Skip to main content

Full text of "History of the state of New York"

See other formats 


IGtbrarg 
Hntorsttg  of  JPtttabur^li 

Darlington  Memorial  Library 

(BinBa-^^y^^- 

Uoak 


v.  Z 


^v^ 


^»*-'*: 


M^^7^ 


M^ 


,  V     —     .  r " 


r%f:  r>! 


A-.V 


.ry. 


'> 


^ 


>■  ,  .! 


■■''.  •'■.  •.•;..•  .■.,■  ■■      . ,  <-a'   .; 

•  '  :< kv* vi ;'•%•  ^i^^^M  '■  K'-  '^ '  ■•'.:-*, *^  % 


\^.f  -*«n  ;/" ':  ■ 


!*^V»,:.J 


^r.K/^ 


gj^fc 


>t.vt*  • 


";'  v;  V 


1     ..■»  -'  * . 


i    •  ■ 


»';^f  ^-  ^^V:;, 

-  ^ 

^■yjtA  ■, ,»,♦■. 

i 

W'^\ 

■/'>♦' 

';■•      '.■ 

HISTORY 


OF  THE 


STATE    OF    NEW    YORK. 


BY 


JOHN   EOMEYN   BRODHEAD. 


SECOND    VOLUME. 


FIRST    EDITION. 


NEW    YORK: 

HARPER    &    BROTHERS,    PUBLISHERS, 

FRANKLIN      SQUAKE. 

1871. 


^ 


"2^/7  3        ^.V 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  187],  by 

John    Romevn   Brodhead, 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


PREFACE 

TO   VOLUME    SECOND. 


When  this  volume  was  begun,  it  was  my  purpose  to  bring  its 
contents  down  to  the  accession  of  Queen  Anne  of  England,  and 
the  chapters  embracing  the  years  between  1691  and  1702  are  ready 
for  the  printer.  But,  by  the  affluence  of  original  authorities,  and 
the  temptation  to  use  them,  perhaps,  too  liberally,  this  book,  in 
spite  of  laborious  condensation,  may  have  grown  unfashionably 
large ;  and  these  chapters  must  be  reserved  for  another  volume — 
should  the  public  manifest  a  desire  to  learn  more  of  early  'New 
York,  down  to  the  inauguration  of  ^Yashington. 

Descended  from  an. English  officer  who  helped  his  king  to  con- 
quer Dutch  New  Netherland,  as  well  as  from  a  colonial  Hollander 
who  stood  up  manfully  for  his  Kepublican  Fatherland,  I  feel  no 
partiality  in  telling  the  history  of  liie  greatest  European  plantation 
in  America.  My  object  has  ]been  to  exhibit  the  truth  honestly  and 
minutely.  In  doing  this,  I  have  long  and  carefully  studied  the  re- 
ceived authorities  relating  to  the  colonial  annals  of  our  country, 
and  also  all  that  I  have  seen,  recently  brought  to  light.  If  I  have 
missed  my  aim,  let  my  failure  be  imputed  to  incapacity  rather  than 
to  lack  of  industry  or  candor. 

John  Roivietn  Beodhead. 

Neio  York,  February,  1871. 


CONTENTS. 


C  II  A  r  T  E  R  I. 
1GG4. 
War  at  hand;  Louis  the  Fourteenth,  page  1 ;  The  Dutch  Republic,  William  of  Orange, 
and  John  De  Witt,  2 ;  England  and  Charles,  3  ;  James,  Duke  of  York,  4  ;  The  En- 
glish King's  jNIinisters,  5 ;  Downing,  G ;  Canada,  New  England,  New  Netherland, 
and  Virginia,  7;  Admirable  Situation  of  New  Netherland,  8,  9  ;  Territorial  Jealousies 
in  North  America,  10,  11  ;  Charles's  Policy,  12 ;  English  new  Navigation  Law,  13 ; 
New  Netherland  to  be  seized  by  England,  14  ;  The  Duke  of  York's  Patent,  15,  16  ; 
Colonel  Richard  NicoUs,  17;  Royal  Commissioners,  18;  Instractions  of  the  Commis- 
sioners, 19 ;  English  Expedition  against  New  Netherland,  20 ;  Infatuation  in  Hol- 
land, 21 ;  Swedish  Complaints,  22  ;  States  General  refuse  to  defend  New  Netherland, 
23 ;  New  Amsterdam  blockaded,  24 ;  Stup-esant  returns  from  Fort  Orange,  25  ; 
The  Metropolis  defenseless,  2G ;  Nicolls  demands  the  Surrender  of  Jlanhattan,  27  ; 
Stuyvesant's  Letter  to  the  W.  I.  Company ;  Willett  and  Winthrop,  28  ;  Winthrop's 
Letter  to  Stuy^-esant,  29  ;  Stuyvesant  tears  up  Winthrop's  Letter,  30  ;  Stuyvesant's 
Justification  of  the  Dutch  Title,  31 ;  Nicolls  at  Gravesend,  32  ;  Submission  of  Long 
Island  to  the  English ;  New  Amsterdam  beleaguered,  33 ;  Panic  in  the  Metropolis, 
34;  English  and  Dutch  Commissioners  appointed,  35  ;  Articles  of  Capitulation  agi'ced 
upon,  3G  ;  Surrender  of  New  Netherland  to  the  English,  37-41. 

CHAPTER    IL 

1GG4-1GG5. 

Fort  Amsterdam  given  up,  and  the  English  Flag  hoisted,  42  ;  New  York  and  Fort 
James  named ;  Nicolls's  new  Goverament,  43 ;  English  and  Dutch  Church  Service, 
44  ;  Fort  Orange  submits,  and  is  named  Albany  ;  IManning  commander ;  Brodhead 
in  command  at  Esopus,  4G  ;  Oath  of  Allegiance  requii-ed  from  the  Dutch,  47 ;  York- 
shire and  Albania,  48  ;  Nicolls's  Grants  of  Land,  49  ;  Conquest  of  the  Delaware  by 
the  English,  50-53;  Connecticut  Boinidarj',  53;  Long  Island  adjudged  to  New  York, 
54 ;  Boundaries  established  between  New  York  and  Connecticut,  55  ;  Long  Island 
Affairs,  5G ;  The  Dutch  Government  demands  Restitution  of  New  Netheriand,  57 ; 
Hostihties  begun  by  England,  58 ;  Nicolls  seizes  the  W.  I.  Company's  Estate,  59 ; 
Stuy\-esant  retunis  to  Holland  ;  New  City  Officers  in  New  York,  60  ;  Provincial  Rev- 
enue, CI ;  Royal  Commissioners  in  New  England  ;  Nicolls  establishes  a  Court  of  As- 
sizes in  New  York,  02  ;  Long  Island  or  Yorkshire  divided  into  Ridings,  63  ;  Purpose 
of  the  Court  of  Assizes,  64  ;  The  Duke  of  York's  Power  to  make  Laws,  65  ;  Enghsh 
Laws  established,  66;  Meeting  at  Hempstead;  Nicolls's  Code,  67,  G8 ;  Hempstead 
Address  to  the  Duke  of  York,  69;  "The  Duke's  Laws,"  70-73;  Race-course  at 
Hempstead  ;  Albany  Affairs,  74  ;  City  Government  of  New  York  changed,  75  ;  Wil- 
lett Mayor,  76  ;  The  Dutch  dissatisfied,  77 ;  Holland  appeals  to  France  against  En- 
gland, 78  ;  War  declared  between  Holland  and  England,  79  ;  Feeling  in  New  York, 


y]  CONTENTS. 

80;  Berkeley  and  Carteret,  81 ;  James  conveys  a  part  of  New  York  to  tliem,  and 
calls  it  "New  Jersey,"  82  ;  The  Duke's  Letter  to  Nicolls,  83  ;  Philip  Carteret  Gov- 
ernor of  New  Jersey,  84-86  ;  Delaware  and  Pemaquid,  86  ;  Admiralty  Court  in  New 
York,  87 ;  NicoUs's  Instructions  to  Brodhead  at  Esopus,  88 ;  Purchase  of  Esopus 
Lands  ;  NicoUs's  new  offers  to  Planters,  89  ;  Case  of  Witchcraft,  90  ;  Dutch  Prop- 
erty confiscated  by  Nicolls  ;  Condition  of  New  York,  91,  92  ;  War  between  the  Dutch 
and  English  in  Em-ope,  93-96. 

CHAPTERIIL 

1666-1668. 

France  declares  War  against  England ;  Charles's  Colonial  Orders,  97 ;  New  York  and 
Canada,  98  ;  The  Jesuits  oppose  the  Liquor  Trade,  99  ;  De  Mezy  recalled,  and  Cour- 
celles  Governor  of  Canada;  Talon  Intendant,  100  ;  Tracy  Viceroy  of  New  France, 
101 ;  The  Iroquois  and  Onnontio,  102 ;  Courcelles's  Expedition  against  the  Mohawks, 
103;  Action  of  Nicolls,  104;  The  Delaware  Territorj-,  lOG;  Discontent  on  Long 
Island  ;  Nicolls  warns  the  seditious,  107 ;  Narrative  of  the  Hempstead  Delegates ; 
Action  of  the  Court  of  Assizes,  108  ;  New  Land  Patents,  109  ;  New  York  and  Al- 
bany, 110 ;  Eoyal  Commissioners  recalled.  111 ;  NicoUs's  Eeport  on  New  York,  112, 
113;  Submission  of  the  Western  Iroquois  to  Canada,  114;  The  Oneidas  and  Mo- 
hawks submit  to  the  French,  115;  Tracy's  Expedition  against  the  Mohawks,  117- 
119;  Precautions  of  Nicolls,  120;  Van  Curler  drowned  in  Lake  Champlain,  121; 
Brodhead  suspended  from  command  at  Esopus,  121-123 ;  Naval  War  between  the 
Dutch  and  English,  124;  Great  Fire  of  London,  125;  Krynssen  in  Virginia,  126; 
New  York  Privateer  in  Acadia,  127;  French  Missionaries  assigned  to  the  Iroquois, 
128-131;  Stup-esant  and  the  West  India  Company,  132,  133;  The  Dutch  in  the 
Thames,  134  ;  Treaty  of  Breda ;  New  Netherland  given  up  to  England,  135  ;  Feeling 
in  London ;  Fall  of  Clarendon,  136  ;  Stuyvesant's  return  to  New  York,  137  ;  Martha's 
Vineyard  and  Nantucket,  138  ;  Fisher's  Island  granted  to  Winthrop,  139  ;  Delaware 
Affairs,  140 ;  Nicolls  leaves  New  York,  142. 

CHAPTER    IV. 

1668-1673. 

Colonel  Francis  Lovelace  Governor,  143, 144  ;  Esopus  Affairs  ;  a  Printing-press  want- 
ed, 145;  Jesuit  Missions  among  the  Iroquois,  146-148;  New  Jersey  Affairs ;  Staten 
Island  adjudged  to  New  York,  149,  150;  The  English  refuse  Free  Trade  to  New 
York,  151;  Triple  Alliance,  152;  Aspect  of  the  Metropolis,  153,  154;  Panic  on 
Long  Island,  155;  Marbletown,  Hurley,  and  Kingston,  156,  157 ;  Provincial  and 
City  Seals,  157,  158  ;  Ministiy  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  159  ;  Court  of  As- 
sizes, 160;  The  Mahicans  and  Mohawks,  161  ;  Jesuit  Explorations  in  the  West,  162; 
La  Salle,  Dollier,  and  Galinc'e  explore  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  163 ;  Delaware  Af- 
fairs, 164,  165  ;  Lovelace  buys  Staten  Island  from  the  Indians,  165,  166  ;  Esopus  and 
Albany  Affairs,  167 ;  No  foreign  trading  Vessels  on  the  Hudson,  168  ;  Iroquois  and 
the  French,  169, 170 ;  Case  of  Witchcraft,  171 ;  Long  Island  To-nms  seditious,  172, 
173;  Lutherans,  174;  Reformed  Dutch  Church  in  New  York,  175,  176;  Captain 
James  Carteret,  177 ;  Iroquois  Missions,  178  ;  The  French  in  the  Northwest,  179  ; 
Courcelles's  Voyage  to  Lake  Ontario,  180,  181  ;  North  River  Vessels,  182;  Purchase 
of  the  "Domine's  Bouwery"  by  Lovelace,  183;  Death  of  Stuyvesant,  183;  England 
and  France  unite  against  the  Dutch,  184  :  William  Prince  of  Orange,  185  ;  Death  of 
Nicolls,  1 86  ;  English  Plantation  Council,  1 87 ;  New  York,  Massachusetts,  and  Rhode 
Island,  188,  189 ;  Mainland  rebuked  by  New  York,  190 ;  George  Fox  in  America, 


CONTENTS.  vii 

191;  Jesuit  Missions,  102;  Fort  at .Cataracouy  projected;  Frontenac  Governor  of 
Canada,  193,  194  ;  Law  of  Divorce  in  New  York,  195  ;  Post  to  New  England  estab- 
lished by  Lovelace,  196-198;  Pemaquid,  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  Nantucket,  199; 
New  Jersey  Affairs,  200;  Lovelace  in  Connecticut,  201 ;  English  "  Test  Act"  passed ; 
how  it  atiected  the  Duke,  201,  202  ;  War  between  the  English  and  Dutch,  202  ;  "Or- 
ange Boven;"  AYilliam  the  Third,  203;  Death  of  De  Witt,  204;  Expedition  of  Ev- 
ertsen  and  Binckes,  205  ;  the  Dutch  reconquer  New  York,  206-208. 

CHAPTER    V. 

1673-1674. 

British  Sovereignty  extinguished  in  New  York,  209  ;  Province  again  named  New  Neth- 
erland,  210;  Anthony  Colve  appointed  Governor,  211 ;  City  of  New  York  named 
New  Orange,  211,  212;  Esopus  and  Albany  reduced,  213;  Lovelace  arrested,  213, 
214 ;  Eastern  To\\iis  on  Long  Island  submit  to  the  Dutch,  215-218  ;  Ivingston  named 
Swanenburg,  and  Albany  Willemstadt,  218;  Dutch  Church  again  established,  219  ; 
Letter  from  New  Orange  to  the  States  General,  220,  221 ;  English  and  French  Prop- 
erty confiscated,  223  ;  Andries  Draeyer  Commander  at  Willemstadt,  224  ;  Fortifica- 
tion of  New  Orange,  225  ;  Long  Island  Affiurs,  226-228  ;  The  New  England  Colo- 
nies, 229  ;  Connecticut  and  Colve,  230,  231 ;  New  England  Vessels  captured,  232  ; 
New  Orange  Regulations,  234 ;  Achter  Col  or  New  Jersey,  235 ;  Jesuit  IMissions, 
236,  237 ;  Frontenac's  Visit  to  Lake  Ontario,  237-239  ;  Fort  Frontenac  built  at  Ca- 
taracouy, 239  ;  La  Salle  Commander,  240  ;  The  Upper  Mississippi  explored  by  Mai- 
quette  and  Jolliet,  240,  241 ;  New  Orange  taxed  for  Fortifications,  242  ;  Dutch  Expe- 
dition to  Shelter  Island,  243  ;  Action  of  the  States  General ;  Joris  Andringa  appoint- 
ed Governor  of  New  Netherland,  245,  246  ;  England  wishes  to  regain  New  York,  247 ; 
Marriage  of  the  Duke  of  York  to  Mar}-  of  Modena,  248  ;  Treaty  of  Westminster ;  New 
Netherland  restored  to  King  Charles  by  tlie  Dutch,  249-251 ;  Dutch  in  New  Nether- 
land disgusted,  252  ;  Connecticut  Boundary,  253  :  Capture  of  French  Forts  in  Aca- 
dia by  the  Dutch,  254  ;  Reformed  Dutch  Church  ;  FeeHng  against  the  Restoration  of 
New  Netherland  to  England,  255,  256  ;  Major  Edmund  Andros  commissioned  to.  re- 
ceive New  Netherland  for  the  King,  257,  258  ;  Orders  of  the  States  General  to  Colve 
about  the  restitution  of  New  Netherland,  259. 

CHAPTER   VL 

1674-1G78. 

Effect  of  the  Treaty  of  Westminster,  260 ;  Duke  of  York's  new  Patent,  261 ;  Major 
Edmund  Andros  commissioned  Governor  of  New  York,  262-264  ;  Anthony  Brock- 
hoUs  Lieutenant,  264;  Dyer  Collector  of  New  York,  265;  New  Jersey  Affairs,  268; 
Andros  at  New  York,  270;  New  Netherland  restored  to  England,  271;  Andros's 
Proclamation,  272  ;  Former  Grants  confirmed,  273 ;  Lovelace's  Estate  seized  for  the 
Duke  of  York,  274  ;  Long  Island  Towns  submit  to  Andi'os,  275  ;  Trial  and  Sentence 
of  Manning,  276;  Andros  requires  Oaths  of  Allegiance  from  the  Dutch,  277  ;  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard,  Nantucket,  and  Delaware,  278  ;  Duke  of  York  disapproves  of  popu- 
lar Assemblies,  279  ;  Connecticut  Boundary,  279,  280 ;  Philip  of  Pokanoket  and  New 
England  Policy,  281,  282;  Rhode  Island  proposes  Arbitration,  283;  Philip  begins 
War,  283  ;  Andros  at  Saybrook,  284  ;  Connecticut  Protest  pronounced  "a  Slander" 
by  Andros,  285  ;  New  York  offers  Lands  to  Emigrants,  286  ;  Andros  named  "  Coi'- 
laer"  by  the  Mohawks,  287;  Robert  Livingston  appointed  Indian  Secretary,  287; 
Domine  Nicolaus  van  Rensselaer,  288 ;  Massachusetts  Coopers  not  liked  on  Long 
Island,  289  ;  Andros  helps  Rhode  Island,  which  rebidies  Massachusetts,  290 ;  Massa- 


viii  CONTENTS. 

(.hiisetts  asperses  New  York,  291 ;  Connecticut  Agents  at  New  York,  292  ;  Duke  sus- 
tains Andros's  action  about  Connecticut,  293  ;  Andros  at  Schaghticook,  29i  ;  Pliilip 
slain  near  ilount  Hope,  295  ;  Pemaquid  burned,  29G ;  Charles's  Plantation  Commit- 
tee ;  Randolph  sent  to  Boston,  and  insulted,  297,  298  ;  Massachusetts  Agents  sent  to 
England,  298  ;  The  Iroquois  conquer  the  Andastes,  299  ;  Jesuit  Missionaries  ;  Prai- 
rie de  la  jSIadeleine ;  Caghnawaga  on  the  Saint  Lawrence,  299  ;  Domine  Van  Rens- 
selaer, Leisler,  and  Milborne;  Dock  in  New  York,  300;  Delaware  Affairs,  301 ;  Fen- 
wick  sails  to  the  Delaware,  and  is  imprisoned  in  New  York,  302 ;  Duties  levied  by 
New  York  on  New  Jersey  Importations,  303  ;  Quintipartite  Deed  for  East  and  West 
New  Jersey,  303,  oO-l ;  New  York  refuses  New  Jersey  a  separate  Port,  30.") ;  Andros 
and  New  Jersey  Quakers,  305  ;  Burlington  founded,  306  ;  Andros  asserts  English  sov- 
ereignty over  the  Iroquois,  30G,  307 ;  Hennepin  among  the  Mohawks,  307  ;  La  Salle 
builds  Barks  on  Lake  Ontario,  and  returns  to  France,  308 ;  New  England  called 
"  Kinshon"  by  the  Iroquois,  309  ;  Maryland  Agents  in  New  York ;  Greenhalgh  sent 
to  the  Senecas,  309,  310  ;  Fort  Charles  at  Pemaquid,  310 ;  New  Paltz  Patent,  311 ; 
Andros  returns  to  England,  and  leaves  Brockholls  in  charge  of  New  Y''ork,  312 ;  New- 
York  described  by  Andros,  313. 

CHAPTEll    VIL 

1G78-1G83. 

William  of  Orange  married  to  Mary  of  England,  3U,  315  ;  Peace  of  Nimeguen,  315  ; 
Andros  knighted  by  Charles,  315;  Andros  suggests  the  Consolidation  of  New  En- 
gland ;  His  Report  about  New  York,  31G ;  The  King  absolves  New  York  from  the 
"imputation"  of  Massachusetts,  317;  Andros  returns  to  New  York  with  Chaplain 
Wolley ;  Bolting  of  Flour ;  Population  and  Shipping  of  the  iletropolis,  318  ;  Leisler 
and  other  New  Yorkers  redeemed  from  the  Tui-ks,  319  ;  Fen  wick  arrested  on  the  Del- 
aware and  sent  to  New  York,  320 ;  Andros  complains  of  New  England ;  Case  of 
Jacob  JNIilbome,  321 ;  Louis  authorizes  La  Salle  to  explore  the  Mississippi,  322 ; 
French  at  Niagara,  323  ;  Hennepin  among  the  Senecas,  324  ;  La  Salle  builds  a  Ves- 
sel above  Niagara,  325;  Launches  the  "Griffin"  above  Niagara,  325;  Embarks  on 
Lake  Erie  or  "  Conty,"  326  ;  The  Iroquois  at  Albany ;  "  Corlaer  governs  the  whole 
Land,"  327;  Conquest  of  the  Andastes  by  the  Iroquois,  328 ;  Virginia  Agents  at  Al- 
bany, 328  ;  Andros  at  Pemaquid,  328  ;  Dutch  Labadists  in  New  York,  328 ;  Dutch 
Ministers  in  New  York  ordain  Petrus  Tesschenmaekei",  329  ;  Coopers  fined  for  strik- 
ing in  New  York ;  Bolting  Flour ;  Shoemakers,  330 ;  Imported  Indian  Slaves  de- 
clared free  in  New  York,  331  ;  New  Dutch  Church  in  New  York,  331  ;  Chaplain 
Wolley  retui-ns  to  England,  332  ;  Trouble  between  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  332  ; 
Andros  proposes  Beacons  and  a  Fort  at  Sandy  Hook,  333 ;  Carteret  seized  at  Eliza- 
bethtown,  and  tried  and  acquitted  at  New  York,  333,  33-1 ;  Pemaquid  Affairs,  335 ; 
Andros  at  Boston,  336  ;  Negro  Slaves  in  jMassachusetts  and  New  York,  337  ;  Habeas 
Corpus  Act  in  England ;  Freedom  of  the  English  Press ;  Tories  and  Whigs,  338 ; 
Penn's  Argument  for  the  New  Jersey  Quakers,  339 ;  Sir  William  Jones's  wary  and 
fallacious  Opinion,  310,  341  ;  James  releases  East  and  West  Jersey,  342 ;  Andros 
recalled,  343 ;  Lewin  sent  by  the  Duke  as  his  Agent  to  New  York,  343,  344 ;  The 
great  Comet  of  IGSO,  345;  Andros  leaves  New  York ;  Brockholls  Commander-in- 
Chief,  345;  Pennsylvania  chartered  by  Charles  II.,  346-348  ;  Brockholls  relinquishes 
Pennsylvania  to  Penn,  349 ;  Carteret's  Claim  to  Staten  Island  denied,  350 ;  New 
York  Merchants  refuse  to  pay  Duties  to  the  Duke,  351  ;  Collector  Dyer  tried  and  his 
Case  refeiTcd  to  the  King,  352  ;  Petition  of  the  Court  of  Assizes  to  James,  353,  354; 
Disaffection  in  New  York,  355 ;  Duke  of  York's  orders  to  Brockholls,  356-358 ; 


CONTENTS.  ix 

Perm's  Frame  of  Government ;  Kandolph  again  in  Boston,  S'jO  ;  Massacliusetts  sends 
Bribes  to  England,  360 ;  Connecticut  Boundary  Question  referred  to  the  Duke,  360, 
361  ;  Selyns  returns  to  New  York,  361 ;  La  Salle's  Adventures  in  the  Mississippi  Val- 
ley, 362,  363  ;  Louisiana  named,  364  ;  De  la  Barre  appointed  Governor  of  Canada, 
365  ;  James  grants  the  Delaware  Territory  to  Penn,  366  ;  Philadelphia  founded,  367 ; 
Penn's  Treaty  at  Shackamaxon,  363 ;  Rudyard  succeeds  Carteret  as  Governor  of 
New  Jersej',  368  ;  Canada  and  New  York  Affairs,  369, 

CHAPTER    VIII. 

1683-1685. 

Colonel  Thomas  Dongan  appointed  Governor  of  New  York,  370  ;  Dongan's  Commission 
and  Instructions,  371-373;  James  allows  an  Assembly  in  New  York,  374;  Spragg 
Secretary,  Santen  Collector,  and  Gordon  Chaplain  in  New  York,  374 ;  Dongan  ar- 
rives in  New  York,  and  summons  an  Assembly,  375 ;  Dongan,  Penn,  and  the  Susque- 
hanna Lands,  3  76  ;  Dongan  renews  Andros's  claim  of  English  Sovereignty  over  the 
Iroquois,  377  ;  De  la  Barre  against  the  IroquoLo  and  La  Salle,  378  ;  Louis  thinks  La 
Salle's  Discovery  "useless,"  378 ;  Dongan  warns  Castin  at  Pemaquid;  Jealousy  in 
Boston,  371) ;  Clergymen  in  New  York,  380 ;  Address  of  the  Court  of  Assizes  to  the 
Duke,  380,  381 ;  Easthampton's  Address  to  Dongan,  381 ;  A  Majority  of  the  New 
York  Assembly  Dutchmen ;  Nicolls  Speaker,  and  Spragg  Clerk,  382  ;  Charter  of 
Liberties  adopted  by  the  New  York  Assembly,  and  a  Revenue  granted  to  the  Duke  of 
York,  383,  384  ;  Democratic  Idea  in  New  York ;  ' '  The  People"  the  fountain  of  Sov- 
ereignty, 384,  385  ;  New  York  divided  into  Counties,  385,  386 ;  Courts  of  Justice  es- 
tabhshed,  386;  Naturahzation  Law,  387;  Connecticut  Boundary,  387-389;  New 
York  City  Government ;  The  City  divided  into  Wards,  389,  390  ;  Metropolitan  Court 
of  Sessions ;  Bolting  of  Flour,  391 ;  Shipping  of  the  Metropolis,  391 ;  The  City's  Ad- 
dress to  the  Duke  ;  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  392  ;  Dongan  opposes  Penn ;  James's 
Orders  to  Dongan  ;  The  Susquehanna  Lands,  393  ;  Dongan's  Orders  for  Pemaquid, 
394  ;  Dongan's  Indian  Policy  finn  for  New  York,  395  ;  Lord  Effingham,  Governor  of 
Virginia,  visits  New  York,  and  is  made  a  Freeman  of  the  City,  396  ;  Dongan  and  Ef- 
fingham at  Albany;  Effingham  named  "Assarigoa"  by  the  Iroquois,  397;  Duke  of 
York's  Arms  put  on  the  Iroquois  Castles,  398  ;  Speeches  of  the  Iroquois  to  Dongan 
and  Effingham,  399,  400 ;  Dongan's  Dispatches  to  London  by  Baxter,  401 ;  De  la 
Ban-e's  Expedition  against  the  Iroquois,  401,  402  ;  Viele  at  Onondaga,  402  ;  Grande 
Gueule  opposes  Corlaer ;  The  Iroquois  free,  403 ;  De  la  Barre  at  Fort  Frontenac  ; 
Goes  to  La  Famine ;  Conference  there ;  Grande  Gueule  insults  De  la  Barre ;  the 
French  succumb  and  make  a  Treaty  with  the  Iroquois,  403-405  ;  Louis  orders  robust 
Iroquois  to  be  sent  to  his  Galleys,  406  ;  Pemaquid ;  Esopns  ;  Easthampton  Affairs, 
407 ;  Josias  Clarke  Chaplain  in  place  of  Gordon,  407 ;  David  Jamison,  a  Scotch 
"Sweet  Singer,"  comes  to  New  York  and  teaches  a  Latin  School  there,  407,  408  ; 
Second  meeting  of  the  New  York  Assembly ;  Provincial  Navigation  Law,  408  ;  Coint 
of  Oyer  and  Terminer  established ;  Rudyard  Attorney  General,  409  ;  City  Corpora- 
tion ;  Staten  Island,  410;  No  " innovation"  on  the  Hudson  River  to  be  suffered; 
Staten  Island  "without  doubt"'  belongs  to  New  York,  411 ;  Perth's  Letter  to  Don- 
gan; Dongan's  reply,  412;  Connecticut  Boundary  Commissioners  appointed,  412; 
Colonial  Post  with  New  England  established  by  New  York,  413 ;  Massachusetts  and 
Connecticut  Boundaries,  413;  Rye-House  Plot  in  England;  Princess  Anne  of  En- 
gland married  to  Prince  George  of  Denmark,  414  ;  Charles  dispenses  with  the  Test 
Act,  and  restores  James  to  his  Offices,  415  ;  James  signs  the  New  York  Charter,  415; 
Massachusetts  Agents  foiled  in  London  •,  Charles  determines  to  quell  that  Colony,  416; 


X  ,  CONTENTS. 

The  Massachusetts  Patent  canceled,  417;  Debate  in  the  British  Council;  Halifax; 
Decision  about  the  New  England  Government ;  Kirke  appointed  its  Governor ;  No 
Assembly  allowed,  417-41!)  ;  Duke  of  York  suspends  the  New  York  Charter ;  Hali- 
fax, Louis,  Charles,  and  James ;  The  King  and  the  Duke,  420. 

CHAPTEE    IX. 

1G85-1688. 

Decease  of  Charles  II.  ;  Accession  of  James  II.,  421 ;  New  York  Colonial  Records  sent 
to  the  King's  Plantation  Oifice,  422 ;  New  York  a  royal  Enghsh  Province ;  James 
does  not  confirm  its  Charter,  423 ;  Orders  of  James's  Priiy  Council  to  New  York, 
424 ;  James  II.  proclaimed  King  in  New  Y''ork,  425 ;  Address  of  the  Metropolitan 
Coi-poration  to  James,  426  ;  Jews  in  New  York,  426,  427  ;  Last  Meeting  of  the  New 
York  Assembly,  427,  428  ;  Thanksgiving ;  Court  of  Exchequer,  428  ;  Dongan  gives 
Passes  to  New  Yorkers  to  hunt  in  the  West,  429  ;  Conference  with  the  Iroquois  at 
Albany,  430 ;  Louis  removes  De  la  Baire,  and  appoints  Denonville  Governor  of  Can- 
ada, 431 ;  Dongan  and  Denonville  ;  New  Jersey  ;  Reid  and  Scott,  432 ;  James  con- 
siders Colonial  Affairs  ;  Co^nnecticut,  Rhode  Island,  Jersey,  and  Delaware  in  danger, 
433  ;  New  England  regulated  ;  Randolph  Deputy  Postmaster,  434  ;  Baptism  of  Ne- 
groes in  the  Enghsh  Plantations,  434  ;  Louis  revokes  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  435  ;  Penn 
gains  the  Delaware  Territory,  435,  436  ;  Press  Censorship  revived  in  England,  436  ; 
William  Bradford  begins  to  print  in  Philadelphia,  437 ;  Dongan  granted  Lands  on 
Long  Island,  437 ;  Dongan's  Charter  to  the  City  of  New  York,  438  ;  Albany  incor- 
porated as  a  City,  439  ;  Robert  Livingston  Clerk  of  Albany,  439,  440 ;  Dongan  op- 
poses Denonville's  Policy  about  the  Iroquois,  440-442  ;  Lamberville  deceived  by  De- 
nonville, 442  ;  Dongan  again  sends  Rooseboom  and  others  to  the  West ;  MacGregorie 
sent  after  Rooseboom,  443,  444 ;  Huguenots  sheltered  in  New  York,  444 ;  Palmer 
and  West  sent  to  Pemaquid,  444,  445  ;  Dudley  and  Randolph  installed  at  Boston  ; 
Quakers  unjustly  taxed  at  Plymouth,  445,  446 ;  Connecticut  claimed  by  James  ;  Dud- 
ley and  Treat  against  Dongan,  446,  447;  Consolidation  of  his  American  Colonies  the 
Idea  of  James  ;  Royal  in  place  of  Colonial  Despotism,  447,  448  ;  James  commissions 
Sir  Edmund  Andros  to  be  his  Governor  of  New  England,  448,  449 ;  James  allows 
Liberty  of  Conscience  to  "all  Persons"  in  New  England,  450;  Great  Seal  of  New 
England,  451 ;  Its  "  remarkable  Motto"  taken  from  Claudian,  451 ;  English  Soldiers 
sent  to  Boston  by  James  II.,  451 ;  Captain  Francis  Nicholson  Lieutenant  under  An- 
dros, 451 ;  James  orders  Pemaquid  to  be  taken  from  New  York  and  annexed  to  New 
England;  Dongan  in  favor  of  the  change,  451,  452 ;  James  gives  Dongan  a  royal 
Commission,  452  ;  Dongan's  Instructions,  453  ;  James  repeals  the  New  York  Charter 
of  Liberties,  453  ;  The  Church  of  England  established  in  New  York,  454  ;  English 
Schoolmasters  to  be  licensed  in  New  York,  and  Liberty  of  Conscience  declared  by 
James,  454;  "No  innovation"  to  be  allowed  on  the  Hudson  River;  Royal  African 
Company ;  Conversion  of  Negroes  and  Indians  in  New  York  ;  No  unlicensed  Print- 
ing in  New  York,  455  ;  Orders  of  James's  Plantation  Committee  to  Dongan,  456 ; 
James  11.  establishes  the  English  Episcopal  Church  in  New  York  ;  Bishop  Compton ; 
Ai-chbishop  Sancroft,  456  ;  James's  Ecclesiastical  Jurisdiction  in  his  American  Colo- 
nies, 457  ;  Rev.  Alexander  Innis  Chaplain  at  Port  James,  457  ;  Dongan  receives  his 
royal  Commission  ;  His  Counselors  sworn ;  Population  of  New  York  in  1686,  458  ; 
The  New  York  Assembly  dissolved  by  Order  of  James  11. ,  458 ;  First  Laws  passed 
by  Dongan  and  his  Council,  459  ;  Kingston  Patent,  459  ;  Quakers  in  New  York  not 
exempted  from  Military  Service,  459  ;  Northern  Boundary  between  New  York  and 
New  Jersey,  459 ;   Dongan  complains  of  East  Jersey,  Smuggling,  and  Interlopers, 


CONTENTS.  xi 

4G0 ;  Dongan  wishes  a  Tort  built  on  Sandy  Hooli  to  command  the  Channel  to  New 
York,  460;  Thinks  that  New  Jersey  should  be  reannexed  to  New  York,  461  ;  The 
Mouth  of  the  Hudson  Eiver  at  Sandy  Hook,  461  ;  Inconvenience  of  a  separate  Port 
in  New  Jersey,  461 ;  Collector  Santen  suspended  and  sent  a  Prisoner  to  England,  462  ; 
Van  Cortlandt  and  Graham  Joint  Collectors  in  Santen's  place,  462 ;  Palmer  and 
Bayard  sworn  Counselors,  462  ;  Dongan's  Report  on  New  York  sent  to  England,  462 ; 
Its  interesting  Details ;  Militia  of  the  Province ;  Prolific  Woman  ;  Forts  James,  Al- 
bany, and  Charles,  462,  463  ;  Dongan  advises  Pemaquid  to  be  annexed  to  Massachu- 
setts, and  Connecticut  to  New  York,  463  ;  Eight  of  New  York  to  Connecticut,  464  ; 
English,  Scotch,  Irish,  and  French  Immigrants  into  New  Yoi'k,  464 ;  Petition  of 
French  Protestants  to  James  II.,  464 ;  Religious  Persuasions  in  New  York ;  The 
Dutch  Church  used  by  Episcopalians,  etc.,  464,  465  ;  No  Beggars  nor  Idlers  in  New 
York,  465 ;  Address  of  the  Corporation  of  New  York  City  to  King  James  II.,  465  ; 
Case  of  Stepney,  a  Dancing-master,  465  ;  Dongan  appoints  a  New  York  Postmaster, 
466  ;  William  Nicolls  made  Attorney  General  of  New  York,  4G6  ;  A  New  York  Ship 
pillaged  by  Irish  Pirates,  466;  The  Iroquois  the  "bulwark"  of  New  York  against 
Canada,  466  ;  Dongan's  Advice  to  James  unheeded,  466,  467  ;  Sir  Edmund  Andros 
at  Boston,  467  ;  Assumes  the  Government  of  New  England,  467  ;  Dudley  Licenser 
of  the  Press,  and  Judges  appointed  in  the  Dominion  of  New  England,  467  ;  How  An- 
dros's  coming  to  New  England  afiected  New  York,  468  ;  Dongan  surrenders  Pema- 
quid or  Cornwall  to  the  New  England  Government,  468  ;  Artful  Letter  of  Connecti- 
cut to  Loi"d  Sunderland,  408 ;  Dongan  sends  Palmer  and  Graham  to  Connecticut, 
469  ;  Palmer  and  Graham's  Report  to  Dongan,  470 ;  Dongan's  Report  to  Lord  Sun- 
derland, 470  ;  Assumed  Submission  of  Connecticut  to  James,  471 ;  Dongan  reproves 
the  Conduct  of  Connecticut,  472  ;  Andros  takes  the  Government  of  Connecticut  into 
his  hands,  473  ;  The  Senecas  seek  the  Protection  of  Corlaer,  474  ;  Whitehall  Treaty 
of  Neutrality  in  North  America,  475  ;  Vaudreuil  in  Canada ;  Denonville's  Expedition 
against  the  Senecas,  476 ;  Iroquois  sent  Prisoners  to  France,  476 ;  Lamberville  in 
Danger,  477 ;  The  French  at  Irondequoit ;  La  Fontaine  Marion  shot,  478  ;  Denon- 
ville's Advance,  479  ;  French  take  Possession  of  the  Seneca  Country,  480 ;  Denonr 
ville  builds  a  Fort  at  Niagara,  480 ;  Dongan's  Conference  with  the  Iroquois  at  Al- 
bany, 481 ;  No  French  Priests  to  be  allowed  among  the  Iroquois,  482  ;  Dongan  sup- 
plies the  Iroquois  with  Arms,  483 ;  War  Tax  in  New  York,  484  ;  Palmer  goes  to  En- 
gland with  Dongan's  Dispatches,  485 ;  Spanish  Indian  Slaves  again  set  free,  486 ; 
BrockhoUs  in  Command  at  New  York,  487 ;  Dongan  winters  at  Albany,  488 ;  De- 
nonville  sends  Vaillant  and  Dumont  to  Albany,  489  ;  James's  Declaration  of  Liberty 
of  Conscience,  490  ;  French  Protestant  Refugees  favored  by  James,  490 ;  Perth  Am- 
boy  made  a  Port  subject  to  New  York,  491 ;  New  Royal  Seal  for  New  York,  491 ; 
Plowman  appointed  Collector  of  New  York,  492 ;  James's  Instructions  to  Dongan 
about  the  Iroquois,  492  ;  Agreement  between  James  and  Louis  to  prevent  Colonial 
Hostilities,  493  ;  The  French  assert  Sovereignty  over  the  Iroquois,  494 ;  Negotiations 
of  the  French  Agents  with  Dongan  at  Albany,  494  ;  Dongan's  Report  to  Sunderland, 
495;  Dongan  calls  on  the  neighboring  Colonies  for  Help,  496  ;  Address  of  New  York 
to  the  Kiiig,  496. 

CHAPTER    X. 

1G88-16S9. 

Colonial  Administration  of  James  the  Second,  497 ;  Popular  Representation  not  allow- 
ed in  the  English  Colonies,  498 ;  James  faithful  to  England,  499 ;  New  York  Con- 
solidated with  New  England,  500 ;  Andros  appointed  Viceroy  of  the  Dominion,  501 } 


xii  CONTENTS. 

Jf.mes's  new  Commission  to  Andros,  502  ;  Andros's  Instructions,  503  ;  Francis  Nich- 
olson appointed  Lieutenant  Governor,  504  ;  New  Tax  levied  in  New  York,  505  ;  The 
Reformed  Dutch  Church  asks  to  be  Incorporated,  506 ;  New  York,  Canada,  and  the 
Iroquois,  507 ;  Grande-Gueule  rebukes  Denonville,  508 ;  Denonville  makes  Peace 
with  the  Iroquois,  who  assert  their  independence  of  England  and  France,  508  ;  French 
Fort  at  Niagara  demolished,  509  ;  Indian  Slaves  to  be  set  Free,  509  ;  Tax  Law  Sus- 
pended, 510 ;  Andros  at  Pemaquid,  510  ;  Keturns  to  Boston,  511 ;  Graham  and  Ja- 
mison favored  by  Andros,  511 ;  Palmer  made  a  New  England  Judge,  511 ;  Andros 
in  New  Ywk  ;  The  Seal  of  New  York  broken,  512 ;  New  Jersey  reduced,  512  ;  New 
York  dislikes  Annexation  to  New  England,  513  ;  New  York  and  Massachusetts  very 
different,  511: ;  Laws  passed  at  New  York  by  Andros,  515  ;  Selyns's  Opinion  of  An- 
dros ;  Hinckley's  Opinion  of  Dongan,  51G  ;  Birth  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  ;  Eejoicings 
in  New  York,  516  ;  Andros  at  Albany  calls  the  Iroquois  "  Children,"  517 ;  The  Mo- 
hawks wish  to  remain  "Brethren,"  518 ;  Adario  captures  the  Iroquois  Delegates,  519 ; 
Denonville  baffled ;  Callieres  sent  to  France,  520 ;  Andros  returns  to  Boston,  leaving 
Nicholson  in  command  at  New  York,  521 ;  Andros  goes  to  Maine  as  General,  522  ; 
Traitorous  Boston  Merchants ;  Garrisons  established  in  Maine  by  Andros,  523  ;  Buc- 
caneers or  Pirates  imprisoned  by. Nicholson  in  Boston,  52-1 ;  The  old  Boston  Mint 
coins  Piratical  Plate,  525 ;  The  Massachusetts  Hedge  broken  by  Episcopal  wild 
Beasts ;  Misrepresentations  of  Andros,  526  ;  The  New  York  Confidents  of  the  Gov- 
ernor, 527;  Puritan  hatred  of  Episcopacy  ;  Mather  goes  to  London,  528;  Sir  Wil- 
liam Phipps  High  Sheriff  of  New  England,  529  ;  Mather  kindly  received  by  James, 
529  ;  Massachusetts  wishes  James  to  establish  a  Colonial  Landed  Aristocracy,  530 ; 
James  favors  Penn,  531 ;  James's  Second  Declaration  for  Liberty  of  Conscience,  532  ; 
Trial  and  Acquittal  of  the  Bishops,  532  ;  Birth  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  532  ;  The 
Prince  of  Orange  invited  to  England,  532 ;  The  Prince's  Policy,  533  ;  Cornells  Ev- 
ertsen  of  Zeeland ;  William  lands  at  Torbay,  533  ;  James's  Proclamation  and  Letters 
to  the  American  Colonies,  53-1 ;  Lovelace,  Coi-nbury,  and  others  flock  to  William, 
53-t ;  James  throws  his  Great  Seal  into  the  Thames  and  goes  to  France,  535. 

CHAPTER   XL 

1688-1C89. 

William  in  London,  536 ;  Orange  Ribands  worn,  536 ;  William's  first  Colonial  Acts, 
537  ;  The  Prince's  Circular  Letter  not  sent  to  Boston,  537 ;  The  Convention  Parlia- 
ment :  Its  Declaration  of  Right  copied  from  the  Dutch,  538 ;  William  and  Mary  King 
and  Queen  of  England,  539  ;  William's  Plantation  Committee,  539  ;  All  Persons  to 
remain  in  their  old  Offices  in  the  Plantations  until  farther  Orders,  540 ;  English 
Corporation  Bill  ftiils,  541 ;  Phipps  and  Mather's  Petition  to  William,  541 ;  Wil- 
liam wishes  to  preseiTe  the  Dominion  of  New  England  whole,  542  ;  James  and 
Phipps,  543  ;  Phipps  goes  to  Boston,  543  ;  The  Plantations  to  be  made  more  de- 
pendent on  the  Crown  of  England,  544 ;  James  in  Ireland,  544  ;  War  declared 
between  England  and  France,  545 ;  Colonial  Policy  of  Louis,  545 ;  Iroquois  Pris- 
oners sent  home  from  France,  546;  Callieres's  Project  approved  by  Louis,  547; 
Denonville  recalled,  and  Frontenac  appointed  Governor  of  Canada,  547  ;  Fronte- 
nac's  Instructions  in  regard  to  New  York,  547 ;  Andros's  Proclamation  from  Pem- 
aquid, 548  ;  Andros  returns  to  Boston,  549  ;  A  "general  Buzzing"  at  Boston,  550; 
Politics  of  the  Boston  Gentlemen  ;  Lies  circulated,  551  ;  Insurrection  in  Boston,  552 ; 
Andros  Imprisoned  by  the  Boston  Insurgents,  553 ;  Plymouth  does  not  like  "  to  trot 
after  the  Bay  Horse,"  554;  Secession  triumphs,  554;  Connecticut  revolts,  555; 
Phipps's  Felony  at  Boston,  555  ;  Inconsistency  of  the  Boston  Revolt,  556 ;  Virginia, 


CONTENTS.  xiii 

Maryland,  and  Pennsylvania,  55G ;  Nicholson  Lieutenant  Governor  at  New  York, 
557 ;  Phillipse,  Van  Cortlandt,  and  Bayard  Resident  Counselors,  558 ;  Convention  of 
Officers  called  in  New  York,  559 ;  Nicholson's  Letter  to  the  Boston  Eebels,  560 ; 
Long  Island  in  trouble,  560 ;  Nicholson's  Eeport  to  AVilliam  sent  by  Eiggs  to  En- 
gland, 561 ;  Andros's  verbal  Orders  to  Nicholson,  561 ;  Baxter  and  Eussell  suspend- 
ed, 562  ;  Excessive  Protestantism  in  New  York,  563 ;  Nicholson  insulted  and  misrep- 
resented, 563 ;  Jacob  Leisler  a  German,  not  a  Dutchman,  564 ;  Dutch  Influence  in 
New  York ;  Leisler's  Declaration,  566  ;  Leisler  in  Fort  James,  567 ;  Leisler's  Proc- 
lamation from  Fort  James,  568 ;  Leisler's  Address  to  William,  569  ;  Nicholson  leaves 
New  York  ;  Letter  of  the  Council  to  the  English  Government,  570 ;  Leisler  assumes 
the  Command,  571 ;  William  and  Mary  proclaimed  in  New  York,  572  ;  Leisler's  Con- 
vention at  New  York,  573  ;  Committee  of  Safety ;  Leisler  Captain  of  the  Fort,  574 ; 
Leisler  commissioned  as  Commander-in-Chief  by  his  Committee  of  Safety,  575  ;  Leis- 
ler writes  to  William,  576 ;  Jacob  Milborne ;  His  bad  Advice,  576 ;  Michaelma^ 
Charter  Election  in  New  York,  577 ;  Leisler  attempts  Albany,  578 ;  Bleecker  and 
Schuyler,  579;  Bayard  at  Albany,  580;  The  Albany  Convention,  581;  Millet  an 
Oneida  Sachem,  582  ;  The  Iroquois  ravage  La  Chine,  583 ;  Leisler  writes  to  Wen- 
dell and  Bleecker  at  Albany,  584 ;  Eival  Governments  in  New  York  and  Albany,  585 ; 
Leisler's  Despotism,  586  ;  Milborne  sent  to  Albany,  587  ;  Bleecker  and  Schuyler  op- 
pose Milborne,  who  is  baffled  at  Albany,  588  ;  Connecticut  sends  Soldiers  to  Albany, 
589  ;  Bayard  denounces  Leisler,  589  ;  Phillipse  submits  to  Leisler,  590 ;  The  Fourth 
and  Fifth  of  November  Holidays  in  New  York,  591. 

CHAPTER    XII. 

IG89-1C91. 

Trouble  in  London  about  the  Colonies,  592 ;  WiUiam's  Letter  to  Massachusetts,  593 ; 
His  Letter  to'Nicholson  at  New  York,  593 ;  Eiggs  brings  the  King's  Dispatches  to 
New  York,  594  ;  Henry  Sloughter  appointed  Governor  of  New  York,  594  ;  Nicholson 
made  Lieutenant  Governor  of  Virginia,  595  ;  Stoll  foiled  in  London  ;  Matthew 
Clarkson  appointed  Secretary  of  New  York,  596  ;  Leisler  seizes  the  royal  Dispatches 
to  Nicholson  and  his  Council,  brought  by  Riggs  to  New  York,  597 ;  Leisler  assumes 
to  be  Lieutenant  Governor,  598  ;  He  appoints  Counselors,  and  makes  a  Seal  for  New 
York,  599  ;  Leisler  issues  new  Commissions  and  erects  Courts,  600 ;  Leisler's  Letters 
to  the  King  and  Bishop  Burnet,  600 ;  Bayard  and  Nicholson  Prisoners  in  the  Fort, 
601  ;  Albany  Convention  declares  against  Leisler,  002;  Frontenac  at  Quebec,  603; 
French  Message  to  the  Iroquois ;  Grand  Council  at  Onondaga,  604  ;  The  Iroquois  stick 
to  "  Quider, "  005  ;  Advice  to  attack  Quebec,  605  ;  Frontenac's  Expedition  against 
Schenectady,  606  ;  Schenectady  attacked,  607 ;  Domine  Tesschenmaeker  and  others 
killed,  and  Prisoners  taken,  608 :  Captain  Alexander  Glen,  or  Coudre,  608 ;  The  French 
return  to  Canada,  609  ;  Albany  advises  an  attack  on  Canada,  609  ;  The  Mohawks  at 
Albany,  610  ;  The  Albany  Convention  sends  Barentsen  to  New  York,  and  Livingston, 
Teunissen,  and  Garton  to  New  England,  61 1 ;  Albany  urges  the  union  of  all  the  British 
Colonies  against  Canada,  611 ;  Leisler  imprisons  Andros's  officers,  611 ;  DonganinNew 
Jersey,  612  ;  Leisler  rebuked  by  Connecticut,  612  ;  Leisler  tries  to  arrest  Livingston, 
613;  Massachusetts  cold  toward  New  York,  613;  DeBruyn  and  others  sent  by  Leisler 
to  Boston ;  Fort  Orange  surrendered  to  them,  614  ;  Suffolk  County  disregards  Leisler's 
authority,  but  his  Assembly  meets,  615  ;  A  Colonial  Congress  at  New  York ;  Its  Ac- 
tion, 616;  New  York  Cruisers  against  the  French,  617;  Frontenac  sends  D'Eau  to 
Onondaga,  617 ;  Conference  at  Albany  with  the  Iroquois,  617 ;  D'Eau  seized  at  Al- 
bany and  sent  to  New  York  by  the  Iroquois;  Kryn,  the  great  Mohawk,  slain,  618; 


XIV  CONTENTS. 

StoU  returns  from  London  with  bad  News  for  Leisler,  618  ;  Address  of  the  principal 
Inhabitants  of  New  York  to  William  and  Mary,  G19  ;  Leisler  assaulted;  Sends  Let- 
ters to  the  King  by  Blagge,  619  ;  Leisler  appoints  Milborne  General,  who  is  objected 
to  by  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts,  620 ;  Winthrop  appointed  General ;  Marches 
to  Albany ;  Council  of  War  at  Wood  Creek,  620 ;  Epidemic  Small-pox  ;  The  Army 
marches  back  to  Albany ;  Leisler  imprisons  Winthrop,  and  is  rebuked  by  Connecti- 
cut, 621 ;  Captain  John  Schuyler's  successful  Expedition  against  La  Prairie,  622 ; 
Leislers  intemperate  Letters  to  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  622 ;  Phipps  re- 
pulsed at  Quebec ;  Massachusetts  obliged  to  issue  Paper  Money,  623 ;  New  York 
Cruisers  take  French  Prizes,  623 ;  Assembly  at  New  York ;  Laws  passed,  623  ;  Al- 
bany Officers  appointed,  624  ;  Leisler  quarrels  with  the  Dutch  and  French  Clergy  of 
the  Province,  624,  625  ;  Huguenots  at  New  Eochelle,  625  ;  Milborne  sent  to  subdue 
the  opponents  of  Leisler  on  Long  Island,  625  ;  Clapp's  Letter  against  Leisler  to  the 
t  Secretary  of  State,  625,  626  ;  Viele  Agent  at  Onondaga,  626  ;  Boston  advises  Leisler 
to  be  moderate,  626 ;  Leisler's  abusive  Letter  to  Connecticut,  626 ;  Last  Acts  of 
Leisler's  Despotism,  627 ;  William's  New  York  Goverament,  627 ;  Sloughter's  Com- 
mission ;  Assembly ;  Council,  627,  628  ;  Sloughter's  Instructions ;  Councilors,  628  ; 
Andros  and  others  sent  to  England  and  discharged,  629  ;  Dudley  a  New  York  Coun- 
cilor, 629  ;  New  Provincial  Seal ;  Soldiers  for  New  York ;  Major  Richard  Ingoldesby 
commissioned,  630 ;  Blagge  in  London ;  His  Papers  referred  to  Sloughter,  631 ; 
Sloughter  sails  for  New  York,  and  is  carried  to  Bermuda,  631 ;  Ingoldesby  at  New 
York ;  Demands  the  Fort ;  Leisler  very  angry  at  the  demand ;  Refuses  Compliance, 
631,  632  ;  Leisler  obstinate,  632,  633  ;  Leisler  opposes  Ingoldesby,  633  ;  Leisler  keeps 
Councilors  Bayard  and  Nicolls  Prisoners,  633  ;  Leisler's  fresh  Lies,  634 ;  Action  of 
the  Eoyal  Council,  634  ;  Leisler's  Proclamation,  634  ;  Clarkson  writes  to  Connecti- 
cut;  Allyn's  Advice  to  Leisler,  635;  "'Peace  Address"  from  Kings  and  Queens 
Counties,  635 ;  William  Kidd,  a  Privateer,  635 ;  Leisler's  Declaration  against  In- 
goldesby ;  Reply  of  the  Council,  635  ;  The  Council  consider  Ingoldesby  chief  Com- 
mander, 636  ;  Leisler  fires  on  the  Troops ;  Persons  killed ;  The  Block-house  surren- 
ders, 636  ;  Arrival  of  Sloughter ;  Councilors  sworn,  637  ;  Milborne  and  De  la  Noy 
imprisoned,  637 ;  Leisler's  Submission  to  Sloughter,  638 ;  Leisler  imprisoned,  and 
Bayard  and  Nicolls  set  free ;  An  Assembly  called,  and  Officers  appointed  by  Slough- 
ter, 638  ;  Domine  Seljnis's  Sermon,  638  ;  Sloughter  appoints  a  Special  Commission  of 
Oyer  and  Terminer,  639  ;  The  Prisoners  indicted  by  the  Grand  Jury,  639  ;  Leisler 
and  Milborne  refuse  to  plead ;  Opinion  of  the  Governor  and  Council  on  the  King's 
Letter  to  Nicholson,  640  ;  Eight  of  the  Prisoners  convicted ;  Two  acquitted ;  Prison- 
ers sentenced  and  reprieved,  640  ;  Blagge's  Memorial  answered,  641 ;  Sloughter's  Re- 
ports to  England,  641  ;  Jamison  Clerk  of  the  Council ;  Dellius  returns  and  is  reward- 
ed, 641 ;  The  Assembly  meets  ;  Its  Members,  642  ;  Speeches  of  Sloughter  and  Dud- 
ley to  the  Assembly,  642 ;  Assembly's  Resolutions  against  Leisler's  arbitrary  Acts, 

642  ;  Rebellion  abhorred  by  the  Assembly,  643  ;  The  Assembly  resolves  that  the  Co- 
lonial Laws  of  James  are  void,  643  ;  The  Council  does  not  concur  in  this  Resolution, 

643  ;  Assembly's  Address  to  William  and  Maiy,  644 ;  Assembly  Bills  to  be  drawn  by 
the  Attorney  General,  644  ;  Law  passed  to  quiet  Disorders,  644  ;  Law  declaring  the 
Rights  of  the  People  of  New  York,  645  ;  Courts  established,  and  Judges  appointed, 
646 ;  Revenue  Act,  646 ;  Kidd  rewarded,  646  ;  Amnesty  Law ;  Certain  Exceptions, 
G47  ;  Sloughter's  Proclamation,  647 ;  Petitions  for  Leisler's  pardon ;  His  Execution 
demanded,  647 ;  Resolution  of  the  Council ;  Sloughter  signs  the  Death-warrant  of 
Leisler  and  Milborne,  648  ;  Leisler  and  Milborne  executed  ;  Their  dying  Speeches, 
648  ;  Their  Execution  a  Political  Mistake  ;  Its  Consequences  to  New  York,  649. 


CONTENTS.  XV 

f 

APPENDIX. 

Note  A Page  651 

NoteB 653 

NoteC 653 

NoteD 658 

NoteE 659 

NoteF 661 

Note  G 662 

Note  H 662 

IxDEX 665 


HISTORY 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

_ 

CHAPTER  I. 
1664. 

The  year  sixteen  hundred   and  sixty-foni'  found  the  cnAr.i. 
strongest  powers  of  Europe  on  the  brink  of  a  fierce  war.   ^   , 
That  war  determined  the  fate  of  New  York.  war  at 

In  France,  Louis  the  Fourteenth  was  pushing  up  to  its  ^"'°'^- 
pinnacle  the  idea  of  absolute  monarchy.  The  king  was 
himself  the  state.  Laborious  and  untiring,  Louis  had  the 
rare  faculty  of  choosing  well  his  subordinates.  Colbert 
became  his  minister  of  finance ;  Lionne,  of  foreign  affairs ; 
Louvois,  of  war.  Conde,  Luxembourg,  and  Tm-enne,  his 
victorious  generals,  earned  him  bloody  renown.  The 
French  king  was  a  devout  son  of  the  Eoman  Church.  France 
But,  above  all  other  characteristics,  he  had  the  instinct  of  the  Four- 
grandeur  and  the  thirst  for  glory.  "  There  is  stuff  enough  ^^^ 
in  him,"  said  Mazarin,  "  to  make  four  kings  and  an  honest 
man."  If  Louis  was  not  the  greatest  sovereign,  he  was 
"  the  best  actor  of  majesty  that  ever  filled  a  throne."  More 
than  any  other  monarch,  he  had  "  the  marvellous  art  of 
reigning."  Supreme  in  France,  he  wished  to  sway  all  Eu- 
rope, and  to  that  end  he  directed  his  subtile  diplomacy. 
He  soon  established  a  control  over  the  half  French  king  of 
England.  "With  the. United  K'etherlands  he  made  a  treaty 
of  alhance.  But  the  system  of  bribeiy  by  which  Louis 
succeeded  almost  every  where  else,  failed  when  it  was  used 
against  the  chief  servants  of  the  Dutch  BepubHc. 

After  the  death  of  the  second  William  of  Orange>  in 
XL— A 


2  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OE  NEW  YORK. 

cnAP.  I.  November,  1650,  the  dignity  of  stadtholder  had  remained 
"77~~~  in  abeyance,  and  the  Dutch  executive  authority  had  been 
administered  by  statesmen  whose  political  opinions  were 
opposed  to  those  of  the  deceased  prince.  One  of  these 
opinions  was  that  the  almost  royal  power  which  the  stadt- 
holdera,te  gave  to  the  house  of  Orange  was  dangerous  to 
the  republic.  A  few  days  after  the  death  of  William,  liis 
widow,  who  was  the  daughter  of  Charles  the  First  of  En- 
The  Dutch  gland,  gave  birth  to  a  son,  whom  she  desired  to  name 
.indwii-  Charles,  but  who  was  baptized  William  Henry,  in  the 
Third.  ^  great  Dutch  Church  at  the  Hague.  He  succeeded  liis  fa- 
ther as  William,  the  "Bhird  Prince  of  Orange.  This  event 
roused  the  apprehensions  of  the  Louvestein,  or  aristocratic 
party,  at  the  head  of  which  was  the  young  John  De  Witt, 
a  disciple  of  Descartes,  already  conspicuous  for  his  abihty, 
firmness,  and  integrity.  So  highly  were  his  talents  and 
prudence  esteemed,  that  he  was  frequently  called  "  The 
wisdom  of  Holland."  His  mind  was  well  compared  with 
that  of  Richelieu.  In  1653,  De  Witt  was  made  Grand 
Pensionary  of  Holland,  and  thenceforward  he  became  the 
real  chief  magistrate  of  the  republic.  To  gratify  Crom- 
well, he  procured  an  act  of  the  States  excluding  the  Prince 
of  Orange  fi-om  the  office  of  stadtholder.  Upon  the  resto- 
ration of  Charles  the  Second  to  the  throne  of  England, 
this  act,  so  insulting  to  his  nephew,  was  repealed.  De 
John  De  Witt,  nevertheless,  remained  at  the  head  of  Dutch  affairs, 
wliich  he  directed  Avith  consmnmate  skill  and  nearly  regal 
authority.  His  coimtry  had  reached  the  zenith  of  its  pros- 
perit}'  and  glojy.  Domestic  trade  and  manufactures  main- 
tained a  growing  population  in  content  and  abundance; 
while  foreign  commerce,  searching  every  shore  of  the 
globe,  poured  continual  riches  into  the  warehouses  of  Hol- 
land and  Zealand.  An  alhance  had  secured  the  friend- 
ship of  France.  A  similar  treaty  promised  peace  with  En- 
gland ;  and  Charles,  solemnly  professing  gratitude  and  af- 
fection toward  the  Dutch  people,  confided  to  the  States  of 
Holland  the  guardianship  of  his  infant  nephew,  William 
of  Orange.  With  the  king  apparently  so  Avell  disposed,  it 
seemed  as  if  enduring  fi-iendship  was  established  between 
the  two  great  Protestant  nations  of  Europe — continental 
Holland  and  insular  England. 


Witt. 


ENGLISH  JEALOUSY  OF  THE  DUTCH.  3 

It  "was  an  interesting  circumstance  that  the  royal  family  chap.  i. 
of  Great  Britain  was  connected  with  the  Kino;  of  France "" 

-J  OOA 

and  the  Prince  of  Orange  in  a  nearly  equal  degree.  To- 
ward  Louis  and  William,  Royalist  Enghshmen  felt  much 
more  kindly  than  did  the  men  of  the  Commonwealth. 
But  Englishmen  generally  hated  both  Frenchmen  and  Hoi-  England 
landers  with  strong  national  antipathies.  The  court  poets  uonai  an. " 
praised  the  frivolous  French,  whose  fashions  were  imitated  *'p**'®'- 
at  Whitehall,  while  they  lampooned  the  honester  Dutch, 
whose  national  virtues  were  a  reproach  to  their  king  and 
to  themselves.  Even  the  most  accomplished  English  schol- 
ars were  superciliously  ignorant  of  the  literatm'e  of  Hol- 
land, .then  so  rich  in  varied  learning.  Yet,  with  all  their 
affectation  of  contempt,  the  English  were  intensely  jealous 
of  the  Dutch,  whose  enterprise,  outrunning  their  own,  had 
estabhshed  a  profitable  commerce  in  Asia  and  Africa. 
The  Ka^^gation  Act  of  the  Commonwealth,  de^■ised  to  crip- 
ple the  foreign  trade  of  the  Netherlands,  was  made  more 
vindictive  just  after  the  Restoration.  Dry  den  but  uttered 
the  envy  of  his  countrymen  when  he  wrote  of  the  Hol- 
landers— 

"As  Cato  fruits  of  Afiic  did  display, 
Let  us  before  our  eyes  their  Indies  lay ; 
All  loyal  English  will  like  him  conclude, 
Let  Ca;sar  live,  and  Carthage  be  subdued.  "* 

Nevertheless,  there  was  no  cause  of  war  between  En- , 
gland  and  Holland.     The  British  sovereign  ostentatiously 
professed  liis  own  good  feeling  toward  the  nation  which  charies  the 
he  allowed  his  corn-tiers  to  abuse.     But  there  was  no  faith  *^'^°°  ' 
in  the  frivolous  King  of  England.     Of  all  her  monarchs, 
Charles  the  Second  was  the  meanest  and  most  insincere. 
If  Louis  of  France  was  the  best  actor  of  majesty,  Charles 
of  England  was  the  greatest  dissembler  that  ever  sat  on  a 
throne.     He  did  not  lack  talent,  nor  education,  nor  the 
training  of  adversity,  but  he  did  lack  conscience,  a  sense 
of  shame,  and  an  honest  heart.     His  early  years  had  been 
passed  in  his  father's  palace,  whence  he  had  been  driven 
into  strange  lands.     Dimng  the  period  of  the  Common- 
wealth he  had  wandered  among  princes  and  peoples,  en- 
during vicissitudes  of  fortune  which  few  royal  personages 

•  Satire  on  the  Dutch,  1G02. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


James, 
Duke  of 

York. 


cuAP.i.  ever  had  the  advantage  of  enjoying,  but  profiting  nothing 
from  an  experience  which  should  have  made  him  one  of 
'  the  greatest  of  kings.  At  the  age  of  thii-ty  years  he  was 
recalled  to  England  and  crovrned  its  sovereign.  But 
Charles  brought  back  with  him  from  his  exile  no  proper 
sense  of  his  kingly  office.  Like  a  prodigal  heir,  who  pos- 
sessed an  estate  after  long  nm'sing  by  a  prudent  guardian, 
he  came  home  to  Whitehall,  eager  to  expend  a  splendid 
inheritance.  His  selfish  heart,  and  easy  temper,  and  glib 
tongue  enabled  him  calmly  to  put  by  every  embarrassing 
question  of  public  concern,  while  he  submitted  liimself  to 
the  most  degraduig  influences.  It  followed  that  the  reign 
of  Charles  the  Second  was  the  most  execrable  of  any  in 
the  annals  of  England. 

Charles  had  a  brother,  three  years  younger  than  him- 
self, James,  Duke  of  York  and  Albany.  As  the  king  had 
no  legitimate  offspring,  the  duke  was  heir  presmnptive  to 
the  British  throne.  Although  married  to  a  daughter  of 
his  brother's  chief  minister,  James  was  a  cold-blooded  lib- 
ertine ;  and,  while  he  professed  to  be  a  Protestant,  was 
gradually  becoming  a  Boman  Catholic.  His  temper  was 
harsh  and  obstinate,  his  understanding  slow,  and  his  views 
narrow;  but  his  word  was  sacred.  He  loved  the  details 
of  business  as  much  as  the  king  detested  them,  and  with 
all  the  method  of  a  conscientious  clerk,  he  seemed  to  work 
.  for  work's  sake.  To  aid  in  supporting  his  dignity,  the  rev- 
enues of  the  post-ofiice,  estimated  at  about  twenty  thousand 
pounds  a  year,  were  settled  on  the  duke  by  an  obsequious 
Parliament.  One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  Mng  was  to  ap- 
point his  brother  lord  high  admiral  of  England.  In  exe- 
cuting the  duties  of  this  ofiice,  which  involved  all  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  navy,  James  was  assisted  by  a  Board 
of  Admiralty,  of  which  John  Lord  Berkeley,  of  Stratton, 
and  Admiral  Sir  William  Penn,  were  commissioners.  Sir 
George  Carteret  treasurer,  and  Samuel  Pef)ys  clerk.  The 
duke's  own  private  affairs  were  managed  by  three  com- 

The  duke's  missioners.  Sir  William  Coventry,  who  also  acted  as  his  sec- 
retary, Henry  Brouncker,  and  Thomas  Povey,  who  was 
likewise  his  treasurer  and  receiver  general. 

There  was  at  this  time,  properly  speaking,  no  ministry 
to  conduct  the  public  affairs  of  England.     The  privy  coun- 


commis 
£iouer3, 


THE  ENGLISH  "  CABAL"  AND  PLANTATION  COUNCIL.     5 

cil  were  the  nominal  advisers  of  the  sovereign.     Each  de-  chap.  i. 
partment  of  the  government  was  directed  by  a  comiselor     ~ 
responsible  for  his  own  acts,  but  not  for  those  of  his  asso-  " 

ciates,  as  is  the  modern  British  cabinet  minister.     The 
most  important,  and  by  far  the  most  able  of  the  king's  Ministers 
servants,  was  the  lord  chancellor,  Edward  Hyde,  Earl  of  the  second. 
Clarendon,  and  father-in-law  of  the  Dulve  of  York.     The 
secretaries  of  state  were  Sir  William  Morrice   and  Sir 
Henry  Bennet,  afterward  Earl  of  Arlington.     Sir  Anthony 
Ashley  Cooper,  Lord  Ashley,  and  afterward  Earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury, was  president  of  the  council,  and  Thomas,  Earl  of 
Southampton,  lord  high  treasurer.     These  five  chief  minis-  The  En- 
ters were  collectively  called  "  The  Cabal,"  or  cabinet.     The  "  cabai." 
affairs  of  the  colonies  and  foreign  plantations  of  England 
were  managed  by  a  council  appointed  by  the  king,  consist- 
ing of  the  chief  ofBcers  of  state  and  others,  among  whom 
were  Lord  Say  and  Sele,  John  Lord  Berkeley,  Sir  George  plantation 
Carteret,  Denzil  HoUis,  Robert  Boyle,  Sir  "William  Cov- 
entry, and  the  poet,  Edmund  Waller.    They  were  specially 
instructed  to  acquaint  themselves  with  the  condition  of 
each  colony,  correspond  with  the  governors,  cause  the  Act 
of  Navigation  to  be  strictly  executed,  provide  for  the  settle- 
ment and  maintenance  of  "  learned  and  orthodox  minis- 
ters," and  endeavor  to  bring  the  several  colonies  into  more 
certain  uniformity  of  government,  and  render  "  those  domin- 
ions useful  to  England,  and  England  helpful  to  them."* 

Of  all  the  servants  of  Charles  the  Second,  the  one  whose 
influence  was  at  this  moment  most  pernicious  was  Sir 
George  Downing,  his  envoy  to  the  United  Pro^dnces.  Downing. 
Downing  was  a  nephew  of  the  elder  John  Wintlirop,  and 
was  one  of  the  earliest,  ablest,  and  basest  graduates  of 
Harvard  College  in  Massachusetts.  He  was  sent  by  Crom-  . 
well  ambassador  to  Holland,  where  he  insulted  his  exiled 
king ;  but  as  he  was  "  capable  of  managing  a  bad  design," 
he  was  forgiven  and  taken  into  the  favor  of  Charles  at  the 
Restoration.  Those  who  knew  Downing  best  described 
him  as  "  a  crafty,  fawning  man,"  a  "  perfidious  rogue,"  a 
"  most  ungrateful  villain,"  and  "  a  false  man  who  betrayed 

*  Pepys's  Diary  (Bohn's  ed.),  ii.,312;  iii.,  IGT,  328,  331 ;  Letters  of  D'Estrades,  ii.,  487; 
Rapin,  ii.,  635 ;  Llngard,  xii.,  2C6 ;  Macaulay,  i.,  211,  212,  2T3 ;  iv.,  435 ;  New  York  Colo- 
nial Documents,  iii.,  32-36;  Sainsbury's  Calendar  of  State  Papers,  i.,  492,493,494;  ante, 
vol.  i.,  p.  686. 


1664. 


6     .  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

liis  trust."  The  renegade  certainly  seems  to  liave  merited 
his  damaging  portrait.  "  If  we  may  believe  history,  he  was 
a  scoundrel."  He  was  "keen,  bold,  subtile,  active,  and 
observant,  but  imperious  and  imscrupulous  ;  naturally  pre- 
ferring menace  to  persuasion ;  reckless  of  the  means  em- 
ployed and  the  risk  incuiTed  in  the  pursuit  of  a  proposed 
object ;  disliking  and  distrusting  De  Witt  and  the  Dutch, 
and  forearmed  with  a  fierce  determination  not  to  be  foiled 
or  overreached."* 

Downing  lost  no  opportunity  to  inflame  English  jealousy 
of  the  Hollanders.     His  correspondence  with  Lord  Chan- 
cellor Clarendon,  who  seems  to  have  as  much  to  dp  with 
the  foreign  department  as  the  secretaries  Morrice  and  Ben- 
Downing'3  net  themsclvcs,  oxhibits  a  constant  desire  to  provoke  the 
cnce.     '  king  into  a  war  with  the  United  Provinces.     Pretexts  were 
not  wanting.     The  Dutch  East  and  West  India  Companies 
were  charged  with  colonial  aggressions.     Charles,  howev- 
er,- disliked  hostilities,  although  he  hated  De  Witt,  whom 
he  considered  the  chief  obstacle  to  the  advancement  of 
his  nephew,  William  of  Orange.      The  Duke  of  York,  on 
the  other  hand,  absolutely  detested  the  Zealanders,  who 
had  punished,  less  promptly  than  he  wished,  the  authors  of 
some 'libels  against  himself.    Besides,,  said  Clarendon, "  hav- 
ing been,  even  from  his  childhood,  in  the  command  of 
armies,  and  in  his  nature  inclined  to  the  most  difficult  and 
dangerous  enterprises,  he  was  already  weary  of  having  so 
little  to  do,  and  too  impatiently  longed  for  any  war  in 
which  he  knew  he  could  not  but  have  the  chief  command." 
Moreover,  James  was  the  governor  of  the  new  Royal  Afri- 
Engiishne-  cau  Company,  which,  besides  selling  their  negro  slaves  "at_ 
gros  a\e3.  ^j^^  Barbados,  and  other  the  king's  plantations,  at  their  own 
prices,"  imported  into  England  fi*om  the  coast  of  Guinea 
"  such  store  of  gold  that  administered  the  first  occasion  for 
Origin  of    the  coinage  of  those  pieces  which  from  thence  had  the  de- 
guineas.  j^Qjj^jjjg^|.jQjj  Qf  guineas.^^    The  Dutch  West  India  Company 
were  accused  of  injuring  the  duke's  African  interests ;  but 

*  Hutchinson's  Massachusetts,  i.,  Ill,  510 ;  Savage's  Winthrop,  ii,  240-243  ;  Mass.  Hist. 
Soc.  Coll.,  xxxvi.,  536-544 ;  Palfrey's  New  England,  ii.,  431 ;  John  Adams's  Works,  x.,  329 ; 
Pepys,  i.,  204,  2C5;  Evelyn,  ii.,  S;  Burnet,  i.,  T9S  ;  Lister's  Life  of  Clarendon,  ii.,  231;  D'Es- 
trade's  Letters,  ii.,  3G3,  304;  K  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  ii.,  410^18  note;  aii^*",  vol.  i.,p.  700.  There 
is  a  curious  narrative  of  an  interview  between  Charles  the  Second  and  Do^nling  at  the 
Hague,  while  the  latter  was  Cromwell's  ambas-ador,  in  the  Antiquarian  Kcpertorj-,  and  in 
the  Universal  Magazine  for  November,  17T0,  vol  Ixv.,  p.  245. 


EUROPEAN  COLONIES  IN  NORTH  AMERICA.  7 

even  Downing  could  not  make  out  a  fair  case  against  tliem.  chap.  i. 
Nevertheless,  Sir  Kobert  Holmes  was  secretly  dispatched 
with  a  squadron  to  the  coast  of  Guinea,  where  he  seized  j-ebmary'. 
the  Dutch  fort  of  Cabo  Corso,  and  committed  other  acts  of 
affsression,  which  Lord  Clarendon  afterward  admitted  were 
"without  any  shadow  of  justice."^^' 

Another  motive  influenced  the  mind  of  James,  and  even- 
tually governed  the  action  of  Charles.     This  arose  out  of 
the   condition   of  affairs  in  ISTorth  America.     There,  for 
nearly  half  a  century,  England,  France,  and  Holland  had  European 
each,  with  various  success,  endeavored  to  appropriate  terri-  North 
tory  and  plant  and  rear  dependent  colonies.     France,  the   '^^"'^'''• 
pioneer,  had  first  pushed  her  adventurous  way  through  the 
valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence,  and  had  set  up  the  emblem 
of  her  national  faith  beside  the  banner  of  her  king  among 
the  savage  tribes  which  inhabited  its  borders.     Thus  arose 
her  dominion  over  New  France,  or  Canada  and  Acadia.  Canada. 
Farther  south,  England  had  clung  to  the  sea-coast,  the  clear 
waters  of  which  were  alive  with  the  finest  fish,  and  where 
commodious  harbors  invited  her  emigrants  to  linger  near 
those  cr)'stal  waves  which  could  roll  unbroken  to  Land's 
End.     Yet  England  had  not  explored  nor  occupied  the 
whole  of  that  more  southern  coast.     Midway  between  Vir-  virgini.i 
ginia  and  New  England — in  a  region,  the  most  of  which  no  England. 
European  eye  had  seen  before — colonists  from  Holland, 
following  the  track  of  the  Half  Moon  of  Amsterdam, 
planted  themselves,  without  question,  among  the   native 
Americans,  from  whom  they  bought  the  soil,  and  thus  add-  New  Neth- 
ed  a  New  Nethekland  to  the  Dutch  Eepublic. 

The  progress  of  the  various  enterprises  by  which  these 
several  territories  were  first  colonized  has  already  been 
minutely  traced.  Each  has  its  own  peculiar  history,  event- 
ful, romantic,  and  instructive.  Of  none  of  them  were  the 
motives  of  the  projectors  or  the  views  of  the  promoters  ex- 
actly alike.  Canada  was  peopled  by  Europeans,  speaking 
the  French  tongue,  and  professing  the  Roman  faith.    New 

•  Pepy?,  ii.,6S,  128;  Clarendon's  Life,  ii.,  232-234;  Lister's  Clarendon,  ii.,  2-11,  251,  258- 
2G2;  iii.,  288,  290,  801,  302,  347;  Basnage,  i.,  711 ;  Aitzema,  iv.,  579;  D'Estrades,  ii,  364, 
435;  Lingard,  xii.,  165-16S ;  Rapin,  ii.,  036;  Davies's  Holland,  iii.,  19,  20,  25;  Anderson's 
Colonial  Church,  ii.,  279,  280 ;  Cobbett's  Parliamentary  History,  ir.,  292,  293 ;  awC^,  vol.  i.,  p. 
735.  Anderson,  in  his  Origin  of  Commerce,  ii.,  473, 526,  seems  to  think  that  guineas  were 
first  coined  in  1673.  But  Pepys,  ii.,  4S3 ;  iv.,  20,  alludes  to  them,  in  1606  and  1068,  as  al- 
ready at  a  premium  in  London. 


8  HISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cnAT.r.  Netherland  was  colonized  by  Protestant  emigrants  from 
a  fatherland  which  had  conquered  in  the  most  glorious 
Motites  of  strife  for  civil  and  religious  liberty  that  the  world  has  ever 
ttou°^^"    "^tnessed!     Virginia  was  occupied  by  loyal  Englishmen 
who  admired  the  hierarchy ;  ISTew  England  chiefly  by  Pu- 
ritans who  abhorred  prelacy ;  Mainland  by  larger-minded 
Roman  Catholics.     But  all  these  were  Britons,  who  spoke 
the  tongue  of  Shakspeare  and  Milton ;  who,  much  as  they 
differed  among  themselves  respecting  creeds  or  fashions, 
were  the  subjects  of  one  common  sovereign ;  and  who,  ar- 
rogant and  exclusive  by  nature,  looked  upon  other  races  as 
their  inferiors,  and  willingly  combined  against  them  as 
national  foes.     Their  hereditary  hatred  of  foreigners  ac- 
companied the  English  emigrants  across  the  Atlantic,  and 
even  burned  more  brightly  in  some  parts  of  the  wilder- 
ness.    There  was  a  constant  tendency  on  their  part,  and 
English  in-  especially  among  the  New  England  Puritans,  to  quarrel 
so  ence.     ^^j^]^  ^j^^  overbcar  both  their  neighbors,  the  Koman  Cath- 
olic French  of  Canada,  and  the  Protestant  Dutch  of  l^^ew 
Ketherland.     This  tendency  had  already  resulted  in  the 
conquest  of  Acadia,  or  Nova  Scotia,  from  the  French,  by 
order  of  Cromwell,  in  1654.     That  acquisition  the  Pro- 
tector declined  to  restore,  and  made  it  a  British  province. 
Cromwell's  His  dcsigu  to  rcduce  the  Dutch  possessions,  which  were 
ofxl?v'''°°  the  more  coveted  because  they  were  so  advantageously 
Sud!^'^'     situated,  was  abandoned  in  his  treaty  with  De  "Witt,  by 
which  England  virtually  conceded  New  Netherland  to 
Holland.'^* 

The  Dutch  province  was  indeed  the  most  admirably  sit- 
uated region  in  North  America.     Its  original  limits  in- 
cluded all  the  Atlantic  coast  between  Cape  Henlopen  and 
Admirable  Moutauk  Poiut,  and  all  the  inland  territory  bounded  by  the 
of  Ne'w''    Connecticut  Yalley  on  the  east,  the  Saint  Lawrence  and 
fani^^'     Lake  Ontario  on  the  north,  and  the  affluents  of  the  Oliio, 
the  Susquehanna,  and  the  Delaware  on  the  west  and  south. 
Within  those  bounds  is  the  only  spot  on  all  the  continent 
whence  issue  divergent  streams  which  find  their  outlets  in 
the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence,  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.     Diagonally  across  its  surface  runs  a 

*  Charlevoix,  ii.,  199-204;  Chalmers's  Political  Annala,  i.,  18T;  Pepys,  iii.,  120,  344;  Wil- 
liamson's Maine,  i.,  301 ;  Palfrey's  Xew  England,  ii.,  372 ;  Proud,  i., 281;  Grahame  (ea.lS4S), 
i.,  406  ;  Smith,  i.,  3ST  ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  p.  580. 


ADMIRABLE  CHAKACTERISTICS  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.    9 

chain  of  the  AUeghanies,  through  which,  in  two  remarka-  chap.  i. 
ble  chasms,  the  waters  of  the  Delaware  and  the  Hudson 
flow  southward  to  the  sea.     At  the  head  of  its  tides,  the   -^""*- 
Hudson,  which  its  explorers   appropriately  named  "  The  its  physic- 
Great  Eiver  of  the  Mountains,"  receives  the  current  of  the  teristics. 
Mohawk  rushing  in  fi'om  the  west.     Through  the  valleys 
of  these  rivers,  and  across  the  neighboring  lakes,  the  savage 
natives  of  the  country  tracked  those  pathways  of  travel  and 
commerce  which  civilized  science  only  adopted  and  im- 
proved.   Along  their  banks  grew  up  flourishing  villages,  all 
contributing  to  the  prosperity  of  the  chief  town,  which,  with 
unerring  judgment,  had  been  planted  on  the  ocean-washed 
island  of  Manhattan.     In  addition  to  these  superb  geo- 
graphical peculiarities,  every  variety  of  soil,  abimdant  min- 
eral wealth,  nature  teeming  with  animal  and  vegetable  life, 
and  a  cKmate  as  healthful  as  it  is  delicious,  made  New 
l^etherland  the  most  alluring  of  all  the  European  colonies 
in  America.     From  the  first,  it  was  always  the  chosen  seat 
of  empire.* 

It  was  an  admirable  decree  of  Pro^adence  which  or- 
dained that  this  magnificent  region  should  first  be  occu- 
pied by  the  Bata^aan  race.  If  originally  as  homogeneous  influence 
as  the  English,  that  race  had  certainly  become  less  selfish  founder.'' 
and  exclusive.  The  well-considered  policy  of  Holland  at- 
tracted to  her  shores  many  of  whom  their  own  lands  were 
not  worthy.  This  magnanimity  was  rewarded  by  almost 
unexampled  national  prosperity.  After  achieving  their 
own  independence  and  establishing  a  republic  on  the  basis 
of  religious  toleration,  the  Dutch  colonized  the  American 
province  which  they  had  discovered,  and  at  the  same  time 
invited  strangers  of  all  races  to  come  and  find  homes  along 
with  themselves  in  its  temperate  and  attractive  territory. 
The  Batavian  emigrants  brought  with  them  the  liberal 
maxims  of  their  fatherland.  Soon,  eighteen  different  lan- 
guages were  spoken  in  New  Amsterdam.f  Thus,  by  de- 
grees, grew  up  the  germ  of  a  mighty  cosmopolitan  state. 
In  spite  of  the  stunting  mismanagement  of  the  West  India 
Company,  to  wliich  its  government  had  been  unwisely  in- 
trusted, New  Netherland  gave  early  promise  of  coming 

*  Lecture  on  the  "  Topography  and  History  of  New  York,"  by  Governor  Horatio  Sey- 
mour, Utica,  1856 ;  also  Golden,  in  Col.  Doc,  vl,  122 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  iv.,  112. 
t^n<e,vol.  i.,p.  374. 


10  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.i.  grandeur.  The  fatherland  scarcely  appreciated  the  trans- 
Atlantic  dominion  which  its  emigrants  had  founded.  But 
the  growing  greatness  of  that  dominion,  which  had  long 
excited  the  jealousy  of  its  New  England  neighbors,  at 
length  moved  both  the  pride  and  the  cupidity  of  the  En- 
glish com-t  to  seize  it  as  a  royal  j)rize. 

To  estimate  properly  the  course  which  Charles  the  Sec- 
ond now  pursued,  we  must  consider  the  irreconcilable  views 
of  title  to  American  territory  which  the  English  and  the 
Dutch  severally  maintained.  They  may  be  stated  thus : 
As  Columbus  had  discovered  the  New  World,  which  should 
have  borne  his  name,  in  the  service  of  Spain,  the  Pope 
granted  it  to  the  Spanish  sovereigns.  A  few  years  after- 
ward the  Cabots,  under  commissions  of  Henry  the  Seventh 
of  England,  discovered  Newfoundland,  and  sailed  at  a  dis- 
tance along  the  North  American  continent  as  far  south  as 
the  latitude  of  Gibraltar.  By  virtue  of  these  discoveries, 
The  terri-  the  English  sovereigns  claimed  dominion  over  all  that  part 
tionia  of  North  America  along  the  coast  of  which  the  Cabots 
Ameiica.  had  sailcd.  But,  as  the  previous  sweeping  title  of  Spain 
was  in  the  way  of  the  English  claim.  Queen  Elizabeth,  in 
1580,  annoimced  the  principle  that  "  prescription  without 
possession  is  of  no  avail ;"  or,  in  other  words,  that  actual  oc- 
cupation must  follow  discovery  in  order  to  confer  a  valid 
right.  Accordingly,  England  did  not  question  the  title  of 
France  to  Canada  and  Acadia.  But,  as  the  discoveries  of 
Yerazzano  and  of  Gomez,  farther  to  the  south,  did  not  lead 
to  French  or  Spanish  colonization,  James  the  First  granted 
a  patent  in  1606,  under  which  the  English  asserted  an  ex- 
clusive right  to  colonize  all  the  Atlantic  coast  between  Cape 
Fear  and  Acadia  not  "  actually  jjossessed  by  any  Christian 
prince  or  peoj^le."  Under  this  patent  no  English  mariner 
had  searched  the  shore  between  Buzzard's  Bay  and  the 
Chesapeake,  when  Henry  Hudson,  in  1609,  in  the  servic^of 
the  Dutch  East  India  Company,  explored  "  the  great  River 
of  the  Mountains."  Tiiis  gave'  the  Hollanders  an  unques- 
tionable title  by  discovery,  which  they  soon  fortified  by  far- 
ther visitation  and  actual  occupation.  In  1614,  the  States 
General  granted  a  trading  charter  which  recognized  "  New 
Netherland"  as  a  Dutch  territory.  Six  years  afterward, 
James  the  First  granted,  in  1620,  a  second  patent  for  "  New 


THE  QUESTION  OF  TITLE  IN  AMERICA.  H 

England  in  America,"  which  included  all  the  region  be-  chap.  i. 
tween  the  fortieth  and  the  forty-eighth  degrees  of  latitude, 
and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.     But  his  patent  ex- 
pressly provided  that  no  territory  was  intended  to  be  grant- 
ed which  was  "  actually  possessed  or  inhabited  by  any  other 
Christian  prince  or  estate."     This  proviso  clearly  excepted  Canada 
New  France  and  New  Netherland.    Nevertheless,  from  the  N^therilnd 
time  of  the  landing  of  the  first  Puritan  emigrants  on  new  Ne^y  En-'' 
Plymouth  beach,  the   English  pertinaciously  insisted   onfjft^ 
styling  the  Dutch  occupants  of  New  Netherland  "  intrud- 
ers" into  New  England.     With  inconsistent  logic  but  char- 
acteristic assurance,  they  maintained  their  own  title  under 
the  patent  of  James,  while  they  denied  that  of  the  Hol- 
landers, which  was  recognized  in  its  proviso.     This  they 
continued  to  do,  although  the  House  of  Commons  in  1621 
confirmed  Queen  Elizabeth's   doctrine,  and  insisted  that 
"  occupancy  confers  a  good  title  by  the  law  of  nations  and 
natture."     In  1635,  the  grantees  of  the  New  England  pat- 
ent conveyed  to  the  Earl  of  Stirling  the  territory  of  Pema- 
quid,  between  the  Saint  Croix  and  the  Kennebeck  in  Maine, 
and  the  island  of  Matowack,  or  Long  Island.     The  Dutch, 
however,  utterly  denied  the  Enghsh  claim  to  any  part  of  conflicting 
Long  Island,  and  expeEed  Lord  Stirling's  agents.    At  length  English 
Peter  Stuyvesant,  the  director  of  New  Netherland,  by  a  "^  '*"™" 
treaty  made  at  Hartford  in  1650,  surrendered  to  the  En- 
ghsh all  the  territory  south  of  Oyster  Bay  on  Long  Island, 
and  east  of  Greenwich  on  the  continent.     This  treaty  was 
ratified  by  the  States  General  in  1656,  but  no  reciprocal 
action  was  taken  by  the  British  government.     Cromwell, 
however,  after  directing  an  expedition  to  take  New  Nether- 
land, recognized  the  Dutch  title  by  the  treaty  of  1654  ;  and 
no  demonstration  was  afterward  made  against  what  New 
England  men  pertly  considered  "  a  thorn  in  the  side."* 

Thus  stood  the  question  when  Charles  the  Second  was 
restored  to  the  throne.  The  antipathy  of  the  Puritan  colo- 
nists of  New  England  against  their  Dutch  neighbore  in  New 
Netherland,  which  to  some  extent  seems  to  have  moved  the 

•  Ante,  vol.  i.,  p.iges  4, 11,  3G,  63,  64, 96, 139,  250,  262,  519,  5S2, 5S3,  5S6,  621,  625,  643,  653, 
6S5;  Thurloe's  State  Papers,  i.,  564,721,  722;  ii.,419;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxii.,  230-232; 
Sainsbury's  Calendar,  i.,  204  ;  Chalmers's  Political  Annals,  i.,  6,  82,  83 ;  Kennett's  England, 
ii.,  4S0;  Parliam.  Debates,  i.,  250,  251 ;  Smith,  i.,  387 ;  Proud,  i.,  2S1 ;  Palfrey,  ii.,  371,  372. 
Smith,  i.,  7,  errs  in  attributing  to  Richard  Cromwell  the  instructions  given  by  Oliver  in  Feb- 
ruaiy,  1054 ;  and  Grahame,  i.,  409,  follows  Smith ;  see  ante,  vol.  i.,  p.  5S3. 


12  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  I.  Protector,  had  no  similar  influence  on  the  king.  Charles 
had  no  sympathy  with  the  likes  or  the  dislikes  of  his  New 
Poucyof'  England  subjects.  His  restoration  had  been  a  sore  disap- 
^j^^^^^'^^pointment  to  tliem.  They  had  received  the  tidings  with 
"scrupulous  incredulity."  They  had  acknowledged  him 
as  king  with  a  very  grim  austerity.  Constant  complaints 
were  preferred  against  them  at  Whitehall.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1661,  Henry,  the  fourth  Earl  of  Stirhng,  complained 
to  the  king  of  the  "  intrusion"  of  the  Dutch  upon  Long 
Island,  and  petitioned  that  they  might  be  subdued  or  ex- 
pelled. Lord  Stirling's  petition  was  referred  to  the  Coun- 
cil of  Plantations,  at  the  head  of  which  was  Clarendon. 
But  before  any  action  was  taken,  the  king  granted  to  Jolm 
Winthi'op  a  charter  for  Connecticut,  which  appeared  to 
cover  a  large  part  of  E^ew  ISTetherland,  together  with  "  the 
islands  thereunto  adjoining."  The  charter,  however,  was 
violently  opposed;  and  it  finally  passed  the  great  seal  in 
April,  1662,  with  the  understanding  that  the  king  would 
"  send  Commissioners  into  those  parts,  who  upon  the  place 
should  settle  all  differences  and  pretences  upon  the  bounds 
of  each  colony."  In  the  following  September,  Clarendon 
declared  in  the  Plantation  Committee  that  the  king  would 
dispatch  commissioners,  and  the  Duke  of  York  was  re- 
quested "  to  consider  of  the  choice  of  fit  men."  Charles 
himself,  m  April,  1663,  announced  to  the  Privy  Council 
that  he  intended  to  send  commissioners  speedily  to  New 
England, "  to  see  how  the  charter  is  maintained  on  their 
part,  and  to  reconcile  the  differences  at  present  among 
them."* 

There  was  another  subject  which  was  now  pressed  upon 
The  En-     the  kiuff's  attention.    The  Navigation  Act  of  1660  had  been 

elishNavi-  ^ 

gationAct.  opculy  disregarded  or  clandestinely  evaded  in  the  British 
American  plantiations.  One  of  the  chief  obstacles  to  its 
execution  was  charged  to  be  the  existence  of  the  Dutch 
province.  The  trade  carried  on  between  New  Netherland 
and  New  England  on  the  one  side,  and  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia on  the  other,  was  alleged  to  be  "  very  much  to  the 
prejudice  of  England,  and  to  the  loss  of  his  majesty,  in  re- 

•  Chalmers's  Pol.  Ann.,  i.,  249,  250, 253, 256, 25T,  293, 3S6, 432;  Col.  Doc.,  ii.,  389  ;  iii.,  32, 
42,  43,  55  ;  vii.,  431 ;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxxii.,  2S4 ;  Duer's  Life  of  Stirling,  31 ;  TnimbiiU's 
Connecticut,  i.,  523  ;  Col.  Rec  Conn.,  i.,  5S1 ;  ii.,  3-11 ;  Palfrey,  ii.,  540-545,  574,  575;  ante, 
VOL  i.,  p.  189, 7G2,  720  ;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.  (1869),  1-57. 


NEW  ENGLISH  NAVIGATION  LAW.  13 

spect  to  customs,  many  thousand  pomids  yearly."  Lord  cuap.i. 
Baltimore,  the  Proprietary  of  Maryland,  promised  to  "  do 
his  best  to  prevent"  this  trade ;  and  Sir  William  Berkeley, 
the  royal  governor  of  Yirginia,  was  ordered  to  enforce  the 
law.  Still,  the  intercolonial  traffic  was  continued.  Parlia-  New  navi- 
ment  accordingly  enacted  a  new  law  in  1663,  which  pro-^*'*°°  *^' 
hibited  the  importation  of  European  commodities  into  the 
English  plantations,  except  in  English  vessels  fi-om  En- 
gland. In  June  of  the  same  year,  the  Privy  Council  or- 
dered all  the  American  governors  to  enforce  this  act,  which 
the  king  was  determined  to  have  "  very  strictly  observed, 
in  regard  it  much  concerneth  the  trade  of  this  kingdom." 
At  last,  in  December,  1663,  the  farmers  of  the  customs, 
who  were  paying  the  king  nearly  four  hundred  thousand 
pounds  a  year  for  their  monopoly,  demanded  redress  for 
the  "  great  abuses  committed  and  done  as  well  by  the  in- 
habitants and  planters  on,  as  by  the  masters,  mariners,  and 
traders  to,  Yirginia,  New  England,  Maryland,  Long  Island, 
etc.,  who,  under  pretence  of  fmiiishing  some  of  those  plan- 
tations and  other  his  majesty's  dominions,  do  both,  by  land 
and  water,  carry  and  convey  great  quantities  of  tobacco  to 
the  Dutch,  whose  plantations  are  contiguous,  the  custom 
whereof  would  amount  to  ten  thousand  poimds  per  annum 
or  upward,  thereby  eluding  the  late  Act  of  Navigation  and 
defrauding  his  majesty."  This  brought  the  question  to  a 
crisis.  The  Navigation  Law,  meant  to  cripple  the  commerce 
of  the  Dutch  and  foster  that  of  the  English,  must  be  main- 
tained. It  could  be  enforced,  and  it  was  enforced  in  En- 
gland. It  was  evaded,  and  it  could  not  be  enforced  in 
America  as  long  as  New  Netherland  existed  as  a  Dutch 
plantation.  New  Netherland,  therefore,  must  no  longer 
exist.* 

This   convenient  and  characteristic  logic  was  exactly 
adapted  to  the  situation  of  Charles  the  Second.    The  read-  England 
iest  way  to  sustain  it  was  to  insist  that  New  Netherland  seizeTew 
was  "  the  true  and  imdoubted  inheritance  of  his  majesty,"  land.^'^' 
and  to  subject  it  accordingly  to  English  rule.     It  so  hap- 
pened that  three  persons  had  just  before  this  time  come 

*  D'Estrades,  ii.,  312 ;  Chalmers's  Pol.  Ann.,  i.,  242,  260,  261 ;  Holme?,  i.,  330;  Anderson 
on  Commerce,  li.,  475;  New  Haven  Rec.,  ii.,  510-512;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  40,  44,  50,  209,  210; 
Lister's  Clarendon,  li.,  453;  iii., 308;  Statute  15  Ch.  II.,  cap.  xvii.  ;Grahame,i., 92;  Bancroft, 
ii.,  43 ;  Falfrey,  ii.,  566 ;  anle,  vol.  i.,  685,  702, 725,  735  ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (1869),  1-57. 


14  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOEK. 

Chat.  I.   ovGi'  to  Londoii,  wlio  Were  admirably  qualified  to  stimulate 

English  animosity  against  the  Dutch  colonists  in  America. 

