353, 301, 366, 369, 375, 380,
382, 385, 394, 408, 450, 458, 459, 465, 484, 490, 500,
502, 512, 513, 517, 527, 546, 554, 557, 559, 562, 570,
574, 577, 587, 590, 593, 595, 623, 627, 644.
New Yorkf a seal improvised for, 599.
New York, Assembly of, 353, 358, 382, 385, 407,
410, 427, 456, 458.
New York, charter of, 415, 438, 453.
New York, liberty of conscience in, 527, 628, 645.
New York, municipal Government of, 390, 408,
410,438,465.
New York, new royal seal for, 491 ; to be de-
stroyed, 503.
New York, new seal ordered by William for, 630.
New York "the centre of all English Planta-
tions," 596.
Niagara, 163, 241, 323, 325, 362, 364, 378, 403, 421.
440, 444, 466, 478, 480, 489, 494, 507, 509.
Nicholson, Frauds, Lieutenant Governor of New
York, 451, 467, 504, 512, 516, 521, 524, 548, 553,
557, 659, 561, 563, 570, 593 ; appointed Lieuten-
ant Governor of Virginia, 595.
Nicolas, Louis, 162, 169.
Nicolls, Captain Matthias, 75, 87, 165, 172, 211,
676
INDEX.
213, 271, 2T2, 2T7, 310, 31-?, 333, 336, 351, 3S2, 386,
3S9, 40S.
Nicolls, Colonel Kichard, Governor, IT, 20, 21, 22,
24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 35, 40, 42, 45, 47, 50, 52, 54, 57,
61, 63, 66, OS, 73, 78, S3, S4, S7, 91, 97, 104, 111,
113, 122, 126, 130, 137, 142, 157, 174, ISG, 225, 257,
260, 266.
Nicolls, WOliam, 312, 466, 600, 628, 633, 637, 639,
641.
Nieuweuhuysen, Domine Wilhelmus van, 150,
174, 1S3, 219, 256, 272, 2SS, 329, 361.
Nimegnen, peace of, 315.
Xlnigret, 155.
Kiskayuna, 609.
"No beggars nor idlers iu New York" iu 1687,
465.
North America, settlement of, 7, 12, 14, 17, 24, 26,
34, 36, 39, 40, 42, 44, 52, 57, 63, 6S, 75, 78, 86, 91,
98, 105, 112, 124, 133, 136, 166, 175, 1S5, 209, 244,
247, 250, 260, 271, 345, 364, 366, 378, 385, 394, 442,
450, 490, 499, 508.
Nortbampton, Massachusetts, 127.
Northfield, Massachusetts, 289.
North, Francis (Barou Guilford, of England),
Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and Lord
Keeper, 34S.
North Riding of Long Island, 107, 300, 360, SS2 ;
see Long Island.
Norwood, Captain Harry, 52, 92.
Nottingham, the Earl of, 539, 041.
Nottingham, William, 611; see pp.123 and 127,
and Garton and Brodhead.
Nova Scotia, 8, 38, 39, 45, 64, 7S, 114, 127, 134, 136.
Nowell, Samuel, 529.
Ogden, John, 49, 219, 235.
Ogdensbnrg, 180.
Ogilby, John, 153.
Ogle, see Fabricius, 301.
Ohio, the River, 163, 240, SOS, 323, 363.
Onas, Penn so called by the Indians, 368.
Oneidas, the, 97, 102, 104, 115, 12S, 130, 147, 161,
109, 178, 191, 236, 311, 327, 362, 377, 395, 401, 430,
479, 508, 518, 579, 605, 610.
Onnissantie, the Indian name of the Father
James de Lamberville, 402.
Ounontio, meaning of, 101 ; see Mpntmagny
and Canadian Governors.
Onondagas, the, 9S, 102, 114, 128,147, 161,169, 178,
191, 236, 299, 306, 327, 362, 364, 377, 395, 401, 406,
430, 474, 478, 4S0, 4S6, 507, 518, 579, 004, 626.
Ontario, Lake, 98, 102, 148, 163, 170, ISO, 191, 103,
237, 241, 306, 323, 364, 896, 429, 479, 507, 519, 5S3.
Oothout, Fob, 51.
Orange County, 3S5, 573.
Orange, the Princes of, 1, 2, 94, 1S5, 202, 204, 217,
220, 230, 246, 250, 252, 271.
Orange, William, Prince of, 387, 532, 592 ; see
William.
" Oranje Boven," 203, 210.
Oswego, 192, 239, 364, 483, 51S.
Otkon, meaning of, 325.
Ottawas, 162, 194, 241, 363, 404, 429, 431, 443, 479,
4S1.
Oyster Bay, L. I., OS, 73, 107, 191, 210, 215, 226,
255,
Paine, John, ISS, 229.
Palmer, John, 2S9, 369, 3S6, 409, 434, 438, 444, 453,
462, 469, 481, 484, 492, 510, 524, 627, 549, 553, 655,
667, 501, 593, 629.
Paltz, New, in New York, Dubois and others ob-
tain a patent for, 311, 312 ; see New Paltz and
Dubois.
Panama, 524.
Paper money first used by Massachusetts, 623.
Parker, James, 439.
Parker, Sir Robert, 482.
Parliament, the British, 4, 15, 5S, 69, 79, 134, 201,
219, 251, 303, 315, 33S, 348, 357, 418, 436, 447, 49S,
536, 638, 540, 594, 627.
Parton, Richard, 647.
Patent, the Duke of York's, for New York, 16,
17, 19, 32, 40, 53, 55, 57, 5S, 6S, 70, 75, 80, 89, 93,
97, 105, 107, 109, 112, 149, 157, 166 ; see York,
Duke of.
Pawling, Henry, 145, 156, 107.
Pearson, Henry, 21S, 615 ; see Kersou.
Pelham, patent of, 109.
Pell, John, 025.
Pemaqaid, Maine, 16, 66, 199, 211, 261, 278, 296,
310, 319, 328, 335, 375, 379, 386, 394, 407, 444, 451,
463, 510, 523, 528, 548, 582.
Penn, Sir William, Admiral, 4.
Pennsylvania, 346, 359, 306, 393, 418, 490, 500, 502,
505, 531, 547, 557, 592.
Penn, William, 301, 305, 342, 317, 359, 306, 368,
375, 393, 435, 490, 531, 557.
Peunyman, James, 290.
Penobscot, 254, 379, 445, 507, 510, 520, 523.
Peoria, Illinois, 362 ; see Cril-vecoeur.
Pepys, Samuel, 4, 23, 125, 136, 422.
Pequods, 281, 291, 295.
Perret, the Reverend Autoiue, 619^625.
Perry, John, 474, 600.
Perth Amboy, in New Jersey, origin of the
name, 392, 432 ; made a port, 400, 491.
Perth, the Earl of, 368, 392, 432, 500.
Peru Bay, New York, 121.
Petre, Edward, the Jesuit, 529.
Philadelphia, 367, 436 ; see Pennsylvania.
Philip, King, 281, 290, 295.
Phillipse, Frederick, 271, 273, 360, 372, 389, 453,
458, 506, 510^ 515, 521, 557, 565, 570, 572, 590, 594,
590, 62S, 637.
Phipps, Sir William, 528, 537, 542, 555, 592, 595,
613, 621.
Pierce, Nehemiah, 290.
Pierron, Jean, the Jesuit Father, 12S, 130, 146,
161, 169, 237, 299, 327.
Pierson, Henry, 21S, 615.
Pietersen, Evert, 175.
Pinhorne, William, 31S, 390, 427, 612, 62S, 637,
639, 646.
Pipou, Joshna, 468, 511.
Pirates, 523, 524 ; see Buccaneers and Phipps.
Piscataway, 219.
Pitkin, William, 292, 389, 616.
Plantation Committee of James, 529; of William,
539, 544, 561, 592, 694, 629, 641.
Plantation Council, the English, 5, 12, 14, 18, 82,
150, 180, 202, 247, 249, 297, 310, 337, 347, 422, 433,
449, 456, 460, 471, 503.
INDEX.
677
Plowman, Matthew, 401, 505, 521, 558, 571, 5T3,
612.