Scott  B^x-  These  persons  were  John  Scott  and  George  Baxter,  who 

ter.and     cherislied  no  "  a-ood  opinion  of  the  law"  under  which  they 

Mavenck  -» 

testify,  liad  smarted  in  New  Netherland,  and  Samuel  Maverick,  a 
zealous  Episcopahan  who  had  formerly  lived  in  tribulation 
in  Massachusetts.  All  the  three  made  universal  profes- 
sions of  loyalty.  Scott,  especially,  was  clamorous  for  a  roy- 
al grant  to  him  of  the  government  of  Long  Island,  nearly 
the  third  part  of  which  he  pretended  to  have  purchased. 
But  Lord  Stirling's  claim,  which  had  not  yet  been  acted 
on  by  the  Council  for  Plantations,  stood  in  his  way.  The 
three  American  witnesses,  however,  were  called  before  the 
board,  and  ordered  to  draw  up  a  statement  of  "  the  title  of 
his  majesty  to  the  premises;  of  the  Dutch  intrusion;  of 
their  deportment  since  and  management  of  that  possession, 
and  of  their  strength,  trade,  and  government  there ;  and 
of  the  means  to  make  them  acknowledge  and  submit  to  liis 
majesty's  government,  or  by  force  to  compel  them  there- 
unto or  expulse  them."  The  result  of  these  witnesses'  la- 
bors and  of  Downing's  arguments  fi'om  the  Hague  was  to 
satisfy  Lord  Clarendon  that  N'ew  JSTetherland  belonged  to 
do^a  opin-  *^®  kii^oj  ^i^d  that  it  had  been  "  only  usurped"  by  the  Dutch, 
ion.  yj^i^Q  i^ad  "  no  colour  of  right  to  pretend  to"  its  possession. 
The  chancellor's  opinion,  although  it  was  utterly  inconsist- 
ent with  truth  and  reason,  was  conclusive.  The  difficult 
point  was  that  the  Dutch  were,  and  for  half  a  century  had 
been,  in  uninterrupted  possession  of  the  Yalley  of  the  Hud- 
son and  its  neighborhood.  How  the  English  could  best 
gain  possession  became  the  question.* 

It  was  certain  that  the  government  at  the  Hague  would 
not  acknowledge  any  English  pretension  of  right  to  Dutch 
New  Netherland.     The  States  General  had,  indeed,  just 
directed  their  ambassador  at  London  to  insist  on  "  the  de- 
termination of  the  boundary  line"  between  the  English  and 
Dutch  possessions  in  North  America.     They  also  requested 
i|  jnn'ry.  the  king  to  issue  orders  "  for  the  immediate  restoration  of 
niaLtain  ^  tlic  to^\^ls  aud  places  in  New  Netherland  invaded  by  his 
rights.       subjects  within  the  aforesaid  limits,  and  for  the  cessation 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  40,  48, 105 ;  Listei^'s  Clarendon,  iii.,  276,  347 ;  Hutchinson's  Massachusetts, 
i.,  147;  Collection,  380,  381;  Palfrey,  ii.,  664-507,  .583;  Aspinwall,  In  Mass.  }I.  S.  Proceed- 
ings, 1SG2,  00-73,  note;  N.  Y.  U.  S.  Coll.  (1SG9),  19-G7 ;  antr,  vol.  i.,  579, 020,  071,  725. 


ENGLAND  BESOLVES  TO  SEIZE  NEW  NETHERLAND.  15 

of  all  fui'ther  usurpations."     Of  this  action  Clarendon  was  chap.  i. 
promptly  informed  by  Downing,  to  whom  De  Witt  had  also 
spoken  about  the  "encroaching"  of  the  English  upon  the 
Dutch  in  K"ew  ISTetherland.     "  It  would  be  good,  I  tliink,"  15  janua- 
was  the  crafty  envoy's  advice  to  the  chancellor,  "  after  "^^ 
three  or  four  months'  delay,  to  give  them  for  answer  that 
his  majesty  -will  write  into  those  parts,  to  be  informed  of 
the  truth  0:^  the  matter  of  fact  and  right  on  both  sides." 
The  next  month,  ref e Ang  to  the  complaints  of  the  West  12  Febm- 
India  Company  against  the  aggressions  of  the  English,  he 
suggested  "if  his  majesty  think  fit  to  leave  that  matter  to 
me,  I  shall  deal  well  enough  with  them."* 

Yet  Charles  and  his  ministers  were  for  some  time  per- 
plexed whether  they  should  view  the  Dutch  "  intruders"  as 
subjects  or  as  aliens.     At  length  the  king's  com*se  was  de- 
termined.    In  spite  of  treaties,  at  the  risk  of  war,  it  was  Engiisii 
resolved  that  the  principle  announced  by  Queen  Elizabeth  ordered. 
and  afiirmed  by  Parliament  in  1621  should  be  repudiated 
and  reversed.     New  Netherland  must  be  seized  at  all  haz- 
ard, and  the  English  claim  by  "  prescription"  must  be  main- 
tained against  the  Dutch  title  by  actual  discovery  and  con- 
tinuous occupation.     An  expedition  "  against  the  Dutch  in  29  Febm- 
Kew  England"  was  ordered.    But  this  was  kept  profoundly  ^^' 
secret,  lest  the  States  should  send  a  squadron  to  aid  the 
weak  garrison  at  Manhattan.     A  quiet  grant  to  the  king's 
own  brother  would  be  both  the  readiest  assertion  of  title 
and  the  best  apology  for  any  consequences.     This,  indeed, 
had  been  decided  upon  before  Scott  returned  to  America 
with  the  royal  orders  to  enforce  the  navigation  laws.     Its 
execution  was  perhaps  hastened  by  his  report  to  Under 
Secretary  Williamson  of  the  condition  of  affairs  at  the 
western  end  of  Long  Island.f 

Lord  Stirling's  interest  was  accordingly  purchased  by 
Clarendon  for  his  son-in-law,  who  promised  to  pay  for  it 
three  thousand  five  hundred  pounds.      Long  Island,  of  The  Duke 
which  the  greater  portion  was  already  subject  to  the  crown,  patent. 
being  thus  secured  to  the  Duke  of  York  by  a  color  of  title, 

*  Col.  Doc.,  ii.,  224-229;  Aitzema,  v.,  64,  65;  HoU.  Merc,  1664, 13-15;  Lister's  Claren- 
don, iii.,  2T6,  277,  27S ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  730. 

t  Ogilby's  America,  lfi9;  Chalmers's  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  116;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  302,  024,  325,  332, 
379,350,400,507;  iii.,47,4S;  New  Haven  Rec,  ii.,  510,  515;  an^e,  vol.  i.,  725,  72G.  On  the 
29th  of  February,  1664,  a  waiTant  for  £4000  was  issued  on  account  of  the  expedition  against 
New  Netherland  :  Am.  and  W.  I.  (S.  P.  O.),  372. 


16  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  I.  the  rest  of  New  Ketherland  was  added  by  the  mere  word 
of  the  Idno;.  The  Connecticut  charter  was  entirely  disre- 
garded.  A  patent  to  James  was  prepared,  to  which  his 
father-in-law  hastened  to  affix  the  great  seal.  The  descrip- 
tion of  the  premises  conveyed  was  framed  in  part  from 
Lord  Stii'ling's  original  grant,  which  Clarendon  borrowed 
12  March,  for  the  purposB.  By  liis  patent,  Charles  the  Second  grant- 
ed to  liis  brother,  and  to  his  heirs  and  assigns,  the  territory 
of  Pemaquid,  in  Maine,  between  tile  Saint  Cfoix  and  the 
Kennebeck, "  and  also  all  that  island  or  islands  commonly 
called  by  the  several  name  or  names  of  Matowacks  or  Long 
Island,  situate,  lying,  and  being  towards  the  west  of  Cape 
Cod  and  the  Narrow  Higansetts,  abutting  upon  the  main 
land  between  the  two  rivers  there  called  or  known  by  the 
several  names  of  Connecticut  and  Hudson's  River;  together, 
also,  with  the  said  river  called  Hudson's  E-iver,  and  all  the 
land  from  the  west  side  of  Connecticut  to  the  east  side  of 
Delaware  Bay,  and  also  all  those  several  islands  called  or 
known  by  the  names  of  Martin's  Yinyard,  and  Nantukes, 

Territorial  othcrwise  Nautuckett."     The  inland  boundary  most  con- 
extent  of.  •  1      1  •       ^  ••  /rT  r  T       1         -I      n 

the  Duke'3  sistent  With  this  description  was  "  a  line  from  the  head  or 
Connecticut  Eiver  to  the  source  of  Hudson's  River,  thence 
to  the  head  of  the  Mohawk  branch  of  Hudson's  River,  and 
thence  to  the  east  side  of  Delaware  Bay."  The  grant "  was 
intended  to  include  all  the  lands  which  the  Dutch  held 
there."  These  territories  were  to  be  held  of  the  king  in 
free  and  common  soccage,  and  imder  the  yearly  rent  of 
forty  beaver-skins,  when  demanded.  The  patent  invested 
the  Duke  of  York  and  his  heirs,  deputies,  and  assigns  with 
"full  and  absolute  power  and  authority  to  correct,  punish, 
pardon,  govern,  and  rule"  all  British  subjects  inhabiting  the 
territory,  according  to  such  laws  as  he  might  establish,  and 
The  duke's  in  cascs  of  ncccssity  according  to  the  "  good  discretions"  of 
govern-  liis  dcputies,  providcd  that  such  laws  should  be,  not  contra- 
ry, but  agreeable  to  the  statutes  of  England.  It  granted 
him  authority  to  appoint  and  discharge  all  officers,  execute 
martial  law,  regulate  trade  and  the  tenure  of  lands,  send 
out  emigrants  "not  prohibited  or  under  restraint,"  expel 
all  persons  living  under  his  government  without  his  license ; 
and  it  declared  that,  notwithstanding  any  uncertainty  or 
imperfection,  or  any  former  grants  to  any  other  persons, 


THE  DUKE  OF  YORK'S  PATENT.  17 

or  any  statute  to  the  contrary,  this  patent  to  the  Duke  of   cuap.  l 
York  should  be  "  good  and  effectual  in  the  law,  to  all  in- '    ~~ 
tents  and  purposes  whatsoever."     This  instrument,  clearly         '■^'' 
defective  in  many  material  points,  was  much  less  cumber- 
some than  those  which  the  kings  of  England  had  previously 
sealed  to  American  proprietaries.     It  was  the  most  impu- 
dent ever  recorded  in  the  colonial  arcliives  of  England. 
But  its  crisp  clauses  warranted  all  that  a  despot  could  de- 
sire."^ 

The  duke's  parchment  title  now  appeared  to  be  com- 
plete. The  next  step  was  to  give  it  validity  by  obtaining 
possession.  James  was  informed  that  his  newly-patented 
territory  might  peld  him  thirty  thousand  pounds  a  year, 
and  he  was  anxious  to  enjoy  his  anticipated  revenues, 
peaceably  or  by  force.  To  this  end,  it  was  necessary  that 
the  person  to  secure  and  govern  the  prize  should  be  well 
selected.  The  duke  was  singularly  fortunate  in  the  choice 
he  made.  There  was  at  tliis  time  in  his  household  Colonel 
Richard  Mcolls,  a  gentleman  whom  he  had  long  known,  coionei 
and  in  whom  he  justly  felt  great  confidence.  Nicolls  was  nIcoUs! 
born  in  1624,  at  Ampthill,  in  Bedfordshire,  where  his  an- 
cestors had  lived  in  great  esteem.  Tlis  father  was  a  barris- 
ter of  the  Middle  Temple,  and  his  mother  a  daughter  of  Sir 
George  Bruce,  ancestor  of  the  Earl  of  Elgin,  At  the  Uni- 
versity he  distinguished  himself  as  a  scholar ;  but  on  the 
breaking  out  of  the  ci\'il  war  in  1643,  he  left  his  college 
and  joined  the  royal  forces,  in  which  he  obtained  the  com- 
mand of  a  troop  of  horse.  Is^icolls  adhered  faithfully  to 
the  royal  cause,  and  shared  its  fortunes.  Attaching  him- 
self in  Paris  to  the  Duke  of  York,  he  served  with  him  in 
the  French  army  under  Tureniie,  and  afterward  on  the 
other  side  under  Don  John  of  Austria  and  the  Prince  of 
Conde.  At  the  Restoration  NicoUs  returned  to  England, 
and  was  made  a  groom  of  the  bedchamber  to  the  duke. 
His  sincerity,  courage,  capacity,  and  prudence  recommend- 
ed him  for  the  most  important  trust  which  liis  patron  could 
now  confer.     Nicolls  was'  accordingly  commissioned  by  the  2  Apnu 

*  Patent,',  i.,  100  ;  Duer's  Life  of  Stirling,  37,  3S ;  T>'  Es'trndei',  iii.,  334 ;  Chalmers's  Ann., 
i.,  5T3,  S80 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  295-29S,  400,  .50T ;  iii.,  4T,  48,  215,  215,  240,  260,  60G,  60T,  T96 ;  v., 
330,  506;  vi.,  508;  vii.,  431,  564,  596,  597;  viii.,  107,  436,  440;  Maine  H.  S.  Coll.,  v., 2-6; 
Learning  and  Spicer's  Grants  and  Concessions,  3-8 ;  Smith's  N.  Y.,  i.,  15;  Thompson,  ii., 
303-311 ;  Wood,  6,  nnte ;  Palfrey,  ii.,  53 1 ;  antp,  vol.  i.,  725,  7?6.  The  original  patent,  beau- 
tifully engrossed,  is  in  the  State  Library  at  Albany;  a  copy  is  in  Appendix,  Note  A. 

II.— B 


18 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1664. 

Appointed 

Deputy 

Governor. 


Royal 
Commis- 
sionera  to 
New  En- 
gland. 


£5  April. 


Duke  of  York  to  be  liis  deputy  governor  during  pleasure, 
within  his  American  proprietorsliip,  to  execute  all  the  pow- 
ers granted  by  the  patent,  and  obey  such  orders  as  he  might 
receive.  A  set  of  instructions  fi'om  the  duke  was  also  given 
to  Nicolls  for  his  general  guidance.* 

The  king  now  determined  to  send  commissioners  to  New 
England,  as  he  had  announced  his  purpose  of  doing  a  year 
before.  They  appear  to  have  been  selected  by  the  Duke 
of  York.  The  first  was  Colonel  Richard  ]S[icolls,  whom  he 
had  just  commissioned  to  be  the  deputy  governor  of  his 
yet  unpossessed  transatlantic  territory.  The  second  was 
Sir  Robert  Carr,  a  needy  Royalist  knight,  of  loose  princi- 
ples, avaricious,  and  supercilious,  and  a  "  rank  papist,"  who 
had  already  been  talked  of  as  governor  general  of  JS^ew 
England.  The  third  was  Colonel  George  Cartwright,  of 
Nottinghamshire,  "  naturally  morose,  saturnine,  and  suspi- 
cions," but  clear-sighted  and  energetic.  These  three  were 
officers  in  the  royal  army.  The  fourth  commissioner  was 
Samuel  Maverick,  an  ardent  Episcopalian,  who  had  lived 
fi'om  his  youth  in  Massachusetts,  of  which  he  was  the 
avowed  and  well-informed  enemy,  and  who,  with  Scott  and 
Baxter,  had  just  before  advised  the  Council  of  Plantations 
respecting  the  best  means  of  subduing  New  Netherland. 
To  these  fom*  persons  a  royal  commission  was  issued,  di- 
recting them,  or  any  three  or  two  of  them  (of  whom  NicoUs 
was  always  to  be  one),  to  visit  the  several  New  England 
colonies,  and  "  examine  and  determine  all  complaints  and 
appeals  in  all  cases  and  matters,  as  well  military  as  crim- 
inal and  civil,  and  proceed  in  all  tilings  for  the  providing 
for  and  settling  the  peace  and  security  of  the  said  country, 
according  to  their  good  and  sound  discretion,  and  to  such 
instructions  as  they,  or  the  survivors  of  them,  have,  or  shall 
from  time  to  time  receive."t 


*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  234,  400,  507 ;  iii.,  133, 154  ;  Thompson's  Long  Island,  ii.,  325;  Clarke's 
James  II.,  i.,  54 ;  Chalmers's  Pol.  Ann.,  i..  513 ;  Lyson's  Magna  Britt.,  i.,  3S ;  Lister's  Claren- 
don, !.,  36S ;  ii.,  259 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Prnc,  1844,  App.,  IIG-IIS ;  Notes  and  Queries  (2d  series), 
iii.,  214-216;  Nichols's  Topographer  and  Genealogist,  iii.,  539-544;  Learning  and  Spicer, 
CG5-667 ;  Patents,  i.,  14C ;  aiite,  vol.  i.,  727,  736.  A  copy  of  Nicolls's  Seal  is  in  Hist.  Mag., 
ix.,  177.  A  copy  of  Nicolls's  Commission  is  in  Appendix,  Note  15.  His  Instructions  from  the 
Dulce,  which  were  exhibited  at  Hempstead  in  March,  1605,  are  not  on  record  at  Albany,  nor 
did  I  fin'1  them  in  the  State  Paper  Office  at  London.  Perhaps  they  were  lent  to  Evelyn  in 
1071,  ;>nd  he  may  not  have  returned  them :  Pepys,  iv.,  221,  222 ;  Evelyn,  iii.,  241,  240  ;  jwst, 
p.  422,  note. 

t  Hutch.  Mass.,  1,225,  230,  250, 535;  Evelyn,  ii.,  05 ;  Chalmers,  i.,  3S6,  432;  Winthrop, 


INSTRUCTIONS  OF  THE  ROYAL  COMMISSIONERS.  19 

It  was  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  state  to  prepare  in-  chap.  i. 
structions  for  the  commissioners.     But  the  lord  chancel-  ~ 

lor  had  given  minute  attention  to  the  affairs  of  the  N^ew 
England  colonies,  and,  in  the  plan  which  he  drew  up  for 
their  visitation,  had  considered  them  as  "  ah-eady  well-nigh 
ripened  to  a  commonwealth."  To  Clarendon,  therefore, 
appears  to  have  been  assigned  the  task  of  drafting  the  com- 
missioners' instructions,  of  wliich  there  were  different  sets  23  Apni. 
relating  to  the  several  colonies.  In  those  for  their  private  tiona  of  the 
direction  they  were  thus  instructed :  "  You  may  inform  all  sl'oiieii" 
men  that  a  great  end  of  your  design  is  the  possessing  Long 
Island,  and  reducing  that  people  to  an  entire  submission 
and  obedience  to  us  and  our  government,  now  vested  by 
our  grant  and  commission  in  our  brother  the  Duke  of 
York,  and  by  raising  forts  or  any  other  way  you  shall  judge 
most  convenient  or  necessarj^,  so  to  secure  that  whole  trade 
to  our  subjects,  that  the  Dutch  may  no  longer  engross  and 
exercise  that  trade  which  they  have  wrongfidly  possessed 
themselves  of ;  that  whole  territory  being  in  our  possession 
before  they,  as  private  persons,  and  without  any  authority 
from  their  superiors,  and  against  the  law  of  nations  and  the 
good  intelligence  and  alliance  between  us  and  their  supe- 
riors, invaded,  and  have  since  wrongfully  obtained  the  same, 
to  the  prejudice  of  our  crown  and  dignity,  and  therefore 
ought  in  justice  to  be  resumed  by  us,  except  they  will  en- 
tirely submit  to  our  government,  and  live  there  as  our  good 
subjects  under  it ;  and  in  that  case  you  shall  let  them  know, 
both  by  private  significations  and  treaties,  or  by  any  public 
declaration  set  out  by  you  in  our  name,  that  we  will  take 
them  into  our  protection,  and  that  they  shall  continue  to 
enjoy  all  their  possessions  (forts  only  excepted),  and  the 
same  freedom  in  trade  with  our  other  good  subjects  in 
those  parts."  It  would  be  difficult  to  find  in  any  official 
document  of  any  government  a  more  impudent  falsehood 
than  the  one  in  this  clause,  that  the  "  whole  territory"  of 
JSTew  Netherland  had  been  in  the  "  possession"  of  the  En- 

i.,  27;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxxii.,  284  ;  Maine  II.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  301 ;  Barry's  Mass.,  i.,  390;  Col. 
Doc,  iii.,  04,92,94;  Patents,  1.,  148-150;  Hazard,  ii.,  63S;  Trumbull's  Conn.,  1.,  522;  ante, 
vol.  i.,  736.  Palfrey,  ii.,  580,  note,  errs  in  confounding  Sir  Robert  Cavr,  Knight,  the  com- 
missioner (who  died  at  Bristol,  2d  June,  1667 ;  Col.  Doc,  ill.,  161 ;  Morton's  Meraoi-ial,  315, 
note ;  Smith,  1.,  33,  note),  with  Sir  Robert  Carr,  Baronet,  of  Sleeford,  in  Lincolnshire,  who 
married  a  sister  of  Secretary  Bennet,  and  certainly  was  alive  in  IOCS:  compare  CoUins's 
Peerage,  iv.,  312,  330;  Evelyn,  i.,  40!  ;  Pepys,  iii.,  200,  427. 


20  HISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap. I.  glisli  crowii  before  the  Dutch  "-wrongfully  obtained  the 
same."  Several  other  particular  directions  were  given  to 
*  the  commissioners,  who,  when  in  New  England,  were  to 
avoid  giving  any  offense  in  matters  of  religion,  and  even 
to  frequent  the  Pm'itan  churches,  wliile  their  own  Episco- 
palian chaplain  was  not  to  wear  his  sui-plice,  "  which,  hav- 
ing never  been  seen  in  those  countries,  may  conveniently 
be  forborne  at  tliis  time."  The  main  object  of  the  king, 
however,  was  to  obtain  such  alterations  in  the  charters  of 
the  New  England  colonies  as  would  give  him  the  appoint- 
ment of  their  governor  and  of  the  commander  of  their  mi- 
litia. "  We  should  look  upon  it  as  a  good  omen,"  said 
Charles,  "  if  they  might  be  so  wrought  upon  at  the  General 
Assembly  as  that  Colonel  Nicolls  might  be  chosen  by  them- 
selves for  their  present  governom-,  and  Colonel  Cartwright 
for  their  major  general." 

E-oyal  letters  were  also  addressed  to  the  several  colonies. 
The  reasons  for  the  visit  of  the  commissioners  were  ex- 
plained in  soothing  language ;  the  motives  for  subduing  the 
Dutch,  and  "  the  benefit  and  advantage  which,  with  God's 
2p  Ai)rii.  blessing,  must  accrue"  to  New  England  fi-om  the  reduction 
ters.  of  New  Netherland,  were  seductively  exliibited,  and  a  full 
compliance  with  all  the  king's  desires  was  required.  "■  For 
the  glory  of  the  matter,"  these  letters  were  dated  on  Saint 
George's  day.* 

The  Duke  of  York,  who,  as  lord  high  admiral,  directed 
the  fleet,  now  borrowed  several  men-of-war  from  the  king. 
They  were  the  Guinea,  of  thirty-six  guns,  Captain  Hugli 
Hyde ;  the  Elias,  of  thirty.  Captain  Wilham  Hill ;   the 
Tiie  En-     Martin,  of  sixteen.  Captain  Edward  Grove ;  and  a  cliar- 
diiioif'^^^'  tered  transport,  the  William  and  Nicholas,  of  ten,  Captain 
>?ew""      Morley.     About  four  hundred  and  fifty  of  the  king's  vet- 
fm±''      eran  soldiers,  fonning  three  full  companies,  which  were 
commanded  by  Colonels  NicoUs,  Carr,  and  Cartwright,  were 
embarked  on  the  squadron.     NicoUs  was  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  expedition.     Among  the  commissioned  ofiicers 
serving  under  him  were  Captains  Matthias  Nicolls,  Daniel 
Brodhead,  Robert  Needliam,  Harry  Norwood,  and  Ensign 
Sylvester  Salisbury,  of  the  British  army,  some  of  whom, 

*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  23T;  iii.,  51-G3;  Oldmixon,  i.,  23S ;  Tninibtill,  i.,  523;   Holmes,  i.,  333, 
)U>te;  Hazard,  ii.,30-i;  Palfrey,  i.,  193,  ?io<e;  ii.,6a0,  6TS,  579,  5S2-536;  iii.,  23S. 


THE  ENGLISH  EXPEDITION  AGAINST  NEW  NETHERLAND.      21 

intending  to  settle  themselves  permanently  in  the  Dutch  chap.l 
province  after  its  reduction,  were  accompanied  by  their 
families.  The  forces  were  "  exceedingly  well  fitted  with  all 
necessaries  for  waiTe,  with  such  ingineers  and  other  expe- 
dients for  the  forcing  the  strongest  fortifications."  Nicolls 
and  Cartwright  went  on  board  the  Guinea,  wliile  Carr  and 
Maverick  embarked  in  the  Martin.  The  expedition  set  sail  i§  ^^7- 
fi-om  Portsmouth,  with  orders  to  assemble  in  Gardiner's 
Bay,  at  the  eastern  end  of  Long  Island.* 

Intelligence  of  these  preparations  soon  reached  the 
Hague.  Stu}^esant  had  already  warned  the  West  India  29  Febiu- 
Company  of  the  intended  grant  of  Charles  to  the  Duke  of  ^^' 
York,  and  that  not  only  Long  Island,  biit  the  whole  of  New 
Netherland,  would  be  lost,  unless  speedily  re-enforced  fi'om 
Holland.  But  the  company,  now  on  the  brink  of  bank- 
ruptcy, wrote  back,  with  mar^^elous  infatuation,  that  the 
king,  "  being  inclined  to  reduce  all  liis  kingdoms  under  one  21  Apiii. 
form  of  government  in  Chm'ch  and  State,  hath  taken  care 
that  commissioners  are  ready  in  England  to  repair  to  H^ew 
England  to  install  bishops  there,  the  same  as  in  Old  En- 
gland ;  therefore  we  believe  that  the  Enghsh  of  the  North, 
who  mostly  left  England  for  the  aforesaid  causes,  will  not  infamaiion 
give  us  henceforth  so  much  trouble,  and  will  prefer  to  live 
under  us  with  freedom  of  conscience,  rather  than  risk  that 
in  order  to  be  rid  of  om*  authority,  and  then  again  to  fall 
under  a  government  from  wliich  they  formerly  fled."  Nev- 
er was  the  Puritan  sentiment  in  New  England  more  thor- 
oughly misapprehended  than  by  the  Dutch  "West  India 
Company.  Scarcely  had  this  absurd  letter  been  dispatch- 
ed before  the  real  pm'pose  of  NicoUs's  expedition  was  bet- 
ter understood.  In  great  concern,  De  Witt  sought  from 
Downing  some  explanation  of  the  report  of  the  English 
"  sending  to  take  New  Netherland."  The  British  envoy  f ^  siay. 
replied,  "  I  know  of  no  such  country  but  only  in  the  maps ;" 
and  he  boldly  insisted  that  "  the  Enghsh  had  the  first  pat- 
tern of  first  possession  of  those  parts."     The  Dutch  govem- 

*  Col.  Doc.,  ii.,  243,  372,  410,  4:3,  445,  501 ;  iii.,  6.5,  6C;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  x.xxvi.,  5Q7; 
Smith,!., 10;  Clarke's  James  n.,i.,  400;  Pepys,  iv.,  353 ;  N.  Y.  General  Entries,  i.,  2,  3,  2?, 
27,  2S;  Valentine's  Manual,  ISGO,  532;  Wood,  144;  a7ifc,  vol.  1., 730,744,  «o/e.  Of  the  En- 
glish officers  who  accompanied  Nicolls,  the  family  of  Captain  Matthias  NicoUs  settled  on 
Long  Island,  and  tho.=e  of  Capt.iin  Pnniel  Brodhead  and  Ensign  Sylvester  Salisbury  in  L'l- 
efer  County,  in  the  province  of  New  Yorlt.  Numerous  descendants  now  bear  these  ancestral 
names.     See  abo  X.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.  (1860),  57. 


22  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OE  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.i.  ment  was  now  sufSciently  warned  of  the  danger  which 
menaced  ISTew  Netherland.  But  a  purblind  confidence  in 
the  honor  of  Charles,  and  an  unjust  estimate  of  the  impor- 
tance of  its  American  province  to  the  fatherland,  clouded 
the  judgment  of  De  Witt,  Prompt  ordei's  to  De  Ruyter, 
who  was  now  on  his  way  to  the  Mediterranean,  might  have 
hurried  his  squadron  to  Manliattan  in  time  to  assist  Stuy- 
vesant,  and  give  the  Duke  of  York's  expedition  a  memo- 
rable repu^lse.  But,  unhappily,  the  Dutch  province  was  im- 
der  the  immediate  government  of  a  commercial  monopoly 
which  had  but  little  popular  sympathy.  "  What !"  cried 
the  commonalty  at  the  Hague, "  must  we  have  a  war  for 
the  East  and  West  India  Companies?  We  will  rather  pull 
them  by  the  ears."*  And  so  the  fatherland  abandoned  New 
Il^etherland  to  her  fate. 

i^icolls's  squadron  worked  slowly  to  the  westward.     It 
was  nearly  ten  weeks  before  the  first  of  his  ships  reached 
New  England.    In  the  mean  time,  Appleboom,  the  Swedish 
minister  at  the  Hague,  awakened  from  its  sleep  of  eight 
l^  June,    years  the  complaint  of  his  king  against  the  proceedings  of 
com^^^^^     Stuy^^esant  on  the  Delaware  in  1655.     In  a  well -written 
plaints,      memorial  to  the  States  General,  he  demanded  that  the  West 
India  Company  should  be  ordered  to  restore  the  "  wrested 
lands"  to   the   Swedish  Company  and  pay  all   damages. 
This  should  be  speedily  done,  because  it  was  reported  that 
the  Dutch  Company  "  were  themselves  now  questioned  by 
j^^  August,  others  in  those  parts."     Two  months  afterward,  the  Am- 
sterdam chamber  submitted  a  full  justification  of  their  pro- 
ceedings against  the  Swedes ;  and  here  the  question,  which 
9  October.  ^^^^  been  revived  "  for  form's  sake,"  was  ended.f 

Appleboom's  suggestion  was  almost  a  prophetic  sneer. 
The  Dutch  were,  indeed,  effectually  "  questioned  by  others" 
in  New  Netherland.  In  alarm  at  the  now  certain  destina- 
28  June  ^^^^^  ^^  Nicolls's  squadrou,  the  West  India  Company  de- 
sjaiy]  manded  assistance  from  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  and  asked 
the  States  General  for  "  three  hmidred  soldiers  as  a  re-en- 
forcement for  New  Netherland,  and  a  ship  of  war  to  op- 

*  Lister's  Clarendon,  iii.,  SOT,  310,  318,  320,  322  ;  Kennetfs  England,  iii.,  251,  253;  D'Eg- 
trades,  ii.,  435;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  230-237,  367,  400,  408, 421, 431,  432,  492,  493,  505,  507 ;  Letter 
of  W.  I.  Co.  to  S.  G.,  20  June,  1664,  MS.,  N.  Y.  Historical  Society;  Mass.  Eec,  iv.  (ii.),  101- 
110;  Palfrey,  ii.,  576,  650,587. 

t  Col.  Doc,  i.,  615;  ii.,  240-242,  246,  247,  258-200;  Aitzema,  v.,  247-C40;  IIoll.  Merc, 
1064,135-137;  Lister's  Clarendon,  iii.,  359;  anfe,  vol.  1.,  622. 


THE  ENGLISH  EXPEDITION  AGAINST  NEW  NETHERLAND.      23 

pose  the  English,  designs  there."     But  Yan  Gogh,  the  am-  CHAr.  i. 
bassador  at  London,  reported  that  the  king  constantly  pro-  ~ 
tested  that  "  he  would  not  in  any  way  violate  his  alhance  g^  j^^^ ' 
with  the  Dutch ;"  and  the  States  General,  wishing  to  give  lu  juiy. 
no  umbrage  to  England,  refused  the  company's  request  for  GenerlTi'n- 
assistance.     Early  in  the  autmmi,  Yan  Gogh  wrote  that  it  ^^^  ^^^^^' 
was  rmnored  that  the  English  had  taken  Long  Island,  and  i^^^*^'' 
intended  to  reduce  New  Amsterdam  and  the  rest  of  Isew  1-3  ^^p'- 
jSTetherland.    Soon  afterward  the  West  India  Company  no-  g^Jc'tober 
tified  the  States  General  that  Stuy\^esant's  dispatches  an- 
nomiced  that  the  Duke  of  York  had  already  reduced  Long 
Island,  and  was  about  to  attack  ISTew  Amsterdam,  the  cap- 
ital, "  and  thereby  to  erase  the  name  of  New  Netherland 
from  the  map,  and  cause  a  loss  of  millions  to  the  company." 
The  same  week  intelligence  reached  London  that  the  Dutch  29  sept. 
had  been  "  beat  out"  of  Guinea  and  New  Xetherland, "  with-  ^  '^''°^'- 
out  pubhc  knowledge  or  reason,"  according  to  the  honest 
notion  of  Pepys,  the  clerk  of  the  Admiralty.    The  Idng  did 
"  joy  mightily  at  it."     The  mask  need  no  longer  be  worn. 
"  But,"  said  Charles  to  his  vice-chamberlain  Carteret,  laugh- 
ing, "  how  shall  I  do  to  answer  this  to  the  ambassador  when 
he  comes  ?"'^ 

Meanwliile  Nicolls   and  Cart wrig-ht,  with  part   of  the  23  juiy. 

Nicolla  at 

squadron,  had  reached  Boston  after  a  tedious  voyage,  and  Boston. 
had  dispatched  a  letter  to  Winthrop  requiring  the  assist- 
ance of  Connecticut.  This  was  very  readily  given.  At 
the  suggestion  of  the  commissioners,  the  Massachusetts  au- 
thorities, with  evident  unwillingness,  ordered  two  hmidred  s  August, 
volunteers  to  be  called  out  to  aid  in  reducing  New  Neth- 
erland.  The  West  India  Company,  as  we  have  seen,  had 
cherished  the  absurd  bebef  that  the  Pm'itan  colonists  would 
not  assist  the  royal  forces  in  overthrowing  the  government 
of  New  Netherland,  in  which  "  freedom  of  conscience"  was 
so  fully  recognized.  But  the  English  jealousy  of  the  Dutch, 
which  New  England  fostered,  together  with  a  cm-ious  notion 
of  loyalty  to  the  king,  prevailed  over  Puritan  dread  of  epis- 
copacy.    Nevertheless,  the  backwardness  of  Massachusetts 

•  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  243-240,253,255,250;  Lingard,  xii.,  16S;  Davie3,iii.,  25;  Rapin,  ii.,  63T, 
638;  Parliamentary  History,  Iv.,  29S-302;  D'Estrades,  ii.,  453,  460,  494;  Lett,  of  De  Witt, 
iv.,  306,  342 ;  Pepys,  ii.,  171.  It  is  another  instance  of  the  ignorance  which  English  scholars 
fo  constantly  display  in  re.^ard  to  American  history,  that  the  editor  of  Bohn's  recent  edition 
of  Pepys  repeats  tlie  erroneous  statement  of  Hume,  vi.,  3S3,  ami  others,  that  the  expedition 
sent  against  New  Netherland  was  commanded  by  Sir  Robert  Holmes. 


24  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  I.   gave  NicoUs  and  Cartwright  an  opportunity  to  complain 
to  Secretary  Bennet.     As  soon  as  the  rest  of  the  Enojlish 
•0  Jul       ships  reached  Boston,  McoUs  wrote  again  to  AVinthrop  at 
Hartford,  and  also  to  Captain  Thomas  Willett  at  Plymouth, 
desiring  them  to  meet  the  commissioners  at  the  west  end 
of  Long  Island,  whither  the   expedition   soon   afterward 
jgAnsust.  sailed.     The  squadron,  piloted  by  New  England  mariners, 
TuJf  a^Ny-  anchored  at  Nyack  or  New  Utrecht  Bay,  just  inside  of  Co- 
^'^^'         ney  Island.      Here  the  royal  commissioners  were  joined 
by  Winthrop  and  his  son  Fitz  John,  with  Willys  and  sev- 
eral other  Connecticut  magistrates.     Willett  also  appeared 
on  behalf  of  the  new  Plymouth  colony,  and  "  greatly  rec- 
ommended himself  to  the  commissioners  by  his  acti\dty  and 
intelligence."     Scott  was  likewise  at  hand,  with  men  from 
New  Haven, "  pressed  by  authority,"  to  go  with  him  to  Long 
Island.     A  number  of  militia,  summoned  fi'om  Southold 
and  the  other  towns  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  island,  soon 
appeared  in  arms  under  the  command  of  Captain  John 
Connect!-   Youngc.     Tliomas  Clarke  and  John  Pynchon  also  came 
outhfi^"  from  Boston  with  a  report  of  its  military  arrangements, 
^eus  dde-  But,  as  there  was  already  an  overpowering  force  collected, 
^^^^^-       the  services  of  the  Massachusetts  troops  were  found  to  be 

unnecessary.""' 
j^  August.      All  the  approaches  to  New  Amsterdam  by  land  and  wa- 
^tOTdifm'   ter  were  immediately  blockaded,  and  communication  be- 
biockaded.  i^QQj^  the  city  and  Long  Island,  Bergen,  and  Achter  Cul 
was  cut  off.     The  block-house  on  Staten  Island,  opj)Osite 
the  squadron,  was  occupied.     Several  coasting  vessels,  on 
their  way  to  the  South  River,  were  captured.     Tlie  Long 
Island  farmers  were  forbidden  to  furnish  any  supplies  to 
the  capital,  on  pain  of  destruction  of  their  property.     At 
3§  Anguat.  tlie  samc  time  a  proclamation  was  issued  by  the  commis- 
sioners on  board  tlie  Guinea,  copies  of  which  were  "  scat- 
tered broadcast"  among  the  Dutch  towns,  and  soon  found 
piociama-  tlicir  way  to  the  burghers  of  the  metropolis.    "  Forasmuch," 
r!oy.i;com-  were  its  words, "  as  his  majesty  hath  sent  us,  by  commission 
iuLs.^i.mei-s.  ^^j^^igj.  i^jg  great  seal,  among  other  tilings  to  expel  or  to  re- 

*  General  Entries,  i.,  2-7 ;  Col.  Doc.,  ii.,  235,  236,  372,  409,  410,  438,  444  ;  Hi.,  65,  66,  84 ; 
Chalmer.s,  Ann.,  i.,  386,  387,  573  ;  Mass.  Rec,  iv.  (ii.),  117-128,  141, 149,  157-lOS;  Mas?.  II. 
S.  Coll.,  xviii.,  92-94;  xxxvi.,  527,  .'i23  ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  230,  231;  Barry,  i.,  390, 391;  Pal- 
frey, ii.,  57S,  .'i86,  .'591 ;  iii,  236,  238;  Morton'.'!  Mem.,  311,  no^e  .•  New  Haven  Rec.,  ii.,  550; 
Trumbull,  i.,  2CT  ;  Smith,  1.,  17, 18  ;  Wood,  27  ;  Thompson,  i.,  127  ;  ant£,  vol.  i.,  737. 


PROCLAMATION  OF  THE  ROYAL  COMIVHSSIONERS.  25 

duce  under  his  majesty's  obedience  all  such  foreigners  as  chap.  i. 
have  without  his  majesty's  leave  or  consent  seated  them- 
selves  amongst  any  of  his  dominions  in  America,  to  the  prej-  ■'■""*• 
udice  of  his  majesty's  subjects  and  the  diminution  of  his 
royal  dignity,  We,  his  Majesty's  Commissioners,  declare  and 
promise  that  whosoever,  of  what  nation  soever,  will,  upon 
knowledge  of  this  proclamation,  acknowledge  and  testify 
themselves  to  submit  to  this  his  majesty's  government,  as 
his  good  subjects  ought  to  do,  shall  be  protected  by  his 
majesty's  laws  and  justice,  and  peaceably  enjoy  whatsoever 
God's  blessing  and  their  own  honest  industry  have  fur- 
nished them  with,  and  all  other  privileges  with  his  maj- 
esty's English  subjects.  We  have  caused  this  to  be  pub- 
lished that  we  might  prevent  all  inconveniences  to  others, 
if  it  were  possible ;  however,  to  clear  ourselves  from  the 
charge  of  all  tliose  miseries  that  may  any  way  befall  such 
as  live  here  and  will  not  acknowledge  his  majesty  for  their 
sovereign — whom  God  preserve."  The  inhabitants  of  the 
several  towns  on  Long  Island  were  also  specially  sum- 
moned to  meet  the  commissioners  at  Gravesend  on  the  fol- 
lowing Thursday.* 

In  the  mean  time,  Stuy^^esant,  on  receiving  the  letter 
which  the  West  India  directors  had  written  to  him  in 
April,  was  somewhat  relieved  fi'om  fear  of  an  attack  by 
the  English,  although  he  could  not  refrain  from  ^vriting  to  25  juiy. 
the  company  that  the  design  of  the  royal  commissioners  ^  August, 
was  rather  against  New  Netherland  than  for  the  "imao;- 
ined  reform  of  New  England."    Willett,  of  Pljnnouth,  who 
liad  originally  warned  him  of  the  danger,  now  contradicted 
his  previous  statements,  and  the  director  incautiously  went  27  j«iy. 
up  to  Fort  Orange  to  repress  some  disorders  among  the  In-  |tuy?e'ant 
dians  in  its  neighborhood.     Upon  learning  the  approach  of  oran-e 
the  English  expedition  he  hurried  back  to  Kew  Amster- Returns  to 
dam,  which  he  reached  only  the  day  before  the  Guinea  ^terafm.'" 
anchored  in  Nyack  Bay.     Accordiner  to  the  rule  "  in  such  , . . 
critical  circumstances,"  the  burgomasters  were  called  into  Tae  city 
council,  and  every  thing  possible  was  done  for  the  forti-  t^at^eT 
ficatioii  and  defense  of  the  city.     But  its  condition  was  counciK"  ° 

*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  372,  410,  411,  434,  438,  443,  444,  476  ;  General  Entries,  i.,  7,  8 ;  Colonial 
Manuscripts,  x.  (iii.),  290-303  ;  Albany  Rec,  xxii.,  307,  385;  Smith,  i.,  387,  3SS  ;  S.  Smith's 
New  Jersey,  30,  37 ;  Oyster  Bay  Rec,  A.,  10  ;  O'Call.,  ii.,  521,  522;  Thompson,  i.,  124, 125 ; 
an«r,  vol.  i.,  738  ;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.  (1809).  53,  C3. 


1664. 


26  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  I.  hopeless  from  the  first.     No  aid  could  be  obtained  from 
Long  Island.      The  regular  soldiers  in  the  garrison  did 
not  exceed  one  hundred  and  fifty ;  and  the  burghers — of 
whom  only  two  hundred  and  fifty  were  able  to  bear  arms — 
thought  more  of  protecting  their  own  property  than  of  de- 
fending the  open  town.     The  v/hole  city  force,  placed  man 
Defense-    by  man  four  rods  apart,  could  not  guard  its  breastwork. 
tionofthe  Fort  Amsterdam  itself  was  untenable  against  a  regular  be- 
metropohs.  ig^guering,  having  been  originally  built  to  resist  an  attack 
of  the  savages  rather  than  an  assault  by  European  arms. 
Houses  were  clustered  around  its  low  earthen  walls,  which 
in  some  places  were  not  over  ten  feet  high,  and  were  com- 
manded, within  pistol-shot  on  the  north,  by  much  higher 
ground  on  the  "  Heere-weg,"  or  Broadway.     Its  six  hund- 
red pounds  of  serviceable  powder  were  not  suflicient  for 
more  than  a  few  hours'  firing.     Long  before  its  extremity, 
Stuyvesant  had  given  his  mihtary  opinion,  which  modern 
judgment  has  only  confirmed,  that  "  whoever  by  water  is 
The  river  mastcr  of  the  river  will  be  iii  a  short  time  master  by  land 
'^  '^  ■  of  the  feeble  fortress."     The  contingency  he  dreaded  had 
now  happened,  and  the  English  squadron  was  in  full  com- 
mand of  the  harbor.     Nevertheless,  the  director  resolved 
to  hold  out  to  the  last.     At  the  request  of  the  burgomas- 
ters, and  to  ascertain  the  condition  of  affairs  on  Long  Isl- 
and, he  sent  four  commissioners,  representing  the  council 
If  August,  and  the  city,  down  to  the  English  commanders,  with  a  let- 
se*n^tr°'  ter  inquiring  the  object  of  their  coming,  and  why  they  re- 
wiwre-      mained  at  Nyack  without  giving  notice  to  liim.     Nicolls 
^'"^^'        answered  them  that  he  had  come  to  reduce  the  country  to 
the  obedience  of  the  King  of  England,  whose  commission 
he  exhibited ;  that  he  would  not  argue  about  his  majesty's 
right,  which  he  would  leave  to  be  vindicated  by  the  king 
liimself ;  and  that,  the  next  day,  he  would  send  a  letter  to 
New  Amsterdam  "  over  the  ferry."* 

Colonel  Cartwright,  Captain  Needham,  Captain  Grove, 

and  Mr.  Thomas  Delavall  accordingly  came  up  to  the  city 

gg  August,  on  Saturday  morning  with  a  letter  from  NicoUs  to  Stuy- 

•  Alb.  Rec,  xviii.,  276-29T,  311,  312;  Colonial  MSS.,  x.  (iii.),  251,  299  ;  xv.,  140  ;  Mass. 
Rec,  iv.  (ii.),  101-106;  Palfrey,  ii.,  5T6;  New  Amsterdam  Kec.,  v.,  552-554,  607-570  ;  Val. 
Man.,  ISGO,  592  ;  ISGl,  603-605 ;  Col.  Doc.,  ii.,  235,  24S,  367,  368,  371,  372,  G76,  G77,  40S-411, 
421,  431-434,  43S,  44!\  441,  44-3,  446,  469,  474,  4T5,  494,  499,  505,  50S;  Gen.  Ent.,  i.,  S,  9; 
Smith,  i.,  18  ;  S.  Smith,  37,  38  ;  Hazard's  Reg.  Penn.,  iv.,  30,  31 ;  Letter  of  Drisius,  15  Sept., 
1664 ;  antr^  vol.  i. ,  737,  738, 741. 


THE  SUREENDER  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND  DEMANDED.  27 

vesant,  asserting  the  "  im  questionable  riglit"  of  the  English  chap.  i. 
king  "  to  these  parts  of  America,"  and  requiring  the  sm-- 
render  of  the  "  town  situate  upon  the  island  commonly  j^.^^ig  fg 
Ivnown  by  the  name  of  Manhatoes,  with  all  the  forts  there-  mands  the 

*'       ,  ^  '  ^  surrender 

unto  belonging,"  at  the  same  time  assuring  him  "  and  every  of  Maniiat- 
respective  inhabitant  of  the  Dutch  nation  that  his  majesty, 
being  tender  of  the  effusion  of  Christian  blood,  doth  by 
these  presents  confirm  and  secure  to  every  man  his  estate,  Terma  of- 
life,  and  hberty,  who  shall  readily  submit  to  his  govern-  ^^^ 
ment,  and  all  those  who  shall  oppose  his  majesty's  gra- 
cious intentions  must  expect  all  the  miseries  of  a  war 
which  they  bring  upon  themselves."  A  copy  of  the  proc- 
lamation of  the  royal  commissioners  was  also  sent.  Fond 
of  parade,  and  determined  to  "  keep  up  state"  to  the  last, 
the  Dutch  director  received  the  English  delegates  with  a 
salute  of  artillery  which  expended  a  large  proportion  of 
his  slender  stock  of  powder.  As  Kicolls  had  omitted  to 
sign  his  summons,  it  was  retm-ned  to  the  delegates,  and  a  stuyvesant 
delay  was  thus  gained.  StujTesant,  on  his  part,  showed  nlt^s*^ '' 
them  his  commission  as  Director  General  of  New  jN^ether- 
land,  and  the  grant  of  the  States  General  to  the  West  India 
Company  in  1621,  which,  he  insisted,  gave  as  much  power 
and  authority  as  the  King  of  England  had  given  or  could 
give  to  any  colony  in  America.  The  municipal  authorities, 
with  some  of  the  burghers,  now  assembled  at  the  City  Hall, 
and  agreed  that  the  city  should  be  so  fortified  as  to  prevent 
a  surprise,  that  thus  "  good  terms  and  conditions"  might  be 
obtained  fi'om  the  enemy.  But,  as  protracted  resistance 
was  out  of  the  question,  a  copy  of  the  Enghsh  communica- 
tion was  to  be  demanded  from  the  director. 

On  the  following  Monday  morning,  i^icolls,ha^dng  signed 
liis  summons,  sent  it  back  with  a  note  of  apology  by  Cap-  32Aiigii8t. 
tains  Hill,  Needham,  and  Matthias  NicoUs.    Another  salute  jJ^J^ 
was  fired,  and  on  the  departure  of  the  Enghsh  deputies  the  ^^"'^^^ 

'  ^  o  i  summons. 

burgomasters  asked  Stuyvesant  for  a  copy  of  the  smnmons, 
to  be  shown  to  the  citizens.  But  the  director,  fearing  that 
its  easy  terms  might  lead  them  to  capitulate  at  once,  re- 
fused. The  burgomasters  endeavored  to  explain  the  pur- 
port of  the  summons,  but  the  citizens  insisted  upon  seeing 
for  themselves.  Stuyvesant  then  went  in  person  to  their 
meeting,  hoping  to    dissuade   them  from   their  purpose. 


28  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  I.   "  Sucli  a  coui'se,"  liG  Said, "  would  be  disapproved  of  in  the 
fatherland :  it  would  discourage  the  people,  and  he  would 
*  be  held  answerable  for  the  surrender."     At  last,  finding  it 
coramuni-  usoless  to  rosist  the  popular  will,  the  director  furnished  the 
the^peopis.  required  copy,  with  a  protest  that  he  should  not  be  held  re- 
sponsible for  "  the  calamitous  consequences."* 

With  a  sorrowful  heart  Stuyvesant  now  drew  up  a  dis- 
patch to  the  West  India  Directors,  informing  them  of  his 
"perilous  and  very  alarming"  situation.     "Long  Island  is 
gone  and  lost."     The  capital,  threatened  by  Old  and  IsTew 
22  August.  England  forces,  could  not  hold  out  long.     "  The  company 
1  septem.   ^g  ggolded  and  cursed  by  the  inhabitants,  in  regard  that  not- 
withstanding the  so  often  renewed  and  successive  warn- 
stuy^-e-     ina-s  and  remonstrances  from  time  to  time,  no  attention  has 

sant's  let- 

ter  to  the  been  paid,  and  none  of  the  solicited  succor  obtained.  Yea, 
paiiy.  '  it  is  loudly  and  openly  proclaimed,  to  the  contempt  and 
shame  of  your  faithful  servants,  that  your  honors  by  pre- 
meditation abandoned  the  inhabitants,  if  you  did  not  in- 
tend to  expose  them  for  sale,  and  endeavored  to  devote 
them  to  slaughter."  This  dispatch  was  intended  to  be  sent 
by  the  recently  arrived  ship  Gideon,  which  was  to  pass  that 
1  night "  in  silence  through  Hellgate."    But,  upon  considera- 

tion, Stuyvesant  refused  to  let  the  vessel  sail,  and  Gelde, 
her  master,  could  only  protest  against  his  detention.f 

By  this  time  Nicolls  had  become  better  informed  of  the 
state  of  affairs  in  New  Amsterdam  through  Willett,  who 
wiiiett      was  "  more  acquainted  with  the  manners  and  customs  of 
winthrop.  the  Dutch  than  any  Englishman  in  the  country."     Win- 
throp  had  also  explained  to  him  how  easily  the  citizens 
might  be  induced  to  compel  Stuyvesant  to  surrender,  if 
they  were    assured  that  their  intercourse  with  Holland 
22  August,  would  not  be  interrupted.     NicoUs  accordingly  wrote  to 
1  septem.  Wiuthrop,  "  As  to  those  particulars  you  spoke  to  me,  I  do 
Nicoiis's     assure  you  that  if  the  Manhadoes  be  delivered  up  to  his 
Winthrop.  majcsty,  I  shall  not  hinder,  but  any  people  from  the  Neth- 
erlands may  freely  come  and  plant  there,  or  thereabouts ; 
and  such  vessels  of  their  owne  country  may  freely  come 

•  General  Entries,  i.,  9-11;  Alb.  Rec,  xviii.,  311-317;  xxli.,  314,  315;  Col.  MSS.,  x.  (iii), 
.309,  311  ;  XV.,  143, 144 ;  Col.  Doc.,  ii.,  441,  443,  469,  4S)S ;  Hazard's  Reg.  Penn.,  iv.,  31,  41 ; 
Smith,  i.,  lS-21 ;  S.  Smith,  3S,  39  ;  Thompson,  i.,  12S  ;  Bancroft,  ii.,  314  ;  O'Call.,  ii.,  522, 
523;  anfc,  vol.  i.,  738,  739. 

t  Alb.  Rcc,  xviii.,  302-304;  xxli.,  31S-321;  Col.  JISS.,  x.  (iii.),  313;  xv.,141;  Thompson, 
L,  128, 129 ;  General  Kntries,  i ,  34, 141 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  22?,  430,  469,  744. 


WINTHROP'S  LETTER  TO  STUYVESANT.  29 


1664. 


thither,  and  any  of  them  may  as  freely  returne  home  in  chap.i. 
vessels  of  their  owne  country ;  and  this  and  much  more  is 
contained  in  the  privilege  of  his  majesty's  Enghsh  sub- 
jects ;  and  thus  much  you  may,  by  what  means  you  please, 
assure  the  governor."  In  thus  promising  the  people  of 
!N^ew  Il^etherland  a  fi'ee  intercourse  with  Holland,  in  viola- 
tion of  the  English  Navigation  Acts,  Nicolls  exceeded  his 
instructions  fi-om  the  king,  which  authorized  him  to  assure 
the  Dutch  colonists  only  "  the  same  freedom  in  trade  with 
our  other  good  subjects  in  those  parts ;"  and  he  even  as- 
sumed more  power  than  his  own  sovereign  possessed,  who 
"  could  not  dispense  with  the  laws  by  permitting  a  com- 
merce which  they  had  prohibited."* 

Having,  nevertheless,  gained  his  point,  Winthrop  ad- 
dressed a  friendly  letter  to  Stuyvesant  and  his  comicil,  i^acpfem." 
urging  them  to  "speedily  accept  his  majesty's  gracious  ten- 
der," and  adding  that "  otherwise  you  may  be  assured  that  AVintuiop-s 
both  the  Massachusett  colony  and  Connecticutt,  and  all  the  s1,uyve- 
rest,  are  obliged  and  ready  to  attend  his  majestie's  service; 
and  if  you  should,  by  wilf  uU  protraction,  occasion  a  gen- 
erall  rising  of  the  English  colonies,  I  should  be  sorry  to 
see  the  ill  consequences  which  you  will  bring  upon  your 
people  thereby,  of  which  I  hope  and  persuade,  in  reall  com- 
passion, that  you  will  not  run  so  great  an  hazard  to  occa- 
sion a  needless  warre,  with  all  the  evills  and  miseries  that 
may  accompany  the  same,  when  nothing  but  peace,  and  lib- 
erties, and  protection  is  tendered.  I  have,  I  hope,  obtained 
of  their  honors  this  farther  addition  to  their  former  free 
tenders  for  the  good  of  yourselves,  your  friends,  and  allies, 
that  any  of  your  friends  in  Holland  that  will  come  over 
hither  shall  have  free  liberty  to  inhabite  and  plant  in  these 
parts,  under  his  majestie's  subjection,  and  to  transport 
themselves  in  theire  owne  country  ships,  which  (if  you  con- 
sider well)  gives  you  such  a  settlement  in  your  present  con- 
dition, that  you  will  find  little  alteration  but  your  submis- 
sion to  and  acknowledgment  of  his  majestie's  emj)ire  (for 
the  most  apparent  future  good  of  all  your  people),  who 
hath  imployed  such  persons  of  honor  and  worth  that  your 
people  may  be  happy  under  their  government."     To  this 

•  Gen.  Ent ,  i.,  12;  Morton's  Memorial,  311,  note;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  57,  1C5;  Chalmera,  i., 
574,  590 ;  OCaU.,  ii ,  52.'! ;  on'^,  p.  19  ;  vol.  l,  739. 


30  HISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOKK. 

Chap.  I.    letter  Nicolls,  Carr,  and  Cartwright  added  their  autograph 
~     ~  approval  and  assent "  that  it  be  sent  to  the  governor  of  the 
1^^^-  Manhadoes."* 

Winthrop,  with  his  son  Fitz  John,  and  Willys  of  Con- 
necticut, accompanied  by  "Willett  of  Plymouth,  and  Clarke 
and  Pynchon  of  Massachusetts,  came  up  the  next  day  with 
23 August,  this  letter  from  Gravesend  "in  a  row-boat  with  a  white 
wlnufrop  fi^&?"  ^^  t^^  ^ity  wharf,  whence  they  were  "  immediately 
at  New      conducted  to  the   nearest  tavern."     Another   salute  was 

Amster- 
dam,        fired  as  they  landed,  and  Stuyvesant  went  with  his  council 

and  the  two  burgomasters  to  greet  them.  The  Enghsh 
delegates  declared  that  they  had  come  to  offer  "  all  the  in- 
habitants, in  the  king's  name,  fair  conditions,  and,  in  case 
these  were  not  accepted,  to  excuse  themselves  for  any  mis- 
chief that  might  follow — it  being  their  business,  as  they 
bad  been  ordered  by  England's  majesty,  and  were  therefore 
obliged  to  assist  General  ISTicoUs."  Many  "  speeches  and 
answers"  passed  at  the  long  conference.  On  taldng  leave, 
Winthi'op  handed  his  own  sealed  letter  to  Stuj^'esant,  who, 
when  he  returned  to  the  fort,  opened  and  read  it  before  the 
council  and  the  burgomasters.  Its  effect  was  immediate. 
In  a  short  time  the  burgomasters  came  back  to  the  council 
chamber,  and  demanded  a  copy  of  Winthrop's  letter  to  be 
communicated  to  the  city  authorities.  This  Stuyvesant  de- 
cHned  to  allow,  thinking  it  "  rather  disadvantageous  than 
favorable  to  communicate  such  letters  to  the  inhabitants." 
The  burgomasters  insisted  that  the  director  "  ought  to  com- 
municate to  the  commonalty  all  that  had  any  relation  to 
the  public  welfare."  Stuyvesant  explained  the  disastrous 
consequences  of  so  doing ;  but  the  burgomasters  persisted, 
and  as  they  went  away, "  greatly  disgusted  and  dissatisfied," 
stuyvesant  the  dircctor,  against  their  protest,  tore  the  letter  in  pieces, 
wntiZp's "  in  order  thereby  to  prevent  its  communication."  Shortly 
letter.  aftcrward,  most  of  the  burghers  assembled  at  the  City 
Hall;  the  work  on  the  palisades  suddenly  stopped;  and 
three  of  the  principal  citizens, "  not  belonging  to  the  gov- 
ernment," came  to  the  council  chamber  and  peremptorily 
demanded  a  copy  of  the  letter.  The  fi'agments  were  shown 
to  them,  but  no  reasoning  would  satisfy ;  and  Stuyvesant 

.  •  This  letter  was  published  for  the  first  time  in  1S63,  from  Winthrop's  original  drift,  in 
Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xx.xvi.,  527-529  ;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  (Joll.  (1SG9),  5S. 


STUYVESANT'S  JUSTIFICATION  OF  THE  DUTCH  TITLE.         31 

was  obliged  to  liasten  to  tlie  City  Hall, "  to  encourage  and  chap.  i. 
appease  the  burghers,  and  bring  them  back  to  work."     In 
vain  did  he  try  to  pacify  them;  complaints  against  the    -'•""*• 
company's  shameful  neglect  of  the  people's  representations 
were  uttered  on  all  sides ;  and  a  prolonged  defense  of  the 
city,  without  hope  of  relief,  was  declared  to  be  impossible, 
"seeing  that  to  resist  so  many  was  nothing  else  than  to 
gape  before  an  oven."     In  vain  did  the  director  again  re- 
fuse a  copy  of  the  letter,  because  "  it  did  not  concern  the 
commonalty,  but  the  government,"  and,  moreover,  it  had 
been  torn  up.     "  The  letter !  the  letter !"  was  the  only  re- 
ply.    Fearing  a  mutiny,  Stuy^^esant  returned  to  the  coun- 
cil chamber;   and  Bayard,  the  clerk,  having  made  a  copy  a  copy  giv- 
of  Winthrop's  mutilated  writing,  gave  it  to  the  timorous  duz^ns.^ 
burgomasters .  * 

Meanwhile  Stuyvesant  had  been  preparing  a  reply  to  the 
summons  of  NicoUs.     It  was  an  overwhelming  argument,  23  August. 
tracing  the  history  of  New  Netherland,  denying  the  English  gtijy'ye."' 
pretension,  and  maintaining  the  Dutch  title  by  first  dis- ^g"'j>4"fj.'- 
covery,  uninterrupted  possession,  purchase  of  land  fi'om  the  *|l^  ^"''^^^ 
native  owners,  and  the  recognition  of  the  sovereignty  of  the 
States  General  by  the  articles  of  peace  with  England.     For 
these  reasons,  the  unsoundness  of  the  English  claim  was 
"  as  manifest  and  palpable  as  the  brightness  of  the  sun  at 
noonday."     At  the  same  time,  the  director  proposed  to  re- 
new the  agreement  with  Scott  in  the  previous  March,  that 
the  question  of  boundaries  on  Long  Island  should  be  ami- 
cably determined  by  the  king  and  the  States  General, "  in 
order  to  prevent  bloodshed  here  and  further  trouble  in  Eu- 
rope," which  must  follow  any  hostile  aggressions. 

This  letter  was  conveyed  by  four  of  Stuy^^esant's  ablest 
advisers,  two  from  the  council  and  two  from  the  city,  who 
were  instructed  to  "argue  the  matter"  with  the  Enghsh 23 August. 
commander.     But  Nicolls,  declining  discussion,  told  them  KicoCde- 
that  the  question  of  right  did  not  concern  him ;  it  was  to  cusllon.'^' 
be  considered  by  the  king  and  the  States  General.    He  must 
and  should  take  the  place ;  and  if  the  reasonable  terms  lie 

•  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  308,  369,  444,  445,  469,  4T6  ;  iii.,  165;  Alb.  Eec,  xxii.,  316;  Col.  MSS.,  X. 
(iii.),  311,  313;  Smith,  L,  20;  Trumbull,  i.,  26S;  Bancroft,  ii.,  314;  O'Call.,  ii.,  523,  524; 
Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxvi.,  528,  529 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  739.  According  to  Smith,  Trumbull,  and 
others,  Stuyvesant  tore  Winthrop's  letter  "  in  a  fit  of  anger;"  according  to  his  own  account, 
in  Alb.  Rec,  xxii.,  316,  and  Col.  Doc.,  ii.,  445,  "  to  prevent  its  communication"  to  the  people. 


32  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  I.  had  oifered  were  not  accepted,  he  would  attack  the  city, 
for  which  purpose,  at  the  end  of  forty-eight  hours,  he  would 
bring  his  forces  up  nearer.  "  On  Thursday,  the  fourth,"  he 
added,  "  I  will  speak  with  you  at  the  Manhattans."  The 
Dutch  deputies  replied,  "  Friends  will  be  welcome  if  they 
come  in  a  friendly  manner."  "  I  shall  come  with  my  ships 
and  soldiers,"  said  ISTicoUs,  "  and  he  will  be  a  bold  messen- 
ger, indeed,  who  shall  then  dare  to  come  on  board  and  so- 
licit.terms."  To  their  demand, "  Wliat,  then,  is  to  be  done  ?" 
Nicoiis-8  He  answered,  "  Hoist  the  white  flag  of  peace  at  the  fort, 
repiy.'°"^  and  then  I  may  take  something  into  consideration."  "With 
this  imperious  message  the  Dutch  delegates  returned  sad- 
ly to  New  Amsterdam."''' 

Seeing  that  Stuyvesant  was  disposed  to  hold  out,  Nicolls 
24 August,  directed  Hyde,  of  the  Guinea,  "  to  prosecute,  with  the  ad- 
Anl^ttaTk  "^'ice  of  the  captains  under  his  command,  his  majesties' 
ordered,     (^l^ii^  and  iutcrest  by  all  waj's  and  means  as  they  shall 
think  most  expedient  for  the  speedy  reducing  of  the  Dutch 
under  his  majesties'  obedience."     The  transport  ship  Wil- 
liam and  Nicholas  was  also  "  pressed"  for  active  service, 
and  an  agreement  was  signed  with  Morley,  her  captain,  to 
indemnify  her  owners  in  case  she  should  be  damaged.f 
At  the  appointed  day,  a  great  number  of  the  inhabitants 
25  August,  of  Long  Island  assembled  to  meet  the  royal  commissioners 
Nkous  at  at  Gravesend,     Winthrop  and  the  other  Connecticut  mag- 
oravesend.  jg|;j.ates  wcrc  prescut.     Nicolls,  in  their  presence,  pubhshed 
the  king's  patent  to  the  Duke  of  York,  with  his  own  com- 
mission, and  demanded  the  submission  of  Long  Island  to 
his  authority.     On  the  part  of  the  inhabitants  living  east 
of  the  Dutch  towns  there  was  no  doubt  respecting  alle- 
giance.    They  were  already  British  subjects,  and  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  Connecticut.     The  only  question  was  about 
coming  under  the  Duke  of  York's  government.    Winthrop, 
on  behalf  of  Connecticut,  declared  that  as  the  Idng's  pleas- 
ure was  now  fully  signified  by  his  letters  patent,  the  j  mis- 
diction  which  that  colony  had  claimed  and  exercised  over 
Long  Island  "  ceased  and  became  null."     Nicolls,  on  the 
part  of  the  duke,  replied  that  he  would  not  displace  any  of 

•  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  406, 411-414 ;  Gen.  Ent.,  i.,  15-20 ;  Alb.  Kec,  xviii.,  319,  320;  xxii.,  GIT  ; 
Col  MSS.,  X.  (iil.),  313;  xv.,  144;  Hazard's  Reg.  Penn.,  iv.,  41,  42;  Val.  Man.,  ISGO,  592; 
Smith,  i.,  20-26 ;  B.incroft,  il ,  314;  O'Call.,  ii,  526  ;  an«c,  vol.  i.,  72S,  740. 

t  Gen.  EDt.,i.,ai,22,  27,  28;  Smith,  i.,  27  ;  .S.  Smith,  40  ;  Hazard,  l;eg.  Penn.,  iv.,  4^4  . 


NEW  AMSTERDAM  BELEAGUERED  BY  THE  ENGLISH.  33 

the  civil  officers  appointed  by  Connecticut,  but  would  con-  cqap.  i. 
firm  tliem  to  act  under  him  "until  a  convenient  season 
served  to  convene  deputies  fi-om  all  the  towns  on  the  isl- 
and, when  and  where  laws  were  to  be  enacted  and  civil  of- 
ficers estabhshed."  Tliis  assurance  seemed  to  explain  the 
vao-ue  promise  in  the  proclamation  of  the  commissioners, 
that  all  persons  submitting  to  the  royal  government  should 
eniov  "  all  other  privileges  with  his  maiesty's  English  sub-  submission 

J    J  ^  '-'  •  T  -\  •    r  T  oiLonglil- 

iects."     It  was,  at  all  events,  considered  satistactory.    Long  and  to  the 

J  '  -i-nTi  111'ii     Duke  of 

Island,  chiefly  inhabited  by  Englishmen  aheady  subject  to  York. 
the  crown,  submitted  at  once  to  the  authority  of  the  Duke 
of  York  ;  and  the  volunteer  forces  from  its  eastern  towns, 
joined  by  those  of  New  England,  marched  fi-om  Amers- 
f  oort  and  Midwout  toward  Brookl^Ti,  to  assist  in  reducing 
the  Dutch  capital.* 

Observing  the  approach  of  the  English  forces,  Stuy^'e- ^sAugust. 
sant  m'ote  once  more  to  Nicolls,  that  although  by  his  or-  Ituyv'e'l"'' 
ders  he  was  "  obliged  to  defend  our  place,"  yet,  to  prevent  l^J"^^ 
the  shedding  of  innocent  blood,  he  proposed  that  commis- 1"^^^°- 
sioners  should  be  appointed  on  both  sides  to  treat  about  "  a 
good  accommodation,"  and  that  in  the  mean  time  all  hos- 
tilities should  cease.    The  Enghsh  commander  replied  fi-om 
Gravesend  that  he  would  willingly  appoint  commissioners  25  August. 
"  to  treat  upon  articles  of  surrender."     At  the  desire  of  *  '^'p"^"^'. 
Stuyvesant's  delegates,  orders  were  given  to  Commodore 
Hyde  not  to  fire  first  on  the  city.     But  Kicolls  refused 
their  request  that  the  troops  should  not  be  brought  nearer. 
"To-day  I  shall  arrive  at  the  ferr}^,"  he  added:  "to-mor- 
row we  can  agree  with  one  another."  f 

The  regular  soldiers,  consisting  of  thi-ee  full  companies, 
eager  for  booty,  were  then  landed  at  Gravesend,  whence 
they  marched  up  to  the  ferry  at  Brooklyn,  where  the  auxil-  tij^  Kn-^^^ 
iaries  from  Long  Island  and  New  England  were  abeady  sta-  at  Brook-' 
tioned.     Two  of  the  ships  moved  up  near  Nooten,  or  Gov-  ^°' 
ernor's  Island.     The  other  two  frigates  came  on  with  full 
sail,  and  ffuns  ready  to  open  broadsides,  and,  passing  in  fi'ont  Ke^  a™. 

t  I'TT^iTT  ^Tr   J.   1     sterdambe- 

of  Fort  Amsterdam,  anchored  m  the  East  Kiver.     VV  atcli-  leaguered. 
ing  them  from  the  parapet  as  they  sailed  along,  Stuy\-esant 

*  Deeds,  ii.,  43, 44  ;  Wood,  2T,  2S,  87, 1T3,  ITT;  Thompson,  i ,  126, 127;  ii.,  323,  323 ;  Col. 
Doc,  ii.,  407,  408,  414,  445,  501 ;  Col  Rec.  Conn.,  i.  424,  42T,  429  ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  T38,  T34. 

t  Gen.  Ent.,  1, 13, 14, 15;  Alb.  Kec,  xviii.,  321 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xv.,  144;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  414; 
Hazard,  Reg.  Pena.,  iv.,  31 ;  Smith,  i.,  27  ;  S.  £mitl),  41,  42 ;  ante,  vol  1.,  740. 

II.-C 


1664, 


34  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  I.  wRS  about  to  Order  his  gunner  to  lire,  when  the  two  Domines 
Megapolensis  led  him  away  between  them,  imploring  him  not 
to  begin  hostilities.  Leaving  fifty  men  in  the  fort-,  under 
the  command  of  Fiscal  de  Sille,  the  director,  at  the  head  of 
one  hundred  of  the  garrison,  marched  into  the  city,  in  or- 
der to  prevent  the  English  from  landing  "  here  and  there."* 
Panic  in  By  this  time  the  Dutch  regular  soldiers  themselves  had 
tropX.  become  more  disposed  to  plunder  than  to  defend.  They 
openly  talked  of  "  where  booty  is  to  be  got,  and  where  the 
young  women  live  who  wear  chains  of  gold."  Warnings 
had  come  from  Long  Island  that  the  New  England  auxil- 
iaries of  Nicolls  declared  "  that  their  business  was  not  only 
with  New  Netherland,  but  with  the  booty  and  plunder,  and 
for  these  they  were  called  out  and  enrolled."  The  "  curs- 
ing and  talking"  of  these  Eastern  adventurers  forced  the 
citizens  of  New  Amsterdam  to  look  upon  them  as  their 
"  deadly  enemies,  who  expected  nothing  else  than  pillage, 
plunder,  and  bloodshed."  The  whole  population  on  Man- 
hattan Island  was  about  fifteen  hundred,  of  whom  only 
two  hundred  and  fifty  were  able  to  bear  arms.  Opposed 
to  these  were  more  than  a  thousand  effective  soldiers  and 
sailors  in  the  English  squadron,  besides  the  re-enforcements 
from  New  England  and  Long  Island.  Moreover,  it  was 
understood  that  six  hundred  Northern  savages  and  one 
hundred  and  fifty  French  rovers,  with  English  commissions, 
had  offered  their  services  against  the  Dutch.  Seeing  them- 
selves thus  "  encircled  round  about,"  with  no  means  of  de- 
liverance, and  considering  "  the  notorious  and  palpable  im- 
possibility of  being  able  to  defend  and  hold  the  place,"  the 
city  authorities,  clergy,  and  oflficers  of  the  burgher  guard, 
5  septemT  ^^  ^lic  suggestiou  of  the  elder  Domine  Megapolensis,  adopt- 
ijeuion-  ed  a  remonstrance  to  the  director  and  his  council,  implor- 
sufyve-  **  ing  them  to  accept  the  conditions  offered  by  the  English 
commander.  His  threats,  it  stated, "  would  not  have  been 
at  all  regarded,  could  your  honors,  or  we,  your  petitioners, 
expect  the  smallest  aid  or  succour.  But  God  help  us ! 
whether  we  turn  for  assistance  to  the  north  or  to  the 
south,  to  the  east  or  to  the  west,  it  is  all  in  vain."  Ninety- 
three  of  the  principal  citizens,  including  all  the  municipal 

«  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  414,  422,444,  445,  501,  502,  5  3,  5f)8,  509;  Val.  Man.,  ISGO,  592;  Drisius  to 
ClaBsls  of  Amsterdam,  15  Sept.,  1064;  ante,  vol.  i.,  740. 


eant. 


STUYVESANT  AGREES  TO  SURRENDER.  35 

officers,  and  Stiiy vesant's  eldest  son,  signed  the  paper.    The  cuap.  i. 
threatening  answer  of  JSTicoUs  to  the  Dutch  commissioners 
had  meanwhile  been  spread  among  the  people,  and  many   -'^""*- 
of  them,  with  their  ^ves  and  children  crying  and  prapng, 
besought  the  director  to  parley.     To  all  their  supplications 
he   sturdily  repHed,  "  I  had  much  rather  be   carried  out 
dead !"     But  now  he  was  obliged  to  yield  to  inevitable  ne-  stuyvesant 
cessity,  and  prevent  the  mischiefs  about  to  overtake, "  evi-  ^*^ 
dently  and  assuredly,  the  honest  inhabitants."* 

The  lesson  in  Saint  Luke's  Gospel  taught  Stuyvesant 
how  vain  it  was,  with  ten  thousand  men,  to  resist  him  that 
came  with  twenty  thousand.     Tet  there  was  one  balm  for 
the  director's  wounded  spirit.    NicoUs  had  voluntarily  pro- 
posed "to  redeliver  the  fort  and  city  of  Amsterdam,  in  New 
Netherland,  in  case  the  difference  of  the  limits  of  this  prov- 
ince be  agreed  upon  betwixt  His  Majesty  of  England  and 
the  High  and  Mighty  States  General."     A  full  power  to 
agree  upon  articles  with  the  English  commander  or  his  26  August., 
deputies  was  accordingly  given  by  the  Dutch  director  and  ^  septem. 
his   council  to  Counselor  John  De  Decker,  Commissary  Dutch 
Nicholas  Varlett,  and  Doctor  Samuel  Megapolensis,  repre-  sionera  ap- 
senting  the  pro\"incial  government,  and  Burgomaster  Cor-  ^™  ^  ' 
nehs   Steenwyck,  old  burgomaster  Oloff   Stevensen    van 
Cortlandt,  and  old  schepen  James  Cousseau,  representing 
the  city.     Nicolls  was  now  encamped  at  the  Brooklyn  fer- 
ry, "  before  the  Manhatans,"  with  the  royal  "  beleaguering" 
forces.      On  his  part,  he  promptly  named  liis   two   col- 
leagues. Sir  Robert  Carr  and  Colonel  George  Cartwi'ight,  English 
with  John  Winthrop  and  Samuel  Willys  of  Coimecticut, liolTn' 
and  Thomas  Clarke  and  John  Pynchon  of  Massachusetts,  °^™^*^- 
as  his  commissioners.     "  The  reason  why  those  of  Boston 
and  Connecticut  were  joined  in  the  treaty,"  NicoUs  after- 
ward explained  to  Arhngton, "  was  because  those  two  col- 
onies should  hold  themselves  the  more  engaged  with  us  if 
the  Dutch  had  been  over-confident  of  their  strength."! 

The  next  morning,  which  was  Saturday,  the  plenipoten- "^ '^°""''^- 


0  Septem. 


*  Alb.  Rec,  xviii.,  320, 321 ;  Col.  MSB.,  xv.,  144 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  248-250,  369,  423, 444,  446, 
4T6,  503 ;  Driaius's  Letter ;  Val.  Man. ,  1S60,  .592,  593 ;  ante,  vol.  i. ,  741. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  414,  440;  iii.,  103  ;  Gen.  Ent.,  i.,  30-33  ;  Alb.  Rec,  xviii.,  323,  323;  Col. 
MSS.,  XV.,  144,  145;  H.izartl'3  Ann.  Penn.,  iv.,  44;  O'Call.,  ii.,  531 ;  Saint  Luke's  Gospel, 
xiv.,  31 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  741,  742.  Smith,  i.,  27,  inaccurately  says  that  Stuyvesant  agreed  to 
surrender  "on  condition  the  English  and  Dutch  limits  in  America  were  settled  by  the 
crown  and  the  States  General." 


36  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.i.  tiaries  ou  both  sides  met  by  agreement  at  Stup'esant's 
"  Bouweiy,"  or  farm.  Their  only  dispute  was  about  the 
•  Dutch  garrison,  whom,  as  the  English  refused  to  do  it,  the 
city  deputies  agreed  to  convey  back  to  Holland.  The  proc- 
Artidesof  lamatiou  of  the  royal  commissioners  and  the  reiterated 
tfon  agreed  promiscs  of  Mcolls  formed  the  basis  of  the  twenty  -  four 
"^°°*  articles  of  capitulation.  These  declared  all  the  inhabitants 
of  ISTew  I^etherland  to  be  "  free  denizens,"  and  secm-ed  to 
them  their  property.  Any  persons  might  come  from  Hol- 
land "and  plant  in  this  country,"  while  Dutch  vessels 
might  "freely  come  hither,  and  any  of  the  Dutch  may 
freely  retm-n  home,  or  send  any  sort  of  merchandise  home, 
in  vessels  of  their  own  country,"  For  the  next  six  months, 
intercom*se  with  Holland  was  to  continue  as  before  the 
coming  of  the  English.  The  Dutch  inhabitants  were  to 
"  enjoy  the  liberty  of  their  consciences  in  divine  worship 
and  Chm-ch  discipline,"  as  well  as  "  their  own  customs  con- 
cerning their  inheritances."  All  public  buildings  were  to 
continue  in  their  existing  uses,  and  all  public  records  to  be 
respected.  All  inferior  civil  officers  were  to  remain  as  they 
were  until  the  customary  time  for  new  elections ;  and  the 
town  of  Manhattan  might  choose  deputies  ^vith  "  fi-ee  voices 
in  all  public  affairs."  Owners  of  houses  in  Fort  Orange 
were  to  enjoy  their  property  "  as  all  people  do  where  there 
is  no  fort."  The  articles  of  capitulation  were  to  be  con- 
sented to  by  Nicolls,  and  delivered  to  Stuyvesant,  together 
with  copies  of  the  king's  patent  and  the  Duke  of  York's 
commission,  by  eight  o'clock  the  next  Monday  morning, 
"  at  the  old  mill,"*  Witliin  two  hours  afterward,  the  fort 
and  town  "  called  New  Amsterdam,  upon  the  isle  of  Man- 
hattoes,"  were  to  be  surrendered,  and  the  military  officers 
and  soldiers  to  "  march  out  with  their  arms,  drmns  beating 
and  colors  flying,  and  lighted  matches."t 
2s  August.  These  very  advantageous  and  conciliatory  terms  were 
7  septem.  '  explained  to  the  burgher  authorities  at  the  City  Hall  on 

"  This  "old  mill,"  which  wna  the  nenrest  point  on  Manhattan  to  "  the  ferry"  iit  Brooltlyn, 
w.is  on  the  shore  of  the  East  River,  near  what  is  now  the  foot  of  Roosevelt  Street,  but  then 
at  the  outlet  of  a  brook  running  out  of  the  "Kolck,"  afterward  vulgarly  called  "the  Col- 
lect:" see  Valentine's  Manual,  1S53,  551,  and  1SC3,  C'21,  and  the  maps  appended;  ante,  vol. 
i.,  p.  1G7,  note.  We  owe  the  recovery  of  these  maps  to  the  research  and  care  of  George  II. 
Moore,  the  present  librarian  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society. 

t  Gen.  Ent.,  i.,  23-26,  33  ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  250-253,  414 ;  Smith,  i.,  27-32 ;  S.  Smith,  43^0 ; 
Hazard's  Keg.  Penn.,  iv.,  43 ;  HoU.  Merc,  1G64, 15-3, 154;  Alb.  Rec,  xviii.,  325  ;  Col.  MSS., 
XV.,  145;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  574;  0'Call.,i.,  532-535;  ftJi^e,  vol.  i.,  742,  762. 


THE  ENGLISH  CONQUEST  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.      37 

Sunday  afternoon,  "  after  the  second  sermon."     It  was  the  chap.  i. 
last  religions  service  that  was  expected  to  be  celebrated  ~~Z 
under  the  Dutch  flag  in  Kieft's  old  church  in  Fort  Amster-  ^^^^^  ^^_ 
dam.     The  next  morning  Stuyvesant  and  his  council,  hav-  ^^e'°eo  \e 
ing  ratified  the  articles  of  capitulation,  exchanged  them 
with  NicoUs,  who,  on  his  part,  dehvered  the  stipulated  doc-  29  August. 
uments ;  and  thereupon  New  Amsterdam  was  surrendered,  AnideT' 
and  "  the  Enghsh,  without  any  contest  or  claim  being  be-  ^fg^^^^j. 
fore  put  forth  by  any  person  to  it,  took  possession  of  a  fort  g[f/j!^g^™gr- 
built  and  continually  garrisoned  about  forty  years  at  the  ^^^ 
expense  of  the  West  India  Company."* 

The  story  of  the  reduction  of  Long  Island  and  New 
Amsterdam  has  now  been  minutely  told  :  the  unexpected 
blockade  of  the  port  by  the  English ;  the  overwhelming 
force  of  the  invaders ;  the  weakness  of  Fort  Amsterdam 
and  its  garrison ;  the  almost  solitary  heroism  and  loyalty 
of  Stuyvesant ;  the  natural  resentment  of  the  city  burghers 
against  the  authorities  in  Holland,  who  had  left  them  un- 
protected against  surprise ;  their  common  prudence,  which 
preferred  the  easy  terms  offered  by  the  English  command- 
er to  the  consequences  of  an  unavailing  resistance  and  a 
capture  by  storm ;  their  reasonable  dread  of  being  plun- 
dered by  the  English  colonial  volunteers  from  the  east; 
the  inevitable  capitulation  of  the  metropolis,  and  the  con- 
sequent surrender  of  the  whole  Dutch  province.  There 
was,  indeed — as  Stuyvesant  reluctantly  confessed — "■  an  ab-  The  Dutch 
solute  impossibility  of  defending  the  fort,  much  less  the  defense- 
city  of  New  Amsterdam,  and  still  less  the  country."f 

On  the  part  of  England  this  conquest  of  New  Nether- 
land  was  an  act  of  peculiar  national  baseness.  It  was  a 
scandalous  outrage.     It  was  planned  in  secret,  and  was  ac-  Tiie  con- 

,  quest  a 

complished  with  deliberate  deceit  toward  a  friendly  gov-  scandalous 
ernment.     None  but  Englishmen  had  the  impudence  to  do  °"  '^^°' 
so  vile  a  wrong.     Its  true  motive  was  carefully  concealed 

•  Col.  Doc,  ii ,  414,  415;  Alb.  Eec,  xviii.,  323,  324,  326 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xv.,  145;  Gen.  Ent., 
i.,  31,  32 ;  avte,  vol.  i.,  763.     Smith,  i.,  32,  errs  in  stating  that  Stuyvesant  refused,  for  two 
days,  to  ratify  the  articles,  because  they  were  "very  disagreeable"  to  liira.     The  true  rea- 
son was  that  a  Sunday  intervened,  and  the  articles  themselves  provided  for  their  due  exe-  • 
cution  on  Monday. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  366.  Tlie  first  dispatches  which  Nicolls  sent  home,  containing  an  account 
of  his  transactions  with  the  New  England  colonies  and  the  surrender  of  New  Netherland, 
were  lost  at  s  a  in  the  Elias  frigate,  as  will  be  stated  hereafter:  see  OoU  Doc,  iii.,C8,  92, 
103 ;  Pepys,  ii.,  185 ;  post^  p.  50,  note. 


38  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  L  in  all  the  diplomatic  statements  which  attempted  to  justify 
"777!  the  deed.  The  nayis-ation  laws  of  Enojland,  which  were 
■  chiefly  meant  to  cripple  the  commerce  of  her  great  mari- 
time rival,  could  not  be  enforced  in  America  as  long  as 
that  rival  possessed  so  important  a  province  there.  The 
intensely  selfish  spirit  of  those  laws  eagerly  employed  the 
most  unjustifiable  means  to  maintain  them.  Because  En- 
gland coveted  New  Netherland,  and  not  because  she  had 
any  rightful  claim,  she  treacherously  seized  it  as  a  prize. 
The  whole  transaction  was  eminently  characteristic  of  an 
insolent  and  overbearing  nation.  On  no  other  principle 
than  that  which  frequently  afterward  governed  the  preda- 
tory aggressions  of  England  in  India  and  elsewhere  can 
her  conquest  of  the  Dutch  province  be  defended. 

Nevertheless,  unjustifiable  as  was  the  deed,  the  tempta- 
tion to  commit  it 'was  irresistible.  Its  actual  execution  was 
The  event  probably  only  a  question  of  time.  The  event  itself  could 
uievi  a  e.  ]-^^j.^i-^y  havc  bccu  avoidcd  by  the  Dutch  government,  unless 
all  their  previous  policy  had  been  reversed,  and  the  holding 
of  New  Netherland  at  all  hazards  against  any  enemies  been 
made  an  indispensable  obligation.  But  this  could  not  have 
been  expected.  Neither  the  West  India  Company — now  on 
the  brink  of  banki-uptcy — nor  the  States  General  adequate- 
ly valued  their  American  province.  It  was  not  until  toward 
the  end  of  their  rule  that  the  importance  of  New  Nether- 
land  and  the  necessity  of  securing  it  seriously  engaged  the 
attention  of  the  authorities  in  Holland.  Even  then  their  ap- 
parent indifference  encouraged  the  mousing  designs  of  En- 
gland. Charles  the  Second  decreed  that  the  United  Neth- 
erlands should  no  longer  have  a  foothold  in  North  America. 
The  decree  was  executed ;  and  the  Dutch  province  became 
the  easy  prey  of  undeclared  enemies,  who  sneaked,  in  time 
of  peace,  into  her  chief  harbor.  New  York  replaced  New 
Netherland  on  the  map  of  the  world.  Although  wars  in 
Europe  followed,  the  result  in  America  was  the  same. 
Holland  retired  from  the  unequal  strife,  lea\'ing  France 
and  Spain  to  contend  for  a  season  with  England  for  ulti- 
mate supremacy  in  North  America. 
What  En-  By  the  conquest  of  New  Netherland  England  became 
ed.  the  mistress  of  all  the  Atlantic  coast  between  Acadia  and 

Florida.     On  the  north  and  west  her  colonies  were  now 


THE  ENGLISH  CONQUEST  OE  NEW  NETHERLAND.      39 

bounded  by  the  French  possessions,  on  the  south  by  those  chap.  i. 
of  SjDain,  on  the  east  by  the  ocean.  Yet,  although  the 
British  American  dominions  thus  became  geographically 
united,  they  were  neither  homogeneous  in  character  nor 
sympathetic  in  feeling.  The  Puritan  colonies,  while  they 
rejoiced  in  the  subjection  of  their  "noxious  neighbors"  to 
the  crown  of  England,  had  themselves  no  respect  for  their 
own  ungodly  sovereign.  The  aid  which  they  had  given  to 
the  royal  commissioners  was  a  fatal  political  mistake,  if 
any  purpose  of  independence  was  really  cherished.  They 
thus  lost  the  best  opportunity  they  ever  had  of  securing 
their  local  governments,  because  the  king  was  now  master 
of  the  most  advantageous  position  on  the  continent,  from 
which  he  could,  if  necessary,  direct  military  and  naval  op- 
erations for  their  reduction  in  case  of  revolt.  Maryland, 
equally  removed  from  Puritan  severity  and  Cavalier  license, 
was  content  that  its  territorial  dispute  should  at  all  events 
be  adjourned.  Virginia,  perhaps,  felt  less  interest  in  the 
event,  although  the  prompt  loyalty  of  her  people,  who  had 
hastened  to  proclaim  their  restored  sovereign,  was  natural- 
ly gratified  at  the  extension  of  his  dominion  over  all  the 
neighboring  coast  between  Cape  Henlopen  and  Montauk 
Point. 

In  the  progress  of  years,  a  common  allegiance  and  com- 
mon dangers  produced  greater  sympathy  among  the  Anglo- 
American  plantations.  JSTevertheless,  although  incorpora- 
ted into  the  British  colonial  empire,  New  York  never  lost  Prevaiiins 
her  social  and  political  identity  and  her  salutary  moral  in-  New  York. 
fluence.  It  was  her  lot  to  sustain  fiercer  trials,  and  gain  a 
more  varied  experience,  than  any  other  American  state. 
It  was  equally  her  destiny  to  temper  the  narrow  character- 
istics of  her  English  sister  colonies  with  the  larger  ideas 
which  slie  had  herself  derived  from  Holland.  Midway  be- 
tween ]^ew  England  and  Virginia,  she  stood  for  nearly  a 
century  guarding  her  long  frontier  against  the  attacks  of 
Canada ;  and  at  length  she  became  the  Prvox  Peovestce, 
on  which  hinged  the  most  important  movements  of  that 
sublime  revolt  against  the  oppression  of  England,  the  only 
parallel  to  which  was  the  successful  struggle  that  the  fore- 
fathers of  her  first  settlers  maintained  against  the  gigan- 
tic despotism  of  Spain. 


40  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  I.  TliG  terms  of  capitulation  offered  by  Nicolls  and  accept- 
ed  by  Stnyvesant  were,  perhaps,  the  most  favorable  ever 
Liberal  poi-  g^^^nted  by  a  conqueror.  In  theory,  the  king  only  resumed 
Duklof^  his  rightful  authority  over  a  province  which  had  been  in- 
York.  trusively  occupied  and  improved  by  the  Dutch.  Once  re- 
duced under  his  own  proprietary  rule,  the  Duke  of  York 
hoped  that  it  would  become  not  only  profitable  to  himself, 
but  a  valuable  accession  to  the  colonial  dominions  of  the 
crown,  to  which  he  was  the  presumptive  heir.  His  policy, 
therefore,  was  to  obtain  peaceful  possession  of  the  territory, 
and  at  the  same  time  induce  its  Dutch  inhabitants  to  re- 
main there  and  become  loyal  English  subjects.  Indeed,  the 
duke's  patent  authorized  him  to  govern  British  subjects 
only.  The  most  liberal  inducements  were  accordingly  of- 
fered to  the  people  of  New  i!^etherland,  with  ostentatious 
benevolence.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Dutch  colonists,  cha- 
grined at  the  imbecility  and  seeming  indifference  of  the 
authorities  in  the  fatherland,  and  having  many  causes  of 
complaint  against  their  own  provincial  government,  accept- 
ed the  change  of  rulers  calmly  and  hopefully,  if  not  with 
positive  satisfaction. 

Yet,  by  becoming  British  subjects,  the  Dutch  inhabitants 
The  people  of  E"ew  Nctlierland  did  not  gain  politi(;al  freedom.  Fresh 
fngby  the  uamcs  and  laws,  they  found,  did  not  secure  fresh  liberties. 
^  ■"°°'  Amsterdam  was  changed  to  York,  and  Orange  to  Albany. 
But  these  changes  only  commemorated  the  titles  of  a  con- 
queror. It  was  nearly  twenty  years  before  that  conqueror 
allowed  for  a  brief  period  to  the  people  of  ISTew  York 
even  that  faint  degree  of  representative  government  which 
they  had  enjoyed  when  the  three-colored  ensign  of  Hol- 
land was  hauled  down  from  the  flag-staff  of  Fort  Amster- 
dam. New  Netherland  exchanged  Stnyvesant,  and  the 
"West  India  Company,  and  a  I'epublican  sovereignty,  for 
Nicolls,  and  a  royal  proprietor,  and  a  hereditary  king. 
The  province  was  not  represented  in  Parliament ;  nor  could 
the  voice  of  its  people  reach  the  chapel  of  Saint  Stephen 
at  Westminster  as  readily  as  it  had  reached  the  chambers 
of  the  Binnenhof  at  tlie  Hao-ue. 

Nevertheless,  to  all  the  changes  which  befell  them,  the 

Loyalty  of  Dutcli  colouists  of  Ncw  York  submitted  with  cliaracteristic 

'  good  faith.     No  more  loyal  subjects  than  they  were  ever 


THE  ENGLISH  CONQUEST  OF  NEW  NETHEliLAND.  4^ 

brouglit  under  the  British  crown.  Yet  it  was  not  pleasant  cuap.  i. 
for  them  to  watch  the  red  cross  of  England  waving  where 
the  emblems  of  the  Netherlands  had  floated  for  fifty  years. 
To  Holland  they  felt  a  deep,  nnalterable,  hereditary  attach- 
ment. Nor  have  the  yicissitndes  of  time  extinguished  that 
sentiment  in  their  descendants.  Two  centuries  have  scarce- 
ly weakened  the  Teneration  which  citizens  of  New  York  of 
Dutch  lineage  proudly  cherish  toward  the  fatherland  of 
their  ancestors.  Year  by  year  the  glorious  and  the  genial 
memories  of  Holland  are  renewed  by  those  whom  long 
generations  have  separated  from  the  country  of  their  fore- 
fathers. But  colonists  usually  retain  more  affection  to- 
ward their  fatherland  than  those  who  remain  at  home  ever 
feel  toward  the  emigrants  who  leave  its  shores.  As  years 
roll  on,  the  contrast  becomes  more  marked.  Two  centu-  Holland 
ries  have  almost  wiped  out  of  the  recollection  of  Holland  -sll^  ^ 
the  once  familiar  name  of  New  Netherland.  A  few  of  the  Ztd^^' 
more  curious  of  her  scholars  and  her  statesmen  may  some- 
times, by  careful  search,  discover  the  meagre  paragraphs  in 
which  her  ponderous  histories  dismiss  the  &torj  of  her  an- 
cient trans- Atlantic  province.  But  the  people  of  the  Low 
Countries  scarcely  know  that  New  York  was  once  their 
own  New  Netherland,  or  that  they*  have  any  right  to  the 
glory  of  lla^ing  laid  the  foundations  of  the  mightiest  state 
in  the  American  Union,  and  the  metropolis  of  the  Western 
World. 


42  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


CHAPTER  II. 

1664-1665. 

cuAP.  II.       On  Monday  morning,  the  twenty-nintli  of  August,  six- 
;;     ~"  teen  hundred  and  sixty-four,  Peter  Stuyvesant,  having  per- 
29  A^igust  foi'ii'^sd  his  last  official  act  as  Director  General  of  New 
s  septem.  jN^etlierlajid  by  ratifying  the  articles  of  capitulation,  placed 
The  Dutch  himself  at  the  head  of  his  garrison,  and  marched  out  of 
of  Fort      Fort  Amsterdam  with   arms   fixed,  colors  flying,  drums 
dam.   "     beating,  and  matches  lighted.     Wheeling  to  the  left,  the 
veteran  led  his  sullen  troops  down  the  Beaver  Street  to  the 
North  River.     From  there  they  were  hurried  on  board  the 
"West  India  Company's  ship  Gideon,  which  v/as  preparing 
to  sail  for  Holland.     This  was  so  arranged  because  the 
Dutch  soldiers  were  enraged  at  not  being  allowed  to  strike 
a  bloAV,  and  the  British  infantry  were  prudently  kept  out 
of  sight  until  they  were  safely  embarked.     In  the  mean 
time  the  English  regulars  had  taken  post  near  the  old  mill. 
The  Long  Island  and  Noav  England  auxiliaries,  by  previous 
agreement  between  Stuyvesant  and  Nicolls,  were  kept  to- 
gether on  the  Brooklyn  side  of  the  river,  and  were  not  al- 
lowed to  enter  the  city,  because  the  burghers  "  were  more 
apprehensive  of  being  plundered  by  them  than  by  the  oth- 
ers."    As  the  Dutch  garrison  marched  out,  the  ensign  of 
the  United  ProATinces  was  hauled  down,  and  an  English 
The  En-     coi'poral's  guard  took  possession  of  the  fort  and  hoisted  the 
houted?^    British  flag,  which  NicoUs  liad  borrowed  from  the  frigate 
Guinea.     Leaving  Colonel  Cartwright  with  his  company, 
which  was  stationed  at  the  ferry,  to  occupy  the  city  gates 
and  the  City  Hall,  Nicolls  advanced  at  the  head  of  his  own 
and  Sir  Robert  Carr's  companies,  and,  accompanied  by  the 
burgomasters,  marched  into  the  fort.     After  being  formal- 
ly inducted  by  the  civic  authorities,  wlio  "  gave  him  a  wel- 
come reception,"  the  Englisli  governor  performed  his  first 


EICHAKD  NICOLLS,  GOVEENOR.  43 

official  act  by  directing  that  the  citj  of  New  Amsterdam  chap.  ii. 
should  thenceforth  be  called  "  New  York,"  and  Fort  Am- 
sterdam  "  Fort  James."*  ^g^  York 

The  surrender  being  thus  accomplished  without  blood-  j"^^"""' 
shed,  NicoUs  at  once  dismissed  the  Long  Island  and  New  named. 
England  volunteers.     The  Massachusetts  delegates  were 
sent  back,  with  the  thanks  of  the  royal  commissioners  to  29  August. 
her  General  Court.     The  governor  also  addressed  a  letter  and°and' 
to  Captain  John  Younge,  of  Southold,  who  commanded  gw  vJi- 
the  Long  Island  militia,  desiring  him  to  make  out  a  listdSmiKcd. 
of  those  who  had  taken  up  arms  "  for  their  king  and  coun- 
try," so  that  they  might  be  suitably  rewarded,  and  promis- 
ing that  deputies  from  the  several  towns  should, "  in  con- 
venient time  and  place,  be  summoned,  to  propose  and  give 
their  advice  in  all  matters  tending  to  the  peace  and  benefit 
of  Long  Island."t 

The  new  provincial  government  was  now  organized. 
The  governor's  subordinate.  Captain  Matthias  NicoUs,  of  Nicoiia'a 
Ishp,  in  Northamptonshire,  who  had  accompanied  him  emmeat' 
fi'om  England,  and  was  a  lawyer,  was  appointed  secretary 
of  the  province.  Captains  Robert  Needham  and  Thomas 
Delavall,  also  from  England,  together  with  Secretary 
NicoUs,  Thomas  Topping,  of  Southampton,  and  William 
Wells,  of  Southold,  were  named  counseloi'S.  On  extraor- 
dinary occasions,  Stuyvesant's  late  secretary,  Cornehs  van 
Euys'en,  and  Schepen  Johannes  van  Brugh,  were  some- 
times called  on  to  assist.  Delavall  was  also  appointed  col- 
lector and  receiver  general  of  New  York  and  its  neighbor- 
hood.:}: 

The  Dutch  municipal  officers  were  continued  in  their 
places  by  virtue  of  the  articles  of  capitulation.     The  day 
after  the  sm'render,  the  Court  of  Burgomasters  and  Sche- 
pens  of  the  city  of  New  York  assembled  to  transact  their  3q  August. 
ordinary  business,  and  proceeded  to  administer  justice  as  if  ^  ^^p^^'"*- 

*  Alb.  Rec.jXvjii.,  32G;  Col.  MSS.,  xr.,  145;  Gen.  Ent.,i.,  32,  55;  Hazard's  Reg.  PeuD., 
iv.,  50;  NewAmst.  Eec,  v.,  50T-5TO;  Val.  Man.,  18G0,  592,  593;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  250-253,  41.5, 
422,  440,  44.5,  440, 501,  502, 509,  7^ ;  Bushwick  Eec. ;  Thompson,  ii.,  1G5;  (uitc,  vol.  i.,  742, 
743,  7G3.  As  the  old  style  was  used  in  England,  it  was  now  introduced  into  New  York.  I 
shall  therefore  follow  that  supputation,  adding,  whenever  necessary,  the  corresponding 
date  in  the  new  style  in  a  line  under  the  old.  The  historical,  and  not  the  English  legal 
year,  will,  however,  be  used  between  1  January  and  25  March. 

t  Gen.  Ent.,i.,29,  30;  Thompson,  i.,  127;  Smith,  i.,S2, 

t  Patents, i.,  3;  Deeds,  ii,.  24;  S.  Wood,144;  Thompson,  ii.,  390;  Val.  Man.,  1847,  351, 
360;  1S52,  SSI;  1853,  3S0,  3S3. 