Pluvier, Cornelius, 615, C4T.
Plymouth and the "Bay horse,"554.
Plymouth " annexed" to New York, 595.
Plymouth, New, 111, 13S, 22S, 232, 281, 291, 298,
316, 338, 445, 467, 516, 530, 554, 584, 592, 616, 620,
623, 629.
Poleron, the Island of, 93, 95, 136.
Polhemus, Domlne, 159, 175.
Population of New York in 1680, 458.
Port Jervis, 459.
Port Royal in Acadia, 613, 617.
Port Royal in South Carolina, 176 ; see Yea-
mans.
Post messengers established by Lovelace, 196,
197, 198.
Postal affairs, 413, 466.
"Praying Indians" of Canada, 608, 61S ; see
Caghnawagas.
Prescott, or La Galette, 238.
Pretty, Richard, 439.
Prince George, of Denmark, 414, 535.
Prince, Thomas, Governor of New Plymouth,
139.
Princess Anne, of England, 414, 535.
Princess Mary, of England, 314 ; see Orange.
Printing in America restrained by James, 455,
467, 504 ; see example in Massachusetts, and
censorship of press, and Sewali, Samuel.
Printing-press, the Cambridge, 89 ; Bradford's,
in Pennsylvania, 436.
Privy Council, the English, 4, 12, 13, 22, 58, 82,
143, 357, 418, 421, 431, 447, 450, 475 ; of William,
539, 543, 556, 570, 593, 596, 631, 639.
Protestants, 198, 201, 205, 210, 212, 220, 246, 247,
250, 255, 270, 288, 300, 315, 328, 338, 348, 373, 380,
352, 387, 407, 414, 435, 445, 450, 457, 465, 490, 408,
504, 513, 517, 522, 532, 536, 539, 547, 551, 556, 502,
568, 572, 627.
Provincial Assembly of New York, under James,
353, 358, 382, 385, 407, 410, 427, 456, 458 ; under
William, 627, 638, 642.
Provoost, Johannes, 614, 624, 647.
Puritans, 281, 291, 298, 316, 354, 360, 383, 407, 446,
451, 467, 473, 480.
Pynchon, John, 24, 30, 35, 198, 309, 336, 446, 473,
559, 584 ; see Kinshou.
Quakers, 190, 191, 302, 305, 339, 412, 437, 446, 459,
464, 509, 527.
Quebec, 99, 102, 104, 114, 121, 127, 134, 146, 161, 169,
178, 193, 237, 240, 299, 305, 368, 378, 395, 402, 430,
432, 476, 520, 547, 582, 603, 609, 613, 622.
Queens County, 386, 560, 573, 025, 635.
Quider, 309, 605, 606 ; see Schuyler, Peter.
Quinby, John, 68.
Quinto Bay, 194, 237, 240.
Quirynsen, Charles, 228 ; see Kryussen.
Raffeix, the Father Pierre, 117, 178, 191, 193, 237,
299, 324, 362.
Rame, Maurice de, 126.
Randolph, Edward, 297, 336, 359, 417, 433, 445,
467, 471, 510, 512, 524, 528, 552, 555, 592, 593, 629.
Kapin de Thoyras, 435, 534.
Rapoos, 311.
Raritan, 369.
Ratcliffe, the Rev. Robert, 445.
Reed, Robert, 601.
Reformed Protestant Dutch Church in North
America, repudiation by its Synod of the
words "Dutch" and "Protestant" in its cor-
porate title, 601, 062 ; see Dutch Church.
Reid, John, 432.
Renkokus Creek, New Jersey, 303.
Rensselaerv(7^ck, 438.
Revolution, the English, in 1689, 540.
Rhode Island, 54, 87, 111, 155, 189, 228, 232, 247,
265, 282, 290, 338, 419, 433, 445, 452, 403, 467, 473,
502, 514, 554, 561, 610. •
Ribourde, the Father Gabriel de, 170, 240, 299,
320.
Richards, James, 53, 216, 308.
Richards, John, 360, 416.
Richards, Paulus, 61 ; alderman, 578.
Richmond County, 385.
Rider, John, 195.
Riggs, John, 561, 592, 594, 590.
Roades, Doctor, 279.
Robinson, Andrew, 459.
Robinson, John, 390.
Robinson, Sir Robert, Governor of Bermuda,
at New York, 634, 039.
Rochester, Earl of, 421, 434.
Rodgers, Sergeant Charles, 586.
Roelofse, Teuuis, 574.
Roman Catholics, 366, 387, 394, 406, 435, 457, 474,
405, 498, 514, 522, 528, 531, 547, 557, 562.
Rombouts, Francis, Mayor and Counselor, 256,
259, 330, 628.
Rooseboom, Captain Johannes, 429, 443, 478.
Rosewell, William, 216.
Rotterdam, 135, 258, 287.
Rouvigny, Count, French Envoy, 251, 315.
Royal African Company, 6, 455, 504.
Royal Commissioners, 18-20, 24, 25, 105, 111.
Rudyard, Thomas, 368, 392, 409, 428.
Rupert, Prince, 124, 204.
Russell, Ensign Bartholomew, 562.
Russell, Lord William, 414.
Rnyter, Admiral De, 124, 134, 185.
Ruyven, Cornells van, 43, 47, 59, 76, 88, 111, 122,
132, 142, 144, 172, 212, 220, 231, 233, 255.
Ryckman, Albert, 439.
Rye, in Westchester, 389.
Rye-House Plot, 414.
Saffln, John, 470.
Saint Castin, the Baron Vincent de, 379, 394, 510 ;
see Castin.
Saint Croix, the River, 502, 510.
Saint Lawrence, the River, 7, 8, 103, 178, 396, 401,
502.
Sainte Hel&ne, at Schenectady, 607.
Salem, or Elsingburg, New Jersey, 302, 306, 320.
Salisbury, Ensign and Captain Sylvester, 20, 61,
167, 198, 200, 213, 275, 280, 293, 294, 306, 312, 320,
366.
Salisbury Plains, L. I., 74.
Salle, Robert Cavelier de la, 162, 170, 179 ; see
La Salle.
67S
DsDEX.
Salmon Falls, New Hampshire, 606.
Salmon Eiver, 402, 507, 51S, 61S ; see La Famine.
Salvaye, the Sieur de, 369, 401.
Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, 457, 532.
Sanders, Robert, 604.
Sandy Hook, 152, 225, 305, 332, 369, 460, 547, 559.
Santen, Lucas, 374, 3S4, 409, 42S, 453, 45S, 461, 465,
491.
Saratoga, or "Saraaghtoga," or " Serachtague,"
3S5, 440, 442, 4S4, 620.
Sault Saint Louis, 241, 327, 442, 479, 4S4.
Saurel, or Sorel, 101, 116.
Sausamau, John, 2S1.
Savage, Thomas, 5S4.
Savages cooked au4 eaten, 479.
Sawyer, Sir Robert, 348, 417, 433, 541.
Say and Sele, Lord, 5.
Saybrook, 284, 2SS.
Schaats, the Domine, 159, 169, 2SS, 300, 329, 330,
579.
Schaghticoke, or Scatacook, Indians at, 294, 295,
621.
Schelling, Island of, 125, 134, 230.
Schenectady, 103, 131, 194, 21S, 222, 235, 327, 380,
443, 4S1, 4S5, 579, 5SG, 539, 607.
Schermerhorn, Eyer, 615.
Schermerhorn, Symon, 609, 624.
Schomberg, Marshal, 435.
Schuyler, Arent, 443.
Schuyler, Captain John, 621.
Schuyler, David, 439.
Schuyler, Peter, 309, 409, 439, 4S3, 554, 553, 578,
536, 538, 602, 603, 614, 613, 624.
Scot, George, 432.
Scott, Captain John, 14, 15, 18, 24, 31, 82, 85.
Seal of Great Britain thrown in the Thames, 535.
Seal of New England, 553.
Seal of New York ordered to be destroyed, 503 ;
new one for, 630.
Secession in Massachusetts, 553, 556, 560.
Seditious course of INIilborue, 5SS, 590.