44  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  II.  nothiiig  uiiusual  had  occurred.     A  few  days   afterward 
they  wrote  to  the  West  India  Company,  by  the  ship  Gid- 
-fi-se  tem  ^°^^'  "^^^^^ch,  with  a  pass  from  Nicolls,  took  home  the  late 
tjityoffi-    sjarrison,  under  the  command  of  Ensign  Nyssen,  describ- 
ued.         ing  the  surrender,  and  adding  that,  "  since  we  have  no  lon- 
ger to  depend  upon  your  honor's  promises  or  protection,  we, 
with  all  the  poor,  sorrowing,  and  abandoned  commonalty 
here,  must  fly  for  refuge  to  the  Almighty  God,  not  doubt- 
ing but  He  will  stand  by  us  in  this  sorely  afflicting  con- 
juncture."   By  the  same  vessel  Stuyvesant  and  his  late  coun- 
f^  septem.  cil  also  scut  the  company  an  official  account  of  the  capitu- 
liouand.    lation,  and  declared  "  that  they  would  prefer  to  suffer  ship- 
wreck in  the  empty  praise  and  esteem  of  the  world,  than, 
waiting  to  the  last  moment  without  hope  of  relief,  subject 
every  thing  to  bloodshed,  or  at  least  to  the  danger  of  being 
jDlundered."*    Domine  Samuel  Drisius,  one  of  the  coUegi- 
15  Septem.  ate  ministers  of  the  Dutch  Church,  also  wrote  an  interest- 
ing letter  to  the  Classis  of  Amsterdam,  detailing  the  circum- 
stances of  the  surrender,  f 

For  the  first  time,  the  Enghsh  Episcopal  service  was 
English     now  celebrated  in  ISTew  York.     The  articles  of  capitula- 
wmrer/   tioii  oxprcssly  declared  that   all  public  buildings   should 
eemce.     continue  in  their  previous  uses,  and  that  the  Dutch  should 
enjoy  their  accustomed  divine  worship  and  church  disci- 
11  October,  phue.     Pro\asion  was  accordingly  made  by  the  burgomas- 
ters and  schepens  for  the  due  support  of  the  Domines 
Megapolensis  and  Drisius,  until  the  governor  should  make 
farther  arrangements.     The  chaplain  of  the  English  forces 
had,  however,  no  proper  place  in  which  to  celebrate  divine 
service,  except  in  the  Dutch  Church  in  the  fort.     It  was 
very  cordially  arranged  that  after  the  Dutch  had  ended 
their  own  morning  worship  in  their  church,  the  British 
chaplain  should  read  the  Church  of  England  service  there 
to  the  governor  and  the  garrison.     This  Avas  all  the  footing 
that  the  English  Episcopal  Church  had  in  New  York  for 
more  than  thirty  years.:]: 

*  Gen.  Ent.,  i.,  34,  35, 141 ;  New  Amst.  Eec,  v.,  555,  E60-5T0 ;  Val.  Man.,  1S60,  592,  5D3 ; 
Col.  Doc  ,  ii,  422,  504,  744;  Mass.  Hist.  Soc  ,  Tnimbull  Tap.,  xx.,  73 ;  Col.  MSS.,  x.  (iii),  323. 

t  A  translation  of  this  letter,  which  pves  several  details  heretofore  unknown,  was  pnh- 
li^hed  for  the  first  time  in  the  Appendix  to  Brodhead's  Oration  on  the  Conquest  of  New 
Netherland,  delivered  before  the  New  York  Historical  Society  on  12  Oclober,  1SG4. 

X  Doc.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  iii.,  265;  Col.  Doc,  iil,  262,  415;  iv.,  325,  526 ;  New  Amst.  Eec,  v., 
539;  Hist.  Mag.,  \.  (U.),  322;  Benson's  Mem.,ii.  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Col],  (ii.),  103;  Humphreys's 


EICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOE.  45 

Meanwhile,  Fort  Orange  and  Esopus,  altliougli  included  chap.  ii. 
in  the  capitulation,  remained  to  be  reduced  under  the 
duke's  authority.  Accordingly,  as  soon  as  the  Gideon  had  9  ggpte^ 
sailed  for  Holland  with  the  Dutch  garrison,  and  the  safety 
of  the  capital  was  thus  assin*ed,  Ils^icoUs  commissioned  his 
colleague.  Colonel  Cartwright,  to  go  up  the  river  with  his  ^|Septem. 
company  and  occupy  those  places.  The  authorities  and  to  Foit 
inhabitants  of  Fort  Orange  were  required  to  aid  him  in  "^^"^"^ 
obtaining  quiet  possession,  and  to  obey  him  according  to 
the  governor's  instructions,  especially  "in  case  the  Mo- 
hawks or  other  Indians  shall  attempt  any  thing  against  the 
lives,  goods,  or  chattels  of  those  who  are  now  imder  the 
protection  of  his  majesty  of  Great  Britain."  Yan  Kensse- 
laer  was  also  directed  to  bring  the  title  j^apers  respecting 
Kensselaerswyck  down  to  New  York  for  the  governor's  in- 
spection, and,  in  the  mean  time,  to  obey  Cartwright's  or- 
ders. In  order  to  secure  the  transfer  to  the  English  of  the 
fi'iendship  which  the  Iroquois  had  cherished  toward  the 
Dutch,  Nicolls  requested  some  persons  who  had  experience 
in  dealing  with  the  savages  to  accompany  the  military  offi- 
cers of  the  expedition.  One  of  these  was  "Willett,  of  Plym- 
outh, and  the  other  was  Captain  Thomas  Breedon,  of  Bos- 
ton, formerly  governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  who  had  visited 
Fort  Orange  in  1662.  Cartwi'ight's  cliief  mihtary  subor- 
dinates were  Captain  John  Manning  and  Captain  Daniel 
Brodhead.  Manning  seems  to  have  formerly  commanded 
a  trading  vessel  between  New  Haven  and  Manhattan,  but 
was  now  in  the  regular  service.  Brodhead  was  a  zealous 
Koyalist,  of  Yorkshire,  England,  where  his  family  had  lived 
"  in  the  credit  and  reputation  of  gentlemen,"  and  who,  hav- 
ing a  captain's  commission  from  the  king,  embarked  with 
liis  household  for  America  in  the  expedition  of  NicoUs.* 

When  Cart^vi-ight  reached  Fort  Orange,  he  found  that  septemter. 
De  Decker,  one  of  Stuyvesant's  late  plenipotentiaries  at 
the  capitulation,  had  hurried  up  thither  from  New  York, 

Hist.  Ace.  201 ;  Thompson,  ii.,  205;  Christian  Journal,  quoted  in  Dr.  Benian's  sketch  of 
Trinity  Church,  11.  The  names  of  the  earliest  chaplains  of  the  English  forces  in  New  York 
are  not  knonn.  The  fir.^t  that  has  come  down  to  us  is  that  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Wolley,  a 
graduate  of  Cambridge,  who  officiated  from  Aug.,  16TS,  to  July,  IGSO:  Hist.  Mag  ,  v.,  153,  ISO. 
*  Gen.  Ent.,i.,  34,  35,  Ul;  Kenss.  JISS. ;  Col.  Doc,  i.,  490;  ii.,  422,  502;  iii.,  80-41,  65, 
S^,  140,  270;  ix.,75;  Munsell's  Ann.,  vii.,  07;  Morton's  Mem  ,  311,  no(e ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i., 
2l.\  220,  224,  225;  Mass.  Kec,  iv.  (ii),  69,  75;  Hazard,  ii.,  432,  463;  Palfrey,  i.,  163;  ii., 
405,  525,  575;  New  Haven  Rec,  ii.,  6S-75;  Josselyn's  Voyages,  153;  ii.  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll  , 
i.,  334;  (1869),  IG,  37, 57, 337,  ante,  vol.  i,  519,  525, 579,  5S5,  704, 730,  743. 


46  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  II.  aiid  was  endeavoring  "  to  alienate  tlie  minds  of  his  majes- 

ties'  Dutch  subjects  from  that  happy  reconcilement  with- 

Fortor      ^^^^  bloodshcd  upon   articles   so  lately  made."     But  the 

ange  sub-   counsclor's  efforts  were  vain.     La  Montas-ne  and  the  masr- 

mits.  ...  .  -r  • 

istrates  had  no  disposition  to  resist.     Little  change  was 
made  except  in  the  name  of  the  place,  which  was  thence- 
Named  ai-  forth  to  be  called  "Albany,"  after  the  Scotch  title  of  the 
^^°^'       Duke  of  York.     All  the  inferior  officers  and  civil  magis- 
trates were  continued  in  their  places.     An  English  garri- 
Manning    son  occupiod  the  little  fortress,  which  was  named  "  Fort 
com  an  -  j^^^^^jV  ^^^  placcd  iu  chargo  of  Captain  Manning.    Soon 
eptem.  j^fj.gj.^g^j.j^  several  Mohawk  and  Seneca  sachems  appeared 
First  En-   at  the  fort,  and  signed  with  Cartwright  the  first  treaty  be- 
with  the**^  tween  the  Iroquois  and  the  English.     It  was  covenanted 
Iroquois,    ^j^^^  ^-^^  Indians  should  have  all  the  commodities  from  the 
English  which  they  formerly  had  from  the  Dutch;  that 
offenses  should  be  reciprocally  punished ;  and  that  the  Riv- 
er Indians,  and  those  below  Manhattan,  should  be  included 
25  septem.  in  the  treaty.     The  next  day  it  was  farther  agreed  that 
the  English  should  not  assist  the  hostile  Eastern  tribes,  that 
they  should  make  peace  for  the  Iroquois  with  the  nations 
down  the  river,  that  the  Iroquois  should  have  free  trade, 
and  "  be  lodged  in  houses"  as  formerly,  and  that,  if  they 
should  be  beaten  by  the  Eastern  tribes,  they  should  "  re- 
ceive accommodation"  from  the  English.     The  friendship 
thus  established  continued  to  be  maintained  with  remark- 
able fidelity  on  both  sides  for  more  than  a  century,  until 
the  American  Revolutionary  War. 

On  his  return  from  Albany  Cartwright  landed  at  Eso- 
pus.  As  at  Albany,  care  was  taken  to  conciliate  the  in- 
habitants. William  Beekman  was  retained  in  his  place  as 
schout,  or  sheriff,  while  Thomas  Chambers  remained  com- 
missary, and  Matthys  Capito  secretary  of  the  village  of 
urodhead    Wildwyck.     A  2:arrison  of  regular  soldiers  occupied  the 

ID  com-  1-  o  cj  1 

mand  at    foi't,  uudcr  the  command  of  Captain  Brodhead.     The  only 

Esopus.  ..  -I   •    ^     /-^  '    1  •  T     -<        •  1  ' 

opposition  which  Cartwright  experienced  during  his  expe- 
dition was  from  De  Decker,  at  Albany ;  and  Nicolls,  on 

30  Septem.  learning  his  conduct,  ordered  the  too  patriotic  Hollander  to 
leave  the  government  within  ten  days.     The  deputies  who 

10  October,  accompanied  Cartwright  from  Albany  agreed  to  written 
articles  with  JSTicolls  that  the  inhabitants  there  "  should  en- 


EICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  47 

joy  all  the  articles  of  surrender"  made  at  New  York,  and  cnAP.ii. 
that  former  local  arrangements  were  generally  to  remain  ~ 

in  force.     Jeremias  van  Rensselaer  was  also  confirmed  in  jg  October, 
his  authority,  on  condition  that  a  new  patent  should  be  ob-  ^y"^^^^''^''" 
tained  from  the  duke,  and  the  inhabitants  of  Eensselaer- 
wyck  should  take  the  oath  of  allegiance.* 

By  the  articles  of  capitulation,  the  Dutch,  who  were 
three  fourths  of  the  inhabitants,  were  at  liberty  to  sell 
their  lands,  and  remove  with  their  families  and  personal 
effects  t*o  Holland.  But  NicoUs,  fi'om  the  first,  had  been 
anxious  to  retain  them  all  in  their  present  homes,  and  in- 
duce them  to  become  British  subjects.  He  therefore  went 
to  the  meeting  of  the  metropolitan  burgomasters  and  sche-  u  October, 
pens,  and  having  sent  for  Stuyvesant,  Van  Euyven,  and 
the  Dutch  ministers,  invited  them  to  take  an  oath  to  be  oath  of  ai- 
true  subjects  of  the  King  of  Great  Britain,  and  to  obey  all  required. 
commands  from  his  majesty,  the  Duke  of  Tork,  or  his  gov- 
ernors and  ofiicers,  while  they  lived  in  any  of  his  majesty's 
territories.  This  obligation  did  not  involve  any  permanent 
renunciation  of  allegiance  to  the  Dutch  government.  Nev- 
ertheless, great  reluctance  to  take  it  was  shown,  as  the  ar- 
ticles of  surrender,  while  they  declared  that  "  all  people 
shall  still  continue  free  denizens,"  did  not  provide  for  their 
swearing  to  a  new  allegiance.  After  much  debate,  "all 
the  meeting  roundly  declared"  that  they  could  not  take 
such  an  oath  unless  the  governor  should  add  to  it  "  con- 
formable to  the  articles  concluded  on  the  sm-render  of  this 
place."  Their  reason  for  insisting  was  that  otherwise  they 
might "  nullify  or  render  void  the  articles."  Domine  Mega- 
polensis  and  Secretary  Yan  Euyven,  however,  "  saw  no  im- 
pediment" to  taking  the  proposed  oath. 

A  few  days  afterward  the  burgomasters  called  upon  is  October. 
NicoUs,  with  whom,  in  the  presence  of  Cartwright  and 
Willett,  the  matter  of  swearing  was  again  discussed.  To 
put  an  end  to  the  "false  and  injurious  aspersion"  regarding 
it  by  which  the  minds  of  the  inhabitants  were  by  this  time 
distracted,  Nicolls  declared  in  writing  "  that  the  articles  of 
surrender  are  not  in  the  least  broken,  or  intended  to  be  bro- 
ken, by  any  words  or  expressions  in  the  said  oath."     This  20  October. 

•  Gen.  Ent,  1, 36-50 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  67,  6S,  P4 ;  Colden  (ed.  1755),  i.,  34 ;  Smith,  i.,  33 ;  ii. 
N".  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  384;  Slunsell,  vii.,  97,  98  ;  Val.  Man.,  1847,  p.  370 ;  Esopiis  Records ; 
O'CaU.,  ii.,  305, 431,  552 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  714,  72D,  732, 744,  T61. 


48  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  II.  answer  satisfied  all.     Tonneman,  the  schout,  altliough  in- 
tending  to  return  to  Holland  in  the  next  ship,  did  not  re- 

21  October  ^^^^®  ^^  ^^^^®  ^^®  obligatioii.  Ill  the  course  of  the  next  five 
26  October  ^^J^'  upward  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  of  the  Dutch  iiiliab- 
AUegiance  itauts,  includiiiar   Stuyvesant,  Yan  Ruvven,  the  Domines 

Bwoin  by  '  '-'  "^  "  ' 

the  Dutch.  Megapolensis  and  Drisius,  Beekman,  Yan  Kensselaer,  and 
others  from  New  York,  Esopus,  and  Albany,  swore  allegi- 
ance to  Charles  the  Second  and  the  Duke  of  York.* 

The  governor's  statesmanship  was  quickly  vindicated. 
The  "  Yroedschap,"  or  great  council  of  the  city,  having  been 

22  Novem.  called  togctlicr  to  elect  a  successor  to  Tonneman,  chose  Al- 
12  Decern,  lard  Aiitlioiiy ;  and  NicoUs,  confirming  their  choice,  gave 

the  new  sheriff  a  commission  and  instructions  for  liis  guid- 
ance.    As  the  soldiers  had  already  become  unruly,  NicoUs 

21  Novem.  appointed  Anthony  Wharton  to  be  provost-marshal,  to  keep 

them  fi-om  interfering  with  the  citizens,  and  to  punish  of- 

22  Novem.  f  eudei's.  Tlic  city  authorities  testified  their  good  will  in  a 
city'a  let-  letter  to  the  Duke  of  York,  drawn  up  by  Burgomaster 
Duke  of  Steenwyck,  praising  Nicolls  as  a  "  gentle,  wise,  and  intelli- 
gent" governor,  under  whose  wings  they  hoped  to  "  bloom 
and  grow  like  the  cedar  on  Lebanon."  To  this  end  they 
prayed  that  the  city  of  ISTew  York  might  have  the  same 
commercial  privileges  as  the  king's  subjects  in  England,  or 
even  be  as  free  from  burdens  as  Boston ;  in  which  case, 
in  a  few  years,  the  duke  would  derive  great  revenues  from 
a  province  which  would  be  "  then  peopled  with  thousands 
of  families,  and  having  great  trade  by  sea  with  ISTew  En- 
gland, and  other  places  in  Europe,  Africa,  and  America."t 

Thus  was  an  imperial  territory  added  to  the  dominions 
of  England.  Specific  names  were  now  given  to  the  acqui- 
sition, so  as  to  "  comprehend  all  the  titles"  of  the  Duke  of 
Yorkshire  York.  The  province  itself  was  called  "  New  York."  Long 
nndAiba.  ^^^^^^^  ^^^^g  designated  as  "  Yorksliire."  The  region  be- 
tween the  Hudson  and  the  Delaware,  of  which  httle  was 
known  beyond  the  few  hamlets  near  Manhattan,  was 
named  "  Albania." 

Of  all  the  territory  of  New  York,  Albania  offered  the 
greatest  attractions  to  emigrants.     It  was  considered  the 

•  Gen.  Eiit.,  i.,  4%  50;  New  Amsterdam  Pef.,  v.,  G14-G1S;  Val.  Man.,  1S61,  GOS-GOT ;  Col. 
Doc,  ill.,  74-T7 ;  II.  B.  Dawson's  "  Sons  of  I.iljerty  in  \cw  York,"  14-lG 

t  New  Amat.  Rec,  v.,  G43-Gi6 ;  Patents,  1  ,  161-1&5;  Val.  -Man.,  ISGI,  GOT,  G08;  Valen- 
tine's City  of  New  York,  161-163. 


ma. 


RICHAKD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  49 

most  " improveable  part"  of  the  province  "in  respect  not  chap.il 
only  to  tlie  quantity  of  the  land,  but  to  the  sea-coast  and  ~~ 
Delaware  River,  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  the  neighborhood  " 

to  Hudson's  Eiver,  and,  lastly,  the  fair  hopes  of  rich  mines." 
Communipaw,  Bergen,  and  Staten  Island,  already  settled  settle- 
by  the  Dutch,  were  now  to  gain  new  neighbors.     John  Albania. 
Bailey,  Daniel  Denton,  and  others,  of  Jamaica,  on  Long  Isl- 
and, asked  leave  to  buy  and  settle  a  tract  of  land  on  the  26  Sept. 
After  Cull  River,*  which  they  had  formerly  intended  to 
do,  but  had  been  "  obstructed  by  the  then  ruling  Dutch." 
McoUs,  wishing  to  give  the  Long  Island  people  some  "  re- 
ward for  their  fidelity"  previous  to  the  surrender,  cheer- 
fully assented,  and  promised  the  petitioners  "  all  due  en-  so  Sept. 
couragement  in  so  good  a  work."     Bailey  and  Denton, 
with  their  associates,  soon  bought  from  the  savages  the  28  October. 
land  between  the  jRaritan  River  and  Newark  Bay,  which 
had  been  purchased  thirteen  years  before  by  Augustine         ^^ 
Heermans.    The  English  pm'chase,  however,  was  confirmed  2  Dec.  • ' 
by  NicoUs  to  Captain  John  Baker  and  John  Ogden,  who 
had  bought  out  Denton's  interest,  and  to  Bailey  and  their 
associates,  upon  condition  of  their  "doing  and  performing     /    ■, 
such  acts  and  things  as  shall  be  appointed  by  his  royal 
highness  the  Duke  of  York  or  his  deputy."     Before  long,       , '  / 
four  famihes  from  Jamaica  began  the  settlement  of  what     , 
was  soon  afterward  known  as  Elizabethtown.f 

The  mihtary  and  naval  ofiScers  who  accompanied  McoUs 
from  England  also  became  large  landliolders.     Captain       ; 
James   BoUen,  the   commissary   of   ammunition   at  Fort  Grants  of 
James,  and  others,  received  a  grant  on  Staten  Island.     A  24  Dec. 
tract  at  Hackensack  was  granted  to  Captain  Edward  Grove,  3  October. 
of  the  Martin.    To  Captain  William  Hill,  Lieutenant  Hmn-    y^^  \ 
phrey  Fox,  and  Master  Coleman,  of  the  Elias,  were  sever-     ''\'' 
ally  allotted  parcels  of  land  on  Staten  Island.     The  naval 
grantees,  however,  had  scarcely  time  to  take  possession  of 
their  domains ;  for  their  ships,  being  no  longer  required  for       .,  „ 
service  at  New  York,  were  sent  back  to  England  with  dis-     •''"[ 

*  This  was  an  English  corruption  of  the  Dutch  name  "  Achter  Cul"  (now  called  Newark 
Bay),  which  was  given  because  it  was  achter^  or  "  behind"  the  bay  of  New  York.  The  pas- 
sage leading  to  this  cul  was  called  the  "Kil  van  Cul,"  and  is  now  known  as  "  the  Kills." 
See  ante,  vol.  i,  313,  note. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  105;  Chalmers,  i.,  615,  624,  655;  Patents,  i.,  20;  Elizabethtown  Bill  in 
Chanceiy  (174T),  25-28 ;  Learning  and  Spicer,  66S-6T3 ;  Smith's  N.  Jersey,  62  ;  Gordon,  27 ; 
Whitehead's  E.  J.,  1!),  36-39  ;  Index  N.  J.  Col.  Doc,  4T ;  Thompson's  L.  I.,  ii.,  103 ;  Den- 
ton's N.  Y.,  13, 15  :  ante.,  vol.  :.,  53T,  707,  70S,  724. 

IL— D 


uave 
torv. 


50  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  II.  patcliGS  fi'oni  NicoUs  amiouiicing  the  success  of  the  expe- 
dition,  and  the  establishment  of  the  duke's  government  in 
^^^^-  what  was  lately  I^ew  ^N'etherland.* 

An  important  question  had  been  meanwhile  presented 
for  the  action  of  the  royal  commissioners.  The  Duke  of 
^*  Ten-i-  York's  patent  included  only  the  territory  lying  east  of  the 
Delaware,  and  the  authority  of  Mcolls  as  governor  extend- 
ed no  farther.  Yet  the  commissioners  were  instructed  by 
the  king  to  reduce  to  his  obedience  the  Dutch  wherever 
seated  within  his  claimed  dominions  in  IsTorth  America. 
Nicolls  soon  learned  that  the  Maryland  people  were  "  in 
some  sort  overawed"  by  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  to  which 
the  Delaware  settlements  belonged,  and  that,  unless  those 
possessions  were  acquired,  the  gaining  of  New  York  would 
be  "  of  small  advantage  to  his  majesty."  Without  regard- 
ing Lord  Baltimore's  pretensions,  the  commissionei*s  de- 
termined "  to  reduce  the  Delaware,  thereby  to  assure  this 
place  for  liis  royal  liighness." 
...   .  Five  days  after  the  capitulation  of  Is^ew  Amsterdam, 

...      NicoUs,  with  Cartwi'ight  and  Maverick,  accordingly  com- 
^-j-s&j)t.    missioned  their  colleague.  Sir  Robert  Carr,  to  go  with  the 
tQ^^v^^°°  Gruinea,  Captain  Hyde,  and  the  William  and  Nicholas,  Cap- 
ori^th  "cei-  *^i^^  Morley,  and  "  all  the  soldiers  which  are  not  in  the  fort," 
astixic.       ajj(j  reduce  the  Delaware  settlements.    Carr  was  instructed 
to  promise  the  Dutch  the  possession  of  all  their  property 
and  all  their  present  privileges,  "  only  that  they  change 
their  masters."     To  the  Swedes  he  was  to  "  remonstrate 
their  happy  return  under  a  monarchical  government,  and 
his  majesty's  good  inclination  to  that  nation."     To  Lord 
Baltimore's  officers  in  Maryland  he  was  to  declare  that 
^         their  proprietor's  pretended  right  to  the  Delaware  being 
"a  doubtful  case,"  possession  would  be  kept  for  the  king 
"  till  his  majesty  is  informed  and  satisfied  otherwise."t 
Carr's  expedition  sailed  fi'om  New  York  just  before  Cart- 

*  Patents,  i.,  5,  7-9,  22 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  470 ;  iii,,  GS,  02, 103.  The  Eliiis  was  wrecked  near 
the  Lizard,  and  all  the  letters  in  her  sent  by  NicolU  wore  lost.  For  this  reason,  among 
others,  th3  early  records  rchiting  to  New  York  in  the  State  Paper  Office  are  so  defective. 
Captain  Hill  and  a  few  men  were  saved.  Hill  afterward  obtained  another  ship,  was  at  the 
battle  of  Lowostoffa  the  next  June,  then  at  Barbadoes,  and  in  the  autumn  of  1CG7  returned 
to  Englaud  from  France,  where  he  had  been  a  prisoner.  Captain  Grove  arrived  safely  with 
the  .Martin,  and  behaved  like  a  cowsird  at  Lowestoffe.  He  was  "•reckoned  a  prating  cox- 
comb and  nf  no  courage,"  and  was  certainly  an  adept  in  the  business  of  bribing  for  office  : 
Pcpys,  i.,  401,  402  :  iii.,  294 ;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxxvii.,  190. 

t  Gen.  Knt,  i.,  53,  53,  59 ;  Hazard's  Reg.  Penn.,  36,  37  ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  296  ;  iii.,  52,  57,  63, 
G9,70;  Col.  MSS.,.xx.,l. 


'      RICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  51 

Wright's  went  up  to  Fort  Orange.    After  a  tedious  voyage,  chap.  u. 
prolonged  by  the  ignorance  of  the  pilots  and  the  shoaliness 
of  the  Delaware,  the  ships  anchored  above  New  Amstel.  g^  g^p^  ' 
The  Swedes  were  soon  made  fiuends.     But  the  Dutch  at  lo  octobei-. 
first  were  obstinate  for  a  defense.     After  a  long  parley, 
Fob  Oothout  and  five  others,  on  behalf  of  the  burghers, 
signed  articles  of  capitulation  as  favorable  as  those  which  ix  o='- 
had  been  agreed  to  by  Stuyvesant.     But  Hinnoyossa,  the 
city's  governor,  with  less  than  fifty  soldiers,  resolved  to  de- 
fend the  fort.     The  next  Sunday  morning  the  ships  drop-  -^^  oct. 
ped  down,  and  fired  two  broadsides  each,  while  a  company  of°°^e  oei- 
of  foot,  under  the  command  of  Lieutenant  John  Carr,  a  son  ^^'■^»'°- 
of  Sir  Robert,  with  Ensign  Arthur  Stock,  stormed  the  works. 
The  Dutch  fired  three  volleys  of  musketry,  but  none  of 
their  ordnance,  on  their  assailants,  who  did  not  lose  a  man ; 
while  three  of  the  garrison  were  killed  and  ten  wounded. 
Carr  now  landed  from  the  Guinea,  and  claimed  the  pillage 
for  himself  as  "  won  by  the  sword."    Assuming  an  author- 
ity independent  of  Nicolls,  he  claimed  to  be  "  sole  and  chief 
commander  and  disposer"  of  all  affairs  on  the  Delaware. 
With  quick  rapacity,  he  appropriated  Hinnoyossa's  farm  to  Kapacity  cf 
himself,  Schout  Yan  Sweringen's  to  his  son  John,  and  Peter 
Alricks's  to  Ensign  Stock.     To  Captains  Hyde  and  Morley 
he  granted  a  tract  of  land  in  the  upper  part  of  the  river,  J-^  Oct 
called  by  the  Indians  "  Chipussen,"  which  he  erected  into  a 
manor  by  the  name  of  "  Grimstead."     The  Dutch  soldiers 
were  sent  into  Virginia  to  be  sold  as  slaves.     The  property 
of  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  as  well  as  that  of  the  inliabitants 
about  New  Amstel,  was  remorselessl}^  seized.     To  complete 
the  work  of  Carr — in  such  disgraceful  contrast  to  that  of 
Nicolls  at  Manliattan — a  boat  was  sent  down  to  the  Hoar- 
kill,  where  all  the  city's  effects  were  plundered,  and  even 
the  inoffensive  Mennonists,  who  formed  "  the  Quaking  So- 
ciety of  Plocklioy,"  were  stripped  "  to  a  very  naile." 

The  ships  were  quickly  sent  back  to  New  York  with  a  M  Oct. 
report  from  Carr  of  his  proceedings,  and  of  the  hostile  at- 
titude of  the  Susquehanna  Indians,  who  were  then  at  war 
with  the  Iroquois  Senecas.  But  Carr  himself,  instead  of 
returning  to  assist  in  executing  the  royal  commission, 
would  not  leave  the  Delaware.     His  colleagues  thought 

~        Cn,rr  re- 

his  conduct  there  presumptuous  and  disgraceful.     Theytuked. 


52  HISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOKK. 

caAr.  II.  peremptorily  required  him  to  return  to  New  York ;  and 
Cartwright  S,nd  Maverick  commissioned  Mcolls  to  proceed 

24  Oct       ^^  Delaware  Bay, "  there  to  take  special  care  for  the  good 

a  Movem.  government  of  the  said  place,  and  to  depute  such  offi- 
cer or  officers  therein  as  he  shall  think  fit,  for  the  man- 
agement of  his  majestie's  affairs,  both  civil  and  military, 
until  his  majestie's  pleasure  be  further  known."     In  ^vl'it- 

rNwem.  ^^S  ^0  Secretary  Bennet,  Nicolls  rebuked  Carr's  conduct, 
and  added  that  because  of  his  absence,  "his  majestie's  com- 
mission can  not  be  pursued  in  the  several  colonies  of  New 

Nicous'3     England  unless  I  should  leave  New  York,  and  thereby  put 

Secretary  to  hazard  the  security  of  all  at  once,  contrary  to  the  opin- 
ions of  Colonel  Cartwright,  Mr.  Maverick,  and  all  the  rea- 
son which  God  hath  given  me.  For  we  do  concur  that  we 
came  to  serve  his  majesty  and  not  our  own  ends."  Mcolls 
farther  urged  that  merchandise  for  the  Indian  trade  and 
the  necessities  of  the  inhabitants  should  be  promptly  sent 
out.  By  the  loss  of  the  former  Dutch  trade,  thousands  in 
Virginia,  Maryland,  and  New  England  were  deprived  of 
their  accustomed  necessaries,  and  would  not  laiow  how  to 
live  "  without  speedy  care  be  taken  from  England."  If 
Lord  Baltimore  should  solicit  the  grant  of  Delaware  to 
himself,  the  king  ought  to  look  upon  his  patent  as  forfeit- 
ed, for  trading  with  the  Dutch  contrary  to  the  Navigation 
Act.  NicoUs  also  submitted  that  if  the  Dutch  should  at- 
tempt to  recover  either  New  York  or  Delaware,  the  king 
should  "  enjoin  all  his  colonies,  none  excepted,  under  severe 
penalties,  to  resist  and  expel  all  such  foreigners  out  of  these 
his  majesty's  territories."   With  these  dispatches  the  Guinea 

26  Oct.  was  ordered  to  follow  the  Elias  and  the  Martin  to  England. 
But  her  departure  was  delayed  by  a  mutiny  wliich  broke 
out  among  the  soldiers  in  the  garrison  of  Fort  James,  and 

22  Novem.  she  did  not  sail  until  nearly  a  month  afterward.  Captain 
Harry  Norwood,  whom  Nicolls  not  long  afterward  recom- 
mended as  his  own  successor,  returned  in  her  to  England. 
In  pursuance  of  the  commission  of  his  two  colleagues, 

NicoUs      Nicolls  visited  the  Delaware,  accompanied  by  Captain  Rob- 

gosB  to  the  • 

Delaware,  ert.  Nccdham,  whom  he  proposed  to  leave  there  as  his  dep- 
uty in  command.  Carr  was  severely  rebuked,  and  obhged 
to  give  up  much  of  his  ill-gotten  spoil.  Nevertheless,  he 
could  not  be  persuaded  to  leave  the  place  for  some  time. 


RICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  53 


1664. 


The  name  of  New  Amstel  was  now  changed  to  New  Castle,  cuap.  ii. 
and  an  infantry  garrison  established  there.  As  Needham's " 
presence  at  Fort  James,  to  act  as  first  counselor,  was  desir- 
able, Captain  John  Carr  was  appointed  commander  of  the 
Delaware,  in  subordination  to  the  government  of  New 
York,  to  which  it  was  annexed  "  as  an  appendage ;"  and 
thus  affairs  remained  for  several  years.* 

Upon  the  return  of  Nicolls  to  New  York,  the  royal  com- 
missioners proceeded  to  execute  a  very  delicate  duty.  The 
Connecticut  Charter  of  1662  covered  not  only  the  entire 
territory  of  New  Haven,  but  also  a  large  part  of  New  Boundaiy 
Netherland.  The  Dutch  rejected  the  claims  of  the  Hart- necucut. 
ford  Court,  and  New  Haven  stoutly  refused  to  yield  to  Con- 
necticut, because  her  charter  had  been  surreptitiously  ob- 
tained "  contrary  to  righteousness,  amity,  and  peace."  The 
Duke  of  York's  patent,  however,  not  only  comprehended 
Long  Island  and  other  neighboring  islands,  but  the  whole 
of  New  Haven,  and  the  greater  part  of  Connecticut,  includ- 
ing Hartford  itself.  When  this  became  known,  both  the 
wrangling  Puritan  colonies  were  seriously  troubled  at  a 
specimen  of  majestic  usurpation  which  outdid  their  own 
encroachments  on  the  Dutch  territory.  Yet  Connecticut 
was  in  no  condition  to  oppose  so  powerful  an  antagonist 
as  the  presumptive  heir  to  the  crown.  New  Haven  was 
still  more  helpless.  Her  only  alternative  was  submission 
to  Connecticut,  or  annexation  to  New  York.  After  a  sor- 
rowful debate,  her  General  Court  determined  to  submit  to,^}^"si"'- 

■  ^  14  Septem. 

Connecticut ;  yet  final  action  was  postponed  until  it  could 
no  longer  be  avoided. 

In  this  dilemma  it  was  important  to  conciliate  the  royal 
commissioners.     At  their  first  meeting  after  the  surrender 
of  New  Netherland,  the  Connecticut  Court  voted  a  present  isoctoter. 
of  five  hundred  bushels  of  com  to  NicoUs  and  his  col- 
leagues.   They  also  appointed  Mathew  AUyn,  Nathan  Gold,  Agents 
James  Richards,  and  Captain  John  Winthrop  to  go  with  New  York. 
Governor  Winthrop  to  New  York  and  congratulate  the 
commissioners,  "and,  if  an  opportunity  offer  itself,  that 
they  can  issue  the  bounds  between  the  duke's  patent  and 

*  Gen.  Eut,  i.,  53,  55,  56,  5T,  60, 61,  62, 67 ;  Coll.  MSS.,  xx.,  1 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  369,  411,  421, 
434, 438 ;  iii.,  68-74, 83, 103, 104, 109, 113, 115,  345,  346 ;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxxvii.,  309-311 ; 
Chalmers,  i.,  634 ;  Hazard's  Reg.  Penn.,  i.,  37;  iv.,  56 ;  Ann.  Penn.,  355-369  ;  S.  Smith's  N. 
J.,  40-50 ;  Proud,  i.,  122-124 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (1869),  SI ;  antc^  vol.  i.,  717, 744. 


54  HISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1664. 


Chap.  II.  oui's  (so  Rs  ill  tlieii'  judgments  may  be  to  tlie  satisfaction  of 
the  court),  they  are  impowered  to  attend  the  same."  John 
Howell  and  Captain  John  Younge,  of  Long  Island,  were 
desired  "  to  attend  the  same  service."  Horses  were  like- 
wise presented  by  Winthrop  to  the  royal  commissioners.* 

The  Connecticut  delegates  accordingly  ^dsitedl^ew  York, 
where  they  were  received  by  NicoUs,  Cartwright,  and  Mav- 

soNovem.  erick.  Both  patents  were  produced,  and  all  that  could 
be  said  on  each  side  was  fully  considered.  The  question 
about  Long  Island  was  soon  decided.  The  duke's  patent  ex- 
pressly included  it  by  name  ;  that  of  Connecticut  did  not. 
Moreover,  Governor  Winthrop,  at  Gravesend,  a  few  days 
before  the  surrender,  had  declared  that  the  jurisdiction 
formerly  exercised  by  Connecticut  over  Long  Island  "  ceased 
and  became  null."  The  commissioners,  therefore,  at  once 
determined  that  the   southern  boundary  of  Connecticut 

Loag  i3i.    should  be  the  Sound,  and  that  Long  Island  should  be  un- 

judged  to  der  the  government  of  the  Duke  of  York,  "  as  is  so  ex- 
■  pressed  by  plain  words  in  the  said  patents  respectively." 
But  Connecticut  claimed  that,  under  her  charter,  her 
territory  extended  across  the  continent  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  Duke  of  York's  patent  covered  all 
her  territory  west  of  the  Connecticut  River,  and  left  her 
only  the  narrow  strip  between  the  east  side  of  that  river 
and  Rhode  Island.  Moreover,  she  had  not  yet  obtained 
possession  of  ITew  Haven.  Her  charter  had  been  granted 
only  upon  Winthrop's  promise  of  submission  "  to  any  alter- 
ation" in  her  boundaries  which  might  be  made  by  the 
king's  commissioners.  Their  authority  to  declare  Hart- 
ford itself  within  the  jurisdiction  of  'New  York,  as  it  had 
once  been  within  the  jurisdiction  of  New  Netherland, 
could  not  be  disputed.  The  original  Indian  deed  of  8 
June,  1633,  to  Commissary  Yan  Curler,  of  the  land  around 
Hartford,  was  appealed  to  in  proof.  But  the  commission- 
ers were  supplicated  not  to  enforce  the  duke's  patent  to  its 
full  extent,  which  would  deprive  Connecticut  of  her  "  very 
bowels  and  principal  parts."  In  the  judgment  of  JSTicoUs, 
such  a  decision  would  "  cast  dishonor  upon  his  majesty," 

*  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  i.,415,  42T,  4."n,  i?,',:  iii.,  480  ;  New  Haven  Rec,  ii.,  4G7-4S3,  491-54S; 
Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxxvii.,  .^11 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  184  ;  Clialmers,  i.,  293-200  ;  Doc.  Hist.  N.  Y., 
i.,  .'304;  Tnimbull,  i.,  249-2T2,  515-521;  Palfrey,  ii.,  545-r)5G,  53:'-595;  iii.,  23G;  ante,  vol. 
i.,51!>,  702,  733. 


RICHAED  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  55 

and  be  "to  the  utter  ruin  of  that  colony,  and  a  manifest  chap. n. 
breach  of  their  late  patent."     Besides,  in  the  delicate  rela- 
tions  in  which  the  commissioners  were  placed  respecting 
all  the  I^ew  England  colonies,  it  was  important  this  should 
be  made  "  a  leading  case  of  equal  justice."     They  there- 
fore determined  that  five  towns,  which  "had  been  pur- Five  town  > 
chased,  possessed,  or  gained"  by  Hartford,  or  by  Newuonnecti- 
Haven,  should  be  "  rehnquished  to  Connecticut  by  virtue 
of  their  precedent  grant  from  his  majesty."     Such  a  settle- 
ment, they  "  were  assured,  would  be  an  acceptable  service" 
to  the  Duke  of  York,  although  to  the  diminution  of  his 
patented  bounds. 

At  the  same  time,  it  was  distinctly  understood  on  both 
sides  that  the  dividing  line  should  run  "'  about  twenty  miles 
from  any  part  of  Hudson's  River."     An  agreement  to  this 
effect  was  drawn  up  between  NicoUs  and  Winthrop  and  so  Kovem. 
his  colleagues.     To  define  the  starting-point  and  the  com- 
pass direction  of  this  boundary,  an  amendment  was  insert-  Boundary- 
ed,  describing  it  as  running  from  the  head  of  Mamaroneck  main  laua^ 
Creek  to  the  north-north-west,  until  it  reaches  the  Massa- 
chusetts line.     The  amendment  seems  to  have  been  pro- 
posed by  the  Connecticut  delegates,  who  assured  NicoUs 
that  the  boundary  thus  described  would  be  "  twenty  miles 
every  where  from  Hudson's  River." 

Upon  this  basis  the  roj'al  commissioners  the  next  day  i  Deccm. 
signed  an  instrument,  in  which,  after  declaring  Long  Island 
to  be  under  the  government  of  the  Duke  of  York,  they  or- 
dered "  that  the  creek  or  river  called  Mamaroneck,  which 
is  rej)orted  to  be  about  thirteen  miles  to  the  east  of  West- 
chester, and  a  line  drawn  from  the  east  point  or  side,  where 
the  fresh  water  falls  into  the  salt  at  high-water-mark,  north-  Boundaries 
north-west  to  the  line  of  the  Massachusetts,  be  the  western  ed. 
bounds  of  the  said  colony  of  Connecticut ;  and  all  planta- 
tions lying  westward  of  that  creek  and  line  so  drawn  to  be 
under  his  royal  highness's  government ;  and  all  plantations 
lying  eastward  of  that  creek  and  line  to  be  under  the  gov- 
ernment of  Connecticut."     Winthrop  and  his  colleagues  at 
the  same  time  gave  their  "  consent  to  the  limit  and  bounds 
above  mentioned."* 

*  Gen.  Ent.,  i.,  TO,  71 ;  N.  Y.  Col.  MSS.,  xxii.,  5 ;  lxi.x.,  1-6  ;  N.  Y.  Senate  Doc,  185T,  No. 
165,  p.  7,  39,  41,  42,  100-104;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  130, 140  ;  iii.,  55, 106,  23S;  vii.,  5G4,  507;  Col. 


56  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1664. 

13  Decern. 


CHAP.n.  For  the  moment,  this  settlement  of  the  dispute  seemed 
to  be  satisfactory  to  both  parties.  The  submission  of  'New 
Haven  to  Connecticut  was  soon  completed.  But  NicoUs 
and  his  colleagues  were  strangers,  and  ignorant  of  the  ge- 
ography of  the  country.  They  supposed  that  they  had 
adopted  substantially  the  same  boundary  agreed  to  by  the 
Dutch  and  English  colonies  in  1650.  Unfortunately,  they 
Trickeiy  of "  relied  upon"  the  assurances  of  the  Connecticut  delegates, 
cut.  and  were  deceived  by  "  wrong  information"  which  no  hon- 

est or  intelligent  adviser  could  have  given.  The  line  as- 
sented to  and  intended  by  Nicolls — twenty  miles  every 
where  from  the  Hudson  River — instead  of  starting  at 
Mamaroneck,  should  have  started  several  miles  farther  to 
the  east,  neal"  Stamford ;  and,  instead  of  running  north- 
north-west,  it  should  have  run  due  north.  But  the  duped 
commissioners  established  a  line,  the  starting-point  of 
which  was  about  ten  miles  from  the  Hudson,  and  which, 
crossing  that  river  near  Peekskill,  intersected  the  prolong- 
ed southern  boundary  of  Massachusetts  near  the  north- 
west corner  of  the  present  New  York  county  of  Ulster. 
All  the  territory  north  and  east  of  this  line  was  thus  ap- 
parently assigned  to  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts.  Tlie 
absurd  error  was  soon  detected,  and  the  boundary  was  nev- 
er ratified  by  the  Duke  of  York  or  by  the  crown.  But  the 
pertinacity  with  which  Connecticut  clung  to  what  looked 
very  much  like  a  mean  deception  on  her  part  was  after- 
ward the  cause  of  great  controversy.'^" 

Long  Island  being  now  settled  under  the  Duke  of  York's 
Long  isi-  authority,  NicoUs,  to  conciliate  its  inhabitants,  addressed  a 
1  Decern.  "  letter  to  Howell  and  Younge,  who  acted  as  tlieir  represent- 
atives at  New  York.  Referring  to  his  promise  when  he 
dismissed  the  troops  in  August,  after  the  surrender,  he  in- 
formed all  persons  that  Long  Island  was  declared  to  be 
under  the  duke's  government ;  that,  as  it  was  now  winter, 
he  would  not  trouble  the  inhabitants  to  send  deputies  to  an 
Assembly  in  relation  to  the  affairs  of  the  island ;  but  that, 

Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  341,  570-573  ;  iii.,  330  ;  New  Haven  Rec,  ii.,  555,  55G ;  Smith,  i.,  3G-3S,  297; 
ii.,  305,  300  ;  Trumbull,  1.,  273,  523,  525;  Wood's  Long  Island,  28,  170, 173;  Thompson,  i., 
126 ;  ii.,  323;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  ccvi. ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  P6,  1S9,  234,  235,  519. 

*  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  i.,  441;  ii.,  341,  .572,  573;  iii.,  3.30;  Neiy  Haven  Rec,  ii,  551-5,57;  Col. 
Doc,  iii.,  04,  230,  231,235,  23S,  247,  257,  .3,33,  356,  406,  7G1;  iv.,C25;  v.,69S;  vi.,  125,  776, 
8S5;  vii.,5G3,  564,5:!6,  597;  viii.,  345;  Hutch.  Coll.,  412;  Smith,  i.,SS;  Chalmers,  i.,  296, 
576;  Trumbull,  L,  274  ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (1SC9),  76. 


RICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  57 

as  soon  as  tlie  weather  should  permit,  he  would  notify  cnAP.n. 
them  of  the  time  and  place  of  meeting.  In  the  mean  time, 
the  existing  magistrates  should  remain  in  their  places  un- 
der the  duke's  government.  'No  new  taxes  had  yet  been, 
thought  of ;  those  laid  by  Connecticut  should  continue  for 
a  time ;  but  the  people  might  "  assure  themselves  of  equal 
(if  not  greater)  freedoms  and  immunities  than  any  of  his 
majesty's  colonies  in  New  England."  Upon  the  return  of 
Howell  and  Younge,  a  town  meeting  was  held  at  East  21  uecem. 
Hampton,  at  which,  "  understanding  that  we  are  oE  from 
Connecticut,  and  the  magistrates  not  willing  to  act  further 
on  that  account,  that  we  may  not  be  without  laws  and  gov- 
ernment, it  is  agreed  the  former  laws  shall  stand  in  force 
till  we  have  further  order  from  New  Tork."* 

In  the  mean  time,  the  "West  India  Company  had  informed  ki  0'=*- 
the  States  General  of  the  English  conquest  of  New  Nether- 
land,  by  which  the  republic  had  "  lost  a  pro^dnce,  the  ap- 
pearance whereof  was  wonderful  to  behold."     The  States 
at  once  directed  Yan  Grogh,  their  ambassador  at  London,  |i  oct. 
to  expostulate  with  the  king,  and  demand  "  prompt  restitu- 
tion and  reparation."     Yan  Gogh,  in  an  audience  with 
Charles,  denounced  the  capture  as  "  an  erroneous  proceed-  g  Novem" 
ing,  opposed  to  all  right  and  reason,  contrary  to  mutual  '""^^^g^^"''''* 
correspondence  and  ffood  neighborhood,  and  a  notorious  i^^ent  de- 

J-  o  o  7  nounce  the 

infraction  of  the  treaty  lately  concluded."     Finding  that  conquest  of 

.      ,  T  •  1       1       NewNeth- 

lie  could  no  longer  dissimulate,  the  king  replied  with  the  eriand  and , 

(iGins.iid  its 

audacious  falsehood  that  his  "  dependency"  New  Nether-  restitution. 
land  "  had  been  settled  and  occupied  before  this  by  the 
English,  who  only  permitted  the  Dutch  nation  at  the  outset 
to  settle  there,  without  an}'-  authority  having  been  thereby 
conferred  upon  the  Dutch  West  India  Company."     The 
next  day  Clarendon  wrote  to  Downing  that  the  Dutch  need  f^^^°^^' 
not  expect  the  king  to  restore  his  conquests ;  "  for  they  have 
no  color  of  «-ight  to  pretend  to  New  Netherland,  nor  is  our 
possessing  that  the  least  violation  of  the  treaty."    Downing 
accordingly  told  De  Witt  that  the  king  was  not  account- ^5  Novem. 
able  to  the  Dutch  government  for  what  he  had  done  in 
America,  "  no  more  than  he  should  think  himself  obliged 
to  let  them  know  his  mind,  or  to  have  their  consent,  in  case 

*  Gen.  Ent.,  1.,  29,  65,  66;  Thompson's  L.  I.,  i.,  127,  311,  382,  383;  ii.,  323,  324,  32T; 
Wood,  177 ;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  xxxvii. ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  86  ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  452 ;  ante,  p.  43. 


58  -  HISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  II.  lie  should  tbiiik  fit  to  proceed  against  any  Dutcli  that  live 
in  the  fens  in  England,  or  in  any  other  part  of  his  domin- 
■  ions."  Without  stopping  to  demonstrate  the  transparent 
absurdity  of  this  comparison,  the  Grand  Pensionary  peremp- 
torily replied  that  New  ISTetherland  "  must  be  restored."  ■•' 

5  Decern.  '^'^^  loug  afterward  Downing  presented  an  insolent  me- 
morial to  the  States  General,  in  which  any  reference  to 
Is^ew  Ketherland  was  avoided.  It  was  now  clear  that  no 
redress  was  to  be  expected  fi-om  England.     Secret  orders 

j3_  Decern.  Were  therefore  sent  to  De  Ruyter,  who  commanded  the 

De  Euyter.  Dutch  squadrou  on  the  coast  of  Afiica,  to  reduce  the  En- 
glish possessions  there,  after  which  he  was  to  proceed  on 
his  voyage  home, "  and  inflict,  by  way  of  reprisal,  as  much 
damage  and.  injury  as  possible  on  said  nation,  either  at 
Barbadoes,  IsTew  IS^etherland,  Newfoundland,  or  other  isl- 
ands and  places  imder  their  obedience." 

C4  Novem.      j^^  |.|^g  opeuiiio;  of  Parliament,  the  kins:  laid  g-reat  stress 

4  Decern.  .  7  o  & 

upon  the  proceedings  of  the  Dutch  in  Africa  and  the  East 
Indies,  but  did  not  allude  to  his  own  treacherous  conquest 

f-  Decern,  of  New  York.  A  few  days  afterward  Yan  Gogh  had  un- 
satisfactory interviews  with  the  king  and  the  Duke  of 
York,  both  of  whom  were  evidently  disposed  to  hostilities. 
With  his  report,  the  ambassador  communicated  to  the  States 
General,  for  the  first  time,  a  copy  of  the  Idng's  grant  of  New 
Netherland  to  the  Duke  of  York. 

1^- Decern.  It  was  uot  long  before  Downing  informed  the  British 
government  of  the  secret  orders  which  the  States  General 
had  sent  to  De  Ruyter.  Bennet  and  Coventry  warmly 
urged  hostilities  against  the  Dutch.     The  Yriyj  Council 

Hostilities  immediately  directed  letters  of  reprisal  to  be  issued  against 

England.  "  tlic  sliips,  goods,  and  servants"  of  the  United  Provinces. 
According  to  British  custom,  without  any  formal  declara- 
tion of  war,  one  hundred  and  thirty  Dutch  merchant  ves- 
sels were  seized  in  the  English  ports.f 

*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  272-285 ;  iii.,77-Sl;  Aitzema,  v.,  193  ;  Sec.  Kes.  IIoll.,  ii.,  445;  DeWitt, 
iv.,  3S6,  387,  390,  391,  393  ;  IIoll.  Merc,  1G04,  178 ;  D'Estrndes,  ii.,  530,  538 ;  Lister's  Clar- 
endon, ii.,  209 ;  iii.,  3415-351 ;  Hume,  vi.,  3S5. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  235-298;  iii., 85;  Pari.  Hist.,  iv.,  2P6-303  ;  Cl.arke'aJnmps II.,  i., 401-404; 
Aitzema,  v.,  93,  94;  De  AVitt,  iv.,  413;  Sec  Eos.  IIoll.,  ii.,  4,59 ;  1 1  oil.  Merc,  16G4, 185,186; 
Lister,  ii,  270 ;  iii.,  352-355;  Basnage,  i.,  714;  Davics,  iii.,  27,  28;  rcp)v,ii.,  18(3, 192;  Mar- 
tin, i.,  2C9.  Downing  stopped  at  nothing  to  gain  his  objects.  He  told  I'epys  "that  he  had 
BO  good  ppics  tliat  he  hath  had  the  keys  taken  out  of  DeWitt'.^  pocket  when  he  was  a-bed, 
and  his  cIoi?Gt  opened,  and  papers  l)ronght  to  him  and  left  in  his  hands  for  an  hour;"  .and 
"•that  he  huth  always  had  their  most  private  debates  that  have  boon  but  between  two  or 


PJCHAED  KICOLLS,  GOVERNOR  59 

Intelligence  of  the  threatening  aspect  of  affairs  in  Eu-  cnAP.ii. 
rope  had  meanwhile  reached  NicoUs  by  way  of  Boston.  -<  (^^  i 
As  a  measure  of  precaution,  he  ordered  all  the  estate  of  13  oecem. 
the  "West  India  Company  in  the  hands  of  Stuy\'esant  and "  ^'*™' 
Yan  Ruyven  to  be  put  under  arrest.  A  few  days  after- 2t  Decem. 
ward  all  persons  were  directed  to  report  what  they  knew  acUoh  of 
about  the  property  thus  sequestrated  to  the  benefit  of  the 
Duke  of  York.^- 

The  "West  India  Directors,  on  their  part,  felt  the  loss  of 
ISTew  ISTetherland  very  keenly.     Stuyvesant's  official  report 
was  unsatisfactory.     The  "licentious  prating"  of  the  sol- 
diers who  had  returned  in  the  Gideon  from  New  York  only 
increased  their  annoyance.     They  determined  to  "  disavow 
all  the  articles  and  capitulations"  made  with  the  English 
by  the  governor  and  council,  and  endeavor  to  regain  New 
Netherland.     Accordingly,  they  sent  one  of  their  ships  to  i|  Novem. 
New  York,  with  a  dispatch  to  Stuy^^esant,  requiring  him  to  indiatkmi- 
come  home  and  give  "  by  word  of  mouth  more  comfort"  stuyve!'^"" 
than  his  letters  had  afforded.    They  also  desired  Yan  Ruy-  ^°'^^- 
ven  to  save  what  he  could  of  their  property. 

When  these  letters  were  received  at  New  York,  NicoUs,   1665. 
anxious  for  news,  required  Stuyvesant  and  Yan  Ruyven  to  '^  ^^^' 
bring  them  to  him.     As  the  West  India  Company  appeared 
determined  to  annul  the  capitulation  and  retake  the  j)rov- 
ince,  he  felt  himself  "  obliged  so  far  to  abide  their  displeas-  g^jj^^^''^.^^ 
m-e  as  to  seize  upon  their  effects,  and  to  remit  the  decision  Nicoiis 

11  p  11  1  1  seizes  the 

to  his  majesty,  whether,  after  such  a  letter,  they  ought  to  company-s 
claim  any  benefit  by  articles  which  in  so  contemptuous  a 
manner  they  have  disavowed." 

Stuy\"esant,  however,  could  not  avoid  going  to  Holland 
to  defend  his  action ;  and  NicoUs  granted  him  a  passport  x  May. ' 
to  go  and  return,  with  his  son  and  his  servants.  Consider- 
ing the  need  of  supplies  to  New  York,  Nicolls  also  licensed 
the  West  India  Company's  ship  "  Crossed  Heart"  to  go  to 
and  return  from  Holland  with  merchandise.  By  her  Yan 
Ruyven  wrote  to  the  Amsterdam  directors  that  it  was  gMay"'"" 
"  impossible  to  keep"  New  Netherland  against  the  "  vast, 
overwhelming  force  of  the  assailants ;"  and  that,  if  their 

three  of  the  chief  of  them  brought  to  him  in  an  hour  after,  and  an  liour  after  that  hatli  sent 
word  thereof  to  the  king." — Pepys,  iv.,  72,  73;  see  also  Temple's  Work',  i.,  307. 
*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  84 ;  Gen.  Ent.,  i.,  70,  78, 79 ;  Col.  MSS.,  x.xii.,  1 ;  Smith,  L,  33. 


60  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap,  il  honors  had  been  personally  present,  they  would,  "  without 
doubt,  have  considered  it  better  and  more  Christian-like  to 
agree  to  some  conditions,  than  be  obliged  to  look  upon  the 
ruin  of  the  place  and  the  murder  of  the  poor  people, 
women  and  children,  without  being  able  to  do  any  thing 

^2-  May.    to  prevent  it."     A  few  days  afterward  Stuyvesant  appear- 

retm^Tto  cd,  f  or  tlio  last  time,  in  the  -  Court  of  Burgomasters  and 
Schepens,  to  take  his  leave,  and  asked  of  them  a  certificate 
of  his  deportment  while  their  governor.  The  city  author- 
ities declared  "  that  his  honor  hath,  during  eighteen  years' 
administration,  conducted  and  demeaned  himself  not  only 
as  a  director  general,  as  according  to  the  best  of  our  knowl- 
edge he  ought  to  do,  on  all  occasions  for  the  best  interest 
of  the  West  India  Company,  but  besides  as  an  honest  pro- 
prietor and  patriot  of  this  province,  and  as  a  supporter  of 
the  Reformed  rehgion."* 

Notwithstanding  all  the  changes  which  had  occurred  in 
the  province,  the  city  magistrates  of  whom  Stuyvesant  thus 
took  leave  still  exercised  the  same  powers  which  he  had 
himself  conferred  on  them  twelve  years  before.  When 
their  term  of  service  expired,  the  burgomastei's  and  sche- 
pens named  their  successors,  as  they  had  done  under  the 

2  Feb'iy.  Dutch  govcmment.  This  they  did  on  the  usual  day,  and 
in  pursuance  of  the  sixteenth  article  of  the  capitulation. 

New  city  The  ucw  officcrs  were  confirmed  by  NicoUs,  and  announced 
to  the  commonalty  after  the  usual  ringing  of  the  bell. 
They  were  Cornelis  Steenwyck  and  Oloff  Stevensen  van 
Cortlandt,  burgomasters ;  Timotheus  Gabry,  Johannes  van 
Brugh,  Johannes  De  Peyster,  Jacob  Kip,  and  Jacques  Cous- 
seau,  schepens;  and  Allard  Anthony,  schout.     An  oath, 

6  Feb'ry.  drawu  up  by  Nicolls,  was  taken  by  them,  to  do  right  and 
justice  to  all  persons,  and  demean  themselves  in  their 
places  "  according  to  the  good  and  wholesome  laws  which 
are  or  shall  be  ordained  by  virtue  of  liis  majesty's  commis- 
sion to  his  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of  York,  within  this 
government  and  city  of  New  York."  A  controversy  soon 
arose   between   the   pro^^ncial   and  the   city   authorities. 

•  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  361,  365,  369,  37T,  420,  4T0,  744;  iu.,  164;  TrumbuU  Papers,  Mass.  Hist. 
Soc,  XX.,  73  ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  231,  note;  Gen.  Ent.,  i.,  16S,  169, 170;  New  Amst.  Rec,  v., 
755;  Val.  Man.,  1S61,  620,  621.  Stuyvesant,  accompanied  by  ^gidius  Luyck,  the  late  prin- 
cipal of  the  grammar-school  at  New  Amsterdam  (who  now  returned  to  study  theology  in 
Holland),  landed  from  the  "  Crossed  Heart"  at  Bergen,  in  Norway.  From  there  they  pro- 
ceeded to  Amsterdam,  in  July,  1665,  in  the  company's  yacht  the  Musch. 


b 


EICHAED  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  61 

By  the  capitulation,  the  burgomasters  were  bound  to  pro-  chap.ii. 
Yide  quarters  for  the  soldiers  who  could  not  be  lodged  in 
the  fort.     NicoUs  therefore  proposed  that  one  hundred  gg  March 
of  them  should  be  quartered  amons;  the  inhabitants,  who  sowiers 

-,  -,      ^  .  '  quartered, 

were  to  be  compensated ;  and  that,  in  consideration  of 
this,  the  city  should  have,  in  addition  to  the  great  excise, 
the  income  of  the  scales  and  of  the  ferry.  The  municipal 
authorities  endeavored  to  comj)ly  with  the  governor's  req- 
uisition ;  but  they  were  so  unsuccessful  that  he  accused  e  Apru. 
them,  aj^parently  without  justice,  of  sloth.  The  English 
soldiers  were  quarrelsome  and  insolent,  and  the  Dutch 
burghers  were  unwilling  to  receive  them  into  their  houses. 
Most  of  the  citizens  preferred  to  pay  an  assessment  in 
money ;  and  the  matter  was  finally  arranged  in  this  way,  i9  April, 
to  the  satisfaction  of  all  parties,  under  the  supervision  of 
Captains  Delavall  and  Sahsbmy.* 

The  provincial  revenue  had,  up  to  this  time,  been  left  Provincial 
unsettled.     Two  months  after  the  surrender,  ISTicolls  had  ''^^®"*'®- 
directed  that  the   customs  rates,  "  according  to  English 
law,"  should  be  paid  to  Delavall,  the  collector.     lie  now 
enacted  that,  mitil  farther  order,  imported  liquore  should  2t  FebTy. 
be  taxed  ten  per  cent.,  Indian  goods  ten,  other  goods  eight, 
and  English  manufactm-es  five   per  cent.     These  duties 
were  to  be  paid  in  beavers,  at  eight  guilders,  or  thirteen 
shillings  and  four  pence  each.     Export  duties  were  also 
laid  on  beaver  and  tobacco.f 

McoUs,  however,  was  a  friend  of  colonial  enterprise. 
Paulus  Richards,  one  of  the  burghers  at  New  York,  in- 
tending to  establish  a  vineyard  at  the  "  Little  Fief"  on  vineyanis. 
Long  Island,  and  manufacture  wine,  the  governor  granted  lo  jan'ry. 
him  several  special  privileges.     All  the  produce  of  Rich-     * 
ards's  "vdnes,  if  sold  in  gross,  was  to  be  forever  free  from 
any  imposts ;  if  sold  in  retail  by  him  in  any  one  house  in 
New  York,  his  wines  were  to  be  free  for  thirty  years ;  and 

*  N.  Y.  City  Rec,  v.,  CSO,  CS2,  T18-T25,  T37-T43 ;  vi.,  86,  ST ;  Gen.  Ent.,  i.,  83,  84 ;  Col. 
Doc,  iii.,  117  ;  Val.  Man.,  1S4S,  1'25;  1850,190;  1801,008-620;  a»ite,  vol.  i.,  548,  578,613, 
640,  674,  762.  Among  the  burghers  thus  assessed,  Jeronimus  Ebbinck,  Frederick  Phillipse, 
Peter  Stuyvesant,  Cornelia  van  Ruyven,  Paulus  Leendertsen  van  der  Grist,  Johannes  van 
Brugh,  and  Oloff  Stevensen  van  Cortlandt  paid  four  guilders  a  week  ;  Allard  Anthony,  Jo- 
hannes de  Peyster,  Jacob  Kip,  Simon  Jansen  Koraeyn,  and  Carel  van  Brugh,  tliree  guilders; 
Jan  Evertsen  Bout,  Evert  Duyckinck,  Johannes  De  Witt,  Hans  Kierstede,  Jacob  Leisler,  and 
Paulus  Richards,  two  guilders  ;  Isaac  Bedlow,  Augustine  Heermans,  .^Egidius  Luyck,  and 
many  others,  one  guilder.     The  Dutch  domines  wei^e  not  assessed. 

t  Gen.  Ent.,  i.,  63, 112, 113;  Thompson,  i.,  144. 


62 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Chap.  II. 


1665. 


January. 
Uoyal  com- 
missioners 
in  New  En- 
gland. 


4  Feli'ry. 


Policy  of 

Kicolls. 


Court  of 
Assizes. 


any  person  who,  during  that  time,  should  plant  vines  in 
any  part  of  the  proyince,  should  pay  five  shillings  for  each 
acre  so  planted  to  Richards,  "  as  an  acknowledgment  of 
his  being  the  first  undertaker  and  planter  of  vines  in  these 
parts."* 

Soon  after  the  arrangement  of  the  Connecticut  bound- 
ary, Cartwright  and  Maverick  went  to  Boston  to  prosecute 
their  duties  as  royal  commissioners.  But  they  could  do 
nothing-  without  the  presence  of  ISTicoUs  or  Carr.  The 
governor  of  ISTew  York  was  too  much  occupied  to  leave 
his  post.  Carr  could  not  be  persuaded,  for  some  time,  to 
quit  the  Delaware  and  follow  the  king's  commission.  At 
length  he  came  to  JSTew  York,  and  went  on  to  join  his  col- 
leagues at  Boston.  The  commissioners,  finding  much  op- 
position there,  detennined  to  visit  the  other  colonies,  and 
wait  imtil  the  next  Aj)ril  before  opening  their  business 
with  Massachusetts,  when  they  hoped  that  NicoUs  would 
be  able  to  join  them.  They  were  not  deceived.  Connecti- 
cut answered  their  inquiries  with  prudent  facility.  Their 
stumbling-block  was  to  be  Massachusetts.f 

Meanwhile,  the  details  of  the  system  upon  which  he  was 
to  administer  his  government  in  IsTew  York  had  seriously 
occupied  the  attention  of  McoUs.  The  policy  of  the  Dulce 
of  York  was  to  win  the  Dutch,  who  were  three  quarters  of 
the  population,  to  become  contented  Enghsh  subjects.  To 
this  end,  as  little  alteration  as  possible  was  to  be  made  in 
the  form  of  administration  to  which  they  had  been  accus- 
tomed. The  director  general  and  his  council  had  been  the 
executive  authority  in  IsTew  I^etherland.  Thq.  deputy  gov- 
ernor of  the  proprietary  and  his  coifncil  were  now  the  ex- 
ecutive authority  of  New  York.  XicoUs  accordingly  "  cop- 
ied," or  rather  "  continued,"  with  some  modification, "  what 
had  been  already  established  by  the  Dutch."  He  erected 
a  "  Court  of  Assizes,"  which,  like  its  New  ISTetherland  proto- 
type, was  the  supreme  tribunal  of  the  province,  lia^dug  both 
common  law  and  equity,  as  well  as  original  and  appellate 

*  Deedg,  ii.,  ST ;  Hist.  Mag.,Tii.,  30.  New  Netherland  was  famous  for  its  native  wines 
before  1C50:  Col.  Doc.,  i.,  277.  Lord  Bellomont,  in  1700,  ivrote  enthusiastically  about  the 
"fair  clusters  of  grapes"  which  he  saw  about  Albany;  Col.  Doc,  iv.,  7S7.  Dentou,  1-1, 
speaks  of  "grapes  great  and  small"  as  natural  to  Long  Island. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  64,  83,  84,  87-S9,  93  ;  JIass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xx.wi.,  532 ;  Jlass.  Rec,  iv.  (ii ), 
141 ;  Plymouth  Kec,  iv.,  85 ;  K.  L  Rec,  ii,  60,  SC-S9, 91, 93 ;  Palfrey,  ii.,  597-606  ;  Barry,  i., 
396 ;  Arnold's  Rhode  Island,  i.,  314. 


1665. 


EICHAED  NICOLLS,  GOVEENOE.  63 

jurisdiction.     In  this  court,  the  governor  and  his  counsel-  chap.  ii. 
ors  possessed  the  same  powers  that  had  formerly  been 
exercised  by  the  Dutch  director  and  his  counselors.     But 
the  peculiar  condition  of  New  Yoi'k  required  that  other 
members  should  be  added  to  the  Court  of  Assizes.     York- 
shire, or  Long  Island,  peopled  chiefly  by  Englishmen,  with 
Westchester  and  Staten  Island,  was  erected  into  a  shire,  Ridings  of 
and,  like  its  English  namesake,  was  divided  into  three  dis- 
tricts or  ridings.     What  is  now  Suffolk  County  formed  the 
East  Riding ;  Staten  Island,  King's  County,  and  the  town 
of  Newtown,  in  Queen's,  the  West  Riding ;  and  the  remain- 
der of  Queen's  County,  with  Westchester,  the  North  Riding. 
The  governor  and  council  were  to  appoint  a  high  -  sheriff  uigh-sher- 
every  year  over  the  whole  of  Yorkshire,  and  also  justices  uce"  ^"'' 
of  the  peace,  who  were  to  continue  in  office  during  the 
governor's  pleasure  in  each  of  the  ridings.     These  justices 
were  to  hold  a  "  Court  of  Sessions"  in  each  riding  three  coun  of 
times  a  year,  in  which  the  go^'ernor  or  any  counselor  might " 
preside.     Besides  their  local  duties,  the  high  sheriff  and 
the  justices  were  to  sit  with  the  governor  and  his  council 
in  the  Court  of  Assizes,  which  was  to  meet  at  New  York 
once  a  year,  on  the  last  Thursday  in  September.     This 
court  was  invested  with  "  the  supreme  power  of  making, 
altering,  and  abolishing  any  laws"  in  the  government  of 
New  York.* 

The  Court  of  Assizes  thus  established  by  Nicolls  was  no 
advance  toward  democracy.     It  was  not,  in  any  popular 
sense,  a  Legislature.     It  had  not  even  the  representative 
character  .enjoyed  by  Stuyvesant's  "  Landt-dag,"  or  Assem- The  court 
bly.     Its  members  were  wholly  dependent  on  the  govern-  not  a^lt 
or's  will,  and  they  were  expected  to  perform  their  legisla-  ^®™'^^^' 
five  function  with  the  usual  docility  of  a  French  "  bed  of 
justice."     The  governor  and  his  council  remained  the  real 
law-makers,  as  well  as  the  interpreters  of  the  laws  they 
made.     Before  long,  it  is  true,  the  Court  of  Assizes  delib- 

*  Chalmers's  Pol.  Ann.,  i.,  575,  596;  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  117;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  ISS;  N.  Y.  H.  S. 
Coll.,  i.,  321,  336,  342,  259,  374,  3S5,  391 ;  aiite^  vol.  i.,  163,  247,  276,  277,  327,  405,  414,  431, 
467,  540,  548,  570-575,  729.  Chalmers,  in  Pol.  Ann.,  i.,  575,  says  that  NicoUs  •■'■  erected,"  and 
in  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  117,  that  he  "  continued,"  the  Court  of  Assizes,  one  of  "  the  prior  customs 
of  the  Dutch."  The  crronpons  statements  of  Smith,  i. ,  41,  47,  on  this  point,  are  corrected  by 
Chalmers,  Pol.  Ann.,  i.,  536,  and  by  Wood,  90,  note.  I  can  not  doubt  that  the  Court  of  As- 
sizes was  establi.shed,  if  it  v/as  not  completely  organized,  before  March,  1665,  tlie  period 
Btated  by  Wood  ;  compare  II.  B.  Dawson,  and  N.  Y.  ]I.  S.  Coll.  (1869),  76. 


64  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  ii.  eiated  with  closed  doors  upon  the  general  concerns  of  the 
province,  and  made  such  changes  in  the  laws  as  were 
•  thought  proper.  But  the  Duke  of  York,  who,  by  his  pat- 
ent, had  "  full  and  absolute  power,"  disapproved  of  legis- 
lative assemblies  as  inconsistent  with  the  form  of  govern- 
ment which  he  had  established  in  his  province.  Yet  he 
supposed  that  no  harm  and  much  good  might  result  from 
the  justices  being  allowed  once  a  year  to  meet  with  the 
governor  and  his  council,  and  make  desirable  changes  in 
the  laws,  which,  after  all,  were  subject  to  liis  own  approval. 
These  justices,  he  complacently  assumed,  would  be  chosen 
by  the  people  themselves  as  "  their  representatives,  if  an- 
purposc  of  other  constitution  were  allowed,"  Moreover,  the  Court  of 
of  Assizes.  Assizes  was  the  most  convenient  place  for  the  publication 
of  any  new  laws,  or  of  any  business  of  general  concern. 
In  estabhshing  that  court,  the  duke's  deputy  did  not  con- 
cede any  political  privileges  to  the  people.  All  its  officers 
were  his  own  subordinates ;  none  of  them  his  colleagues, 
NicoUs  was,  and  he  continued  to  be,  a  provincial  autocrat, 
who  exercised,  indeed,  his  delegated  powers  with  the  pru- 
dence and  moderation  which  belonged  to  his  character,  but 
who,  in  adroitly  allowing  his  official  dependents  apparently 
to  share  with  himself  the  responsibility  of  .legislation,  did 
not  in  the  least  cm-tail  his  own  vast  authority,* 

The  governor  and  liis  council,  who  at  present  were  the 
only  members  of  the  Court  of  Assizes,  were  early  called 
upon  to  frame  a  body  of  laws  for  the  province.     Its  con- 
dition was  more  anomalous  than  that  of  any  other  Ameri- 
can plantation.     It  had  no  charter  hke  the  jSTew  England 
colonies.     It  was  not  a  royal  province  like  Virginia.     As 
a  proprietary  government,  it  resembled  Maryland  in  some 
respects ;  yet  Lord  Baltimore's  charter  was  very  different 
from  the  despotic  patent  of  the  Duke  of  York.     When 
Charles  the  Second  granted  New  Ketherland  to  his  broth- 
er, he  affected  to  consider  it  a  resumption  of  British  terri- 
tory, the  possession  of  which  England  had  never  enjoyed, 
ugai  effect  and  Holland  had  maintained  for  half  a  century.     In  re- 
giish  con-   ality,  he  obtained  possession  only  by  a  conquest  from  the 
ques .       Dntch,  and  upon  articles  of  capitulation.     Excepting  Aca- 

*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  29C;  iii.,  230;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  5S1,  GOO;  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  320, 
325, 414;  Wood,  90,  91 ;  Thompson,  i.,  141, 142 ;  post,  p.  293. 


KICHAED  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  65 

dia  and  Jamaica,  New  York  was  the  first  colony  which  the  chap.  n. 
Enghsh  arms  ever  gained.  The  rights  wliich  the  king~~~ 
thus  acquired  over  the  Dutch  territory  were  those  of  a 
conqueror,  limited,  however,  by  the  terms  agreed  upon  at 
the  surrender.  This  principle  did  not  affect  that  part  of 
Long  Island  wliich  was  actually  British  territory  before  the 
capitulation,  and  where,  of  course,  the  English  law  prevail- 
ed. But  with  respect  to  the  Dutch  possessions,  the  right 
of  conquest  governed;  which  was,  that  where  a  country- 
was  conquered  by  or  ceded  to  England,  the  sovereign  might 
establish  such  government  and  laws  as  he  should  think 
proper,  but  that  the  ancient  laws  of  such  conquered  or 
ceded  country  were  to  remain  in  force,  if  not  contrary  to 
the  law  of  God,  until  the  king  should  change  them.  Ac- 
cordingly, Charles  authorized  the  Duke  of  York  "  to  make.  The  Duke 
ordain,  and  establish  all  manner  of  orders,  laws,  directions,  powe/^ 
instructions,  forms  and  ceremonies  of  government  and  '^^  ^  '^^^' 
magistracy  fit  and  necessary  for  and  concerning  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  territories  and  islands  aforesaid,  so  always 
as  the  same  be  not  contrary  to  the  laws  and  statutes  of  this 
our  realm  of  England,  but  as  near  as  may  be  agreeable 
thereunto,  and  the  same  at  all  times  hereafter  to  put  in 
execution,  or  abrogate,  revoke,  or  change,  not  only  within 
the  precincts  of  the  said  territories  or  islands,  but  also  upon 
the  seas  in  going  and  coming  to  and  from  the  same."  The 
duke  thereupon  commissioned  Mcolls  as  his  deputy, "  to 
perform  and  execute  all  and  every  the  powers  which  are 
by  the  said  letters  patent  granted."  But,  before  he  could 
obtain  peaceable  possession  of  New  Netherland,  Nicolls 
was  obliged  to  concede  special  privileges  to  its  inhabitants, 
which  placed  them  in  many  respects  upon  a  better  foot- 
ing than  the  king's  own  English  subjects  on  Long  Island. 
Among  other  things,  the  Dutch  were  to  enjoy  their  own 
church  disciphne  and  customs  concerning  inheritances. 
Besides  these  guaranteed  rights,  they  were,  as  a  conquered 
people,  entitled  to  be  governed  according  to  their  ancient 
laws,  which  were  to  remain  in  force  until  changed  by  the 
actual  authorities  in  the  province.* 

•  Chalmers's  Pol.  Ann.,  i.,  674;  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  116, 117 ;  Calvin's  Case,  7  Coke's  Bep.,  17; 
Show.  Pari.  C,  31;  Cowper,  204;  Blackstone's  Comm. ;  Jacob,  v.,  159;  Col.  Doc,  iL,  296; 
Learning  and  Spicer,  666 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  p.  762  ;  pnsf,  App.  A  and  B.  I  venture,  with  much 
deference,  to  express  my  opinion  that  Mr.  Barnard,  in  hia  sketch  of  Rensselaerwyck,  136,  and 

II.— E 


QQ  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOEK. 

Chap.  II.  It  was  nevertheless  generally  understood  that  "  English 
~~  lawes"  were  to  be  estabhshed  in  New  York  at  the  end  of 
six  months  after  the  surrender.  In  writing  from  Boston, 
4 Feb.  Cartwright  advised  NicoUs  that  the  Dutch  "will  rather 
take  that  for  oppression  which  shall  be  imposed  on  them 
afterward,  than  for  the  present  acknowledge  your  indul- 
gence in  letting  them  for  a  while  longer  use  their  own 
lawes."  But,  if  the  governor  hesitated  at  following  his 
colleagues'  advice  with  i*espect  to  the  Dutch  portion  of  the 
province,  he  had  no  doubt  in  regard  to  Yorkshire.  Before 
Kngiish  the  surrender,  in  explaining  at  Gravesend  the  phrase  of 
estebiuii-^  the  proclamation  that  all  persons  submitting  to  the  royal 
government  were  to  enjoy  "all  other  privileges  with  his 
majesty's  English  subjects,"  he  had  promised  the  people  of 
Long  Island  that  at  a  convention  of  delegates  from  their 
towns,  "  laws  were  to  be  enacted  and  civil  officers  estab- 
lished." A  few  days  afterward,  he  told  them  that  they 
should  be  summoned  "  to  propose  and  give  their  advice  in 
all  matters  tending  to  the  peace  and  benefit"  of  the  island. 
Again  he  assured  them  "  of  equal  (if  not  greater)  freedoms 
and  immunities  than  any  of  his  majestie's  colonies  in  New 
England."  These  expressions  appear  to  have  been  differ- 
ently understood  by  Nicolls  and  by  the  Long  Island  people. 
The  latter  supposed  that  the  New  England  system  was  to 
be  transplanted  into  New  York,  with  all  the  machinery  of 
royal  corporations  to  perpetuate  their  benefits  or  abuses: 
Power  of  The  governor,  on  the  other  hand,  was  the  deputy  of  a  pro- 
make  Lws.  pirietor  who  centred  in  himself  all  the  delegated  authority 
of  the  king  possessed  by  any  of  the  New  England  ohgarch- 
ies.  It  was  his  function  under  a  royal  patent,  as  it  was 
theirs  under  royal  charters,  to  make  laws.  NicoUs,  how- 
ever, was  desirous  to  adopt  in  New  York  all  that  he  might 
find  good  or  expedient  in  the  several  codes  of  the  New  En- 
gland colonies.  For  this  purpose  he  aj^pears  to  have  ob- 
tained copies  of  those  of  Massachusetts  and  of  New  Haven, 
the  latter  of  which  had  been  printed  at  London  in  1656. 
He  also  applied  to  Winthrop  for  a  copy  of  that  of  Connec- 
ticut, ^vhich  existed  only  in  manuscript ;  but  a  transcript 

Chancellor  Walworth,  in  IT  Wendell,  5S7,  and  Mr.  Butler  in  ii.  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  4n, 
have  not  ncciirntely  stated  tlie  condition  of  the  law  in  Xew  York  immediately  after  the  sur- 
render.    Certainly  Long  Island  waa  differently  situated  from  the  rest  of  the  province. 


EICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVEEXOR.  G7 

could  not  be  made  for  him  in  time  to  be  of  use.    With  the  chap.  ii. 
assistance  of  members  of  the  Court  of  Assizes,  he  made  it 
his  "  whole  business  to  prepare  a  body  of  lawes"  to  be  sub-  ^^^^  p^.^;. 
mitted  to  the  general  meeting  proposed  to  be  held  on  Long  "^^Ifi^^ 
Island.    These  laws  were  largely  borrowed  from  those  "  in 
practice  in  his  majesty's  other  colonies  in  New  England," 
but  with  a  relaxation  of  their  severity  against  those  who 
differed ''  in  matters  of  conscience  and  religion."* 

To  fulfill  his  promises,  Mcolls  ad^lressed  a  letter  to  each  s  Feb. 
of  the  towns  on  Long  Island,  announcing  that  in  discharge 
of  his  "trust  and  duty  to  settle  good  and  known  lawes 
within  this  government  for  the  future,"  and  receive  their 
"  best  advice  and  information  in  a  general  meetino-,"  he  Meeting 

called  at 

had  appointed  such  a  meeting  to  be  held  at  Hempstead  on  Hemp- 
the  last  day  of  February,  to  which  he  invited  each  to"\ra  to  ^ 
send  two  deputies  chosen  by  a  majority  of  the  tax-payers. 
These  deputies  were  to  be  "  the  most  sober,  able,  and  dis- 
creet persons ;"  and  were  to  produce  at  the  meeting  the  doc- 
uments showing  the  boundaries  of  their  respective  towns, 
notify  the  Indian  sachems  whose  presence  there  might  be 
necessary,  and  bring  with  them  certificates  of  their  due 
election, "  with  full  powers  to  conclude  any  cause  or  mat- 
ter relating  to  their  several  towns."  A  similar  letter  was 
sent  to  Westchester.  But  no  deputies  were  summoned 
fi'om  New  York,  Esopus,  Bergen,  or  any  other  town  in  the 
province.f 

At  the  appointed  day  the  Convention  met  at  Hempstead.  28  Feb. 
It  consisted  of  thirty-four  delegates — two  from  each  of  the 
English  and  Dutch  towns  on  Long  Island,  and  two  from 
Westchester.  Some  of  them  had  been  members  of  Stuy- 
vesant's  last  General  Assembly  of  New  Netherland  a  year 
before.  New  Utrecht  sent  Jacques  Cortelyou  and  Younger  Delegates. 
Fosse ;  Gravesend,  James  Hubbard  and  John  Bowne ;  Flat- 
lands,  Elbert  Elbertsen  and  Roeloff  Martense ;  Flatbush, 
John  Stryker  and  Hendrick  Jorassen ;  Bushwick,  John 
Stealman  and  Guisbert  Tennis ;  BrookljTi,  Frederick  Lub- 
bertsen  and  John  Evertsen ;  Newtown,  Richard  Betts  and 

*  Gen.  Ent.,i.,  23,  29,  60;  Deeds,  ii.,  43 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  251;  iii,  80,  88,  114;  iv.,  1154; 
Thompson,  i.,  1-26,  127,  382;  ii ,  323,  824,  327;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  xxxvii. ;  Smith,  i.,  3SS; 
Hist.  Mag.,  viii.,  211 ;  Trumbull  MSS.,  xx.,  74 ;  ante,  p.  25,  33,  43,  57. 

t  Gen.  Ent.,  i.,  93-85;  Wood,  87,  SS  ;  Thompson,  i.,  131, 132 ;  Bolton,  ii.,  ISO ;  Journ.  Leg. 
Council  of  N.  Y.,  i..  Int.,  iv. 


68  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap,  il  J  oliii  Coe ;  riiisliing,  Elias  Doughty  and  Richard  Cornhill ; 
Jamaica,  Daniel  Denton  and  Thomas  Benedict ;  Hempstead, 
•  John  Hicks  and  Robert  Jackson ;  Oyster  Bay,  John  Under- 
hill  and  Matthias  Harvey ;  Huntington,  Jonas  Wood  and 
John  Ketcham;  Setalcott  (or  Brookhaven),  Daniel  Lane 
and  Roger  Barton;  Southold,  Wilham  Wells  and  John 
Younge ;  Southampton,  Thomas  Topping  and  John  How- 
ell ;  Easthampton,  Thomas  Baker  and  John  Stratton ;  and 
Westchester,  Edward  Jessop  and  John  Quinby.* 

28  Feb.  The  governor  opened  the  meeting  by  reading  the  duke's 

patent  and  his  own  commission;  and  told  the  delegates 
that  their  fii'st  business  should  be  to  decide  some  of  their 
local  differences  about  boundaries,  which  were  afloat  before 
he  came  to  the  government ;  but  that  "  he  had  prepared  a 
body  of  general  laws  hereafter  to  be  observed."     These 

Nicoiis's     were  delivered  to  the  delegates,  who,  upon  perusal,  found 

posed.  '  them  to  be  chiefly  compiled  from  the  laws  then  in  force  in 
New  England,  "  with  abatement  of  the  severity  against 
such  as  differ  in  matters  of  conscience  and  rehgion."  The 
delegates,  however,  were  not  satisfled.  Most  of  them  rep- 
resented towns  which  had  recently  been  under  the  juris- 
diction of  Connecticut ;  and  they  supposed  that  in  promis- 
ing them  "  equal,  if  not  greater  fi-eedoms  and  immimities 
than  any  of  his  majestie's  colonies  in  New  England,"  NicoUs 
meant  to  establish  in  New  York  a  government  resembling 
those  of  his  Puritan  neighbors.  The  inhabitants  of  South- 
old  especially  had  signifled  their  desire  that  all  civil  ofiicers 
should  be  annually  elected  by  the  freemen,  that  all  military 
ofiicers  should  be  chosen  by  the  soldiers,  that  no  magistrate 
should  have  "any  yearly  maintenance,"  and  that  taxes 
should  be  levied  only  by  consent  of  a  majority  of  the  dep- 
uties at  a  General  Court.  But  the  code  prepared  by  the 
governor  recognized  none  of  these  points.     The  delegates 

Objected  therefore  objected  against  some  of  its  clauses,  and  proposed 
others.  Several  of  their  amendments  were  accepted  by 
NicoUs,  who  moreover  promised  that  when  any  realsonable 
alterations  should  be  afterward  offered  by  any  town  to  the 

*  Gen.  Ent.,i.,  9C ;  Joum.  N.  Y.  Leg.  Council,  Int.,  v.  It  will  be  obsei-ved  tliat  the  names 
of  several  of  these  towns  are  different  from  those  which  they  had  borne  under  the  Dutch 
authority.  Flatlands  was  formerly  Amersfoort ;  Flatbush,  Midwout ;  Bu.shwick,  Boswyck ; 
Brooklyn,  Breuckelen;  Newtown,  Middleburgh  or  Hastings;  Flushing,  Vlissingen  or  Ncw- 
arke ;  Jamaica,  Eustdorp  or  Crafford ;  and  Oyster  Bay,  Folestone :  see  ante,  vol.  i.,  610, 
723,  T29. 


EICHAKD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  69 

Sessions,  the  justices  should  tender  them  at  the  next  Assizes,  chap.  n. 
"  and  receive  satisfaction  therein."  He  further  declared 
that  "he  expected  no  benefit  for  his  labours  out  of  the 
purses  of  the  inhabitants,"  but  that  it  was  absolutely  neces- 
sary to  estabhsh  a  system  of  county  rates  to  support  the 
public  charges.  The  delegates  accordingly  "  pitched  upon 
the  form  and  rule"  then  observed  in  Connecticut,  with 
which  most  of  them  were  famiHar.  But  when  they  asked 
to  be  allowed,  "  according  to  the  custom  of  the  other  colo- 
nies," to  choose  their  own  magistrates,  Nicolls  exhibited  his 
instructions  from  the  Duke  of  York,  "  wherein  the  choice 
of  all  the  ofiicers  of  justice  was  solely  to  be  made  by  the 
governor."  Upon  this  point  the  delegates  were  pacified  by 
the  consideration  "  that  a  Parhament  of  England  can  nei- 
ther make  a  judge  nor  justice  of  the  peace."  To  stop  fur- 
ther debate,  Nicolls  told  them  that  they  had  seen  and  read 
his  commission  and  instructions,  and  that  if  they  would 
have  a  greater  share  in  the  government  than  he  could  allow, 
they  "  must  go  to  the  king  for  it."  This  was  decisive.  The 
delegates  found  that  instead  of  being  popular  representa- 
tives to  make  laws,  they  were  merely  agents  to  accept  those 
already  prepared  for  them.  Nicolls's  code,  as  amended,  i  March. 
was  now  formally  promulgated  at  the  "  General  Meeting."  code  pro- 
During  its  session,  which  lasted  ten  days,  several  orders  '""'s'^'®'^- 
were  made  respecting  the  boundaries  of  some  of  the  towns. 
The  only  act  which  the  delegates  really  performed  was 
to  adopt  a  loyal  address  to  the  Duke  of  York,  in  which,  i  March. 

.     Address  to 

after  acknowledging  their  dependence,  they  declared  their  the  Duke 
"  cheerful  submission  to  all  such  laws,  statutes,  and  ordi-  ° 
nances  which  are  or  shall  be  made  by  virtue  of  authority 
from"  his  royal  highness ;  whose  rights  under  the  king's 
patent  they  would  forever  maintain,  and  whom  they  be- 
sought "  to  accept  of  this  address,  as  the  first-fruits  of  this 
General  Meeting,  for  a  memorial  and  record  against  us, 
our  heirs  and  successors,  when  we  or  any  of  them  shall  fail 
in  our  duties."* 

The  I^ew  York  code  thus  promulgated  at  the  Hemp- 

•  Deeds,  ii ,  1-15,  43,  4S;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  91,  260;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  307;  ii.  (ii.),  32; 
Journ.  Leg.  Council  of  N.  Y.,  i.,  Int.,  v. ;  Thompson,  i.,  132,  13G,  3S2;  ii.,  324,  325,  327; 
Wood,  87,  8S,  171-175;  Dunlap,ii.,  App.  xxxvi. ;  Bolton,  ii.,  ISO;  Smith,  i.,  41;  Chalmers, 
i.,  577,  578, 598.  The  duke's  instructions,  which  NicoUs  exhibited  at  Hempstead,  were  not 
recorded  in  the  New  York  provincial  archives,  as  was  his  commission :  ante,  p.  18,  note. 


70  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAp.  II.  stead  meeting  is  generally  known  as  "  The  Duke's  Laws." 
It  was  arranged  in  an  alphabetical  order  of  subjects,  like 
"The    *  ^^^  New  England  codes.     A  very  general  analysis  of  its 
Law!"      pro\'isions  is  all  that  can  now  be  attempted. 

The  Com-t  of  Assizes — as  an  existing;  institution — was 


"b 


to  meet  in  the  city  of  New  York  once  a  year,  on  the  last 

Courts.  Thursday  in  September.  But,  in  pressing  capital  cases,  the 
governor  and  council  might  issue  commissions  of  Oyer  and 
Terminer.  Inferior  courts  of  Sessions,  composed  of  the 
justices  of  the  peace,  and  in  which  any  counselor  might 
preside,  were  to  be  held  three  times  a  year  in  each  rid- 

jurymen.  ing  of  Yorkshire.  Trials  by  jurymen,  who  were  not  to 
exceed  seven,  except  in  capital  cases,  were  provided  for. 
Arbitrators  might  be  appointed  in  small  causes  between 
neighbors.  Whenever  the  law  was  silent  in  any  case,  the 
Sessions  were  to  remit  it  to  the  next  Assizes,  where  mat- 
ters of  equity  were  to  be  decided  and  punishments  award- 
ed "  according  to  the  discretion  of  the  bench,  and  not  con- 
trary to  the  known  laws  of  England." 

Each  town  had  a  local  court  for  the  trial  of  small  causes 
under  five  pounds,  which  was  to  be  held  by  the  constable 
and  six  overseers,  and  from  which  there  was  an  appeal  to 
the  Sessions.     Eight  "  men  of  good  fame  and  life"  were  to 

Overseers,  be  choson  as  overseers  for  each  town  by  a  majority  of  the 
freeholders.     Four  of  these  overseers  retired  at  the  end  of 

Constable,  eacli  year,  and  from  them  a  constable  was  to  be  annually 
chosen,  on  the  first  or  second  of  April,  by  the  freeholders, 
who  was  to  be  confirmed  by  the  justices  at  the  next  ses- 
sions. The  constable  and  overseers  had  power  to  make 
local  ordinances  in  the  several  to^s^ms. 

Sheriffs.  A  high -sheriff  over  Yorkshire  was  to  be  annually  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor  from  each  riding  in  rotation,  and 
also  an  under-sheriff  or  high-constable  in  each  riding.  Jus- 
tices of  the  peace  were  to  continue  in  ofiice  during  the  gov- 
ernor's pleasure.  But  the  governor  and  council  might,  by 
special  warrant,  displace  any  ofiicer  within  the  government 
"  for  neglecting  of  his  ofiice,  or  other  notorious  misdemean- 
or and  misbehavior." 

Eatc?.  Each  inhabitant  was  to  contribute  to  public  charges  in 

Church  and  State  according  to  his  estate.      Assessments 
were  to  be  made  every  year,  after  the  first  of  June,  by  the 


EICHAED  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  71 

officers  in  each  town.     Provision  was  made  for  the  en-  chap.  ir. 
f orcement  of  the  rates  imposed ;  and  all  the  plantations     ~ 
within  the  government  were  "  fully  comprehended  in  tliis  " 

law." 

The  tenure  of  lands  was  to  be  from  the  Duke  of  York. 
All  persons  were  required  to  bring  in  their  old  grants  and 
take  out  new  patents  fi-om  the  governor,  upon  the  seal- 
ing of  wliich  a  fee  was  to  be  paid.  After  the  first  of 
March,  1665,  no  purchase  of  lands  from  the  Indians  was  Lands. 
to  be  valid  unless  the  governor's  leave  was  obtained,  and 
the  savage  owner  acknowledged  satisfaction  before  liim, 
upon  which  a  grant  was  to  be  made  by  the  governor  and 
recorded  in  the  secretary's  office.  All  conveyances  in  the 
several  ridings  were  also  to  be  recorded  in  New  York. 

I*s^o  barter  with  the  savages  m  ammunition,  fire-arms,  Indians, 
strong  liquors,  or  furs,  was  allowed  without  the  governor's 
license.  All  harm  done  by  the  English  to  them,  or  their 
cattle,  or  corn-lands,  was  to  be  promptly  and  justly  satis- 
fied, as  fully  "  as  if  the  case  had  been  betwixt  Christian  and 
Christian."  But  no  Indian  was  to  "  be  suffered  to  Powow, 
or  perform  outward  worship  to  the  devil,  in  any  towm  with- 
in this  government." 

There  was  no  particular  Protestant  denomination  more  Religion, 
favored  than   any  otlier  in  the   province.     The  English 
Episcopal  Church  was   not   established.     The  Reformed 
Dutch  Church,  by  the  articles  of  capitulation,  preserved  its 
ancient  ecclesiastical  system.    But  in  every  parish  a  church  churches, 
was  required  to  be  built,  the  expense  of  which,  and  of  the 
maintenance  of  its  minister,  was  to  be  provided  for  by  the 
chnrch-wardens,  appointed  yearly  by  the  overseers  and  con- 
stables.    No  minister  was  to  officiate  vvdthin  the  govern- 
ment but  such  as  should  produce  testimonials  to  the  gov- 
ernor of  his  having  "  received  ordination,  either  from  some 
Protestant  bishop  or  minister  within  some  part  of  his  maj-  Ministers. 
esty's  dominions,  or  the  dominions  of  any  foreign  prince 
of  the  Reformed  religion."     Thereupon  tlie  governor  was 
to  induct  such  minister  "into  the  parish  that  shall  make 
presentation  of  him  as  duly  elected  by  the  major  part  of 
the    inhabitants    householders."     Each    minister    was    to 
preach  every  Sunday ;  and  on  the  fifth  of  November,  the  Sundays 
anniversary  of  the  gunpowder  treason ;  on  the  thirtieth  of  days. 


72  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  u.  January,  when  King  Charles  the  First  was  beheaded ;  and 
on  the  twenty-ninth  of  May,  when  King  Charles  the  Sec- 
ond  was  born  and  restored  to  the  throne.  He  was  also  to 
pray  for  the  king,  queen,  Duke  of  York,  and  the  royal 
family,  baptize  the  children  of  Christian  parents,  and  mar- 
ry persons  "  after  legal  publication  or  sufficient  license." 
No  congregations  were  to  be  disturbed  during  divine  serv- 
Freedom  ice ;  "  uor  sliall  any  person  be  molested,  fined,  or  imprison- 
0  re  gion.  ^^  ^^^  differing  in  judgment  in  matters  of  religion  who 

profess  Christianity." 
Negro  Negro  slavcry  was  recognized ;  but  servants  were  pro- 

■"  ^''^^'  tected  from  tyranny  and  abuse.  No  Christians  were  to  be 
kept  in  bond  slavery  except  those  sentenced  thereto  by 
authority,  "or  such  as  willingly  have  sold  or  shall  sell 
themselves."  All  servants  were  prohibited  from  trading 
or  trucking  "  any  commodity  whatsoever."  If  servants  ran 
away,  justices  and  constables  were  authorized  to  press  men, 
horses,  and  boats,  at  the  public  charge,  and  bring  them 
back  by  force. 