" Seeds of sedition" blown about, 5G1.
Seii,'uclay, the Sieur de, 431, 440, 442, 501, 507, 520,
545.
Sclleck, John, 215.
Selyns, Domine Henrlcus, 175, 361, 379, 515, 557,
571, 590, 625, 638, 647, 648.
Senecas, the, 46, 51, 98, 100, 102, 114, 128, 148, 1G2,
169, 17S, 237, 290, 309, 324, 327, 363, 365, 370, 373,
395, 401, 429, 440, 445, 474, 479, 433, 51S, 547, 579,
621.
Sessions, Courts of, 63, 07, 70, 72, 74, 77, 91, 108,
140, 172, 195, 199, 293, .335, 330, 391 ; see Courts.
Sctalcott, or Setauket, L. I., 63, 103, 221, 226, 228 ;
see Brookhaven.
Sewall, Samuel, 445, 525, 616.
Shackamaxon, 368.
Shaftesbury, Lord, 5, 201, 247, 249, ^?S, 541.
Shanks, Matthew, Lieutenant and Captain, 632.
Sharpe, John, 195, 20G, 252.
Sharpe, Thomas, Sergeant, Ensign, and Lienten-
ant, 272, 292, 33.5, 379, 519, 535, 614.
Shelter Island, 100, 191, 211, 217, 228, 243.
Sherlock, James, 529, 552, ."iSS, 593, 029.
Shrcwsbni-j', New Jersey, 34, 219.
Shrewsbury, the Earl of, 539, 543, 570, 596, 619, 624.
Shrimpton, Samuel, 394, 503.
Shutte, John, English schoolmaster at Albany,
83.
Sidney, Algernon, 359, 414.
Simmes, Ensign Thomas, 032.
Sioux, 395.
Skannadario, 323 ; see Ontario.
Slaves, English, at Barbadoes, 6, 155 ; origin of
the term "guineas," 6; in Virginia, 51; in New
England, 231, 290, 337; in New York, 72, 313,
331, 434, 455, 465, 4SG, 504, 510.
Sloughter, Colonel Henry, Governor of New
York, 594, 637, 641.
Sluyter, Peter, 328.
Smith, Arthur, 108.
Smith, John, 487, 522, 561.
Smith, Joseph, 647.
Smith, Richard, of Rhode Island, 503, 559.
Smith, William, of Long Island, 462, 561, 023, 637,
639, 646.
Smits Jan, 116, 119.
Sodus Bay, 507.
Sol, Jan, 225.
Solebay, Battle of, 1S6.
Somers, John, 532, 533, 545.
Sorel River, 618.
Southampton, L. L, 63, 107, 110, 12G, 173, ISC, 215,
218, 223, 243, 253, 274, 239, 301, 313, 560.
Southampton, the Earl of, 5, 79.
South Carolina, 176.
Southold, L. L, 03, 73, 107, 110, ICG, 155, 173, 186,
216, 213, 227, 231, 243, i;53, 274, 286, 301, 355, 361,
407. 555, 557.
Spain, 10, 33, 39, 73, 152, 247, 250, 538.
Spiting Devil, or Spytendnjwel (,Spyt den Duijvcl
— " in spite of the devil'"), 182, 222 ; see vol. i.,
421.
Spragg, John, 374, 3S2, 40S, 438, 414, 453, 458, 402.
Spratt, John, 615.
Springfield, Massachusetts, 198, 280, 289, 517, 521.
Staats, Lieutenant Joachim, 439, 533, 601, 603,
624, 647.
Staats, Samuel, 59S, 647.
Stacev, Robert, 306.
Stadtholder, the Dutch, 536, 546, 550.
Stamford, Connecticut, 50, 215, 412, 473.
" State Rights" in New England, 556, 560.
Staten Island, 24, 49, 63, 149, 166, 181, 206, 214,
263, 239, 291, 306, 312, 320, 350, 361, 369, 330, 336,
410, 460, 573, 625, 647.
States General, the Dutch, 2, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16,
22, 23, 27, 31, 35, 33, 40, 57, 73, 91, 94, 97, 103, 105,
110, 131, 136, 151, 175, 184, 193, 201, 205, 203, 211,
218, 245, 249, 252, 260, 314, 533, 535, 538.