Ail  males  above  sixteen  years  old,  except  certain  exempt 
MiHtia.  persons,  were  subject  to  military  duty.  Enrollments,  the 
supply  of  arms,  the  appointment  of  officers,  and  the  pun- 
ishment of  offenders  were  provided  for.  In  each  town 
there  were  to  be  four  days  of  training  every  year ;  and  in 
each  riding  a  general  training  of  all  the  towns  once  a  year. 
Once  in  every  two  years  there  was  to  be  general  training 
of  all  the  soldiers  within  the  province.  No  person  was 
obliged  to  bear  arms  beyond  the  limits  of  the  government ; 
but  volunteers  might  be  raised  by  beat  of  drum  to  assist 
the  neighboring  English  colonies.  All  defensive  or  vin- 
dictive wars  against  the  Indians  were  to  be  maintained  by 
a  general  assessment  on  each  town. 
Capital  In  many  respects  the  duke's  capital  laws  followed  those 

0  eaeei.  ^^  ^-^^  Ncw  England  colonies.  Denying  the  true  God, 
murder,  treason,  kidnapping,  the  strildng  of  parents,  and 
some  other  offenses,  were  punishable  with  death.  But 
witchcraft  and  blasphemy  were  not  included.  There  were 
other  reg-  numcrous  regulations  respecting  the  administration  of  es- 
tates,  boundaries  of  towns,  brewers,  births  and  burials,  con- 
veyances of  lands,  surgeons  and  midwives,  children  and 
servants,  marriages,  laborers,  orphans,  pipe-staves  and  casks, 


RICHAKD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  73 

sailors,  weights  and  measures,  the  destruction  of  wolves  on  chap.  n. 
Long  Island,  and  wrecks  and  whales.  Inn-keepers  were 
not  allowed  to  charge  "  above  eight  pence  a  meal,  vdth 
small  beer,"  and  were  always  to  have  a  supply  of  "  strong 
and  wholesome"  malted  liquor.  No  mares  were  to  be  car- 
ried out  of  the  government  to  other  plantations  without 
special  license.  Cattle  and  horses  were  to  be  marked  with 
a  letter  which  distinguished  each  town  on  Long  Island  and 
Westchester.  Every  town  was  to  provide  a  pair  of  stocks 
and  a  pound ;  and  a  pillory  was  to  be  erected  in  each  place 
where  the  Courts  of  Sessions  were  held. 

The  code  was  intended  to  be  ultimately  the  law  of  the  operation 

IT  .  T  T      n  ',  ••  ,   '    ,  of  the  code- 

whole  province,  and  several  oi  its  provisions  went  into  gen- 
eral operation  at  once ;  but  many  of  them  were  evidently 
apphcable  only  to  Long  Island  and  its  neighborhood.  The 
inhabitants  of  the  Yalley  of  the  Hudson,  most  of  whom 
were  Dutch,  hardly  understood  the  yet  strange  English 
tongue.  Only  by  degrees  could  the  institutions  which  they 
derived  from  Holland,  and  under  which  they  had  lived  so 
long,  be  safely  altered.  ISTicolls,  therefore,  prudently  ab- 
stained from  enforcing  the  new  code  in  New  York,  Esopus, 
Albany,  and  Schenectady.  From  the  original  manuscript 
deposited  in  the  office  of  the  Provincial  Secretary  at  Fort 
James,  copies  and  translations  were  made  for  the  several 
towns  on  Long  Island  and  Westchester.  It  was  not  until 
more  than  a  century  after  the  "Duke's  Laws"  had  be- 
come obsolete  that  they  were  first  printed  as  historical 
curiosities.* 

Upon  the  adjournment  of  the  Hempstead  meeting.  Coun- 
selor William  Wells,  of  Southold,  in  the  East  Riding,  was 
commissioned  by  the  governor  to  be  high-sheriff  of  York-  ii  March. 
shire.     Captain  John  Underbill,  of  Oyster  Bay,  who  had  points".*^ 
been  so  prominent  in  the  affairs  of  New  Netherland,  was 
appointed  high  -  constable  and  under-sheriff  of  the  North  is  March. 
Riding ;  and  similar  appointments  were  made  for  the  oth- 

•  Col.  Doc,  Hi.,  104, 1S8,  230;  Chalmers,  i.,  506;  Wood,  8S-90;  Thompson,  i.,  13S-150; 
Butler,  in  ii.  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  33;  Daly's  Introduction,  21-25;  Dankers's  and  Sluy- 
ter's  Journal,  106.  The  Duke's  Laws,  copied  from  the  transcript  in  the  Easthampton 
town-clerk's  office,  deposited  there  on  24  June,  1065,  are  printed  in  the  first  volume  of  N. 
Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  305-428,  published  in  1811.  There  is  a  copy  in  the  Secretary  of  State's 
office  at  Albany,  approved  by  the  Duke  of  York,  and  certified  by  his  secretary,  Matthew 
Wren,  which  was  probably  brought  over  by  Governor  Lovelace  in  IOCS.  A  much-needed 
compilation  of  all  the  laws  of  New  York  previou-i  to  1001  has  been,  for  several  years,  prom- 
ised by  Mr.  George  H.  Moore. 


74  HISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1665. 


er .  ridings.  Daniel  Denton,  of  Jamaica  ;  John  Hicks,  of 
Hempstead ;  Jonas  Wood,  of  Huntington ;  and  James  Hub- 
bard, of  Gravesend,  were   appointed  justices.     Underbill 

22  April,  was  also  made  surveyor  general  of  Long  Island.  All  these 
appointees  had  been  delegates  to  the  Hempstead  meeting, 
and,  by  thus  promptly  favoring  them,  the  governor  expect- 
ed to  silence  their  murmurs.* 

NicoUs's  visit  to  Hempstead  was  the  immediate  cause 
of  the  establishment  of  a  race-com"se  on  Long  Island.  To 
improve  the  provincial  Dutch  or  Flemish  breed,  which  was 
better  adapted  to  slow  labor  than  to  fleetness  or  display, 
the  governor  directed  that  a  plate  should  be  run  for  every 

May.        year.     The  ground  selected  for  the  course  was  in  the  town 

Race- 

course  at  of  Hcmpstcad,  ou  a  part  of  the  great  plain,  about  sixteen 
stead.  miles  long  and  four  broad,  which  was  covered  with  fine 
grass  like  the  English  downs,  and  where  could  be  found 
"neither  stick  nor  stone  to  hinder  the  horse  heels,  or  en- 
danger them  in  their  races."  For  many  years  this  remark- 
able tract  was  known  as  "  Salisbury  Plains."  The  race- 
course itself  was  named  "  l^ewmarket,"  after  the  famous 
English  sporting  ground,  and  it  long  continued  to  be  the 
favorite  annual  resort  of  the  governors  of  New  York  and 
the  farmers  of  Long  Island,  f 

Captain  John  Manning,  the  commander  of  the  garrison 
6  April,  at  Albany,  was  now  commissioned  as  schout,  with  instruc- 
affairs.  tious  similar  to  those  of  the  schout  of  New  York.  Not- 
withstanding the  Duke's  Laws,  the  municipal  affairs  of  Al- 
bany continued  to  be  managed  as  they  had  been  under  the 
Dutch,  by  commissaries  elected  by  the  people,  and  con- 
fii'ined  by  the  governor.  Excepting  some  differences  be- 
tween the  townspeople  and  the  soldiers  there  and  at  Esopus, 
there  was  little  to  disturb  their  tranquillity.:]: . 

Thus  occupied  in  arranging  his  government,  Nicolls  had 
been  imable  to  act  as  a  fourth  commissioner  to  the  New 
England  colonies.     His  colleague,  Cartwright — while  con- 
is  April,    ceding  that  the  duke's  deputy  had  work  enough  at  New 
York,  where  "  the  bare  hearing  of  impertinences,  without 

*  Deeds,  ii.,  16,  17,  19,  2f);  Gen.  Ent.,  i.,  115;  Punlnp,  ii.,  App.  xxxv.;  Wood,  150; 
Tliompson,  i.,  130;  ii.,  157,  35D  ;  lUker's  Newtown,  70;  Bolton,  ii.,  170,  ISO;  ante,  vol.  i., 
550,  671,  7-2S  ;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.  (1S69),  70. 

t  Thompson,  i.,  271,  272 ;  ii.,  63 ;  Dunlap,  i.,  110 ;  rrime's  L.  I.,  71 ;  Denton's  Now  York 
(Gowan's  cd),  C,  Dl,  35  ;  Burnaby,  in  Pinkerton,  xiii.,  739;  Oldmixon,  L,  275. 

t  Patent?,  i.,  155;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,94, 117, 143. 


EICHAED  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  75 

the  framing  of  laws,  tlie  ordering  of  the  soldiers,  the  gain-  chap.  ii. 
ing  of  the  Dutch,  the  governing  of  the  Enghsh,  the  regu- 
latiug  of  the  trade,  and  the  providing  of  necessaries,  is 
more  than  enough  to  trie  one" — urged  that  the  chief  busi- 
ness of  the   commissioners  was    now  at  Boston,  where, 
"  though  they  should  refuse  us  all  three,  having  a  preju- 
dice against  us,  you,  whom  they  respect  and  honor,  might 
be   prevalent  with  them,  because   acceptable   to  them." 
Finding  that  his   presence  was  indispensable  at  Boston, 
NicoUs  appointed  Captain  Eobert  ITeedliam  to  command  20  April. 
in  Kew  York  during  his  absence.     As  the  new  code  had  Boston. 
just  gone  into   operation.  Captain  Topping,  High-sheriff 
Wells,  and  Secretary  NicoUs,  all  members  of  the  Court  of 
Assizes,  were  appointed  to  sit  with  the  justices  of  the  East,  2iApra. 
North,  and  "West  Ridings  of  Yorkshire  at  their  approaching 
sessions,  and  explain  the  laws  to  them,* 

The  visit  of  xS  icolls  to  Boston  was  unavailing.     Massa-  May. 
chusetts, "  presmnptuous  and  ref ractoiy,"  repelled  the  royal  The  royai 
commissioners,  who  "  could  obtain  nothing  that  might  be  sionei-s're- 
satisfactory  to  his  majesty's  desires."     Finding  that  their  ^'^ 
time  and  labor  were  lost  upon  men  "  misled  by  the  spirit 
of  independency,"  Carr,  Cartwright,  and  Maverick  went 
eastward  to  Maine,  and  NicoUs  hastened  back  to  New  York,  26  May. 
at  any  rate  with  a  better  reputation  for  prudence  and  dis- 
cretion than  was  accorded  to  either  of  his  coUeagues.f 

The  first  care  of  the  governor,  after  his  return,  was,  in 
obedience  to  the  duke's  instruction,  to  make  the  city  gov-  city  gov- 
ernment, which  had  remained  unaltered  for  nearly  ten  New  York 
months  since  the  capitulation,  "  conformable  to  the  custom  ^  "'^^^ ' 
of  England."    To  do  this  in  the  most  conciliatory  manner, 
he  selected,  as  the  first  mayor  of  New  York,  Captain  Thomas 
Willett,  of  Plymouth,  who,  while  he  was  an  Englishman, 
was  highly  esteemed  by  the  Dutch.     Tie  had  been  one  of 
Stuyvesant's  negotiators  at  Hartford  in  1650,  and  had  acted 
with  discreet  friendship  at  the  surrender.    So  much  did  his 
prudence  on  the  Albany  expedition  impress  Cartwright,  that 
he  wrote  to  Nicolls  from  Boston, "  I  believe  him  both  a  4  Feb. 

*  Deeds,  ii.,  23,  24;  Gen.  Ent.,  i.,  116-119  ;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  xxxvL  ;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  93, 
94 ;  Val.  Man.,  ISCl,  C13  ;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.  (1369),  75. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  95-103;  Mass.  Eec,  iv.  (ii ),  141, 143, 177-215;  Hutch.  Mass.,!.,  234-250; 
Coll.,  417-422;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  3SS,  3S0,  502-504;  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  114;  Bancroft,  ii., 
S4-S6 ;  Barry,  i.,  39S-400 ;  Palfiey,  ii.,  60T-61S ;  Williamson,  i.,  411. 


76  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1665. 


Chap.  u.  veiy  honest  and  an  able  gentleman,  and  that  he  will  serve 
you  both  for  a  mayor  and  a  counsellor."  At  Nicolls's  re- 
quest, Carr,  while  on  his  way  to  Boston,  visited  Willett  at 
Eehoboth,  and  obtained  for  him  from  Governor  Prence 
leave  of  absence  from  Plymouth,  to  assist  in  remodeling  the 
city  government  in  New  York,  as  he  was  "  more  acquainted 
with  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  Dutch  than  any  En- 
ghshman  in  the  country,  and  his  conversation  was  very  ac- 
ceptable to  them."  No  better  choice  could  have  been 
made.""' 
12  June.  NicoUs,  by  a  proclamation,  now  revoked  "  the  form  and 
ceremony  of  government  of  this  his  majesty's  town  of  New 
York,  under  the  name  of  Schout,  Bm'gomasters,  and  Sche- 
pens,"  and  declared  that  its  future  government  should  be 
administered  by  persons  who  should  be  known  by  "the 
jiayor,  name  and  style  of  Mayor,  Aldermen,  and  Sheriff,  according 
andsiTeriff.  to  tlic  custom  of  England  in  other  his  majesty's  corpora- 
12  June.  tions."t  By  a  separate  instrument  of  the  same  date,  he 
ordained  that "  the  inhabitants  of  New  York,  New  Harlem, 
with  all  other  his  majesty's  subjects,  inhabitants  upon  this 
island  commonly  called  and  known  by  the  name  of  the 
Manhattan's  Island,  are  and  shall  be  forever  accounted, 
nominated,  and  estabhshed  as  one  body  politic  and  corpo- 
rate, under  the  government  of  a  mayor,  aldermen,  and  sher- 
iff ;"  and  he  appointed  Thomas  Willett  to  be  mayor ;  Thom- 
as Delavall,  Oloff  Stevensen  van  Cortlandt,  Johannes  van 
Brugh,  Comelis  van  Ruyven,  and  John  Lawrence,  to  be 
aldermen,  and  AUard  Anthony  to  be  sheriff.  These  oflEicers 
were  to  hold  their  places  for  a  year,  and  any  four  of  them, 
of  whom  the  mayor  or  his  deputy  was  always  to.be  one, 
were  to  have  full  authority  to  govern  the  city  according  to 
the  general  laws, "  and  such  peculiar  laws  as  are  or  shall  be 
thought  convenient  and  necessary."    Of  the  new  corporate 

•  CoL  Doc.,  iii.,  6S,  8T,  94 ;  Morton's  Memorial,  251,  304,  311 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xiv.,  100, 
293;  xxxvi.,  532;  Aniold's  Rhode  Island,  i.,  314;  Deane's  Bradford's  Plymouth,  260;  Sav- 
age's Winthrop,  i.,  022 ;  Palfrey,  1.,  163 ;  Thompson,  i.,  130;  Val.  Man.,  1S53, 379,  380;  ante, 
vol.  i.,  519,  525,  585,  736,  743.  After  serving  as  mayor  of  New  York  in  1665  and  1667,  Wil- 
lett remained  tliere  acting  as  a  counselor  until  the  Dutch  conquest,  when  he  returned  to  his 
farm  at  Rehoboth,  in  Seekonk,  Bristol  county,  Massachusetts,  where  he  died  on  the  4th  of 
August,  1074.  A  rough  stone  with  an  inscription  still  marks  the  place  of  his  burial.  His 
son  Thomas  remained  in  New  York,  where  he  became  prominent;  and  his  great  -  gi-eat - 
grandson.  Colonel  Marinus  Willett,  was  mayor  of  the  city  in  1807 — Munsell,  iv.,  22;  Col. 
Doc,  ii.,  617,647;  Val.  Man.,  1861,  563;  Val.  Hist.  City  of  N.  Y.,  246,  247. 

t  Ogilby,  in  his  America,  169,  remarks  that  in  New  England  the  only  municipal  officer 
retaining  his  Old-country  name  was  "constable." 


Willett 
mayor. 


EICHAED  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOE.  77 

authorities  three  were  Englishmen — Willett,  Delavall,  and  chap.  ii. 
Lawrence;  and  four  were  Hollanders — Yan  Cortlandt,  Yan 
Brugh,  Yan  Ruyven,  and  Anthony.  The  latter  had  been 
prominent  in  the  late  government,  and  eminently  repre- 
sented the  Dutch  element ;  while  Anthony,  the  old  schout, 
only  assumed  a  new  title  when  he  became  sheriff. 

Nevertheless  there  was  much  dissatisfaction  shown  when 
the  governor  appeared  in  the  Court  of  Burgomasters  and  i4  June. 

The  Dutch 

Schepens  to  install  the  new  officers.  Burgomaster  Yan  dissatis- 
Cortlandt,  who  had  been  selected  to  be  alderman,  objected 
that  the  new  charter  violated  the  sixteenth  article  of  the 
capitulation ;  but  Mcolls  quietly  showed  him  that  the  old 
officers  had  been  continued,  and  new  ones  elected  in  Feb- 
ruary, who  had  been  retained  until  now.  Yet "  divers  de- 
bates occurred,"  because  the  magistrates  wished  the  Dutch 
system  to  be  retained,  under  which  they  nominated  their 
own  successors,  while  under  that  established  by  the  English 
governor  they  were  to  be  chosen  by  himself  without  any 
restraint.  NicoUs,  however,  told  them  that  he  had  received 
letters  from  the  Duke  of  York  "  to  make  the  government 
of  this  city  conformable  to  the  custom  of  England,"  and 
that,  while  he  acknowledged  the  good  conduct  of  the  for- 
mer magistrates,  he  had  qualified  some  Englishmen  for 
office,  "  on  purpose  that  parties  may  be  better  aided  on 
both  sides,  as  well  English  as  Dutch,  who  go  to  law,  and  the 
better  to  strengthen  the  peace  and  quiet  of  the  inhabitants 
of  this  place."  The  new  magistrates  were  then  sworn  and  The  new- 
installed,  and  were  proclaimed  to  the  commonalty  after  installed. 
"  the  customary  ringing  of  the  bell  three  times." 

Thus  were  inaugurated  the  first  mayor  and  aldermen  of  Mayor-s 
the  city  of  New  York.     The  new  court  was  organized  the 
next  day,  and  Johannes  Nevius  was  retained  as  secretary,  15  June, 
assisted  by  Nicholas  Bayard  to  translate  his  Dutch  minutes. 
Soon  afterward  Nevius  resigned,  and  Bayard  was  appoint-  is  juiy. 
ed  secretaiy  in  his  place.     Little  change  was  made  in  the 
mode  of  judicial  proceedings,  except  the  substitution  of  the 
English  tongue  for  the  Dutch.    Jury  trials,  as  provided  for 
in  the  code,  were  ordered  to  be  held  on  the  first  Tuesday 
of  each  month.     But  suitors  generally  preferred  to  have 
their  causes  disposed  of  in  the  summary  manner  to  which 
they  had  been  accustomed ;  and  many  forms  peculiar  to 


78  HISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  II.  the  Dutcli  jurisprudence  continued  for  half  a  century  to 
be  recognized  in  "  The  Mayor's  Court  of  the  City  of  New 


1665. 


York, 


3J* 


Meanwhile  important  events  had  happened  in  Europe. 

1664.  The  States  General  represented  to  the  King  of  Finance  the 

feoiunT™  "^'I'oi^g  which  the  King  of  England  had  done  them  in  cap- 

appesis  to  turing  ISTew  Netherland,  and  asked  for  the  aid  guaranteed 

1  ranee  ~  ;  ^  o  ^ 

against      jj-y  the  trcatv  of  1662.     This  appeal  embarrassed  Louis, 
whom  Charles  had  tried  to  persuade  that  he  was  the  ag- 
grieved instead  of  the  aggressor.     D'Estrades,  writing  from 
15  i^ecem.  the  Haguc,  urged  his  sovereign  "  to  prefer  England  to  the 
States,"  because  he  could  thereby  "  procure  the  restitution 
of  Acadia  from  Penobscot  to  Cape  Breton,  being  eighty 
leagues  of  coast,  where  there  are  fine  harbors,  and  oblige 
the  King  of  England,  by  the  same  treaty^  to  declare  war 
against  the  Iroquois,  whom  the  Hollanders,  who  have  their 
plantations  adjoining,  have  always  assisted  with  arms  and 
munitions  against  us.     By  this  means  your  majesty  Avould 
free  Canada  from  the  only  enemies  which  she  has  in  that 
country ;  and  by  attacking  them  on  the  Canada  side,  and 
on  that  which  the  English  occupy,  they  would  all  be  de- 
stroyed in  a  year."     Finding  that  the  designs  of  Louis  on 
■jrpr    the  Spanish  ^Netherlands  controlled  his  action,  the  States 
8 January.  General  informed  him  that  they  were  ready  to  adjust  their 
Theresto-  differences  with  King  Charles,  by  restoring  every  thing 
New  Ne°th-  tlicy  had  taken  from  him,  if  he  would  "  bind  himself  to  re- 
mami'ed!^'  *store  Ncw  Nethcrlaud,"  and  other  prizes.f 

1664.  In  reply  to  the  Dutch  statements.  Downing  insisted  that 
s§  Decern.  ]vj"ew  Nctherlaud  was  within  the  New  England  patent ;  that 
memorial,  tlic  treaty  of  1654  had  not  cut  off  the  English  claim ;  and 

even  if  it  did,  that  the  New  England  colonies  had  ^'•jui^a 
helli  within  tliemselves,  without  appealing  first  into  Eu- 

1665.  rope."  A  committee  of  the  States  General  soon  published 
9  Febr'y.    ^  a  demolition"  of  Downing's  memorial.     "  The  English," 

it  was  conclusively  argued,  "  have  no  other  title  to  the  pos- 

*  Gen.  Ent.,  i.,  120-124;  N.  Y.  City  I!ec.,  v.,  7S0-TS4  ;  vi.,  3,  4T;  Col.  Doc.,  ii.,  37.%  407, 
445,  473;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  3S9,  390;  Val.  Man.,  1S52,  3S1,  383,  339,  391,  3r5,  473,  476,  402; 
1S53,  380,  3S3,  3S:> ;  ISCO.  COl,  C02,  COS;  Thompson,  ii.,  303;  Daly's  Introductory  Sketch, 
14,  25,  20 ;  Ilofiman's  Treatise,  i.,  19 ;  ii.,  3-5 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  388,  410,  548,  040,  089,  703,  720, 
728,  738. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  280-291,  305,  300;  De  Witt,  ii.,  2,  4,  14-17  ;  D'E.=tradei=,  ii.,  550,  555-50-1, 
.507,  5(18,  5T0,  575-577 ;  iii.,  5, 10, 11,  13  ;  Eapin,  ii.,  039 ;  Aitzema,  v.,  93,  288-294 ;  Listers 
Clarendon,  iii.,  352 ;  Basnage,  i.,  718,  719,  737 ;  Martin,  i.,  209  ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  580. 


RICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERXOR.  79 

session  of  what  they  hold,  namely,  New  England,  than  chap.ii. 
those  of  this  nation  have  to  New  Netherland,  to  wit,  the 
right  of  occupation ;  because  all  those  countries  being  des-  j,^^^  ^^^^^^ 
ert,  uninhabited,  and  waste,  as  if  belonging  to  nobody,  be-  tuei^ri-ht. 
came  the  property  of  those  who  have  been  the  first  occu- 
pants of  them.  It  is  thus  the  English  have  occupied,  and 
this  is  the  title  by  which  they  possess  New  England,  as 
those  of  this  nation  New  Netherland.  The  right  which 
the  English  found  on  the  letters  patent  wherein  their  king 
grants  such  a  vast  extent  to  the  limits  of  the  English,  so  as 
to  include  also  all  the  possessions  of  this  nation,  is  as  ridic- 
ulous as  if  your  high  mightinesses  bethought  yourselves  of 
including  all  New  England  in  the  patent  you  would  grant 
to  the  West  India  Company;  therefore  a  continued  pos- 
session for  such  a  long  series  of  years  must  confer  on  this 
nation  a  title  which  can  not  be  questioned  with  any  ap- 
pearance of  reason."" 

Affairs  now  approached  a  crisis.     The  West  India  Com- 
pany was  authorized  "  to  attack,  conquer,  and  ruin  the  En-  c  Febr'y. 
glish  every  where,  both  in  and  out  of  Em^ope,  on  land  and 
water."     The  East  India  Company  equipped  twenty  shij)S.  The  Dutch 
The  herring  and  whale  fisheries  were  suspended,  in  order  fleet?  ^ 
to  man  the  war  vessels  of  the  nation.     Fourteen  millions 
of  guilders  were  voted  for  the  fleet  and  the  fortifications. 
The  Dutch,  who  lived  by  commerce,  resolved  that  they 
must  fight  to  deliver  themselves  fi-om  the  English  yoke; 
and  all  the  cities  broke  out  in  cries  of  joy  at  the  hope  of 
triumph.     As  De  Ruyter  was  far  away  in  the  West  Indies, 
Wassenaar  of  Opdam  was  made  admiral,  with  the  yoim- 
ger  Tromp  and  other  renowned  commanders  mider  him.f 

The  English  Parliament  granted  two  millions  and  a  half  English 
of  pounds  sterling ;  and  Holmes  was  sent  to  the  Tower,  so  tikfnr"'" 
that  if  the  Dutch  should  be  successful,  he  might  be  made 
"  a  sacrifice,  as  Sir  Walter  Ealeigh  was."     The  Duke  of 
York  prepared  to  take  command  of  the  fleet.     At  length  22  rebr-y. 
the  king,  without  the  concurrence  of  Clarendon  or  South-  t\^r  de'- 
ampton,  issued  a   declaration   of  war,  full   of  bitterness  *^^^'^®'^- 
against  the  Dutch.:}: 

•  Col.  Dnc,  ii.,  203-304,  30T-331 ;  Aitzema,  v.,  S56-06S. 

t  Col.  Coc,  ii.,  306,  SOT;  D'Estrades,  iii.,  32,  42,  G3;  Aitzema,  v.,  413-443 ;  Basnage,  i., 
736;  Davies,  iii.,29,  SO;  Pepys,  il,  205;  Lister,  iii.,  301. 
t  Pepys,  ii.,  187, 190,199,  215;  Kennett,  iii.,  252  ;  Lister,  ii.,  271-276 ;  Aitzema,  v.,  r6S  ; 


80  HISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap,  il       Cbarles  also  wrote  to  Nicolls  and  liis  colleagues,  inf  orm- 
ing  them  of  De  Ruyter's  expedition,  and  enjoining  them 
28jan'y'  "  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^  possible  diligence  for  their  security."     They 
T  Feb'y.     wcre,  moreovcr,  directed  to  observe  all  ordei-s  from  the 
thecoio-    Duke  of  York,  whom  the  king  had  authorized  to  grant 
letters  of  marque  against  Dutch  ships,  and  condemn  them 
in  Admiralty.     Clarendon  likewise  warned  NicoUs  that  he 
"must  expect  all  the  mischief  the  Dutch  can  do  him." 
jiFebr'y.  The  Dukc  of  York  directed  that  his  province  should  be 
put  "  into  a  posture  of  defense  against  the  Dutch."    He 
2SFebr'y.  also  appointed  Nicolls  and  Captain  Philip  Carteret  sub- 
commissioners  in  Admiralty,  to  dispose  of  all  prizes  in  any 
of  the  ports  or  harbors  of  New  England." 

These  dispatches  were  brought  by  Carteret  to  Yirginia, 
and  forwarded  thence  to  New  York,     As  soon  as  he  re- 
22  June,     ccivcd  them,  NicoUs  issued  a  proclamation  for  the  confisca- 
xicoirs."^   tion  of  the  "West  India  Company's  estate,  which  had  al- 
24  June,    ready  been  attached.    Letters  were  also  sent  to  the  several 
New  England  governments  inclosing  copies  of  the  king's 
orders,  and  instructing  them  how  to  treat  Dutch  prizes  in 
any  of  their  ports.     The  inliabitants  of  Long  Island  were 
30  June,    especially  warned  to  be  ready  against  Dutch  invasion.    The 
2s  June,    comuioualty  of  New  York  were  called  together  to  consult 
about  fortifying  the  city  on  the  river  side.     The  governor 
offered  to  contribute  palisades  and  wampum,  and  promised 
"  not  to  constrain  any  inhabitant  to  fight  against  his  own 
nation."     Steenwj^ck,  the  deposed  burgomaster,  declared 
Feeling  in  that  he  wouM  always  be  a  faithful  subject.    But  the  burgh- 
ers generally  were  not  zealous  to  prepare  defenses  against 
an  expedition  which  might  restore  the  authority  of  their 
fatherland.     "  Some  of  the  people  answering  said  that  the 
to^vn  was  sufficient  enough;  others  that  they  could  not 
work  before  they  had  their  arms  restored  to  them  again ; 
and  many  other  excuses;  but  no  categorical  answer  was 
given."f  "*- 

Basnage,  i.,  736 ;  Lingard,  xii.,  170 ;  Davies,  iii.,  30 ;  Rapin,  ii.,  C3S,  639  ;  Pari.  Hist.,  iv., 
303-309.  There  is  an  interesting  account  of  the  origin  of  tliis  war  in  Temple's  Works,  i., 
S07-310. 

•  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  S5,  86,  92, 104;  Val.  Man.,  1S47,  353  ;  N.  Y.  Surrogate's  Rec.  Wills,!,  9. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  67,  92, 103;  N.  Y.  City  Rec,  vi.,  19,  29;  Col.  MSS.,xxii.,l;  Val.  Man., 1852, 
4S0,  484 ;  1853,  381 ;  Gen.  Ent.,  i.,  76, 125-132 ;  Ord.  Warr.  and  Lett.,  ii.,  2 ;  Col.  Rec  Conn., 
ii.,  21 ;  Mass.  IT.  .S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  52;  Trumbull,  i.,  278;  Thompson,  i.,  140 ;  Smith,  i.,  38,  41. 
De  Ruytcr  was  actually  on  his  way  from  the  West  Indies  to  Newfoundland  in  May,  1665. 
If  he  had  visited  New  York,  as  he  intended,  he  would  easily  have  reconquered  the  prov- 


RICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  81 

The  condition  of  the  metropolis  was  told  in  a  letter  from  cuap.  ii. 
Nicolls  to  Lord  Arlington :  "  We  have  had  no  ship  or  the 
least  supplies  directly  out  of  England  since  the  surrender,  3^  j^,^  * 
which  hath  brought  the  soldiers  and  planters  into  very  ^j°^j^g"'°" 
great  wants  of  meane  necessaries,  though  I  will  still  have  metropoiL-. 
hopes  that  a  place  of  this  importance  will  fall  into  due  con- 
sideration with  his  majesty  and  royal  highness."     The  col- 
onies had  less  cause  to  apprehend  De  Ruyter  than  the  pri- 
vateers, "  and  this  place  doth  not  apprehend  either  or  both ; 
for  we  have  no  sliips  to  lose,  no  goods  to  plunder,  but  a 
ragged  sort  of  a  fort,  put  into  the  best  posture  of  defence 
possible,  well  fitted  with  cannon,  no  want  of  ammunition 
for  the  present,  and  as  many  soldiers  as  will  not  lose  liis 
majestie's  interest  but  with  their  own  lives."    Fort  James, 
indeed,  with  its  low  ramparts,  greatly  needed  strengthen- 
ing.    But  Cartwright  thought  that  it  could  not  be  kept 
"  two  hours  by  having  its  walls  raised  higher,"  and  ad\dsed 
that "  a  battery  upon  the  point  would  be  of  greater  advan- 
tage, and  more  considerable  than  the  fort  itself,  if  ever  the 
town  be  fortified."* 

While  Nicolls  was  thus  securing  his  government,  annoy- 
ing orders  came  to  him  from  England.  The  Duke  of  York 
had  dismembered  his  province,  and  had  laid  the  foundation 
of  another  American  state.  James  was  fond  of  naval  af- 
fairs, and  a  degree  of  intimacy  existed  between  him  and 
his  assistants  in  the  Admiralty  Board.  One  of  them,  John, 
Lord  Berkeley  of  Stratton,  a  brother  of  the  Governor  of  Berkeley. 
Virginia,  had  been  the  duke's  own  governor  in  his  youth, 
and  afterward  was  made  treasurer  of  his  household.  At 
the  request  of  James,  the  king,  two  years  before  his  restora- 
tion, had  raised  Berkeley  to  the  peerage.  Berkeley  wa^a 
"  bold  and  insolent"  man,  weak,  popishly  inclined,  "  not  in- 
corrupt," and  very  arbitrary.  The  Treasurer  of  the  Ad- 
miralty, Sir  George  Carteret,  "  the  most  passionate  man  in  carterct. 
the  world,"  had  been  Governor  of  the  Channel  Island  of 
Jersey,  where  he  received  Charles  while  Prince  of  Wales, 
and  which  he  afterward  gallantly  defended  against  Crom- 

ince.  But,  being  short  of  provisions,  lie  was  obliged  to  hasten  homevrard.  See  Aitzema,  v. , 
409,  477;  Le  Clerc,  iii.,  79,  80;  Basnage,  i.,  744,  745;  Davies,  iii.,  S3;  Kennett,  iil.,  253, 
257;  Col.  Doc.,ii.,  2S9,  422;  Mas.s.  Eec^  iv.  (ii.),  154,  276,280;  N.Y.H.S.  Coll.  (1869),  74,75. 
*  CoL  Doc.,  iii.,  87,  101,  103 ;  Val:  Man.,  1S59,  548-552,  and  the  map  of  1661  appended, 
showing  the  situation  of  the  fort. 

IL— F 


82  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  II.  "well's  forces.  At  the  Restoration,  Carteret  rode  with  the 
king  triumphantly  into  London,  and  was  made  chamberlain 
iobo.  ^£  i^^g  household.  Both  Berkeley  and  Carteret  were  mem- 
bers of  the  Council  for  Plantations,  and  in  the  spring  of 
1663  had,  with  Clarendon,  Albemarle,  Ashley,  and  other 
courtiers,  obtained  a  grant  of  Carolina.* 

The  two  royal  favorites  early  prevailed  on  the  Duke  of 
York  to  convey  to  them  a  part  of  his  splendid  American 
domain.     They  seem  to  have  been  prompted  by  Captain 
John  Scott,  "  who  was  born  to  work  mischief,  as  far  as  he 
is  credited  or  his  parts  serve  him."     Disappointed  in  his 
own  aim  to  get  a  part  of  Xew  Netherland,  and  well  know- 
ing its  geography,  which  the  duke  did  not,  Scott  contrived 
to  make  Berkeley  and  Carteret  the  instruments  of  his  mal- 
ice by  inducing  them  to  prociu-e  from  its  proprietor  the 
cession  of  one  of  the  most  valuable  parts  of  his  province. 
James,  not  yet  in  possession,  was  easily  cajoled.     Nicolls's 
1664.  expedition  was  yet  on  the  Atlantic,  when  the  duke,  by 
24  June."    dceds  of  lease  and  release,  in  consideration  of  "  a  compe- 
wnteys'^a  tcut  sum  of  moncy,"  conveyed  to  Berkeley  and  Carteret, 
YoriTt^^^  and  their  heirs   and  assigns,  the  portion  of  his  territory 
Tnd^^irte-  "^hich  he  described  as  "that  tract  of  land  adjacent  to  Kew 
ret.  England,  and  lying  and  being  to  the  westward  of  Long  Isl- 

and and  Manhitas  Island,  and  bomided  on  the  east,  part  by 
the  main  sea  and  part  by  Hudson's  River,  and  hath  upon 
the  west  Delaware  Bay  or  River,  and  extendeth  southward 
to  the  main  ocean  as  far  as  Cape  May,  at  the  mouth  of 
Delaware  Bay,  and  to  the  northward  as  far  as  the  north- 
ermost  branch  of  the  said  Bay  or  River  of  Delaware,  which 
is  forty-one  degrees  and  forty  minutes  of  latitude,  and 
crosseth  over  thence  in  a  strait  line  to  Hudson's  River 
in  forty-one  degrees  of  latitude."  In  memory  of  Carteret's 
gallant  defense  of  the  island  of  Jersey,  this  "  tract  of  land" 
was  "  hereafter  to  be  called  by  the  name  or  names  of  New 
Called  CaBsarea  or  New  Jersey."  Thus  the  name  of  New  Jersey 
sey.'-^  ^ "  was  given  in  London  to  a  part  of  New  Netherland  before 
it  had  been  conquered  from  the  Dutch, 

The  Duke  of  York's  release  of  New  Jersey  was  in  the 

•  Pepys,  i.,  31,  S8 ;  ii.,  271 ;  Clarke's  James  II.,  i.,  54  ;  Burnet's  Hist.,  i.,  207,  61S,  619 ; 
Chalmers,  i.,  517;  Lister's  Clarendon,  i.,  296,  307,  341,  36S,  372  ;  iii.,  7,  419;  "SVhitehead's 
East  Jersey,  30,  31 ;  Col.  Doc.,  iu,  410,  699;  CoUins's  Peerage,  iv.,lG7,  212. 


RICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  83 

ordinary  form  of  conveyances  of  land.     It  merely  con-  chap,  ii. 
firmed  to  his  grantees  a  part  of  liis  province,  which,  he  de- 
scribed  as  "that  tract  of  land"  between  the  Hudson  and  j-j^^^^^j.* 
the  Delaware,  and  the  "  royalties"  and  "  hereditaments"  be-  ^f  yq^]^^® 
longing  to  the  same,  with  their  "  appurtenances."     This  comey- 
land  and  its  appurtenances  was  conveyed  "  in  as  full  and 
ample  manner  as  the  same  is  granted  to  the  said  Duke  of 
York"  in  his  patent  from  the  king.     By  that  patent  the 
king  granted  New  Netherland  to  his  brother  in  free  and 
common  socage,  subject  to  the  yearly  rent  of  forty  beaver- 
skins.     In  the  same  "  full  and  ample  manner"  James  now 
released  to  Berkeley  and  Cai-teret  a  "  tract"  of  this  terri- 
tory, subject  to  the  rent  of  twenty  nobles  a  year.     This 
was  the  legal  scope  of  the  instrument,  which,  in  words 
usual  in  deeds  of  real  estate,  conveyed  a  tract  of  land  and 
its  appurtenances  to  Berkeley  and  Carteret  as  amply  as  the 
same  had  been  granted  to  the  Duke  of  York  by  the  king ; 
namely,  in  socage,  subject  to  an  annual  rent.     The  king, 
however,  besides  his  gift  of  territory,  had  intrusted  to  his 
brother  and  his  assigns  "  full  and  absolute"  authority  to 
govern  all  English  subjects  inhabiting  witliin  the  same. 
This  jurisdiction  the  duke  did  not  convey.     Nevertheless,  Powers  of 
as  he  did  not  reserve  it,  his  grantees  assumed  that  he  had  ment  not 
transferred  to  them  "  every  right,  every  royalty,  and  all  the 
powers  of  government  which  he  himself  possessed."     It 
was  not  until  many  years  afterward  that  this  interesting 
question  was  settled.'^ 

As  soon  as  news  of  the  reduction  of  New  Netherland 
reached  England,  Berkeley  and  Carteret  hastened  to  avail 
themselves  of  their  grant,  by  procuring  from  James  a  let-  2s  Novem. 
ter  to  Nicolls,  "  signifying  the  same  to  him,  and  requiring  letter  to 
him  and  all  others  therein  concerned  to  yield  their  best 
assistance  in  the  quiet  possession  and  enjoyment  of  the 
premises  to  all  such  persons  as  my  said  grantees  should  at 
any  time  appoint  and  authorize  to  negotiate  their  affairs  in 
those  parts."     Soon  afterward  they  signed  and  published ... 
an  instrument  which,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Concessions  New  jei-sey 
and  Agreement  of  the  Lords  Proprietors  of  the  Province  of  sions." 

•  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  243 ;  iii.,  46,  4S,  105,  229,  240,  285 ;  Pepys,  ii.,  103 ;  Learning  and  Spicer, 
8-11 ;  S.  Smith's  New  Jersey,  60,  61,  567-5T0 ;  Gordon,  20,  23,  24, 43, 43 ;  Chalmers,  i.,  613, 
614, 624,  625 ;  Grahame,i.,462,  463 ;  Bancroft,  il,  315;  Whitehead,  31,  32 ;  ante,  vol.  1,  T25, 
736;  ii.,  14,21. 


84  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap,  il  New  CsBsarea  or  IS^ew  Jersey,"  formed  its  liberal  eonstitu- 
tion.     At  the  same  time,  Captain  Philip  Carteret,  a  cousin 
Ph«i  Car-  ^^  ^"'  George,  was  commissioned  as  governor,  and  received 
teret  gov-  i^g  instructions  from  the  Proprietors.* 

ernor.  i 

With   about  tliirty   emigrants,  several  of  whom   were 
Frenchmen  skilled  in  making  salt — which  was  apparently 
intended  to  be  the  staple  of  Xew  Jersey — Carteret  sailed 
for  New  York  in  the  sliip  Phihp,  belonging  to  Sir  George. 
Carteret  in  The  vcsscl  was  drivcu  into  the  Chesapeake,  and  anchored 
13  jlin'e^'    at  ISTe^vport  ISTews.    From  there  Carteret  transmitted  to  ISTic- 
oUs  some  of  the  dispatches  intrusted  to  his  care.     He  also 
forwarded  several  letters  to  Captain  James  BoUen,  the  com- 
missary at  Fort  James,  among  which  was  one  fi'om  Berke- 
ley and  Carteret,  containing  a  copy  of  the  duke's  grant  of 
22  June.     Ncw  Jcrscy.     As  soon  as  he  received  them,  Bollen  showed 
these  interesting  documents  to  his  chief  .f 

This  was  the  fii'st  intimation  to  ISTicoUs  of  the  dismem- 
berment of  ]iis  government  of  K^ew  York.    The  duke's  own 
dispatch  to  him  had  not  yet  been  delivered  by  Carteret ;  but 
he  could  not  doubt  the  news  which  Bollen  communicated. 
Surprise  of  EQs  surprisc  was  grievous.     For  ten  months  he  had  exer- 
Nicous.      gjgg(j  dominion,  as  the  deputy  of  James,  over  ancient  New 
8  April.     Netherland.     Only  a  few  weeks  before,  he  had  confirmed 
to   Goulding,  Bowne,  and  others,  from  Long  Island,  the 
lands  between  Sandy  Hook  and  the  mouth  of  the  Earitan, 
upon  which  the  towns  of  Middletown  and  Shrewsbury 
were  afterward  settled.     He  had  looked  upon  "  Albania," 
within  which  thi-ee  new  towns  were  ah-eady  begun,  as  the 
most  "  improveable  part"  of  the  pro^dnce  of  New  York. 
And  now  the  mortified  governor  was  warned  to  give  up 

*  ElizabethtOTvn  Bill  in  Chancery  (1747),  12-lG,  35;  Learning  and  Ppirer,  12-,"! ;  Smitli's 
N.  J.,  512-521;  CoUins's  Peerage,  iv.,  208;  Whitehead's  ICast  Jer.sey,  32-G6 ;  Gordon,  2-t-27 ; 
Bancroft,  ii.,315-31G;  Chalnier3'3Ann.,l.,G14,  015;  N.  J.ll.  S.  Proc,  i.  (ii.),23,  30,  31;  Masa. 
II.  S.  Coll.,  xxxvii.,  319.  The  New  Jersey  "Concessions,"  among  other  things,  provided 
that  the  inhaliitaiits  should  eveiy  year  elect  representatives  to  a  General  Assembly,  and 
that  there  was  to  be  imposed  no  "  tax,  custom,  subsidy,  tallage,  assessment,  or  any  other 
duty  whatsoever,  upon  any  colour  or  pretence,  upon  the  said  province  and  inhabitants  there- 
of, other  than  what  shall  be  imposed  by  the  authority  and  consent  of  the  said  General  As- 
sembly, and  then  only  in  manner  as  aforesaid."  Tliese  memorable  words— whicli  were  bor- 
rowed from  the  Petition  of  Right  assented  to  by  Charles  the  First  in  1628,  and  recognized  by 
him  in  his  charter  of  Maryland  in  1032 — were  adopted  by  the  Assembly  of  New  York  in  1083 
and  1001,  and  by  that  of  Massachusetts  in  1602.  See  Chalmers,  i.,  204,  205;  Pvapin,  ii., 
270,  271 ;  Kennett,  iii.,  42  ;  Lingard,  ix.,  317-321 ;  Gordon's  American  Revolution,  i.,  47, 
G6,  97,  99. 

t  Mass,  n.  S.  Coll.,  xxTc.,  49-53  ;  Eliz.abethtown  Bill  in  Clianceo',  28 ;  Smitli's  New  Jersey, 
C7;  Whitehead's  East  Jersey,  36 ;  Col.  Doc.,  ii.,  470;  iii., 103, 105;  Rhode  Island  Kec.,ii.,8J. 


EICHAKD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  85 

that  desirable  region.     Thenceforth  "  New  Jersey"  was  to  chap.  ir. 
take  the  place  of  "  Albania"  on  the  map  of  America.     Too 
good  an  officer  to  disobey,  NicoUs  could  not  refrain  from  a  ju,y 
manly  remonstrance  against  his  master's  improvident  grant,  ^'^«=°"8  ""f 

''  ~  J:  o  7  monstrates 

"  to  the  utter  disconraa;ement"  of  any  that  mio-ht  desire  to  t"  t^e 

T        1  .  .  -r^  "^  °  duke. 

hve  under  his  protection.  "  For  my  boldness,"  he  added, 
"  I  can  at  last  but  beg  pardon.  ISTeither  can  I  suppose 
that  my  Lord  Berkeley  or  Sir  George  Carteret  knew  how 
prejudicial  such  a  grant  would  prove  to  your  roj^al  high- 
ness ;  but  I  must  charge  it  upon  Captain  Scott,  who  was  born 
to  work  mischief  as  far  as  he  is  credited  or  his  parts  serve 
him."*  Hoping  that  he  might  yet  induce  the  duke .  and 
his  grantees  to  make  other  arrangements,  NicoUs  urged  that 
the  latter  should  give  up  New  Jersey,  and  receive  "  a  better 
and  a  more  entire  tract  of  land,  worthy  of  great  considera- 
tion to  my  Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir  George  Carteret,  wliich 
is  that  part  of  Delaware  Biver  which  is  reduced  fi-om  the 
Dutch,  if  it  is  not  already  disposed ;  if  so,  then  that  my 
Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir  George  Carteret  may  have  a  hun- 
dred thousand  acres  all  along  the  sea-coast,  which  is  a  most 
noble  tract  of  land,  but  it  will  cost  them  twenty  thousand 
pounds  before  it  will  yield  a  penny,  and  their  children's 
children  may  reap  the  profit."t 

This  letter  may  have  caused  the  duke  to  repent  liis  pre- 
cipitate grant ;  but  it  reached  him  too  late.     Toward  the 
end  of  July,  Carteret  arrived  at  New  York.     After  exhib-  29  juiy. 
iting  his  authority  to  Nicolls — with  whom  he  had  been  now  York, 
joined  as  a  sub-commissioner  in  Admiralty — he  received 
from  him,  according  to  the  duke's  orders,  quiet  possession 
of  New  Jersey,  whither  he  proceeded  with  his  ship.    Early 
in  August,  Philip  Carteret  landed  at  the  head  of  his  fol-  August 
lowers,  carrying  a  hoe  on  his  shoulder, "  thereby  intimating  lamis'fn 
his  intention  of  becoming  a  planter  with  them."    He  chose  ^yT'^'^'^" 
for  the  seat  of  his  government  a  spot  on  the  north  bank  of 

*  Nicolls,  on  his  return  to  London  in  IOCS,  told  the  king,  the  queen,  and  the  duke  enough 
about  Scott  to  make  the  latter  "  forsake  Whitehall :"  see  Mass.  11.  S.  Coll.,  xxxvji.,  315,  31G. 

t  Col.  MSS.,  xxiv.,  1 ;  Hist.  Mag.,  ii.,  293  ;  Learning  and  Spicer,  061-663 ;  Smith's  N.  J., 
C2-G7  ;  Whitehead,  39,  40,  57,  ISO  ;  N.  J.  H.  S.  Proc,  i.,  165;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  105, 174.  Chal- 
mor.",  i,,  614,  615,  624,  625,  erroneously  states  the  date  of  this  letter  of  Nicolls — of  which 
only  a  fragment  exists  in  the  State  Paper  Office— as  November,  16S5.  It  was  evidently 
written  before  Carteret  arrived  at  New  York  from  Virginia  (on  29  July,  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  103), 
and  about  ten  days  after  Bollen  showed  the  governor  the  letter  he  had  received  from  the  pro- 
prietaries of  New  Jers-v.  which  was  on  th3  20th  or  22d  of  June  (>Lass.  H.  S.  Coll ,  xxx.,  52 ; 
Col.  Doc,  iii.,  1C5) ;  N.  Y.  IL  S.  Coll.  (1869),  74.  Its  date,  therefore,  must  have  been  about 
the  beginning  of  July,  1605. 


86  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  II.  "  the  Kills,"  wliere  four  families  had  already  been  settled 

mider  the  authority  of  Nicolls,  but  which,  in  compliment 

looD.  ^Q  g^j.  George's  wife,  he  named  "  Elizabethtown."  Captain 
James  BoUen,  who  seems  to  have  been  a  favorite  of  the 
proprietaries,  was  soon  afterward  appointed  secretary  of 
New  Jersey ;  the  annals  of  which,  from  this  time  forward, 
assume  a  distinct  place  in  American  history.* 
TheDeia-  The  Delaware  territory,  which  NicoUs  had  proposed 
wave  tern-  g-j^^^^j^j  |^g  taken  by  Berkeley  and  Carteret  in  exchange  for 
'New  Jersey,  had  meanwhile  been  governed  as  an  append- 
age to  New  York,  but  without  any  special  orders  from  En- 
gland. In  consideration  of  the  good  service  of  Captain 
20  June.  John  Carr,  its  commander,  a  grant  was  made  to  him  of  the 
confiscated  estate  of  the  former  Schout  Yan  Sweringen, 
who  emigrated  to  Maryland.  Hinoyossa  having  also  gone 
there,  his  property  was  given  to  Sir  Robert  Carr,  and  Al- 
ricks's  to  Ensign  Arthur  Stock.  But  the  trade  of  the  place 
languished  for  want  of  supplies ;  and  Nicolls  besought  Ar- 
lington to  send  him  orders  at  once,  as  the  garrison  there 
was  now  maintained  at  his  own  private  cost.f 

After  their  failure  at  Boston,  the  three  royal  commis- 
sioners visited  the   other  New  England  colonies,  leaving 
Nicolls  at  New  York  "to  attend  De  Ruyter's  attempt." 
At  their  colleague's  request,  they  organized  a  government 
remaquid.  witliiu  the  duke's  territory  of  Pemaquid,  the  few  colonists 
of  which,  chiefly  fishermen,  appeared  to  be  "  the  worst  of 
men."     Cartwright,  weary  of  his  unprofitable  labors,  and 
suffering  fi-om  the  gout,  now  determined  to  return  to  En- 
gland.    The  command  of  his  company  of  foot  at  New 
26  June.     Yoi'k  was  accordingly  assigned  by  NicoUs  to  Captain  Rob- 
ert Needham.     "With  full  dispatches  prepared  by  the  com- 
Aiiguat.     missioners,  Cartwright  sailed  from  Boston,  intending  to  ex- 
wrigiit.      plain  in  person  to  the  home  government  the  condition  of 
affairs  in  New  England ;  but  he  was  captured  at  sea  by  a 
Dutch  privateer,  who  took  all  his  papers  and  carried  him 
to  Spain.     Massachusetts  was  well  pleased  at  the  misliap 
which  delayed  injurious  reports  from  reaching  the  king. 
Carr  and  Maverick,  however,  before   returning  to  New 

*  Col.  Doc..,  ii.,  60T ;  iii.,  103 ;  Smith's  N.  J.,  6T ;  Whitehead,  30,  84,  85 ;  Val.  Man.,  1S52. 
4S.S,  4')2,  495;  lilizabethtown  Bill  in  Chancery,  p.  28 ;  ante,  p.  4!>. 

t  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  82,  10^,  109,  113,  115,  340;  I'atents,  i.,  15;  S.  Hazard's  Reg.  Penn.,  iv., 
74  ;  Ann.,  369  ;  David's  "  Day  Star,"  79. 


RICHAED  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  87 

York,  wrote  to  the  secretary  of  state,  inclosing  fresh  docu-  chap.  ii. 
ments,  amona;  which  was  a  "  narrative"  of  the  condition  of 
the  several  New  England  colonies.     Strong  prejudice  was  20  Novem 
shown  against  Massachusetts,  where  some  dared  to  say,  ^t^^.^  '° 
"  Who  knows  what  the  event  of  this  Dutch  war  will  be  ?"  si^"*^- 
Carr  also  urged  Secretary  Morrice  and  Lord  Lauderdale  to  5  Deceiu. 
have  Delaware,  Rhode  Island,  and  all  the  territory  as  far 
west  as  the  Connecticut  River  annexed  to  the  Narragan- 
set  country  or  the  "  King's  Province,"  and  then  make  him 
governor  over  the  whole,  where  he  promised  to  serve  liis 
majesty  "  as  faithfully  as  any  he  shall  set  over  them."^^ 

The  war  with  the  Dutch  obliged  Nicolls  to  erect  a  prize 
court  at  New  York.     He  accordingly  appointed  Captains  23  August 
Needham,  Willett,  and  Topping,  with  Secretary  Nicolls  and  coi^rtta*^ 
Alderman  Lawrence,  to  be  Commissioners  of  Admiralty  for  ^^"^^''"■*^ 
the  province,  and  R.  Charlton  to  be  clerk  of  the  court. 
The  organization   of  this  tribunal  was,  however,  several 
times  altered ;  and  the  Mayor's  Court  of  New  York  fi'e- 
quently  acted  as  a  Court  of  Admiralty,  f 

Fresh  troubles  had  meanwhile  broken  out  between  the 
Mohawks  and  Mahicans,  and  some  of  the  Dutch  near  Al- 
bany were  killed.     Two  of  the  savages  were  arrested  and 
imprisoned  for  the  murder.     Willett,  the  new  mayor  of 
New  York,  was  sent  thither  to  advise;  and,  on  his  return,  4  juiy. 
the  Albany  magistrates  were  directed  to  hang  one  of  the  27  juiy. 
Indians,  and  send  the   other  in   chains   to  Fort  James. 
Winthrop  was  also  asked  to  aid  in  making  peace  between  2  August. 
the  Mahicans  and  the  Mohawks.     Having  taken  precau- 
tions for  the  safety  of  New  York  dm-ing  his  absence,  Nic-Nicoiuvis- 
olls  went  up  to  Albany.     Manning,  who  was  needed  at  23  August 
Fort  James,  was  relieved;  and  the  command  of  Fort  Al- 
bany, with  its  nine  cannon,  and  its  garrison  of  sixty  men, 
was  given  to  Captain  John  Baker,  who  was  commissioned  25  septem. 
to  be  "  chief  military  officer"  of  the  place.     Baker  was  in-  made  com. 
structed  to  keep  constant  guard  and  good  discipline,  and  Albany.^ 
to  avoid  all  disputes  with  the  inhabitants,  with  whom  he 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  101-113, 160;  Pntentp,  i.,  156;  Morton's  Mem., 315,  note;  Hutch.,  i.,  250; 
Coll.,  412-425 ;  Chalmers,  i ,  27T,  206,  389, 4S3,  504 ;  Maine  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  110-116 ;  v.,  232, 
236;  Williamson,  i.,  415-425;  Rhode  Islnnd  Rec,  ii.,  93-95, 102, 110-114, 118, 12T,  132-13S, 
15T,  257  ;  Mass.  II.  S.  Proc,  1858-1860,  2T4 ,  Palfrey,  ii.,  619-624. 

t  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  34.5, 346 ;  N.  Y.  Surrogate's  Ree.  Wills,  i.,  5-10,  S5-4T ;  Val.  Man., 
1847,352,3.53,362-367;  Col.  Doc,  i;.,  296,  297;  iii.,  67,  239,  260,  COS;  Daly's  Sketch,  30,  M  ; 
post,  notes  A  and  B.     NicoUs's  Admiralty  power  in  New  York  came  from  the  duke. 


88  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cnAr.ii.  was  to  live  "as  brothers  together."     In  capital  cases  or 
~  treaties  witli  the  Indians  he  was  to  sit  in  the  fort,  with  the 
schout  and  commissioners  of  Albany ;  but  he  was  to  have 
no  concern  with  the  ordinary  civil  courts.     He  was  also  to 
act  as  deputy  collector,  and  send  the  entries  of  goods  by 
each  sloop  to  Van  Kuyven,  the  collector   at  New  York. 
Ti  octoter.  Jolin  Sliuttc,  one  of  Baker's  soldiers,  was  also  licensed  to 
be  the  "  only  English  school-master  at  Albany,"  upon  con- 
dition that  he  should  not  "  demand  any  more  wages  from 
each  scholar  than  is  given  by  the  Dutch  to  their  Dutch 
school-masters."* 
Nieoiis  at       Nicolls  also  visited  Esopus,  where  troubles  had  occurred 
.sopu:=.     (j^pjijjg  |-]^g  previous  winter  between  the  soldiers  and  the 
townsmen.     Beekman  and  the  other  officers  of  Wildwyck 
iiseptem.  wcrc  coutiuued,  and  Chambers  was  appointed  captain  of 
the  local  militia  company.     As  it  was  necessary  that  the 
commander  of  the  regular  soldiers  who  formed  the  garri- 
son should  have  general  military  authority,  Captain  Daniel 
11  septem.  Brodhcad  was  commissioned  to  be  "  chief  officer  of  the 
command,  militia  iu  the  Esopes,"  and  all  inferior  officers  and  soldiers 
vua.    ^ '  were  required  to  obey  him  as  such.     Like  Baker  at  Al- 
bany, Brodhead  was  instructed  to  keep  constant  guard, 
23 October,  causc  the  village  authorities  to  be  respected,  and  prevent 
his  soldiers  fi*om  abusing  the  Indians  or  quarreling  with 
the  burghers.     In  general,  he  was  to  use  his  best  discretion, 
but  to  "  avoid  harshness  of  words  and  heat  of  passion  on 
all  occasions ;  seeking  rather  to  reconcile  differences  than 
to  be  head  of  a  party.     Preserve  yourself,"  said  the  pru- 
dent governor, "  single  and  indifferent  as  to  justice  between 
Nicoiis'3     soldiers  and  burghers.     Give  not  too  easy  an  ear  to  private 
tious  to      whisperers  and  insinuators,  which  may  overrule  your  judg- 
ment and  beget  a  prejudice  in  your  mind  against  the  Dutch. 
For,  though  I  am  not  apt  to  believe  they  have  a  natural  af- 
fection to  the  English,  yet,  without  ill  usage,  I  do  not  find 
them  so  malicious  as  some  will  seek  to  persuade  you  they 
are."f 

One  of  NicoUs's  chief  objects  in  his  visit  to  Esopus  was 

•  Patents,  i.,  20,  155,  15T,  15S,  161-164 ;  Orders,  Warrants,  etc.,  ii.,  3-5,  9,  IT,  229 ;  Col. 
Doc,  iii.,  104, 117,119, 143;  Chalmers,  i.,  5T6;  Munaell's  Ann.  Alb.,  iii.,  32T;  iv.,  16;  vii., 
9.S-101  ;  Viil.  Jlan.,  1S47,  354,  356,  357 ;  1S52,  484,  49n  ;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  54,  55;  MSS. 
Trumbull  Papers,  xxii.,  74;  ante,  vol.  i.,  530,  533,  535,  733. 

t  Patents,  i.,  15S,  159,  167-169 ;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  94;  Esopus  Records;  Ulster  II.  S.  Coll., 
i.,  49,  52-54,  98. 


RICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  89 

to  purchase  from  the  savages  fresh  lands  on  wliich  to  settle  cuap.  ii. 
colonists.     This  was  the  more  important  since  the  separa- 
tion  of  New  Jersey  from  liis  government.     A  treaty  was 
accordingly  executed  at  Fort  James  between  Nicolls  and  t  October, 
the  Esopus  sachems,  by  which  a  large  tract  of  land  to  the  Esopus^  ° 
west  and   southwest  of  the  "  Kahanksen"  Creek,  in  the 
present  towns  of  Rochester  and  Wawarsing,  was  conveyed 
to  the  Duke  of  York.     All  past  injuries  were  bm^ied  on 
both  sides,  and  the  sachems  engaged  "  to  come  once  every 
year  and  bring  some  of  their  young  people  to  acknowledge 
every  part  of  this  agreement  in  the  Sopes,  to  the  end  that 
it  may  be  kept  in  perpetual  memory."* 

This  treaty  with  the  Esopus  Indians  enabled  McoUs  to 
offer  new  inducements  to  planters,  of  which  the  province  New  offers 
was  in  great  need.  While  at  Boston  in  the  previous  May,  °p''°'^'^ 
he  had  caused  to  be  printed  by  Samuel  Green,  at  the  Cam- 
bridge press — then  the  only  printing-j)ress  in  the  British 
American  colonies — on  a  half  sheet  of  foolscap  paper, "  The 
conditions  for  new  planters  in  the  territories  of  his  Royal 
Highness  the  Duke  of  York."  In  this  document  the  terms 
upon  which  lands  could  be  purchased  and  held  were  stated, 
in  conformity  to  the  "Duke's  Laws,"  Avhich  had  just  been 
promulgated  at  Hempstead.  "  Liberty  of  conscience"  was 
prominently  allowed.  "  The  lands  which  I  intend  shall  be 
first  planted,"  said  Nicolls, "  are  those  upon  the  west  side 
of  Hudson's  Rive"r,  at  or  adjoining  to  the  Sopes."  In  this 
form  numbers  of  copies  had  been  distributed.  As  soon  as 
he  had  made  the  treaty,  Nicolls  added,  in  his  own  hand- 
writing, to  the  copies  not  yet  issued,  "  The  governor  hath 
purchased  all  the  Sopes  land,  which  is  now  ready  for  plant- 
ers to  put  the  plough  into,  it  being  clear  ground."t 

*  Col.  JISS.,  xxii.,  4;  Deed?,  iii.,  7-10;  E.=opus  Records;  Ul- ter  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  53-62,  97; 
Ponton's  N.  V.,  14 ;  ayite,  vol.  i.,  C75,  678.  This  purchase  of  NicoUs  was  beyond  the  "  new 
village,"  now  known  as  Hurley,  v/hicli  Stuyvesant  had  caused  to  be  laid  out  after  his  treaty 
with  the  Ksopus  sachems  in  16G0 :  ante,  vol.  i.,  678,  690,  710-714 ;  Ulster  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  71,  72. 

t  Thomas's  History  of  Printing,  i.,  226,  253  ;  ii.,  80;  Ulster  H.  S.  Coll.,  i ,  07,  PS.  An 
original  of  these  "conditions"  is  in  the  library  of  the  N.  Y.  Hist.  Society ;  and  there  is  a  re- 
print of  them  in  Leamins  and  Spicer,  667,  66S.  Another  original,  with  NicoUn's  manuscript 
addition  (formerly  beloniriiig  to  Ebtnezer  Hazard),  is  in  the  Force  Library  at  Washiugton; 
and  one  of  these  amended  copies  Smith  reprinted  in  his  revised  edition  (1830).  i.,  33,  40. 

It  is  interestinc;  to  note  that  a  censorship  nf  the  press  was  established  by  Massachusetts 
on  8  October,  1662,  and  repealed  on  27  .May,  1663.  But  when  the  royal  commissioners,  on 
24  May,  1665,  desired  that  certain  papers  should  be  printed,  the  General  Court,  three  days 
afterward,  to  prevent  "  abuse  to  the  authority  of  this  country  by  the  printing- presse,"  again 
ordered  "that  there  shall  be  no  printing-presse  allowed  in  any  towne  within  this  juris- 
diction but  in  Cambridge,  nor  shall  any  person  or  persons  presume  to  print  any  copie  but 


90  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOEK. 

Chap.  II.  According  to  the  requirements  of  the  code,  the  Court  of 
Assizes  was  now  held  at  New  York.  It  was  attended  by 
28  septM^  the  governor,  liis  counselors,  and  the  justices  of  Yorkshire. 
4  October  ^^^^^I'^l  amendments  to  the  laws  were  adopted  and  promul- 
courtof    gated.     Amona;  other  thino;s,  all  wills  were  required  to  be 

Assizes.        ~  "^  ~  '  ^  ■"■ 

deposited  in  the  Record  Ofiice  at  New  York,  and  all  land 
patents  to  be  recorded  there.  To  enforce  the  provision  in 
the  code,  it  was  ordered  that  "  all  persons  whatsoever  who 
have  any  grants  or  patents  of  townships,  lands  or  houses 
within  this  government,  shall  bring  in  the  said  grants  or 
patents  to  the  governor,  and  shall  have  them  renewed  by 
authority  from  his  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of  York,  be- 
fore the  beginning  of  the  next  Court  of  Assizes."* 

At  this  court  some  of  the  sachems  of  the  Long  Island 
3  October.  Indians  appeared  before  the  governor,  and  agreed  to  sub- 
andlffairs.  mit  to  his  authority.  A  few  days  afterward  Nicolls  issued 
a  patent  to  David  Gardiner,  confirming  to  him  the  grant 
of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  or  Gardiner's  Island,  which  had  been 
originally  made  to  his  father  in  1640,  by  Farrett,  as  agent 
of  the  Earl  of  Stirling.  This  was  the  promptest  comph- 
ance  of  any  considerable  landowner  with  the  requirement 
of  the  code.f 

An  interesting  criminal  case  was  also  decided  at  NicoUs's 
first  Court  of  Assizes.  Ralph  Hall  and  his  wife  Mary 
having  been  presented  by  the  authorities  of  Brookhaven 
for  practicing  "  some  detestable  and  wicked  arts,  common- 
ly called  witchcraft  and  sorcery,"  which,  it  was  alleged,  had 
2  October,  causcd  two  dcatlis,  were  arraigned  before  the  Court  of  As- 
witchcraft.  sizcs.  As  the  Now  England  penalties  against  that  delusion 
had  been  left  out  of  the  New  York  code,  the  prisoners  were 
indicted,  not  for  witchcraft,  but  for  murder  by  means  of 
witchcraft.  Twelve  jurymen,  one  of  whom  Avas  Jacob 
Leisler,  afterward  so  prominent  in  provincial  affairs,  tried 
the  case.  They  found  that  there  were  "some  suspicions 
by  the  evidence  of  what  the  woman  is  charged  with,  but 

by  the  allowance  first  had  and  obtained  under  the  hands  of  such  as  this  court  shall  from 
time  to  time  impower."  Mass.  Rec,  iv.  (ii.),  62, 73, 141,  211 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  248.  Thom- 
as, Hist.  Print.,  i.,  247,  gives  the  date  of  this  order  eiToneously  as  of  19  October,  1664,  in- 
stead of  27  May,  1665. 

•  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  402-411 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxii.,  7,  107;  Wood,  90;  Hoffman's  Treatise, 
i.,  96,  97. 

t  Deeds,  ii.,  127;  Patents,  i.,  30;  Thompson,  i.,  311;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  463;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App. 
cxix. ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  297,  298. 


EICHAKD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOK.  91 

nothing'  considerable  of  value  to  take  away  her  life."     As  chap.  ir. 


to  the  man,  there  was  "nothing  considerable  to  charge  him 
with."  The  com*t  thereupon  sentenced  Hall  to  give  a  re- 
cognizance for  his  wife's  appearance  from  Sessions  to  Ses- 
sions, and  be  of  good  behavior  while  they  remained  within 
the  government.* 

Li  consequence  of  the  war  between*  the  United  Prov- 
inces and  England,  JSTicolls  now  ordered  in  council  that  all  lo  October, 
the  lands  and  property  within  the  territories  of  the  Duke  of  Dutch 
of  York,  belonging  to  Dutch  subjects  who  had  not  taken  confis'l'^ 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  king,  should  be  confiscated  to  '^^^'^^' 
his  majesty's  use.    This  decree  was  entered  on  the  records ; 
yet  while, "  for  reasons  and  considerations"  satisfactory  to 
the  governor,  it  was  not  made  public,  it  was  to  stand  as 
firm  and  effectual  "  as  if  the  same  had  been  publicly  de- 
clared and  manifested."! 

Nicolls,  however,  did  not  dislike  the  Dutch,  Wlien  it 
was  found  that  the  salary  of  their  ministers  at  New  York 
had  fallen  into  arrear,  the  governor  directed  the  mayor  26  Decem. 
and  aldermen  to  enforce  a  contribution  of  twelve  hundred  cimrcii 
guilders  for  their  support.  As  Megapolensis  and  Drisius 
also  preached  in  some  of  the  parishes  on  Long  Island,  the 
people  of  Bushwick  were  directed  to  raise  a  proportion  of 
the  sum.ij: 

To  the  duke  Nicolls  modestly  reported :  "  My  endeavors  November. 
have  not  been  wanting  to  put  the  whole  government  into 
one  frame  and  policy,  and  now  the  most  refractory  Repub- 
licans can  not  but  acknowledge  themselves  fully  satisfied 
with  the  method  and  way  they  are  in.  '-^  '^'  *  I  have  been 

*  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  39-42;  Doc.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  iv.,  85,  86;  Yates's  note  to  Smith,  ed. 
1814;  Wood,  24;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  326;  Col.  Kec.  Conn.,  i.,  TT;  Kew  Haven  Col.  Rec, 
ii.,  516.  One  of  the  last  acts  of  Governor  Nicolls,  just  before  he  left  New  York,  was  to  re- 
lease Hall  and  his  wife  from  their  bonds,  on  21  August,  1C6S :  Ord.,  Wan-.,  etc.,  ii.,  216,  217 ; 
Doc.  Hist ,  iv.,  86.  By  the  statutes  of  England  (33  Hen.  VIII.,  cap^  8,  and  1  Jac.  I.,  cap. 
12),  witchcraft,  sorcery,  and  the  invocation  of  evil  spirits  were  felony,  without  benefit  of 
clergy.  These  English  laws  were  not  repealed  until  1736.  It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  ou 
the  10th  of  March,  1665,  a  few  months  before  Hall  and  his  wife  were  acquitted  in  New  York, 
"  two  wrinkled  old  women"  were  convicted  of  bewitching,  before  Sir  Matthew  Hale,  chief 
baron  of  the  English  Court  of  Excheqiier,  at  Bury  Siiint  P'dmonds,  and  were  hung,  protest- 
ing their  innocence:  Howell's  State  Trials,  vi.,  647-702;  Campbell's  Chief  Justices, !., 
f;62-566. 

t  New  York  Surrogate's  I!ec.  Wills,  i.,  1,  2;  Val.  Man.,  1847,  351.  By  virtue  of  this  de- 
cree. Hog  Island  in  Hellgate,  afterward  c;illed  Manning's,  and  Blackwell's  Island,  was, 
among  other  property,  confiscated :  Patents,  i.,  129.  The  earlier  volumes  of  records  in  the 
New  York  SuiTogate'a  Office  are  full  of  documents  of  general  interest  to  the  state,  copies 
of  whicli,  at  all  events,  ought  to  be  preserved  in  the  Secretary's  Office  at  Albany. 

t  Ord.,  Warr.,  and  Lett.,  ii.,24;  Dunlap,  i.,120;  N.  Y.  City  Rec.,vi.,  73,  105;  Thomp- 
Bon,  iL,  153, 159 ;  Hist.  Mag.,  i.  (ii.),  322. 


92  HISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1665. 


cuAP.  II.  more  industrious  than  in  all  the  other  actions  of  my  life  to 
this  day ;  and  what  I  have  done  towards  the  settlement  of 
laws  in  the  government,  Mr.  Coventry  will  show  to  your 
royal  highness."    At  the  same  time  the  governor  sent  over 

Laws  sub-  "  a  copy  of  the  laws  as  they  now  stand,  with  the  alterations 

the  duke,  made  at  the  last  General  Assizes,  which,"  he  added,  if  the 
duke  should  "  be  pleased  to  confirm,  and  cause  them  to  be 
printed  at  London,  the  whole  country  will  be  infinitely 
obliged." 

Condition       The  condition  of  the  metropolis  Nicolls  told  in  feeline: 

of  Nei7  ^  '-' 

Yoi-k.  terms.  Its  whole  trade,  "  both  inwards  and  outwards,  is 
lost  for  want  of  shipping."  The  people  of  Long  Island 
were  very  poor,  and  labored  only  to  get  bread  and  cloth- 
ing. From  the  city  of  New  York  alone  "  is  the  great  hopes 
of  all  the  benefit  which  can  arise  to  your  royal  highness ; 
and,  if  my  former  proposals  of  encouragement  meet  with  a 
good  answer,  I  may,  without  boasting,  assure  your  royal 
highness  that  within  five  years  the  staple  of  America  will 
be  drawn  hither,  of  which  the  brethren  of  Boston  are  very 
sensible." 

This  prophetic  remark  was  made  by  Nicolls  after  he  had 
visited  the  capital  of  Massachusetts  in  the  previous  spring. 
Yet  ISTew  York,  at  that  day,  sadly  wanted  those  comforts 
to  which  even  English  private  soldiers  were  accustomed. 
"  Such  is  the  mean  condition  of  this  town,  which  I  am  sure 
is  the  best  of  all  his  majesty's  towns  in  America,  that  not 
one  soldier  hath  to  this  day,  since  I  brought  them  out  of 
England,  been  in  a  pair  of  sheets,  or  upon  any  sort  of  bed 

Want  of  but  canvass  and  straw."  Owing  to  the  want  of  supplies, 
the  whole  charge  of  four  garrisons  had  fallen  upon  the 
governor,  which  had  nearly  ruined  his  private  fortune. 
Cartwright's  capture  was  very  unluck}'^,  because,  among 
other  things,  it  had  prevented  the  duke  from  receiving  a 
full  detail  of  the  condition  of  his  province.  Oppressed  by 
these  considerations,  ISTicolls  asked  to  be  relieved  from  his 
government,  and  proposed  as  his  successor  "  Harry  Nor- 
wood," who  had  returned  to  England  in  the  Guinea,  after 
the  conquest,  and  "  whose  temper  would  be  acceptable  both 
to  the  soldiers  and  country."* 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  104,  100 ;  Chalmers,  i.,  5T5,  5TC,  59T,  599 ;  Gen.  Ent.,  i.,  C2 ;  N.  Y.  City 
Rec,  vi,,  86,  87.     Norwood  appears  to  have  been  governor  of  Dunkirk  and  deputy  governor 


KICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  93 

Yet  gloom  was  relieved  by  news  that  the  English  had  ciiAr.n. 
gained  a  great  naval  victory  over  the  Dutch  in  the  Korth  ~ 

Sea,  and  that  the  Duke  of  York, "  to  whose  wisdom  and   -*-""^- 
com*age"  the  result  was  attributed,  had  escaped  unhurt. 
Tliis  event  was  celebrated  in  l!^ew  York  with  "  a  general 
joy  and  thanksgiving ;"  and  McoUs  assured  his  chief  that  Thank^- 
"  it  hath  revived  our  spirits,  and  is  antidote  both  against  ^^^^' 
hunger  and  cold,  until  such  time  as  yom-  royal  highness 
shall  think  us  worthy  of  a  nearer  consideration,"* 

Before  war  opened  between  England  and  the  United  Affaire  in 
Provinces,  De  Witt  and  D'Estrades  had  many  conferences  ^""^"p^' 
about  the  interference  of  France.     The  States  General, 
while  insisting  upon  a  reciprocal  restitution  of  conquests, 
were  willing  to  adopt  the  French  suggestion  that  hostihties 
should  be  confined  to  Xew  Netherland  in  America  and 
Guinea  in  Afi-ica,  without  affecting  Europe.     Charles  hav- 
ing  accepted  the   mediation   of  Louis,  the  French  king24Aprii. 
proposed  tliat  New  Netherland  should  be  exchanged  for  28  May. 
Poleron,  one  of  the  Banda  or  Nutmeg  Islands,  which  the 
Hollanders  had  retaken  from  the  English.     But  this  was 
declined  by  the  Dutch,  who  maintained  that  if  conquests  27  May. 
were  mutually  restored,  they  would  only  receive  back  what 
had  been  ''  ravished  fi-om  them  in  full  peace,"  and  which 
the  Enghsh  "  could  not  appropriate  by  any  just  title,  nor 
retain  under  any  probable  pretext."f 

Hostilities  now  began  vigorously.    Off  Lowestoft'e,  on  the  ^^  June. 
coast  of  Suffolk,  the  Duke  of  York,  with  a  large  English  f^^een  li!; 
fleet,  fought  the  Dutch  under  Admiral  Opdam,  whose  ship  Kngi'sh  nt 
blew  up.     After  an  obstinate  combat  the  Dutch  retired  to  LowestoSe. 
their  ports,  and  the  English  remained,  for  a  short  time, 
masters  of  the  sea.    James  retm-ned  in  triumph  to  London. 
An  English  medal  was  struck  bearing  the  words  "  Quatuor 
maria  vindico" — I  claim  the  four  seas.     But  the  bonfij-es 
in  London  which   celebrated  the  victory  glared  over  a 
doomed  city.     The  plague  broke  out.     The  appalled  court  Novemiicr. 
fled  from  Whitehall.     During  the  next  five  months  the  Lon^ol!'^ 
metropohs  was  almost  a  desert.    Thoroughfares  were  over- 

of  Tangier,  and  in  1G71  to  have  been  granted  the  quit-rents  of  Virginia :  Pepys,  i.,  46, 355; 
iv.,GT,  91,130;  Chalmers,  i.,  32S  ;  Evelyn,  ii.,  S7 ;  Campbell,  215,  272 ;  awfe,  p.  52. 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  104. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  33C-339 ;  iii.,  104  ;  D'Estrades,  iii.,  SI,  85, 89,  92,93, 1G4, 168, 179, 188-102; 
Aitzema,  v.,  373-376 ;  Rapin,  ii.,  C89 ;  De  Witt,  ii.,  6S,  70,  93 ;  iv.,  463 ;  Basnage,  i.,  737-740, 
8  6;  Anderson  on  Commerce,  ii.,  426,  482,  433;  Pinkerton,  viii.,  457 ;  xi.,198;  o«fc,  p.  78. 


94  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  II.  growii  with  grass,  and  the  awful  silence  was  broken  only 
by  the  nightly  round  of  the  pest-cart.* 

In  Holland,  naval  defeat  almost  produced  a  revolution. 
The  people  began  to  murmur  against  De  Witt,  and  all 
anxiously  looked  for  the  return  of  De  Ruyter  from  Amer- 
ica. Louis,  annoyed  at  the  growing  haughtiness  of  Charles, 
pressed  De  Witt  to  exchange  New  Netherland  for  Poleron; 
and  the  Pensionary,  avowing  that  the  sacrifice  would  be 
23  July,     great,  agreed  that  the  French  kina:  miffht,  "  as  of  his  own 

New  Neth-  '-''"-'  o  o      :' 

eriand       accord,"  propose  it  to  the  King  of  England.     This  step 

ron.  °  ^'  was  kept  secret  from  the  States  General,  for  both  Louis 
and  De  Witt  feared  that  the  people  might  declare  for 
the  young  Prince  of  Orange.  The  French  ambassadors  at 
London  were  directed  to  make  the  proposed  offer  "  as  from 

16  August,  themselves,"  and  Louis  promised  to  break  with  Charles  if 
it  was  not  accepted.  The  States  General  were  urged  to 
sustain  De  Witt's  secret  agreement ;  but  they  only  directed 

20  August,  the  East  and  West  India  Companies,  which  were  chiefly 
interested,  to  give  their  opinions  upon  the  proposition.f 

August.  The  Englisli  answer  to  the  French  overture  was,  that  the 

Dutch  had  usurped  New  JSTetherland,  to  which  they  had  no 

n.aupiity    right,  and  that  the  king  was  surprised  at  a  proposal  to  cede 

ciafms.'  Poleron  "  in  compensation  for  a  country  already  his  own." 
With  headstrong  subserviency.  Clarendon  reiterated  the 
falsehood  that  King  James  had  granted  the  country,  "  aft- 
erwards named  New  Netherland,"  to  Lord  Stirling ;  that 
"  the  Scotch  had  begun  to  cultivate  it  a  long  time  before 
the  Hollanders  were  received  there ;"  and  that,  as  the  Duke 
of  York  had  bought  the  rights  of  Stirling's  heirs,  the  Dutch 
province  legitimately  belonged  to  the  English,  Yet  the 
chancellor  well  knew  that  Lord  Stirling's  claim  affected 
Long  Island  only,  and  not  the  rest  of  New  Netherland. 

•  Aitzema,  v.,  37T-3S4,  443-4C0 ;  Basnagc,  i.,  741-743;  Pepys,  ii.,  243-330;  Evelyn,  i., 
417-422  ;  Kennett,  iii.,  255,  250;  Burnet,  i.,  218,  219;  Rapin,  ii„  039,  040;  CIarke'3  James 
II.,  i.,  405-422;  Lister's  ClarendoD,  ii.,  333-.335;  iii.,  380-384 ;  Courtenay's  Temple,  i.,  80; 
Martin,  1.,  270.  Tlie  Guinea  and  the  Martin,  two  of  the  ships  which  liad  assisted  in  the  re- 
duction of  New  Netherland,  were  in  the  British  fleet  in  the  battle  of  June,  1065,  hut  under 
other  commanders.  Three  of  the  captains  who  returned  from  New  York  were  also  in  that 
hattle  with  other  ships.  Hyde,  of  the  Guinea,  commanded  the  Jersey,  48 ;  Grove,  of  the 
Martin,  the  Success,  30;  and  Ilill,  of  the  Eli.a3,  -which  foundered  on  her  voyage  home,  the 

Coventry,  22 Allen's  Battles  of  the  British  Navy,  i.,  40 ;  Aitzema,  v.,  444,  445;  Pepys,  ii., 

185,249;  iii.,  249;  ante,  i>.  50,  7iote. 

t  D'Estrades,  iii.,  197,  215,  219,  221,  242,  249,  250,  2G2,  205.  278,  295-301,  318;  Aitzemn, 
v.,  348-388, 393 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  341-353  ;  Basnage,  i.,  743,  750-754 ;  Lister,  iii.,  381,  387,  38S, 
393 ;  LambrechtBcn,  78,  note. 


RICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  95 

The  Hollanders,  he  argued,  had  only  been  tolerated  there  chap.  ii. 
as  they  would  have  been  had  they  established  themselves  ~~ 
in  England  or  elsewhere,  where  they  would  not,  for  that   •^""^• 
reason,  acquire  any  right  of  sovereignty  for  their  republic. 
The  ambassadors  of  Louis  answered  this  burlesque  of  rea-  Answer  of 
soning  by  showing  its  utter  want  of  analogy.     But  they 
saw  that  "  the  interest  of  the  Duke  of  York  prevailed,"  and 
that  Clarendon  did  not  believe  that  the  Dutch  would  break 
off  on  the  point  of  New  ISTetherland,  especially  as  the  King  • 
of  France  himself  had  offered  to  cede  it  for  Poleron. 

This  answer  of  Charles  was  justly  considered  by  Louis  as 
rather  "  hard,  dry,  and  haughty."     He  wrote  at  once  to  M  August. 
D'Estrades,  at  the  Hague,  "  I  will  say  to  you  that,  having  ciar^  the 
examined  what  the  Enghsh  and  the  Hollanders  have  writ-  Sutch  10"^° 
ten  upon  the  subject  of  New  Netherland,  it  appears  to  me  «irnd!^*" 
that  the  right  of  the  Hollanders  is  the  best  founded  ;  for  it 
is  a  species  of  mockery  to  make  believe  that  those  who 
have  built  and  peopled  a  city  without  any  one  saying  a 
word  to  hinder  them  would  have  been  tolerated  as  stran- 
gers in  France  or  in  England ;  and  habitation,  joined  to  a 
long  possession,  are,  in  my  judgment,  two  sufficiently  good 
titles  to  destroy  all  the  reasons  of  the  English."     At  the 
same  time,  Louis  thought,  that  as  the  Dutch  had  already 
lost  their  American  province,  they  should  be  willing  to 
abandon  it  for  the  sake  of  peace.""' 

But  the  States  of  Holland  were  too  much  interested  in 
the  preservation  of  New  Netherland  to  consent  to  its  sur- 
render.    The  city  of  Amsterdam  likewise  insisted  upon  re-  3  septem. 
covering  what  had  cost  it  so  much.     The  States  General 
would  not  treat  with  England  unless  Charles  receded  from 
his  position ;  and  De  Witt's  private  agreement  with  Louis 
was  repudiated.     The  French  mediators — who  thought  ^iseptem. 
that  while  the  Duke  of  York  would  not  give  up  New 
Netherland,  the  Dutch  made  its  restitution  rather  "  a  point 
of  honor" — made  farther  propositions  to  the  English  gov- 
ernment.    Charles  haughtily  replied  that  they  were  "not 25 October. 
adapted  to  secure  a  firm  peace."     The  West  India  Com- 
pany, not  yet  satisfied  with  Stuy vesant's  behavior,  resolved  27  October. 
that  their  own  province  in  America  should  not  be  ex-  co.Vuinot 
changed  for  Poleron,  because  they  had  "  no  partnership"  Ne"^  N^etii- 

erland. 
•  D'Estrades,  iii.,  324,  330-354;  Aitzema,  v.,  393;  Col.  Doc,  u.,  354, 355;  Basnage,  i.,  T54. 


96  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  II.  witli  the  East  India  Company,  which  had  an  entire  mo- 
nopoly  in  the  Eastern  seas,  while  not  only  were  private 
•  persons  largely  concerned  in  New  ISTetherland,  but  also 
great  public  interests  were  involved  which  would  be  ruin- 
ed by  its  loss/'^ 

Meanwhile  Downing  had  left  Holland,  after  having  sent 
to  the  States  General  a  reply  to  their  answer  of  the  ninth 

^^  April,  of  February,  in  which  he  insisted  upon  the  English  title  to 
Kew  JSTetherland,  and  mendaciously  affirmed  that  it  had 
not  been  "  taken  by  any  order"  of  the  king.     This  having 

10  septem.  been  published  in  London,  the  Dutch  government  ordered 

their  rejoinder  to  be  printed.     The  absurdity  of  the  En- 
31  Decern,  glisli  claiui  was  demonstrated ;  because,  while  James  the 
maintain    First  might  iuscrt  in  a  patent  such  clauses  as  he  chose,  he 
toN^ew^^   could  not  thereby  prejudice  the  rights  of  others;  and, 
land.^'^"     moreover,  he  had  expressly  excepted  territory  in  the  pos- 
session of  other  states.     The  "  imaginary  subterfuge"  that 
Charles  had  not  directed  the  capture  of  New  Netherland 
was  exposed  by  quoting  his  own  orders  to  NicoUs  of  the 
23d  April,  1664.     Full*  appendices   completed  this   able 
state  paper,  which  fitly  closed  the  long  correspondence  be- 
tween Holland  and  England  about  the  conquest  of  New 
Netherland.f 

The  answer  of  Charles  to  the  propositions  of  Louis  ended 

any  hopes  of  a  peaceable  adjustment.     All  the  cities  of 

3  Decern.    HoUaiid  thanked  God  that  he  had  not  accepted  them. 

atTaad!    Tlioy  determined  to  bear  increased  taxation  for  war  rather 

than  submit  to  dishonorable  terms  of  peace.     Yan  Gogh 

11  Decern,  was  recalled  fi-om  London  by  a  letter,  in  which  the  States 

General  set  forth  their  offers  of  reciprocal  restitution,  and 
the  British  haughty  repulse  of  them.  Charles,  on  his  part, 
16  Decern,  iusistod  that  the  Provincial  States  of  Holland  were  "  the 
real  authors"  of  a  war  which  seemed  to  "prejudice  the 
Protestant  religion.":};  And  as  this  eventful  year  closed, 
the  two  great  champions  of  the  Peformation  prepared  for 
a  fiercer  struggle. 

•  D'Estrades,  iii.,  360,  365,  371,  3S2,  S95,  435,  4-14,  4T2;  Aitzema,  v.,  395;  Basnage,  i., 
755;  Col.  Doc,  li.,  35T,  353.  3;il,  417-419;  Courtenay's  Temple,  i.,  75;  MSS.  N.  Y.  H.  Soc., 
commimicated  by  M.  F.  A.  G.  Campbell,  of  tlie  Hague. 

t  D'Estrades  iii.,  36D;  Aitzema,  v.,  394;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  331-335,  379-415;  rtwic,  p.  19. 

t  Aitzema,  v.,  394,  396,  397;  D'Estrades,  ill.,  565, 560,  577,  531 ;  Baanage,  1.,  756. 


EICHAED  NICOLLS,  GOVEENOR.  97 


CHAPTER  III. 

1666-1668. 

A  FEEsn  element  now  entered  into  the  history  of  New  cuap.  ni. 

York.     Louis,  reluctantly  fulfilling  his  engagement  to  as- 

sist  Holland  against  England,  issued  a  declaration  of  W9,r  29  j^^   * 

ao-ainst  Charles  the  Second.     It  was  very  moderate  in  its  ^^^^■^'^e  de- 
cs •/  Clares  war 

tone ;  for  the  French  king  secretly  sympathized  with  his  gp\°^^^ 
English  brother,  and  was  really  hostile  to  the  Republic  of 
heretics   and  merchants.     "  This   is   a   great  step  I  have 
taken,"  wrote  Louis  to  D'Estrades  at  the  Hague, "  for  the 
sole  interest  of  the  States,  and  in  almost  every  thing  con- 
trary to  my  own."    The  next  month  England  declared  war  jl  Feb. 
against  France.     Charles  immediately  directed  his  Ameri-  22  Feb. 
can  colonies  to  be  on  their  guard  against  the  enemy,  and  to  colonial 
reduce  "  all  islands  and  plantations  in  those  parts  belonging 
to  the  French  or  Dutch  nation,  and  especially  that  of  Can- 
ada."   These  orders,  however,  did  not  reach  New  York  until 
the  following  summer.    But  they  foreshadowed  an  aggress- 
ive colonial  policy,  which,  culminating  in  the  conquest  of 
New  France  by  England  a  century  afterward,  prepared  the 
way  for  the  American  Revolution.* 

Interesting  events  had  meanwhile  happened  on  the 
northern  frontier  of  New  York.  The  treaty  which  Nic- 
oUs  had  so  promptly  caused  to  be  made  with  the  native 
Indians  at  Albany,  and  his  subsequent  behavior  toward 
them,  were  meant  to  make  them  firm  friends  of  the  En- 
glish, as  they  had  been  of  the  Dutch.  The  territory  of  the 
Mohawks  and  Oneidas  was  within  the  Duke  of  York's  pat- 
ent ;  and  even  at  that  early  day  the  time  was  perhaps  an- 
ticipated when  the  five  confederated  nations,  instead  of 

•  Aitzema,  v.,  693,  695,  912;  D'Estrades,  iv.,  47,  65,  76  ;  Kennett,  iii.,  258;  Rapin,  ii., 
641,  642 ;  Basnage,  i.,  770 ;  Lavallee,  iii.,  212  ;  Martin,  i.,  272 ;  Coiirtenay's  Temple,  i.,  82 ; 
Col.  Doc,  iii.,  120, 137;  Col.  F.ec.  Conn.,  ii.,  514;  Sliea's  note  to  Miller's  N.Y.,  113, 114. 

IL— C 


98  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOEK. 

cbap.  ni.  being  treated  as  equals,  would  be  claimed  as  Englisb  sub- 

jects,  and  used  as  barriers  against  tbe  neighboring  French 

-,".,;  in  Canada.     Between  E^ew  France  and  New  Netherland 

New  iork 

and  cana-  there  had  been  little  if  any  disagreement,  while  many  acts 
of  kindness  shown  by  the  Dutch  were  long  remembered  by 
the  French  authorities.  But  now,  instead  of  placid  Hol- 
land, aggressive  England  was  sovereign  of  New  York. 
"Wliere  there  had  been  friendship  was  soon  to  be  discord ; 
and  national  antipathies,  wliich  could  not  be  repressed  in 
Europe,  were  destined  to  begin,  in  the  country  of  the  Iro- 
quois, an  eventful  struggle  for  ultimate  su^^remacy  in  North 
America. 
Trench  It  had  bccu  the  policy  of  France  to  obtain  a  spiritual  as 

o!aada^  Well  as  temporal  dominion  over  the  savages  who  encom- 
passed her  colonists  in  the  New  World.  Wherever  the 
lilies  were  planted,  there  was  set  up  the  cross.  With  he- 
roic devotion  the  missionaries  of  Christianity  pushed  on 
their  labors  among  the  tribes  south  of  the  Saint  Lawrence 
and  "  the  beautiful  lake"  which  the  Iroquois  called  "  Onta- 
rio."* Of  all  these  confederated  tribes  the  Onondagas  were 
the  most  friendly  to  the  French,  This  was  chiefly  owing 
to  their  greatest  orator,  Garakontie,  "  the  sun  that  advan- 
'  ces,"  who  had  nothing  savage  in  him  "  except  birth  and 
education."  A  nephew  of  the  "  Atotarho,"  or  great  sachem 
of  the  Iroquois,  but  himself  neither  sachem  nor  chief,  Gara- 
kontie had  acquired  immense  power  over  his  countrymen 
by  his  eloquence  and  his  political  wisdom.  He  had  pro- 
tected the  Jesuit  father  Simon  le  Moyne  at  Onondaga,  and 
had  induced  the  remote  Cayugas  and  Senecas  to  join  his 
own  nation  in  releasing  their  French  prisoners,  with  whom 
the  missionary  returned  to  Canada  in  the  summer  of  1662.f 
But  the  nearer  Oneidas  and  Mohawks  cherished  enmity, 
and  even  threatened  Montreal.  Tliis  aroused  the  Canadian 
government.  The  Baron  Pierre  du  Bois  d'Avaugour,  who 
had  succeeded  D'Argenson  in  1661,  was  a  soldier,  who 

•  "  Ontario"  signifies  in  Indian  "  the  beautiful  lake :"  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  10 ;  Hennepin's  Lou- 
isiana, 5.  The  note  in  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  76,  which  renders  Ontario  "the  Great  Lake,"  is  con- 
tradictory, and  seems  to  be  eiToneous. 

t  Col.  Doc.,  ix.,  13, 16,  76 ;  Relation  (ed.  Quebec,  185S),  16G1,  32-33 ;  1662, 10-12 ;  Henne- 
pin, Desc.  de  la  Louisiane,  5;  Charlevoix  (ed.  12mo),  ii.,  SS,  lOS-119,  144;  Shea's  Catholic 
Jlissions,  242,  24S ;  Ferland,  Histoire  du  Canada,  i.,  470-477 ;  Faillon,  Hist,  de  la  Col.  Fran- 
chise en  Canada,  ii ,  450 ;  iii.,  2,92;  Sparks's  Life  of  La  Salle,  71;  Bancroft,  iii.,  120-162; 
ante,  vol.  i.,  S4,  704.  Le  Moyne  died  at  the  Cap  de  la  Madeleine,  24  November,  1665:  Col. 
Doc,  iii.,  123 ;  ix.,  3S ;  Shea's  Missions,  248. 


EICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  99 

thought  it  his  chief  duty  "to  plant  effectually  ihefieur  de  cnAP.m. 
lys'^  in  New  France.    He  recommended  to  Louis  a  scheme 
of  fortifications  by  which  Quebec  would  be  made  impreg-  4  August! 
nable,  and  the  king  "  master  of  America,  where  all  the  her-  go^/^dl 
etics  would  remain  only  so  long  as  might  please  him."    The  destruction 
Iroquois  he  considered  a  rabble  to  be  destroyed.     To  this  °\^¥  ^^'^ 
end  forts  should  be  built  on  the  Richelieu  River,  and  at  the 
upper  part  of  the  Hudson,  near  Fort  Orange.    Three  thou- 
sand men  should  be  sent  to  Canada  to  rout  the  Iroquois, 
hinder  the  progress  of  the  heretics,  and  open  a  direct  com- 
munication with  the  sea  through  the  more  genial  region  of 
Kew  Netherland.    Should  his  bold  plan  be  vigorously  pros- 
ecuted, D'Avaugour  prophesied  that  his  ambitious  sover- 
eign would  be  "  master  of  the  finest  and  greatest  empire  in 
the  world." 

On  the  other  hand,  the  Jesuit  missionaries  insisted  that  The  Jesuits 
their  c-reatest  obstacle  was  the  drunkenness  of  the  Indians,  uqiwr 

trade 

who  were  supplied  with  liquors  by  the  Europeans,  and  es- 
pecially by  the  Dutch  at  Fort  Orange.  The  French  colo- 
nists had  been  forbidden  by  severe  edicts  from  engaging 
in  this  traflic.  But  D'Avaugour  would  not  enforce  the 
prohibition ;  and  a  quarrel  broke  out  between  him  and  the 
ecclesiastics,  headed  by  Laval  de  Montmorency,  the  titular 
Bishop  of  Petrde,  in  jpartihus  infidelium,  who  had  come 
out  to  Quebec  in  1659  as  Vicar  Apostolic  of  New  France. 
Laval  complained  to  the  king,  who,  at  his  suggestion,  ap- 
pointed the  Chevalier  Augustin  de  Mez}^,  an  apostate  Cal- 1  May. 
vinist,  to  succeed  D'Avaugour  as  Governor  of  Canada.  De  Govemo'^' 
Mezy  arrived  at  Quebec  in  the  summer  of  1663,  accompa-  ° 
nied  by  the  Royal  Commissary  Du  Pont  Gaudais,  who  or- 
ganized the  colonial  government  which  Louis  had  estab- 
lished after  the  surrender  to  him  of  all  their  rights  by  the 
old  Canada  Company.^' 

The  administration  of  De  Mezy  was  short  and  troubled,    -iqqa 
Its  most-iiliportant  event  was  an  embassy  sent  by  the  Iro-  Iroquois 
quois  to  Montreal,  in  the  summer  of  1664,  to  treat  for  AtaitreL*'' 
peace.     The  Mohawks  had  been  weakened  and  their  pride 
humbled  by  their  war  with  the  Mahicans,  or  "  Loups."-]- 

*  CoLDoc.,ix.,7-lT,  25,  59,  783,  784;  Eelation,  1661,10;  Quebec  MSS.,ii.  (ii.)lTO;  Gar- 
neau,  Hist,  du  Canada,  i.,  140-146, 155;  Ferland,  i.,  447,  448,  476-4S3,  494-500 ;  Faillon,  ii., 
322 ;  iii.,  30-09 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  88, 105, 120-123, 135, 137, 140, 145 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  705. 

t  The  Mahicans  or  Mohegans  were  originally  settled  on  the  Hudson  River,  and  were 


100  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  in.  The  far-off  Senecas  were  in  arms  as-ainst  their  fierce  neigh 


bors,  the  Andastes,  or  Conestogues,  or  Susquehannas,  who 
'  inhabited  the  region  west  of  the  Swedes  on  the  Delaware, 
near  what  is  now  Lancaster  in  Pennsylvania,  and  were 
thought "  the  most  capable  of  all  others  to  exterminate  the 
Iroquois."*  The  confederate  nations  therefore  desired 
that  the  French  should  live  among  them  and  supply  them 
18  septem.  with  Europcau  weapons.  De  Mezy  was  assm*ed  by  the 
upper  tribes  that  all  except  the  Oneidas  desired  peace  ;  and 
the  fi'iendly  disposition  of  the  Mohawks  was  vouched  for 
by  a  letter  from  "  one  of  the  notables  of  New  Nether- 
land."  But  the  governor  let  the  Iroquois  see  that  the 
French  were  resolved  to  rid  themselves  of  such  treacherous 
enemies,  f 

De  Mezy,  however,  quarreled  with  the  Jesuits,  as  his 
predecessor  had,  and  was  recalled  by  Colbert.     The  Chev- 
1665    ^^^^^  Daniel  de  Eemy  de  Courcelles,  a  brave   ofiicer  of 
23  March,  merit  and  experience,  was  commissioned  to  succeed  him  as 
Rovemor  of  governor  of  Canada.     The  Sieur  Jean  Talon,  formerly  of 
Md  T-nion  Hainault,  a  man  of  large  views  and  enterprising  mind,  was 
also  appointed  intendant  of  justice,  police,  and  finance. 
D'Avaugour's   plans   of  fortification,  which   he  had  ex- 
plained more  fully  on  his  return  to  France,  and  the  ad- 
vice of  D'Estrades  to  destroy  the  Iroquois  in  a  year,  were 
now  favorably  considered.     The  king's  instructions  to  Ta- 
2T  March,  lou  declared  the  five  nations  to  be  "  perpetual  and  irrecon- 
cilable enemies  of  the  colony,"  and  ordered  that  war  should 
be  carried  "  even  to  their  firesides,  in  order  totally  to  ex- 
terminate them."     A  thousand  veterans  of  the  Carignan 
regiment,  which  had  just  distinguished  itself  against  the 
Turks  in  Hungary,  were  detached,  under  the  command  of 

therefore  often  called  the  "  River  Indians."  Their  Indian  name  "  Mahigan"  was  the  Algon- 
quin word  for  "wolf,"  which  the  French  translated  into  "  Loup :"  Relation,  1660,  31 ;  1661, 
39;  1664,  33 ;  Charlevoix,  v.,  ITS  ;  Col.  Doc,  is.,  38,  66  ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  72, 1S3,  232,  733. 

*  Relation,  1060, 6;  1061,31;  1663,10;  1664,33;  Charlevoix,  i.,  134;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  74,125, 
417,797;  v.,4S0;  ix.,45,  66,  S4,  227,  605;  Doc  Hist.,  i.,  259;  Shea,  24,  249, ^91.  Mr.  Gal- 
latin erroneously  places  the  Andastes  on  the  Alleghany  and  Ohio  Rivers,  and  calls  them 
Guyandots.  The  Mengwe,  Minquas,  or  Mingoes  were  the  Andastes,  or  Gandastogues,  or 
Conestogag,  who  lived  on  the  Conestoga  Creek,  which  empties  into  the  Susquehanna.  Upon 
their  reduction  hy  the  Five  Iroquois  Nations  in  1675,  the  Andastes  were  to  a  great  ex- 
tent mingled  with  their  conquerors ;  and  a  party  removing  to  the  Ohio,  commonly  called 
Mingoes,  was  thus  made  up  of  Iroquois  and  Mingoes.  Tlie  celebrated  Logan  was  a  real 
Andaste:  Golden,  i. ;  Shea's  note  on  Washington's  Ohio  Diary,  p.  224;  Historical  Maga- 
zine, ii.,  294-297. 

t  Relation,  1663,11;  1064,  20,32-30;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  134, 141,  142;  Garncau,  i.,156;  Shea, 
250,  251 ;  Faillon,  iii.,  83-100 ;  a7ite,  vol.  L,  733. 


KICHAED  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  101 

the  Sieur  de  Salieres,  and  Coiircelles  set  sail  with  his  ex-  chap.  hi. 
pedition  for  Canada.*       . 

In  the  mean  time,  Louis  had  commissioned  Alexander  jg  ^^^^^^ 
de  Prouville,  Marquis  de  Tracy,  to  be  his  lieutenant  gen- Jj^^yj^^'^^; 
eral  in  America,  in  the  absence  of  the  Count  D'Estrades,  France. 
whom  he  had  appointed  viceroy,  but  who  was  now  his  am- 
bassador in  Holland.     Tracy  embarked  with  four  com- 
panies of  infantry,  and,  after  visiting  the  West  Indies,  sail- 
ed for  the  Saint  Lawrence,     Among  other  things,  the  act-   -\qqa. 
ing  viceroy  was  instructed  to  avoid  quarreling  with  thei5Novem. 
Jesuits,  but  not  let  them  encroach  too  much.     Their  inter- 
diction of  the  liquor  trade  had  injured  Canada,  because  the 
savages  carried  all  their  peltries  to  the  Dutch,  who  sup- 
plied them  with  brandy  in   exchange.      Another   conse- 
quence followed :  the  Iroquois  allowed  themselves  "  to  be 
catechized  by  the  Dutch  ministers,  who  instruct  them  in 
heresy."     In  the   opinion  of  Lyonne,  the  Jesuits   should 
have  "  closed  the  eye  to  one  evil  to  avoid  a  greater."  1665 

Soon  after  Tracy  reached  Quebec,  he  was  joined  by  so  June. 
Courcelles  and  Talon.     The  squadron  in  which  they  came 
brought  over,  besides  the  Carignan  regiment,  a  number  of  i4  septem. 
mechanics  and  cattle,  and  the  first  horses  that  had  been 
seen  in  Canada ;  "  in  a  word,  a  more  considerable  colony 
than  that  which  it  came  to  re-inforce."     No  time  was  lost 
in  executing  the  vigorous  policy  which  Louis  had  adopted. 
The  viceroy,  with  all  his  soldiers,  went  up  to  the  mouth  of  23  juiy. 
the  Richelieu,  when  the  fort  which  Montmagny  had  estab-  on  "the " 
lished  in  1642  was  at  once  rebuilt  by  the  able  engineer  or  sorei"' 
Saurel,  or  Sorel,  whose  name  is  commemorated  in  that*''^^'"' 
which  the  river  now  bears.     A  second  fort  was  erected  by 
Chambly  at  the  foot  of  the  rapids,  about  half  way  to  Lake 
Champlain,  which  at  first  was  called  Saint  Louis,  but  was 
soon  known  as  Fort  Chambly.    Three  leagues  farther  south 
a  tliird  fort  was  built,  called  Sainte  Ther^se,  because  it  was 
finished  on  the  fifteenth  day  of  October.     Here  Salieres 
took  his  post  as  colonel ;  and  the  way  to  Lake  Champlain  15  October. 
was  now  commanded  by  the  French,  f 

•  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  20-29,  T85;  raillon,  iii.,  100-110;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  145-147,  150;  D'Es- 
trades, ii.,  576,  577;  Garneau,  i.,  1S8,  ISO;  ante,  p.  78.  De  Mezy  died  at  Quebec  on  the 
5th  of  May,  1665,  a  short  time  before  Courcelles  arrived  there. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  18,  19,  22  ;  Relation,  16C5,  3,  4,  7, 10-13,  25;  La  Potherie,  i.,  319  ;  ii.,  82, 
83;  Charlevoix,  i.,  357;  ii.,  151,  152;  v.,  221;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  43-45;  Warburton,  i.,  373; 
Garneau,  i.,  190;  Ferland,  i.,  320;  Faillon,  iii.,  117-126;  Shea,  251.    On  the  map  in  the 


102  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cnAP.  ni.      These  vigorous  measures  impressed  the  savages.     Depu- 

ties  from  the  Onondagas,  who  also  represented  the  Cayu- 

Decem^r  S^^  ^^^  Seuecas,  hastened  to  Tracy  at  Quebec,  led  by  Gara- 

The  West-  Jjontie,  "  the  father  of  the  Frenchmen."     An  Oneida  chief 

ern  Iro-  '  -i  ^        r        i  •  • 

quois  visit  ioined  the  Western  ambassadors,  and  spoke  for  his  nation. 

"  Onnon-     •>  '  ^     ^  ,  , 

tio."         Presents  were  interchanged  between  the  Iroquois  plenipo- 
tentiaries and  "  Onnontio,"*  by  which  name  they  distin- 
j'^  Decern,  guishcd  the  governor  of  Canada.     A  treaty  was  made,  by 
made?      wliich  Louis  was  declared  the  protector  and  sovereign  of 
the  four  Iroquois  nations,  and  they  his  vassals  and  allies. 
French  families  and  missionaries  were  to  be  settled  among 
the  savages,  and  farms  near  Montreal,  Three  Rivers,  and 
Quebec  assigned  to  emigrants  from  the  four  Iroquois  na- 
tions.    Thus  these  nations  would  "  hold  the  French,  not 
merely  by  the  hem  and  fringe  of  the  garment,  but  clasp 
The  Mo-     them  cordially  around  the  waist."     The  Mohawks  were  not 
included,    iiicluded  ill  tlic  treaty.     The  representatives  of  the  other 
confederates  promised  to  return  to  Quebec  "  within  four 
moons,"  and  ratify  this  acknowledgment  of  their  vassalage 
to  France,  f 
Canada  ig-      Up  to  this  time  the  French  in  Canada  were  ignorant  of 
uie filigiish  the  political  changes  in  New  York.     They  supposed  that 
New  Neth-  it  was  Still  a  Dutcli  province.     The  boundaries  between 
eiiand.      ]N^ew  FraucB  and  the  neighboring  English  colonies  were  in- 
definite ;  but  while  tlie  Oneidas,  Onondagas,  Cayugas,  and 
Senecas  had  just  given  to  Louis  a  nominal  sovereignty  over 
much  of  the  territory  south  of  Lake  Ontario,  the  Mohawks 
had  never  acknowledged  their  subjection  to  any  European 
master.     Tracy  therefore  resolved  to  treat  them  as  enemies. 
16G6.       An  expedition  into  the  Mohawk  coimtry  was  organized, 
and  Courcelles  was  directed  to  take  the  command.     In  the 
9  January,  depth  of  wiutcr  lie  bcgaii  his  march  with  three  hundred 
regular  soldiers  and  two  hundred  Canadians.     The  Father 

Kelation  of  1065,  the  name  of  Sorel  is  ppelled  "Saurel,"  which  seems  to  be  the  true  orthog- 
raphy according  to  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  5'2,  53, 130. 

*  This  word,  derived  from  "Onnonta,"  a  mountain,  signifies,  in  the  Iroquois  tongue, 
"  Great  mountain."  It  was  a  literal  translation  of  the  name  of  Montmagny,  who  was  gov- 
ernor of  Canada  from  1G3G  to  164S ;  and  the  savages,  having  become  familiar  with  the  word, 
applied  it  to  his  successors  in  office.  By  the  same  rule  they  called  the  King  of  France 
"Grand  Onnontio."  The  English,  who  did  not  understand  its  etymology,  wrote  the  word 
"Yonnondio:"  Relation,  1G41,  £2  ;  1G5S,  S  ;  Doc.  Hist.,  1.,  32,  33,  35;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  4S9,  733, 
735;  iv.,  893;  ix.,  37;  La  Potherie,  i.,  303,  348;  Charlevoix,  i.,  350;  Colden,  i.,  29,  62,  70; 
ante,  vol.  i.,  591,  note. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  121-125;  ix.,  37,  38;  Relation,  16G1,  SS;  1GG4,  32;  1GG5,  5;  Charlevoi.x, 
li.,  154,  155;  Doc  Hist.,  i.,  40;  Garneau,  1.,  193;  Shea,  251 ;  Faillon,  iii.,  127,  128. 


KICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  103 

Pierre  Kaffeix  went  along  as  chaplain.     Snow  four  feet  cuat.  hi. 
deep  covered  the  ground,  so  that  no  horses  could  be  used. 
Light  sledges,  drawn  by  mastiffs,  were  the  only  mode  of  ^.g,,,.     ' 
conveying  provisions.     Each  officer  and  soldier  was  also  pe^ft-.'^n  ^' 
obliged  to  carry  a  weight  of  thirty  pounds,  and  to  walk  on  jf^"i"'*J]''' 
large  Canadian  snow-shoes,  to  the  use  of  which  the  heroes 
from  Hungary   were    not   accustomed.     It  required  "  a 
French  courage"  to  sustain  their  long  and  difficult  march 
through  American  forests,  over   deep   snow,  and  across 
frozen  lakes  and  rivers,  and  to  sleep  in  the  woods,  where 
the  cold  was  more  severe  than  the  rudest  winters  in  Eu- 
rope.    From  Fort  Sainte  Therese  they  passed  southward,  so  jan'y. 
over  Lake  Champlain,  toward  the  Mohawk  villages.     But, 
in  the  absence  of  their  expected  Algonquin  guides,  they 
missed  their  way,  and  wandered  in  the  wilderness  until, 
without  knowing  where  they  were,  they  encamped  about  1%  Febi-y. 
two  miles  from  Schenectady,  or  Corlaer.*     A  party  of  Mo-  French 
hawks  appearing,  a  detachment  of  f  usileers  was  sent  against  tady. 
them,  which,  falling  into  an  ambuscade,  lost  several  killed 
and  wounded.     The  Mohawks  reported  their  victory  at 
Schenectady,  and  exhibited  the  heads  of  four  Frenchmen 
as  trophies.     The  news  was  dispatched  to  Albany,  and  the 
next  day  three  of  the  "  principal  inliabitants"  came  to  in-  M  rebr-y. 
quire  why  the  French  commander  had  brought  "  such  a 
body  of  armed  men  into  the  dominions  of  his  majesty  of 
Great  Britain  without  acquainting  the  governor  of  these 
parts  with  his  designs  ?"     Courcelles  replied  that  he  had 
come  to  attack  and  destroy  his  enemies,  the  Mohawks,  but 
not  to  molest  the  English  ;  and  that  he  "  had  not  heard  of 
the  reducing  those  parts  to  his  majesty's  obedience."     See- 
ing that  the  English,  instead  of  the  Dutch,  were  masters,  he 
was  "  disturbed  in  mind,"  and  prophetically  remarked  "  that 
the  King  of  England  did  grasp  at  all  America."     As  it  was 
reported  that  France  and  Holland  had  united  against  En- 
gland, Courcelles  inquired  particularly  about  the  force  at 
Albany,  thinking  that  he  might  take  the  place  by  a  rapid 
movement.     But,  learning  that  the  fort  was  garrisoned  by 
sixty  English  soldiers  with  nine  cannon,  and  that  Baker 

*  The  French  called  this  place  "Corlaer,"  after  Arendt  Van  Curler,  who  had  begun  a  set- 
tlement there  in  1661 :  see  ante,  vol.  i.,  C45,  659,  031,  732;  Colden,  i.,  31 ;  Charlevoix,  ii., 
156;  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  467. 


104:  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  III.  had  seiit  down  to  Brodhead  at  Esopus  for  a  re-enf orce- 
ment,  he  abandoned  the  project.     At  his  request,  seven  of 
The       •  1^^^  wounded  were  taken  to  Albany  for  medical  aid.    Wine 
kindf^      and  provisions  were  cheerfully  supplied,  through  the  influ- 
treated.     euce  of  Yau  Curler ;  but  Courcelles  declined  the  offers  of 
accommodation  for  his  troops  in  Schenectady,  lest  his  half- 
starved  followers,  who  had  camped  imder  the  cold  blue 
heavens  for  six  weeks,  might  desert  if  brought  "  within  the 
smell  of  a  chimney-corner."     Learning  that  most  of  the 
Mohawks  and  Oneidas  had  gone  to  attack  the  "  wampum 
makers,"  while  the  rest  had  retired  to  their  castles,  and 
fearing  that  a  sudden  thaw  might  break  up  the  ice,  Cour- 
celles "  found  it  reasonable  to  return  home,  nothing  effect- 
The         ed."     He  began  his  retreat  with  a  show  of  marching  to- 
letieat.      w^ard  the  Mohawk  villages,  but  soon  faced  northward,  and 
pushed  rapidly  for  Canada.     The  savages  pursued  their 
enemies  to  Lake  Champlain,  and  made  some  prisoners. 
The  French  supposed  that  they  had  terrified  the  Mohawks, 
who  only  took  fresh  courage  because  their  vainglorious 
adversaries  had  "  vanished  like  false  fire."* 

When  the  news  of  Courcelles's  expedition  reached  Nic- 
olls,  he  was  "  surprised"  at  such  an  invasion  of  "  these  His 
Majesty's  dominions"  in  time  of  peace,  which  was  "  not 
conformable  to  the  practice  in  Em-ope."  Yet  he  com- 
mended the  friendly  conduct  of  the  Albany  oflicers,  whose 
Action  of  predecessors  had  "  in  all  former  times  been  very  affection- 
ate with  Christian  charity  to  ransom  or  by  any  other  means 
to  convey  divers  French  prisoners  out  of  the  hands  of  their 
barbarous  enemies."  The  wounded  Frenchmen  who  had 
been  left  there  were  carefully  attended  by  Surgeon  D'Hinse, 
who  spoke  their  own  tongue.  With  Nicolls's  approbation, 
the  officers  at  Albany  exerted  themselves  so  that  the  Mo- 
hawks "  w^ere  at  last  wrought  upon  to  treat  of  peace"  with 
the  French ;  and  a  letter  from  Baker  and  his  colleagues, 
announcing  the  event  to  Tracy,  was  handed  to  the  Oneidas 
to  carry  to  Quebec.  In  consequence  of  the  supplies  which 
had  been  furnished  to  Courcelles,  and  of  an  anticipated 
short  crop,  the  governor  was  obliged  to  prohibit  the  ex- 

*  Relation,  16G6,  6,  7;  Col.  Doc.,  US,  119, 120, 12T,  1.^3, 15?.  395;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  46,  47, 50, 
61,  5,5,  ion  ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  144, 156,  157 ;  Colden,  i.,  31,  32 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  161 ;  Fail- 
Ion,  iii.,  129-134. 


Kicolls 


EICHAED  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  105 

portation  of  wheat  from  New  York,  except  by  special  li-  coap.  hi. 


(jense.  ^ 

By  this  time  apprehension  of  an  attack  by  De  Kuyter 
had  ceased ;  but  the  want  of  trade,  caused  by  the  war  and 
the  English  na^dgation  laws,  was  grievous  to  l\e\y  York. 
In  letters  to  the  Duke  of  York,  and  Clarendon  and  Coven- 
try, Nicolls  described  the  sad  condition  of  the  province. 
To  Arlington  he  wrote,  "In  regard  the  inhabitants  (at 9 April, 
least  three  parts  of  four)  being  Dutch,  though  now  His  Maj-  of  nicouT 
esty's  subjects  as  native  English,  have  been  seated  here 
divers  years  as  a  factory,  and  their  estates  as  well  as  rela- 
tions interwoven  with  their  correspondents  and  friends  in 
Holland,  unless  His  Majesty  pleaseth  to  grant  them  some 
extraordinary  enfranchisement,  the  sudden  interruption  of 
their  factory  with  Holland  will  absolutely  destroy  all  the 
present  inhabitants ;  who,  setting  aside  the  innate  love  to 
their  country  in  this  time  of  war  after  so  sudden  a  change, 
will  prove  better  subjects  than  we  have  found  in  some  of 
the  other  colonies ;  and,  with  a  moderate  permission,  both 
for  time  and  trade,  will  support  this  government  better 
than  can  be  reasonably  expected  fi'om  new  comers  of  our 
own  nation,  who  at  first,  as  we  find  by  experience,  are 
blown  up  with  large  designs,  but  not  knowing  the  knack 
of  trading  here  to  differ  from  most  other  places,  they  meet 
with  discouragements,  and  stay  not  to  become  wiser."  After 
alluding  to  the  action  of  the  royal  commissioners,  and  the 
"  sophistry"  and  "  pride"  of  Massachusetts,  NicoUs  remarked 
that  New  York  "  will  withdraw,  in  short  time,  most  of  their 
trade  hither,  where  I  have  begun  to  set  up  a  school  of  bet- 
ter religion  and  obedience  to  God  and  the  king."  Again  he 
urged  that  "  a  speedy  consideration  be  taken  of  the  neces- 
sities both  of  the  soldiers  and  country.  For  myself,"  he 
added,  "  I  am  utterly  ruined  in  my  small  estate  and  credit ; 
and,  which  is  worse,  without  very  great  supplies  I  shall  not 
be  able  to  secure  or  make  an  honest  defence  of  his  maj- 
esty's interest  should  we  be  attacked  by  a  foreign  force." 
The  English  soldiers,  upon  whom  alone  he  could  rely,  were 
now  dispersed  into  four  garrisons,  at  New  York,  Esopus,  Al- 

*  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  126-134;  Ord.,  Warr.,  Lett.,  ii.,  30,  78,  157.  Nicolls  appears  to  have 
thought  of  sending  Van  Curler  to  Canada,  but  the  latter  did  not  go  until  the  next  year :  Col. 
Doc.,  iii.,  12S,  156  ;  2}ost,  121. 


106  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK, 

Chap. III.  h&uj,  and  the  Delaware.  "My  ignorance,"  he  modestly 
suggested, '"'  made  me  bold  to  undertake  so  great  a  charge, 
which  will  become  a  much  wiser  man  and  of  a  more  plen- 
tiful fortune."* 

TheDeia-       TliB  Delaware  territory  had  meanwhile  been  governed 

ware  erii-  -^^  ^{qqWq  ou  his  owu  responsibility,  without  any  directions 

20  March,  fi'om  England.  To  encourage  its  trade,  he  directed  that  no 
duties  should  be  levied  on  any  merchandise  carried  between 
it  and  ]!^ew  York.     By  Ensign  Arthur  Stock,  who  had  acted 

0  April,  as  commissary  there,  NicoUs  wrote  to  Arlington,  exposing 
the  fallacy  of  Lord  Baltimore's  pretensions  to  the  Delaware 
country,  and  urging  that  it  might  be  granted  to  Berkeley 
and  Carteret  in  place  of  New  Jersey.  "  If  some  course  be 
not  taken  to  rectify  these  great  mistakes,"  he  added, "  New 
York,  Delaware,  and  the  Lord  Berkeley's  interest  will  de- 
stroy each  other."     Sir  Robert  Carr,  who  was  now  at  New 

9  April.  York,  also  renewed  his  suggestion  that  Delaware  should  be 
united  with  some  of  the  Eastern  colonies,  and  himself  made 
the  governor,  which  he  thought  would  be  "  both  useful  and 
beneficial."  Nevertheless  Delaware  long  remained  an  in- 
convenient appendage  to  New  York.f 

In  spite  of  the  admonitions  of  Nicolls,  few  patents  for 
lands  Avere  yet  issued.     An  important  one,  however,  was 

18 May.     granted  to  tlie   inhabitants   of  Haerlem,  or  "Lancaster," 

patent.  wliicli  Confirmed  their  former  privileges,  but  in  subordina- 
tion to  the  city  of  New  York, "  as  being  within  the  liber- 
ties thereof.":}: 

Following  the  example  of  Gardiner,  the  owners  of  Shel- 

sheiter  isi- ter  Island  obtained  a  confirmation  of  their  title.  This 
'  beautiful  spot,  formerly  known  as  "  Farret's  Island,"  had 
come  into  the  possession  of  Thomas  Middleton,  and  Con- 
stant and  Nathaniel  Sylvester,  of  Barbadoes.  The  latter, 
who  professed  to  be  a  Quaker,  settled  himself  at  Shelter 
Island.  In  consideration  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds, 
paid  "  one  half  in  beef  and  the  other  half  in  pork,"  toward 

25  May.     the  support  of  the  New  York  government,  Nicolls  released 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  114, 115.  This  letter,  being  addressed  to  Lord  Arlington  as  Secretary  of 
State,  is  preserved  in  the  British  State  Paper  Office.  Those  of  the  same  date,  which  Nicolls 
wrote  to  the  Duke  of  York,  Lord  Clarendon,  and  Secretaiy  Coventry,  were  not  deposited 
there  :  see  N.  Y.  H.  P.  Coll.  (ISCO),  113-120. 

t  Ord.,  Warr.,  Lptt.,  ii.,  43;  S.  Hazard,  SCO,  3T0 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii  ,  105,  lO."*,  113-115;  R.  I. 
Col.  Ecc,  ii.,  13T,  13S  ;  Chalmers,  i.,  0.^4. 

t  Patents,  i ,  5T-60 ;  Uofifraan,  i.,  131 ;  antr,  p.  7fi ;  vol.  i.,  G74,  6T5. 


RICHAED  NICOLLS,  GOVERXOK.  107 

the  island  forever  from  all  taxes  and  all  military  duty.    A  coAr.  iii. 
patent  was  also  issued  confirming  it  to  the  Sylvesters  as  an 
'•  entii'e  enfi*anchised  to^vnship,  manor,  and  place  of  itself,"  ^^^^ 
with  eqnal  privileges  with  any  other  town  in  the  province.* 

Visiting  Hempstead  again  at  the  time  of  the  annual 
races,  NicoUs  made  a  treaty  with  Tackapausha,  the  chief  ii  June, 
sachem  of  the  Marsapeagues,  and  other  Long  Island  tribes, 
by  which  they  covenanted  to  be  at  peace  with  the  Enghsh 
and  submit  to  their  government,  f 

In  the  mean  time  there  was  great  discontent  on  Long  Ducontent 
Island,  especially  in  its  eastern  towns,  which  were  vexed  Sam"" 
at  being  no  longer  under  the  government  of  Connecti- 
cut.    Southampton,  Southold,  and  Easthampton  refused  to  i»  apiil 
choose  the  local  officers  required  by  the  duke's  laws,  and 
would  not  pay  their  rates.    NicoUs  therefore  warned  them  21  Apni. 
against  sedition,  and  that  the  duke's  authority  would  be 
enforced.     The  oath  required  from  the  overseers  seemed 
to  be  the  chief  stumbling-block,  and  this  the  governor  pru- 
dently waived.     The  authors  of  the  trouble  were  Howell,  3  Jiay. 
of  Southampton,  and  Younge,  of  Southold,  whose  rival  and 
colleague  at  the  Hempstead  meeting,  William  Wells,  had 
been  made  high-sheriff  of  Yorkshire.     In  the  judgment  of  t  May. 
Kicolls,  Younge  was  "  a  bad  instrument,"  but  had  no  brains 
"  to  carry  on  such  a  business."    Underhill,  the  high-consta- 
ble of  the  North  Riding,  whose  "  reall  hart"  inclined  to  Con- 
necticut, likewise  wrote  from  Oyster  Bay  representing  "  the  20  Apra. 
distempers  of  the  people  against  the  present  form  of  govern- 
ment, by  wliich  they  are  inslaved  under  an  arbitrary  pow- 
er," and  intimated  that  there  were  some  who  would  "  hazard 
both  life  and  estate  in  a  mutiny  and  rebellion  rather  than 
bear  the  burden  of  the  public  charge."     Nicolls  peremp-  NicoHs 
torily  denounced  the  complainants  as  calumniators  or  trai-  ^dufoS.^ 
tors,  and  made  known  his  purpose  to  act  vigorously,  but  ^  ^^^^- 
justly,  in  every  case.:}: 

Much  of  this  ill  feeling  arose  from  the  discontent  of  the  canse  of 
eastern  Long  Island  to"svns  with  the  result  of  the  Hemp-  tent.  ^^'^°°' 
stead  meeting.    They  disliked  various  provisions  in  Nicolls's 

*  New  Haven  Col.  Rec,  ii.,  51,  89,  92,  i:2, 190-104,  304,  SSO,  412 ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,i.,  £86, 
390,400,427;  Cldmixon,  ii.,  28;  Fox's  Journal  (Philad.  ed),  4?.8,  442,  453 ;  Patents,  i.,  05, 
133;  Thompson,  i.,  304-307,  392  ;  Wood,  6,  9 ;  ante,  p.  90  ;  vol.  i,  292,  300,  SOI. 

t  Wood,  79;  Thompson,  i,  94;  ii.,8. 

t  Ord  ,  Warr.,  Lett.,  ii.,  40,  47,  50, 54, 55, 58,  59,  60,  61 ;  Maas.  U.  S.  Co'.l.,  xxxvii.,  192. 


108  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  III.  code,  aiid  pined  for  a  legislative  assembly  after  the  manner 
of  New  England.    Above  all,  tliey  were  mortified  by  what 
•  they  thought  was  servile  language  in  the  address  of  their 
delegates  to  the  Duke  of  York.    This  feeling  grew  when  it 
was  seen  that  several  of  those  delegates  had  been  appointed 
to  office  by  the  governor.    Censures  were  so  fi-eely  uttered 
by  the  disaffected,  that  the  delegates,  to  justify  themselves, 
21  June,     drew  up  a  "  Narrative  and  Kemonstrance,"  in  which  they 
tive"'of  the  detailed  what  had  occurred  at  Hempstead,  and  declared 
dd^at^*  that  their  address  to  the  duke  could  not  "  bear  any  other 
natural  sense  and  construction  than  our  obedience  and  sub- 
mission to  His  Majesty's  letters  patent,  according  to  our 
duty  and  allegiance."     This  narrative  they  published  and 
recorded  in  each  town, "  that  future  ages  may  not  be  season- 
ed with  the  sour  malice  of  such  unreasonable  and  ground- 
less aspersions."* 

Yet  this  did  not  satisfy  the  people.     Disaffection  became 
60  general  that  the  governor  was  obliged  to  interfere.     At 
September,  the  autumu  scssiou  of  the  Court  of  Assizes,  it  was  accord- 
the  Court  iugly  dccrccd  "  that  whosoever  shall  reproach  or  defame 
.against  se-  any  pcrsou  or  persons  who  have  or  shall  act  in  any  public 
employment,  either  in  court  or  otherwise,  or  shall  \dlify 
their  proceedings  who  serve  the  pubhc  in  this  Government 
by  authority  under  His  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of  York, 
or  whoever  hereafter   shall  any  ways  detract  or   speak 
against  any  of  the  deputies   signing  the  Address  to  His 
Royal  Highness  at  the  General  Meeting  at  Hempstead, 
they  shall  be  presented  at  the  next  Court  of  Sessions,  and 
if  the  Justices  shall  see  cause,  they  shall  from  thence  be 
bound  over  to  the  Assizes,  there  to  answer  for  the  slander 
upon  plaint  or  information."     Sedition  was  most  violent 
at  Setalcott,  or  Brookhaven.    Arthur  Smith,  of  that  place, 
was  convicted  at  the  Assizes  of  saying  that  "  the  King  was 
none  of  his  King,  and  the  Governor  none  of  his  Governor," 
29  septem.  and  Sentenced  to  be  put  in  the  stocks.     Richard  Wood- 
hull  was   also  fined  five   pounds,  and  required  to  make 
1  October,  a   public    acknowledgment.     The  same  punishment  was 
awarded  to  William  Lawrence,  of  Flushing.f 

*  Deeds,  ii.,4.0-4S;  Wood,  87, 173, 175;  Thompson,  i.,  137 ;  ii.,  323-32(3. 
t  Court  of  Assizer,  ii.,  82,  83,  84,  94;  Col.  MSS.,  xxii.,  107;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.,  i ,  417; 
Thompson,  i.,  137,  409,  410 ;  ii.,  3C4,  398. 


KICHAED  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  109 

Several  amendments  of  the  code  were  made  at  this  ses-  chap.  hi. 
sion  of  the  Assizes.     Public  rates  were  required  to  be  paid  ~~ 
every  year  in  wheat  and  other  produce,  at  certain  fixed  27  septem 
prices,  "  and  no  other  payment  shall  be  allowed  of."     As  ^  Qg*°ber 
the  law  ao;ainst  selling  liquor  to  the  savac^es  was  disreo-ard-  Amend- 

^       ~  .  .  ments  to 

ed,  owing  to  the  difiiculty  of  proof,  it  was  ordered  "  that  al-  ti^e  code. 
though  the  testimony  of  heathens  against  Christians  may 
not  altogether  be  allowed,  yet,  when  it  meets  with  other 
apparent,  circumstances,  such  as  may  be  sufficient  to  con- 
vince a  jury,  in  such  cases  the  Indian  testimonies  shall  be 
admitted  as  good  proofs  against  the  persons  accused."  Per- 
haps the  most  important  decree  related  to  land  patents. 
"  The  Court  having  taken  notice  of  the  defects  and  failings 
of  both  towns  and  persons  in  particular  of  not  bringing  in 
their  grants  or  patents  to  receive  a  confirmation  of  them, 
or  not  coming  to  take  out  new  grants  where  they  are  de- 
fective, or  where  there  are  none  at  all,  according  to  former 
directions  in  the  Law,  As  also  taking  it  into  their  serious  con- 
siderations that  several  towns  and  persons  within  this  Gov- 
ernment, as  well  English  as  Dutch,  do  hold  their  lands  and 
houses  upon  the  conditions  of  being  subjects  to  the  States 
of  the  United  Belgic  Provinces,  which  is  contrary  to  the 
allegiance  due  to  his  Majesty,  They  do  therefore  Order  that 
all  grants  or  patents  whatsoever  formerly  made,  shall  be 
brought  in,  to  be  confirmed  or  renewed  by  authority  of  his  Land  pat- 
Koyal  Highness  the  Diike  of  York,  and  all  such  as  have  renewed." 
not  patents  shall  likewise  be  supplied  therewith  by  the  first 
day  of  April  next  after  the  date  hereof ;  after  which  time 
neither  town  nor  private  person,  whether  English  or  Dutch, 
shall  have  liberty  to  plead  any  such  old  grants,  patents,  or 
deeds  of  purchase  in  law,  but  they  shall  be  looked  upon  as 
invalid  to  all  intents  and  purposes."* 

This  stringent  ordinance  made  great  commotion.  It  was 
vigorously  enforced,  because  the  quit-rents  and  fees  on 
renewals  were  necessary  for  the  support  of  the  govern- 
ment. In  the  course  of  the  next  few  months,  Neperhaem, 
Pelham,  Westchester,  Eastchester,  Huntington,  Flushing,  New  pat- 
Brookhaven,  Easthampton,  New  Utrecht,  Gravesend,  Ja- ed.^  ^'^""'^ 
maica,  Hempstead,  Newtown,  Flatlands,  Bushwick,  Flat- 

*  Court  of  As3izea,  ii.,  80;  Col.  MSS.,  xxii.,  107;  N.  Y.  Hist.  See.  Coll.,  i.,  414-419 ;  Hoff- 
man's Treatise,  i.,  97. 


110  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ouAP.iii.  busli,  and  Brooklyn,  paid  new  fees  and  obtained  new 
charters  which  generally  confirmed  to  each  of  them  their 
*  old  boundaries,  and  "  all  the  rights  and  privileges  belong- 
ing to  a  town  within  this  government,"  But  Southold  and 
Southampton  refused  to  comply  with  this  law ;  and  it  was 
not  until  several  years  afterward  that  they  were  finally 
obhged  to  yield.* 

Nicolls,  however,  made  allowances  in  special  cases.  In 
the  city  of  Kew  York,  where  all  land  titles  were  derived 
cfrlnd^  from  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  the  payments  for 
"^itent^  new  patents  were  greatly  eased.  The  magistrates  of  Al- 
f^jXovem.  bany  were  granted  a  month's  delay,  "in  regard  'tis  uncer- 
tain whether  the  river  will  be  open  before  the  time  prefix- 
ed by  the  Court  of  Assizes  for  bringing  in  jonr  ground- 
briefs  under  a  penalty."  They  were  also  desired  to  keep 
a  strict  hand  upon  the  authors  or  reporters  of  strange  news, 
"  that  amongst  yourselves  no  quarrels  or  disputes  may  arise, 
and  to  the  end  that  English  and  Dutch  may  live  as  broth- 
ers." At  the  same  time  Nicolls  advised  Jeremias  van 
Rensselaer,  who  claimed  Albany  as  a  part  of  Rensselaer- 
wyck, "  not  to  grasp  at  too  much  autliority,"  as  the  ques- 
tion was  to  be  settled  by  the  Duke  of  York,  to  whom  it  had 
been  referred.  "  If  you  imagine,"  he  added,  "  there  is 
pleasure  in  titles  of  Government,  I  wish  that  I  could  serve 
your  appetite,  for  I  have  found  only  trouble."! 

The  roguery  of  some  of  the  soldiers  gave  ISTicolls  much 
annoyance.     Thomas  Weall  and  two  others  of  the  garrison 
0  Novem.    at  Ncw  York  were  convicted  of  having  stolen  some  goods 
eoidiJrs.     "  out  of  Captain  Carteret's  cellar,"  and  it  was  determined 
that  one  of  them  should  die.     The  fatal  lot  fell  to  Weall. 
But  on  the  Sunday  evening  before  he  was  to  be  executed, 
"  a  company  of  the  chief  women  of  the  city,  both  English 
11  Novem.  and  Dutch,"  earnestly  besought  the  governor  to  spare  his 
life.     The   next  morning  they  again  interceded,  accom- 
panied by  "  many  others  of  the  better  sort,  and  a  greater 

*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  473 ;  viiL,  441 ;  Patents,  i.,  8S,  91,  99,  102,  105,  108,  111 ;  iv.,  50,  51,  50, 
54,56,58;  Bolton's  Westchester,  i.,  125,  3T5,  517;  ii.,  171,  412;  Faker's  Newtown,  74,75; 
Tliompson's  L.  I.,  i.,  311,  312,  834,  335,  .384,  385,  411,  467 ;  ii.,  81,  159, 171, 177, 1S3,  201, 220 ; 
Stiles's  Brooklyn,  1.,  154-156 ;  ante^  vol.  i.,  762. 

t  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  443, 444;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  143, 144.     Jeremias  van  Eensselaer  seem- 
ed to  claim  a  right  to  succeed  his  brother  John  Baptist  as  proprietor,  but  NicoUa  advised 
him  to  apply  the  line  of  Ovid — FiliuH  ante  diem  patrios  iiiquirit  in  annos — and  not  to  in- 
quire prematurely,  like  a  grasping  son,  how  long  his  fatlier  was  to  live.     See  Barn'ird's  . 
Sketch  of  Kensselaerwyck,  131-133. 


RICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  Ill 

number  of  the  ordinary  Dutcli  women."     All  the  privates  chap.  in. 
in  the  garrison,  headed  by  Sergeant  Thomas  Exton,  joined 
in  a  petition  for  their  comrade's  release.     Yielding  to  these 
influences,  Nicolls  drew  up  the  soldiers  on  parade,  andi2Noveni. 
pardoned  the  prisoners.* 

The  governor's  prudence  was  generally  appreciated,  and 
his  influence  grew  stronger  every  day.  "  Many  old  mat- 
ters are  ripped  up  and  misinterpreted,"  wrote  Yan  Ruyven  /y^""'- 
to  Stuyvesant  in  Holland,  "  but  they  are  wisely  disregard-  of  Nicou;^. 
ed  by  Governor  Nicolls,  so  that  a  man  remarked  to  me  that 
it  was  the  Governor's  policy  to  follow  the  same  course  you 
had  observed  in  the  case  of  Governor  Kieft."t 

On  reaching  London  after  his  captivity,  Cartwright  had 
explained  the  condition  of  affairs  in  IS^ew  York,  and  the 
duke  had  licensed  two  ships  to  sail  thither  with  necessary 
supplies ;  but  Mcolls  could  not  yet  be  spared  from  his  gov- 
ernment.    In  very  friendly  terms  Clarendon  intimated  to  is  Apru. 

NicoUs 

him  that  he  might  before  long  expect  to  return  to  England,  commend- 
"  and  then  I  hope  some  others  will  receive  encouragement  gund. 
by  your  example  to  look  a  little  abroad,  and  imploy  them- 
selves in  doing  good  for  their  country."     Secretary  Mor- 
rice  also  wrote  him  a  flattering  letter  on  behalf  of  the  king,  12  Apni. 
and  enclosed  a  present  of  two  hundred  pounds,  which  Nic- 
oUs  gratefully  received  as  given  "  at  a  time  when  money 
can  be  least  spared.":}: 

Finding  that  it  was  useless  to  continue  them  in  New  En- 
gland, the  king,  in  gracious  words,  recalled  his  commission- 10  Apru. 
ers  with  "  considerable  gratuities."     Letters  expressing  the  mXioneS" 
royal  approbation  were  Hkewise  addressed  to  the  submis-  ^^'^  ^ ' 
sive  colonies  of  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  and  Plymouth ; 
but  Massachusetts  was  ordered  to  send  over  Bellingham, 
Hathorne,  and  others,  to  answer  for  her  to  the  king.     Mav- 
erick and  Carr,  one,  or  both,  were  also  directed  to  return 
as  witnesses.     These  letters  were  sent  under  cover  to  the  c  August. 
commissioners  at  Boston,  where  they  were  received  by  Mav- 
erick early  in  August.     By  order  of  Secretary  Morrice,  a 
duplicate  of  the  one  to  Massachusetts,  "  signed  and  sealed," 

•  N.  Y.  Surrogate's  Rec.  Wills,  i.,  13-lS ;  Val.  Man.,  1S4T,  354,  355,  356. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iL,  473.  Stuyvesant'a  policy  had  been  to  sustain  the  acts  of  liis  predecessor 
Kieft :  see  ante,  vol.  i.,  468,  469,472. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  116, 136  ;  Chalmers,  i.,  57S ;  Ord.,  Warr,  Lett.,  ii ,  S7 ;  Alass.  H.  S.  Coll., 
xxxvii.,  312. 


112  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.  III.  was  delivered  the  next  month  by  Maverick  to  Governor 
Bellingham.     But  the  General  Court,  "  with   an  uncom- 
c  septera!  ^^^  Strain  of  dissimulation,"  affected"  to  doubt  its  genuine- 
tiono?Mi'.  ■'^^^^?  notwithstanding  a  copy  had  been  "  surreptitiously  con- 
sachusetts.  yeycd  over  to  them  by  some  unknov^ni  hand  before  the 
11  septem.  Original  came  to  Boston."     An  answer  was  addressed  to 
Secretary  Morrice, "  in  all  humility"  refusing  to  obey  the 
royal  directions ;  but,  to  avert  the  king's  displeasure,  a 
present  of  "two  very  large  masts"  for  his  navy  was  pre- 
pared at  great  expense,  and  sent  to  England,  which  it  was 
hoped  would  prove  "  as  a  cloud  of  latter  rain."     The  dis- 
3  Novem.    obedieiice  of  the  Puritan  colony  was  rebuked  by  NicoUs, 

Carr,  and  Maverick,  but  without  effect.^'' 
24  October.      In  Writing  to  Secretary  Morrice,  NicoUs  sharply  review- 
tioS'^of     ed  the  "  false  sophistry"  of  Massachusetts,  and  suggested 
the  En-  **   that  tlic  king  might  "  easily  chastise  their  undutif  ulness, 
frnmfnr  ^ot  by  forcc,  which  might  frighten  the  innocent  as  well  as 
nocent,  but  by  a  temporary  embargo  upon  their  trade,  'till 
such  and  such  persons  are  delivered  into  the  hands  of  jus- 
tice.    The  nmnerous  well-affected  people  in  that  and  oth- 
er colonies  would  soon  give  up  the  ringleaders  at  His  Maj- 
esty's disposal.     Neither  would  BQs  Majesty  lose  any  of  liis 
customs  by  that  embargo ;  for  if  strict  care  were  taken  to 
send  a  convenient  number  of  ships  with  goods  suitable  to 
this  port,  all  the  trade  of  Boston  would  be  brought  hither, 
and  from  thence  carried  into  England;  in  which  case,  a 
frigate  of  countenance  for  convoy  or  any  emergent  occa- 
sion would  be  necessary,  if  possibly  to  be  supplied  out  of 
His  Majesty's   more  immediate  service.     Indeed,  in  the 
posture  we  are,  every  small  picaroon  of  the  enemy's  is 
master  of  all  om*  harbors  and  rivers,  from  the  Capes  of 
Virginia  to  Piscatawa3\"t 
6  Novem.        At  tlic  saiiie  time,  Nicolls  sent  to  the  British  government 
report^n    au  interesting  autograph  report  of  the  condition  of  New 
York,  in  the  form  of  "  Answers  to  the  several  queries  re- 
lating to  the  planters  in  the  Territories  of  His  Eoyal  High- 
ness the  Duke  of  York  in  America."    Among  other  things, 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  IIG,  13G,  140, 141, 142,  ICO,  173 ;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xx.xvii.,  312-314 ;  Ch.il- 
mera,  i.,  149,  277,  390;  Hutch.,  i.,  253,  257,  546-54S ;  Coll.,  408-410;  Mass.  Kec,  iv.  (ii.), 
314-318,  327 ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  514  ;  R.  I.  Rec,  ii.,  149 ;  Pepys,  iii.,  24 ;  Bancroft,  ii ,  87- 
89 ;  B.irry,  i.,  400-403 ;  Palfrey,  ii.,  006,  G24-630. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii., 473;  iii.,13G,  137;  Ord.,  Wan-.,  Lett.,  ii.,  85;  Chalmers,  i.,  578, 509;  N.  Y. 
II.  S.  Coll.  (1S09),  125-131, 157-159. 


New  York. 


RICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  113 

he  explained  that  the  governor  and  council,  with  the  high-  chap.iii. 
sheriff  and  justices  in  the  Court  of  Assizes, "  have  the  su- 
preme  power  of  making,  altering,  and  abolishing  any  laws 
in  this  Government ;"  that  "  the  tenure  of  lands  is  derived 
from  His  Koyal  Highness,"  who  would  grant  them  at  rents 
of  one  penny  an  acre,  when  purchased  by  liimself  from  the 
Indians,  and  of  two  shillings  and  sixpence  for  a  hundred 
acres  when  so  bought  by  the  planters ;  that  "  liberty  of 
conscience  is  granted  and  assured,"  provided  the  peace  of 
the  government  be  not  disturbed ;  that  the  rate  for  public 
charges  had  been  agreed  to  "  in  a  General  Assembly,  and 
is  now  managed  by  the  Governor,  his  Council,  and  the  Jus- 
tices in  the  Court  of  Assizes ;"  and  that  "  the  obtaining  all 
these  pri^dleges  is  long  since  recommended  to  His  Royal 
Highness  as  the  most  necessary  encouragement  to  these  his 
territories,  whereof  a  good  answer  is  expected."* 

In  the  mean  time,  the  war  in  Europe  between  England 
and  Holland  and  France  seriously  affected  the  American 
colonies.     Suspicious  of  the  Canadians,  Nicolls  engaged  june. 
Winthrop  and  the  Connecticut  magistrates  to  mediate  with 
the  Mahicans  for  a  peace  between  them  and  the  Mohawks. 
The  king's  letters  of  the  22d  of  February,  directing  hostili- 
ties against  Canada,  being  now  received,  measures  were 
taken  to  stir  up  tlie  Mohawks  to  war  with  the  French.    In- 
formation soon  afterward  reached  NicoUs  that  a  large  force  5  juiy. 
was  marching  from  Canada  "  towards  Albany."     The  gar- 
rison at  Esopus  was  at  once  ordered  to  strengthen  that 
place.    The  governor  also  urged  the  authorities  of  Connec-  6  juiy. 
ticut  and  Massachusetts  to  raise  a  cavalry  expedition,  which  attack  of 
could  "  cut  off  the  whole  strength  of  Canada  at  once."   Con-  ^^^  ^' 
necticut  pleaded  that  all  her  hands  were  occupied  in  theiuuiy. 
harvest ;  and  suggested  that  as  she  wished  to  promote  peace  cut  refuses. 
between  the  Mohawks  and  the  Mahicans,  it  would  be  well 
"  to  let  the  French  and  Mohawks  try  it  out  a  while,"  by 

*  Col.  Doc.,lii.,lS8;  Chalmers,  i.,  596,  507;  WHiitehead'a  Index  N.  J.  Col.Doc,  4.  Chal- 
mers says  that  Nicolls  transmitted  these  answers  in  July,  16(:5.  They  are  not  dated,  but 
they  appear  to  have  been  sent  by  him  in  November,  1666,  as  they  are  placed  in  the  volume 
in  the  State  Paper  Office  next  to  his  letter  to  the  commissioners  at  Albany  of  6  November, 
1666  :  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  130,  143, 188;  New  York  Papers,  i.,  28,  30,  31.  It  was  firet  intended 
that  Sir  Kobert  Carr  should  convey  these  papers  to  England,  and  then  that  Maverick  should, 
as  one  or  both  had  been  ordered  home.  But  both  were  "  taken  sick,"  and  neither  could  go. 
(Jarr,  however,  sailed  from  Boston  on  20  March,  1667,  for  Bristol,  where  he  arrived  on  the 
first  of  June  foUowinjr,  and  died  the  next  day  :  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  160, 161 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i , 
i50 ;  Morton's  Mem.,  315,  note ;  Smith,  i.,  33 ;  Mass.  11.  S.  Coll.,  xxxvii.,  312,  313. 

XL— II 


114  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  m.  wbich  both  would  be  weakened.    Wintbrop,  bowever,  learn- 
ins:  from  Baker  at  Albany  tbat  the  Frencb  were  endeavor- 

1  AAA 

26jui       "^§  ^^  S^i^^  t^^®  Mabicans,  interfered  so  seasonably  as  to 
prevent  tbe  going  over  of  "  many  bundred"  expected  auxil- 
iaries.    Horsemen  were  likewise  sent  out  from  Hartford 
and  Springfield,  wlio  penetrated  with  great  difficulty  one 
bundred  and  twenty  miles  tbrougb  tbe  wilderness  as  far  as 
Lake  Cbamplain,  "  to  discover  tbe  way  toward  Canada," 
September,  and  procure  intelligence.    Wintbrop  also  went  to  Boston  to 
consult  witb  tbe  Massachusetts  authorities  and  Sir  Thomas 
Temple,  the  Governor  of  ISTova  Scotia.    It  was  there  unan- 
imously agreed  "tbat  at  present  there  could  be  nothing 
done  by  these  colonies  in  reducing  those  places  at  or  about 
24  October.  Canada."     The  General  Court  of  Massachusetts  notified 
ieusTe-"'  Lord  Arlington  that  the  reduction  of  Canada  was  "  not  at 
'"'^''        present  feazable,  as  well  in  respect  of  tbe  difficulty,  if  not 
impossibility,  of  a  land  march  over  the  rocky  mountains  and 
bowling  desarts  about  four  bundred  miles,  as  the  strength 
of  tbe  Frencb  there,  according  to  reports."    Wintbrop  also 
g.-ioctober.  wrote  to  the  same  effect.     Privateers,  bowever,  were  com- 
com'^u!'^^  missioned  at  Boston,  which  made  prize  of  several  Frencb 
fishing  vessels."^ 

On  their  side  the  Frencb  bad  not  been  idle.    As  soon  as 
tbe  Saint  Lawrence  was  clear  of  ice,  ten  Seneca  sachems 
came  down  to  Quebec  to  ratify  the  treaty  which  the  Onon- 
dagas  bad  made  in  their  behalf  with  Tracy  the  previous 
13  May.    Deccmbcr.    They  now  promised  to  send  some  of  their  f  am- 
of th""ves°  ilies  to  settle  in  Canada  as  hostages,  and  to  aclniowledge 
qlwil'^tothe  the  King  of  France  "  henceforth  as  their  sovereign."   Tracy, 
French      ^^^  j^jg  part,  agreed  to  send  Frencb  colonists  and  Jesuit  mis- 
sionaries to  the  Senecas,  who  stipulated  to  build  cabins  for 
their  shelter  and  forts  to  protect  them  from  "  tbe  common 
enemy  tbe  Andastes  and  others."t 

Thus  the  Upper  Iroquois  confirmed  their  vassalage  to 
France.  But  no  overtures  came  from  tbe  Mohawks.  Tracy 
now  resolved  to  extend  bis  permanent  military  occupation 
further  to  the  south,  and  directed  Captain  La  Motte  to 
buikl  a  new  fort  on  an  island  in  tbe  upper  part  of  Lake 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  IIT,  120, 121, 13T,  138, 141;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  40, 43, 45,  514;  Masa.  Rep., 
jv.  (it.),  316,  317,  328,  329 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xviii.,  101-109 ;  xxx.,  63 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  1.,  250, 
2.57;  Coll., 407:  Bancroft,  ii., 88;  Palfrey,  ii.,  630;  iii.,  114-116;  ante,-p.01. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  125;  ix.,44,45;  Doc.  Ui8t.,L,47;  Faillon,  iii.,134;  anie,  p.  100,  no/e. 


RICHAKD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOE.  115 

Champlain.     This  post,  which  was  the  first  one  possessed  cnAP.iii. 
by  the  French  within  the  ancient  Kmits  of  New  York,  was 
named  Fort  Sainte  Anne,  but  was  afterward  better  known  ^^j.^  g^^'^^ 
as  Fort  La  Motte.     Intended  to  command  the  Mohawk  ^^^^^^^^ 
country,  it  soon  caused  uneasiness  to  the  neighboring  En- 
ghsh  colonies."'^ 

Soon  afterward  Oneida  envoys  came  to  Quebec,  tardily  ^  j  ™^"  -• 
bringing  the  letter  of  the  Albany  officers  assuring  Tracy 
that  the  Mohawks  wished  peace  with  the  French.     Two 
detachments  of  two  hundred  men   each  had  meanwhile 
been  ordered  to  march,  under  Courcelles  and  Sorel,  from 
the  forts  on  the  Eicheheu,  against  that  nation.     Under- 
standing the  Albany  letter  as  a  guarantee  for  the  good 
faith  of  the  Mohawks,  Tracy  countermanded  the  expedi- 
tions, and  signed  a  treaty  covenanting  peace  between  the  A  July. 
French  and  the  Oneidas  and  Mohawks.    Prisoners  were  to  das^and" 
be  mutually  restored,  and  trade  with  Canada  by  way  of  agrerio" 
Lake  Saint  Sacrement  was  to  be  open  to  the  Oneidas,  who  tueFrench. 
now  ratified  the  treaty  made  two  months  before  by  the 
Western  Iroquois,  and,  like  them,  acknowledged  the  King 
of  France  "  from  this  time  as  their  sovereign."    It  was  also 
agreed  that  Jesuit  missionaries  should  be  sent  "  to  make 
known  to  them  the  God  of  the  French,  whom  they  prom- 
ise to  love  and  adore."    Hostages  were  left  with  Tracy  for 
the  faithful  performance  of  these  conditions.     At  the  re- 
quest of  the  Oneidas,  the  Father  Thierry  Bechefer,  with 
Hertel  and  two  other  Frenchmen,  were  sent,  under  their  i4Juiy. 
escort,  to  visit  the  soldiers  whom  Courcelles  had  left  at  Al- 
bany, and  treat  with  the  Mohawks  there,  or  assure  them 
that  they  might  safely  come  to  Quebec  at  any  time  within 
forty  days.     The  letter  of  the  Albany  authorities  was  also 
published  at  the  several  French  garrisons ;  and  all  felt  con- 
fident that  peace  between  Canada  and  the  Iroquois  was 
secured.f 

But  scarcely  had  Bechefer  and  his  companions  gone 
three  days'  journey  from  Quebec,  when  news  came  that 
several  French  officers,  who  had  gone  out  a  hunting  from 

*  Relation,  1665, 10;  1666,  T,8;  Doc.  Hist,  i.,  43,  4S;  ii.,162;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  141, 145, 146, 
155,  803 ;  iv.,  195,  404 ;  ix.,  601, 1050 ;  Faillon,  iii., 126, 13.5.  Fort  Sainte  Anne,  or  La  Motte, 
appears  to  have  been  built  on  Isle  La  Motte,  which,  being  east  of  the  present  boundary-line 
between  New  York  and  Vermont,  belongs  to  the  latter  state:  N.  Y.  Revised  Statutes,  i.,  64. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  126-132,  153;  i.K.,  45,46,  52, 169,  786;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  47,  51,  52;  Relation, 
1661,  34;  1666, 7 ;  1670,  45;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  110,  111,  155;  Shea,  262,  500 ;  ante,  p.  104. 


116  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.iii.  the  new  Fort  Sainte  Anne,  had  been  waylaid  and  murder- 
ed  by  the  Mohawks,  and  some  others  taken  prisoners.     One 

French  offi-  ^^  ^^^^  chief  victims  was  a  nephew  of  the  Adceroy,  the  Sieur 

cew  killed,  (jg  Chazy,  whose  name  is  yet  commemorated  in  that  of  one 
of  the  towns  in  the  county  of  Clinton.  Bechefer  and  the 
other  Frenchmen  on  their  way  to  Albany  were  at  once  re- 
called, and  the  Oneidas  who  escorted  them  were  imprison- 
ed. Sorel  quickly  collected  three  hundred  men,  with  whom 
he  pushed  on  toward  the  Mohawk  country,  intending  to  lay 
"a  heavy  hand  every  where."  But  when  he  had  come 
within  twenty  leagues  of  their  villages  he  met  a  party  of 
Mohawks,  who  declared  that  they  were  on  their  way  to 
Quebec  to  restore  the  Frenchmen  captured  near  Fort  Sainte 
Anne,  and  offer  satisfaction  for  those  who  had  been  slain, 
as  well  as  new  guarantees  for  peace.  The  party  was  led 
by  a  half-breed  known  among  the  Indians  as  "  Smits  Jan," 
and  among  the  French  as  "  the  Dutch  Bastard."^  Believ- 
ing their  statement,  Sorel  turned  about,  and  conducted 
Smits  Jan  and  his  followers  to  the  viceroy,  by  whom  they 
were  well  received.  A  few  days  afterwai'd,  Agariata,  a 
Mohawk  chief,  came  to  Quebec  and  announced  himself  as 
also  a  delegate  from  his  nation.  Negotiations  for  peace 
went  on  prosperously^,  until  one  day,  Tracy  having  invited 
the  two  pretended  ambassadors  to  his  table,  the  talk  fell 
upon  the  death  of  De  Chazy.  The  Mohawk  chief,  lifting 
up  his  arm,  exclaimed,  "  It  was  this  which  broke  the  head 
of  that  young  officer !"     All  present  were  filled  with  indig- 

Tiacy's  uatiou.  "  You  shall  kill  no  more,"  said  the  viceroy  to 
'  Agariata,  who  was  at  once  hung  in  the  sight  of  his  com- 
rades, and  Smits  Jan  was  committed  to  prison. 

23  July.  Tracy  now  sent  William  Coutm-e,  who  had  been  a  pris- 
oner with  Jogues  among  the  Mohawks,  with  a  letter  to  the 
Albany  officers,  complaining  that  they  had  deceived  him  as 
to  the  peaceful  disposition  of  that  nation.     Learning  that 

Nicoiis  at  a  courier  had  come  from  Quebec,  Nicolls  voyaged  up  the 
river,  which  was  "  pleasant  enough  at  that  season  of  the 
year,"  to  meet  him.  But  before  the  governor  reached  Al- 
bany, Couture  had  returned  to  Canada.    Nicolls,  however, 

*  This  "  Smits  Jan"  was  the  son  of  a  Hollander  and  a  Mohawk  squaw,  and  had  been 
brouglit  up  among  the  savages,  lie  was  one  of  the  witnesses  to  Cartwright's  treaty  at  Al- 
bany in  September,  1GG4,  and  was  in  the  English  interest :  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  OS,  146, 148, 151, 
435;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  54,  CS),  155, 101 ;  delation,  1054, 10,  11. 


Albany. 


EICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  117 

wrote    courteously  to  Tracy,  expressing  his    surprise   at  cuAP.ni. 
Courcelles's  inroad  into  ]N"ew  York  the  last  winter,  but 
declaring  his  purpose  to  promote  "the  European  inter- ^g^^^^"^ 
est  amidst  the  heathen  in  America,  as  becomes   a  good  Answers  to 

.      .  Tracy. 

Christian,  provided  that  the  bounds  and  limits  of  these 
His  Majesty's  of  England's  dominions  be  not  invaded,  or 
the  peace  and  safety  of  his  subjects  interrupted."  Baker 
and  the  Albany  magistrates  also  wrote  to  the  viceroy, 
justifjnng  their  conduct  respecting  the  Mohawks,  and  stat- 
ing that  they  would  not  intermeddle  with  French  affairs  in 
future.* 

Ambassadors  from   all  the  nations  but  the  Mohawks 
having  met  Tracy   and  Courcelles   in   the  Park   of  thef^August. 
Jesuits    at  Quebec,  the  Cayugas   renewed  their   request 
for  missionaries,  and  the  Fathers  Jacques    Fremin    and  Jesuit  mis- 
Pierre  Raffeix  were  chosen  to  go  to  them.     Seeing  j^^q  "°"'^"^^" 
reason  to  hope  for  peace  with  the  Mohawks,  the  viceroy 
determined  to    chastise   them    effectually.     Colbert   had 
insisted  upon   a  prudent  administration  "in  the  present 5 Apru. 
conjuncture,  when  His  Majesty  is  obliged  to  maintain  a 
heavy  war  against  the  English,  whom  none  of  his   pre- 
decessors had  ever  before  attacked  on  the  sea."     Talon 
accordingly  submitted  to  Tracy   and  Courcelles   various  1  septem.- 
considerations  for  war  and  for  peace.     It  was  argued, 
among  other  things,  that  a  successful  attack  on  the  Mo- 
hawks would  open  the  door  for  the  seizm-e  of  Albany, 
where  the  Dutch  might  be  found  inclined  to  aid  the  French 
against  the  English,  upon  whom  they  wished  "  to  avenge 
the  usurpation   unjustly  committed  upon  them,"  and  of 
whose  "insupportable  dominion"  they  were  weary.     An 
expedition  against  the  Mohawks  was  ordered,  and  six  hun-  French  ex- 
dred  soldiers  of  the  Carignan  regiment,  with  an  equal  num-  ngalnTtuo 
ber  of  militia,  and  one  hundred  Hurons  and  Algonquins,  ^^°'^'^^''''''- 
were  soon  collected.     Notwithstanding  he  was  more  than 
seventy  years   old,  Tracy  set  out  from  Quebec  to  leadi4Septeni. 
his  forces  in   person.     The  Jesuit  Fathers  Charles  Al- 
banel  and  Pierre  Raffeix,  and  two    secular   priests,  Du 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  68,  131-134,  14G,  151,  153,  157  ;  ix.,  52 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  1.,  47,  4S,  55  ;  Rela- 
tion, 1G45,  28  ;  1647,  19,  24 ;  1C4S,  11 ;  16GC,  7,  8  ;  La  Potherie,  il.,  85 ;  Charlevoix,  i.,  409 ; 
ii., 54,  G9, 155, 15G ;  Golden,  i.,  33,  34  ;  Garaeau,  i.,  193 ;  Ferland,  i.,  317 ;  Faillon,  iii.,  135- 
137 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  34G,  347,  373.  The  Albany  letters  of  20  August,  16G6,  did  not  reach  Tracy 
nntU  April,  16G7 :  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  146, 147,  14S,  151, 152. 


118  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cnAP.nr.  Bois  D'Esgriselles,  and  Dollier  de  Casson,  accompanied 
the  expedition. 

The  general  rendezvous  was  Fort  Sainte  Anne,  on  Lake 

3  October.  Champlain,  It  was  October  before  the  main  body  of 
troops  was  ready  to  advance ;  but  Courcelles,  with  charac- 
teristic impatience,  pushed  forward  with  four  hundred  men. 

Tracy's  ad-  The  rcar-guard  followed  four  days  after  the  main  column, 
under  Tracy.  Three  hundred  light  bateaux  and  bark  ca- 
noes were  prepared,  each  of  which  could  convey  five  or  six 
persons ;  and  two  pieces  of  artillery  were  carried  along 
with  great  labor.  The  viceroy  endeavored  to  advance 
cautiously,  so  as  to  surprise  the  Mohawk  castles ;  but  the 
watchful  Iroquois  scouts  on  the  mountain  tops  saw  the 
French  flotilla  afar  off,  as  it  swept  southward  over  Lake 
Champlain,  and  the  alarm  was  quickly  spread.  As  the 
troops  debarked  the  savages  whooped  on  the  hill-sides,  and 
fired  random  shots  at  the  invaders.  Expecting  to  find 
abimdance  of  corn  in  the  Mohawk  villages,  the  French 
carried  only  small  supphes  of  provisions.  These  were 
soon  exhausted,  and  the  army  was  on  the  point  of  disband- 
ing to  seek  food,  when  it  fortunately  entered  a  forest  of 
chestnut-trees,  the  just  ripening  fruit  of  which  relieved  the 
famishing  troops. 

After  marching  thirty  or  forty  leagues  from  the  lake, 
the  French  reached  the  first  Mohawk  village,  which  they 
found  abandoned.  Entering  it  in  order  of  battle,  with 
flags  flying  and  drums  beating,  the  hungry  army  discover- 
ed abundance  of  corn  buried  in  the  earth.  A  second  and 
a  third  village  farther  west  were  found  deserted  like  the 
first.  At  length,  guided  by  an  Algonquin,  who  had  long 
been  a  prisoner  in  the  canton,  the  French  reached  the  fourth 
Mohawk  \dllage.     Here  the  savages  were  observed  in  great 

Mohawk    force,  and,  by  their  hea^^  fii'e,  appeared  disposed  to  defend 

Btroyed.  '  their  fortress  with  desperation.  The  invaders  prepared  to 
attack  it  in  regular  form ;  but,  as  their  van  came  on  to  at- 
tack, the  Mohawks  fled  in  terror  into  the  forest,  whither 
the  French  could  not  pm-sue  them.  An  old  man  and  two 
old  women,  too  infirm  to  escape,  and  the  half-roasted  re- 
mains of  two  or  three  prisoners,  were  found  in  the  desert- 
ed stronghold.  It  was  surrounded  by  a  triple  palisade 
twenty  feet  high,  flanked  by  four  bastions,  and  abundantly 


EICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  11*) 

supplied  with  water  in  bark  tanks  to  extinguish  fibre.     Pro-  chap.  hi 
digious  quantities  of  provisions  had  been  stored.     Some  of 
the  cabins,  which  were  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  long, 
and  proportionably  wide,  and  were  planked  on  the  inside, 
moved  the  admiration  of  the  Frenchmen. 

The  cross  was  planted,  mass  said,  a  Te  Deum  sung,  and  it  octobe; . 
formal  possession  was  taken  for  the  King  of  France  of  sessioaor 
"  The  Fort  of  Andaraque,"  as  well  as  all  the  other  con-  tak^"°''^ 
quered  Iroquois  strong-holds, "  and  of  all  the  lands  in  the 
neighborhood  as  far  and  in  as  great  a  quantity  as  they  may 
extend."     A  post,  with  the  king's  arms  afiixed,  was  erect- 
ed, amid  the  shouts  of  "  Vive  le  Roi  P''     The  palisades  and 
cabins,  with  vast  stores  of  corn,  beans,  and  other  provisions, 
were  then  burned.     On  its  retm-n,  the  expedition  completed 
the  devastation  of  the  other  villages ;  and  grain  "  enough  to 
sustain  the  whole  colony  for  two  years"  was  destroyed. 

Supposing  that  famine  and  the  terror  of  the  French  arms 
would  overawe  the  Mohawks  and  keep  them  peaceful, 
Tracy  judged  it  unnecessary  to  establish  a  fort  in  their 
country.  Those  on  the  Richelieu  River  were  thought  suf- 
ficient to  maintain  the  sovereignty  of  France.  Colbert's 
policy  was  against  extending  the  Canadian  settlements  too 
far  from  each  other.  For  the  present,  the  Jesuit  mission- 
aries were  to  form  the  advanced  guard  of  the  French 
among  the  Mohawks.  The  ^aceroy  would  nevertheless 
have  pushed  on  westward,  and  humbled  the  Oneidas  also, 
if  the  approach  of  November  had  not  warned  him  to  re- Tracy  re- 
turn. The  paths  were  now  much  more  difiBcult  to  travel,  Canada. 
and  the  swollen  rivers  hindered  the  march  of  the  troops. 
On  Lake  Cham23lain  two  canoes  and  several  soldiers  were 
lost  in  a  storm.  Throughout  the  whole  march  of  three 
hundred  leagues,  and  during  fifty-three  days,  Tracy,  who 
was  a  very  large  man,  shared  all  the  fatigues  of  his  army, 
submitting  to  be  borne  in  a  litter  for  two  days  only,  when 
crippled  by  the  gout.  Courcelles,  attacked  by  a  nervous 
disease,  had  to  be  carried  in  the  same  mamier.  On  reach- 
ing Quebec,  the  viceroy  hung  two  or  three  of  his  prisoners  November 
by  way  of  example,  and  sent  the  rest  back  to  their  cantons, 
with  Smits  Jan,  the  Dutch  bastard,  after  having  shown 
them  many  kindnesses.  The  returning  Iroquois  carried 
the  terms  of  peace  which  Tracy  offered  to  the  Mohawks, 


120  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  III.  and  which  they  were  expected  to  accept  before  the  end  of 

the  next  June.* 
IboD.       After  their  severe  humiliation  by  the  French,  the  Mo- 
hawks came  to  confer  with  the  Albany  officers.     It  was 
now  supposed  that  Tracy,  wearied  with  his  "  two  fruitless 
1667.  voyages,"  would  hardly  attempt  another  expedition.     Yet 
I'recau-     no  prccautiou  was  neglected.     NicoUs  had  ^dsited  the  gar- 
Kiwul      risons  on  the  North  River  the  previous  autumn,  and  had 
given  the  Albany  magistrates  full  directions  in  case  the 
French  should  attempt  to  do  them  harm.     Captain  Brod- 
7  January,  head  was  uow  Ordered  to  be  "  ready,  upon  an  hour's  warn- 
ing," with  all  his  soldiers  at  Esopus,  and  as  many  of  the 
burghers   as  possible,  to   assist  Albany  in   case   of  need, 
because  it  was, "  impossible"  to  send  any  from  New  York 
during  the  winter.     Van  Curler  was  also  desired  to  pre- 
pare a  map  of  Lake  Champlain,  with  the  French  forts, 
showing  "  how  it  borders  upon  the  Maquas's  E,iver."f 
When  Nicolls  received  the  news  from  Canada  brought 
11  Jan.      by  Smits  Jan,  he  directed  that  the  Mohawks  should  be  coun- 
seled to  insist  that  the  French  must  demolish  all  their  new 
advanced  forts  on  Lake  Champlain.     Baker  was  specially 
Nicoua's    instructed  to  advise  tlie  Mohawks  to  "  make  a  good  peace, 
tions  re-     Or  uonc,  witli  the  French,  such  as  may  bring  in  beaver  to 
thrMo-^     Albany,  and  leave  them  without  fear  or  Jealousy  of  the 
French ;"  and  also  that  they  "  should  declare  to  the  French 
that  the  King  of  England  is  the  great  Idng  of  all  their 
country  and  parts  adjacent,  and  unto  him  they  are  subor- 
dinate, living  in  peace  and  trading  with  all  his  subjects ; 
and  now  they  are  wilhng  to  make  peace  with  the  French, 
and  will  resolve  to  keep  it,  if  the  French  will  demolish 
their  forts,  and  bring  no  more  troops  of  soldiers  into  the 
King  of  England's  country  or  their  Plantation.";}: 

On  receiving  the  letters  of  Nicolls  and  the  Albany  offi- 
cers written  the  pre^'iou8  August,  Tracy  explained  the  in- 
road of  Courcelles  into  the  Mohawk  country,  and  declared 

♦  Relation,  1066,  8,  9  ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  157-161 ;  La  Potherie,  ii.,  123 ;  iii.,  55;  Col.  Doc, 
iii.,  135, 146,  151 ;  iv.,  352 ;  ix.,  41,  52-57,  786 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  48,  49,  68,  51 ;  Colden,  i.,  33 ; 
Shea,  252 ;  Fuillon,  iii.,  13S-1.'S5.  Tlie  map  of  Tracy's  route  is  in  the  Library  of  Parliament 
at  Quebec:  see  Catalogue  (1S5S),  p.  1614. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  143, 144, 145;  Col.  MSs:.,xxii.,  22.  The  letters  of  NicoUs  to  V.nn  Curler 
and  the  Albany  magistrates  were  translated  into  Dutch,  at  the  governor's  request,  by  Coun- 
selor Van  Ruyven. 

t  Col.  Doc ,  iii.,  140-143.     Coldcn  says  nothing  of  this. 


hawks. 


EICHAKD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  121 

that  until  then  he  did  not  know  that  New  Netherland  was  chap.  iil 
not  under  the  dominion  of  the  United  Provinces,     "  The 
French  nation,"  he  added,  "is  too  much  inclined  to  ac-go^p^' 
knowledsre  courtesies  not  to  confess  that  the  Dutch  have  31^^^ , 

O  _      writes  to 

had  very  much  charity  for  the  French  who  have  been  pris-  NicoUs. 
oners  with  the  Mohawks,  and  that  they  have  redeemed 
divers,  who  had  been  burned  without  their  succour.  They 
ought  also  to  be  assured  of  our  gratitude  towards  them, 
and  to  any  others  who  shall  exercise  such  Christian  deeds 
as  they  have  done."  The  viceroy  also  absolved  the  Albany 
officers  from  blame  in  regard  to  the  murder  of  his  officers 
by  the  Mohawks  near  Fort  Sainte  Anne,  and  invited  Yan 
Curler  to  visit  him  the  next  summer  at  Quebec* 

Van  Curler,  accompanied  by  La  Fontaine,  a  young  French- 
man whom  he  had  rescued  fi*om  the  savages,  now  went  to  23  May. 
Canada,  with  passports  from  NicoUs,  who  wrote  a  kind  let-  go^e^  to"'^  ^^ 
ter  to  Tracy.     Embarking  in  a  canoe  on  Lake  Champlain,  Tda. 
he  had  a  prosperous  voyage  as  far  as  "  a  great  bay"  on  its 
western  side,  opposite  the  "  Isles  des  quatres  vents."    Wliile 
crossing  this  bay  the  canoe  was  upset  by  a  tempest,  and  pro^vTied 
Van  Curler  was  drowned.     The  memory  of  this  estimable  cham- 
HoUander  was  long  preserved  by  the  Iroquois,  who  insisted  ^ '""' 
upon  calling  the  successive  governors  of  NewYork  "Cor- "Coriaer." 
laer."     For  years  Lake  Champlain  was  known  among  the 
Enghsh  as  "  Corlaer's  Lake."    The  bay  in  which  he  was 
drowned — long  called  by  the  French  "Baye  Corlar" — is 
now  known  as  "  Peru  Bay,"  in  Essex  county,  New  York.f 

Soon  after  Nicolls  left  Esopus,  in  the  previous  autumn, 
the  ill  feeling  which  had  been  growing  between  its  inhab- 
itants and  the  garrison  broke  out  into  open  hostility.  The 
soldiers,  who,  as  well  as  their  officers,  were  all  Englishmen, 
did  nothing  to  conciliate  and  much  to  offend  the  Dutch 
burghers.  Disturbances  occurred  both  at  the  village  of  Disturb- 
Wild  wj-ck  and  at  the  redoubt  on  the  creek.  When,  in  obe-  Esopus. 
dience  to  Nicolls's  orders,  Captain  Brodhead  was  "  gather- 
ing some  of  the  young  burghers  together"  to  go  to  Albany, 
Antonio  d'Elba,  a  French  refugee,  openly  said, "  Shall  we 
go  and  fight  our  friends,  and  leave  our  enemies  at  home  ?" 

*  Col.  Doc.,iii.,  133,134, 1.50-1.54;  Doc.  Hist.,!., 55;  ante^vol.  i.,402. 
t  Map  in  Charlevoix,  i.,  226  ;  Rel.,  166S,  5 ;  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  ii.,  150, 160 ;  Col.  Doc.,  ui., 
128,156,157,322,395,553,553,815,817;  Golden,  i.,  32 ;  O'Call.,  i.,  323 ;  Smith,  i.,  65. 


122  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  ui.  Mucli  of  tliG  ill  feeling  was  due  to  tlie  overbearing  conduct 

~  of  Brodliead,  who  did  not  hesitate  to  commit  to  the  euard 

Brodhead's  ^^J  ^^'^^^   offcudcd  him.     lie  imprisoned  a  burgher  who 

overbear-    -^ould  keep  Chi'istmas  accordino;  to  the  Dutch  and  not  the 

jng  con-  ■•■  "-J 

duct.  English  style.  He  quarreled  with  and  arrested  Cornelis 
^^  '  Barentsen  Slegt,  the  village  brewer,  and  a  sergeant  of  its 
militia.  Slegt's  wife  and  children  thereupon  ran  crying 
through  Wildwyck.  The  excited  villagers  rushed  to  arms. 
Finding  some  sixty  of  them  drawn  up  before  their  lieuten- 
ant's door,  Captain  Brodhead  marched  thither  with  a  few 
of  his  soldiers,  and  ordered  them  to  disperse.  The  local 
magistrates  asked  Brodhead  to  release  his  prisoner  and 
have  him  tried  before  them,  which  he  refused,  and  threat- 
ened to  resist  any  attempt  at  a  rescue.  The  people  would 
not  disperse  until  late  at  night,  and  then  only  with  the  un- 
derstanding that  the  whole  matter  should  be  laid  before 
the  governor.  What  added  to  the  bitterness  was  that  Hen- 
drick  Cornelissen,  the  village  ropemaker,  was  killed  by  Wil- 
ham  Fisher,  one  of  Brodhead's  soldiers.^ 
iG  April.  Eeports  were  sent  down  to  Nicolls,  who  issued  a  special 
commis-  commissiou  empowering  Counselors  ISTeedham  and  Dela- 
Sop^s°  "  vail  and  Justice  Yan  Ruyven  to  go  to  Esopus,  and  "  hear, 
receive,  and  determine  such  and  so  many  complaints  as 
they  shall  judge  necessary  or  of  moment,  and  to  pass  sen- 
tence of  imprisonment,  fuie,  correction,  or  suspension  of  of- 
fice against  such  who  shall  be  found  guilty."  At  the  same 
time  the  governor  guided  the  action  of  his  commissioners 
Nicoiis's  by  private  instructions.  They  were  to  be  attended  by  a  file 
rSuctioM"  of  soldiers,  and  were  to  admit  but  "  very  few"  into  the  room 
in  which  they  might  sit.  The  case  of  Fisher  was  "  to  be 
the  first  tried,  because  a  man  is  killed."  But  he  could  only 
be  convicted  of  manslaughter ;  and  it  might  turn  out  that 
he  had  acted  in  self-defense.  In  regard  to  the  "  first  occa- 
sion" of  the  mutiny,  as  Slegt,  the  brewer,  had  first  assaulted 
Captain  Brodhead,  they  were  "  to  declare  that  the  king's 
ofiicer  is  not  of  so  mean  a  quality  as  to  be  struck  by  a 
burgher,"  and  were  to  enlarge  their  discourse  on  this  point 
as  they  should  "  find  fit."  But  as  the  captain  had  broken 
his  instructions  several  times,  they  were  to  suspend  him 

*  Col.  M.SS.,xxU.,14,  21-,T2;  Alb.  nec,XTiii.,  32T-330,  470;  Esopus  Records;  Col.  Doc., 
iii.,l«,  149. 


KICHAED  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  123 

from  his  command  for  "  that  only  fault"  of  keeping  the  cuap.  in. 
brewer  in  prison  after  the  schout  and  commissaries  had~77~r~ 
asked  for  his  release.  A  few  of  the  "  most  notorious"  in- 
surgents were  to  be  found  guilty  of  "  a  treasonable  and 
malicious  Riot,"  and  were  to  be  brought  to  I^ew  York  for 
"  final  sentence  of  punishment"  by  the  governor.  "  Dis- 
courage not  the  soldiers  too  much  in  public,"  added  NicoUs, 
"  lest  the  boors  insult  over  them ;  appear  favorable  to  the 
most  of  the  boors,  but  severe  against  the  principal  incen- 
diaries ;  and,  in  general,  you  may  tell  them  freely  that  I 
will  proceed  against  every  man  that  shall  lift  arms  against 
His  Majestie's  garrison,  as  rebellious  subjects  and  common 
enemies."* 

The  commissioners  sat  three  days  at  Esopus.     Captain  25  Apni. 

.  .  26  April 

Brodhead  fi-ankly  admitted  the  charges  against  him,  and  27  April! 
was  suspended  from  his  command,  which  was  intrusted  to  suTpend- 
Sergeant  Beresf ord.    The  burghers  excused  their  being  in  ^  ' 
arms  because  the  soldiers  had  threatened  to  burn  the  town, 
and  because  Brodhead  had  imprisoned  their  sergeant.    Four 
of  the  movers  of  the  insurrection,  Antonio  d'Elba,  Albert 
Heymans,  Arent  Albertsen,  his  son,  and  Cornelius  Barent- 
sen,  were  found  guilty  of  a  "  rebellious  and  mutinous  Biot," 
and  were  carried  down  to  New  York  for  sentence  by  the 
governor.    Nicolls  was  of  opinion  that  tliey  deserved  death. 
But,  on  the  petition  of  the  inhabitants  and  by  the  ad%'ice  of 
his  council,  he  sentenced  Heymans  to  be  banished  for  hfesMay. 
out  of  the  government,  and  the  others,  for  shorter  terms,  ers^en- 
out  of  Esopus,  Albany,  and  New  York.     These  sentences  ^'^^^  ' 
were  afterward  modified ;  and  Heymans,  the  chief  offend- 
er, became  a  prominent  oflicer  at  Esopus.f 

The  soldiers  at  Albany  also  gave  the  governor  much  soidiers  at 
trouble.     Several  of  them  were  convicted  of  stealing  wam-     ^^^' 
pum  from  the  inhabitants,  and,  upon  Captain  Baker's  re- 
port, NicoUs,  with  the  advice  of  his  council,  decreed  prompt 
satisfaction.:!: 

»  Patents,  i.,  145 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  149, 150. 

+  Col.  MSS.,  xxii.,  24,  28.  31,  32,  99 ;  N.  Y.  Siirr.  Eec.  Wills,  i.,  22-25;  Val.  Man.,  184T, 
35T,  358 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  627 ;  iii.,  150 ;  Ulster  Hist.  Coll.,  i.,  50,  51 ;  Esopus  Records.  Fisher, 
the  soldier  who  killed  Cornelissen,  appears  to  have  been  acquitted,  and  afterward  obtained 
a  lot  of  land  at  Marbletown:  Val.  Man.,  1847,  361 ;  Patents,  iii.,  43.  Captain  Brodhead  died 
at  Esopus  on  the  14th  of  July,  1C67,  about  two  months  after  his  suspension  from  command, 
leaving  his  widow,  Ann,  and  three  sons,  Daniel,  Charles,  and  Richard. 

t  The  details  of  these  cases  are  given  in  N.  Y.  Sun-ogate's  Records,  Wills,  i.,  19,  20,  21, 32 ; 
Val.  Man.,  1S4T,  356,  357,  361. 


124  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  ih.      DiScontent  was  still  manifested  in  Long  Island.     While 
~~  the  governor  was  attending  "  a  public  meeting"  at  Flush- 
3  July       ^o5  ^®  offered  to  fm-nish  the  people  with  powder  for  their 
wafd       ^^^  ^^^^'  ^^^  receive  pay  for  it  in  fii-ewood.     Tliis  friend- 
ly proposition  was  covertly  represented  by  William  Bishop 
9  July.      as  "  another  cunning  trick."     It  was  accordingly  ordered 
isishop      in  Council  at  New  York,  that  for  his  "  seditious  words" 
f  "r'^edf-     Bishop  should  "  be  made  fast  to  the  whipping-post,  there  to 
stand,  with  rods  fastened  to  his  back  during  the  sitting  of 
the  Court  of  Mayor  and  Aldermen,  and  from  thence  to  be 
removed  into  the  common  Gaol,  till  further  orders."     This 
sentence  seems  to  have  effectually  quelled  sedition  during 
the  rest  of  Mcolls's  administration." 

Meanwhile  England  had  been  at  open  war  with  Hoi-  . 
land  and  France.    But  before  France  engaged  in  hostilities 
IQQQ    she  made  another  attempt  to  pacify  England  and  Holland. 
^  April.   A  conference  was  held  at  Paris  between  Lord  Hollis,  De 
fere  to  En-  Lionne,  and  Van  Beuningen,  in  which  the  latter  offered,  on 
gland.       ^YiQ  part  of  the  States  General,  "  either  to  restore  all  things 
to  the  same  state  they  were  in  before  the  war,  or  to  take 
them  as  they  now  stand,  and  every  one  keep  what  he  hath." 
But  neither  of  these  alternatives  suited  Charles,  who  di- 
rected his  ambassador  to  leave  Paris,  f 
^june.        Another  naval  engagement  followed  off  the  mouth  of 
hveenthe  thc  Tliamcs,  bctweeu  the  English  fleet  under  Prince  Ru- 
Engiish"'^  pert  and  the  Duke  of  Albemarle,  in  place  of  the  Duke  of 
York,  who  refused  to  command,  and  the  Dutch  under  De 
Ruyter,  Evertsen,  and  Tromp.     The  contest  lasted  four 
days,  and  the  English  Vice- Admiral  Sir  John  Berkeley  and 
other  officers  were  Idlled.     Both  sides  fought  with  prover- 
cTiain-      bial  courage ;  but  the  chain-shot  which  De  Witt  is  said  to 
have  invented,  and  now  introduced,  cut  to  pieces  the  rig- 
The  Dutch  ging  of  the  English,  and  the  Dutch  remained  conquerors. 
They  had  never  gained  such  a  triumph  since  the  founda- 
tion of  the  republic.     In  London, ''  orders  were  given  for 

•  N.  Y.  Purr.  Itec.  AVills,  i.,  2S,  29  ;  Val.  JIan.,  1S4T,  359.  3G1.  On  the  third  of  July,  1G6T, 
the  mayor  and  aldermen  of  the  city  of  New  York,  with  the  approbation  of  NicoUs,  sold  to 
Johannes  Vei-veshe,  of  Ilarlaem,  for  five  years,  the  ferry  thence  to  Bronck  side,  provided  he 
maintained  proper  ferry  houses,  and  carried  over  free  "all  men  going  or  coming  with  a  pack- 
ett  from  our  Governor  of  New  Yorke,  or  coming  from  the  Governor  of  Connecticott :"  Val. 
Man.,  1849,  3G2  ;  N.  Y.  City  Rec. 

t  D'Ketrades,  iv.,  167,  253,  25T,  263,  270, 524;  Lister's  Clarendon,  iii.,  431-434;  De  Witt, 
ii.,  253,  255. 


RICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  125 

bonfires  and  bells,"     But  even  Charles  became  "  melau-  chap.  hi. 
cboly,"  wrote    Pepys   in   his    cipher    diary,  "  under  the  ~ 
thoughts  of  this  last  overthrow,  for  so  it  is,  instead  of  a   -'-"""• 
victory."     A  month  afterward  the  fleets  ena;aafed  again.  ^^  ''^"'y- 

.  .  0004  August. 

On  this  occasion  the  English  were  victorious.     Evertsen  Another ' 
and  other  Dutch  admirals  were  killed,  and  De  Euyter  and  The  En- 
Tromp  became  bitter  enemies.     The  next  week  Sir  Robert  ftoua.^' 
Holmes  made  a  piratical  descent  on  the  island  of  Schelling,  Holmes  at 
on  the  coast  of  Friesland,  which  was  chiefly  inhabited  by  ^''''®"'°°- 
unwarlike  Mennonists,  and,  after  burning  several  Dutch 
merchantmen,  destroyed  nearly  a  thousand  houses  in  the  un- 
fortified town  of  Brandaris.     The  Tower  guns  at  London 
were  fired  for  this  "  late  good  success."     But  the  English 
government  could  send  no  supplies  to  the  American  Plan- 
tations, and  especially  to  the  Carribee  Islands,  which  were 
exposed   to   great   danger  from   the  French.     Arlington 
therefore  urged  the  New  England  colonies  to  fit  out,  if  28  August, 
possible,  an  expedition  for  the  relief  of  those  threatened 
places,  which  would  be  considered  by  the  Idng  as  a  mark- 
ed expression  of  their  "  good  affection  and  loyalty." 

In  Holland,  the  conduct  of  Holmes  at  Schelling  embit- 
tered the  national  resentment  against  England.     De  Witt, 
who  felt  the  unpopularity  which  threatened  to  overthrow 
his  administration,  vowed  that  he  would  never  sheathe  the 
sword  until  he  had  obtained  revenge.     But  before  his  vow 
was  fulfilled,  London  was  visited  by  a  calamity  scarcely 
less  appalling  than  the  pestilence  by  which  she  had  been 
desolated  the  year  before.     A  great  fire,  which  lasted  for  septemiier. 
three  days,  consumed  every  house,  church,  and  hall  in  London, 
ninety  parishes,  between  the  Tower  and  Temple  Bar.    This 
"  marvellous  year"  was  commemorated  by  Dryden  in  mag-  Dryden-s 
nificent  verses,  full  of  bitterness  against  the  Dutch,  wliich  mirabuia." 
before  long  won  for  him  the  laurel  crown.* 

When  the  news  tardily  reached  the  North  American   1667. 
colonies  by  way  of  Barbadoes,  Massachusetts  set  the  ex-  J*""*'?, 
ample  in  contributing  for  the  relief  of  the  sufferers.     Not 

*  Aitzema,  v.,  G97-731;  Basnage,  i. ,  7T2-TS4 ;  Kennett,iii.,  259-202  ;  Clarke's  James  II., 
i..  423,  424;  Burnet,  1.,  22S-2.02;  Rapin,  ii.,  042,  643;  I'epys,  il.,  391,  431,  435,  439^448; 
Evelyn,  ii.,  6, 11-17 ;  D'Estrades,  iv.,  322,  402,  432;  Davies,  iii.,  45-54;  Martin,  i.,  273,  274; 
Dryden's  Annus  mirabilis ;  Lister,  ii.,  360-305;  Knight,  iv.,  279-290;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  601;  iii., 
147,154;  M.1SS.  H.  S.  Coll.,  XXX.,  66;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  515,  516.  Dryden'a  patent  as  Poet 
Laureate  was  dated  1 8  August,  1670,  but  his  salary  began  immediately  after  the  death  of  Sir 
William  Davenant,  his  predecessor,  in  IOCS. 


126  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  III.  loiig  afterward,  upon  the   receipt  of  Arlington's  letters, 

""■  Wiuthrop  went  from  Connecticut,  and  Maverick  from  New 

Mardi       York,  to  consult  with  the  authorities  at  Boston  in  regard  to 

Colonial     sending  aid  to  the  Carribee  Islands.     But  there  was  too 

apprehen-  o 

sions.  much  danger  to  be  apprehended  near  home,  both  from 
Canada,  and  from  the  Dutch  and  French  ships  at  sea,  to 
justify  an  expedition  for  the  relief  of  the  "  dear  country- 
men" in  the  West  Indies.     This  was   communicated  by 

7  May.  "Wiuthrop  to  ArHugtou  in  a  very  loyal  letter  excusing  the 
apparent  indifference  of  the  New  England  colonies.     Mav- 

June.  erick  also  informed  the  secretary  that  such  were  the  straits 
to  which  NicoUs  had  been  reduced  for  want  of  supplies  in 
New  York,  that  he  had  been  obliged  to  pledge  his  personal 
credit  for  more  than  a  thousand  pounds,  to  carry  on  his 
government.* 

The  apprehensions  of  the  English  that  the  Dutch  and 
French  might  attack  their  West  India  colonies  were  well 
founded.     Commander  Abraham  KrjTissen,  sailing  from 

6  March.    Flushing  with  three  ships,  surprised  the  English  colony  of 

takes  suri-  Surinam,  in  Guiana,  and  left  a  military  force  to  secure  it, 
under  the  command  of  Maurice  de  Rame,  and  Ensign 
Colve.  Not  long  afterward,  a  frigate  belonging  to  the 
Duke  of  York,  coming  from  Guinea  with  a  cargo  of  ivory 
and  negroes,  was  captured  by  the  Dutch  at  Surinam. 
Krynssen  had  meanwhile  joined  the  French  squadron 
commanded  by  Lefebvre  de  la  Barre,  and  assisted  in  de- 
feating the  English  off  the  island  of  Nevis.     Thence  the 

jnne.        Dutch  commaudcr  sailed  to  Virginia,  where  he  captured, 

in  virgi-  in  the  James  Eiver,  twenty-six  English  vessels,  one  of  which 
was  a  man-of-war.  After  scuttling  most  of  them,  Kryns- 
sen  returned  to  Flushing,  bringing  along  with  him  eleven 
prizes  laden  with  tobacco.f 

This  daring  exploit  so  near  home  alarmed  and  mortified 
Nicolls,  who  attributed  it  to  the  "  negligence  and  ill  con- 
duct" of  the  officers  in  Yirginia.  Every  precaution  was 
therefore  taken  for  the  defense  of  New  York.  The  mag- 
istrates of  Southampton,  Easthampton,  and  the  other  towns 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,154-15G,  161 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  250,  257;  Coll.,  411,  412;  Mass.  Eec,  iv. 
(ii.),  310,  311,  335,  345,  347  ;  547;  Palfrey,  ii.,  631. 

t  Wageniiar,  xiii.,  406-408;  Richesse  de  la  Ilnllando,  i.,  213;  Basnage,  i.,  S09 ;  D'Es- 
tradep,  v.,  83,  250,  261,  262;  lie  Witt,  iv.,  642,  677;  Ailzema,  vi.,  123,  426-428,  438,  440; 
Burk,  ii.,  149;  Campbell,  267:  Pinkcrton,  xii.,  292  ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  518-622  ;  iii.,  155,161,107; 
ix.,  167  ;  N.  Y.  Senate  Doc,  1S44,  No.  42,  p.  5. 


nia. 


EICHAED  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  127 

at  the  east  end  of  Long  Island  were  ordered  to  turn  one  cuap.  hi. 
third  of  their  militia  into  cavalry,  and  to  be  ready  at  an 
hour's  notice ;  while  the  other  two  thirds  were  to  remain  at  ^^  j^j^  ' 
their  homes  for  the  security  of  their  estates.     Connecticut,  ^^^^^^i 
fearing  a  French  incursion  from  Canada,  did  the  like.    But  ^icoua. 
"  the  grandees  of  Boston  were  too  proud  to  be  dealt  with," 
alleging  that  the  king  was  well  satisfied  of.  their  loyalty,  and 
had  recalled  and  disgraced  his  commissioners.     Nicolls, 
however,  anxious  to  harass  the  enemy,  commissioned  Ser-  so  juiy. 
geant  Thomas  Exton,  of  the  garrison  at  Fort  James,  to  be  priTOte°eV 
captain  of  the  privateer  Cedar,  of  New  York,  and  sent  her  ^  *^  "*■ 
under  his  command  to  act  against  the  French  and  Dutch. 
Exton  soon  captured  and  burnt  two  French  forts,  Saint 
Mary  and  Du  Coudray,  in  Acadia,  and  came  to  Boston  with  i4  October. 
"  as  many  guns  and  other  plunder"  as  his  ship  could  carry. 
On  reaching  New  York,  Exton  reported  his  proceedings,  4  Novem. 
and  the  spoil  he  had  taken  was  condemned  as  good  prize.* 
In  their  war  against  the  Mahicans  during  the  summer, 
the  Mohawks  had  committed  some  depredations  at  Had- 
ley  and  Northampton,  in  Massachusetts,  and  had  murdered  00  August. 
a  young  savage,  whose  scalp  they  exliibited  at  Albany. 
The  victim  "  was  servant  to  an  Englishman  at  Northamp- 
ton."    On  learninoj  this  outrage,  Nicolls  went  to  Albany  to  10  October. 

1   .  1         .  .IT  .  1      n.  mi        Nicolls  at 

mterpose  his  authority  with  the  native  belhgerents.  ihe  Albany. 
General  Court  of  Massachusetts,  however,  conceiving  that 
they  could  treat  independently  with  the  New  York  Iro- 
quois, wrote  to  "  the  chief  sachem  of  the  Mohawks"  that 
such  doings  were  contrary  to  their  promise  not  to  molest 
any  Indians  "  that  woare  Enghsh  cloakes,  or  that  had  their 
haire  cutt  short;"  and  hoping  for  satisfaction  and  better 
behavior  in  future.f 

The  war  in  Europe  had  meanwhile  obliged  Louis  to 
recall  Tracy  to  France,  with   several  companies   of  the  Tracy 
Carignan  regiment.     These  orders  surprised  the  viceroy,  Canada. 
who  was  expecting  Yan  Curler  to  visit  him  at  Quebec,  and 
was  obliged  to  embark  just  as  his  coming  guest  was  meet-  May. 
ing  his  death  on  Lake  Champlain.     Courcelles  was  nowcourceiies 
left  in  command  as  governor  general  of  Canada.     The 

•  Col.  Doc,  iu.,  15T,  15S,  161,  162,  167 ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  63,  81 ;  Val.  Man.,  184T,  355, 
362 ;  N.  Y.  Surr.  Rec.  WUla,  i.,  16, 35 ;  Patents,  i.,  171,  IT'2 ;  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  154, 155.  I 
do  not  find  any  reference  in  the  French  authorities  to  Kxton's  exploits  in  Acadia. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  162 ;  Relations,  1667,  28 ;  1668,  4 ;  Mass.  Rec,  It.  (ii.),  359-361. 


128  HISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cu-vp.iii.  king  had  approved  the  treaties  made  with  the  Western 
Iroquois  the  year  before,  because  he  expected  thereby  "  to 
acquire  a  possession  adverse  to  the  actual  or  future  preten- 
sions of  the  European  nations."  But,  as  the  Mohawks  had 
shown  no  disposition  to  submit  to  the  French,  Colbert  di- 
6  April,  rected  Courcelles  to  undertake  a  new  expedition  against 
that  nation  during  the  next  summer,  "for  the  purpose  of 
utterly  destroying  them  if  possible,  or  at  least  of  increas- 
ing the  terror  they  entertain  of  ILis  Majesty's  forces,  and 
placing  them  in  a  position  not  to  trouble  the  country." 

Courcelles  had  "  a  sufficiently  strong  inclination  to  return 
to  the  charge."    But,  a  few  days  after  the  viceroy's  depart- 
june.       ure,  Mohawk  and  Oneida  deputies  came  to  Quebec  to  de- 
and  onei-  claro  tlicir  submission  to  the  French,  and  solicit  tliat  mis- 
Quebec,      sionaries  might  be  sent  to  their  cantons.     The  Canadian 
expeditions  the  year  before  had  so  awed  these  proud  na- 
tions that,  in  spite  of  the  efforts  of  Nicolls  and  his  officers 
at  Albany,  they  showed  their  sincerity  by  bringing  several 
of  their  famihes  to  Canada  as  hostages.    Talon,  suspecting 
that  the  Mohawks  had  "  yielded  considerably  to  existing  cir- 
cumstances, and  to  the  war  witli  the  Mahicans,  fi'om  which 
they  were  suffering,"  thought  that  they  had  not  brought 
hostages  enough.     But,  as  Colbert  desired  to  "  Frenchify" 
the  savages,  a  treaty  was  concluded  to  the  apparent  satis- 
Miasion-    faction  of  botli  parties.     Jesuit  missionaries  were  at  once 
si^nedto    selected  to  go  among  the  several  Iroquois  nations.     The 
Father  Jacques  Fremin,  who  had  been  with  Dablon  at 
Onondaga  in  1656,  and  the  Father  Jean  Pierron,'who  had 
just  arrived  from  France,  were  assigned  to  the  Mohawks. 
Father  Jacques  Bruyas,  who  had  been  about  a  year  in  Can- 
ada, and  had  already  gi\'en  proof  of  that  talent  which  was 
to  make  him  so  distinguished  as  an  Indian  philologist,  was 
appointed  to  go  to  the  Oneidas.    Three  other  Jesuit  fathers 
held  themselves  ready  to  work  among  the  Onondagas,  Cay- 
ugas,  and  Senecas.* 
14  July.         The  next  month  the  Mohawk  and  Oneida  envoys  set  out 
Pierron,     witli  Fremiu,  Pierrou,  and  Bruyas  for  their  mission  grounds, 
yas.  '"'    On  reaching  Fort  Sainte  Anne,  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Cham- 

•  delation,  165T,  9 ;  1GG7,  2,  2S ;  1668,  3 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  IGl,  163, 164, 1T6,  ITS ;  Col.  Doc., 
Hi., 151, 152;  ix.,  53,  59,  60, 130,  720,  7ST;  Doc.  Hi.-^t.,  iv.,190;  Shea,  254,  274,  294,  500;  Gar- 
neau,  i.,  195 ;  Faillon,  iii.,  156-158 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  044. 


the  Iro- 
quoia. 


RICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  120 

plain,  tliey  were  delayed  a  month  by  apprehension  of  a  chap.  ui. 
Mahican  ambuscade.  At  length,  on  the  eve  of  Saint  Bar- 
tholomew's  day,  finding  that  the  Mahicans  had  retreated,  23  wmV*; 
the  party  embarked,  and  followed  the  north  coast  of  the 
lake.  From  morning  to  night,  the  fathers,  unused  to  the 
toil,  rowed  "  like  poor  galley-slaves,"  for  efV-ery  hand  in  the 
light  birch-bark  canoes  was  obhged  to  work.  In  this  man- 
ner they  "traversed  gaily  the  w^hole  of  this  great  lake, 
already  too  renowned  by  the  shipwreck  of  several  of  our 
Frenchmen,  and  quite  recently  by  that  of  the  Sieur  Cor- 
laer."  On  reaching  the  outlet  of  Saint  Sacrement*  they 
crossed  the  portage,  and  at  the  head  of  the  lake  met  fom-- 
teen  Mohawk  warriors,  who  were  stationed  there  as  senti- 
nels to  watch  for  a  new  army  of  Frenchmen.  But,  on 
learning  the  peaceful  errand  of  the  missionaries,  they 
"  made  themselves  their  valets,"  and  joyfully  carried  their 
luggage.  A  few  days  of  pleasant  journeying  brought  the 
party  near  the  first  palisaded  village  of  the  Tortoise  tribe 
of  the  Mohawks,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  river, "  called 
Gandaouague,f  which  is  that  which  the  late  Father  Jogues  Gandaou- 
moistened  with  his  blood,  and  where  he  was  so  badly  treat-  cighnaw.i- 
ed  during  eighteen  months  of  captivity."  The  missionaries  ^^' 
were  received  with  all  honor  by  the  savages,  who  were  de- 
lighted to  see  among  them  peaceful  Frenchmen  in  place 
of  those  who  so  recently  appeared  "  as  furies,  setting  every 
thing  on  fire."  Two  leagues  further  to  the  west  they  came 
to  the  village  called  "  Gandagaro,"  or  "  Kanagaro,"  belong- 
ing to  the  Bear  tribe.:}:  Thence  they  proceeded  four  leagues 
more,  passing  beyond  Canajoharie,to  the  'sdllage  of  the  Wolf 
tribe,  and  the  capital  of  all  the  Mohawk'  country,  called 
" Tionnontoguen,"§  which  that  nation  "had  rebuilt  at  a'^'°°''™'°- 

•  Tliis  was  called  by  the  Indiana  "  Tionderoga,"  meaning  in  their  language  "the  place 
where  two  rivers  meet."  The  French  called  it  "  Carillon,"  on  account  of  the  noise  of  the 
waterfall  in  the  outlet :  see  Benson's  Mem.,  06.  The  English  called  it  "  Ticonderoga :"  see 
Col.  Doc.,  vii.,  399,  795,  9S4;  x.,  721 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  p.  18,  note. 

t  Kelation,  1668,  6 ;  1670,  23.  This  village,  called  '■'■Oiieugioure"  by  Jogues,  and  '■'•Kagh- 
7iewage"  by  the  Dutch,  was  the  site  of  tlie  modem  village  of  "  Caghnawaga,"  in  the  county 
of  Montgomery :  Relation,  1640, 15;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  712.  Want  of  taste  has  recently  belittled 
this  sonorous,  significant,  and  historical  name  into  "  Fortda:"  see  Hist.  Mag.,  ix.,  371,  872; 
X.,  20,  115,  321,  322.  The  word  "Caghnawaga"  (which  was  afterward  transferred  to  the 
Catholic  "  Reduction"  on  the  Saint  Lawrence,  near  Montreal)  means,  in  tlie  Mohawk  lan- 
guage, "  the  Rapids,"  or  "  a  carrying  place:"  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  712 ;  iii.,  250,  note;  Index,  282^-' 
Doc  Hist.,  iii.,  074 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  iiL  (u.),  159, 171 ;  Shea's  Catholic  Missions,  256,  304  ; 
ante,  vol.  i.,  423,  659.  t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  712 ;  iii.,  250. 

5  This  village  seems  to  have  been  not  far  from  Fort  Plain,  or  Palatine.  It  was  removed, 
in  1689.  "  an  English  mile  higher  up,"  and  was  again  burned  by  the  French  in  1093 :  Doc. 

tt!— I 


130  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  III.  quarter  of  a  league  from  that  which  the  French  had  burn- 
ed  the  year  before."  It  was  situated  on  a  hill,  about  a 
"  '  •  bowshot  from  the  north  bank  of  the  Mohawk  Eiver.  Like 
Caghnawaga,  the  capital  was  "  double  -  stockaded  round ;" 
and  it  contained  about  thirty  cabins.  Here  the  missiona- 
ries were  received  with  a  grand  fusillade,  "  each  one  firing 
from  his  cabin,  and  two  swivels  going  off  at  the  extremi- 
ties of  the  village." 
u  septem.  On  the  day  of  the  exaltation  of  the  Holy  Cross,  the  six 
Mohawk  villages  assembled  at  Tionnontoguen,  and  were 
Mission  of  harangued  by  Fremin,  after  the  Veni  Creator  had  been 
of  the  Mo-  chanted.  Having  reproached  them  for  their  cruelties  to 
the  French,  the  father  declared  that  their  Great  Onnontio 
would  receive  them  as  his  subjects.  To  enforce  his  speech, 
Fremin  planted  a  tall  pole,  at  the  top  of  which  was  a 
wampum  belt,  and  explained  that  the  first  Iroquois  who 
should  kill  a  Frenchman  would  be  thus  hung.  The  awed 
savages  offered  a  place  for  a  chapel ;  mass  was  soon  cele- 
brated in  the  rude  building,  at  which  all  had  worked  with 
zeal ;  and  the  Mission  of  Saint  Mary  of  the  Mohawks  was 
established.* 

Leaving  Fremin  and  Pierron  among  the  Mohawks,  Bru- 
Brnyas  at  yas  now  wcut  thirty  leagues  farther  west  to  found  a  new 
ipra'Lcis     mission  among  the  Oneidas,  who  were  esteemed  "  of  all  the 
fhrcTnet    Iroquois  the  least  numerous  in  fact,  but  the  most  proud 
^'^^'         and  insolent."     A  small  chapel,  quickly  built  by  the  sav- 
29  Septem.  agcs,  was  consccratcd  on  the  feast  of  Saint  Michael  the 
Archangel.     Here  Bruyas  labored  diligently ;  but  the  Mis- 
sion of  Saint  Francis  Xavier  of  the  Oneidas  never  answer- 
ed French  hopes.f 

The  Jesuits  soon  found  that  the  strong  liquors  wliich 

were  sold  to  the   savages  by  their  European  neighbors 

greatly  hindered  conversions.     Pierron  therefore  asked  an 

13  Septem.  interview  with  the  English  authorities.     Nicolls,  who  was 

Hist.,  ii.,  50,  8S;  Col.  Doc,  iv.,  IG,  82.  A  note  in  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  762,  erroneously  states  that 
Tionnontoguen  (which  was  on  the  north  side  of  the  Mohawlc,  and  several  leagues  70fst  of 
Caghnawaga)  was  the  site  of  Fort  Hunter,  which  was  built  in  1712,  on  the  south  side  of  the 
river,  east  of  Caghnawaga,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Scoharie  Creek.  The  note  appears  to  con- 
found "Tionnontoguen"  with  "  Tiononderoge,"  the  castle  of  the  "Praying  Maqitas,"  which 
was  built  in  1G90,  and  was  the  site  of  Fort  Hunter :  compare  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  1C3,  250,  483, 
559,565,771,772;  iv.,  16,  64,  SI,  82,391;  v.,  279,  280,  349,  372,  960;  vi.,  15,  16;  vii.,577; 
ix, 550,  558;  x.,677;  Doc  Hist.,  i.,  340;  ii., 50,88;  iii.,  543,631 ;  Munsell's  Annals,  ii.,  67, 
93,  99, 108  ;  post,  583. 

•  Relation,  1667,  28;  1668,4-13;  1070,23;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  iii.  (ii.),  159 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii., 
712 ;  iii.,  163,  250 ;  Shea,  254^258.  t  Relation,  1C68, 13-10 ;  Shea,  259, 275. 


I 


RICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  131 

then  at  Albany,  invited  the  father  to  meet  him  at  Sche-  chap.  hi. 
neetady,  and  a  pleasant  conference  followed.     The  French 
missionary  did  not  fail  to  acknowledge  that  the  kindness  ^^  Q^to^'r 
he  had  received  amona:  the  Dutch  at  Schenectady  had  Perron 

O  V  IQe6t3  Nlc- 

kindled  a  friendship  which  "  diversity  of  reHgion  should  oiis  at 
not  quench."     Leaving  Fremin  alone  at  Tionnontoguen,  dy. 
Pierron  then  returned  to  Quebec,  which  he  did  not  reach 
until  early  the  next  year.* 

Meanwhile  there  had  been  little  direct  intercourse  be- 
tween England  and  her  North  American  colonies.     The 
only  vessel  that  had  reached  New  York  for  many  months  7  May. 
was  Sir  William  Davison's  ship,  the  "  Orange  Tree,"  wliich 
came  from  Hamburg  under  the   king's  special  license. 
Necessaries  of  all  kinds  grew  very  scarce;  and,  although  want  of 
rumors  came  by  way  of  Bilboa  and  Fayal  that  peace  had  New  York. 
been  concluded  between  England  and  France,  it  was  fear- 
ed that  "some   extraordinary  disaster"  had  befallen  the 
kins;.     In  writing  to  Lord  Arhngton,  NicoUs  reported  the  12  Novem. 

o  o  O         7^  ±  Nicolls's 

mihtary  precautions  he  had  taken  during  the  summer,  and  report  to 
with  just  pride  in  New  York,  observed  that  "when  His 
Majesty  is  truly  informed  how  advantageously  we  are  post- 
ed by  situation  to  bridle  his  enemies  and  secure  all  his 
good  subjects,  I  humbly  presume  to  think  that  His  Maj- 
esty would  afford  much  of  countenance  and  regard  unto 
us,  notwithstanding  that  His  Majesty  hath  granted  the  * 

whole  tract  to  His  Eoyal  Highness."t 

There  was,  indeed,  reason  to  apprehend  that  some  great 
disaster  had  happened  to  the  King  of  England.     He  had   1666. 
expressed  his  desire  to  make  peace  with  the  Dutch,  and  jfe  septem. 
the  States  General  had  renewed  their  offers  of  reciprocal 
restitution  or  retention  of  all  that  either  had  taken  before  or ,  ^  „  ' ; 

n  r^^        ^  i        •  2ff  March. 

during  the  war.     At  the  suggestion  of  Charles,  plempoten-  Plenipoten- 
tiaries were  appointed  on  each  side  to  negotiate  at  Breda.:}:  Breda. 

In  the  mean  time  Stuyvesant  had  reached  the  Hague, 
and  presented  to  the  States  General  his  report  of  the  sur-  iqq^ 
render  of  New  Netherland.     This  having  been  referred  to  19  October. 

•  Relation,  1G6S,  12, 13,  62;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  162, 163;  Rensa.  MSS.  in  O'CaU.,  i.,  33T,  33S ; 
Shea,  258,  259.  t  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  162, 167  ;  Ord.,  Warr.,  Lett.,  ii.,  165,  166. 

t  Aitzema,  v.,  T24,  T32,  750-766;  vi.,  4,  9, 12,  236-239 ;  D'Estrades,  iv.,  391, 469,  515, 609 ; 
v.,  8,  26,  63, 109 ;  Basnage,  i.,  790,  801 ;  Lister's  Clarendon,  ii.,  36S-374 ;  iii.,  443,  453 ;  Ra- 
pin,ii.,  644;  Courtenays  Temple,  i.,  99, 112;  Martin,  i,276  ;  Pepys,  iii.,  66,  67,  72,  82,  94; 
arUe,  78,  93,  96, 124. 


132  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  III.  the  "West  India  Company,  they  insisted  that  their  late  di- 
rector  had  not  done  his  duty,  and  prayed  the  States  to  dis- 
iijan'y.'   ^PP^^^"^  ^f  "the   scandalous   surrender  of  the  aforesaid 
s^'^J^e^^' country,  and  consider  such  example  detrimental  to  the 
2 A°ra      state."     Stuyvesant  urged  that  his  case  should  be  prompt- 
ly decided,  so  that  he  might  return  to  New  Netherland,  and 
bring  back  to  Holland  "  his  sorrowful  wife  and  family,  with 
his  property."     The   States  General,  however,  required 
17  ApiiL    him  to  answer  the  objections  of  the  West  India  Company. 
After  six  months'  delay,  in  order  to  procure  additional  tes- 
29  October,  timouv  f roui  Ncw  York,  Stuyvesant  submitted  an  able  vin- 
snnfs  re-    dlcatiou  of  liis  conduct,  supported  by  proofs.     Among  oth- 
^^"         ers  was  a  letter  from  his  former  subordinate,  Yan  Ruyven, 
"  still  the  Company's  resident  and  agent"  in  New  York, 
and,  at  the  same  time,  high  in  the  confidence  of  NicoUs. 
IT  August.  "  I  can  not  mj^self  imagine,"  wrote  the  late  secretary  of 
New  Netherland  to  his  old  chief,  "  on  what  pretext  the  loss 
of  the  country  can  be  laid  to  your  charge.     Was  not  every 
possible  effort  used  for  its  preservation  %    And  was  not  its 
dangerous  and  ruinous  condition  notified,  and  assistaijce 
for  redress  solicited  %  and  was  it  not  protested  that  other- 
wise every  thing  would  be  lost  %     Certainly  yes ;  not  once, 
nor  one  year,  but  for  several  years,  and  by  almost  every 
ship.     What  more  can  be  demanded  from  a  Governor  ?"* 
166T.       In  a  long  and  petulant  rejoinder,  the  West  India  Com- 
The  w.'^i."  pany  labored  to  shift  the  responsibility  for  the  loss  of  New 
u^Ser.'^  Netherland  from  themselves  to  Stuyvesant.     But  it  was 
now  useless  to  prolong  discussion.    The  States  General  had 
offered  to  Charles  the  alternative  of  reciprocal  restitution 
or  retention  of  conquests  as  the  basis  of  a  treaty.     They 
had  triumphantly  established  the  Dutch  title  to  New  Neth- 
erland against  the  asserted  claims  of  England,  but  they 
could  not  make  its  restitution  the  only  condition  of  peace. 
Finding  how  the  case  stood,  the  West  India  Directors 
26  March,  represented  to  their  High  Mightinesses  that  they  had  rear- 

The  impor-  "  o  */ 

tance  of     cd  Ncw  Netherland  "  like  a  foster  child  "  at  an  "  excessive 

New  Neth- 

eriand.  expeusc,"  for  forty-six  years,  and  urged  that  its  restitution 
by  England  should  be  insisted  upon.  To  this  was  append- 
ed a  memorial  from  many  prominent  merchants  of  Hol- 
land, setting  forth  the  importance  of  regaining  New  Neth- 

*  Col.  Doc,  i J.,  361-37P,  419-425,427-483;  ante,  p.  60,  JWtfi. 


EICHAKD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOK.  133 

erland,  possessed  by.  the  Dutch  for  nearly  half  a  century  chap.  m. 
"  by  a  just  and  indisputable  title,"  and  "  inhabited  by  more 
than  eight  thousand  souls,  consisting  of  about  fifteen  hun- 
dred families,  all  natives  and  subjects  of  this  state,  who 
went  thither  formerly  to  gain  a  livelihood  and  to  settle,  on 
a  promise  of  being  sustained  and  protected."  Its  restora- 
tion by  treaty  was  urged, "  the  rather  that  in  case  the  afore- 
said country  be  left  to  and  remain  in  the  power  and  hands 
of  the  English  nation,  it  could  gain  and  obtain  therefrom, 
in  time  of  war,  considerable  advantages  over  this  state  and 
its  inhabitants,  as  well  because  it  will  be  able  to  draw  and 
receive  thence,  and  therefore  from  its  own  lands  and  colo- 
nies, almost  all  the  wares  which,  being  necessary  for  its 
equipments,  it  has  hitherto  been  obliged  to  obtain  from  the 
Baltic,  as  that,  whenever  it  shall  possess  and  be  master  of 
nearly  the  entire  northern  part  of  America  (for  the  French 
will  be  illy  able  to  hold  Canada  against  that  nation),  it  can, 
without  people  here  in  Europe  having  the  least  knowledge 
of  the  circumstance,  fit  out  a  considerable  fleet  of  large  and 
small  ships  there,  *  *  -•  whereby  said  English  nation  then 
would  found,  and  extend  considerably,  its  pretended  do- 
minion over  the  sea."* 

But  these  statesmanlike  arguments  were  now  too  late. 
Charles  accepted  the  alternative  which  he  pretended  the  Jg  Aprii. 
States  General  had  proposed,  "  namely,  that  each  party 
should  remain  in  the  possession  of  all  things  which  had 
been  acquired  on  one  side  or  the  other  during  this  war." 
On  the  other  hand,  the  States  instructed  their  ambassadors  s  May. 
at  Breda  to  adhere  to  their  oifer  actually  made  on  theuonsat 
sixteenth  of  the  previous  September,  namely,  "  that  it  be 
left  to  His  Majesty's  choice  to  make  peace  by  a  reciprocal 
restitution,  on  both  sides,  of  what  is  seized  by  force  of  arms 
or  detained  from  the  other,  either  before  or  after  the  com- 
mencement of  the  war;  or  else  that  the  one  party  retain 
what  it  hath  taken  by  force  of  arms,  or  otherwise  seized 
from  the  other,  as  well  before  as  after  the  commencement 
of  the  war."  The  plenipotentiaries  were  also  directed  to 
procure,  if  possible,  from  the  King  of  France,  the  cession 
to  the  republic  of  some  of  the  colonies  which  he  had  taken 
from  the  EngHsh,  as  some  equivalent  for  the  relinquish- 

'  Col.  Doc,  iL,  401-515 ;  Ees.  HoU.,  1C6T,  120, 133. 


134  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

onAP.m.  ment  of  New  ISTetherland  by  the  Dutch,  which  sacrifice 
~       ~~  Louis  had  fii'st  suggested.* 

By  this  time  the  real  importance  of  New  York  had  be- 
come better  appreciated  by  the  European  powers  which 
1666    ^^^'^  chiefly  interested  in  its  fate.     From  Quebec,  Talon 
13  Novem.  had  suggcstcd  to  Colbert  that  Louis  should,  after  an  ar- 
wLhes      rangement  with  the  Dutch  government,  procure  the  cession 
gSa^ew   from  England  of  New  Netherland  to  himself,  by  which 
ilnd.^"^'     means  he  "would .have  two  entrances  into  Canada,  and 
would  thereby  give  the  French  all  the  peltries  of  the  North 
— of  which  the  English  have  now  partly  the  advantage,  by 
means  of  the  communication  with  the  L-oquois  which  they 
possess  by  Manatte  and  Orange — and  would  place  those 
barbarous  tribes  at  His  Majesty's  discretion ;  who  could, 
moreover,  approach  New  Sweden  when  he  pleased,  and 
^ggY    ^^^^  ^e^  England  confined  within  its  limits."     This  idea 
27  October.  Talou  reiterated  the  next  year ;  but  Colbert  was  obliged  to 
6  April,     content  himself  with  directing  the  subjugation  of  the  Iro- 
quois by  the  French.     Louis,  now  engaged  in  active  hos- 
tilities in  the  Spanish  Netherlands,  could  do  nothing  to  ob- 
tain the  cession  of  New  York  either  fi'om  Holland  or  En- 
gland, and  liixiited  his  efforts  to  regaining  Acadia,  which 
Cromwell  had  wrested  from  France.f 
20  May.         A  difficult  poiut  soou  occurrod  at  Breda.     The  Dutch 
offer  was  craftily  misstated  by  Charles,  and  the  negotiations 
were  delayed.     Observing  this,  De  Witt,  who  could  not  for- 
get his  vow  to  avenge  the  outrage  which  the  English  had 
perpetrated  the  year  before  at  Schelling,  thought  that  the 
time  had  come  for  a  memorable  retaliation.     The  large 
sums  voted  by  Parliament  for  the  fleet  had  been  squander- 
ed by  the  Idng  on  his  unworthy  favorites,  and  most  of  the 
Enghsh  ships  were  laid  up  in  ordinary.     The  Grand  Pen- 
The  Dutch  sionary  accordingly  dispatched  De  Ru}i;er  and  Cornelis  de 
Th*^e3.    Witt  to  the  Thames.     Sheerness  and  the  dock-yard  at  Chat- 
ham were  surprised ;  several  of  the  finest  vessels  in  the  En- 
1 1  June,    glish  nsiYj  were  burned ;  and  the  "  Eoyal  Charles,"  which 
liad  brought  back  the  restored  king  in  triumph  from  Sche- 
veningen,  was  carried  off  as  the  chief  prize  of  the  Dutch 

*  IVEstrades,  v.,  175,  2ni ;  Aitzema,  vi.,  27-31 ;  Sec.  Res.  IIoll.,  ii.,  62S-552;  Col.  Doc, 
ii.,  516,  517;  Rapin,ii.,  645;  Martin,  i.,  275;  Courtcn.iy'a  Temple,  i.,  100  ;  oji^c,  p.  131. 
t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  56,  57,  53,  60 ;  D'Estrades,  v.,  ISl,  20S,  250,  333,  344. 


EICHAED  NICOLLS,  GOVEKNOE.  135 

avengers.*    London  was   deprived   of  its  supplies,   and  cnAP.m. 
threatened  for  several  weeks  by  the  blockading  Holland- 
ers,  who,  had  they  been  better  informed  of  the  condition  of  p^jgi^^  ^^ 
the  capital,  and  acted  with  prompt  -^dgor,  might  from  the  London. 
White  Tower  have  dictated  their  own  terms  of  peace  to 
the  fugitive  sovereign  at  Windsor.     While  his  sliips  were 
burning  at  Chatham,  Charles  was  gayly  supping  with  his 
parasites  at  Whitehall,  and  all  were  "  mad  in  hunting  of  a 
poor  moth."     But  the  nation  felt,  with  Evelyn,  that  En- 
glishmen had  suffered  "  a  dishonor  never  to  be  wiped  off." 
Well  might  Nicolls,  at  New  York,  after  waiting  the  whole 
summer  for  a  ship  from  England,  apprehend  that  "  some  12  Novem. 
extraordinary  disaster"  had  befallen  his  majesty .f 

De  Witt's  galling  success  in  the  Thames  had  a  marvel- 
ous effect  at  Breda.     The  English  ambassadors  agreed  to  Effect  at 
the  principle  that  each  party  should  retain  the  places  it  had  30  June, 
occupied,  and  Charles  was  obliged  to  recede  from  his  posi- 
tion and  accept  the  terms  insisted  upon  by  the  Dutch.     A 
treaty  between  England  and  Holland  was  soon  concluded,  f i  J"iy- 

,      Treaty 

By  tlie  third  article  it  was  stipulated  that "  each  of  the  said  made. 
parties  shall  hold  and  possess  in  future,  in  perfect  right  of 
sovereignty,  propriety,  and  possession,  all  such  countries, 
islands,  towns,  forts,  places,  and  colonies,  and  so  many  as 
each,  whether  during  this  war  or  before,  in  whatever  time 
it  may  have  been,  shall  have  taken  and  retained  from  the 
other,  by  force  and  by  arms,  or  in  whatever  manner  it  may 
have  been,  and  that  in  the  same  manner  as  they  shall  have 
occupied  and  possessed  them  on  the  -l-^th  of  May  last,  none 
of  the  said  places  excepted."  The  same  day  another  treaty 
was  signed  between  France  and  England,  by  which  Acadia  Acadia  ro- 

stored  to 

was  restored  to  Louis,  in  exchange  for  Antigua,  Montserrat,  France. 
and  a  part  of  Saint  Christopher's.:}: 

By  the  treaty  of  Breda  the  Dutch  West  India  Company  New  Netu- 
lost  New  Netherland,  while  the  East  India  Company  gained  en  up  by"" 

the  treaty 
of  Breda. 

*  A  part  of  the  stern  of  the  Eoyal  Charles  ia  still  preserved  aa  a  trophy  in  the  dock-yard  at 
Rotterdam. 

t  Aitzema,vi.,  35-46,109-120;  D'Estrades,  v.,  240-361,332,  390;  Kennett,  iii.,  205;  Lis- 
ter's Clarendon,  ii.,  3TG-3S1 ;  iii.,  454-463;  Basnage,  i.,  803,  804;  Evelyn,  ii.,  27,  28;  iii., 
214;  Pepys,  iii.,  142-155,  164;  Rapin,  ii.,  C45;  Burnet,  i.,  250;  Clarke's  Jamea  II.,  i.,  425, 
426 ;  Martin,  i.,  286 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  16T ;  ante,  p.  125, 131. 

t  Dumont,  vii.,  45;  Aitzema,  vi.,  55;  D'Estrades,  v.,  303,  GS4,  385,  462,  464,  4T6  ;  Bas- 
nage, i.,  806,  807 ;  Temple,  i.,  4S1 ;  Courtenay's  Temple,  i.,  112 ;  Li-^ter'a  Clarendon,  ii.,  881 ; 
DeWitt,ii.,537;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  204;  Hume,  vi.,  400-402;  I.ingard,  xii.,  211-215;  Hazard's 
Eeg.  Penn.,iv.,120;  Kapiii,  ii.,045,  646;  Anderson,  ii.,  4' 2,  403;  Martin,  i.,  2ST. 


13G  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.iii.  Poleroii.  Surinam,  having  been  conquered  before  the  10th 
of  May,  was  also  confirmed  to  the  United  ProAdnces.  Its 
acquisition  somewhat  reconciled  the  Dutch  people  to  the 
loss  of  New  Netherland ;  and  all,  except  the  West  India 
shareholders  and  the  regents  of  the  city  of  Amsterdam, 

-21  August,  seemed  to  be  content  when  the  peace  was  proclaimed  at 
the  Hague. 

Feeling  in  But  iu  Loudou  the  feeling  was  very  different.  The 
church-bells  rang  out  merry  peals.  Yet  no  bonfires  show- 
ed the  national  joy — "partly,"  wrote  Pepys,  "from  the 
dearness  of  firing,  but  principally  from  the  little  content 
most  people  have  in  the  peace."  They  lamented  "  the  giv- 
ing away  Poleron  and  Surinam,  and  Nova  Scotia,  which 
hath  a  river  300  miles  up  the  country,  wdth  copper-mines, 
more  than  Swedeland,  and  Newcastle  coals,  the  only  place 
in  America  that  hath  coals  that  we  know  of;  and  that 
Cromwell  did  A^alue  those  places,  and  would  forever  have 
made  much  of  them."  In  this  feeling  Massachusetts 
shared  when  it  became  known  that  England  had  parted 
with  "  a  place  so  profitable  to  them,  from  whence  they 
drew  great  quantities  of  beaver  and  other  peltry,  besides 
the  fishing  for  cod."  Public  sentiment,  both  in  and  out  of 
Parliament,  strongly  condemned  the  king.     A  scape-goat 

Fnii  of      became  liecessary  at  Whitehall ;  and  Clarendon,  who  had 
'  served  his  sovereign  with  austere  fidelity,  was  meanly  de- 

so  August,  prived  of  the  great  seal,  which,  at  the  very  moment  it  was 
demanded  from  him,  he  was  aflixing  to  the  proclamation 
of  the  Peace  of  Breda.  This  was  followed  by  a  quarrel 
between  the  Duke  of  York  and  his  secretary.  Sir  William 

-2  septem.   Coventry,  who  gave  up  his  place,  and  was  succeeded  in  it 

the  duke's  by  Mattlicw  Wren,  a  son  of  the  Bishop  of  Ely,  and  secreta- 
r}'-  to  the  fallen  chancellor,  upon  whose  recommendation 
James  made  him  his  OA\ai  most  confidential  ofiicer.* 

The  Peace  of  Breda  finished  the  controversy  between  the 
West  India  Company  and  Stuyvesant.  As  the  fatherland 
had  relinquished  its  ancient  province  to  England,  the  vete- 
ran felt  no  scruple  about  ending  his  days  under  a  govern- 

*  Lambreclitgen,  SO;  Aitzeraa,  vi.,54;  Basnage,  i.,  803,  810;  Lingard,  xii.,  215-220; 
Hume,  vi.,  402-400;  Lister,  ii.,  3S3-4U;  Chalmer?,  Ann.,  i.,  r.OO,  57S;  Itev.  (Jol.,  i.,  118; 
I'epys,  ii  ,  301 ;  iii.,  22T,  233-23C,  240,  242,  24-t,  24T ;  Evelyn,  i.,  335,  409 ;  CanipbeH's  Clian- 
cellora,  iii.,  232  ;  Clarke's  James  II.,  i ,  420-433 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  241 ;  llutcli.  Coll.,  480  ;  Life 
of  Clarendon,  Cont.  (l)xf.),  ii!.,  t92,  293,  294. 


accretaiy. 


EICHAED  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR  137 

ment  to  which  he  had  already  sworn  a  temporary  alle-  chap.iii. 
ffiance.    But,  before  returninsr  to  America,  lie  tried  to  obtain  ~" 

a  relaxation  of  the  English  na\dgation  laws  in  favor  of  New 
York  by  allowing  it  a  direct  commerce  with  Holland ;  urg-  stuyvesant 
ing  to  the  Duke  of  York  that  the  capitulation  should  be  free  trade, 
ratified,  and  that  its  sixth  article  especially — which  allowed 
a  free  trade  with  the  Netherlands  in  Dutch  vessels — should 
be  "  observed,  or  in  some  measure  indulged."  This  was 
very  necessary,  because  the  Indians,  in  trading  their  bea- 
vers, especially  prized  Holland  duffels  and  Utrecht  iron- 
ware, and,  for  want  of  them,  would  traffic  with  the  French 
of  Canada, "  who  are  now  incroached  to  be  too  neare  neigh- 
bom-s  unto  us  ;"  and  because,  as  no  shij)s  were  to  go  to  New 
York  from  England  this  season,  there  would  be  destitution 
unless  it  should  be  relieved  from  Holland.  Stuyvesant 
therefore  asked  permission  to  dispatch  two  Dutch  vessels 
from  Holland  to  New  York,  that  so  "  the  inhabitants,  being 
plentifully  supplied,  may  cheerfully  follow  their  vocations, 
and  bless  God  for  the  opportunity  of  enjoyment  of  all  peace 
and  plenty  under  the  auspicious  wings  of  your  Royal  High- 
ness's  paternal  care  and  protection."- 

As  the  Duke  of  York  could  not  grant  such  a  request, 
Stuyvesant  petitioned  the  king  in  council.     On  the  report 
of  a  special  committee,  without  reference  to  the  Council  of  it  cct. 
Trade,  Charles  ordered  that  "  a  temporary  permission  for  23  oct. 
seven  years,  with  three  ships  only,"  be  granted  to  the  Dutch  givS!^""" 
"  freely  to  trade"  with  New  York ;  and  the  duke  was  author- 
ized to  grant  his  license  to  Stuyvesant  pursuant  to  Nic- 
olls's  passport.     The  capitulation  of  New  Netherland  was 
not  formally  ratified,  but  it  was  recognized  as  obligatory. 
Having  gained  for  his  countrymen-  this  concession  in  their  stuyve- 
f  aver,  Stu}wesant  returned  to  spend  the  remnant  of  his  days  tum  to '^' 
calmly  in  New  York. f  iew\or  . 

The  Peace  of  Breda  brought  welcome  relief  to  Nicolls.  xicoiis  ra- 
The  duke  yielded  to  his  many  requests  to  be  recalled  from 
an  administration  which  he  had  conducted  so  well.  It  was 
diflScult  to  find  a  proper  successor  in  a  court  thronged  with 
needy  place-hunters,  few  of  whom  were  qualified  to  govern 
an  American  province.     James   selected  Colonel  Francis 

'  Col.  Doc,  ii., 251 ;  iii.,  1G3, 1G4 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  p.  T62. 

t  CoL  Doc,  iii.,  164-16T,  1T5-1T9,  23T  ;  v.,  496 ;  vii.,  5S6  ;  Val.  Man.,  1S4T,  3T0. 


158 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Chap.  IIL 

1667. 

Lovelace. 


1668. 

1  January. 
I'eace  pro- 
claimed in 
New  York. 


Commer- 
cial enter- 
prise. 


Grants  of 
land. 
3  Febr'y. 


Martha's 
Vineyard 
and  Nan- 
tucket. 


Lovelace,  a  brother  of  John,  Lord  Lovelace  of  Hurley,  and 
a  favorite  of  the  king,  of  whose  "  honorable  privy  cham- 
ber" he  was  one  of  the  gentlemen.  It  seems  to  have  been 
Lovelace's  chief  "  affliction"  that  at  his  departure  from  En- 
gland he  was  unable  to  see  Secretary  Arlington.* 

At  length  official  intelligence  of  the  Peace  of  Breda 
reached  NicoUs,  whose  pleasant  duty  it  was,  at  the  open- 
ing of  the  new  year,  to  amiounce  the  good  news  in  his  gov- 
ernment. This  was  done  by  warrants  addressed  to  each 
justice,  requiring  a  general  publication  of  the  proclama- 
tions announcing  the  auspicious  event.f 

A  new  order  of  things  at  once  opened.  The  success  of 
Stuyvesant  at  London  aroused  the  repressed  commercial 
enterprise  of  the  Dutch  merchants;  of  whomYan  Cort- 
landt,  Cousseau,  Ebbing,  and  others  set  sail  for  Holland 
during  the  summer,  to  settle  old  accounts  and  prepare  for 
increasing  trade.:]: 

The  peace  also  enabled  NicoUs  to  reward  some  of  his 
English  subordinates.  Among  the  effects  of  Dutch  sub- 
jects which  had  been  confiscated  by  the  decree  of  10th  of 
October,  1665,  were  Hog  Island,  and  the  two  "  Barent's" 
Islands  in  the  East  River.  Hog  Island  was  now  granted 
to  Captain  John  Manning,  whom  the  governor  had  just 
before  appointed  sheriff  of  Xew  York.  The  Barent's  Isl- 
ands were  at  the  same  time  patented  to  Collector  Thomas 
Delavall.§ 

A  question  respecting  the  jurisdiction  of  New  York  was 
now  settled  by  Nicolls.  The  islands  of  Martha's  Yineyard 
and  Nantucket,  although  contiguous  to  the  coast  of  New 
Plymouth,  were  included  by  name  in  the  Duke  of  York's 
patent.  In  1641  they  had  been  conveyed  by  Stirbng  and 
Gorges  to  Thomas  Mayhew  and  his  son,  who,  after  1654, 
finding  that  they  were  out  of  the  jurisdiction  of  Massa- 

*  Chalmers,  i.,  578,  follows  the  error  of  Smith,  i.,  42,  in  stating  that  Lovelace  assumed  the 
administration  of  New  York  in  May,  1GC7.  lie  appears  to  have  arrived  at  New  York  in  the 
spring  of  IGCS,  and  did  not  relieve  Nicolls  until  August  of  that  year.  See  N.  Y.  Surrogate's 
Records,  Wills,  l.,D5;  Val.  Man.,  1847,  3G2 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  5S0;  iii.,174. 

t  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  ii.,  193 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  522.  t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  17S. 

}  Patents,  i.,  129,  131;  Ord.,  Warr.,  Lett.,  ii.,  177;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  654;  Val.  Man.,  1S47, 
351;  1853,  330;  1855,  493-497;  Smith,  i.,  299  ;  IIofTman's  Treatise,  i.,  147,  148;  Benson's 
Mem.,  90;  C.  WoUey,  00;  ante.  p.  9\.  Hog  Island  was  known  as  Manning's  Island,  and 
afterward  as  Blackwell's  Island.  The  "Barent's  Islands"  became  Englished  into  Great 
and  Little  "Barn"  Islands,  one  of  which  is  now  known  as  AVard's  Island,  and  the  other  »s 
Randall's  Island.  All  the  three  now  belong  to  the  city  of  New  York.  See  the  "  Nicolls 
Map,"Val.  Man.,  1803. 


RICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOR.  139 

chusetts  and  New  Plymouth,  exercised  a  kind  of  independ-  chap.  in. 
ent  government  in  their  remote  habitations.     An  English 
vessel  having  been  driven  ashore  on  one  of  the  neighboring 
Elizabeth  Islands,  and  seized  by  the  Indians,  the  matter  was 
reported  to  Nicolls,  who  sent  a  special  commission  to  May-  s  January, 
hew,  and  instructed  him  to  summon  the  offending  sachems 
before  him  at  "  Martin's  Yineyard,"  and  also  to  request 
Governor  Prince,  of  New  Plymouth,  to  reprove  the  disor- 
derly savages  within  his  jurisdiction.     "  I  have  not  been 
forward,"  he  added,  "  in  trivial  cases,  to  contest  for  my       * 
master's  bounds ;  knowing,  however,  that  all  the  islands, 
except  Block  Island,  from  Cape  Cod  to  Cape  May,  are  in- 
cluded in  my  master's  patent.     The  first  scruples  will  be 
soon  removed ;  however,  in  cases  of  this  consequence,  1  . 
must  declare  myself  both  in  point  of  power  and  readiness 
to  protect  and  defend  my  master's  honor  and  interest.* 

Another  case  of  "scruple"  was  decided  without  diffi- 
culty.    A  few  miles  from   Stonington,  in  Connecticut, 
is  an  island,  about  nine  miles  long  and  one  broad,  which 
the  Dutch  discovered  in  1614,  and  named  the  "  Visscher's"  Fisher's 
or  Fisher's  Island.     As  it  was  near  the  mouth  of  the  Mys-  granted  to 
tic,  John  Winthrop  obtained  a  grant  of  it  in  1640  from    ™  "^°^' 
Massachusetts,  and  in  the  following  year  the  assent  of  the 
Hartford  Court;  and  in  1644  he  bought  it  from  the  sav- 
ages.   But,  as  it  was  included  in  the  Duke  of  York's  patent, 
Winthrop  procured  fi-om  Nicolls  a  confirmation  to  himself  28  March. 
of  Fisher's  Island  "  as  an  entire  enfranchised  township, 
manor,  and  place  of  itself ;  and  to  have,  hold,  and  enjoy 
equal  privileges  and  immmiities  with  any  other  town,  en- 
franchised place,  or  manor,  within  the  government  of  New 
York ;  and  to  be  in  nowise  subordinate  or  belonging  unto, 
or  dependent  upon  any  riding,  township,  place,  or  jurisdic- 
tion whatsoever."    In  vain  Connecticut  afterward  attempted 
to  assert  her  authority  over  Fisher's  Island.     It  still  forms 
part  of  Suffolk  County,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  was, 
until  recently,  owned  by  Winthrop's  descendants.f 

For  some  time  after  his  arrival  at  New  York,  Lovelace 

•  Col.  Doc,  ill.,  168-170;  Hough's  "Nantucket  Papers,"  x.-xv.,  1-22,  70;  Mass.  Rec,  Iv. 
(i.),199;  Palfrey,  ii.,  196,  339;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  161;  Mather's  Mag.,  ii.,  424,  427. 

t  Patents,  iii.,  5;  Col.  Eec.  Conn.,  i,  64,  65;  iii.,  64,283;  Mass.  Kec,  i.,  S04;  Mass.  11.  S. 
Coll.,  XXX.,  54, 78 ;  xxxvi.,  368 ;  xxxvii,,  83 ;  Palfrey,  ii.,  234,  624;  Thompson,  i.,  388-390  , 
N.  Y.  Bev.  Stat.,  ill,  2 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  57. 