Stealman, John, 67.
Steenwvck, Cornells, 35, 48, 60, SO, 144, 181, 134,
183, 222, 225, 228, 231, 234, 259, 270, 277, 280, 239.
Stevens, Captain Tristram, 361.
Stillwater, 620.
Stirling, the Earl of, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 90, 94, 138,
173, 137, 269.
Stock, Arthur, 51, 106.
Stockbridge, Massachusetts, 295.
Stoll, Joost, 562, 566, 574, 576, 596, 618, 637, 647.
Stonington, 139, 231.
Stoughton,William, 298, 316, 336, 467, 473, 51 1, 616.
INDEX.
679
Stratton, John, GS.
Strycker, Jacob, 214, 227.
Stryker, John, 67.
Stuyvesant, Nicholas W., 55S, 569, 590.
Stuyvesant, Peter, Governor, 11, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26,
27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 40, 42, 47, 48, 59, 63, 95, 111,
131, 136, 13S, 142, 1S3, 188, 208, 211, 215, 218, 22?,
226, 260.
Suffolk County, 386, 560, 573, 615.
Sunderland, the Earl of, 421, 427, 445, 46S, 471,
4S5, 495, 529, 534.
Superior, Lake, 170, 179, 194.
Surinam, 136, 211, 258.
Susquehannas, the, 100, 177, 193, 309, 375, 393, 397,
465, 474 ; see Andastes and Couestogaa.
Swansey, or Seaconk, 283, 2S5.
Swartwout, Anthony, 647.
Swartwout, Roeloff, 647.
Sweden, 22, 50, 51, 140, 151, 250.
" Sweet singers," the Scotch, 407, 641.
Sweringen, Van, Schout, 51.
Swinton, Isaac, 428, 439.
Sylvester, Constant, 106.
Sylvester, Nathaniel, 106, 217, 227, 231, 243.
Tackapausha, the Sachem, 107.
Tadoussac, 622.
Talbot, Captain Mark, 375, 387, 415.
Talcott, John, 253.
Talmage, Lieutenant Enos, 5S9, 607.
Talon, the Sieur Jean, 100, 12S, 134, 102, 170, 179,
194.
Tareha, 582 ; see Millet.
Tegancourt, Sachem, 404.
Teharonhiagaunra, or "the looker up to heav-
en," the Indian name of Millet, 178; see Millet.
Teiorensere, the Indian name of the Father John
de Lamberville, 402, 429, 477.
Temple, Sir Thomas, 114, 185, 379.
Temple, Sir William, 151, 251.
Tenbroeck, Wessel, 235.
Terneure, Lieutenant Daniel, 601, 613.
Tesschenmaeker, Domine Petrus, 329, 380, 608.
Test Act, the English, 201, 415, 447, 489.
Teunis, Guisbert, 67.
Teunise, Lieutenant and Captain Egbert, 292,
585.
Thompson, Major Robert, 2S6, 611.
Thoyras, Kapiu de, 534 ; see Kapin.
Three Rivers, 606.
Ticonderoga, 129, 518.
Tinicum, Island of, 195.
Tom, William, 164.
Tonty, Henry dc, 323, 378, 395, 478.
Topping, Captain Thomas, 43, 68, 75, 87.
Torbay, William's landing at, 533, 591.
Tories and Whigs in England, 338, 532, 539.
Tortugas, 523.
Tower-a-tauch, 311.
Townley, Richard, of New Jersey, 012.
Tracy, the Marquis de, 101, 104, 114, 121, 127, 162.
Treat, Robert, Governor of Connecticut, 388, 412,
446, 468, 470, 472, 488, 555, 559, 585, 612, 620.
Treaty of Nimeguen, 315.
Treaty of Westminster, 251, 253, 256, 268, 200, 277,
297, 304, 314, 340.
Trinity Church, New York, 183.
Tromp, Admiral (the younger), 79, 125, 205 ; vul-
gar English usage to prefix a "Van" to his
name, 1., 545, note.