140  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  111.  occupied  liimself  in  becoming  familiar  with  the  govern- 
~~~      ment  he  was  soon  to  administer.     One  of  his  duties  was  to 
13  April '  pi'Gside  in  the  Admiralty  Com-t ;  and  a  case  having  been 
cou'?tTn"^  removed  from  the  Mayor's  Court  to  that  tribimal,  Lovelace 
j^ewYgrk.  took  his  Seat  with  Kicolls  on  the  bench.     A  controversy 
had  arisen  between  the  owner  of  the  ship  Cedar  and  the 
privateers  who  went  in  her  to  Acadia  the  year  before,  and 
who  had  taken  a  Spanish  prize  which  they  brought  into 
New  York.     After  several  hearings  the  court  pronounced 
IS  April,    a  sentence,  a  remarkable  feature  of  which  was,  that  an 
Indian  man,  who  had  been  taken  "  as  part  of  their  prize," 
should  be  sold,  to  defi-ay  the  charges  on  both  sides.'^^ 
DeLware       Affairs  ou  tlio  Delaware  had  meanwhile  gone  smooth- 
ly along.     A  new  church  had  been  built  by  the  Swedes  in 
1667  at  Crane  Hook,  near  Fort  Christina  or  Altona,  now 
known  as  Wilmington,  in  which  Lokenius,  the  Lutheran 
clergjTnan,  who  appears  to  have  led  rather  a  godless  life, 
continued  to  minister.     By  an  order  of  Nicolls,  the  local 
21  April,    government  of  the  Delaware  territory  was  now  regulated 
more  clearly.     Captain  John  Carr  was  to  remain  as  com- 
mander-in-chief at  Newcastle,  assisted  by  Alricks  and  oth- 
ers as  counselors,  and  the  Duke's  laws  were  to  be  publish- 
ed and  observed.     Li  all  cases  of  difficulty  the  directions 
of  the  governor  and  council  at  New  York  were  to  be  sought 
and  followed.     Not  long  afterward,  the  Mantes,  or  Eed 
Hook  Lidians,  having  committed  several  murders,  Nicolls 
s  June,      and  Lovelace,  in  a  joint  letter,  directed  Carr  and  his  coun- 
selors to  make  all  necessary  rules  for  .the  government  of 
both  Christians  and  Indians,  and  report  them  to  New  York 
for  confirmation.f 

The  military  establishment  of  the  whole  province  was 
Military    uow  scttlcd.     The  garrison  at  Newcastle  was  to  have  a 
ments^fn    Heuteuant,  a  corporal,  and  eighteen  men ;  that  at  Esopus, 
ince^"^"    a  sergeant  and  twenty-one  men ;  and  that  at  Albany,  a  lieu- 
tenant, a  sergeant,  a  gunner,  a  drummer,  and  twenty  men. 
At  Fort  James,  in  New  York,  there  were  to  be  a  lieutenant, 

♦  N.V.Surr.  Rec.  Wills,  i., 25-51;  Val.  Man.,  1S47,3G2-3G9;  Col.  MSS.,xxii.,  40-49;  Onl., 
Warr.,  Lett.,  ii,  191;  ante,  p.  127.  Captain  Richard  Morri?,  formerly  of  liarbadoes,  first  ap- 
pears as  a  New  Yorker  in  connection  with  this  matter  of  the  ship  Cedar:  compare  Dunlap, 
i.,  2T2  ;  Bolton's  Westchester,  ii.,  2S4,  286;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  595,  C19. 

t  Ord.,  Warr..  Lett.,  ii.,  207, 2flS;  S.  Smith,  51,  52;  S.  Hazard,  Ann.  Penn..  140,  332,  348, 
371,  372 ;  Kepr.  Penn.,  i.,  37,  38 ;  iv.,  74  ;  Proud,  i.,  124  ;  Upland  Records,  24,  25  ;  ante,  voL 
L,  225, 248, 511, 610, 031, 734. 


KICHARD  NICOLLS,  GOVERNOE.  141 

an  ensign,  a  gunner,  a  marslial,  a  surgeon,  four  sergeants,  cnAp.ni. 
four  corporals,  and  eighty  men.     As  a  special  encourage- 
ment  to  the  settlement  of  the  newly-purchased  country 
back  of  Esopus,  NicoUs  granted  thirty  lots  of  thirty  acres  6  April.   •. 
each  to  the  soldiers  in  the  garrison  there.* 

After  the  recall  of  the  royal  commissioners,  Massachu- 
setts extended  her  authority  over  Maine,  which  drew  fi'om 
NicoUs  a  strong  remonstrance.    But  this  was  unheeded.    In  12  June. 
a  farewell  letter  the  Governor  of  New  York  sharply  admon-  so  juiy. 
ished  the  Boston  Court,  avowing  himself  "concerned  dm*- letter  to 
ing  life  in  the  affairs  of  New  England ;"  adding, "  You  know  settT''  "' 
that  my  station  hath  been  a  frontier  place  towards  the  In- 
dians, who  had  too  much  influence  upon  the  spirits  of  the 
Dutch  in  former  times,  but  are  now  in  a  competent  meas- 
ure reduced  to  a  better  compliance  in  their  behavioui-s  to- 
wards us,  and  have  given  me  some  testimonies  of  their  de- 
sires to  Hve  in  peace  with  our  nation ;  for  they  have  made 
me  a  present  of  two  youths  which  have  been  their  prison- 
ers a  few  yeai-s :  they  were  taken  in  Maryland.    Also  they 
have  promised  to  bring  me  another  young  man  remaining 
with  them.    So  that  though  they  have  a  warr  with  the  En- 
glish in  Maryland,  because  the  English  there  do  take  part 
with  their  Indians,  yett  you  may  guesse  these  heathens  are 
yet  desirous  of  peace  with  the  English,  of  which  I  have  long 
since  advertised  the  Governour  of  Maryland."t 

In  company  with  his  successor,  Nicolls  made  a  last  visit  7  Jni7. 
to  Albany,  against  the  monopoly  of  the  Indian  trade  at 
which  place  the  magistrates  of  New  York  had  protested. 
While  there,  the  two  governors  jointly  issued  new  instruc- August, 
tions  to  Captain  Baker  for  the  regulation  of  the  garrison  fairs. 
and  in  regard  to  transactions  with  the  Indians,  and  other 
matters  growing  out  of  the  treaty  of  Breda.     There  -was 
now  to  be  a  general  amnesty  and  oblivion  of  all  "  seeds  of 
distrust  and  jealousy ;"  and,  in  future,  no  complaints  were 
to  be  brought  before  the  governor  at  New  York  "  but  such 
as  are  of  high  nature,  and  the  proofs  grounded  upon  suffi- 
cient testimonies.":}; 

•  Col.  MSS.,  xxii.,  50  ;  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  ii.,  206 ;  Coll.  Ulster H.  Soc,  i.,  50,  T2 ;  ante,  89. 

t  Col.  Doc,  lii.,  170-173;  Hutch.,!.,  260-267;  Coll.,  427,  428  ;  Mass.  Kec,  ir.  (ii.),  370-373, 
400,404;  Chalmers,  i.,  484;  Palfrey,  ii.,  632-634 ;  Williamson,  1.,  431-438. 

t  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  ii.,  229-233 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxii.,  10 ;  Munsell,  vii.,  100,  101 ;  New  York 
City  Eec,  vi.,  387 ;  ante,  p.  83. 


142  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

On  his  return  to  New  York,  McoUs  prepared  to  take  leave 


1668. 


of  liis  government.  His  predecessor  Stuyvesant,  having  ir- 
regularly sealed  some  patents  after  the  surrender  of  New 

8  August.  Netherland,  received  a  formal  pardon  for  himself  and  liis 
secretary  Van  Ruyven.     A  new  patent  was  also  given  to 

15  August.  De  Sille,  Cortelyou,  and  others,  confirming  the  town  privi- 
leges of  New  Utrecht.  At  the  same  time,  Samuel  Edsall 
received  a  patent  for  Bronck's  land,  opposite  Haerlem.    As 

21  August,  a  crowning  act  of  grace  and  justice,  Nicolls  released  Ralph 

Hall.  Hall  and  his  wife  from  the  recognizances  which  they  had 
been  required  to  give  when  charged  with  witchcraft  in 
1665,"  there  having  been  no  direct  proofs  nor  further  pros- 
ecution of  them,  or  either  of  them,  since."* 

17  August.      The  authorities  of  the  city  of  New  York  now  sisrned  a 

NicoUs  ''  ~ 

leaves       loval  addrcss,  which  they  asked  Nicolls  to  deliver  to  the 

New  York.        ^j  :>  j 

duke,  near  whose  person  he  was  to  resume  liis  service.    All 
the  freemen  of  the  metropolis  were  divided  into  two  com- 
panies, and  ordered  to  appear  in  arms  at  the  governor's  de- 
parture.   A  few  days  afterward,  Nicolls,  having  transferred 
28  August,  his  functions  to  Lovelace,  embarked  for  England,  with  every 
demonstration  of  respect  and  regret  from  those  who,  receiv- 
ing him  as  a  conqueror,  bade  him  farewell  as  a  friend.    In- 
vested with  extraordinary  powers,  he  had  used  them  with 
the  moderation  and  integrity  of  a  true  gentleman ;  and  the 
people,  whose  prejudices  he  had  avoided  wounding, " loved 
the  man  whose  orders  they  disliked."    His  former  colleague, 
25  August.  Maverick,  thus  wrote  to  Lord  Arlington :  "After  liis  abode 
letterabout  here  f OUT  years  (where  he  hath  lived  with  screat  reputation 

Nicolls.  t/  \  o  jr 

and  honour),  he  is  now  returning  home.  I  must  needs  ac- 
company him  with  this  character — that  he  hath  done  His 
Majesty  and  His  Royal  Highness  very  considerable  service 
in  these  parts,  having,  by  his  prudent  management  of  affairs, 
kept  persons  of  different  judgments  and  of  diverse  nations 
in  peace  and  quietness,  during  a  time  when  a  great  part  of 
the  world  was  in  warrs.  And  as  to  the  several  nations  of 
the  Indians,  they  were  never  brought  into  such  a  peaceable 
posture  and  f aire  correspondence  as  by  his  means  they  now 
are."t 

•  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  iL,  216, 21T,  220 ;  Patei;b>,  iv.,  54 ;  Thompson,  ii.,  191 ;  Bolton,  ii.,  283, 
284;  Doc.  Hist.,  iv.,8G;  a»if(',p.  91;  vol.  i.,  p.  2GS. 

t  X.  Y.  City  Rec,  vi.,  397,  480 ;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  174, 175 :  Chalmers,  i.,  578 ;  Smith,  i.,  42  ; 
Hutch.  Coll.,  428. 


PEANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOK,  I4.3 


CHAPTEE  TV. 

1668-1673. 

About  thirty  miles  west  of  London,  on  the  Berkshire  cnAr.n^ 
side  of  the  Thames,  in  the  parish  of  Hurley,  there  stood,        ;t~ 
until  a  few  years  ago,  a  large  country  house,  built  in  the 
Elizabethan  style,  and  called  "  Lady  Place."     Covering  the  Lady  piaco 
site  of  an  ancient  Benedictine  monastery,  from  which  it''    ^^^^' 
was  named,  it  had  been  erected  by  Sir  Richard  Lovelace,  a 
lucky  comrade  of  Drake.     With  the  rich  Spanish  spoil  he 
had  won,  the  retired  adventurer  had  laid  out  terraced  gar- 
dens around  his  Tudor  mansion,  the  wide  hall  of  which 
opened  on  the  placid  river,  and  had  adorned  its  stately  gal- 
lery with  beautiful  Italian  landscapes.     The  heir  of  the  old 
knight  greatly  improved  this  place,  and  was  created,  by 
Charles  the  First,  Baron  Lovelace,  of  Hurley.     His  sons, 
John,  the  second  Lord  Lovelace,  and  Francis,  a  colonel  in 
the  army,  adhered  to  the  royal  cause.     Francis  Lovelace  coionei 
appears  to  have  visited  "Long  Island"  in  1650,  under  a  Lovelace, 
pass  from  Cromwell's  Council  of  State,  and  to  have  gone 
thence  to  Virginia.     At  its   surrender  to   the  Common- 
wealth forces  in  1652,  he  was  chosen  by  Sir  William  Berke- 
ley to  convey  the  tidings  "  to  the  late  King  of  Scots."     The 
zeal  of  Lovelace  in  the  interest  of  Charles  the  Second  led 
to  his  being  committed  a  prisoner  to  the  Tower  by  Richard 
Cromwell,  on  a  charge   of  high  treason.     This  only  in- 
creased his  favor  with  the  king  at  the  Restoration.     He 
was  enrolled  as  one  of  the  knights  of  the  "  Royal  Oak,"  an 
order  which  Charles  proposed  to  institute  as  a  reward  to 
his  faithful  followers  in  adversity,  but  was  more  substan- 
tially recompensed  by  being  made  "  one  of  the  gentlemen 
of  His  Majesty's  Honorable  Privy  Chamber."     In   due 
time,  the  king's  favor  induced  his  appointment  by  the  Duke  Appointed 
of  York  as  the  successor  of  Nicolls  in  his  government.*      Ne^York! 

"  LyBon's  Magna  Britiji.,  299;  Burke's  Dormant  Peerage,  iii.,  498, 499 ;  Salnsbury'a  Cal- 


144  HISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  KEW  YOEK. 

cuAr.iv.      Lovelace  was  in  many  respects  unlike  his  predecessor. 

He  was  phlegmatic  rather  than  enterprising,  and  lacked 

Character  *^^  energy  and  decision  so  necessary  in  a  provincial  gov- 

ofLove-     ernor  far  removed  from  the  observation  of  his  superiors. 

lace.  ^  .  ^  ^ 

Yet  he  was  of  "  a  generous  mind,  and  noble ;"  upright  and 
good-natured,  and  by  the  very  moderation  of  his  character 
unwilling  to  disturb  the  policy  by  which  NicoUs  had  ad- 
ministered the  government  of  New  York  with  such  suc- 
cess. For  several  months  he  had  enjoyed  the  opportunity 
of  studying  his  predecessor's  conduct.  With  a  commission 
similar  to  that  of  Xicolls,  Lovelace  also  brought  with  him 
to  New  York  a  formal  confirmation  by  the  duke  of  the 
code  of  laws  established  at  Hempstead.  Lovelace's  in- 
structions, among  other  things,  required  him  "  to  make  no 
alterations  in  the  Laws  of  the  government  settled  before 
his  arrival."* 

Having  received  from  IsicoUs  the  cipher  in  which  lie 

was  to  correspond  with  the  secretary  of  state  in  case  of 

•2s  August,  necessity,  Lovelace  announced  to  Lord  Arlington  his  in- 

inataiied.    stallatiou  iu  the   government  of  New  York,  "  being  the 

middle  position  of  the  two  distinct  factions,  the  Papist  and 

Puritan,"  and  asked  "  some  instructions"  how  he  might 

steer  his  course,  so  as  most  to  advance  the  interest  of  the 

king  and  the  duke.f 

•2  septem,       Lovclacc's  couucil,  at  A'arious  periods,  consisted  of  Cor- 

coilnctr    nelis  Steenwyck,  the  mayor  of  New  York ;  Thomas  Willett 

and  Thomas  Delavall,  former  mayors;  Ralph  Whitfield, 

Isaac  Bedlow,  Francis  Boone,  and  Cornells  van  Ruy^^en, 

aldermen ;  Captain  John  Manning,  the  sheriff  of  the  city ; 

Dudley  and  Thomas  Lovelace,  the  governor's  brothers;  and 

Matthias  Nicolls,  the  provincial  secretary.     Van  Puyven 

24Xovcm.  was  also  appointed  to  succeed  Delavall,  who  went  on  a 

endar,  i.,  339,  3G1,  376,  379 ;  Clialmers,  i.,  124  ;  Hevcrly  (erl.  1^55\  t,\  51 ;  Rurk,  ii.,  Sl-91 ; 
Thurloe,  vi.,151;  vii.,  55S,  538,  6-22  ;  Col.  lloc,  ii.,  580;  M.icnulay,  ii.,"  494;  Kniglit's  En- 
gland, iv.,  430;  Lond.  Quart.  Kev.,  July,  1S59.  The  nephew  of  Governor  Francis  Lovelace 
was  John,  the  third  lord,  who  was  prominent  in  the  Kevolution  of  lOSS.  Upon  his  death 
without  issue,  the  barony  descended  to  his  second  cousin,  John,  the  grandson  of  Francis, 
who  became  the  fourth  Lord  Lovelace,  and  was  appointed  by  Queen  Anne  governor  of  New 
York,  where  lie  died  in  May,  1700. 

•  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  231 ;  M8S.,  Secretary's  Office,  Albany;  Journals  I.«g.  Council,  i.. 
Int.,  v.,  vii. ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  104,  218,220,  2G0;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  x.\x.,  TS;  Smith,  i.,42,  4C; 
S.  Smitli,  V3 ;  K  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (1SC9),  32:  ante,  IS, 73. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  174, 175.  The  erroneous  statements  of  Smith,  i.,  42,  and  Chalmers,  i., 
57S,  which  have  been  so  generally  copied,  that  Lovelace  began  his  administration  in  1G07, 
have  been  already  noticed,  a7iti\  p.  138,  note. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  145 

visit  to  England,  as  collector  of  the  duke's  revenue  at  New  cdap.  iv. 
York ;  and  Bedlow  was  made  comptroller  or  naval  officer, 
and  Nicholas  Bayard  surveyor.     The  customs'  rates  were  jg  jj^^j^' 
regulated  by  a  new  order  from  the  governor. '^^ 

Affairs  at  Esopus  required  Lovelace's  earliest  attention. 
Conflicting  claims  were  made  for  the  lands  in  the  "  New  5  septem 
Dorp ;"  and  the  governor,  finding  it  necessary  to  go  thither  fain."^ 
in  person,  left  Captain  Manning  in  charge  of  Fort  James,  lo  septom. 
with  full  instructions.     At  Esopus,  Sergeant  Beresford  was 
directed  to  disband  the  garrison,  and  cause  their  duty  to  be  25Septem. 
performed  by  the  burghers ;  but,  to  induce  the  soldiers  to 
remain,  liberal  grants  of  land  were  assured  to  them,  and 
arrangements  made  to  found  two  new  villages  farther  in- 
land along  the  fertile  borders  of  the  Esopus  Creek.     Soon 
afterward,  Henry  Pawling  was  appointed  to  lay  out  lots  at  9  Novem. 
the  new  "  furthest  dorp."f 

A  severe  epidemic — fever  and  ague,  and  fluxes — visited  21  Novem. 
New  York  this  autumn,  which  caused  the  governor  to  pro-  in^Ne  ™^*' 
claim  a  day  of  humiliation  and  prayer.     In  his  proclama-  ^°^^ 
tion,  Lovelace  reproved  the  swearing,  intemperance,  and 
impiety  which  he  observed  to  prevail  throughout  the  prov- 
ince.:}: 

The  want  of  a  printing-press  in  New  York  was  now  a  printing- 
much  felt,  and,  as  the  only  one  in  the  English  colonies  was  H^^^"''"-^  ' 
at  Cambridge,  Lovelace  sent  to  obtain  a  printer  from  there. 
But  he  did  not  succeed ;  and  it  was  a  quarter  of  a  century 
before  the  "  master  art"  began  to  be  practiced  in  New 
York.     This  was  not,  however,  owing  to  the  duke,  who 
never  instructed  any  of  his  governors  to  restrain  printing. 
The  immediate  cause  of  Lovelace's  enlightened  effort  was 
his  desire  to  have  published  a  catechism  which  the  Rever- 
end Thomas  James,  the  first  minister  at  Easthampton,  en- 
couraged by  the  friendship  of  NicoUs,  had  prepared  for  the 
use  of  the  Indians,  and  translated  into  their  tongue,  with 
some  chapters  of  the  Bible.     For  this  and  other  labors  19  NoTem. 
James  was  warmly  thanked  by  the  governor.§ 

*  Council  Min.,iii.,l;  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  203,  293,  619,  C35;  Ord.,  Warn,  etc.,  ii.,29T, 
298,  322 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxii.,  51-53,  ICS,  109  ;  Val.  Man.,  1S53,  32S,  379-383 ;  Munsell,  iv.,  22. 

+  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  ii.,  206,  241-258,  279;  Esopus  Records;  Ulster  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  50,  T2. 

t  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  ii.,  294,  295;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  185;  Val.  Man.,  1856,  514. 

§  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  ii.,  290-293;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxvii.,  485;  Wood,  41 ;  Thompson, 
i.,  317  ;  Dunlap,  i.,  120 ;  Thomas's  Hist.  Print,  i.,  275 ;  ii.,  90,  286.  The  Duke  of  York  has 
been  unjustly  charged  with  discouraging  printing  in  his  province.     The  fact  is,  that  neither 

II.— K 


146  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK, 

cuAP.  IV.  The  Jesuit  "  Mission  of  the  Martyrs,"  now  named  Saint 
Mary  of  the  Mohawks,  had  meanwhile  prospered  greatly, 
jepuit  mi's-  ^ft^r  visiting  Quebec,  Fremin's  colleague,  Pierron,  return- 
thTM^-*'"^  ed  to  Tionnontoguen,  and  resumed  the  care  of  the  mission, 
-''^^';,  He  soon  acquired  the  Mohawk  lano-uao-e  well  enouorh  to  be 
understood,  and,  by  means  of  little  pictures  which  he  paint- 
ed himself,  explained  more  readily  the  Christian  doctrines. 
Every  week  he  visited  seven  Mohawk  villages,  which  ex- 
tended over  a  distance  of  seven  leagues  and  a  half.  But 
the  war  now  raging  between  the  Iroquois  and  "  the  nine 
nations  of  Mahicans  who  were  scattered  between  Manhat- 
tan and  the  environs  of  Quebec,"  hindered  the  progress  of 
religion.  Hostilities  were  carried  to  the  neighborhood  of 
Albany,  and  prisoners  taken  on  either  side  were  burned  or 
eaten.  Being  more  numerous,  the  Mahicans  had  the  ad- 
vantage. One  of  Pierron's  chief  encouragements  was  that 
the  savages  themselves  observed  that  they  had  among  them 
a  "  foreign  Demon"  who  was  more  to  be  feared  than  those 
which  they  adored  in  their  dreams.  This  demon  was  in- 
toxicating drink,  which  came  to  them  from  Albany,*  hin- 
dered religion,  and  ruined  their  youth.  At  Pierron's  sug- 
gestion, several  sachems  came  to  New  York  with  a  petition 
to  the  governor,  accompanied  by  a  letter  from  the  father, 
asking  him  to  arrest  the  evil.  Lovelace  at  once  directed 
12  Novem.  the  officcrs  at  Albany  to  execute  the  laws  against  selling 
IS  Novem.  liquors  to  the  Indians.  He  also  wrote  to  Pierron :  "  I 
have  taken  all  the  care  possible,  and  will  continue  it  under 
the  most  severe  penalties,  to  restrain  and  hinder  the  fur- 
nishing of  any  excess  to  the  Indians.  And  I  am  very  glad 
to  learn  that  such  virtuous  thoughts  proceed  from  infidels, 
to  the  shame  of  many  Christians.  But  this  must  be  at- 
tributed to  your  i^ious  instructions ;  you  who,  being  well 
versed  in  a  strict  discipline,  have  shown  them  the  way  of 
mortification,  as  well  by  your  precepts  as  your  practice."t 

Andros  nor  Dnngan,  the  succesaora  of  Lovelace,  were  at  all  restricted  on  thia  subject :  see 
Col.  Doc,  iii.,  21G-219,  331-334.  It  was  not  until  1GS6  that  James  the  Second  restrained 
the  liberty  of  printing  in  New  York ;  and  the  instruction  then  given  to  Dongan  followed  the 
precedents  (■f  the  Plantation  Committee  i-e?pecting  other  royal  governors:  Ool.  Doc,  iii., 
375.     The  rcstriclive  policy  of  Massachusetts  has  been  adverted  to,  ante,  p.  SO,  note. 

*  The  French  furnished  the  Indians  with  brandy  distilled  at  Rochelle;  the  English  and 
Dutch  -with  rum  imported  into  New  York  from  the  West  Indies,  which  the  savages  prefer- 
red, as  "  more  wholesome  :"  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  403,  797;  i.K.,  36,  979,  1073;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  140. 

t  Ord.,\Varr.,Lett.,  ii.,2Sl  ;  Col.  Doc.,ix.,  SS3;  Relation,  16G9, 1-G  ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  ISS; 
Shea,  2G3,  2G4. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  147 

At  Saint  Francis  Xavier,  among  the  Oneidas,  Bruyas  chap.iv. 
suffered  many  discouragements.     He  was  obliged  to  live 
upon  dried  frogs  and  herbs,  while  few  baptisms  rewarded  jj^.^y^^ .,; 
his  zeal.     Of  all  the  Iroquois,  the  Oneidas  were  the  most  dal^""" 
intractable.     The  hostile  Mahicans,  and  the  Andastes  or 
Conestogues,  however,  filled  the    canton   with   continual 
alarms.* 

Early  in  the  summer,  Bruyas  was  joined  by  the  youthful  June. 
father  Juhan  Garnier,  the  first  Jesuit  ordained  at  Quebec. 
After  remaining  a  short  time  at  Oneida,  Garnier  set  out 
for  Onondaga,  a  day's  journey  farther  to  the  west,  to  the 
old  mission  of  Saint  Mary  of  Gennentaha,  from  which  the 
French  had  been  expelled  ten  years  before.    Received  with 
every  mark  of  good  will,  Garnier  was  constrained  by  "  a  camier 
gentle  violence"  to  remain  among  the  Onondagas.     At  his  at  onmL. 
request,  Garakontie  caused  a  chapel  to  be  built,  and  with  ^''' 
four  others  then  visited  Quebec.     His  request  for  another  20  Auguet. 
"black  robe"  to  be  sent  as  a  companion  to  Garnier  was 
granted  by  Courcelles,  who  did  not  fail  to  impress  upon  27  August. 
the  savages  the  power  and  glory  of  the  "  Great  Onnontio 
Louis."     Loaded  with  presents,  Garakontie  and  liis   col- 
leagues returned  to  Onondaga,  escorting  the  Fathers  Eti-  October. 
enne  de  Carheil  and  Pierre  Millet,  and  the  Mission  of  Saint 
John  the  Baptist  was  happily  established.f 

Carheil,  however,  did  not  remain  long  at  Onondaga  with 
Garnier  and  Millet.  During  the  first  mission  of  the  French 
there,  the  Father  Ren^  Menard  had  founded  a  church  at 
Cayuga,  about  thirty  leagues  farther  west,  and  delegates 
now  came  from  there  to  ask  a  renewal  of  missionary  serv- 
ice. Conducted  by  Garnier,  Carheil  accordingly  visited  6  Novem. 
Cayuga.  A  chapel  was  soon  completed  and  dedicated  to  9  Novera. 
Saint  Joseph.  Besides  the  village  of  Guyoguen,  or  Cayuga, 
which  was  the  seat  of  the  mission,  there  were  two  othei*s  a 
few  leagues  apart,  Kiohero  or  Tiohero,  and  Onnontare. 
These  villages  were  near  the  Lake  Tiohero — now  known 
as  Cayuga  Lake — upon  the  banks  of  which  David  le  Moyne 
had  died  in  1657.  In  this  most  beautiful  region  of  West- 
ern New  York  Carheil  began  a  laborious  service  among  cayuga.' 

*  Relntinn,  1669,  7,8;  Charlevoix-,  ii.,  1S5  ;  Shea,  275. 

t  Relation,  16.58,  .■!,  4;  1C62,  8-13;  166S,  6-19;  1669,  10;  Ch.irlevoix,  ii.,  170,  177;  Col. 
Doc,  ix.,  227,  665;  Shea,  259,  260, 277,  287,  289,  294;  ante,  vol.  i.,  643,  646, 704. 


148  HISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  IV.  the  docile  but  supei'stitious  Cayugas,  and  Gamier  returned 
to  assist  Millet  at  Onondao:a.* 

Twelve  years  before,  Cllaumonot  had  proclaimed  the 
faith  to  the  Senecas  at  their  principal  village  of  Gandagare. 
The  most  numerous  of  all  the  confederates,  the  Senecas, 
whom  the  French  called  "  the  Ujpper  Iroquois,"  were  the 
most  gentle  and  tractable.  They  were  rather  laborers  and 
traders  than  warriors,  and  many  Christian  Hurons  had  been 
adoj)ted  by  them  after  1649.  Fremin,  who  was  now  the 
superior  of  all  the  Iroquois  missions,  thought  that  the  time 
had  come  to  "begin  a  new  church"  among  the  Senecas. 

10  October.  Leaving  Pierron  in  charge  of  the  Mohawks  at  Tionnonto- 

guen,  the  superior  accordingly  passed  westward,  visiting 
the  other  missionary  stations.  After  twenty  days'  travel 
1  Novem.  he  rcachcd  the  Senecas,  who  received  him  with  the  honors 
iimrag  the  which  the  savages  show  to  ambassadors.  The  chiefs  quick- 
ly built  him  a  chapel,  and  many  converts,  especially  among 
the  domiciled  Hurons,  rewarded  his  labors.  The  mission 
was  named  in  honor  of  Saint  Michael.  Thus  in  1668  the 
Jesuits  had  established  five  stations  among  the  Iroquois. 
Fremin,  the  superior,  however,  found  his  labors  among  the 
Senecas  hindered  by  a  projected  war  against  the  Ottawas. 
But  this  he  was  able  to  prevent,  aided  by  the  opportune  ar- 
rival, the  next  spring,  of  the  Father  AUouez  from  Canada, 
with  some  restored  prisoners ;  and  it  was  hoped  that  the 
Iroquois,  who  had  now  both  "  the  Maliicans  and  the  An- 
dastes  on  their  hands,  would  fear  more  than  ever  the  arms 
of  France."f 
iroquoi.^         A  colony  of  the  Cayue-as,  which  had  been  formed  on  the 

colony  at  •/     o      / 

Quint6  northern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  at  Kente  or  Quints  Bay, 
^'  was  placed  in  1666,  for  a  short  time,  under  the  care  of  Fre- 
min and  some  other  fathers  of  his  order ;  but,  on  the  con- 
clusion of  the  peace  with  the  Iroquois  the  next  year,  the 
Jesuits,  who  were  to  occupy  the  more  important  field  south 
of  the  lake,  resigned  the  Quinte  mission  to  the  Sulpitians 
of  Montreal.  Two  young  "  Levites"  of  that  order,  Francis 
Salignac  de  Fenelon  and  Claude  Trouvd,  had  recently  ar- 

11  June,     rived  in  Canada,  the  latter  of  whom  was  ordained  a  priest 

*  Relation,  1G5T,  19,  43  ;  1GG8,  20 ;  1000,12-10 ;  IGTO,  03,  09 ;  1072,  22 ;  Map  in  Rcl.,  1005 ; 
Col.  Doc,  m.,irA  ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  80, 81, 185 ;  Shea,  232-234,  201,  2ST,  356 :  ante,xo\.  i..  (-44. 

t  Relation,  1049,3-453;  1057,43,45;  1008.32;  1009,17;  1070,09,77;  Cli.ivlcvoix,  ii.,  S  , 
183;  Shea,  191, 192,  198,  220,  232,  234,  203,  290;  aiHr^  vol.  i.,  0J4. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  I49 

by  Bishop  Laval ;  and  in  tlie  autumn  of  this  year  they  went  cuap.iv. 

to  Quints,  where  they  began  their  missionaiy  labors.     In 

this  station  they  were  succeeded  by  Francis  Lascaris  D'Urfe,  „A  ^' 

T\      r^-  11  IP  1  'SSOctobct. 

JJe  Cice,  and  others  ;  who  lor  several  years  struggled  with 
many  difficulties,  until  the  Sulpitians  at  length  resigned 
their  enterprise  to  the  EecoUets.* 

New  Jersey,  imder  the  government  of  Phihp  Carteret,  Newjeracy 
had  now  for  three  years  been  quietly  growing.  But  it  was  **^'*'"' 
a  constant  eyesore  to  the  authorities  of  New  York ;  and,  al- 
though Nicolls  had  ceased  to  allude  to  its  dismemberment, 
Maverick  could  not  refi-ain  fi'om  writing  by  him  to  Lord  25  August. 
Ai'lington  that  the  duke's  grant  to  Berkeley  and  Carteret 
had  "  proved  very  prejudicial  to  this  place  and  government. 
Their  bounds  reach  from  the  east  side  of  Delaware  River 
to  the  west  side  of  Hudson's  Eiver,  including  a  vast  tract 
of  the  most  improveablest  land  within  his  Royal  Highness 
his  patent.  It  hath  taken  away  some  Dutch  villages  for- 
merly belonging  to  this  place,  and  not  above  three  or  f om* 
miles  fi'om  it.  The  Duke  hath  left  of  his  patent  nothing 
to  the  west  of  New  York,  and  to  the  east  upon  the  main 
about  sixteen  miles  only  fi-om  Hudson's  River,  whereon  is 
but  one  poor  village.  Long  Island  is  very  poore  and  in- 
considerable ;  and  beside  the  city  there  are  but  two  Dutch 
towns  more,  Sopus  and  Albany,  which  lie  up  north  on  Hud- 
son's River.  I  suppose  when  the  Lord  Berkeley  had  that 
grant,  it  was  not  thought  he  should  come  so  neare  this  place, 
nor  were  the  inconveniences  of  it  known  or  considered."f 

This  letter  of  Maverick,  in  connection  with  NicoUs's  per- 
sonal representations  on  reaching  London,  caused  the  duke 
to  try  to  regain  New  Jersey.    One  point  was  promptly  set- 
tled.    As  NicoUs  had  confiscated  to  his  royal  highness,  in 
1665,  the  estate  of  the  West  India  Company  in  Staten  Isl-  staten  isl- 
and, and  as  one  of  the  outlets  of  the  Hudson  River  ran  judged  to 
around  the  island,  it  was  "  adjudged  to  belong  to  New  York."  ^^^  ^°'^' 
Philip  Carteret,  the  Governor  of  New  Jersey,  had  probably 

*  Relation,  1668,  4,  20,  31 ;  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  91, 97, 101, 102, 112, 132 ;  Faillon,  iil.,  lTl-173, 
189-198;  LaPotherie,  iii.,216;  Doc.  Hist ,  i., 283;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  177,  256;  Shea,  254,  2S3, 
309;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Proc.,184.S,  199-209;  1849,  12;  Sparks's  Life  of  La  Salle,  16,  17;  Shea's 
note  in  N.  E.  Hist,  and  Gen.  P.eg.,  xvii.,  24G,  247.  Fonelon,  of  Quinte,  has  been  confound- 
ed by  Hennepin  and  other  later  writers  with  his  younger  half-brother,  the  famoua  author 
of  Telemachus,  the  Arclibishop  of  Cambray.  Another  blunder  places  the  scene  of  the  Quinte 
Fenelon's  labors  among  the  parent  tribe  of  the  Cayugas,  Instead  of  among  their  colonists  oa 
the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario. 

t  Col.  Doc  ,  iii.,  174;  ante,  p.  85. 


150  HISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IV.  anticipated  this  decision  when  he  took  title  from  NicoUs, 
in  1667,  for  land  on  that  island.  Lord  Berkeley,  one  of  the 
commissioners  of  the  Duke  of  York's  estate,  having  been 
detected  in  "  the  basest"  corruption,  was  now  "  under  a  clond, 

i5eikciey    and  out  of  all  his  ofiices."     Berkeley  therefore  offered  to 

ret  agree  to  surroudor  to  Jamcs  his  patent  for  New  Jersey.     Carteret, 

jer'^y  to^'''  lately  made  Treasurer  of  Ireland,  agreed  to  do  the  like ; 

ofYo"^^  and  it  was  arranged  that  the  two  proprietors  should,  in  ex- 
change for  New  Jersey, "  retm-ned  to  his  Royal  Highness," 
receive  the  territory  on  the  Delaware  which  NicoUs  had  so 
shrewdly  and  earnestly  recommended.  This  determination 
was  promptly  notified  by  Carteret  to  his  cousin  at  EKza- 
bethtown.  Had  it  been  carried  out  it  would  have  relieved 
the  duke  of  much  future  anxiety.* 

ri.npro-        But,  owing  probably  to  Lord  Baltimore's  claim  to  the 

ti'.'n?tio:r"  west  side  of  the  Delaware,  the  proposed  arrangement  fell 
through,  and  New  York  was  not "  inlarged"  by  the  restora- 
tion of  her  old  territory.    In  the  spring  of  this  year  Carteret 

May.  .  called  an  assembly,  in  which  each  town  in  New  Jersey  was 
represented,  while  Staten  Island,  being  conceded  to  New 

November.  York,  was  not.  But  in  the  next  autumn  dissensions  grew 
so  strong  that  the  governor  was  obliged  to  adjourn  the  As- 
sembly without  day.f 

The  order  of  the  king  in  council,  which  allowed  three 
Dutch  ships  "  fi'eely  to  trade"  with  New  York  for  seven 
years,  had  meanwhile  caused  jealous  complaints;  and  the 

>foveniber.  Couucil  for  Trade  rejDorted  that  English  merchants  were 
"  altogether  discouraged  and  withdrawing  their  respective 
estates"  from  New  York,  and  that  the  sixth  and  seventh  ar- 
ticles of  the  capitulation  bound  the  king  to  grant  freedom 
of  trade  no  longer  than  for  "  the  first  six  months  after  the 
rendition  of  the  place."  They  therefore  advised  that,  as 
there  had  been  "  a  mistake  in  the  drawing"  of  the  order,  it 
should  be  revoked,  and  that  all  persons  trading  to  New 

•  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  XXX vii.,  31.5,  319  ;  N.  J.  II.  S.  Proc,  i.  (ii.),  32-SG ;  Pcpys,  iii.,  ICT,  172, 
331;  iv.,28;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  105,114;  Yonkers  Gazette,  No.  OSC,  for  8  Jiily,lSG5;  Newark 
Town  Kecords,  21,  22 ;  ante,  p.  59, 71,  85. 

t  Col.  Doc.,  iii, 113,  180,  340;  Penn.  Archivea,  i.,70;  Le.iminp;  and  Spicer,  77-93;  Gor- 
don, 28 ;  Whitehead,  42-48,  51-53, 188-190 ;  Newark  Town  Rec.,  21 ;  Chalmers,  i.,  526,  528, 
634;  Yonkers  Gazette,  8  July,  1SG5.  Lord  UerUeley  was  made  Lieutenant  of  Ireland  in 
1670,  when,  on  tlie  death  of  tlie  Duke  of  Albemarle,  he  also  became  Palatine  of  Carolina; 
and  doubtlcB.i  he  .and  Carteret  thought  that  their  interests  would  be  better  seiTed  by  retain- 
ing New  Jersey  than  by  taking  the  Delaware  territory,  and  wilh  it  a  controversy  witli  ?o 
important  an  Iri.^h  p  er  as  Ixird  Baltimore,  who  could  be  easier  dealt  with  by  the  king'a 
brolhor. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  151 

York  contrary  to  tlie  navigation  acts  should  be  prosecuted,  cuai-.  iv. 
Tliis  was  the  more  necessary  because  the  trade  of  England  ' 
was  "  now  in  great  measure  upheld"  by  the  American  plant-         '^ ' 
ations.     The  king  in  council  therefore   ordered  that  allisNove..:. 
passes  granted  under  the  order  of  23d  October,  1667,  be  re-iishreftfw 
called  and  annulled ;  yet,  out  of  regard  to  those  who  had  to^Ne™  ' 
relied  on  it,  the  Duke  of  York  might  license  one  of  the  ^°^^' 
ships  now  preparing  in  Holland  to  make  one  voyage  to 
New  York. 

Sir  AVilHam  Temple  was  directed  to  notify  this  decision 
to  the  interested  parties  in  Holland.     Relying  on  the  pre- 
vious order, Van  Cortlandt,  Cousseau,  and  several  other  "  loy- 
al subjects  now  residing  in  New  York,"  had  dispatched  one  24  October, 
ship  from  Amsterdam,  with  the  duke's  pass,  and  were  pre- 
paring another,  which  was  nearly  ready  to  sail.    Upon  their 
representing  this  to  the  king,  backed  by  the  personal  efforts 
of  Nicolls,  an  order  in  council  was  obtained, "  with  much  ii  Decem. 
difficulty,"  allowing  the  second  "  permissionated  ship"  '"  to  ship"p(> 
make  one  voyage  and  no  more ;"  and  the  Duke  of  York  mutedr'^ 
was  at  the  same  time  directed  not  to  grant  "  any  other 
Passe  or  Passes  to  any  Dutch  sliipp  or  sliipps  whatsoever 
to  trade  to  ISew  Yorke."     Lovelace  proclaimed  the  royal    1669. 
pleasure  on  the  arrival  of  what  was  understood  to  be  the^*^^''' 
last  Dutch  ship  that  would  "  ever  come  on  that  account"  to 
Manhattan."" 

This  ending  of  the  old  commercial  intercourse  between 
New  York  and  Holland  followed  one  of  the  best  acts  of 
Charles  the  Second.     Soon  after  the  peace  of  Breda,  the 
ablest  English  statesmen  saw  that  the  only  way  to  curb  the 
arroo-ance  of  France  was  to  form  an  alliance  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  Dutch  Pepublic.     Sir  William  Temple — 
in  many  respects  the  opposite  of  Downing — was  accord- 
ingly sent  with  special  powers  to  the  Hague.     He  had  al-   IQQS. 
ready  won  the  confidence  of  De  Witt,  and  in  a  few  days  a  If  Jan-y. 
treaty  was  made  which  bound  Great  Britain  and  the  United  pie  aiu" 
Provinces  to  act,  if  necessary,  in  concert  against  France.  ^°'^^' 
The  accession  of  Sweden  shortly  afterward  gave  to  this 
famous  coalition  the  name  of  the  "  Triple  Alliance." 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  175-179;  Chalmers's  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  117;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,77,  78; 
xxxvii.,  G15;  Hist.  Mag.,  viii.,  230;  ante,  137.  Lovelace,  at  the  fame  time,  "gi-anted  free 
trade  to  the  merchants  at  Xew  York,  and  took  off  the  wonted  recognition." 


152  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  KEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IV.      Foiled  and  mortified,  Louis  was  obliged  to  suspend  his 
conquests  and  make  peace  with  Spain.     In  England,  the 
Triple  Alliance  became  very  popular.     The  two  great 
Protestant  states  of  the  world  were  now  close  friends,  and 
outspoken  members  of  Parliament  declared  that  the  king 
had  done  his  only  good  act.      "  It  was  certainly,"  says 
Principle  of  Burnet,  "  the  master-piece  of  King  Charles's  life ;  and  if  he 
Ainan"e.^  had  stuck  to  it,  it  would  have  been  both  the  strength  and 
the  glory  of  his  reign.     This  disposed  his  people  to  forgive 
all  that  was  passed,  and  to  renew  their  confidence  in  him, 
which  was   much  shaken  by  the  whole  conduct  of  the 
Dutch  war."     The  real  merit  of  Temple's  diplomacy  was 
iTFebi'7.  the  ratification  of  the  commercial  stipulations  in  the  treaty 
of  Breda,  by  which  England  recognized  the  great  principle 
so  earnestly  contended  for  by  the  Dutch,  that  "  free  ships 
make  free  goods."* 
1669.       New  York  was  now  prosperous,  and  Lovelace  was  sin- 
KshS'      cerely  anxious  to  aid  its  progress.     Under  his  encourage- 
cove^re^d'off  i^^^i^j  ^  fishiug-bank — now  the  favorite  sporting-ground  of 
san^       the  metropolis — was  discovered,  about  two  or  three  leagues 
from  Sandy  Hook,  on  which,  in  a  few  hours,  some  twelve 
hundred  "  excellent  good  cod"  were  taken.     At  the  east 
end  of  Long  Island  the  whale  fisheries  promised  great  re- 
sults, and  even  in  the  harbor  of  j^ew  York  several  whales 
were  struck.     More  than  twenty  of  them  were  taken  dur- 
ing the  spring.     In  partnership  with  some  others,  Lovelace 
Ship-build-  built  a  ship,  "  by  Thomas  Hall's  liouse,"t  on  the  East  River, 
York^  ^^  and  a  smaller  one  was  launched  at  Gravesend.     The  gov- 
ernor's was  "  a  very  stronge   and  handsome  vessell,  but 
costly,"  named  "  the  Good  Fame,  of  New  York,"  and  was 
sent  to  Virginia,  and  afterward  to  Europe.     It  was  noticed 
that  there  were  at  one  time  nine  vessels  in  port  whicli 
brought  tobacco  from  Yirginia,  and  others  were  employed 
in  carr}^ng  more  than  ten  thousand  schepels  of  New  York 
wheat  to  Boston.     Several  people  in  and  about  Boston 

•  Aitzema,  vi.,  383-39S;  Sylvius,  i.,  2-6;  De  Witt's  Letters,  iv.,  G09-651 ;  Basnage,  ii., 
8-13 ;  D'Estrades,  vi.,  222,  229,  233,  24S-253,  267,  2S6,  291 ;  Eapin,  ii.,  650,  651 ;  Kennett, 
iii.,2T0;  Anderson,  ii.,  405-497;  Dali-ymple,  i.,  37;  Burnet,  i.,  254;  Temple,  i.,  312-3S4; 
Courtenay'9  Temple,  i.,  117-201,  433 ;  ii.,  440,  452 ;  Davies,  iii.,  07-71 ;  Hume,  vi.,  411-413; 
Uiigard,  xii.,  22S-232 ;  Macaulay,  i.,  202,  203 ;  Campbell's  Chancellor.",  iii.,  304;  Bancroft, 
ii.,  S25. 

t  Hall's  house  was  near  the  present  Beekman  Street,  so  named  after  William  Boekm.in, 
of  ICsopus,  who  purchased  Hall's  property  in  1670  :  see  Valentine's  New  York,  72, 123 ;  VaL 
Man.,  ISCO,  539,  540  ;  Benson's  Memoir,  129  ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  517. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  153 

showed  inclination  to  come  and  live  in  New  York,  one  of  chap.  iv. 
tliem  having  bought  five  houses.     Many  others,  attracted 
by  the  reports  of  Sylvester  and  Morris,  and  the  earnest 
recommendations  of  Maverick,  prepared  to  remove  from 
Bermuda  and  Barbadoes,  and  bought  houses  and  planta- 
tions.    The  genial  hospitahty  which  had  hitherto  distin- 
guished New  York  seems  to  have  beeij  encouraged  by 
Lovelace.     "  There  is  good  correspondence,"  wrote  Maver- 
ick to  NicoUs,  "  kept  between  the  English  and  Dutch ;  and  April. 
to  keep  it  the  closer,  sixteen  (ten  Dutch  and  six  English)  m°the  me-^ 
have  had  a  constant  meeting  at  each  other's  houses  in  '°p°'*- 
turns,  twice  every  week  in  winter,  and  now  in  summer 
once.     They  meet  at  six  at  night,  and  part  about  eight 
or  nine."     Generous  Madeira  wine,  and  rum  and  bran- 
dy punch,  "not  compounded  and  adulterated  as  in  En- 
gland," were   the   usual  beverages   of  the   colonial  me- 
tropolis.* 

The  city  itself  was  described  by  Daniel  Denton,  of  Ja-  Aspect  of 
maica,  in  the  earliest  separate  account  of  New  York  ever  New  York. 
published,  as  "  built  most  of  brick  and  stone,  and  covered 
with  red  and  black  tile ;  and  the  land  being  high,  it  gives 
at  a  distance  a  pleasing  aspect  to  the  spectators."  The 
king's  cosmographer,  John  Ogilby,  more  elaborately  pic- 
tured it  as  "  placed  upon  the  neck  of  the  Island  Manhat- 
ans,  looking  towards  the  sea,  encompassed  with  Hudson's 
River,  which  is  six  miles  broad :  the  Town  is  compact  and 
oval,  with  very  fair  streets  and  several  good  houses ;  the 
rest  are  built  much  after  the  manner  of  Holland,  to  the 
number  of  about  four  hundred  houses,  which  in  those 
parts  are  held  considerable :  Upon  one  side  of  the  town  is 
James'-Fort,  capable  to  lodge  three  hundred  souldiers  and 
Officers :  It  hath  four  bastions,  forty  pieces  of  cannon 
mounted ;  the  walls  of  stone,  lined  with  a  thick  rampart 
of  Earth;  well  accommodated  with  a  spring  of  fresh  wa- 
ter, always  furnished  with  arms  and  ammunition  against 
accidents :  Distant  fi'om  the  sea  seven  leagues,  it  affords  a 
safe  entrance,  even  to  unskilful  pilots:  Under  the  town 
side,  ships  of  any  burthen  may  ride  secure  against  any 
storms,  the  current  of  tha  Biver  being  broken  by  the  inter- 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  182-1S5;  Gen.  Knt.,  iv.,  140 ;  Court  of  Apsizes,  ii.,  455,  561 ;  Mass.  H.  S. 
ColL,  XXX.,  SO ;  xxxvii.,  316-31!) ;  Wolley'g  New  York,  fS,  55. 


154:  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

tHAi-.  IV.  position  of  a  small  Island,  wliicli  lies  a  mile  distant  from 

the  Town."* 

April.  "^ '       The  "  small  island,"  just  below  the  city,  known  as  Nut- 

Governor-^s  *®^^'  ^^  *^^  Govemor's  Island,  "  by  the  making  of  a  garden. 

Island.  and  planting  of  several  walks  of  fruit-trees  on  it,"  wrote 
Maverick  to  Xicolls,  "  is  made  a  very  pleasant  place."  The 
metropolis  was  admirably  protected  by  nature.    About  ten 

Hell  Gate,  miles  to  the  northeast  was  "  a  place  called  Hell  Gate,  which 
being  a  narrow  passage,  there  runneth  a  violent  stream, 
both  upon  flood  and  ebb,  and  in  the  middle  lieth  some  Isl- 
ands of  rocks,  which  the  current  sets  so  violently  upon  that 
it  threatens  present  shipwreck;  and  upon  the  flood  is  a 
large  Whirlpool,  which  continually  sends  forth  a  hideous 
roaring,  enough  to  affright  any  stranger  from  passing  any 
further,  and  to  wait  for  some  Charon  to  conduct  him 
through ;  yet  to  those  that  are  well  acquainted,  little  or  no 
danger;  yet  a  place  of  great  defence  against  any  enemy 
coming  in  that  way,  wliich  a  small  fortification  would  ab- 
solutely pre^•ent,  and  necessitate  them  to  come  in  at  the 
west  end  of  Long  Island,  by  Sandy  Hook,  where  Nutten 
Island  doth  force  them  witliin  command  of  the  Fort  at  New 
York,  wliich  is  one  of  the  best  pieces  of  defence  in  the 
North  parts  of  America."! 

Long  isi-  Long  Island,  although  tliought  by  Maverick  to  be  "  very 
poore  and  inconsiderable,"  was  described  by  Denton,  of  Ja- 
maica, as  almost  a  paradise.     Crops  of  all  kinds  came  up 

*  Daniel  Denton'a  "Brief  Description  of  Kew  York,"  London,  IGTO  (republished  by  W. 
Gowans,  New  York,  1S45),  p.  2;  Ogilby's  America,  1G71,  169,  170.  Ogilby'a  account  ia 
compiled  chiefly  from  Denton  and  from  Montanu?,  who  seems  to  have  described  the  Dutch 
engraving  of  New  Amsterdam,  rather  than  the  reality  of  New  York,  as  follows :  "  On  the 
Manhattan's  Island  stands  New  Amsterdam,  five  [Dutch]  miles  from  the  ocean.  Ships  run 
up  to  the  harbour  there  in  one  tide  from  the  ocean.  The  city  has  an  earthen  fort.  Witliin 
the  fort,  upon  the  outermost  bastion  towards  the  river,  stand  a  wind-mill  and  a  very  high 
*  staff,  ou  wliich  a  flag  is  hoisted  whenever  any  vessel  is  seen  in  Godyn's  [the  lower]  Bay. 
The  church  rises  with  a  lofty  doubled  roof,  between  which  a  square  tower  looms  up.  On 
the  one  side  is  the  prison,  and  on  the  other  side  of  the  church  is  the  Governor's  house.  Out- 
side of  the  walls  are  the  houses,  mostly  built  by  Amsterdammers.  At  the  waterside  stand 
the  gallows  and  the  whip.  A  handsome  city  tavern  adorns  the  furthest'  point.  Between 
the  fort  and  this  taveiTi  is  a  row  of  proper  dwelling-houses,  among  which  are  conspicuous 
the  warehouses  of  the  West  India  Company."  Jlontanus,  123 ;  N.  Y.  Doc.  Hist,  iv.,  75.  I 
do  not  quote  the  description  of  Edward  Melton,  Amsterdam,  IGSl,  who  was  in  New  York 
from  2  July,  1CG8,  to  C  July,  1CG9 — (and,  being  an  Oxfurd  scholar,  ought  to  have  written  an 
original  account) — because  he  merely  copies  Montanus.  John  Josselyn,  Gent.,  who  publish- 
ed his  two  voy.ages  to  New  England  in  1G74,  describes  New  York  as  "built  with  Dutch 
brick,  alla-7noderna,  the  meanest  house  therein  being  valued  at  one  hundred  pounds.  To 
the  landward  it  is  compassed  with  a  wall  of  good  thickness.  At  the  entrance  of  the  River 
is  an  isl.and  well  fortified,  and  hath  command  of  any  ship  that  shall  attempt  to  pass  without 
leave:"  see  extract  in  X.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.  (ii.),  i.,  "M  ;  also  Oldmixon,  i.,  239, 271. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  1S3;  Denton,  2  ;  Benson's  Mew.,  f4,  07;  cntc,  vol.  i.,  5C,  267. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOE.  155 

ill  plenty.      Many  fruits   grew  spontaneously,  especially  cnAr.iv. 
strawberries ;  of  which  there   was  "  such   abundance  in 
June,  that  the  fields  and  woods  are  died  red :  AVTiich  the 
country-people  perceiving,  instantly  arm  themselves  with 
bottles  of  wine,  cream,  and  sugar,  and,  instead  of  a  coat  of 
Male,  every  one  takes  a  Female  upon  his  horse  behind  him, 
and  so  rushing  ^dolently  into  the  fields,  never  leave  'till  stniwhcr- 
they  have  disrob'd  them  of  their  red  colours,  and  tiu*ned  trout, 
them  into  the  old  habit."     Trout  and  other  delicious  fish 
abounded  in  the  crystal  streams  which  "  keep  their  course 
throughout  the  year ;"  and  multitudes  of  seals,  producing 
"  an  excellent  oyle,"  sported  on  the  beaches.     The  vast 
smooth  plains  on  the  island  encouraged  the  breeding  of 
swift  horses ;  and  upon  that  at  Hempstead,  Nicolls  had  al- 
ready estabhshed  a  race-course,  and  directed  that  a  yearly 
plate  should  be  run  for.     Lovelace  now  ordered  that  trials  i  Apiii. 
of  speed  should  take  place  every  May ;  and  the  justices  of 
Hempstead  were  directed  to  receive  subscriptions  from  all 
disposed  to  run  "  for  a  crown  of  silver,  or  the  value  thereof 
in  good  wheat."     The  swiftest  horse  was  to  be  rewarded 
by  a  silver  cup.     The  general  training  being  ordered  for  is  May. 
the  same  time,  the  governor  attended  it  himself.* 

An  extraordinary  panic  now  occurred  at  the  eastern  end  panic  on 
of  Long  Island,     The  Indians  of  "  Meontawket"  or  Mon-  andf  ^''" 
tank,  who  were  tributary  to  Ninigret,  the  liarragansett 
sachem,  being  in  arrear,  collected  a  quantity  of  wampum, 
which,  with  an  old  gun-barrel,  they  sent  over  to  the  chief, 
who  received  the  messengers  graciously,  and  pardoned  the 
defaulters.     This  at  once  excited  suspicions  of  a  great  In- 
dian plot.     The  constable  of  Easthampton  required  the 
Montauks  to  give  up  their  arms,  which  they  reluctantly 
did.     The  clergyman  James,  with  several  of  the  inhabit- 
ants of  Southold,  wrote  to  Major  John  Mason,  of  Connecti-  29  jnne. 
cut,  one  of  the  Pequod  war  heroes,  and  to  Lovelace,  charg- 
ing Ninigret  with  organizing  an  extensive  conspiracy  to 
cut  off  all  the  English.     The  governor  at  once  communi- 5  juiy. 
cated  with  the  Rhode  Island  authorities,  who  directed  that 
Ninigret  should  be  brought  before  them  at  Newport.     But 

'  Col.  Doe.,  iii.,  1T4;  Denton'.s  N.  Y.,  2-0:  Thompson,  i.,  271,  272;  ii.,  63;  Dunlap,  i , 
110;  Ord.,  Wan-.,  etc.,  ii.,  416;  Farmer  imd  Moore's  Coll.,  iii.,  183;  Oldmixon,  i.,  275; 
Mite,  p.  7i. 


156  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IV.  the  sachem  explained  eveiy  thing  so  satisfactorily  that  the 
court  "  saw  no  iiist  ^rounds  of  iealoiisy  as  to  his  inten- 

23  July     tions."     The  whole  story  was  evidently  a  "  panic  fear  of 

24  August  some  over-credulous  persons."     In  order,  however,  to  pre- 
sxovem.   veut  future  jealousy,  the  Montauk  chiefs  soon  afterward 

acknowledged  the  governor  of  New  York  as  "  their  cliief- 
est  sachem."* 

As  the  Navigation  Laws  prevented  direct  trade  between 
Holland  and  New  York,  the  Duke  of  York  asked  of  his 
brother  that  "  such  of  His  Majesty's  subjects  in  Scotland 
as  shall  be  induced  to  take  conditions  as  planters  at  New 
Scotch      York"  might  be  allowed  to  go  there  and  trade  in  Scotch 
"'"^^'        vessels  to  the  West  Indies   and  other  plantations.     The 
r>  April,     king  accordingly  authorized  two  Scotch  ships  to  trade  be- 
tween Scotland  and  New  York.     The  farmers  of  the  cus- 
23  April,    toms  objected  that  this  would  be  a  breach  of  the  Naviga- 
tion Laws.     It  was  replied  that  the  duke's  design  was  for 
the  general  good  of  the  king's  "  late  acquired  dominions," 
and  that  natural-lDorn  British  subjects  should  be  encour- 
aged to  emigrate  to  New  York  and  its  dependencies,  so  as 
to  counterbalance  its  "  forraigne"  population,  which  con- 
xot  allow-  sisted  of  Dutch,  Swedes,  and  Finns.     The  objections  of  the 
to  Nfiw      farmers  of  the  English  revenue  seem  to  have  defeated  the 
enterprise.     In  expectation  of  their  arrival,  Lovelace  made 

25  July,     arrangements  to   settle  two  hundred  Scotch  families   at 

Esopus ;  but  no  ship  came  from  Scotland  this  year.f 
0  septem.       Lovclacc  uow  ordcrcd  that  "  the  garrison  at  the  Esopus 
toa.'"  '^ '  shall  be  henceforth  disbanded  and  dismissed  of  their  milita- 
ry employment,  they  being  a  needless  charge  to  the  Duke." 
n  Septem.  A  commissiou  and  instructions  were  likewise  issued  to 
Counselor  Kalph  Wliitfield,  Captain  John  Manning,  Captain 
Thomas  Chambers,  William  Beekman,  Christopher  Beres- 
f ord,  and  Henry  Pawling,  to  regulate  affairs  at  Esopus  and 
the  new  villages  adjoining.     The  commissioners  accord- 
17  Pcptem.  ingly  went  to  Esopus  and  organized  two  new  villages,  the 
Marble-     farthest  of  which  they  named  "  Marbletown,"  from  the 
blue  limestone  which  abounds  there ;  the  nearer  one  they 
Hurley.      Called  "  Hurley,"  after  Lovelace's  ancestral  home  on  the 

•  Ord.,AVaiT.,Lett.,  ii.,461,  51!>;  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  431 ;  R.  I.  Rec,  ii.,  2G3-2GS ;  Col. 
Rcc.  Conn.,  li.,54S-551;  Thompson,  i.,  !)2,  298-300;  Wood,  05,  00,  T9 ;  Hough's  Pliilip's 
War,  33-37 ;  Arnold's  R.  I.,  i.,  338,  339  ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  271,  550-554. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  ISO,  ISl,  182.  ISC ;  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  ii.,  4S2-4S4.   . 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVEENOK.  157 

Thames.     A  few  days  afterward,  "  the  town  formerly  call-  chap.  iv. 
ed  Sopes  was  named  Kingston"  by  the  commissioners,  in 
farther  compliment  to  the  governor,  whose  mother's  family  55  ggptem. 
had  a  seat  at  Kingston,  I'Isle,  near  Wantage,  in  Berkshire.  ^'°s*"°°- 
Beresford  was  appointed  chief  magistrate  of  Hurley  and 
Marbletown,  and  Pawhng  officer  over  the  Indians.     Lewis 
du  Bois  and  Albert  Heymans,  who  was  now  restored  to  New  offi- 
f a^'or,  were  made  overseers  for  Hurley ;  John  Biggs  and  '^ 
Frederick  Hussey  for  Marbletown ;  and  Thomas  Chambers 
and  William  Beekman  for  Kingston.     The  "  Duke's  Laws" 
were  directed  to  be  enforced,  and  instructions  were  given 
to  the  new  officers  respecting  their  conduct  toward  the  In- 
dians.    Separate  lots  in  the  two  new  villages  were  parcel-  Lands 
ed  out  to  the  disbanded  soldiers.     The  governor  having  l^opiL  ^ 
specially  directed  that  "  a  very  good  provision  at  the  fur- 
thest dorp"  be  made  for  Mrs.  Ann  Brodhead,  "  in  regard  of 
her  great  charge,  and  of  her  being  a  commissioned  offi- 
cer's widow,"  a  tract  at  Marbletown  was  allotted  to  her.* 

In  the  mean  time,  Lovelace,  sorely  troubled  that  no  in- 
structions had  come  to  him  from  England,  in  the  absence 
of  which  he  conceived  "  the  whole  fi-ame  of  government  at 
this  time  standing  still,"  prorogued  the  Assizes  from  Oc-23Septem. 
tober  to  N^ovember.  His  reasons  were  that  "  new  Instruc-  prorogued, 
tions  and  dii'ections  from  His  Eoyal  Highness"  were  daily 
expected  from  England,  "  and  the  Generall  Com-t  of  As- 
sizes being  thought  the  most  proper  place  for  the  publish- 
ing of  business  of  such  publique  concern."f 

Not  long  afterward  Delavall  returned  from  England, 
bringing  the  expected  dispatches.     NicoUs  having  explain- 
ed the  condition  of  New  York,  the  duke  caused  a  seal  to  be 
engraved  for  the  province,  and  another  for  the  city,  whioli  4  jniy. 
he  directed  should  be  used  for  all  public  pui-poses.     James  and^lty 
also  presented  to  the  city  authorities  a  silver  mace,  and  ^^^^' 

*  Council  Min.,iii.,  11;  Ord.,  Warr.,etc.,ii.,  530-53G;  Col.  MS?.,  xxii.,  09, 1-2T;  Ulster 
II.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  50,  51 ;  ojite,  p.  123,  note.  Descendants  of  Captain  Brodhead  have  continued 
to  reside  at  Marbletown,  where,  in  1770,  his  great-grandson,  Captain  Charles  W.  Brodhead, 
raised  a  company  of  grenadiers,  in  command  of  whicli  he  was  present  at  the  surrender  of  Gen- 
eral Burgoyne  at  Saratoga,  in  October,  1777  :  American  Archives,  v.,13S2;  Journals  of  N. 
Y.  Prov.  Congress,  i.,  295,  374  ;  ii.,  130, 150 ;  ante^  S9 ;  X.  Y.  H.  S.  ColL  (1S6S),  1S5. 

t  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  ii.,  504;  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  414,  415;  S.  Hazard's  Ann.  Penn.,  37C ; 
CouncilJoumals,  i..  Int.,  vi.  It  seems  that  Alderman  John  Lawrence,  while  in  London  in 
the  spring  of  1C69,  had  been  asked  by  Nicolls  to  take  letters  from  Jiim  to  New  York  ;  but  on 
Ills  calling  for  them,  "  Coll.  Nicolls  being  not  out  of  bed,  and  his  man  unwilling  to  awake 
him,  he  came  away  without  them."  So  New  York,  through  a  valet's  scruples,  h.'id  no  letters 
by  Lawrence :  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  1S3 ;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxxvii.,  319. 


158  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IV.  sevGii  gowns  f 01*  the  mayor,  aldermen,  and  sheriff,  and  sent 
them  a  letter  acknowledo-ing  the  satisfaction  which  their 
10  July  '  loyal  address  had  given  him.     Lovelace  presented  these  to 
a  October.  ii^Q  corporation  in  behalf  of  the  duke,  who, "  although  he 
esteems  some  of  these  but  as  the  gaiety  and  circumstantial 
part  of  Government,  yet,  you  may  be  assured  as  to  what  is 
more  essential  and  substantial,  it  shall  receive  all  encour- 
agement and  hearty  assistance  from  him."* 
The  city        Thus  eucouragcd,  the  corporation  petitioned  the  duke 
for  for    that — as  the  limited  permission  for  Dutch  ships  to  trade 
between  Holland  and  New  York  had  been  withdrawn — a 
free  commerce  might  be  allowed  to  the  province,  accord- 
ing to  the  Navigation  Acts,  by  vessels  "  touching  in  some 
port  in  England  as  they  came  from  Holland,  and  paying 
His  Majesty's  customs  there ;  as  also  toucliing  in  England 
as  they  go  for  Holland."     This  was  indispensable  if  the 
Indian  trade  was  to  be  retained,  which  required  "  Dutch 
duffels  and  blancoates,"  not  made  in  England,  and  whicli, 
if  prohibited,  would  be  procured  through  Canada,  to  the 
injury  of  New  York.f 

Since  the  departure  of  Nicolls,  Maverick  had  lived  in 
5  July.      New  York,  whence  he  wrote  that  he  liad  never  received  any 
thing  "  to  the  value  of  sixpence,  one  horse  excepted,  whicli 
Mr.  Winthrop  presented  me  witli,  among  the  rest.     And 
what  I  had  by  His  Majesty's  order,  I  have  spent  as  much, 
since  I  came  over,  and  four  hundred  pounds  besides  in  En- 
gland, in  prosecution  of  this  design."     Nicolls  now  obtain- 
12  .Inly,     ed  for  his  former  associate  the  gift,  from  the  Duke  of  York, 
of  a  "  house  in  the  Broadway"  of  the  city.     In  acknowl- 
Liootober.  edging  this  favor,  Maverick  urged  Nicolls  and  Cartwright 
onN.™'    t»  do  all  they  could  for  the  relief  of  their  "poor  friends  in 
England,    j^^^  England,"  whose  spirits  were  drooping  in  the  "  bond- 
age they  live,"  and  who  were  "  now  in  a  far  worse  condi- 
tion" than   that  in  wliich  the   royal  commissioners  had 
found  them.     The  king,  in  truth,  had,  b}^  this  time,  be- 
come "very  intent  about  settelment  of  his  coUonies"  in 

*  \.  Y.  City  Tioc,  vi ,  4SS-490;  Mass.  U.  S.  Coll.,  xxxvii.,  316,  310;  Vnl.  Man.,  IS^O, 
3-13 ;  18,50, 490  ;  1853,  380 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  241 ;  iv.,  1,  * ;  ante,  p.  142.  The  seiil  of  the  inov- 
ince  of  New  York,  thug  aythorized  by  the  Duke  of  York's  warrant  of  4  July,  16C9,  to  be  UFCd 
for  all  public  instrumentp,  was  so  ufed  until  replaced  by  the  new  Beal  which  James  the  ?cr- 
ond  substituted  for  it  on  14  Angus^t,  1(!RT  :  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  42T. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  1ST;  Val.  Man.,  1850,  423. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  159 

America,  and  a  select  council  was  appointed  to  consider  coAr.  iv. 
their  affairs.*  TfificT 

The  Duke  of  York,  by  conviction  a  Roman  Catliolic, 
felt  a  sympathy  with  all  who  dissented  from  the  Establish- 
ed Church  of  England.     This  feeling  led  him,  in  apparent 
contradiction  to  the  arbitrary  impulses  of  his  nature,  to  be- 
come the  friend  of  religious  toleration.     Soon  after  NicoUs 
came  to  New  York,  he  allowed  the  Lutherans  in  the  prov- 
ince to  send  to  Germany  for  a  minister.     The  Reverend 
Jacobus  Fabricius  accordingly  came  over,  and  Lovelace  20  Febr'y. 
gave  him  leave  to  exercise  his  office  as  long  as  he  and  his  mtheran 
people  should  behave  themselves  orderly.     At  first  Fabri-  ^'"'^ "' 
cius  labored  at  Albany ;  but  his  conduct  was  so  offensive  to  19  Api-n. 
the  magistrates  and  the  Dutch  congregation  that  the  gov- 
ernor was  obliged  to  suspend  him  from  his  functions  there,  2s  iiay. 
allowing  him,  nevertheless,  to  preach  at  New  York.     On 
receiving  his  dispatches  fi'om  England,  Lovelace  wrote  to  13  October, 
the  Albany  magistrates  "that  Ilis  Roj'al  Highness  doth 
appro^'e  of  the  toleration  given  to  the  Lutheran  Church  Religious 
in  tliese  parts.     I  do  therefore  expect  that  you  will  live  "  ®'^  '""^ 
friendly  and  peaceably  with  those  of  that  profession,  giv- 
ing them  no  disturbance  in  the  exercise  of  their  religion ; 
as  they  shall  receive  no  countenance  in,  but,  on  the  con- 
trar}^,  strictly  answer  anj'-  disturbance  they  shall  presume 
to  give  unto  any  of  you,  in  your  divine  worship."! 

The  provincial  ministers  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  Ministers 
at  this  time  were  the  Domines  Schaats  at  Albany,  Polhe-form'ed'^' 
mus  at   Elatbush  and  Brooklyn,  and  Megapolensis   and  church. 
Drisius,  colleagues  at  New  York.     Blom's  place  at  Esopus 
remained  vacant.     Samuel  Megapolensis  had  returned  to  9  avvh 
Holland  in  the  spring,  under  a  pass  from  the  governor. 
The  following  winter,  Domine  Johannes  Megapolensis  was  December. 
"  snatched  away  by  death,"  after  twenty-seven  years'  minis- 
terial service  in  the  pro^dnce ;  and  the  metropolitan  church 
was  left  in  care  of  Drisius,  whose  declining  health  almost 
prevented  his  doing  active  duty.    Privileged  by  the  articles 
of  capitulation,  the  Dutch  churches  in  New  York  maintain- 
ed their  former  discipline,  and  remained  for  a  century  in 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  1S4, 1S5;  Mas?.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxvii.,  311,  31C;  ante,  p.  54. 
t  Gen.  Knt.,  i.,  71 ;  Ord.,  AVarr.,  etc.,  ii.,  335,  394,  423 ;  Court  of  As.sizes,  ii.,  424 ;  S.  Haz- 
ard, 373;  Dunlaii,i.,120, 12G,  4S4;  Munsell,lv.,  24;  ciJife,  vol.  i.,  p.  C34, 642,  65C,  6S1. 


160  HISTOllY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IV.  direct  subordination  to  tlie  mother  Classis  of  Amsterdam, 

in  Holland.* 

4  Kovem."       ^*  ^^^®  Court  of  Assizes  it  was  ordered  that  uniformity 
wleAisles.  ^^  Weights  and  measures  should  be  enforced  throughout 
the  province.    But  as  there  were  not  enough  English  stand- 
IQ^Q    ard  weights  and  measures  in  the  country,  the  governor  was 
1  January.  obHged  to  suspcud  the  execution  of  the  law  by  his  procla- 
mation, "  sealed  with  the  seal  of  the  colon}^"! 
1669.       At  the   same  Assizes  petitions  from  East  and  "West 
mltioM    Chester,  Hempstead,  Oyster  Bay,  Flushing,  Jamaica,  New- 
isi^d"""^  town,  and  Gravesend,  against  several  grievances,  were  pre- 
towus.       sented.     These  grievances  were  "  that  what  was  promised 
upon  our  submission  by  Governor  Nicolls  and  the  rest  of 
His  Majesty's  Commissioners  should  be  made  good  to  us : 
— Namely,  That  we  should  l)e  protected  by  His  Majesty's 
lawes,  and  enjoy  all  such  priviledges  as  other,  His  Majes- 
ty's subjects  in  America,  do  injoj^e ; — which  pri-sdiedges 
consist  in  ad\'ising  about  and  approving  of  all  such  lawes 
with  the  Governor  and  his  council  as  may  be  for  the  good 
and  benefit  of  the  common-wealth,  not  repugnant  to  the 
Lawes  of  England,  by  such  deputies  as  shall  be  yearly 
chosen  hj  tlie  freeholders  of  every  Towne  or  parish ;  and 
likewise  to  be  informed  w^hat  is  required  of  us  His  Majes- 
ty's subjects  by  virtue  of  the  Commission  granted  from  His 
Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of  York."     Some  of  the  smaller 
grievances  complained  of  were  remedied.     But  Lovelace 
had  no  power  to  grant  the  demand  for  an  Assembly  to 
make  laws  with  the  governor  and  council.    Indeed,  Nic- 
oUs  had  distinctly  refused  it  at  the  Hempstead  meeting  in 
the  spring  of  1665.     To  the  statement  of  the  petitioners 
Answer  of  tlic  Court  of  Assizcs  replied :  "  It  doth  not  appear  that 
of  Assizes.  Coloucl  NicoUs  made  any  such  promise;  and  the  Govern- 
or's Instructions  directing  him  to  make  no  alterations  in 
the  Lawes  of  the  Government  settled  before  his  arrivall, 
they  cannot  expect  his  Honor  can  comply  with  them  there- 
in ; — And  for  their  desire  to  know  what  is  required  of  them, 
there  is  nothing  required  of  them  but  obedience  and  sub- 
mission to  the  Lawes  of  the  Government,  as  apj)ears  by  His 

*  Ord.,  Wan-.,  etc.,  ii.,  3S1 ;  Corr.  CI.  Amst.  ;  Col.  Poc  ,  ii.,  251 ;  iii.,  \S0  ;  vii.,  5SG  ;  X. 
Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  iii.  (ii.),  144, 145  ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  G14.  724,  702. 

t  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  22C;  Col.  MSS.,  xxii.,  SS,  00,  9S;  Munscll,  iv.,  S,  0,  11  ;  N.  V.  II. 
S.  Coll.,  i.,  421. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  161 

Royal  Highness's  Commission,  which  hath  often  been  read  cuap,  iv. 
mito  them."* 


In  the  spring  of  this  year  a  Mohawk  embassy  asked  The  mo 
Courcelles,  at  Quebec,  that  other  missionaries  mie-ht  beV'^'^^'^- 

.       -r-, ,  o  sion. 

sent  to  assist  Pierron,  and  that  their  nation  might  be  pro- 
tected from  the  Mahicans  by  the  King  of  France,  to  whom 
their  country  now  belonged  "  by  the  force  of  arms."  Fa- 
ther Francis  Boniface  was  accordingly  selected  to  help  in 
the  mission,  the  prosperity  of  which,  piously  attributed  to 
the  death  of  Jogues  at  Caghnawaga,  seemed  to  verify  the 
words  of  TertuUian,  that  "  the  blood  of  martyrs  is  the  seed 
of  Christians."!  ^ 

But  the  Mohawk  country  was  a  battle-ground.     At  day-  is  August. 
break,  toward  the  end  of  summer,  three  hundred  Mahican  ^^a^'rlvkh 
warriors  attacked  the  palisaded  village  of  Caghnawaga,  hawks!" 
which  the  Mohawks  bravely  defended,  while  their  squaws 
made  balls  for  their  firelocks.     The  news  was  quickly  car- 
ried to  Tionnontoguen,  and  at  eight  o'clock  a  large  force, 
accompanied  by  Pierron,  set  out  to  relieve  their  beleaguer- 
ed friends.     The  enemy  had  retired,  however,  after  two 
hours'  fighting ;  and  the  Mohawks,  descending  the  river  in 
canoes,  hid  themselves  below  the  Mahicans  in  an  ambus- 
cade which  commanded  the  road  to  Schenectady,  at  a  place 
called  "  Kinaquariones."     A  conflict  followed,  in  which  the 
Mohawks  put  the  Mahicans  to  flight.     Tlie  Mohawks  then  19  August 
induced  the  Oneidas,  Onondagas,  and  Cayugas  to  make 
common  cause;  and  four  hundred  confederate  warriors 
went  to  surprise  a  Mahican  fort  "situated  near  Manhat- 
tan."   But  this  enterprise  failed,  and  the  Iroquois  came 
home  with  two  wounded.     They  quickly  appealed  to  Love-  21  October. 
lace,  who — anxious  that  they  should  hunt  beaver  rather  and  wiL 
than  fight — endeavored,  in  concert  with  Winthrop,  to  make  mlke*'^*° 
peace  between  them  and  the  Mahicans.:):  ^®^'^' 

Fremin,  the  New  York  Jesuit  superior,  now  summoned 
his  missionaiy  brethren  to  meet  him  at  Onondaga.  Pier- 
ron from  the  Mohawks,  Bruyas  from  Oneida,  Garnier  and 

*  Court  of  Assizes  iL,  52S-234;  Journals  Leg  Council,  i.,  Introd.,  vi.,  vii. ;  Wood,  91; 
Thompson,  1.,  145,  146 ;  Dunlap,  i.,  120;  ante,  p.  33, 60,  09. 

t  Relation,  1GG9,  2-6 ;  S'.iea,  2G4;  rmfc,  129  ;  i.,423. 

t  Relation,  ICTn,  23-27;  1671,  IT;  Col.  MSS.,  xxii.,  132 ;  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  420;  Ord., 
Warr.,etc.,li.,4S5;  Munsell,  iv.,  10,  20 ;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  166, 16T;  xxx.,  79  ;  Holmes, 
i.,  352 ;  Col.  Kcc.  Conn  ,  ii.,  549. 

IL— L 


1G2 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Chap.  IV. 


1669. 

29  August. 
Jesuit 
council  at 
Onondaga. 
G  Septem. 
27  Septem. 
Gamier 
with  Fre- 
mln  among 
the  Sene- 
cas. 


1.%  M.iy. 
Talon  in 
France. 


Jesuit  ex- 
plorations 
in  the 
West. 


Millet  of  Onondaga,  and  Carheil  from  Cayuga,  accordingly 
met  Fremin,  from  the  Senecas,  in  council.  After  deliber- 
ating for  a  week,  the  superior  detached  Gamier  to  assist 
him  among  the  distant  Senecas,  leaving  Millet  alone  in 
charge  of  the  Onondagas.  On-  reaching  their  remote  sta- 
tion, Fremin  assigned  Garnier  to  the  village  of  Gandachi- 
ragou,  himself  remaining  in  charge  of  the  mission  of  "  Saint 
Michael,"  at  Gandagarae.  This  village  was  composed  of 
refugees  fi'om  three  different  nations,  the  Neutres  or  Atti- 
wandaronk,  and  the  Hurons,  which  had  been  conquered  by 
the  Iroquois.* 

Talon  now  went  for  a  short  vjsit  to  France,  where  he  in- 
duced Colbert  to  instruct  Courcelles  to  visit  the  Iroquois 
country  at  least  once  in  two  years,  with  all  his  forces,  so  as 
to  impress  the  savages  with  respect  for  the  French.  Six 
companies  of  the  Carignan  regiment,  which  had  returned 
with  Tracy,  were  also  ordered  back  to  Canada.f 

Meanwhile  Talon's  energy  had  aroused  enterprise  in 
Canada.  The  Jesuit  Father  Claude  AUouez  had,  in  1665, 
visited  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior,  or  Tracy,  by  way  of  the 
Ottawa  River,  and  had  heard  of  "the  great  River  called 
Messipi."  In  1667  he  was  again  on  his  way  to  the  "West 
with  Father  Louis  IS^icolas.  The  next  year  Nicolas  return- 
ed ;  and  Allouez,  after  a  short  visit  to  Quebec  in  1669, 
went  back  to  the  Falls  of  Saint  Mary,  accompanied  by  Fa- 
ther Claude  Dablon,  where,  with  Father  James  Marquette, 
who  had  meanwhile  arrived  there  from  the  Ottawas,  they 
established  a  mission  among  the  Chippewas.:}: 

Up  to  this  time  the  disciples  of  Loyola  had  been  the  pi- 
oneers of  western  exploration  in  New  France,  Their  hon- 
ors were  now  to  be  shared  by  others.  A  young  man  of  a 
good  family  at  Rouen,  Robert  Cavelier  de  la  Salle,  after 
studying  with  the  Jesuits,  had  emigrated  to  Canada  in 
1667,  and  had  established  liimself  on  a  fief  granted  to  him, 

•  Relation,  1641, 72 ;  1G51,  4 ;  1  f>70,  26,  45,  46,  69,  72-77 ;  Shea,  270,  200,  291.  In  Barber 
and  Howe's  N.  Y.  Hi't.  Coll.,  393,  and  Clark's  Onondaga,  i.,  194,  is  an  extract  from  Governor 
Clinton's  Memoir,  giving  an  account  of  the  massacre  of  a  French  and  Spanish  party  at  the 
Butternut  Creek,  near  the  present  village  of  Jaraesville,  on  the  first  of  November,  16G9. 
The  story  rests  on  the  traditionary  statements  of  some  Onondaga  sachems,  and  is  not  al- 
luded to  in  the  contemporary  relations  of  the  Jesuits. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  62,  83,  7S7 ;  Cliarlevoix,  ii.,  166,  ISS,  ISO ;  flarnrau,  i.,  19S-201. 

t  Relation,  1G67,  2-26;  1668,21;  1GC9,  17-20;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  lOT-176,  ISO,  1S7;  La  Po- 
therie,  ii.,  124;  Bancroft,  iii ,  149-152;  Shea's  .Missions,  357-3G1 ;  Discovery  of  the  Mi??., 
xxiv.,  xlvii.,  67,  6S,  63 ;  Sparks's  Life  of  I>a  Salle,  2,  3. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  163 

which  he  named  Saint  Sulpice,  at  the  head  of  the  Rapids  of  chap.  iv. 
Saint  Louis,  just  above  Montreal.*     Enterprising,  medita- 
tive,  and  abounding  in  courage  and  resources,  La  Salle 
thought  that  there  must  be  a  route  to  China  and  Japan 
through  the  Saint  Lawrence  and  the  unknown  countries  to 
the  south  and  west  of  the  great  lakes.     He  talked  so  much 
about  discovering  it,  that  his  home  on  the  Saint  Lawrence 
got  the  derisive  name  of  "  La  Chine,"  which  it  bears  to  this  Lasaiie 
day.     Champlain  had  early  heard  of  a  great  dividing  cat-  chine'/' 
aract;  and  in  1641  the  Jesuit  missionaries  had  argued  that 
if  the  French  were  once  the  masters  of  the  shore  of  Lake 
Ontario  nearest  to  the  Iroquois,  they  could  easily  go  up 
by  the  Saint  Lawrence  beyond  "  Onguiahra"  to  the  farther 
savage  tribes.     The  information  which  La  Salle  gained 
from  "  many  savages  of  different  nations"  satisfied  him 
that  "  by  means  of  a  great  River,  which  the  Iroquois  call 
Ilohio,  emptying  into  the  Meschasipi  (which  in  the  Illinois  The  "Mes. 
tongue  signifies  Great  River),  one  could  penetrate  even  to  Greauuv^-'^ 
the  sea."     In  the  summer  of  1669,  La  Salle,  encouraged  '^^' 
by  Courcelles,  joined  the  Sulpitian  fathers  Fran9ois  Dol- 
lier  de  Casson  and  Rene  de  Galinee,  of  Montreal  —  whose 
brethren  had  already  established  a  mission  at  Quinte,  on 
the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario — "  in  an  expedition  to  c  juiy. 
explore  a  passage  which  they  expected  to  discover,  com-  Doiiier,"' 
municating  with  Japan  and  China."     They  proposed  to  nL  explore 
visit  "  divers  Indian  nations  situated  along  a  great  River,  t^t^o^a^a " 
called  by  the  Iroquois,  Ohio,  and  by  the  Ottawas,  Missis-  ^"°" 
sippi."     Ascending   the  Saint  Lawrence  in   canoes,  they 
coasted  along  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  vis- 
ited the  Seneca  village  just  at  the  time  Fr^min  was  absent  Auguct. 
at  Onondaga.     After  observing  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  La 
Salle  was  seized  with  a  violent  fever,  which  obliged  him  to  septem. 
return  to  Montreal.     Dollier  and  Galinee,  hoAvever,  con- 
tinued their  explorations,  and  visited  the  country  between 
Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  of  all  of  which  they  took  possession  Possession 
in  the  name  of  the  king.     The  royal  arms  were  erected,  the^"^  ^ 
and  a  map  was  prepared  showing  the  new  discoveries.  '^^^'^  ' 

*  La.  Salle  does  not  appear  to  have  aetually  entered  the  Society  of  Jesus.  Mr.  Shea  in- 
forms mo  that  Father  F.  ;\Iartin,  of  Quebec,  could  not  find  La  S.alle'a  name  in  the  Catalogues 
of  the  Order,  all  of  wliicli  lie  examined.  See  also  Shea's  note  to  liis  "  Early  Voyages,"  etc.: 
Munsell,  1S61.  Faillou,  iii.,  22S,  says  that  La  Salle  was  a  "novice,"  by  becoming  which  he 
lost  his  patrimony. 


164  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOliK. 


1669. 


(jhap.  IV.  These  events  occurred  while  Talon  was  yet  in  France. 
But  the  act  of  possession,  drawn  up  by  the  Montreal  Sul- 
pitians,  was  held  to  be  good  evidence  of  the  French  title 
to  the  countries  around  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie.''^ 

Intercourse  overland  with  the  Delaware  had  become  so 
constant,  that  a  grant  was  obtained  in  1668  from  Governor 
jegow'sinn  Cartcrct  by  Peter  Jegow,  who  had  been  a  member  of  the 
jpointfoii    'New  Jersey  Assembly  of  that  year,  to  take  up  the  land  at 
wai  "^^^'   "  Lazy  Point,"  now  known  as  Burlington,  opposite  Mattine- 
cunk,  or  "  Chygoes"  Island,  and  keep  a  house  there  for  the 
21  May.     entertainment  of  travelers.     Lovelace  now  ordered  that  all 
the  inhabitants  on  the  Delaware  should  take  out  new  pat- 
ents from  himself.     WilUam  Tom,  who  had  come  over 
with  Nicolls,  and  who  had  served  as  commissary  tliere, 
3  August,   was  appointed  collector,  and  families  from  Maryland  were 
affairs.      eucouraged  to  settle  on  the  creek  near  Apoquinimy.     This, 
however,  excited  the  jealousy  of  the  Maryland  authorities, 
and  Wliite,  their  surveyor  general,  coming  to  I^ewcastle, 
Lord  Baiti-  laid  claim  "  to  all  the  west  side  of  Delaware  River,  as  be- 
ciaim."      longing  to  the  Lord  Baltimore."     Maryland  also  sent  per- 
sons to  exercise  jurisdiction  at  the  Hoarkill,  but  none  of 
the  inhabitants  would  submit  to  it  until  the  matter  should 
be  decided  in  England.     ISTicolls  had  written  that  the  ques- 
tion about  the  Delaware  territory,  which  was  to  be  trans- 
ferred to  Berkeley  and  Carteret  in  exchange  for  New  Jer- 
sey, would  be  settled  "  in  some  short  time ;"  and  Lovelace 
15 October. now  dispatclied  to  the  duke  "the  original  claim"  made  by 
White  in  behalf  of  Lord  Baltimore  by  a  ship  "  bound  away 
for  London."f 

Disaffection  had  meanwhile  appeared  among  the  people 
on  the  Delaware.     A  Swede,  whose  real  name  was  Marcus 

*  Faillon,  Hi.,  151, 189,  228,  229,  284-30T,  312-314;  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  66,  SO,  81, 138,  305,  335, 
382,706,787,789;  Champlain's  Map,  1602  ;  Eelation,  1041,71,72;  16G8,  4;  Hennepin's  Deac. 
de  la  Louiaiane,  2, 3 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  263, 264;  Catalogue  of  Library  of  Tarliament,  Canada,  p. 
1615;  Eaynal,viii,,145;  Kalm,in  Pinkerton,xiii.,  699;  Bancroft, iii.,  122,129, 162;  Sparlcs'a 
Life  of  La  Salle,  5-7;  Shea'a  De.?c.  Miss.,  83,  84, 100;  note  on  Washington's  Diary,  1753, 
320;  ante,  p.  IIS  ;  vol.  i.,  p.  344.  The  statement  in  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  335,  and  Doc.  Hist.,  i., 
150,  that  La  Salle  visited  Niagara,  and  "  established  quarters  and  some  settlers  there,"  in 
1GG8,  seems  to  be  a  clerical  error  for  1678. 

t  Records  of  Upland  Court,  140,  141;  Elizabethtown  Bill,  4;  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  ii.,  234, 
267,208,269;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  185,  186;  Col.  MSS.,xx.,  2,3;  S. Hazard, 373,  374,  396  402, 44?, 
466 ;  Gordon,  22 ;  Gazetteer,  112, 113 ;  S.  Smith,  69,  74,  93 ;  ante,  p.  150 ;  vol.  i.,  18.3.  It  ap- 
pears that  New  Jersey  was  understood  to  be  restored  to  New  York,  from  Newark  Town  Kec- 
ords,  p.  21,  that  ou  2Sth  July,  1669,  the  town  appointed  Crane  and  Treat  "  to  goe  over  to 
York,  to  advise  with  Col.  Lovelace  concerning  our  standing,  wliether  we  are  designed  to  be 
part  of  the  Duke's  colony  or  not :"  compare  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxvii.,  319. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVEENOR.  165 

Jacobsen,  but  who  pretended  to  be  a  son  of  the  famous  chap.  iv. 
Count  Konigsmark,'"*  went  about  uttering  seditious  speech- 
es,  and  with  Henry  Coleman,  a  Finn,  endeavored  to  excite  pg^^n  ^^ 
an  insurrection  against  the  English  authority,     "  They  pre-  ^^?kiror 
tended  an  expectation  of  some  Swedish  ships  to  come  and  g  *|g^°° 
reduce  that  place."     The  news  reaching  New  York,  Love- 
lace ordered  the  arrest  of  the  ringleaders,  and  the  confis-  2  August. 
cation  of  Coleman's  estate  if  he  should  abscond  among  the 
Indians.     Jacobsen,  or  "  the  long  Swede,"  was  soon  taken,  15  septem. 
and  kept  in  custody  until  he  and  his  associates  could  be 
tried  by  special  commission  from  New  York.     "  For  the 
rest  of  the  poor,  deluded  sort,"  added  the  governor  in  his  Loveiace-s 
directions  to  Carr,  "  I  think  the  advice  of  their  own  coun- 
trymen is  not  to  be  despised,  who,  knowing  their  temper, 
could  prescribe  a  method  for  keeping  them  in  order,  which 
is  severity,  and  laying  such  taxes  on  them  as  may  not  give 
them  liberty  to  entertain  any  other  thoughts  but  how  to 
discharge  them."t     "I  perceive  the  little ■  Domine'!^.  hath 
played  the  trumpeter  to  this  disorder.     I  refer  the  quality 
of  his  punishment  to  your  discretion." 

The  council  at  New  York  ordered  that  although  "  the  is  October. 
long  Swede"  deserved  to  die  as  a  rebel,  yet,  as  others  were 
involved  with  him,  he  should  be  whipped,  branded,  and 
sold  at  Barbadoes.     Secretary  Nicolls   and  some   others 
were  commissioned  to  go  to  the  Delaware  and' try  the22Novem. 
insurgents.     This  they  did,  and  brought  back  to  New  York  e  Decem. 
Jacobsen,  the  ringleader,  in  irons,  who  was  temporarily  20  Decem. 
imprisoned  in  the  City  Hall.     The  next  month  "  the  long  1670. 
Swede"  was  sent  to  Barbadoes  and  sold  as  a  slave.     Cole-  ThelnsuV- 
man,  his  accessary,  lived  for  several  years  among  the  In-  fenced^^"' 
dians,  and  afterward  became  a  landholder  in  Delaware.§ 

Another  troublesome  person,  William  Douglas,  was  sent  ^^i^^'a"^ 


Douglas. 


•  Evelyn,  ii.,  163, 174;  Reresby,  139-143 ;  Kennett,  ill,  402;  Eapin,  iL,  72C ;  Hargrave's 
State  Trials,  iii.,  460. 

t  It  appears  from  this  that  the  Swedes  themselves  advised  severity  and  heavy  taxes  as  a 
means  of  preserving  order  on  the  Delaware.  Yet  Wood  (95),  Thompson  (i.,  149),  Dunlap 
(i.,  121),  and  Bancroft  (ii.,  321)  give  Lovelace  the  credit  of  the  idea,  and  seem  to  make  the 
apeciiic  instructions  which  he  gave  to  Carr  at  Newcastle  his  general  principle  of  government 
in  New  York.  « 

t  "  The  little  Domine"  here  referred  to  was  Laurentius  Carolus  Lokenius,  the  Lutheran 
minister  of  the  Swedish  Church  at  Crane  Hook,  near  Wilmington:  ante,  p.  140;  vol.  L,  p. 
5T7, 606,  616,  734, 

§  Council  Minutes,  iii.,  13-10;  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  ii.,  500,  503-506;  Court  of  Assizes,  ii., 
440,460,  464:  Col.  MS.>.,  xx.,  4-^  ;  xxviii.,  163;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  ISO,  343;  S.  Smith,  53,  64; 
S.  Hazard,  375-379 ;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  cxvii. ;  G.  Smith's  Del.  Co.,  93. 


1G6         HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cnAp.  IV.  to  K ew  York,  whence  lie  was  banished  to  New  England, 

and  warned  not  to  come  ao-ain  within  the  duke's  territories. 
1  fiYO 
'>G  Feb'y "  "^  court  was  also  established  at  the  Hoarkill,  and  Martin 

?5Mareh'  Ki'^gi^r  appointed  collector  of  the  customs  there,  which 
Customs  at  wcrc  fixcd  at  ten  per  cent.  This  duty,  however,  was  soon 
%v-arc.  ^  *"  abolished,  upon  condition  that  liquors  were  to  be  sold  to 
..CO  er.  ^j^^  Indians  very  cautiously,  and  no  prejudice  be  done  to 
10  Noveiu.  the  trade  at  Newcastle,  where  Carr  was  directed  to  be  vig- 
ilant, and  send  at  once  to  New  York  for  assistance  in  case 
of  need." 

Lovelace  now  accomplished  "  the  most  memorable  act" 
of  his  administration.  After  the  return  of  Nicolls  to  Lon- 
don in  the  autumn  of  1668,  Staten  Island  having  been  "  ad- 
judged to  belong  to  New  York,"  Lovelace  took  measures 
for  its  settlement,  as  it  was  considered  "  the  most  commo- 
diosest  seate  and  richest  land"  in  America.  Its  chief  sach- 
em, in  the  summer  of  1669,  had  solemnly  renewed  the  cov- 
enant between  its  aborigines  and  the  English  and  the  Iro- 
T  Aoiii.  quois.  Several  of  its  sachems,  however,  insisted  that  they 
were  "  the  very  true,  lawful,  and  sole  Indian  owners"  of  the 
island,  who  were  told  that  their  predecessors  had  sold  it  to 
sfntenisi-  the  Dutcli.     To  quict  their  claims,  satisfactory  presents 

And  Dur-  •/      -L 

chused  were  promised ;  and  they  accordingly  executed  a  deed  by 
Indiana  for  which,  for  a  quantity  of  wampum,  coats,  kettles,  guns, 
KApTn.'  powder,  lead,  axes,  hoes,  and  knives,  they  conveyed  to 
Lovelace,  in  behalf  of  the  Duke  of  York, "  all  that  Island 
lying  and  being  in  the  Hudson's  Riverf  —  commonly  call- 
ed Staten  Island,  and  by  the  Indians  Aquehonga  Manack- 
nong — ha\dng  on  the  south  the  Bay  and  Sandy  Point,  on  the 
north  the  River  and  the  City  of  New  York  on  Manhattan's 
Island,  on  the  east  Long  Island,  and  on  the  west  the  main- 
land of  After  Coll,  or  New  Jersey."  Possession  was  for- 
mally given  "  by  turf  and  twigg ;"  and  it  was  covenanted  that 
on  the  first  of  May  in  each  year  the  Indians  should  go  to 
Fort  James  and  acknowledge  their  sale ;  which  was  done.:]: 

*  Council  Minutes,  iii.,  17,  32  ;  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  475,  611 ;  S.  Smith,  55,  56 ;  Hazard's 
Keg.  Penn.,  i.,7G;  Ann.  Penn.,  379,  3S0,  3S2;  Proud,  L,  130;  Whitehead, 60,  ^lo/e.  Itseerai 
that  Douglas,  not  liking  bis  banishment  into  New  England,  returned  to  Newcastle  in  1673, 
whence  he  was  sent  to  New  York,  and  from  there  was  shipped  in  February,  1673,  to  Barba- 
docp,  to  be  sold :  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  244;  Council  Minutes,  iii.,  131;  S.  Hazard,  403. 

t  By  this  it  appears  that  the  New  York  Hudson  was  then  understood  to  encircle  Staten 
Inland  :  in  other  words,  that  "the  Kills"  north  of  that  island  were  a  part  of  the  great  Hud- 
Hon  River. 

t  Mus^'.  H.  S.  Coll  ,  xxxv;i.,  315,  317 ;  MunscU,  iv.,  9  ;  Chalmer.Vs  Ann  ,  i.,  5:9 ;  Council 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  167 

As  soon  as  the  river  opened,  Captain  Dudley  Lovelace,  chap.iv. 
with  Cortelyou,  Beekman,  Beresford,  and  Pawling,  met  at 
Kingston,  under  a  commission  of  the  governor,  and  grant-  ^^  jj^,^,,' 
ed  lands   at  Hurley  and  Marbletown,  chiefly  to  the  dis- jP,^^,^^*'''- 
charged  soldiers,  who  were  required  not  to  sell  them  for  *ff^"""- 
three  years.     Town  boundaries  were  established,  local  reg- 
ulations were  made,  and  Beresford  was  sworn  chief  ofRcer 
of  Hurley  and  Marbletown.     At  the  adjournment  of  the  ii  Apni. 
commission  the  laws  were  read,  and  an  artillery  salute  was 
tired  "  when  the  president  took  horse  to  depart  for  New 
York."* 

Captain  Baker  had  meanwhile  behaved  so  badly  that  he 
was  bound  over  to  answer  at  the  Assizes ;  but  the  govern- 
or, finding  it  "  not  only  difficult,  but  too  tedious"  to  decide 
the  case  at  ISTew  York,  referred  it  to  the  Albany  masris-  commis- 

,      ,  sionera 

trates,  with  Delavall  and  Lovelace  as  commissioners.  The  sent  to  ai- 
latter  were  instructed,  among  other  things,  to  make  a  peace  ii  April. 
between  the  Mohawks  and  Mahicans,  arrange  the  garrison, 
the  excise,  and  the  Indian  trade,  and  inform  the  magis- 
trates that  the  governor  looked  upon  the  Dutch  Churcli 
and  ministry,  which  was  "  found  established"  by  Nicolls 
and  himself,  as  the  parochial  church  of  Alban}-,  which  was 
to  be  maintained  at  their  discretion,  by  .tax  or  otherwise, 
"  and  that  no  inhabitant,  of  what  opinion  soever,  be  ex- 
empt, but  bear  his  proportion." 

The  result  of  Baker's  case  was  his  dismissal  from  mill-  u  May. 
tary  employment  "  at  Albany  and   elsewhere."     As   his 
place  was  one  of  the  most  important  in  the  province,  the 
governor  promoted  Ensign  Sylvester  Salisbury  to  fill  the  is  Juiy. 
vacancy,  with  a  commission  as  lieutenant  of  infantry ;  and  ceeded  by 
Dudley  Lovelace  naturally  succeeded  to  Salisbury's  en-  ''*°  "'^' 
signcy  on  the  duke's  establishment,  f 

Minute.'!,  iii.,  10-25;  Court  of  Assize'',  ii.,  51S;  Land  Papers,  i.,S4;  Patents,  iv.,  62;  Val. 
Man.,  1S5T,  544-547 ;  Hist.  M,ig.,  x.,  375-3TT:  Diinlap,  ii.,  App.  cxviii. ;  Wliitehead,  17,19, 
•216;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  CoU.,ii.,  41;  Col.  Doc.  ii.,  70G:  iii.,  304,  S52,  S54;  n?i<c,  p.  149,  150  ;  vol. 
i.,  73,  202,  203,  525,  C4],  642,  692.  It  does  not  stem  that  there  could  have  been  a  better  Eu- 
ropean title  to  Staten  I^•lanll  than  that  now  held  by  the  duke  as  proprietor  of  New  York. 
Yet  Carteret's  heirs  afterward  .«uKge-ted  that  it  belonged  to  New  Jersey. 

*  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  47(i,  4S1,  4S2,  5S1 ;  Col.  Mass.,  xxii.,  99, 100;  Patents,  iii.,  43;  Ul- 
ster H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  51,  72  ;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.  (1S6S),  1S5. 

t  Ord.,  Warr.,  Lett.,  ii.,  514-510;  Court  of  Assize?,  ii.,  418,  4S9,  490,  500 ;  Council  Min., 
iii.,  27;  Col.  MSS.,  xxii.,  7S-94, 104 ;  S.  Hazard,  373;  Munsell,  iv.,  9,  12, 13, 14;  vii.,  101 ; 
Hist.  Mag.,  iv.,  50;  i.  (ii.),  323  ;  Val.  Man.,  1S47,  354,  361.  After  his  di?gi-ace  Baker  appears 
to  have  sought  a  refugR  at  Klizabethto^vn,  New  Jersey,  in  which  he  had  a  joint  interest: 
Col.  Doc,  ii.,  571 ;  ante,  p.  49. 


168  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.rv.      The  Corporation  of  New  York,  jealous  of  any  infringe- 

ment  of  the  ancient  "  staple  right"  of  Manhattan,  now  rep- 

2T  June     I'esented  that  many  vessels  not  belonging  to  the  province 
Trading     "  (Jq  frequently  go  up  Hudson's  River  to  Esopus  and  Al- 

vessela  on  t.  »/    o  x  i  ^ 

the  Hud-  bany,  there  to  trade  and  traffic,  contrary  to  former  consti- 
tutions and  customs."  Lovelace  accordingly  ordered  "  that 
no  stranger  or  strange  vessel  shall  be  permitted,  from  and 
after  the  date  hereof,  to  pass  up  the  said  River  to  either  of 
the  places  aforesaid,  there  to  trade  or  traffic,  upon  any  pre- 
tence whatsoever.  However,  such  vessels,  unloading  their 
goods  in  this  city,  and  paying  the  duties  required,  the  own- 
ers of  such  goods  have  liberty  to  transport  them  into  these 
parts  in  any  other  vessels  belonging  to  this  port,  and  may 
go  up  themselves,  with  leave  to  negotiate  there,  having 
first  obtained  the  privilege  of  being  free  Burghers  of  this 
city."* 

There  was,  at  this  time,  no  exchange  or  place  of  meeting 
for  the  merchants  of  New  York.     Lovelace  therefore  di- 

24  March,   rccted  that  they  should  come  together  every  Friday,  be- 

iixchange.  twccu  clcven  aud  twelve  of  the  clock,  at  the  bridge  which 
crossed  the  canal.f     The  governor  also  gave  by  patent,  to 

10  Feb.  Adriaen  and  Christofell  van  Laer,  the  exclusive  pri^^lege 
of  maintaining  a  rasp  mill  to  grind  the  bark  used  in  tan- 
ning leather  in  the  city.:}:     Another  order  of  Lovelace  di- 

19  August,  rected  that  "  Love  Island,"  in  the  bay,  owned  by  Isaac  Bed- 
low,  alderman,  counselor  and  comptroller  of  the  revenue, 
should  be  a  pri^dleged  place,  where  persons  were  fi'ee  from 
warrants  of  arrest.§ 

Their  war  with  the  Mahicans  prevented  the  Mohawks 
from  reaping  all  the  advantage  expected  fi-om  the  pres- 
ence of  Pierron  and  Boniface.     Yet  many  converts  were 

*  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  559  ;  Munsell,  ir.,  IS,  19 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  213,  62S. 

t  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  ITS,  4T9;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  cxvii. ;  Hist.  Mag.,  x.,  381.  This 
place  was  at  the  corner  of  the  present  Bridge  and  Broad  Streets  :  see  Val.  Man.,  1S62,  515, 
555.  The  canal  or  creek  at  that  time  ran  up  from  tide-water  through  Broad  Street  as  far 
as  "Verletten  Berg," or  "hindering  hill,"  which  the  unknowing  English, who  caught  the 
sound,  but  not  the  meaning,  nonsensically  called  "  Flattenbarrack  Hill,"  and  which  is  now 
known  as  "  Exchange  Place."  It  was  a  favorite  sport  of  Xew  York  boys  to  "  coast"  on  their 
sledges  from  Broadway  down  the  steep  descent  of  Verletten  Berg. 

t  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  471-4T4;  Val.  Man.,  1S51,  401,  402. 

§  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  57G  ;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  cxvii.  Governor  Nicolls  granted  this  isl- 
and to  (  'nptain  Needham  on  the  2:!d  of  Decembfc;r,  1067,  and  he  sold  it  to  Bedlow,  after  whom 
it  was  named.  Bedlow's  widow  sold  it  to  James  Carteret  on  20  April,  1676.  In  ISOO  the 
State  ceded  to  the  United  States  jurisdiction  over  it,  and  Ellis  or  Oyster,  and  Governor's 
Islands  in  the  bay,  provided  that  New  York  process,  civil  or  criminal,  should  still  continue 
to  be  executed  on  them  :  Benson's  Mem.,  121 ;  1  R.  L.,  1S18,  ISO,  190;  Col.  MSS.,  xxv.,  102. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  169 


1670. 


made ;  and  even  the  worship  of  Aireskoue,  their  great  dse-  chap.  iv. 
mon,  was  renounced  when  Pierron  threatened  to  leave 
them,  after  witnessing  one  of  their  solemn  "  feasts  of  the 
dead"  at  Caghnawaga.     So  zealous  were  some  of  the  pros- 
elytes that  they  took  pride  in  displaying  their  crucifixes  at 
Albany,  and  in  arguing  with  the  "  heretics."     A  converted 
squaw  went  into  the  church  while  Domine  Schaats  was  Mohawk 
preaching,  and  recited  her  chaplet  during  the  whole  of  di-  Albany. 
\dne  service.     The  Mohawk  mission  promised  so  well  that 
the  Fathers  Bechefer  and  Nicolas  were  assigned  to  assist 
Pierron  and  Boniface.* 

Bruyas  had  little  success  among  the  intractable  Oneidas ; 
but  he  edified  himself  by  keeping  Easter  and  Pentecost 
with  Millet  at  Onondaga,  where  Carheil  came  from  Cayu- 
ga to  meet  them.     The  little  bell  which,  fourteen  years  be- 
fore, had  called  the  faithful  to  prayer,  was  begged  back  oneida  and 
from  the   Onondagas    and   used   again   for  Christianity.  m?s°sions^'' 
Many  new  converts  were  made,  chiefly  by  the  influence  of 
Garakontid  who  had  declared  himself  a  Christian  at  a  Mo-  25  March. 
hawk  council  on  his  way  back  from  Albany.     About  mid- 
summer, an  Iroquois  embassy,  headed  by  him,  set  out  for  15  June. 
Canada  with  a  letter  from  Millet,  in  which  Garakontie  was 
described  as  an  "  incomparable  man,"  who  might  justly  be 
called  "  the  protector  of  the  French  crown  in  this  country." 
A  council  was  held  at  Quebec  with  all  the  Iroquois  except  juiy. 
tlie  Senecas,  and  Fremin  was  directed  to  leave  his  mission  August. 
if  the  Senecas  did  not  come  and  give  satisfaction.     At  this 
visit  Garakontie  was  baptized  by  Bishop  Laval,  and  took  Baptism  of 
the  name  of  "  Daniel,"  from  Courcelles,  who  acted  as  Iiistil."^  °"' 
sponsor.f 

Talon  now  returned  from  France,  where  he  had  inform- 
ed Colbert  that  there  was  a  copper  mine:}:  near  Lake  Hu- 
ron, which,  in  connection  with  "the  communication  sup- 
posed to  exist  between  Canada  and  the  South  Sea,"  it  was 
desirable  to  explore.  The  Intendant  was  accompanied  by 
several  ilecollet§  or  Franciscan  fathers,  among  whom  was 

•  Kelation,  16T0,  27-45;  Charlevoix,  11.,  223-226;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.,  iii.  (ii.),  15S;  Shea, 
265-268. 

t  Relation,  1670,  4-7,  43,  47-63 ;  1671,  3 ;  1673-9, 186 ;  Charlevoi.x,  ii.,  220,  221.  227,  230 ; 
FaUlon,  Iii.,  227-230;  Col.  Doc,  i.x.,  783,  7S9;  Shea,  278,  280 ;  an V,  vol.  i.,  047. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  63,  787.  Allouez,  in  the  Relation  for  1667,  p.  S,  spoke  of  the  masses  of 
copper  reported  by  the  savages  in  Lake  Superior. 

§  The  RecoUets,  or  Gray  Friars,  were  a  branch  of  the  Order  of  Saint  Francis,  and  were  so 


170  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IV.  Gabriel  de  la  Riboiirde,  and  by  some  companies  of  the 
~      Carignan  regiment.     Delighted  with  the  progress  of  West- 
Frenchex-  ^^'^^  discovorj  during  his  absence,  Talon  dispatched  two 
pioratioDs.  "  persons  of  resolution,"  La  Salle,  to  explore  farther  in  the 
southwest,  and  his  own  deputy.  Saint  Lusson,  to  the  north- 
west.    They  were  encouraged  by  the  promise  of  the  king 
to  reward  nobly  him  who  should  reach  the  Pacific.     Saint 
3  septem.  Lussou  was  instructed  to  go  to  Lake  Superior,  and  "  make 
mines  on    sGarch  and  discovery  there  for  all  sorts  of  mines,  particu- 
perior.  '    larly  that  of  copper  ;"*  take  possession  of  all  the  countries 
through  which  he  might  pass,  and  plant  the  cross,  with  the 
escutcheon  of  France,  in  confirmation  of  the  king's  domin- 
ion.    The  Intendant's  deputy  was  accompanied  by  the  ex- 
perienced interpreter  Nicholas  Perrot,  who  was  directed  to 
visit  the  Northern  nations,  and  invite  them  to  meet,  tlie 
next  spring,  at  the  Falls  of  Saint  Mary,  the  delegate  of  the 
10  October.  Great  Onnontio.     Talon  also  sent  to  Paris  the  maps  and 
rronclf"'  records  made  by  Dollier  and  Galinee,  as  evidences  of  the 
Lakes  On"  Frcncli  title  to  the  regions  round  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie, 
Ed"  ^^     and  proposed  that  a  galley  should  be  maintained  on  Onta- 
rio to  secure  the  fur  trade,  as  the  English  at  Boston,  and 
the  Dutch  at  New  York,  now  drew  to  themselves  more 
than  twelve  thousand  livres  of  beaver  "  trapped  by  the  In- 
dians in  the  countries  subject  to  the  King."f 

The  movements  of  the  French  among  the  Iroquois  were 
n  October,  reported  to  Lovelace,  who  wrote  to  Secretary  Williamson 
ixiveiace."  that  f  our  Jesuits,  with  their  servants,  in  all  eleven,  had  "  set- 
tled themselves  on  this  side  the  Lake  of  Irecoies.  They 
pretend  it  is  no  more  but  to  advance  the  kingdom  of 
Christ,  when  it  is  to  be  suspected  it  is  rather  the  kingdom 
of  his  most  Christian  Majesty."  The  "legionary  soldiers" 
whom  Louis  was  sending  over  might  be  dangerous  to  tlie 
English  Plantations,  and  should  be  looked  after  in  Europe. 

called  because  they  were  first  instituted  in  solitary  convents  devoted  to  recollection :  Col. 
Doc,  ix.,  8S,  note;  ante,  i.,  p.  GT. 

*  In  the  Relation  of  ICTO,  83-SC,  in  a  very  interesting  account  of  the  copper  mines  on 
Lake  Superior,  particularly  that  at  "Nantonnagan,"  or  Ontonagon,  sent  by  Dablon  from 
the  Falls  of  Saint  Mary  to  Le  JVIercier  at  Quebec,  and  by  him  communicated  to  Talon  before 
the  dispatch  of  Saint  Lusson. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  63-^7,  70,  7C,  88,  97,  382,  6'2G,  78T,  78!),  803,  804;  delation,  IGTO,  2 ;  1071, 
2G  ;  Faillon,  iii.,  Q.'w,  256,  S05-307  ;  Golden,  i.,  35 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  21G,  '/IT,  234,  2.37  ;  Hen- 
nepin,  New.  Disc,  32 ;  La  Potherie,  ii.,  8!) ;  Uist.  Mag.,  ix.,  20G ;  Shfa's  V:ah.  Miss.,  412  ; 
Disc.  Miss.,  79,  80,  89,  1.50;  Garneau,  i.,  204.  The  maps  and  description  of  Lake  Ontario, 
prepared  by  Dollier  and  Galinop,  are  in  the  Tarliament  Librarj-  at  Quebec :  see  Catalogue, 
p.  1GI5;  also  in  Faillon,  iii.,  o05. 


FEANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  171 

111  consequence  of  a  letter  fi'om  Pierron,  orders  were  sent  cn.vr.  iv. 

to  Salisbury,  at  Albany,  to  keep  a  vigilant  watcli  over  liim, 

and  report  all  bis  actions.  22  October. 

Lovelace,  at  tbe  same  time,  expecting  leave  to  retm-n 
borne,  went,  witb  several  of  bis  council,  as  far  as  Milf ord  Lovelace 
to  meet  Wintbrop,  "  and  discourse  all  affairs  tbat  may  tend  necticut!" 
to  tbe  mutual  convenience  of  eacb  otber."     Among  tbese 
was  tbe   settlement  of  tbe  boundary -line  between  ISTew 
York  and  Connecticut,  wbicb  tbe  Hartford  Court  bad  pro- 
posed sbould  be  run  by  a  joint  committee  from  eacb  gov- 13 October, 
ernment.     But  "Wintbrop,  intending  to  visit  England,  bad 
vainly  endeavored  to  resign  bis  office  of  governor,  and  was 
unable  to  meet  Lovelace,  wbose  winter  journey  was  tbusoDeccm. 
made  fruitless.* 

At  tbe  Court  of  Assizes  another  case  of  reputed  witcb- 
craf t  was  disposed  of.     Katberine  Harrison,  a  widow,  of  icatherine 
Wetbersfield,  in  Connecticut,  baving  been   convicted  of  wstchcrrit 
witcbcraft,  was  obliged  to  leave  tbat  town,  and  came  to  May. 
AVestcbester,  tbe  Pm-itan  inbabitants  of  wbicb  complained  t  juiy. 
to  Lovelace,  wlio  warned  lier  to   return  to  Connecticut. 
Upon  ber  refusal  sbe  was  cited  before  tbe  governor,  wlio 
referred  ber  case  to  tbe  Court  of  Assizes,  upon  ber  giving  25  August, 
security  for  good  bebavior.     Tbe  court,  finding  notliing 
against  ber,  directed  ber  release,  and  gave  ber  liberty  to  October. 
reside  wbere  sbe  cbose  in  tbe  government.     But  tlie  peo- 
ple of  Westcbester  became  so  "  uneasy"  at  ber  remaining  ordered 
amongst  tliem,  tbat  Lovelace  was  obliged  to  order  tbe  poor  wettcucs- 
widow  to  leave  tbat  infatuated  town.f  ^^^' 

An  interesting  political  event  now  occurred.     Tbe  pali- 
sades around  Fort  James  being  decayed,  tbe  Court  of  As- 
sizes ordered  tbat  a  levy,  or  contribution  for  tbeir  repair,  s  October. 
sbould  be  made  in  tbe  several  towns  of  Long  Island,  and  tion  for"' 
tbe  justices  in  eacb  riding  were  directed  to  find  ways  and  Ifron' 
means  at  tbe  next  courts  of  Sessions.     But  tbe  rejection  dcred!*''" 
of  tbe  petitions  wbicb  some  of  tbe  Western  towns  bad  pre- 
sented for  redress  tbe  last  autumn,  left  tbe  people  in  no 
mood  to  comply  witb  tbis  extraordinary  demand.     Tbey 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  190;  Court  of  Asisize?,  ii.,  445;  Council  Min.,  iii.,  27,  32,  34;  Col.  Kec. 
Conn.,  ii.,  145 ;  Maes.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  80-82. 

t  Council  Min.,  iii.,  23-31 ;  Court  of  Assize-s,  ii.,  255,  503,  5V7,  .5S4,  5S5;  Doc.  Iliat.,  iv., 
87,88;  Col.  Kec.  Conn.,  ii.,  118,132;  Dimlap,  ii.,  App.  cxviii.  ;  Bolton,  ii.,  181,182;  ante, 
91,  143. 


172  HISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOKK. 

Chap.  IV.  Were  persuaded  that  the  principle  of  "  Taxation  only  by 
■      '^      consent" — which  Holland  had  maintained  since  1477,  and 
l^^O-  England  had  adopted  in  her  Petition  of  Eight  in  1628— 
was  their  own  birthright  as  British  subjects.     They  had, 
for  several  years,  paid  a  direct  tax  of  a  penny  in  the  pound 
to  defi'ay  their  town  charges.     They  had  also  submitted  to 
the  duke's  customs'  duties  for  the  support  of  his  govern- 
ment.    But  this  last  order  of  the  Court  of  Assizes,  where 
they  were  not  represented,  would,  if  yielded  to,  become  a 
dangerous  precedent :  they  might  next  be  required  to  main- 
tain the  garrison,  and  they  knew  not  what  else.     Southold, 
Action  of    Southampton,  and  Easthampton,  in  a  joint  meeting  of 
lEitnd"^    their  delegates,  agreed  to  contribute,  provided  that  they 
miglit  have  the  privileges  which  the  king's  other  subjects 
in  New  England  enjoyed.     Huntington  refused,  because 
her  people  "  were  deprived  of  the  liberties  of  Englishmen." 
Those  of  Jamaica  declared  that  the  order  of  the  Assizes 
was  inconsistent  with  the  British  Constitution;  but  if  it 
was  the  king's  absolute  pleasure  to  "  disprivilege"  them, 
they  would  bear  their  burthens  with  patience  until  they 
could  address  him  for  relief.     Flushing  and  Hempstead 
concurred  with  Jamaica ;  and  the  constables  of  the  three 
iG  Decern,  towus  laid  their  votes  before  the  Court  of  Sessions  of  the 
before 'the  Nortli  Riding,  which  was  held  at  Jamaica ;  where,  howev- 
sessions.    ^^^  ^^  actiou  was  taken.     They  were  again  presented  the 
21  Decern,  following  wcck,  at  the  Sessions  of  the  West  Riding,  which 
met  at  Gravesend.     At  that  court  Secretary  Nicolls  j)re- 
sided,  and  Counselors  Van  Ruyven,  Manning,  and  Thomas 
Lovelace  were  present  as  justices.     It  was  there  unani- 
Adjudged  mously  adjudged  "that  the  said  papers  are  in  themselves 
uous.^^'^''  false,  scandalous,  illegal,  and  seditious,  tending  only  to 
disaffect  all  the  peaceable  and  well-meaning  subjects  of 
His  Majesty  in  these  His  Royal  Highness's  Territories  and 
dominions ;"  and  they  were  referred  to  the  governor  and 
his  council  for  such  action  as  should  "  best  tend  to  the  sup- 
pression of  such  mischief  as  may  arise  by  the  impression  of 
false  suggestions   and  jealousies."     Upon  this  reference, 
2D  Decern.  Lovclacc  and  his  council  ordered  that  these  "  scandalous. 
Ordered  to  illegal,  and  seditious"  papers  should  "  be  openly  and  pub- 
iaNew°    licly  bumcd"  before  the  Town  Hall  of  the  city  of  New 
^°'^'        York,  at  the  next  Mayor's  Court,  and  that  "  the  principal 


FEANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOK.  173 

contriver  thereof  be  inquired  into,  and  proceeded  against  chap-iv. 
according  to  their  demerits,  and  the  laws   of  the  land        ~ 
established."*  ^^^^• 

It  was  easier  to  burn  "  seditious"  votes  than  to  subdue 
opinion.  Most  of  the  Long  Island  towns  had,  as  we  have 
seen,  taken  out  new  patents,  in  conformity  with  the  law  of 
1666.  But  Southampton  and  Southold  refused  to  comply. 
The  latter  claimed  that  their  title  from  the  Indians  and 
fi'om  New  Haven  was  sufficient.  Southampton  relied 
upon  theirs  from  Lord  Stirling.  The  Court  of  Assizes 
therefore  declared  invahd  the  titles  to  lands  in  Southamp-  s  October, 
ton,  unless  a  patent  from  the  duke's  government  should  be 
obtained  for  them  within  a  certain  time.  This  produced  a  1671. 
spirited  remonstrance  from  fifty  of  the  inhabitants  of  that  l^  Febr'y. 

r  •/  ^  Sontnamp- 

town,  in  which,  among  other  things,  they  set  forth  that  a  tonRemoa- 
new  patent  would  be  a  grievance,  and  might  make  them 
and  their  posterity  "  groan  like  Israel  in  Egypt ;"  that  they 
could  not  acknowledge  the  Duke  of  York  to  be  the  "  sole 
Proprietor  of  the  whole  Island ;"  that,  although  Nicolls  had 
promised  them  as  great  privileges  as  any  colony  in  New 
England,  they  had  no  deputies  at  the  courts,  and  were 
"  forced  to  pay  customs  for  goods  imported,  for  which  cus- 
tom hath  before  been  paid  to  His  Majesty's  use  in  En- 
gland ;"  and  that  the  royal  commissioners,  in  August, 
1664,  had  proclaimed  that  all  should  enjoy  "whatsoever 
God's  blessing  and  their  o"\vn  industry  had  furnished  them 
withal."  Lovelace,  expecting  leave  to  run  over  to  En- 
gland, replied  that,  to  avoid  "  prolix  debates,"  he  would  o  March. 

.,  ..  ,  />  •  ,^      l^  T  KefeiTed  to 

appoint  commissioners  to  conier  with  them,  and  mean-  commis- 
while  recommended  that  they  should  observe  the  "  golden  ^^''°®''^' 
rule  of  the  Apostle,  which  is — be  not  high-minded,  but 
fear."  Counselors  Delavall,  Nicolls,  and  Bedlow  were  ac- 
cordingly deputed  to  examine  the  cases  of  the  recusant 
towns ;  but  no  other  steps  to  enforce  a  compliance  with  the 
law  were  taken  until  several  years  afterward. f 

The  isolated  inhabitants  of  Martha's  Yineyard  and  Nan- 
tucket, however,  were   more   tractable,     NicoUs  had  ap- 

«  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  050,  051,  052,  053 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  303 ;  Wood,  90-^5,  151 ;  Thomp- 
son, i.,  140-149,  2S4;  Dunlap,  i,  121;  ii.,  App.  cxvii.  ;  Bancroft,  i.,  021 ;  Council  JonmalM, 
i..  Int.,  vii.,  viii. ;  ant?,  p.  100  ;  vol.  i.,  43",  442. 

t  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  591,  001-064;  Wood,  01,  92, 1T5-1TT;  Tliompson,i.,  14(5,334,384; 
ii.,  326-328 ;  ante,  25, 110 ;  vol.  i ,  300,  301. 


174  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

<juA.p.  IV.  pointed  Thomas  Mayhew  to  superintend  affairs  tliere ;  but 

~      as  the  relations  between  those  islands  and  New  York  were 

■   vague,  the  governor  notified  their  landholders  to  take  out 

June.        fresh  patents.     Mayhew  accordingly  came  to  New  York  in 

behalf   of  Martha's  Yineyard,  and  Tristram  Coffin,  with 

2sjune.     Thomas  Macy,  represented  Nantucket.     Lovelace  readily 

and  Mar-   made  Nautucket  a  township,  and  commissioned  Coffin  its 

yardinJor-  cliief  magistrate,  in  subordination  to  New  York.     A  simi- 

6  July. "     lar  patent  was  granted  to  Martha's  Yineyard,  of  which  the 

venerable  Mayhew  was  appointed  governor  during  his  life. 

His  grandson,  Matthew  Mayhew,  was  also  commissioned  as 

collector  of  the  duke's  customs  for  the  several  islands.* 

Lovelace   proved  himself  no  bigot.     John   Booth,  of 
Southold,  whose  children  had  been  refused  baptism  by  the 
Puritan  minister,  John  Younge,  declined  to  pay  his  tax  for 
Younge's  salary,  and  his  cattle  were  distrained.     Booth  pe- 
sjuiy.      titioned  the   governor   and  council  for  relief.     Lovelace 
10  July,     could  not  lawfully  interfere ;  yet  he  wrote  to  Younge,  re- 
Tebukcs     proving  his  want  of  Christian  charity,  reminding  him  that 
Jo°uthofd°^  the  indulgence  granted  by  Nicolls  and  himself  was  not  in- 
erance?'^"^'  tcudcd  to  justify  sucli  Severity  toward  others  "  of  a  differ- 
ent persuasion  ;"  and  adding,  "  I  desire  you  not  to  insist  on 
such  rigorous  courses  against  those  who  desire  to  live  un- 
der the  known  and  established  laws  of  His  Majesty's  do- 
minions, lest  I  be  forced  to  represent  to  His  Itoyal  Higli- 
ness  the  great  inconveniences  that  may  arise  by  it,  and  you 
be  interrupted  in  the  exercise  of  that  Christian  f:^nction 
you  now  so  peaceably  enjoy. "f 
Luthtrans.      The  Lutlieraus  in  the  province  gave  Lovelace  the  great- 
est trouble.     He  had  been  obliged  to  suspend  their  minis- 
ter, Fabricius,  from  preaching  at  Albany,  but  allowed  liim 
to  exercise  his  function  in  New  York.    A  quarrel  broke  out 
before  long  between  Fabricius  and  his  congregation,  who 
10  July,     were  building  a  church  "  on  ground  without  the  gate,"  and 
j.ndAren-  Lovclacc   was    obliged  to   interfere.     Another  Lntheran 
clergyman,  Bernardus  Arensius,  "  a  gentle  personage  and 
of  a  A'ery  agreeable  behaviour,"  fortunately  arrived  about 

*  Council  Min.,  iii ,  20,  C7,  6S;  fourt  of  Assize?,  iii.,  .^33,  5.18;  Deeds,  iii.,  OS-G.%  70-7.';: 
Ilougli's  Nantucket  I'.iper.",  20-41,  70,  71, 129-131 ;  Mass.  11.  S.  Coll.,  xiii.,  85;  xx.xvii.,  30  ; 
ante,  p.  139. 

t  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  735^737;  Doc.JIist.,  iii.,  200;  Tliompson,  i.,  383,305;  Wood,  34 ; 
Fanner  and  Moore's  Coll.,  iii.,  ISO. 


flUS, 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  175 

this  time  at  New  York.     Fabricius,  having  already  received  chap.  iv. 
the  governor's  passport  to  go  to' the  Delaware,  was  allowed, 
as  his  last  clerical  act,  "  to  give  liis  congregation  a  valedic-  jj  August 