Tudor, John, 390, 487.
Turenue, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, 1, 17,
203, 312.
Two new holidays in New York, 591.
Tye, Ann, Oil ; see Brodhead, Nottingham, and
Garton.
Tyng, Edward, 473, 503.
Ulster County, New York, 157, 167, 235, 385, 407,
459, 4S4, 573, 5S0, 589, 614, 623, 626.
Uncas, 294.
Underbill, Captain John, 68, 73, 107.
United Netherlands, the, 1, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 10,
IS, 20, 22, 26, 30, 36, 40, 42, 57, T8, 93.
Usher, John, 473, 512.
Usurpation of Leisler, 574, 578, 584. 587, 590, 601,
612, 616, 619, 626.
Vaillant, the Father Francis, 377, 476, 489, 494.
Valrennes, M. de, 583.
Van Ale, Lawrence, 439.
Van Brugge, Carel, 215.
Van Brugh, Johannes, 43, 60, 76, 212, 225, 233, 250,
259, 270, 277.
Van Cortlandt, Oloff Stevensen, 35, GO, 76, 151.
Van Cortlandt, Stephanas, 234, 250, 259, 271, 312,
319; see Cortlandt, the manor of, and Ste-
phanus van.
Van Curler, Anthonia, 235.
Van Curler, or Corlaer, Arendt, 103, 105, 120, 121.
Van Curler, Commissary, 54.
Van der Donck, 182.
Van der Spiegel, Laurens, 212.
Van de Water, Jacobus, Major, 234, 242.
Van Gaasbeeck, Domine Laurentius, 329, 330.
Van Gogh, Dutch Ambassador at Loudon, 23,
57, 90.
Van Laer, Adriaen, 163.
Van Rensselaer, Captain Kiliaen, 585.
Van Rensselaer, Jeremiah, 45, 47, 218.
Van Rensselaer, Nicolaus, the Reverend, 272,
2SS, 300.
Van Ruy^-en, Cornells, 43, 47, 59, 76, 88, 111, 122,
132, 142, 144, 172, 212, 220, 231, 233, 255.
Van Schaick, Alderman Levinus, 439, 578, 5S5.
Van Schaick, Captain Goosen Gerritsen, 294.
Van Sweringen, Schout, 51, 86.
Van Zuuren, Domine, 329, 3S0.
Van Zyll, Captain Ferdinandus, 210, 21.3.
Varick, Domine Rudolphus, 619, 624, 647.
Varlett, Abram, 226.
Varlett, Nicholas, 35.
Vaudreuil, Philippe de, 476.
Vermilye, Johannes, 574, 599, 612, 640.
Verplanck, Gelyn, 212, 234, 250, 390.
Verplanck, Isaac, 439.
Vesey, Ensign, 558.
Viele, Arnout Cornelisseu, 301, 398, 402, 444, 486,
517, 004, 626.
Virginia, 7, 8, 13, 39, 52, 64, 126, 143, 177, 205, 223,
248, 309, 327, 374, 378, 396, 418, 420, 482, 505, 556,
580, 592.
GSO
INDEX.
Vos, Nicholas, 22S.
Vroedschap, 48.
Vrooman, Adam, 60S.
" Wacht een beetje,"665.
Wadsworth, Lieutenant Joseph, 4T2.
Waldron, Resolved, 222.
Waller, Edmund, the poet, 5.
Walley, John, 512, GIG, 622.
WallkUl, 311.
Walters, Robert, 5TT, 615.
Wauipanoags, 2S1, 291.
Wampum bells, " to wipe away tears," 610.
Wamsutta, the Chief, 2S1.
Wassenaar, Admiral, 79.
Watteau, the Father Melithon, 3G2.
Weall, Thomas, 110.
Wedderborue, George, 561.
Weeksteeu, Domine Johannes, 330, 3S0.
Weems, Lieutenant, 523.
Wells, Philip, 410, 459.
Wells, William, 43, 68, 73, 75, 107.
Welsh, AVilliam, 393.
Wendell, Captain Johannes, 409, 439, 57S, 5Si,
5SS, 602, 624.
Wenham, Thomas, 573.
Werden, Sir John, 261, 2S0, 294, 304, 300, 332, 339,
349, 354, 367, 371, 393, 411, 422.
Wessels, Alderman and Recorder Dirck, of Al-
bany, 439, 494, 578, 587.
Westchester County, 55, 63, 67, 68, 73, 109, 160, 171,
182, 214, 385, 392, 560, 573, 615, 647.
West India Company, the Dutch, 6, 9, 15, 21, 22,
23, 25, 27, 37, 38, 40, 44, 57, 78, 94, 95, 110, 132, 135,
136, 149, 183, 209, 25S.
West Indies, 257.
West, John, 318, 335, 353, 374, 390, 413, 444, 468,
510, 512, 527, 549, 553, 555, 593, 629.
Westminster, Convention at, 537, 540.
Westminster, Treaty of, 251, 253, 256, 258, 2C6,
277, 297, 314, 340.
West Riding of Long Island, 300.
Wethersfield, in Connecticut, 171.
Wharton, Anthony, 48.
Wharton, Philip, Lord, 534, 537, 542.
Wharton, Richard, 530.
Wharton, Thomas, 534.
Wharton, Walter, 224.
Whigs and Tories, origin of names, 338.
Whitehall, in London, 535, 595.
Whiting, William, 470.
Whitlield, Ralph, 144. 156.
Wildwvck, in Esopus, SS.
" Willemstadt," or Albany, 218, 224, 226, 235, 242,
252, 271.
Willett, Captain and M«jor Thomas, 24, 25, 28,
30, 45, 47, 75, 76, 87, 144, 182, 223, 481, 611, 628,
C37.
William IL of Orange, 1.
William III. of Orange, 2, 94, 185, 202, 204, 210, 217,
220, 230, 246, 252, 271, 314, 387, 532, 537, 539, G27.
William and Mary proclaimed King and Queen
of England, at London, 539 ; at Boston, 555 ;
in Pennsylvania, 557 ; in Connecticut, 571 ; iu
New York, 572; in Albany, 580.
Williams, John, 361.
Williams, Roger, 554.
Williams, Thomas, 574, 539, 025, 640.
Williamson, Secretary, 15.
Willys, Samuel, 35, 200, 229, 231, 253, 275, 292.
Wilmington, Delaware, 140.
Winantse, Melgert, 439.
Winder, John, 273.
Winder, Samuel, 352, 357, 359, 410.
Windsor, Ensign, 536.
Winnington, Attorney General, 416.
Winslow, John, Governor of Massachusetts, 298,
549.
Winthrop, Captain and General Fitz John, 229,
231, 243, 522, 620, 622.
Winthrop, John, 5, 12, 23, 28, 30, 32, 35, 53, 55, 60,
87, 114, 12G, 139, 158, 101, 171, 187, 196, 200, 205,
213, 230, 274, 284, 335, 446, 473, 559.
Wiswall, the Rev. Mr., of Plymouth, 554, 629.
Witchcraft not a capital offense by the Nev,-
York code, 72 ; trial for, 90.
Wolley, the Reverend Charles, New York Chap-
lain, 318, 329, 331, 332.
Wood Creek, 020.
Wood, Jonas, 68, 74.
Woodbridge, in New Jersey-, 177, 218.
Woodhnll, Richard, 108.
Wren, Matthew, 136, 186.
Wyalusiug, the Falls of, 397.
Wj-nkoop, Cornells, 235.
Wynningtou, Sir Thomas, Attorney General of
the Duke of York, 261, 316.
Yeamans, Sir John, 176.
York, the Archbishop of, 530.
Young, Jacob, 327.
Young, Thomas, 375.
Younge, Captain, Colonel, and Counselor John,
24, 3.5, 43, 54, 50, 68, 107, 174, 188, 229, 253, 294,
353, 381, 889, 453, 458, 402, 480, 521, 557, 559, 639.
Zealand, the Province of, 2, 6, 184, 187, 204, 211,
223, 249, 258, 533.
Zenobe, or Zenobius, Membre, the Franciscan
Father, 299, 326, 365, 378, 405.
THE END.
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