tory  sermon,  and  to  install  the  new-come  minister,  accord- 
ing to  the  custom  used  by  those  of  their  religion."* 

The  Eeformed  Dutch  Church  in  the  city  had  meanwhile 
wanted  a  colleague  for  Drisius,  whose  ill  health  prevented 
liis  doing  much  duty.  Polhemus,  of  Flatbush,  preached 
occasionally ;  and  ^gidius  Luyck,  the  former  teacher  of 
the  grammar-school  in  ISTew  Amsterdam,  who  had  returned  Refonned 
fi'om  Holland,  after  studying  divinity  for  a  time,  assisted  cimrch  ia 
by  the  foresinger  Evert  Pietersen,  conducted  divine  serv-^^''^^^^^' 
ice  on  Sundays.  The  Consistory,  in  January,  1670,  had 
called  Selyns,  who  formerly  preached  in  Brooklyn,  and 
was  now  settled  at  Wavereen,  in  Holland,  to  supply  the 
place  of  Megapolensis,  but  he  had  declined  their  invitation. 
At  the  joint  request  of  "  the  Elders  and  Deacons  of  the 
Church,"  and  of  the  mayor  and  aldermen  of  the  city,  who 
desired  that  "  some  care  may  be  taken  for  the  supply  of 
this  place  with  an  able  and  orthodox  minister,  of  which 
they  are  at  present  wholly  destitute,"  Lovelace,  in  June, 
1670,  declared,  under  his  hand  and  the  seal  of  the  prov- 
ince, "  that  whensoever  sucli  a  minister  shall  come  over  to 
this  city,  and  undertake  the  charge  aforementioned,  I  shall 
take  care  that  there  shall  be  duly  and  justly  paid  unto  the 
said  minister,  or  to  his  order,  the  value  of  One  Thousand 
Guilders  Holland's  money,  each  year,  and  likewise  that  he 
shall  have  the  accommodation  of  a  convenient  dwelling- 
house,  rent  free,  together  with  his  provision  of  firewood 
gratis."  This  being  sent  to  Holland,  Domine  Wilhelmus  van  Nieu- 
van  ISTieuwenhuysen,  an  accomplished  scholar  and  divine,  caiied. 
was  induced  by  his  relative  Seljms  to  accept  the  call,  which 
was  approved  by  the  Classis  of  Amsterdam.  On  his  arri- 
val at  New  York  he  was  installed  as  a  colleague  with  Dris-  24  August. 

*  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  500,  503,  T02,  T25;  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  15-17, 19,  304;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii., 
242,245,525;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  41.5,  Jiofe,-  Munsell,  iv.,  14,  22,  23;  S.  Hazard,  3S1,3S5,  388;  C. 
Wolley's  Two  Years  in  New  York,  57 ;  Dunlap,  i.,  127 ;  ante,  153.  On  the  IStli  of  October, 
1072,  Arensius  had  a  pas3  from  the  governor  to  go  to  Albany  for  the  winter.  The  "Aans- 
preker,"  or  Sexton  of  the  Dutch  Church  there,  had  claimed  the  right  enjoyed  by  such  offi- 
cials in  Holland  to  conduct  the  funerals  of  all  decedents  in  his  parish;  but  on  the  10th  of 
June,  1672,  it  was  ordered  in  Council  that,  as  the  Lutherans  have  a  toleration  for  their  reli.;:- 
ion,  they  may  bury  their  own  dead ;  and  Delavall,  in  the  following  November,  declared  in 
open  court  at  Albany,  "  Let  the  dead  bury  their  dead:"  Gen.  Ent,  iv.,  228;  Council  Min., 
iii.,  103;  Doc.  Hist,  iii.,  525 ;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  cxix. 


176  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOKK. 

Chap.  iv.  ius,  to  the  "  liigliest  acceptance"  of  the  people.  The  Con- 
sistory  of  the  Dntcli  Church  were  soon  afterward  anthor- 
26Septem.  ^^^^  ^J  ^^^  ordcr  in  council  to  lay  taxes  on  the  congrega- 
tion for  the  support  of  the  ministers  and  of  the  poor.  Dris- 
5  Decern,  ius  was  also  allowcd  one  hundred  pounds  out  of  the  public 
revenue  for  the  partial  services  he  had  rendered  during 
the  last  two  years.  By  these  various  measures  the  Re- 
formed Dutch  Church  was  virtually  "  established"  in  New 
York  by  its  English  rulers.* 

Although  the  Dutch  inhabitants  of  New  York  had  little 
cause  for  complaint,  the  inducements  offered  by  the  pro- 
prietaries of  Carolina,  where  Sir  John  Yeamans  had  just 
arrived  with  slaves  from  Barbadoes,  attracted  some  to  em- 
Port  Royal,  igrate  thither.     Two  ships  were  accordingly  sent  by  the 
Una.    "     proprietaries  to  convey  them  to  Port  Royal.     But  Love- 
lace, disliking  the  "fair  and  specious  pretences"  which 
were  robbing  his  own  government  of  its  population,  order- 
9  Novem.    ed  that  all  persons  resident  in  New  York  for  more  than  six 
months  should  notify  the  secretary  of  their  intended  de- 
parture, and  procure  passports.     Captains  of  vessels  were 
13  xovem.  also  directed  not  to  receive  passengers  on  board  unless 
duly  authorized.     Notwithstanding  these  restraints,  nine- 
20  Xovem.  tccu  licads  of  families  obtained  the  necessary  passports  and 
ironT New  cmbarkcd  for  Carolina,  wliere  they  settled  themselves  on 
Carolina,    the  Aslilcy  Rivcr,  and  were  afterward  joined  by  others  of 

their  countrymen  fi'om  New  York  and  HoUand.f 
New  jer-  In  Ncw  Jcrscy,  the  proposed  restoration  of  which  to  the 
^^^"  Duke  of  York  had  not  been  executed,  Carteret's  govern- 
ment went  well,  until  the  first  payment  of  quit-rents  to  the 
proprietors  became  due  on  "Lady-day,"  or  the  25th  of 
March,  1670 — the  Old  Style  New-year's  day.  Open  oppo- 
sition was  then  shown,  especially  by  those  who  held  their 
lands  under  patents  fi'om  Nicolls,  or  direct  purchases  from 
the  savages.     The  governor  could  not  prevail  on  them  to 

*  Corr.  Classis  of  Amst. ;  Records  of  Collegiate  R.  D.  C,  N.  Y. ;  X.  Y.  City  Rec,  vi.,  5G2, 
503,  653,  0G5,  CT9-CS1,  750 ;  Gen.  Ent,  iv.,  -47  ;  Council  Mia.,  iii.,  S2 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  470, 475; 
iii.,  ISO  ;  Uist.  Mag.,  i.  (ii.),  023,  324:  Dunlap,  i.,  127;  ii.,  App.  cxix. ;  C.  Wolley,  56,  93; 
Murphy's  Anthology  of  N.  X.,  140,  17S;  ante,15f);  vol.  i.,  633,  094,  734.  The  elders  and 
deacons  of  the  "  Reformed  Christian  Church  in  New  York,"  who  wrote  to  the  Claseis  of  Am- 
sterdam on  5  June,  1070,  were  Petrus  Stuyvesant,  Olofif  Stevensen  van  Cortlandt,  Paulus 
Leendertsen  van  de  Grist,  13oeIe  Roelofsen,  Jacob  Teunissen  Kay,  and  Jacob  Lei?ler. 

t  Gen.  Ent.,iv.,02,  69,  72;  Chalmers,  i.,  .530,  531,  557;  Oldmixon,  i.,  404;  Hewat,  i.,5", 
73;  Holmes,  i.,  357,  .367;  Graliame,i.,300,  361,  420,  422;  Bancroft,  ii.,  170,  171 ;  Smith,  i., 
47;  Riker's  Xewtown,  100, 101 ;  Gentleman's  Mcgazine,  1740,  p.  104. 


FKANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERISOK.  177 

recognize  the  rights  of  the  proprietors,  and  anarchy  began,  chap.iv. 

Ehzabethtown  became  the  focus  of  disaffection,  while  Ber- 

gen  and  "Woodbridge  alone  remained  loyal.*  lo71. 

About  this  time  a  young  man,  destined  to  cause  great 
trouble  in  the  province — Captain  James  Carteret,  the  weak  captain 
and  dissolute   second  son  of  Sir  George,  and  who,  with  ter'^r  ^'"^" 
John  Locke,  Sir  John  Yeamans,  and  others,  had  been  cre- 
ated a  landgrave  of  Carolina — stopped,  on  his  way  thither, 
at  New  Jersey.     Some  mm-ders  having  been  committed 
by  the  Indians  on  the  Delaware,  near  Mattinicunk  Island, 
Lovelace  ordered  Governor  Carteret  and  his  kinsman  to 
advise  w^ith  the  council  at  Kew  York.     Carteret  at  once 
promised  to  call  an  extraordinary  Assembly  at  Elizabeth- 25  septem. 
town,  and  ascertain  how  far  the  people  of  New  Jersey  were 
willing  to  contribute  for  a  general  war  with  the  savages. 
It  was  also  agreed  that  a  good  correspondence  should  be  Agreement 
kept  up  between  the  two  governments,  and  nothing  be  New  York 
done  without  a  mutual  understanding.     At  the  appointed  jeree^!''' 
day  Lovelace  met  Carteret  at  Elizabethto^vn  ;  but  the  sea-  t  October, 
son  being  too  far  advanced  for  an  effectual  campaign,  the 
officers  on  the  Delaware  were  directed  to  enrol  their  mili- 
tia, and  engage  the  Susquehannas  on  their  side.     On  this 
occasion  Carteret  was  "  ready  with  a  handsome  party  to 
have  stepped  into  the  work ;"  and  Lovelace  was  obliged  to 
reprove  his  own  subordinate,  Carr,  because  "  the  backward-  9  Novem. 
ness  of  the  inhabitants  on  the  Delaware  has  put  a  stop  to 
the  forwardness  of  those  in  New  Jersey."t 

This  autumn,  Thomas  Batts,  with  several  Englishmen  1  septem. 
and  Indians,  under  a  commission  from  the  authorities  of  1  October. 
Virginia,  made  an  interesting  tour  "  behind  the  Apuleian  Sn  d^t 
Mountains."     The  party  appear  to  have  gone  from  the  *'°''""^^'" 
Appomattox  to  the  head  waters  of  the  Great  Kenhawa ; 
and,  as  the  first  European  explorers,  they  took  possession 
of  the  whole  country  in  the  name  of  their  king.;}: 

The  movements  of  the  French  now  caused  much  excite-  French 
ment  in  New  York.     Courcelles's  imperious  message  to  the  mlltl. 

*  Eliz.  Bill,  35;  Chalmers,  1.,  616;  Gordon,  29;  Grahame,  i.,466;  Bancroft,  ii.,  319; 
Whitehead,  54,  55;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  x.xxvii.,  319 ;  ante,  150, 164. 

t  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  35,  42,  45,  50,  67 ;  Council  Min.,  iii.,  Tl-73,  77-81 ;  S.  Smith,  69,  70,  71 ; 
S.  Hazard,  3SS-392;  Col.  MSS.,  xx.,  24,  25;  Whitehead,  55,  59;  Oldmixon,  i.,  464;  Eliz. 
Bill,  35;  DongIa.s,  ii.,272;  Collins,  iv.,  213;  Chalmers,  i.,  528,  530,  616;  anie,  164. 

t  Beverly,  58,  60 ;  Burk,  ii.,  149-151;  and  Campbell,  268,  269,  refer  briefly  to  this  expe- 
dition.    The  original  journal  of  Batts  was  first  published  in  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  193-197. 

IL~M 


178  HISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IV.  Senccas  determined  them  to  restore  some  of  their  Algon- 
~  quin  prisoners,  whom  they  intrusted  to  the  great  Cayuga 
'  chief,  Saonchiogoiia,  to  convey  to  Canada.  On  reaching 
Quebec,  the  Cayuga  mediator  arranged  every  thing  satis- 
factorily with  Courcelles ;  and,  having  declared  himself  a 
Christian,  was  baptized  by  Bishop  Laval,  receiving  fi-om 
Talon,  his  sponsor,  the  name  of  "  Louis."* 

Li  1669  the  Jesuits  had  founded  a  "  residence"  at  their 

Prairie  de  Prairie  de  la  Madeleine,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Saint 

leine?  Lawrcuce,  a  little  below  the  Rapids  of  Saint  Louis,  and 
nearly  opposite  Montreal.  It  was  intended  as  a  place  of 
repose  for  their  missionaries,  and  Father  Pierre  Paifeix 
was  appointed  its  first  superintendent.  Converts  from  the 
Oneidas,  Mohawks,  Mahicans,  and  other  nations,  on  their 
way  to  the  Huron  colony  of  Notre  Dame  de  Lorette,  near 
Quebec,  soon  began  to  stop  at  the  nearer  Prairie;  and 
Courcelles,  observing  the  political  importance  of  the  "  Re- 
duction," it  was  established  as  a  mission,  under  the  name 
of  "  Saint  Francis  Xavier,  des  Pres."  In  1671  Raffeix  was 
sent  to  Cayuga,  and  Fremin  was  recalled  fi'om  the  Senecas 
to  take  charge  of  the  new  mission,  wliich  soon  became  very 
important,  both  to  the  Jesuits  and  the  civil  authorities  of 
Canada.f 

On  the  recall  of  Fremin,  Bruyas  became  superior  of  the 

iroquoia  Iroquois  missious,  and,  leaving  Oneida,  he  went  to  the  Mo- 
hawks to  take  the  place  of  Pierron  at  Tionnontoguen,  who 
now  returned  to  Quebec.  Millet,  at  Onondaga,  encour- 
aged by  Garakontie,  labored  with  such  zeal  that  the  sav- 
ages, who  always  gave  descriptive  names,  called  him,  as 
they  had  formerly  called  Le  Mercier,  Teharonliiagannra, 
or  "  the  looker  up  to  heaven."  Bruyas,  however,  transfer- 
red him  to  his  own  former  mission  at  Oneida ;  and  John 
de  Lamberville,  who  had  come  out  to  Canada  in  1668,  suc- 
ceeded Millet  at  Onondaga.  Carheil,  forced  by  a  nervous 
disease  to  leave  Cayuga,  was  replaced  by  Raffeix,  who  came 
from  the  Prairie  de  la  Madeleine.  After  the  departure  of 
Fremin  from  the  Senecas,  Garnier  was  left  in  sole  charge 
of  the  three   stations   of  Conception,  or  Totiakto,  Saint 

•  Relation,  1071,3,  4;  Cliarlevoix,  ii.,  230, 231 ;  Shea,  2S9;  ajife,  109. 

t  Tielation,  1671,  12,  13, 15;  1072, 10,  18;  Doiiniol's  Mission  dii  Canada  (Paris,  1S61),  i., 
179,  ISO ;  ii.,  49  ;  Charievoix,  ii.,  233,  257 ;  v.,  201 ;  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  110, 130  ;  Shea,  2SS,  296- 
20S;  Faillon,  iii.,  316,  317 ;  Colden,  i.,  53,54;  Smith,  i.,  69  ;  Garneau,  i.,  203. 


tniBsions. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  179 

Michael,  or  Gandagarae,  and  Saint  James,  or  Gannagaro.  chap.  iv. 
In  the  spring  of  this  year  the  village  of  Saint  Michael,  or 
Gandagarae,  was  burned,  and  the  chapel,  with  all  Gar- 
nier's  effects,  were  destroyed.  But  the  greatest  grief  of  the 
lonely  missionary  was  the  drunkenness  "  caused  by  the  liq- 
uors which  the  savages  brought  from  the  Hollanders  for 
more  than  eighty  leagues  over  land."* 

In  writing  to  Talon,  Colbert  recommended  that  a  good  ii  March, 
correspondence  should  be  kept  up  with  the  English,  and  a  orders  to 
mutual  trade  established.  The  dispatch  of  La  Salle  to  the 
South,  and  of  Saint  Lusson  to  the  North,  was  approved ; 
"  but  the  principal  thing  to  which  you  ought  to  apply  your- 
self in  discoveries  of  this  nature,  is  to  look  for  the  copper 
mine.  Were  this  mine  once  discovered,  and  its  utility  evi- 
dent, it  would  be  an  assured  means  to  attract  several 
Frenchmen  fi'om  Old  to  New  France."t 

Meanwhile  Perrot,  after  visiting  the  copper  mine  in 
Lake  Superior,  had  summoned  the  Western  Indians  to 
meet  at  the  Falls  of  Saint  Mary ;  and  Saint  Lusson,  who 
had  wintered  on  Lake  Huron,  went  thither  to  join  the  Fa-  May. 
thers  Dablon,  Drnillettes,  AUouez,  and  Andre.  Soon  four- 
teen different  savage  nations  were  represented  in  an  assem- 
bly. The  arms  of  France  were  placed  on  a  cross  on  the  14  June. 
top  of  a  hill;  the  "Yexilla"  and  the  "Exaudiat"  were 
chanted,  the  "  Te  Deum"  was  sung,  and  possession  was  1 

taken,  in  the  name  of  the  king, "  with  all  the  pomp  and 
eclat  the  country  could  afford."     Talon  exulting-ly  prophe-  2  Novem. 

.  o  •/    J-       X  The  French 

sied  to  Louis  that  this  part  of  his  monarchy  would  "  be-  in  the 
come  something  grand."  The  foreign  colonies,  "  so  long 
settled  on  the  sea-board,  already  tremble  with  affright  in 
view  of  M^hat  His  Majesty  has  accomplished  here  in  the 
interior  within  seven  years."  *  *  *  "  They  are  already 
aware  that  the  King's  name  is  spread  so  far  abroad  among 
the  savages  throughout  all  those  countries,  that  he  alone 
is  there  regarded  by  them  as  the  arbiter  of  Peace  and 
War.  All  detach  themselves  insensibly  from  the  other 
Europeans ;  and,  with  the  exception  of  the  Iroquois,  of 
whom  I  am  not  yet  assured,  we  may  safely  promise  our- 

•  Relation,  1671,14-24;  1672,12,21;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxv.,  160;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  251,  252;  ix., 
171,  366,  367,  665;  Shea,  268,  276,  277,  2S1,  2S2,  2SS,  291 ;  ante,  14S,  162.  Mr.  Shea's  note 
(56)  to  his  edition  of  Colden,  p.  135,  is  evidently  erronsous. 

t  Col.  Doc.,  ix.,  63,  C4,  70,  787, 789 ;  ante,  170. 


180  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.iv.  selves  to  make  the   others  take  up   arms  whenever  we 

please."* 
,Ar  V       AVhen  he  wrote  to  Talon,  Colbert  also  mstructed  Cour- 

11  March.  ' 

Colbert's    coUes  that  he  need  not  visit  the  Iroquois,  and,  as  troops 

orders  to  i  t    i       x  i  •    i 

courceues.  could  uot  be  Sent  fi'om  France,  he  and  the  Intendant  might 
do  as  they  thought  best  on  Lake  Ontario.  This  piqued 
the  governor,  whom  Talon  had  represented  as  being  slug- 
gish. He  therefore  determined  to  make  a  show}^  voyage 
up  the  Saint  Lawrence ;  to  strike  terror  into  the  Senecas 
and  other  remote  tribes ;  to  establish  a  post  which  would 
prevent  the  L'oquois  —  who  had  exhausted  the  country 
south  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  were  now  hunting  elk  and 
beaver  among  the  Hurons  and  Ottawas — from  taking  their 
peltries  to  the  Dutch  and  English ;  and  to  ascertain  wheth- 
er a  colony  near  the  foot  of  Lake  Ontario  would  not  aid  fu- 
ture explorations  of  his  countrymen  toward  the  Mississippi. 
A  large  plank  bateau  was  accordingly  built  at  Montreal, 
in  which  Courcelles  proposed  to  ascend  the  Eapids  of  the 
Saint  Lawrence,  to  convince  the  savages — who  thought 
that  their  own  light  bark  canoes  could  alone  perform  the 
feat — "that  the  French  could  accomplish  something  they 
were  incapable  of."  In  spite  of  all  sneers,  a  flat-boat  of 
two  or  three  tons  burthen  was  loaded  with  provisions,  and 
thirteen  Indian  canoes  carried  the  rest  of  the  expedition, 
3  June,  which  was  fifty-six  men  in  all.  Courcelles  embarked  at 
ceiies's  La  Chine,  accompanied  by  Perrot,  the  governor  of  Mon- 
Lake^on-  trcal,  and  other  French  officers,  and  by  the  Sulpitian  Fa- 
ther DoUier  —  who  had  already  visited  Ontario  with  La 
Salle — as  chaplain.     "With  great  labor  the  heavy  bateau 

10  June,     was  dragged  up  the  several  rapids  as  far  as  "  Otondiata," 

now  called  Grenadier  Island,  a  few  leagues  above  Ogdens- 
burg.     There  it  was  left  under  a  guard,  while  Courcelles 

11  June,     went  in  his  bark  canoe  through  "  beautiful  tranquil  waters 

almost  without  a  ripple,"  past  the  "  Thousand  Islands,"  to 
the  mouth  of  Lake  Ontario,  which  appeared  "  like  an  open 
sea  without  any  bounds."     Charles  le  Moyne,  the  inter- 

•  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  72,  73,  97,  304,  3S3, 626,  790,803,804;  EeMion,  1671,  26-28,31,  35,  42,  43; 
La  Pothericii.,  124-130;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  234-23S;  Hist.  Mag.,  ix.,  200;  Bancroft,  iii.,  154, 
155;  Faillon,  iii.,307,  308;  Shea's  Missions,  361-305 ;  Disc,  of  Miss.,  69.  On  this  visit,  Tcr- 
rot  appears  to  have  discovered  the  long-talked  of  Ontonagon  copper  mines  near  Keewcna 
Point,  on  L.ake  Superior,  which  Colbert  and  Talon  were  so  anxious  to  find  out,  and  which 
have  fincc  developed  such  wonderful  riches  :  see  Kelation,  10C7,  S;  1670,  S3-S6 ;  1071,  25 ; 
1072,2;  a>i«<>,170. 


FRAXCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERXOR.  181 

preter,  soothed  by  judicious  presents  the  jealousy  of  some  chap.iv. 
Iroquois  who  were  catching  eels,  which  abounded  there ; 
and  letters  were  sent  by  them  to  the  missionaries,  direct-  ^^  j^^^  ' 
ing  that  the  reasons  of  Com'celles's  voyage  should  be  pub- 
lished in  the  several  villages.     After  enjo}ang  the  aston- 
ishment of  the  savages  at  the  sight  of  his  heavy  bateau  tri- 13  June. 
umphantly  reposing  at  Otondiata,  the  governor  safely  de- 
scended the  rapids ;  and  in  three  days  reached  Montreal  it  June. 
without  the  loss  of  a  man.     The  flat-boat  of  Courcelles 
was  the  first  European-built  vessel  which  ever  accomphsh- 
ed  the  adventure,  now  safely  performed  every  summer's 
day  in  vast  steamers,  guided  by  the  confidence  of  prac- 
ticed skill.     The  effect  of  the  expedition  was  at  once  ap- Effect  of 
parent.     Several  of  the  missionaries,  on  their  return  from  ceiieV's  ex. 
the  Iroquois  country,  reported  that  it  had  alarmed  the  the  iX "" 
cantons  so  much  that  they  recalled  their  warriors  from  an  ^'^°^^' 
expedition  against  the  Andastes,  and  resolved  to  send  an 
embassy  the  next  spring  to  learn  from  Onnontio  the  rea- 
sons of  his  voyage,  and  what  they  must  now  expect." 

The  influence  of  Courcelles's  expedition  was  not  con-  Effect  of 
fined  to  the   savages.     Exaggerated  accounts  of  it  were  ceiies-s  ex. 
sent  to  N^ew  York,  where  a  panic  broke  out,  and  some  pre-  New  York! 
pared  to  move  away  before  the  French  could  reach  them. 
Lovelace,  returning  in  haste  from  Staten  Island,  where  he 
was  looking  for  a  mill-seat  on  his  farm,  wrote  to  Delavall  c  juiy. 
at  Albany  that,  as  there  was  peace  in  Europe,  Courcelles 
would  not  dare  to  "  commence  a  warr  on  his  own  head." 
A  fortnight   afterward,  the   governor,  ha^dng   appointed 
Steenwyck  to  act  in  his  absence,  left  the  fort  in  charge  of  19  Juiy. 
Manning,  and  went  up  to  Albany.     Yarious  arrangements 
were  made  for  its  better  government.     Deputies  from  the  2  August. 
several  L-oquois  nations  having  arrived  there,  peace  wastweenthe 
made  between  them  and  the  Mahicans ;  which,  however,  In°d  MaUi- 
proved  to  be  as  annoying  to  the  French  as  it  was  welcome  '^^^' 
to  the  English.f 

*  Col.  Doc.,  ix.,  TO,  71,  75-S5, 96 ;  x.,  349 :  Eelation,  ICTl,  2 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  ISS,  190, 191 ; 
v.,  280;  Gent.  Mag.,  xxvii.,  74;  Sauthier's  Map  in  Doc.  Hist.,  i. ;  ante,162.  Charlevoix 
erroneously  dates  Courcelles's  voyage  in  1670  instead  of  1671.  It  was  my  good  fortune  to 
discover,  in  the  Royal  Libraiy  at  Paris,  the  original  and  very  interesting  account  of  this 
voyage,  by  Dollier,  of  which  a  translation  is  printed  in  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  T5-S5:  see  also 
Faillon,  iii.,  331-336. 

t  Court  of  Assizes,  ii..  733 ;  Gen.  Ent..  iv.,  10,  282-284;  Munscll,  iv.,  21,  24-26  ;  Relation, 
1671,  17 ;  1672, 21 ;  Faillon,  iii.,  .036  ;  Douniol,  i.,  4,  5 ;  Shea,  C81 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  169  ; 


182  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cdap.  TV.      Notwithstanding  the  orders  of  the  previous  year,  vessels 

not  belonging  to  the  city  of  ISTew  York  continually  went  up 

*  the  North  Eiver  to  trade  at  Esopus  and  Albany ;  and  the 
0  March,  govemor,  on  the  complaint  of  the  metropolitan  burghers, 
er°ve3seir  renewed  the  prohibition,  with  directions  to  the  custom- 
house officers  to  take  a  strict  account.  As  a  special  favor. 
Counselor  Willett's  sloop  was  declared  a  privileged  vessel, 
although  it  had  not  been  built  in  the  province.  Isaac 
Grevenraet,  who  had  just  been  appointed  to  succeed  Beek- 

12  juir.     man,  as  sheriff  of  Esopus,  was  directed  to  keep  an  account 

of  all  vessels  coming  there.* 

According  to  the  Duke's  laws,  the  high-sheriff  of  York- 
shire w^as  to  be  appointed  every  year  from  each  of  the  rid- 
ings in  turn.     Warned  by  the  recent  exhibitions  of  the 
temper  of  the  Long  Island  people,  Lovelace  thought  that 
this  office  should  now  be  held  by  one  of  his  own  immedi- 
TSeptem.  atc    dependents.     He   accordingly  commissioned  Captain 
iiigii.sher-  John  Manning  in  place  of  Robert  Coe.     The  captain,  who 
shire.  °^ '  had  been  sheriif  of  the  metropolis  since  1667,  was  succeed- 
ed in  that  office  by  Allard  Anthony.f 

John  Archer,  of  Westchester,  having  purchased  a  part 
of  the  old  estate  of  Van  der  Donck,  built  a  new  village 
"  near  unto  the  passage  commonly  called  Spiting  Devil ;" 
the  place  being  "  the  road  for  passengers  to  go  to  and  fro 
fi'om  the  main,  as  well  as  for  mutual  intercourse  with  the 
neighboring  colony"  of  Connecticut.     Lovelace  therefore 

13  Novem.  made  Archer's  property  an  enfi-ancliised  township,  with  the 
patent*""    usual  immunities,  by  the  name  of  the  Manor  of  Fordham, 
chesti?."    upon  condition  that  its  inhabitants  should  always  send  for- 
ward to  the  next  town  all  public  packets  and  letters  com- 
ing to  New  York,  or  going  thence  to  any  of  Ilis  Majestie's 
colonies.:}: 

The  Peace  of  Breda  brought  ad\antage  to  the  banished 
New  Netherland  Counselor,  John  de  Decker,  whom  the 

Coldcn,  i.,  35 ;  Col.  Doc.,  li.,  580.  It  is  a  hardly  excusable  blunder  in  Dunlap,  i.,  125, 120, 
to  make  Lovelace  go  to  Albany  in  16T1,  to  meet  Kendall  and  Littleton,  of  Virginia,  who  did 
not  visit  that  place  until  September,  16T9 :  Golden,  i.,  42, 43. 

*  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  559,  657,  6.59,  060;  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  3;  Val.  Man.,  ISCO,  540;  Val.  N. 
Y.,  72, 133 ;  Munsell,  iv.,  IS,  21,  22;  ante,  108. 

t  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  554 ;  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  20,  201 ;  Council  Min.,  iii.,  143 ;  C.  Wolley, 
89;  Val.  Man.,  1S53,  32S,  D29;  N.  Y.  IL  S.  Coll.,  i.,  385;  Wood,  150;  Thompson,  i.,  2S4; 
ayitr,  70, 1.^S. 

t  Patents,  iv.,  79-82;  Bolton,  ii.,  179,320-322;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  303 ;  a7if<',  vol.  i.,  421,  501 ; 
i}.,  124,  note. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOE.  183 

Duke  of  York  referred  to  Lovelace  for  the  redress  of  any  chap.  iv. 
grievances  he  might  have  suffered.     De  Decker's  case  was 
accordingly  considered  by  the  governor,  who  gave  him,  as  9  januai^. 
a  peace-offering,  a  tract  of  land  on  Staten  Island.     The  ^^^^^^' 
settlement  of  Deckertown,  in  Sussex  County,  New  Jersey, 
perpetuates  the  name  of  Stuyvesant's  honest,  and  perhaps 
too  patriotic  commissioner.* 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  domestic  transaction  of 
this  year  was  the  purchase  by  Lovelace  of  the  greater  part 
of  "  the  Domine's  Bouwery,"  or  about  sixty-two  acres  of 
land,  between  the  present  Warren  and  Christopher  Streets, 
in  the  city  of  New  York,  which  had  formerly  been  in  thes 
possession  of  the  Dutch  Domine  Everardus  Bogardus  and 
his  widow.     This  property  had  been  confirmed  to  their 
heirs,  by  NicoUs,  in  1667.     It  adjoined  the  old  West  India 
Company's  farm,  which  the  duke  now  held  by  virtue  of  its 
confiscation  by  Mcolls.     But  in  the  spring  of  1671  several  9  March, 
of  the  heirs  of  Bogardus  and  his  wife  sold  the  old  domine's  ouhe  ''^ 
estate  to  Lovelace,  who  appears  to  have  held  it  for  some  Bouwe^" ' 
time  in  his  own  right.     It  was  afterward  vested  in  thciMe^^"^^ 
Duke  of  York,  and  then  in  the  crown ;  and,  by  a  curious 
train  of  events,  the  original  Bouwery  of  the  Dutch  clergy- 
man of  Manhattan  at  length  made  part  of  the  estate  now 
enjoyed  by  the  corporation  of  Trinity  Church.f 

The  new  year  was  marked  by  an  impressive  local  event.    1672. 
Since  his  return  from  Holland,  Stuyvesant  had  remained 
for  four  years  quietly  at  his  "  Bouwery,"  taking  no  part  in 
public  affairs.     Having  made  his  will,  the  veteran  calmly 
died  at  the  age  of  eighty  years,  and  was  buried  in  a  vault  February. 
under  the  little  chapel  he  had  built  near  his  country  house,  sufyve- 
Crowded  thoroughfares  now  surround  the  spot  where  his^*'*'' 
ashes  rest ;  and  a  pear-tree  from  the  fatherland,  planted  by 
his  o-wn  hands,  until  recently  put  forth  its  annual  foliage, 
amid  the  hum  of  busy  multitudes.:}: 

•  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  635,  6.CC ;  N.  Y.  Surr.  Rec.  Will?,  i.,  52,  53 ;  Val.  Man.,  IS-IT,  369, 
3T0;  0'CalI.,ii.,  305;  Gordon's  Gaz.  of  N.  J.,  127;  ante,  i6. 

t  Rec.  Clerk's  Off.,  City  and  County  of  N.  Y. ;  Val.  Man.,  1S55,  531,  532 ;  1S:0,  54S ;  Val- 
entine's N.  Y.,  132;  Sandford's  Chancery  Eep.,  iv.,  633,  726;  Paige,  iv.,  178;  Hoffman's 
Treatise,  i.,  116, 117  ;  ii.,  1S0-1S9 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  226 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  266 ;  ii.,  80. 

t  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.  i.  (ii.),  399,  400,  454;  N.  Y.  Surr.  Rec.  Wills,  i. ;  Smith,  i.,  33  ;  Dunlap, 
i.,  lis ;  Thompson,  i.,  129,  note ;  Val.  Man.,  1852, 413  ;  1S61,  532 ;  Barber  and  Uoive's  N.  Y. 
Coll.,  339.  The  pear-tree,  surrounded  by  an  iron  railing,  stood  at  the  corner  of  Third  Ave- 
nue and  Thirteenth  Street,  until  it  was  destroyed  in  Febru.-iry,  1S67.  The  inscription  on 
the  tablet  in  the  wall  of  Saint  Jlark's  Church,  over  the  vault  in  which  Stuyvesant  wag 


184  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IV.      Affairs  on  the  Delaware  requiring  his  personal  attention, 

Lovelace  set  out  overland,  with  an  escort  of  horse,  under 

sMM^h  *  *^^^  command  of  Captain  Nicolls.     Passing  in  great  state 

Lovelace    from  l^eversiuk  throuo-h  New  Jersey,  he  crossed  the  Dela- 

visita  the  ~  -,  .     . 

Delaware,  -^vare  at  Je2:ow's  new  house,  near  Mattinicunk  Island,  and 

12  March.  ~  '  _^  ■ 

reached  Newcastle.  On  his  return  to  New  York,  New- 
i;  May.  castle  was  incorporated  as  a  bailiwick ;  English  laws  were 
established  on  the  Delaware ;  and  the  officers  at  the  Hoar- 
Idll  were  directed  to  oppose  all  pretenses  of  the  Maryland 
authorities,  and  obey  only  the  orders  of  the  Duke  of  York's 
governor,  "  until  His  Majesty's  or  His  Royal  Highness's 
pleasure  be  signified  to  the  contrary."* 

Rumors  of  a  new  war  in  Europe  now  made  Lovelace 

take  special  care  for  the  defense  of  New  York.     A  third 

26  Febr'y.  compauy  of  f  oot  was  oro;anized  in  the  city,  Avhich  Martin 

arrange-    Jlregicr  was   commissioucd  to   command.     A  volmiteer 

New  York,  troop  of  liorsc  was  also  raised,  of  which  Cornelis  Steen- 

24  April  .  . 

wyck  was  appointed  captain,  Dudley  Lovelace  lieutenant, 
and  Gabriel  Minvielle  cornet ;  and  the  new  forces  were 
ordered  to  be  ready  for  the  next  General  Training  in  May.f 
There  was  need  of  precaution.     Charles  the  Second  dis- 
liked the  Triple  Alliance ;  he  hated  the  Dutch,  who  had 
burned  his  sliips  at  Chatham ;  he  wanted  money  for  his 
pleasures,  and  was  restive  mider  the  restraint  of  the  House 
of  Commons.     The  Duke  of  York,  M'ho  had  become  a  Ro- 
man Catholic,  encouraged  his  brother  to  carry  on  a  clan- 
destine negotiation  with  Louis,  and  a  secret  treaty  was 
signed  between  them  in  May,  1670,  by  which,  among  other 
things,  the  Iving  of  England  agreed  to  profess  the  Roman 
faith,  and  join  the  King  of  France  in  making  war  against 
the  Protestant  Dutch  Republic.    Li  return  for  this,  Charles 
England    was  to  rcccive  enough  money  from  Louis  to  make  him  in- 
unite        dependent  of  Parliament.     Another  treaty  was  openly  ne- 
dIucT.    '^  gotiated  in  January,  1671,  by  which  it  was  stipulated  that 
England  was  to  annex  Zealand,  and  France  all  the  other 
Dutch  provinces   except  Holland,  which  was   to  be  the 

buried,  erroneonsiy  states  that  he  died  in  '■'■  Atirjit^t,  A.D.  1GS2,"  instead  of  February,  1CT2. 
An  epitaph  on  Stuyvcsant,  written  by  Domine  Selyns,  is  in  Murphy's  Anthology  of  New 
Xethcrland,  160. 

•  Council  Min.,iii.,  02,  9.1,94, 9T;  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  110-114, 184 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xx.,  26-35;  S. 
Hazard,  395-:!97,  400 ;  Eliz.  Bill,  4 ;  Bancroft,  ii.,  319 ;  ante,  164. 

t  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  105, 12S  ;  Mas.'.  U.  S.  Coll.,  x.\.x.,  80 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  631,  665,  712,  724. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  185 

share  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  if  he  would  come  into  the  chap.iv. 


arrangement.  William — who  had  been  declared  entitled 
to  precedence  next  after  the  Duke  of  York,  "  as  nephew  to  wiiuanT 
His  Majesty,  and  a  grandchild  of  England" — was  invited  qj.!^"^®/* 
to  London,  where  his  birthday  was  celebrated  with  extra- 
ordinary pomp,  A  marriage  between  him  and  his  beauti- 
ful cousin  Mary  was  projected.  But  the  Dutch  prince  was 
not  to  be  bought.  "  The  King  of  England,"  wrote  Colbert 
de  Croissi  from  London,  to  Louis,  in  December,  1670,  "is 
much  satisfied  with  the  parts  of  the  Prince  of  Orange. 
But  he  finds  him  so  passionate  a  Dutchman  and  Protest- 
ant, that  even  although  your  Majesty  had  not  disapproved 
of  his  trusting  him  with  any  part  of  the  secret,  those  two 
reasons  would  have  hindered  him."  Temple  was  now  re- 
called from  the  Hague,  and  in  July,  1671,  was  replaced  by 
Downing,  the  mean-spirited  enemy  of  Holland.  It  was 
agreed  that  the  Dutch  should  mainly  be  fought  by  England 
at  sea,  and  by  France  on  land.  To  obtain  money  for  equip- 
ping his  fleet,  Charles  adopted  the  iniquitous  expedient,  2  Jan'y. 
foreseen  by  Ashley,  suggested  by  Clifford,  and  recommend-  Exchequer 
ed  by  the  "  Cabal,"  of  closing  the  English  Exchequer,  and 
seizing  the  moneys  loaned  to  the  nation  by  its  confiding 
creditors.* 

With  characteristic   perfidy,  the  English  captured  the 
Dutch  Smyrna  fleet,  which  was  coming  home,  unconscious 
of  danger,     "l^o  clap  of  thunder  on  a  fair  day,"  wrote 
Temple,  "  could  more  astonish  the  world."     But  the  cap- 
tors received  "  little  save  blows,  and  a  worthy  reproach."  3  March. 
A  few  days  afterward  Charles  declared  war  against  the  n  March. 
Dutch ;  and  Louis  soon  followed.     The  young  Prince  of  7  April. 
Orange  was  made  captain  general  of  the  Dutch  army ;  but  and  France 
their  navy  was  intrusted  to  the  veteran  sldll  of  De  Ruyter.  i,gain.=t 
James,  Duke  of  York,  and  Lord  High  Admiral  of  England, 

•  Temple,  i.,  463 ;  ii.,  173,  173,  ISO,  181,  251 ;  Eeresby,  18 ;  Dalrymple,  i.,  42-47,  9G-129 ; 
Clarke's  James  H.,  i.,  440-457;  Courtenay's  Temple,  1.,  271,  33S-352,  415;  il.,  481;  Bas- 
nage,  ii.,  59,  CO,  98-107,  110,  116-118,  133-141,  1S2-192;  Kennett,  iii.,  279,  284;  Burnet,  i., 
300-308;  Rapin,  ii.,  655,  656,  G60-662;  Anderson,  ii.,  522;  Evel>Ti,  ii.,  76 :  Da  vies,  iii.,  71- 
83 ;  Lavallee,  iii.,  219,  220 ;  Martin,  i.,  306-319 ;  Lingard,  xii.,  239-278, 369-380 ;  Hume,  vi., 
433-440,  445-448;  Mackintosh,  314-319;  Macaulay,  i.,  204-216;  King's  Life  of  Locke,  35, 
36 ;  Campbell's  Chancellors,  iii.,  305.  It  has  been  commonly  supposed  that  the  word  "  Ca- 
bal" was  derived  from  the  initials  of  Clifford,  Ashley,  Buckingham,  Ailington,  and  Lauder- 
dale, who  were  the  ministers  of  Charles  the  Second  in  1672,  But  that  term  was  used  in  En- 
gland as  early  as  1665,  to  signify  v/hat  is  generally  called  "  the  Cabinet :"  Pepys,  ii.,  312 ; 
iii,  328;  ante,  5. 


186  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  IV.  commanded  its  fleet,  wMle  the  Frencli  ships  were  led  by 

D'Estrees.     De  Euyter  quickly  attacked  the  combined  En- 

23  Ma       glish  and  French  fleet  lying  in  Southwold  Bay,  or  Solebay, 
fj^^i:      on  the  coast  of  Suffolk,     A  bloody,  but  indecisive  action 
soiebtyf    foUovred.     The  Duke  of  York  was  attended  on  board  his 
flag-ship  by  Colonel  Richard  Nicolls,  his  late  governor  of 
Death  of    New  York,  who  was  killed  by  an  avenging  Dutch  cannon 
wren^"""^  ball.     The  duke's  secretary,  Matthew  Wren,  was  mortally 
wounded  at  his  side.     The  Dutch  had  the  advantage ;  and 
the  French  prudently  looked  on  while  the  naval  rivals  de- 
stroyed each  other.     Yet  all  this  carnage  was  caused,  said 
the  calm  and  candid  English  Evelyn,  "  for  no  provocation 
but  that  the  Hollanders  exceeded  us  in  industry,  and  in  all 
things  but  en^^\"* 

Li  the  mean  time,  Charles,  "  very  intent"  about  the  set- 
1670.  tlement  of  his  American  colonies,  had  appointed  a  new 
30  July-     Council  for  Foreign  Plantations,  and  made  the  Duke  of 
4  April      York  and  others,  of  whom  one  was  John  Evelyn,  addition- 
26  May.     eI  membcrs.     The  first  inquiry  of  the  council  was  into  the 
tlti^n^""'  condition  of  the  "peevish  and  touchy"  colonies  in  New 
England!"  England.     Colonel  Cartwright,  Nicolls's  old  colleague,  gave 
21  June,     the  council  "  a  considerable  relation  of  that  country ;"  and 
it  was  determined  to  send  new  commissioners,  with  secret 
3  August,   instructions,  to  ascertain  whether  those  colonies  were  able 
12  Augu.=.t.  to  resist  the  king  and  "  declare  for  themselves  as  independ- 
ent of  the  crown." 
1672.       The  Dutch  war,  however,  postponed  action  on  this  point ; 
although  orders  were  sent  to  the  plantations  that  none  of 
their  sliips  should  venture  home  without  convoys ;  and  it 
i2FeVy.    was  Considered  who  would  be  fit  commissioners  to  go  to 
Kew  England.     The  affairs  of  New  York  were  also  no- 
ticed.    Dissatisfied  with  Lovelace's  government,  Easthamp- 
3  July.      ton,  Southampton,  and  Southold  represented  to  the  king 
that  they  were  more  heavily  taxed  than  his  subjects  in 
New  England,  were  not  represented  by  "  deputys  in  Court," 

*  Basnage,  ii.,  192-209;  Sylvius,  i.,  191-20S,  2-13-249;  Clarke's  James  II.,  i.,  45G^S1; 
Evelyn,  i.,  335,  409  ;  ii.,  75,76,80,82;  Pcpys,  ii.,  361 ;  iv.,235;  Kennett,  iii.,  285,  2S7,  2SS; 
Rapin,ii.,662-6G4;  Lyson'a  Mag.  Britt.,  i.,  39;  Davies,  iii.,  90-104  ;  Lingard,  xii.,  265-283  ; 
Hume,  vi.,  449-456;  Anderson,  ii.,  522;  Martin,  i.,  327,  328.  In  the  Ampthill  Church, 
Bedfordshire,  England,  is  a  mural  monument  to  Rich.ird  Nicolls,  on  which  is  represented  a 
cannon  ball,  with  the  in.scrlption  '■'■  Instruwcntit.m  ninrtis  et  immortalitatiK."  A  copy  of 
Nicolls's  epitaph  is  in  N.  V.llist.  Soc.  Proc.  for  1844,  p.  117.  It  is  a  curious  coincidence  that 
,  the  conqueror,  Nicolls,  ehould  have  followed  Stuyvesant  to  the  grave  within  a  few  months. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  187 

and  were  obliged  to  obey  laws  imposed  by  others,  who  in-  chap.  iv. 
suited  over  them,  and  threatened  to  cut  down  their  timber.        ~ 
As  they  had  purchased  their  lands  from  Lord  Stirling's  ^^^  ^^ng 
deputy,  and  had  formerly  been  under  Connecticut,  they  J^^''^°^gjj^^_ 
prayed  that  they  might  "  be  continued  under  the  Govern-  tion  disre- 
ment  and  Patent  of  Mr.  Winthrop,  or  else  that  they  may  England. 
be  a  free  corporation  as  His  Majesties  subjects."    The  Idng 
referred  the  petition  to  the  Plantation  Council  for  a  report, 
and  directed  that  notice  should  be  given  to  the  Duke  of 
York's   commissioners   that  they  might   attend   when  it 
should  be  considered.     The  council  accordingly  read  Lord  19  juiy. 
Stirhng's  conveyances,  on  which  the  petitioners  relied  ;  but 
as  the  whole  of  Long  Island  was  clearly  within  the  Duke 
of  York's  patent,  no  farther  action  appears  to  have  been 
taken.* 

The  next  autumn  the  supervision  of  trade  and  com-  27  septem. 
merce  was  added  to  the  former  functions  of  the  Plantation 
Council.     Of  this  new  council  the  versatile  Ashley,  recent- 
ly created  Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  was  made  president ;  and, 
through  his  influence,  John  Locke,  "  an  excellent  learned  24  October, 
gentleman  and  student  of  Christ  Church,"  at  Oxford,  was  Evei^hi 
appointed  its  secretary,  while  John  Evelyn  continued  to  be  gUsh  pian- 
a  member.     The  first  business  of  the  council  was  to  warn  coundi. 
the  governor  of  Jamaica  of  a  design  of  the  Dutch  against 
that  island.f 

Meanwhile  the  king  had  directed  Lovelace  to  take  care  10  March. 
that  all  ships  bound  for  Europe  should  sail  in  company,  in  tionsTntue 
March,  June,  and  September,  that  an  additional  battery  American 
should  be  made  at  New  York,  and  that  the  whole  govern-  dereT^  *"^' 
ment  should  be  put  in  a  condition  of  defense.     As  soon  as 
war  was  declared,  the  several  colonies  were  warned  against  3  Api-ii. 
the  private  men-of-war  which  were  being  prepared  in  Hol- 
land and  Zealand,  and  were  directed  to  take  effectual  pre- 
cautions for  their  own  safety,  as  well  as  to  seize  all  Dutch 
ships  and  property  within  their  territories.:}: 

When  the  king's  letter  reached  Lovelace,  prompt  meas- 


*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  21,  22,  100-193,  197,  lOS ;  Sainsbury,  i.,  298 ;  Evelyn,  ii.,  60,  62-66,  74 ; 
Palfrey,  ui. ,  33,  273,  274 ;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxxli.,  285 ;  xxxvii.,  316 ;  aiite^  153. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  228;  Evelyn,  ii.,  S3,  85,  86;  Anderson,  ii.,  522,  523;  Palfrey,  iii.,  33. 
Locke  gave  up  his  aeci'etaryship  when  his  patron,  Shaftesbury,  qiiarreled  with  the  court  in 
November,  1 073.     King' s  Life  of  Locke  (Bohn'  s  ed. ),  34 ;  Evelyn,  ii. ,  74,  94  95 ;  2MSt,  p.  249. 

i  Evelyn,  ii.,  74 ;  Council  Min.,  iii.,  99, 100 ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  559,  560. 


188  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IV.  ures  Were  taken  for  defense.  Younge,  at  Soutliold,  was 
~  warned  to  be  on  his  guard.  Instead  of  a  compulsory  tax, 
24May.'^*  ^  Contribution,  or  "benevolence"  from  each  town,  was 
Love^M's  ^sked  by  the  governor  for  the  repair  of  Fort  James. 
New°York  Thomas  Lovelace,  High-sheriff  Manning,  AUard  Anthon}", 
24  June.     Captain   Richard  Morris  *  Thomas  Gibbs,   and   Francis 

3  July.  ■"■  .         •'  ,  ' 

iijuiy.  Kombouts  were  appointed  commissioners  to  receive  and 
expend  the  moneys  collected.  On  the  king's  declaration 
c  July.  of  war  coming  to  hand,  it  was  proclaimed  at  the  Fort  Gate 
and  the  City  Hall,  and  the  fortifications  vigorously  pushed 
forward.  Counselors  Delavall  and  Steenwy^ck  were  dis- 
is  July,  patched  to  put  Albany  in  a  state  of  defense.  Already  the 
commerce  of  New  York  suffered ;  and  Lovelace's  own  ship, 
the  "  Good  Fame,"  with  three  others  belonging  to  the  port, 
were  seized  in  Holland.f 

The  restriction  of  the  navigation  of  the  Hudson  to  New 
York  vessels  brought  up  an  interesting  question.     Massa- 
chusetts had  insisted,  in  1659,  that  her  territory  extended 
as  far  as  the  Hudson,  and  Stuyvesant  had  distinctly  reject- 
ed her  claim.     But  the  Massachusetts  governor  now  wrote 
13  Maicii.  to  Lovelace,  desiring  that  her  boundary  might  be  settled, 
questio™  and  free  passage  up  and  down  the  Hudson  be  allowed  to 
Ne^w  yiTrk  her  people.     This  letter  was  brought  to  New  York  by  John 
chusetts."^"  Paine,  of  Boston,  who  was  interested  in  the  Massachusetts 
s  August,   grant  of  1659.     Lovelace,  however,  dechned  to  recognize 
any  rights  claimed  by  Massachusetts,  which  ought  to  have 
been  settled  by  the  royal  commissioners ;  and  he  referred 
the   whole   subject  to   the  Dulvc   of  York.     On  his  re- 
23  October,  tum  to  Bostou,  Paiue  obtained  the  grant  of  a  tract  of 
land   ten    miles    square,  "at   or   near   Hudson's    River," 
and  free  trade  with  the  Indians  forever.     But,  as  Massa- 
1G73.  chusetts  vessels  could  not  navigate  that  I'iver,  and  "be- 
7  May-      cause  a  liill  of  a  vast  extent  impedes  the  passage  to  that 

*  Captain  riiclian!  Morris  died  soon  after  this,  leaving  an  only  son,  Lewis;  and  adminis- 
tration of  Ilia  estate  was  granted  to  Secretary  Nicolls  and  others,  by  whom  word  was  sent  to 
Lewis  Morris,  of  Barbadoes,  an  elder  brother  of  the  deceased  :  N.  Y.  Surr.  Eec.  Wills,  i.,  173 ; 
Colton,  ii.,  2ST,  2SS  ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  595,  G17 ;  ante^  140,  note. 

t  Council  Min.,  iii.,  tlO,  100, 108, 114,  115;  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  57,  IGO,  14S,  149, 150, 161, 105, 
170;  Col.  MSS.,  xxii.,  130,  134;  Thomp.-on,  i.,  150;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  185;  anU'^  152.  The 
declaration  of  war  .igainst  the  Dutch  was  proclaimed  at  Boston  on  the  2Sth  of  May,  1072, 
the  first  instance  of  such  a  measure ;  Connecticut  called  a  special  court  for  20  June,  and 
Rhode  Island  took  similar  precautions  :  Mass.  Rec,  iv.  (ii.),  517  ;  Hutch.,  i.,  283,  284;  Coll., 
441;  Palfrey,  iii.,  120;  Col.  Rec  Conn.,  ii.,  180-183,  559-561;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  82, 
63;  R.L  Rec,  ii.,  461-404. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  189 

place,"  Paine  was  allowed  to  take  up  another  tract, "  into  chap.  iv, 
which  j)assage  may  be  found  for  transportation  overland."* 

The  ^isit  of  Paine  to  New  York,  however,  gave  rise  to  Question* 
another  claim  of  territory.     He  had  bought  Prudence  Isl-  ^gncoM- 
and,  in  Narragansett  Bay,  fi'om  the  representatives  of  Wil-  ^^^^ 
liams  and  Winthrop,  and  was  astonished  to  find  that  Love-  Mand. 
lace  claimed  it  as  belonging  to  ISTew  York  under  the  duke's 
patent.     The  pretension  was  as  absurd  as  that  of  Massa- 
chusetts to  any  part  of  the  Yalley  of  the  Hudson.     Never- 
theless, Paine  thought  it  best  to  take  a  patent  for  his  isl- 
and from  Lovelace,  who  readily  gave  it,  in  consideration 
of  liberal  contributions  to  the  repair  of  Fort  James.     By 
Lovelace's  patent,  Prudence  Island  was  made  a  free  town-25juiy. 
ship,  under  the  name  of  "  Sophy  Manor,"  of  which  Paine 
was  ajDpointed  governor  for  his  life,  subordinate  to  the  TAugust. 
jurisdiction  of  New  York.     But  Phode  Island,  very  prop- 
erly resenting  Lovelace's  usurpation,  arrested  the  unf ortu-  c  septem. 
nate  Paine ;  who,  not  long  afterward,  was  convicted  of  at-  23  octXe'r. 
tempting  to  introduce  a  foreign  jurisdiction.f  29  October. 

In  New  Jersey,  disaffection  had  meanwhile  grown  so 
strong  that  those  who  desired  to  escape  paying  the  pro- 
prietors' quit-rents  sent  deputies  to  an  anarchical  assembly 
at  Elizabethtown,  which  dejDOsed  Governor  Philip  Carte- 14  May. 
ret,  and  appointed  in  his  place  his  newly-arrived  cousin,  te'^rTL-"'^' 
Captain  James  Carteret,  the  "  weak  and  dissolute,"  but  le-  govSn-''^ 
gitimate  younger  son  of  Sir  George.     Lovelace  and  hisN|°V/r- 
council  did  their  best  to  reconcile  the  dispute ;  but  the  i^june. 
usm-per  rejected  the  friendly  oifices  of  New  York,  and 
claimed  that  he  was  justified  by  the  instructions  of  thei4juae. 
proprietors  of  New  Jersey.     Philip  Carteret  therefore  ap- 1  juiy. 
pointed  Captain  John  Berry  to  be  his  deputy,  and  sailed  for  20  juiy. 
Guernsey  under  a  passport  from  Lovelace,  accompanied  by  is  septem. 
Secretary  James  BoUen,  to  state  the  case  at  London.     Aft- 
er Philip  Carteret's  departm-e,  James,  who  usurped  his  of- 12  October. 
fice,  corresponded  with  Lovelace ;  but  without  any  result.:]:  13  October. 

•  Ante,  168,  182 ;  vol.  i.,  655,  C71,  672;  Col.  Doc,  vi.,  143,  159;  rii.,  224,  334,  563,  564, 
596,  597  ;  viiL,  371,  439 ;  Hutch.,  i.,  159, 160 ;  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  177, 178, 179 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxii., 
137,  149;  Mass.  Rec,  iv.  (i.),  S95,  396  (ii.),  548,  558,  570;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxvii.,  512. 
The  Western  Railroad  from  Springfield  to  Albany  now  triumphantly  surmounts  this  "  hill 
of  a  vast  extent." 

t  Patents,  iv.,  86-90 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxii.,  138, 139 ;  R.  I.  Col.  Rec,  i.,  45,  46 ;  Arnold,  i..  87, 
105, 362,  363 ;  Palfrey,  iiL ,  109. 

t  Council  Min.,  iii.,  101;  Gen.  Knt.,  iv.,  142-14 ',171,  207,  203,  213;  Eliz.  Bill  in  Chan- 


190 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Chap.  IV. 


1672. 


1  July. 


12  August. 
Maryland 
truculence 
rebuked  by 
New  York, 


7  Oetober. 


April. 


Fresh  troubles  now  occurred  on  the  Delaware.  A  party 
of  Marylanders  came  to  the  Hoarkill,  and,  assisted  by 
Daniel  Brown,  a  planter,  assaulted  the  magistrates,  and 
carried  off  all  the  plunder  they  could.  Brown  was  after- 
ward sent  a  prisoner  to  New  York,  where  he  was  tried  and 
convicted,  but  was  released  on  promise  of  amendment. 
Lovelace  quickly  rebuked  Calvert  for  allowing  his  people 
to  commit,  for  a  second  time,  such  outrages  in  the  Duke 
of  Tork's  territories  "  in  these  portending  troublous  times, 
wherein  all  true-hearted  Englishmen  are  buckling  on  their 
armour,"  and  required  him  to  punish  the  offenders.  The 
New  York  governor's  prompt  intervention  saved  Delaware 
from  "  the  imminent  peril  of  being  absorbed  in  Maryland." 
The  Duke  of  York  was  soon  advised  of  the  truculence  of 
Lord  Baltimore's  agents ;  and  Carr  was  directed  to  guard 
against  the  Maryland  people,  who,  following  up  "their 
former  violent  action"  in  1669,  had  again  invaded  a  de- 
pendency of  New  York,  "  after  so  long  quiet  possession  of 
those  parts  by  His  Royal  Highness's  deputies  under  His 
Majesty's  obedience,  and  by  other  nations  before  that,  sev- 
eral years  before  the  date  of  the  Lord  Baltimore's  patent, 
whom  they  never  disturbed  by  arms,  and  whose  right  is 
now  devolved  upon  the  Duke."* 

A  memorable  event  of  this  year  was  the  visit  of  the  En- 
glish Quaker,  George  Fox,  to  America.  Sailing  to  Barba- 
does,  he  spent  several  months  there  with  Lewis  Morris  and 
other  "  Friends."  Early  in  1672  he  went  to  Jamaica,  and 
thence  to  Maryland.  Passing  through  Newcastle,  Fox 
traversed  the  wilderness  of  New  Jersey  to  Middletown, 


eery,  35 ;  N.  J.  H.  S.  Proc,  i.  (ii.),  23,  SO ;  Douglas,  ii.,  269,  2T1,  272 ;  Clialmei's,  i.,  610  ;  S. 
Smith,  OS;  Gordon,  29;  Bancroft,  ii.,  319 ;  Whitehead,  55-57 ;  CoUins's  Peerage,  iv.,  213; 
ante,  177.  James  Carteret  seems  to  have  enjoyed  the  genial  society  of  New  York  during  the 
winter,  as  he  was  married,  by  license  from  Lovelace,  on  15  April,  1673,  to  Frances,  daughter 
of  Counselor  Thomas  Delavall :  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  277 ;  N.  Y.  Marriages  (1S60),  68,  105.  lie 
appears  to  have  been  a  sad  rake,  and  "a  very  profligate  person,"  but  of  "a  good  under- 
standing." lie  was  afterward  separated  from  his  wife  and  allowed  an  annuity  by  his  fa- 
ther, who  would  not  "  acknowledge  him  as  his  son,  as  before :"  see  Dankcrs's  and  Sluyter's 
Journal  (1867),  137, 13S.  See  also  Hist.  Mag.,  x.,  157,  for  a  notice  of  the  descendants  of 
James  Carteret  and  Frances  Delavall.  There  is  no  reason  for  the  brand  of  illefiitimacn 
which  Whitehead,  55,  and  Mulford,  162,  have  endeavored  to  stamp  on  James  Carteret : 
compare  Eliz.  Bill,  35 ;  CoUins's  Peerage,  iv.,  213;  Douglas,  ii.,  272;  Chalmers,  i.,C16,  625. 
"Natural,"  as  used  by  (Chalmers,  does  not  mean  "  illegitimate ;"  Hist.  Mng.,ii.  (iii.),110. 

•  Council  Min.,  iii.,  110;  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  188,  199,  211-213;  S.  Smith,  72-76;  Hazard's 
Ann.  Penn.,  307-402,  4C5 ;  Bancroft,  ii.,  238,  310,  320 ;  Proud,  i.,  131, 132  ;  Col.  MSS.,  xx., 
37.  .^S;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  186;  ante,  164.  Yet  Chalmers,  i.,  301,  634,  affirms  that  Calvert 
took  possession  of  the  country  around  Cape  llenlopen,  which  the  Dutch  "had  relinquish- 
ed;" and  Grahame  repeats  Chalmers's  falsehood. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  191 

and  went  from  there  to  Gravesend,  on  Long  Island.     At  cuap.iv. 
Oyster  Bay  he  calmed  the  quarrels  of  the  "  Friends."     At 
Ehode  Island  he  met  several  Connecticut  Quakers.     From  j^„g 
there  he  crossed  over  to  Shelter  Island,  accompanied  by  1^^°^ 
several  "  Friends,"  one  of  whom  was  "  John  Jay,  a  j)lanter  j^^J^^^ 
in  Barbadoes."     He  visited  Oyster  Bay,  Flushing,  and  Ja-  August 
maica  again,  and  held  several  "precious  meetings."     On 
his  return  through  New  Jersey,  Fox  came  near  losing  his 
companion,  Jay,  who  was  thrown  from  his  horse,  but  was 
restored  by  the  skill  of  the  Quaker  apostle.     At  Newcastle, 
Fox  was  lodged  by  Carr  in  his  o-svn  house,  where  the  first 
Quaker  meeting  in  Delaware  was  held.     After  revisiting 
Maryland,  Fox  passed  on  to  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  septem. 
and  in  the  spring  of  the  following  year  sailed  from  the 
Chesapeake  for  England.* 

There  were,  at  this  time,  seven  Jesuit  missionaries  among  Jesuit  mis- 
the  five  Iroquois  nations.  Bruyas,  the  superior,  remamed  among  the 
with  Boniface  among  the  Mohawks,  who  still  kept  on  their 
guard  against  their  old  enemies,  the  Mahicans.  At  Oneida, 
Millet  found  the  savages  as  obdurate  as  the  rock  from 
which  they  derived  their  name.  John  de  Lamberville, 
at  Onondaga,  aided  by  the  active  zeal  of  Garakontie,  had 
better  hopes.f 

Carheil,  now  cured  of  his  disease,  returned  to  the  Cayu- 
gas,  and  Eaffeix  was  transferred  to  assist  Gamier  among 
the  Senecas.     In  a  letter  to  Dablon,  Eaffeix  described  Ca- 24  June. 
yuga  as  "  the  most  beautiful  country  I  have  seen  in  Ameri-  description 
ca.     It  is  situated  in  latitude  42  degrees  and  a  half,  and  °  ^^y"^*- 
the  needle  dips  there  scarcely  more  than  ten  degrees.     It 
lies  between  two  lakes,  and  is  not  more  than  four  leagues 
wide,  with  almost  continuous  plains,  while  the  woods  which 
border  them  are  very  beautiful.     Mohawk  is  a  narrow  val- 
ley, often  very  stony,  and  always  covered  with  fogs.     The 
mountains  which  enclose  it  seem  to  me  to  be  of  very  poor 
soil.     Oneida  and  Onondaga  appear  to  be  a  very  rugged 
country,  and  little  adapted  to  hunting.     The  same  is  true 
of  Seneca.     Every  year  they  kill  more  than  a  thousand 

*  Fox's  Journal  (Phil,  ed.),  435-464;  Sewell,  509-512 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  619;  Arnold,  i,  360, 
361;  Thompson,  ii.,  82,  83;  Hazard's  Keg.  Penn.,  vi.,  181;  Palfrey,  iii.,  106-lOS;  Mass.  II. 
S.  Coll.,  xxxvii.,  288 ;  ante^  vol.  i.,  635.     Fox  returned  to  Bristol  on  the  28th  of  June,  16T3. 

+  Relation,  1613,  18-22;  16T2-3,  33-39;  Douniol,  i.,  4-8;  Charlevoix,  iL,  223,  231,  232; 
Shea,  198,  268,  281-283 ;  ante,  181. 


192  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ciiAP.  IV.  deer  in  the  neighborhood  of  Caynga.  Fishing  is  as  abun- 
dant  here  as  at  Onondao-a,  as  well  for  salmon  as  for  eels 
and  other  fishes.  Four  leagues  fi'om  here  I  saw,  on  the 
brink  of  a  River,  within  quite  a  small  space,  eight  or  ten 
very  tine  salt  springs.  It  is  there  that  they  spread  num- 
bers of  nets  to  catch  pigeons,  of  which  they  often  take 
seven  or  eight  hundred  at  one  haul.  The  Lake  of  Tiohero 
[Cayuga],  one  of  the  two  which  border  on  our  -sillage,  is 
fourteen  leagues  long,  by  one  or  two  wide.  Swans  and 
bustards  abound  there  all  the  winter ;  and,  in  the  spring, 
one  sees  nothing  but  continual  clouds  of  all  sorts  of  game. 
The  River  of  Ochoueguen  [Oswego],  which  flows  out  of 
this  Lake,  divides  itself  at  its  beginning  into  several  chan- 
nels surrounded  by  prairies,  with  here  and  there  very 
pleasant  and  pretty  deep  bays,  where  the  wild  fowl  resort. 
I  find  the  inhabitants  of  Cayuga  more  tractable  and  less 
fierce  than  the  Onondagas  and  Oneidas ;  and,  if  God  had 
humiliated  them  as  much  as  the  Mohawks,  I  believe  that 
the  faith  would  be  established  there  more  easily  than  in 
any  one  of  the  Iroquois  nations.  They  reckon  more  than 
three  hundred  warriors  among  them,  and  a  prodigious 
multitude  of  small  children."* 

From  Seneca,  Garnier  sent  his  superior  a  discouraging 

20  July,     account  of  the  three  missions  of  Conception,  Saint  Michael, 

account  of  and  Saint  James.     The  expedition  of  Courcelles  to  Lake 

Ontario,  which  at  first  had  been  thought  to  be  an  intended 

invasion,  retarded  conversions ;  and  an  ill  feeling  arose 

against  the  "  black  robes,"  who  were  charged  with  being 

sorcerers   and  spies  to   report  every  thing  to  Onnontio. 

sijuiy.     With  great  joy,  Gamier  welcomed  Raffeix  to  assist  him 

among  the  Senecas,  who  now  numbered  fi'om  twelve  to 

thirteen  thousand  souls.f 

The  war  against  the  Andastes  was  still  carried  on,  chief- 
ly by  the  Cayugas  and  the  Senecas.     During  the  summer, 

*  Relation,  1G72,  23,  23 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  251.  The  salt  springs  which  Raffeix  describes  arc 
those  at  Montezuma. 

t  Relation,  1GT2,  IS,  24-2G;  1072-3,  lOS;  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  97,  note;  Shea,  392;  ante,  179. 
The  Annual  Relations  of  the  Jesuits  were  not  printed  later  than  this  year  at  Paris,  owing 
to  the  riciucst  of  Courcelles:  Faillon,  iii.,  312.  Dablon,  however,  who  remained  superior 
general,  at  Qutbec,  until  1G03,  compiled  several  others.  Two  of  tliese,  fnr  1672-1C73,  and 
1G73-16T9,  have  been  publislied  from  the  originals  at  Quebec,  bj'  Mr.  John  G.  Shea.  Mr. 
James  Lenox  has  likewise  printed  the  Relation  for  1070-1677.  (Jlmrles  Douniol,  of  Paris, 
also  published  two  volumes  in  ISGl,  entitled  "Mission  du  Canada,"  containing  the  Rela- 
tions from  1072  to  1079,  copied  from  the  originals  at  Quebec  and  at  Rome. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  193 

an  Iroquois  party  descending  the  Susquehanna  River  were  chap.  rv. 
attacked  and  routed  by  sixty  young  Susquehannas.     The  ~r~~ 
sympathies  of  the  French  missionaries  were  with  the  latter,  xhe  war' 
"  God  preserve  the  Andastes,  who  have  only  three  hundred  ^■^I'^^l^ 
warriors,  and  bless  their  arms  to  humiliate  the  Iroquois  and  1"°^  ^°^ 

'  .      .  ^  ^  Andastes. 

preserve  to  us  peace  and  our  missions,"  wrote  Raffeix  to 
Dablon,  his  superior  general,  at  Quebec* 

Courcelles's  expedition  the  last  year  to  Lake  Ontario 
so  affected  his  health  that  he  asked  to  be  reKeved ;  and 
the  king  appointed  in  his  place  Louis  de  Buade,  Count  6  April. 
of  Frontenac,  a  veteran  lieutenant  general  in  the  French  recalled,''^ 
army.     Frontenac  was  quick,  firm,  penetrating,  domineer-  tenac^ap'-" 
ing,   and   a   scholar.     He    was   instructed,  among    other  gov°erm.r  of 
things,  to  keep  his  government  prepared  to  repel,  and,  if  7  April!" 
necessary,  to  attack  the  Iroquois ;  to  favor  "  contiguous 
clearances"  rather  than  scattered  settlements ;  and  to  coun- 
terbalance the  influence  of  the  Jesuits  by  encouraging  the 
Sulpitians  and  EecoUets.f 

The  summer  before  Frontenac  reached  Canada,  a  con- 
gress was  held  at  Montreal,  to  which  more  than  five  him-  July, 
dred  red  men  came  in  one  hundred  and  fifty  canoes.     A 
new  treaty  of  peace  was  confirmed  in  the  presence  of  Cour-  August. 
celles.    At  the  same  time,  the  governor  invited  the  princi- 
pal Iroquois  chiefs  to  meet  him  at  Cataracouy,  on  the  north-  courceiiea 
em  shore  of  Lake  Ontario.     Having  assembled  there,  Cour-  fort  at  ca- 
celles  flattered  them  by  presents,  and  got  their  consent  to  or  xlngsl 
build  a  fort  at  that  place,  where  they  might  come  to  trade 
with  the  French.     They  did  not  perceive  that  the  object  of 
the  Canadian  governor  was  really  "  to  hold  them  in  check," 
after  they  should  have  ended  their  war  with  the  Susque- 
hannas, and  provide  an  entrepot  for  himself.     The  work 
was  at  once  projected  by  Courcelles ;  but  its  completion 
was  left  to  other  hands.:}: 

On  his  return  to  Quebec,  Courcelles  met  Frontenac,  who  septem. 
had  just  arrived,  and  easily  convinced  him  of  the  impor- 
tance of  the  enterprise  he  had  begun  on  Lake  Ontario. 

•  Relation,  1G72,  20,  24.  It  has  been  supposed  by  Charlevoix,  ii.,  244,  that  the  Susque- 
hannas, or  Andastes,  were  subjugated  by  the  Iroquois  in  1672.  But  this  event  does  not 
seem  to  have  happened  until  1075:  see  Douniol,  L,  267;  ii.,  44,  99;  Hist.  Mag.,  ii.,  297; 
Col.  Doc.,  ix.,  110,  111,  227;  ante,  100,  note. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  85-88,791;  Charlevoix,  iL,  191,  247 ;  Gameau,i.,  201,  205,  207;  Sparks's 
La  Salle,  15, 16 ;  Faillon,  iii.,  416-418;  ante,  ISl. 

t  Relation,  1672,  21 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  244,  245;  Shea,  282;  Ganieau,  i.,  200. 

II.— N 


19-i  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK, 

cuAr.iv.  Frontenac's  first  act  was  to  publish  his  king's  declaration 
~  of  war  against  the  Dutch.  In  his  dispatches  to  France,  he 
iTSeptem  approvcd  of  CourccUes's  projected  fort  at  Cataracouy  "to 
FronteDac  prevent  the  Iroquois  carrying  to  the  Dutch  the  peltries,  for 
of  Canada,  -\vhich  thcv  go  to  tlic  Ottawas ;"  and  as  it  mio-ht  strengthen 

2  Jiovem.  .      .  . 

the  mission  at  Quinte  Bay,  he  promised  to  go  there  him- 
self the  next  spring.* 

Courcelles  soon  afterward  returned  to  France,  accom- 
panied by  Talon,  in  a  new  shij)  of  five  hundred  tons  bur- 
then, which  had  been  built  at  Quebec.     As  the  Mississippi 
was  supposed  to  empty  into  the  Gulf  of  California,  Talon 
recommended  to  Frontenac  that  its  exploration  should  be 
.Toiiiet  sent  iutrustcd  to  Louis  Jollict,  of  Quebcc,  an  "  aspirant  to  the 
the*Mis?is-  Ministry,"  who  had  accompanied  Saint  Lusson  the  year  be- 
Ma^qlette.  f  orc  to  Lake  Superior,  and  who  had  "  already  been  almost 
at  that  great  river,  the  mouth  of  which  he  promises  to  see." 
JoUiet  "was  accordingly  dispatched  to  Michilimackinac,  with 
orders  to  Marquette  to  join  the  expedition.     On  the  feast 
8  Decern,    of  the  Immaculate  Conception  he  reached  the  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary, who  longed  to  visit  the  Mississippi ;  and  the  win- 
ter was  spent  in  preparations  for  their  joumey.f 

"While  Lovelace  was  at  Albany  the  last  year,  he  regu- 
lated the  Indian  trade   at  Schenectady  as  the  frontier. 
13  July.     The  people  of  that  town  now  bought  from  the  Mohawks 
d^^'affai^  the  land  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  as  far  as  "  Kinaquari- 
ones,"  where  the  last  battle  was  fought  between  the  Mo- 
hawks and  Mahicans  in  1669.     A  separate  court  was  soon 
c  septem.  afterward  established  at  Schenectady.:}: 

Under  the  new  arrangements  at  Esopus,  its  three  villages 
Prosperity  prospcrcd  abundantly,  and  twenty-five  thousand  "  schepels" 
•sopus.  ^^  ^^^^^  were  raised  there  this  year.     Isot  far  from  the  vil- 
lage of  Kingston,  the  land  owned  by  Captain  Chambers 
Fox  Hall. '  was  erected  into  a  manor,  with  the  usual  privileges,  and 

•  Col.  Doc,  Lx.,  90-94, 791;  Quebec  MSS.,  ii.  (ii.),  IIG;  Charlevoix,  u.,2-15;  Gamoan,  i., 
20T-210  ;  Faillon,  iii.,  450,  457;  a7ite,  148, 140. 

t  Relation,  1072,  1,  2,  30;  1072-3,  140;  Col.  Dec,  ix.,  89,  92, 121,  CCS,  793,  S04;  Charle- 
voix, ii.,  245,  240,  24S,  254, 255  ;  Bancroft,  iii.,  153, 155, 150 ;  Garneau,  i.,  205-207,  231,  232 ; 
La  Potherie,  ii.,  130 ;  Shea'a  Disc.  Mis?.,  xxvii.,  xxviii.,  Ixv.,  Ixxix.,  4,  5,  C ;  Hist.  Mag.,  v., 
2.'i7  ;  Douniol,  i.,  193, 194;  Faillon,  iii.,  200, 312,  417-421 ;  ante,  170,  179. 

t  Gen.  Ent.,iv.,90;  Council Min.,  iii.,  110;  Col.  MSS.,  xxii.,  132  ;  ante,  161.  On  tlie  27th 
of  January,  1073,  Antlionia  van  Curler,  in  consideration  of  her  Iiouse  and  barns  being  de- 
stroyed,  and  of  her  husband,  Arendt  van  Curler,  being  lost  in  the  public  service  (ante,  121), 
was  allowed  to  sell  rum  and  lead,  but  not  powder,  to  the  Indians,  for  a  year  and  two  month.';: 
Council  Min.,  iii.,  120 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  052. 


FRAXCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  195 

named  "  Fox  Hall."     Soon  afterward  Counselor  Delavall  chap.  hi. 
was  authorized  to  build  a  store-liouse  adjoining  the  redoubt  ^^^^ 
at  the  Strand,  near  Kingston.* 

The  provincial  law,  in  cases  of  divorce,  was  now  settled,  ipjiarc^^.^ 
Daniel  Denton,  of  Jamaica,  who  had  gone  to  London  to  ^ijorce^^!^ 
publish  his  work  on  New  York,  found,  on  his  return,  that 
his  wife,  Abigail,  had  been  unfaithful  during  his  absence. 
He  applied  to  the  Court  of  Sessions  for  a  divorce ;  but 
that  tribunal  having  no  jurisdiction,  he  laid  his  case  before 
the  governor  and  council.     Lovelace,  obser^^ng  that  it  was 
"  conformable  to  the  Laws  of  this  Government,  as  well  as 
to  the  practice  of  the  civil  law,  and  the  laws  of  our  nation 
of  England,"  granted  Denton  a  divorce  from  his  wife.    But  25  June. 
in  this  decision  the  governor  seems  to  have  followed  the 
Dutch  rather  than  the  English  law.f 

At  the  autumn  session  of  the  Court  of  Assizes  an  inter-  2  October.^ 
esting  case  was  heard  on  appeal  from  the  court  on  the  appeaUn 
Delaware.    Amigart  Pappegoya,  the  daughter  of  the  for- of  Assizes. 
mer  Swedish  Governor  Printz,  brought  an  action  in  eject- 
ment against  Andrew  Carr,  to  recover  her  patrimonial  es- 
tate in  the  island  of  Tinicum.      The  plaintiff's  attorney 
was  John  Sharpe,  assisted  by  Samuel  Edsall,  and  Jacob 
Milborne,  who  was  specially  admitted  to  plead.     John  Ki-  3  October. 
der  appeared  for  the  defendant.     Tlie  writings  in  German 
were  translated  for  the  court  by  the  Lutheran  "  Domine" 
Arensius,  and  those  in  Low  Dutch  by  Nicholas  Bayard. 
After  a  full  hearing  the  case  went  to  the  jury,  who  brought 
in  a  verdict  for  the  plaintiff,  and  judgment  was  given  in  4  October. 
her  favor.:|: 

•  Col.  Doc.,  ii.,  526;  Lambrechtsen,  115;  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  216,  273;  O'Call.,  ii.,  394,  395; 
Val.  Man.,lS53,  3S1. 

t  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  153;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  cxviii. ;  Daly's  Intrcd.,  27.  The  Court  of  As- 
sizes, however,  in  the  following  October,  allowed  the  divorced  Abigail  Denton  to  maiTy 
again  :  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  317.  In  October,  1670,  the  Court  of  Assizes  divorced  Rebecca 
Leveridge  from  her  husband,  Eleazer,  on  account  of  his  alleged  impotence :  Council  Min., 
iii.,  27 ;  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  4S6,  519-522,  607,  608 ;  Thompson,  i.,  256.  The  governor  and 
council,  in  October,  1672,  divorced  Thomas  Petitt,  of  Newtown,  from  hw  wife  Sarah,  because 
of  her  adultei7 ;  and  Mary  Cole  from  Daniel  Sutton,  because  of  his  bigamy :  Gen.  Ent.,  iv., 
213,  214,  215.  The  law,  however,  was  afterward  settled  otherwise.  Chancellor  Kent  ob- 
serves that  "  for  more  than  one  hundred  yeara  preceding  the  Revolution,  no  divorce  took 
place  in  the  colony  of  New  York ;"  and  that  there  was  no  way  of  dissolving  a  marriage  in 
the  lifetime  of  the  parties  but  by  a  special  act  of  the  Legislature.  The  Court  of  Chancery 
was  not  authorized  to  grant  divorces  d  vinculo  untU  17S7,  and  then  only  for  adultery: 
Kent's  Commentaries,  ii.,  97, 98. 

t  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  293-300;  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  260-262;  Col  Mi=S.,  xx.,26;  S.  Hazard's 
Ann  Penn  400,  401,  404  :  ante,  vol.  i.,  397,  557.  Sharpe  and  Rider  appear  to  have  been 
re-ular  practitioners :  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  617,  709,  718;  iii.,  202  ;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  58,  60;  Mass. 


196  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  IV.  Several  important  public  measures  were  adopted  at  the 
same  session  of  the  Com-t  of  Assizes.  As  servants  fre- 
aoctobei-  C[uently  ran  away  from  their  masters  into  other  govern- 
T  October  ^^uts,  it  was  Ordered  that  all  strangers  without  passports 
New  laws   should  be  liable  to  arrest.     Ene-lish  weights  and  measures 

enacted  at  ,  . 

t^e  Court  only  were  to  be  used  throughout  the  province  before  the 
next  Old  Style  T^ew-year  day,  on  the  25th  of  March.  The 
laws  as  to  parochial  churches  were  to  be  duly  observed, 
and  "  although  divers  persons  may  be  of  different  judg- 
ments, yet  all  shall  contribute  to  the  minister  established 
and  allowed  of,  which  is  no  way  judged  to  be  an  infringe- 
ment of  the  liberty  of  conscience  to  the  which  they  may 
pretend."  The  contributions  for  the  renovation  of  the 
fort  were  to  be  sent  to  I^ew  York,  or  to  "  the  Ferry,"  be- 
fore the  next  Christmas.  It  was  also  ordered  that  a  Bos- 
ton shilhng  should  pass  for  one  shilling,  and  a  good 
Spanish  piece  of  eight,  whether  of  Mexico,  Seville,  or 
a  pillar  piece,  should  be  valued  at  six  shillings  in  all 
New  York  transactions.^' 
10  Decern.  Lovclacc  uow  issucd  a  proclamation  that,  conformably 
po3t  toNew  to  the  king's  commands  to  promote  correspondence,  and 
^fbifshed  the  advancement  of  commerce  and  general  intelligence 
iTce!°''^"  between  his  colonies,  a  monthly  post  should  be  establish- 
ed to  go  fi'om  New  York  to  Boston ;  and  that,  according- 
ly, a  sworn  messenger  would  be  dispatched  on  the  first 
of  the  next  January,  to  convey  letters  or  small  packets  to 
Hartford,  Boston,  and  other  places  on  his  way.  All  letters 
were  to  be  deposited  in  the  secretary's  ofiice,  and  the  post- 
age to  be  prepaid  before  the  bag  was  closed.  In  a  private 
27  Decern,  letter  which  Lovelace  intended  to  dispatch  by  his  pioneer 
post,  he  wrote  to  Winthrop :  "  I  here  present  you  with  two 
rarities,  a  pacquett  of  the  latest  intelligence  I  could  meet 
withal,  and  a  Post.     By  the  first,  you  will  see  what  has 

H.  S.  Coll.,  XXX.,  108.  Edsall  aftenvard  became  quite  prominent  in  colonial  affairs:  Col. 
Doc.,  ii.,  57G,  720 ;  iii.,  75,  5S9,  683,  789.  Jacob  Milborno,  who  became  still  more  prominent, 
was  a  young  Englishman,  who  had  been  convicted  of  clipping  the  king's  coin,  and  sold  as  a 
servant  in  Barbadoos.  lie  was  afterward  bought  by  a  Hartford  man ;  but  because  of  his 
stubbornness  and  disobedience,  was  transferred  several  times  from  one  master  to  another. 
Having  finally  got  his  liberty,  he  came  to  New  York  in  IGGS,  being  then  twenty  years  old, 
and  was  employed  by  Counselor  Thomas  Delavall  to  keep  his  books  and  manage  his  affairs ; 
in  which  service  he  remained  until  tliis  year:  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  301,  621,  674,  727,  755, 7S0; 
Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  28,  42 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xsvi.,  139 ;  Gen.  Ent.,  xxxii.,  19. 

•  Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,  323 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxii.,  9, 142 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  420-424 ;  Thomp- 
son, i.,  150.  Frequent  cases  of  the  prohibition  of  the  export  of  grain,  either  by  order  of  the 
governor  and  council,  or  of  the  Court  of  Assizes,  occurred  from  time  to  time  in  New  York. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  197 

been  acted  on  the  stage  of  Em-ope ;  by  the  latter  you  will  chap.  iv. 
meet  with  a  monthly  fresh  supply ;  so  that  if  it  receive  "^but 
the  same  ardent  inclinations  from  you  as  first  it  hath  from  Loveiace'8 
myself,  by  our  monthly  advisoes  all  pubhque  occurrences  ^^yoQ^' 
may  be  transmitted  between  us,  together  with  several!  oth- 
er great  conveniencys  of  pubhque  importance,  consonant 
to  the  commands  laid  upon  us  by  His  sacred  Majestic,  who 
strictly  injoins  all  his  American  subjects  to  enter  into  a 
close  correspondency  with  each  other.  This  I  look  upon 
as  the  most  compendious  means  to  beget  a  mutual  under- 
standing ;  and  that  it  may  receive  all  the  countenance  from 
you  for  its  future  duration,  I  shall  acquaint  you  with  the 
modell  I  have  proposed ;  and  if  you  please  but  to  make  an 
addition  to  it,  or  substraction,  or  any  other  alteration,  I 
shall  be  ready  to  comply  with  you.  This  person  that  has 
undertaken  the  imployment  I  conceaved  most  proper,  be- 
ing both  active,  stout,  and  indefatigable.  He  is  sworne  as 
to  his  fidelity.  I  have  afiixt  an  annuall  sallery  on  him, 
which,  together  with  the  advantage  of  liis  letters  and  other 
small  portable  packes,  may  afford  him  a  handsome  lively- 
hood.  Hartford  is  the  fii'st  stage  I  have  designed  him  to 
change  his  horse,  where  constantly  I  expect  he  should  have 
a  fresh  one  lye,  leger.  All  the  letters  outward  shall  be  de- 
livered gratis,  with  a  signification  of  Post  Payd  on  the 
superscription ;  and  reciprocally,  we  expect  all  to  us  free. 
Each  first  Monday  of  the  month  he  sets  out  fi-om  Kew 
York,  and  is  to  return  within  the  month  from  Boston  to  us 
againe.  The  maile  has  divers  baggs,  according  to  the 
townes  the  letters  are  designed  to,  which  are  all  sealed  up 
'till  their  arrivement,  with  the  scale  of  the  Secretarie's  Of- 
fice, whose  care  it  is  on  Saturday  night  to  seale  them  up. 
Only  by-letters  are  in  an  open  bag,  to  dispense  by  the 
wayes.  Thus  you  see  the  scheme  I  have  drawne  to  pro- 
mote a  happy  correspondence.  I  shall  only  beg  of  you 
your  furtherance  to  so  universall  a  good  work ;  that  is  to 
afford  him  directions  where,  and  to  whom  to  make  his  ap- 
plication to  upon  his  arrival  at  Boston ;  as  likewise  to  afford 
him  what  letters  you  can  to  estabhsh  him  in  that  imploy- 
ment there.  It  would  be  much  advantagious  to  om'  de- 
signe,  if  in  the  intervall  you  discoursed  with  some  of  the 
most  able  woodmen,  to  make  out  the  best  and  most  facile 


198  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOKK. 

Chap.  IV.  way  for  a  Post,  whicli,  in  processe  of  tjme  would  be  the 
King's  best  highway ;  as  likewise  passages  and  accommo- 
'       dation  at  Rivers,  fords,  or  other  necessary  places."* 

Lovelace  is  certainly  entitled  to  the  credit  of  having 
established  the  first  post  between  ISTew  York  and  New  En- 
gland.    But  the  pioneer  whom  he  intended  to  dispatch  on 
New-year's  day  was  kept  back  until  the  Albany  news  reach- 
1673.  ed  the  capital.     He  was  then  sworn,  and  instructed  to  be- 
?iratpo3t  ^^^'^  civilly;  to  inquire  of  Winthrop  "how  to  form  the 
Ivom^Nlw  ^^^^  post-road ;"  to  mark  trees  "  that  shall  direct  passen- 
York.       gej^.g  ii^Q  ijggi;  -^yay ;"  and  "  to  detect,  and  cause  to  be  appre- 
hended all  fugitive  soldiers  and  servants"  who  might  run 
away  from  New  York.     By  him  the  governor  wrote  again 
22  Jan.      to  Wiuthrop  that  the  last  ships  from  England  to  Maryland 
wrnthrop."  and  Virginia  brought  "  little  tidings  save  the  despair  of  a 
peace  between  the  Protestant  nations.     Presses,  both  by 
sea  and  land,  are  very  vigorously  prosecuted.     The  Hol- 
lander has  absolutely  lost  three  of  their  Provinces.     They 
have  disposed  of  all  their  men-of-war,  and  given  liberty  to 
all  that  will  venture  on  pri^-ateering ;  in  so  much  that  forty 
saile,  well  fitted,  are  dispatched  towards  the  West  Indies. 
If  so,  it  will  be  high  time  for  us  to  beginnato  buckle  on  our 
armom*,  and  to  put  ourselves  into  such  a  posture  of  defence 
as  is  most  suitable  to  our  severall  conditions.     However,  it 
will  be  absolutely  necessary  that  in  the  first  place,  a  good 
understanding  be  made  and  preserved  amongst  us,  conform- 
able to  His  Majestie's  gracious  care  and  good  pleasure ;  to 
which  end  I  have   erected  a  constant  post,  which  shall 
monthly  pass  betwixt  us,  or  oftener,  if  occasion  requires. 
I  desire  of  you  to  favour  the  undertaking  by  your  best 
skill  and  countenance.     I  have  writt  to  you  my  more  par- 
ticular desires  in  a  former  letter  which  this  bearer  brings 
likewise."f 
Murder         The  delayed  messenger  from  Albany  brought  news  of 
Sfny^     '  the  murder  of  a  soldier  there  by  two  "  North  Indians,"  who 
were  promptly  arrested  by  Pynchon,  at  Springfield.    Love- 
lace at  once  commissioned  Salisbury  to  try  them  at  a  spe- 

*  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  243,  244;  IJarber  and  Ilowe'.s  N.  Y.  Coll.,  200;  Val.  Man.,  1S5T,  042; 
Bolton,  i.,  13!) ;  ii.,  321,  322  ;  Mass.  II.  S.,  Trumbull  Papers,  MSS.  xx.,  110 ;  ante,  1S2. 

t  Gen.  Knt.,  iv.,  252,  253;  Val.  Man.,  1S57,  543,  544;  Mass.  H.  S.,  Trumbull  Papers,  MSS. 
XX.,  109  ;  Ilist.  Mag.,  iv.,  50.  Massacliusetts  docs  not  appear  to  have  taken  any  steps  re- 
specting a  post  until  1G7T  :  see  Mass.  Eec,  v.,  147,  14S  ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  30C,  51S. 


27  Jan. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVEKNOR.  199 

cial  court  at  Albany.     The  murderers  were  conyicted  and  chap.  iv. 
executed ;  and  the  savages  retained  a  lasting  memory  of 
the  sm-e  and  swift  justice  of  the  English.* 

Lovelace  had  given  no  attention  to  the  duke's  territory 
at  Pemaquid.  Massachusetts,  however,  had  claimed  juris- 
diction over  that  region ;  and  after  the  Peace  of  Breda, 
tlie  French  insisted  that  Acadia  extended  as  far  west  as 
the  Kennebec  River.  Saint  Lusson  had  visited  Pemaquid 
after  his  return  fi'om  the  West,  and  found  the  colonists 
there  apparently  glad  to  come  under  French  authority. 
Lovelace  therefore  wrote  to  them  to  send  to  K^ew  York  "  a  le  Febi'y. 
modell  of  such  a  government  as  shall  be  most  conducing  to  orders 
the  happiness  of  that  colony,  both  to  its  safety,  traffic,  and  pemaquid. 
increase  of  inhabitants ;  promising,  upon  the  reception  of 
that  scheme,  not  only  to  invest  you  with  ample  power  to 
exercise  your  authority  both  to  ecclesiastick  as  ci^dll  af- 
fairs, but  will  be  ready  on  all  occasions  to  be  assisting  to 
you  in  the  preservation  of  all  yom-  rights  and  interest 
against  any  sinister  obstructions."! 

At  Martha's  Yineyard  affairs  went  quietly  on  under  the 
government  of  Mayhew,  and  a  code  of  laws  was  passed  at  15  April. 
a  General  Court  held  at  Edgartown.     Nantucket,  however,  vineyani 
"  would  not  proceed"  in  the  same  way  ;  and  Lovelace  ap-  tucket!" 
pointed  Richard  Gardner  its  chief  magistrate,  in  place  of 
Coffin,  with  instructions.     One  of  these  was  that  the  island 
should  thereafter  be  known  as  the  town  of  Sherborne.:]: 

Meanwhile,  Philip  Carteret  had  succeeded  in  England.  }^^^- 

'J-  ®  25  Novem. 

At  the  reciuest  of  the  proprietors  of  N^ew  Jersey,  the  Duke  The  duke-s 

orders  to 

of  York  wrote  to  Lovelace  that  the  grants  of  N icolls  to  Loveiace 
Baker  and  others  being  made  after  his  own  conveyance  to  Jersey. 

*  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  248-251;  Col.  Doc,  iv.,  994;  Hist.  Mag.,  iv.,  50,  51.  On  the  28lh  of 
January,  1GT3,  "Jo.  Clarke,"  who  appears  to  have  belonged  to  the  garrison  of  Fort  James, 
wrote  by  the  same  post  to  Salisbury,  among  other  things,  the  following  city  news  :  "The 
other  day  we  had  like  to  have  lost  our  hangman,  Ben.  Johnson;  for  he,  being  taken  in 
divers  thefts  and  robberies,  convicted  and  found  guilty,  'scaped  his  neck  through  want  of 
another  hangman  to  truss  him  up  ;  so  that  all  the  punishment  he  receaved  for  his  3  yeareb' 
roguery  in  thieving  and  stealing  (which  was  never  found  out  'till  now)  was  only  thirty-nine 
stripes  at  the  whipping-post,  loss  of  an  ear,  and  banishment.  Capt.  Manning  had  likewise 
two  servants  that  he  employed  at  his  Island,  taken  with  him  in  their  villainy ;  but  they 
being  not  found  so  guilty  as  he,  came  off  with  whipping  and  banishment.  All  this  happen- 
ed about  a  fortnight  since,  but 'tis  two  months  since  they  were  apprehended." 

t  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  253,  259 ;  Maine  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  130, 131 ;  v.,  6-8,  247,  243 ;  Col.  Doc,  ix., 
74,  75, 119,  265,  379,  433 ;  Mass.  Rec,  iv.  (ii.),  519 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  256 ;  La  Potherie,  ii.,  130; 
Williamson,  i.,  440-442;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  325;  anff,  141, 179. 

t  Deeds,  i.,  78;  iii.,  57,  85-S3  ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxiv.,  92 ;  Hough's  Nantucket  Papers,  42-59, 
71;  ani€,  174. 


200  IIISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IV.  Berkeley  and  Carteret,  were  void ;  and  as  the  latter  had 
~      promised  to  instruct  their  agents  to  assist  the  governor  of 
'      New  York,  "  I  do  desire  you,"  he  added,  "  and  all  others 
herein  concerned,  in  like  manner  effectually  to  assist  them 
in  furthering  the  settlement  and  maintaining  the  quiet  of 
9  Decern,    thcsc  parts."     The  king  also  directed  Berry,  the  acting  gov- 
ernor, to  notify  all  the  inhabitants  of  New  Jersey  to  yield 
obedience  to  the  proprietors,  who  had  "  the  sole  power"  un- 
der him.* 
1673.       When  these  documents  were  published  by  Berry,  the  in- 
5  May.      surgcuts  Submitted.    James  Carteret  retired  with  his  young 
bride  to  New  York,  whence  he  soon  afterward  sailed  for 
15  May.     Virginia.    Lovelace  read  in  council  the  duke's  orders  about 
teret  re-    Ncw  Jcrscy,  and  supported  the  proprietors'  authority  there. 
Newjer-    Willis  and  Winthrop  also  wrote  to  Berry  and  Sir  George 
•f July.      Carteret  in  favor  of  emigrants  fi'om  Connecticut  to  New 
"  ^'     Jersey,  and  recommended  convenient  townships  as  "  best 
conducing  to  safety  and  the  advancing  of  civil  societies."t 
March.  While  Lovclacc  was  at  Anne  Hook's  Neck,  or  Hutchin- 

New  Yo°rk  sou's  Bay,  on  postal  business,  news  came  to  New  York  that 
Dutch  at-  a  Dutch  squadron  was  coming  from  the  West  Indies  to 
*ack.        Yirginia,  and  thence  northward ;  and  the  governor  was 
summoned  back  to  the  capital  by  express  from  Manning. 
Seeing  no  enemy,  Lovelace  "  slited"  his  subordinate's  care, 
and  said  "  this  is  one  of  Manning's  'larrums."     He  did  not 
even  prepare  the  fort  to  withstand  an  enemy,  although  he 
had  received  the  contribution  money.     Soldiers  were,  how- 
1  May.      ever,  summoned  from  Albany,  Esopus,  and  Delaware,  and 
nearly  one  hundred  and  thirty  enlisted  men  were  muster- 
•-'9  May.     ed.     At  the  general  training  the  volunteer  and  regular 
force  amounted  to  three  hundred  and  thirty.     But  soon 
July.        afterward,  Salisbury,  with  his  men,  were  sent  back  to  Al- 
bany, and  the  whole  number  left  in  garrison  at  Fort  James 
■  did  not  exceed  eighty.:}: 
•24  June.         The  cxportatiou  of  wheat,  however,  was  prohibited,  ow- 
ing to  "  these  times  of  trouble."     On  account  of  the  scar- 
city of  wampum,  it  was  directed  that  six  white  and  three 

•  Col.  MS.S.,  xxii.,  144 ;  Eliz.  Bill,  35,  36, 37 ;  Learning  and  Spicer,  31-41 ;  Whitehead,  57, 
5S ;  Hatfield,  149-154 ;  ante,  49, 84, 189. 

t  Coun.  Min.,i.(ii.),  147;  Gen.  Ent.,  lv.,277;  Eliz.  Bill,  37,  App.  31 ;  Whitehead, 5S,  59 ; 
Col.  Doc,  iii.,  200,  214  ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  84,  85;  ante,  190,  note. 

t  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  54,  57,  59  ;  Bolton,  i.,  518 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  334,  3C6,  595. 


I'recau- 
tions  and 
war  oidcK 


ERANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOE.  201 


black  beads  should  pass  for  a  stuyver  or  penny,  instead  of  cuAr.n 
eight  white  and  four  black,  as  formerly.  The  Duke's  Laws  ^^^^ 
were  also  ordered  to  be  enforced  in  Esopus.*  12  june. 

Lovelace  for  some  time  intended  to  visit  Winthrop,  who  15  May. 
had  recently  lost  his  wife ;  and  now, "  having  urgent  occa- 
sions," he  set  out  for  Connecticut,  leaving  Manning,  as  20  j«iy 


usual,  in  charge  of  Fort  James ;  but "  without  any  order  to  viX  win- 
repair  the  same  for  to  make  defence  against  an  enemy."  connecti- 
Bef ore  the  governor  saw  that  fortress  again,  events  occur- 
red which  he  does  not  appear  to  have  appreliended.f 

The  "Cabal"  of  Charles  the  Second  had,  meanwhile, 
been  the  only  gainers  by  his  war  with  the  Dutch.     Parlia- 
ment was  asked  by  the  king  for  assistance.     Shaftesbury,  4  F^eWy. 
his  chancellor,  bitterly  denounced  the  Dutch,  whose  com-  anf  ^° 
merce  he  described,  in  glowing  rhetoric,  as  leading  them  bu^on  the 
to  "  an  universal  Empire,  as  great  as  Eome."     Following 
the  key-note  which  Dryden  had  sounded  ten  years  before, 
he  compared  Holland  to  Carthage,  which  England,  like 
Eome,  must   destroy —  "  Z>eZm<?a  est   Carthago^    Both 
Charles  and  Shaftesbury  spoke  to  little  purpose.^  Parlia- 
ment suspected  the  orthodoxy  of  the  Duke  of  York,  and  ^ 
disliked  the  king's  meretricious  alliance  with  Roman  Cath- 
oKc  France  no  less  than  his  unjustifiable  war  with  Protest- 
ant Holland.     A  supply  was  voted,  but  it  was  coupled  with 
a  condition  to  which  Charles  was  obliged  to  give  his  reluc- 
tant assent.     This  was  the  "  Test  Act,"  which  continued  to  29jiarch. 
be  an  English  law  until  the  reign  of  George  the  Fourth.  giis^h"Tc^t 
It  required  all  persons  holding  any  civil  or  mihtary  oflaces  ed. 
in  England,  Wales,  Berwick,  Jersey,  or  Guernsey,  to  take 
the  oaths  of  allegiance  and  supremacy ;  publicly  receive 
the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper  according  to  the  usage 
of  the  Church  of  England ;  and  subscribe  a  declaration 
against  the  Eomish  doctrine  of  Transubstantiation.     In 
consequence  of  this  law,  the  Duke  of  York,  who  for  some 
time  had  secretly  been  a  Eoman  Cathohc,  candidly  de- Effect  of 
clared  his  rehgious  faith,  and  m  a  flood  of  tears  resigned  Acton^the 
all  the  offices  which  he  held  under  the  crown,  including  York.  ° 
that  of  lord  high  admiral  of  England.     But  as  the  Test 

•  Council  Min.,  iii.,  129, 145, 146, 153-157 ;  S.  Hazard,  405 ;  Proud,  i.,  133, 134. 
t  Council  Min.,  iii.,  UT ;  Trumbull  Papers,  xx.,  104, 109 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  MSS. ;  Col.  Doc, 
iii ,  198 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii,  5T,  59 ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  242 ;  Eliz.  Bill,  G. 


202  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1673. 


Chap.  IV.  Act  did  not  extend  to  Scotland  and  L-eland,  nor  to  the 
British  Plantations,  the  duke's  admiralty  jurisdiction  over 
them  remained  unimpaired.* 

Parliament  again  turned  its  attention  to  the  American 
colonies.     Their  commerce  had  already  been  restrained  by 
the  Navigation  Laws ;  but  "  the  avarice  of  English  shop- 
keepers" now  required  that  commerce  to  be  taxed.     It  was 
observed  that  the  British  Plantations  enjoyed  a  profitable 
intercolonial  traffic,  and  sold  their  commodities  to  foreign 
nations,  "  to  the  diminution  of  the  customs  and  the  naviga- 
29  iiarch.  tiou  of  tlic  kiugdom."     Parliament  therefore  enacted  that 
po°iicy  of    sugars,  tobacco,  ginger,  and   certain    other   productions, 
plTrur-"'''''  when  exported  from  any  English  colony,  should  pay  the 
"'™*'        same  duties  to  the  crown  as  if  they  were  landed  in  En- 
gland ;  and  that  these  duties  were  to  be  collected  at  such 
places  and  by  such  officers  as  the  commissioners  of  the 
customs  in  England  should  appoint.     This  selfish  measure 
"  formed  the  seed-plot  on  wliich  was  raised  the  subsequent 
system  of  colonial  revenue."f 

During  the  first  year  of  the  war  the  United  Provinces 
IQ^i)    suffered  terrible  calamities.     Although  the  Dutch  had,  a 
The  Dutch  ccntury  before,  proved  themselves  the  first  soldiers  in  the 
gaii'aT    world,  they  had,  through  a  long  interval  of  peace  and  pros- 
perity, become  unused  to  military  service  on  land.     Their 
whole  energies  had  been  directed  to  commercial  and  naval 
enterprise.     Holland  seemed  almost  like  a  rich  galleon, 
with  De  Ruyter  for  captain,  and  De  Witt  for  pilot.     One 
of  the  Pensionary's  maxims  had  always  been  to  foster  the 
re  Witt,    sea   rather  than   the  land  forces   of  the   republic.     The 
and  wa^^'  young  Prince  of  Orange,  on  the  other  hand,  chafed  at  his 
ham  of  Or-  j-j^j.g^^ Jqjj^^  ^^(J  lougcd  to  bc  at  the  head  of  armies.     It  is 

•  statute  25  Ch.  11.,  cap.  ii.  ;  Pari.  Hist.,  iv.,  495,  502-5S5;  Kennett,  iii.,  2S9-294;  Clarke's 
James  II.,  i.,  4S3;  Burnet,  i.,  346-352;  Kapin,  ii.,  6G5-C71 ;  Uasnage,  ii.,  395-399;  King's 
Locke,  34 ;  Evelyn,  ii.,  S8,  S9  ;  Anderson,  ii.,  527 ;  Hume,  vi.,  46S-472 ;  Lingard,  xii.,  289- 
298,303;  CampbeH'a  Chancellors,  iii.,  314-317;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  239;  Learning  and  Spicer, 
46 ;  ante,  3.  The  Test  Act  did  not  extend  to  the  English  Plantations  of  its  own  force,  be- 
cause they  were  not  particularly  named,  or  intended  to  be  embraced  in  the  statute:  Col. 
Doc,  iii.,  357;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  240;  Kev.  Col.,  i.,  173,  236;  P.lackstone,i.,  108, 109;  Ja- 
cob, iv.,401;  v.,  15, 160.  It  was  first  extended  to  the  American  Plantations  by  William 
III.,  in  1089,  of  his  own  will,  by  clauses  in  the  Koyal  Commissions  and  Instractiona  to  the 
several  Governors  :  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  623, 685 ;  post,  p.  264. 

t  25  Charles  II.,  cap.  vii. ;  Anderson,  ii.,  521,  522  ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  317,  320;  Kev. 
CoL,  i.,  125,  126,  152, 172;  Kennett,  iii.,  205;  Holmes,  1.,  360  ;  Bancroft,  ii.,44;  Grahame, 
i.,  93 ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  33,  34,  279.  Chalmers,  and  those  who  follow  him,  using  the  Old  Style, 
erroneously  date  this  act  in  1672.  The  25th  year  of  Charles  the  Second  was  from  30  Janu- 
ary, 1673,  to  29  January,  1674. 


war. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  203 

not  surprising  that  while  the  Dutch  fleets  gloriously  main-  cu.vr.  iv. 
tained  the  honor  of  their  flao;  against  England,  their  militia,        ~ 
officered  by  incapable  favorites,  recoiled  before  the  disci-   •^"*"' 
plined  veterans  of  France,  led  by  Conde,  and  Luxembourg, 
and  Turenne.     Before  Holland  knew  it,  the  Gallic  Hanni- 
bal  was   at   her  gates.     Louis   established  his   court   atjuiy. 
Utrecht.     Almost  in  despair,  De  Witt  opened  negotiations  utrechl 
with  France  and  England.     But  the  humiliating  terms 
they  offered  could  not  be  accepted  ;  and  spasmodic  popular 
indignation  broke  out  against  the  Pensionary  and  his  broth- 
er.    Oranje  Boven,  De  Witten  onder  !    "  Up  with  Orange  bovot""" 
— down  with  the  De  Witts" — was  the  cry.* 

William  Henry,  Prince   of  Orange,  was   now  in   the  wniiam, 
twenty-second  year  of  his  age.     "  A  young  man  without  ora"nge! 
youth,"  he  concealed  under  a  cold  exterior  a  dauntless 
soul.     But  he  had  been  deprived  of  the  stadtholderate  en- 
joyed by  his  ancestors,  and  its  duties  were  performed  by 
the  Grand  Pensionary  of  Holland,  John  de  Witt,  who  ad- 
ministered the  government  with  great  success  until  the 
war  with  France.     The  people  then  began  to  murmur  that 
their  soldiers  did  not  fight  well  because  they  were  badly 
officered,  and  demanded  that  the  Prince  of  Orange  should 
be  made  captain  general.      This  was  done ;  and,  at  the  Made  cap- 
popular  cry  of  "Oranie  Boven"  William  was  appointed  ai  and 

\     1^1      1  1  A  111  stadthold- 

stadtnoider.     An   army  to   protect  the  hearth  was   nower. 
more  important  than  a  navy  to  keep  open  the  port.     John 
de  Witt  resigned  his  office  of  Pensionary,  and  his  brother 

*  Sylvius,  i  ,  34G;  Hollandtsche  Mercurius,  16T2,  89-91;  Basnage,  ii.,  1S3,  lOG,  211-260, 
283,  284 ;  Le  Clerc,  iil.,  290  ;  Wagenaar,  xiv.,  26-165 ;  Davies,  iii.,  91-108  ;  Hume,  vi.,  454 ; 
Lavallte,  iii.,  220 ;  Martin,  i.,  345-852 ;  an?e,  p.  185.  On  tlie  29th  of  June,  1672,  tlie  parti- 
sans of  the  prince  welcomed  him  at  Dordrecht,  in  Holland,  with  the  old  national  song, 
"Wilhelmus  van  Nassauwen"  (a«?c,  vol.  i.,  p.  442),  and  by  hoisting  an  Orange  flag  above  a 
white  flag,  the  upper  one  bearing  the  inscription  in  Dutch  : 
"Oranje  boven,  de  Witten  onder ; 

Die  7  anders  meend,  die  slaat  den  Bonder.^'' 
Which  may  be  rendered  in  English  : 

"  Orange  above,  the  AVhites  under ; 

Who  thinks  not  so,  be  struck  by  thunder." 
The  Dutch  word  Wit  signifies  "  AVhite."  De  Witten^  or  the  De  Witts,  therefore  means  "the 
Whites ;"  and  thus  the  Dordrecht  flags,  with  their  inscription,  formed  a  popular  double  pun. 
Although  the  words  '■'■Oranje  Doven"  were  thus  adopted  as  a  popular  cry  by  the  partisans 
of  William  the  Third  in  1672,  they  were  known  and  used  long  before  by  the  Dutch  people, 
who  applied  them  to  their  national  flag,  of  which  the  upper  stripe  was  orange,  the  middle 
one  white,  and  the  lower  one  blue  («?!<?,  vol.  i.,  19,  note).  These  words  were  also  shouted 
on  the  15th  of  January,  1651,  when  the  young  prince  was  baptized  at  the  Great  Church  in 
the  Hague:  ante,  p.  2;  Aitzema,  iii.,  551,  552;  Basnage,  i.,  181;  Le  Clerc,  ii.,  292;  J.  C. 
de  Jonge,  Oorsprong  (1831),  52;  Key's  Histoire  du  Drapeau  (1837),  ii.,  518,  519;  J.  Ter 
Gouw,  Oorsprong  (1863),  44,  45 ;  De  Navorscher  for  1854,  iv.,  62,  63  ;  and  for  1857,  vii.,  371. 


204  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IV.  Comelis  WRS  imprisoned.  The  Orangeists  attributed  the 
~  disasters  of  their  country  to  the  party  which  had  lately 
The  De  govemed  it ;  and  a  band  of  ruffians,  bursting  into  the  pris- 
witta  mur-  q^  wlierc  Johu  de  Witt  was  visiting  his  brother,  butchered 
20  August,  them  both  on  the  "Plaats"  before  the  Buitenhof  at  the 
Hague.* 

In  almost  uncontrolled  authority,  William  now  showed 

the  grandeur  of  his  soul.     To  the  desponding  States  he 

spoke   encouragement.     To   the  proposals  of  Louis   and 

William's  Charles  he  answered  that,  "  rather  than  sign  the  ruin  of 

magnamm-  ^^^  Republic  and  receive  the  sovereignty  from  the  hand 

of  its  enemies,  he  would  embark  with  his  friends  for  Ba- 

tavia."     To  the  suggestion  that  Holland  was  lost  if  he  did 

not  accept  the  terms  of  France  and  England,  he  replied, 

"  There  is  a  sure  way  never  to  see  it  lost,  and  that  is,  I  will 

die  in  the  last  ditch  !"f 

The  Dutch       The  spirit  of  William  roused  his  drooping  countrymen. 

aged!"^"      The  Dutch  remembered  what  their  -ancestors  had  done  a 

century  before.     The   sluices  were   opened,  and  the  low 

lands  became  a  vast  lake,  studded  with  cities  and  villages, 

rising  here  and  there  above  the  waters  which  washed  their 

ramparts.     Again  the  invaders  were  forced  to  retreat,  and 

Holland  was  saved.:}: 

The  Dutch  navy  was  now  commanded  by  De  Kuyter 

1673.  and  Tromp,  who  had  been  reconciled  by  the  Prince  of 

Orange.     Prince  Rupert  took  the  place  of  the  Duke  of 

York  in  command  of  the  English  fleet,  which,  being  joined 

28  May.     by  the  French,  attacked  the  weaker  Dutch  oif  the  coast  of 

Naval 

.actions.  Zealand.  Tromp's  division  was  almost  overpowered  by  the 
French,  when  De  Ruyter,  who  was  conquering  the  English, 
magnanimously  checked  his  own  career  and  hastened  to 
rescue  liis  former  rival.     The  battle  was  indecisive.     An- 

4  June,  other  engagement  followed  the  next  week,  and  the  English 
retreated  to  the  Thames.  Two  months  afterward,  one 
hundred  and  fifty  English  and  French  ships  were  encoun- 
tered by  seventy-five  Dutch  off  the  Helder.     A  terrible 

*  Basnagp,  ii.,2S4-322;  Temple,  ii,  C5T,  2.5S  ;  Wagenaar,  xiv.,  166-193;  Davies,  ill.,  43, 
lOT-llS  ;  Martin,  i.,  352-35T  ;  Sylvius,  i.,  34C-409 ;  D'Estrades,  iv.,  223,  242 ;  Macaulay,  ii., 
ISO ;  ante^  2. 

t  Buraet,  i.,  327,  331,  3.^2 ;  Kennett,  iii.,  292;  Dalrymple,  i.,  53;  Eapin,  ii.,  664;  Basnage, 
ii.,  256  ;  Temple,  ii.,  259 ;  lliime,  vi.,  465-467 ;  Davies,  iii.,  121-123 ;  Mackintosh,  320 ;  Ma- 
caulay, i.,  218,  219 ;  ii.,  182. 

t  Burnet,  i.,  335-337 ;  Temple,  ii.,  260,  261 ;  Davies,  iii.,  123 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  442,  443. 


FRAKCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  205^ 

conflict  followed,  in  which,  as  a  last  exhibition  of  courage,  cuap.  iil 
Hollanders  and  Englishmen  rivaled  each  other  in  stubborn        " 
valor.     From  morning  until  night  the  chm'ches  were  filled  nAuiist 
with  praying  Dutch  Protestants,  while  the  sound  of  rapid  between"^ 
p-uns  boomed  over  the  low  coast  of  Holland.     At  length  *i»e  Dutch 

o  o        and  En- 

the  English  retreated,  and  De  Ruyter  and  Tromp  shared  gii^i^- 
with  William  of  Orange  the  gratitude  of  their  rescued 
fatherland.* 

While  the  countrymen  of  Grotius  were  thus  fighting  for 
their  hearths,  a  former  province  of  the  Netherlands  was  un- 
expectedly annexed  to  the  Dutch  Republic.    Cornells  Evert- 
sen,  a  son  of  the  famous  admiral,  had  been  sent  out  from   1672. 
Zealand  with  fifteen  ships  to  harass  the  enemy  in  the  West  ^x^e^Sn 
Indies,  which  was  effectually  done.     At  Martinico  he  fell  °l^ll^' 
in  vtdth  four  ships  dispatched  from  Amsterdam,  under  the  Binckea. 
command  of  Jacob  Binckes.     Joining  their  forces,  the  two   1673. 
commodores  followed  Krjmssen's  track  to  the  Chesapeake, 
where  they  took  eight,  and  burned  five  Virginia  tobacco  Ji  July, 
ships,  in  spite  of  the  gallantry  of  the  frigates  which  were 
to  convoy  them  to  England.     As  they  were  going  out  of 
the  James  Kiver,  the  Dutch  commodores  met  a  sloop  from  At  viigin- 
New  York,  conveying  Captain  James  Carteret,  with  his'''' 
bride,  and  Samuel  Hopkins,  of  Elizabethtown,  to  Virginia. 
The  master  of  the  sloop,  Samuel  Davis,  on  being  question- 
ed, stoutly  insisted  that  New  York  was  in  a  good  condition 
of  defense,  with  one  hundred  and  fifty  mounted  guns,  and 
five  thousand  men  ready  to  answer  the  call  of  Governor 
Lovelace  in  three  hours.     But  Hopkins  bluntly  told  the 
truth.     Davis's  story  was  "  altogether  false  ;"  there  were 
only  sixty  or  eighty  men  in  the  fort,  and  thirty  to  thirty-six 
cannon  on  its  walls ;  three  or  four  hundred  men  might  be 
raised  in  three  or  four  days,  and  Lovelace  was  absent  on  a 
visit  to  Governor  Winthrop  in  Connecticut,     Upon  Hop- 
kins's information,  "  all  the  cry  was  for  New  York."     Car-  Resolve  to 
teret  and  his  young  wife  were  set  ashore  in  Virginia;  but  New  York. 
Hopkins,  with  Da^ds  and  his  sloop,  were  detained.     In  a 
few  days  the  Dutch  fleet,  which,  with  three  ships  of  war  ^^  '^"'^" — 
from  Amsterdam,  and  four  from  Zealand,  was  now  swelled  The  Dutch 
by  prizes  to  twenty-three  vessels,  carrying  sixteen  hundred  island. 

*  Basnage,  ii.,  410-422;  Sylvius,  vili.,  607-612;  Lt.,64T-649;  Davies,  iiL,  127-132;  Ken- 
nett,iii.,295,296;  Eapin,  ii.,  671 ;  Hume,  vi.,  473-476;  Bancroft,  ii.,  324;  Martin,  i.,  375, 370. 


206  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cnAP.iii.  men,  arrived  off  Sandy  Hook.     The  next  morning  they 

anchored  under  Staten  Island.* 
28  July. '       "^^^  tidings   of  their  approach  were   soon  brought  to 
7  August.   Manning,  at  Fort  James,  who,  finding  that  the  wolf  was 
action.      this  time  really  at  the  door,  hurried  off  an  express  to  meet 
Lovelace  at  New  Haven.     Volunteers  were  sought  by  beat 
of  drum,  provisions  were  seized,  and  the  arms  in  the  fort 
repaired.     Orders  were  sent  to  the  nearest  Long  Island 
towns  to  forward  re-enforcements,  but  none  came.     The 
The  Dutch  Dutch  inhabitants,  rejoicing  at  the  approach  of  their  coun- 
their        trymcu,  had  already  begun  to  make  "  threatening  speeches." 
Le'n.  ^     The  fleet  was  soon  crowded  with  s^anpathizing  visitors  from 
ISTew  Utrecht  and  Flatbush.     Learning  fi-om  them  how 
weak  Fort  James  really  was,  the  Dutch  commanders  came 
fAi"'uat    ^^P  *^^®  ^^^''  ^^^  anchored  above  the  Narrows,  in  sight  of 
the  city.     Lovelace's  sheep  and  cattle  on  Staten  Island  af- 
forded them  an  acceptable  "breakfast."     Already  New 
York  was  substantially  restored  to  the  Dutch.     In  vain  did 
Manning  continue  beating  the  drums  for  volunteers.     Few 
appeared,  and  those  that  did  only  spiked  the  guns  at  the 
City  HalLf 

The  situation  of  the  capital  now  resembled  that  of  New 
Amsterdam  nine  years  before.  All  that  Manning  could 
think  of  was  to  procrastinate,  in  hope  that  the  governor 
might  return,  or  aid  come  fi'om  Long  Island.  Captain 
John  Carr,  of  the  Delaware,  who  was  now  in  New  York, 
^"'^"^^'  -  was  accordingly  dispatched,  with  Counselor  Thomas  Love- 
Answer  of  lace  and  Attorney  John  Sharpe,  to  demand  why  the  fleet 

the  Dutch  '^ 

commo-  had  come  "  in  such  a  hostile  manner  to  disturb  His  Majes- 
Manning'a  ty's  subjccts  iu  tliis  placc  ?"  The  Dutch  commodores  re- 
plied that  they  had  come  to  take  the  place,  "  which  was 
their  own,  and  their  own  they  would  have."  Meanwhile 
Evertsen  and  Bin  ekes  had  sent  a  trumpeter  with  their  joint 
summons  from  the  flag-ship  "  Swanenburgh,"  requiring  the 
surrender  of  the  fort.  To  this  Manning  promised  a  reply 
on  the  return  of  his  own  messengers.     When  they  did  re- 

•  Basnago,  ii.,  45G,  7S1,  7S2,  832,  S34  ;  Sylvius,  ix.,  C60,  005 ;  x.,  23  ;  xiv.,  355;  xv.,  38, 
94;  Kok,  vi.,5a2;  xiv.,5e4;  Davies,  iii.,  60,132;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  518, 527,572,571);  iii.,  109, 
200,  201,  204,  205,  213,  214 ;  lliat.  Mag.,  i.  (ii.),  297,  298  ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  284;  Mass.  H.  S., 
Tiumbull  Papers,  xx.,  103 ;  Lambrechtsen,  82 ;  Grahamc,  i.,  420  ;  ante,  126,  200.  There  is 
a  portrait  of  Evertsen  in  Wagenaar,  xv.,  394.     See  also  N.  V.  II.  S.  Coll.  (ISGS),  184. 

t  Doc.  lliat.,  iii.,  57,  59,60,05;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  198, 199;  iv.,n51;  Hist.  Mag.,  i.  (ii.),  2PS; 
a/lfe,  200. 


demand. 


FRANCIS  LOVELACE,  GOVERNOR.  207 

turn,  Carr  declared  that  the  Dutch  were  too  strong  to  be  cuap.  iv. 
withstood,  and  that  they  would  only  allow  half  an  hour's  de- 
lay.  The  fleet  had  meanwhile  quietly  tided  up  and  anchor- 
ed within  musket-shot  of  the  fort,  without  a  gun  being 
fired.  Sharpe  was  sent  on  board  a  second  time,  to  ask  a 
stay  of  hostilities  until  the  next  morning,  so  that  Manning 
might  obtain  the  advice  of  the  mayor  and  aldermen.  But 
the  Dutch  commander,  Evertsen,  had  already  "vmtten  to 
the  city  authorities,  "  promising  to  all  men  their  estates  and 
liberties,"  and  this  had  been  communicated  to  the  burghers 
at  the  City  Hall.  On  Sharpe's  return,  he  reported  that  the 
commodores  would  give  only  a  half  an  hour  more, "  and 
accordingly  they  turned  up  the  glass."  At  the  end  of  that 
time  the  ships  fired  their  broadsides  at  the  fort,  which  kill-  The  Dutch 
ed  and  wounded  some  of  its  garrison ;  "  whereupon  the  james,  °' 
fort  fired  upon  them  again,  and  shot  the  General's  ship  Tums^a^" 
through  and  through."  Six  hundred  men  were  now  land-  ^'^°'" 
ed  above  "  the  Governor's  Orchard,"  at  "  the  new  burial- 
place"  on  the  shore  of  the  Hudson,  just  north  of  the  fort, 
and  back  of  the  present  Trinity  Church.  The  Dutch 
burghers,  all  armed,  and  about  four  hundred  strong,  en- 
couraged their  countrymen  to  storm  the  fort,  promising 
that  not  one  of  its  garrison  would  "  look  over  their  works," 
At  Carr's  instigation.  Manning  ordered  a  parley  to  be 
beaten,  and  a  flag  of  truce  exliibited  ;  but  Carr,  exceeding 
his  orders,  struck  the  king's  flag  at  the  same  time.  Carr, 
Lovelace,  and  Gibbs  were  now  dispatched  to  "make  the 
best  conditions  they  could."  They  met  the  Dutch  "for- 
lorn" storming-party  advancing.  Carr  was  sent  back  to 
inform  Manning  that  the  garrison  must  surrender  as  pris- 
oners of  war,  while  Lovelace  and  Gibbs  were  kept  in  cus- 
tody under  the  Dutch  standard.  But  Carr,  never  coming 
near  the  fort,  fled  away  from  the  city.  Manning  then  dis- 
patched Sharpe  with  articles  for  the  Dutch  to  agree  to, 
who  met  their  column  marching  down  Broadway  toward 
the  fort.  It  was  now  about  seven  o'clock  in  the  evening:. 
Captain  Anthony  Colve,  who  commanded  the  Dutch  forces, 
readily  accepted  the  proposed  articles,  which  merely  sur-  Fort  james 
rendered  the  fort  and  garrison  with  the  honors  of  war.  ed"^°  ^■' 
Manning  himself  had  meanwhile  caused  the  fort  gates  to 
be  opened,  and  the  Dutch  marched  in,  while  the  garrison 


20S  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.  IV.  marched  out  with  colors  flying  and  drums  beating,  and 


1673. 


30  July. 


grounded  their  arms.     The  English  soldiers  were  now  or- 
dered back  into  the  fort,  and  committed  to  prison  in  the 
church.     Before  the  sun  went  down,  at  the  end  of  that 
9  August    eventful  summer's  day,  the  three-colored  ensign   of  the 
wn'^uered  I^^itch  Republic  rose  to  its  old  place  on  the  flag-staff  of 
rfutch       ^^^  ancient  fort,  and  New  York  reposed  again  under  the 
dominion  of  her  former  lords.*     Stuyvesant  was  avenged. 
The  Dutch  had  taken  New  Yoek. 

»  Col.  Doc,  il,  59T,  C50 ;  iu.,  199-206, 234 ;  iv.,  1151 ;  Doc.  Hist,  iii.,  53-65;  Council  Min., 
iii.  (ii.),  IS ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxiv.,  36-53,  97 ;  Hist.  Mag.,  i.  (ii.),  29S ;  N.  Y.  City  Rec. ;  Dunlap, 
i.,  129.  Smith,  i.,  43,  carelessly  asserts  that  Manning  "treacherously  made  his  peace  with 
the  enemy,"  and  that  the  Dutch  "landed  their  men  and  entered  the  garrison  mtliout  giv- 
ing or  receiving  a  shot."  Smith's  statement  has  been  credulously  adopted.  The  weight 
of  authority,  which  I  liave  followed,  seems  to  be  that  the  fort  did  actually  return  the  fire 
of  the  Dutch  fleet :  compare  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  199,  201,  206 ;  iv.,  1151 ;  Hist.  Mag.,  i.  (ii.),  29S ; 
Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  62.  Manning's  real  fault  was  that  he  allowed  the  ships  to  anchor  before  the 
fort  without  firing  on  them :  see  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  55, 56, 5S.  But,  after  all,  he  was  as  badly 
oflfas  Stuyvesant,  nine  years  before :  see  ante,  34.  Compare  Cadwallader  Colden,  in  the  Col- 
lections of  the  New  York  Historical  Society  for  the  year  ISOS,  p.  1S4. 


THE  DUTCH  EECONQUEST  OF  NEW  YOKK.        209 


CHAPTEE  y. 
16Y3-1674. 

The  recovery  of  New  York  by  the  Dutch  was  an  abso-  chap.  v. 

lute  conquest  by  an  open  enemy  in  time  of  war.     All  its 

circumstances  differed  fi-om  those  which  had  disgraced  the    ^^*^- 
capture  of  New  JSTetherland  by  the  English  nine 'years  be- 
fore.    Then,  while  the  mother-countries  were  at  peace,  a 
treacherous  expedition,  deliberately  prepared,  had  seized  character 
the  territory  of  an  unsuspecting  ally  :  yet  the  British  com-  Duteh  re- 
mander  felt  it  necessary  to  grant  the  most  liberal  articles  n^w  Yolk! 
of  capitulation.     But  now,  after  proclaimed  hostilities,  and 
distinct  warnings  for  more  than  a  year,  the  ships  of  the 
Batavian  Republic  came  boldly  to  recover  what  had  been 
robbed  from  an  insulted  fatherland ;  and  the  English  en- 
sign fell  beneath  the  Dutch  avengers,  who,  welcomed  by 
their  countrymen,  marched  triumphantly  into  the  old  for- 
tress, which  surrendered  to  their  discretion. 

"  Not  the  smallest"  article  of  capitulation,  except  mih- 
tary  honors  to  the  garrison,  was  granted  by  the  victors. 
They  had  unexpectedly  captured  a  prize  from  the  aggress- 
ive enemy  of  their  nation.     Their  reconquest  annihilated  British sov- 
British  sovereignty  over  ancient  New  Netherland,  and  ex-  extllguLh- 
tinguished   the   duke's  proprietary  government  in  New^  ' 
York,  with  that  of  his  grantees  in  New  Jersey.     Evertsen  Evertsen 
and  Binckes  for  the  time  represented  the  Dutch  Republic,  ^nckea. 
under  the  dominion  of  which  its  recovered  American  prov- 
ince instantly  passed,  by  right  of  successful  war.     The  ef- 
fete West  India  Company  was  in  no  way  connected  with 
the  transaction.* 

Never  had  the  Bay  of  New  York  held  so  majestic  a  fleet 

*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  536,  611 ;  iii,,  202 ;  Doc.  Hist,  iii.,  55,  56, 61,  62 ;  Eliz.  Bill,  6,  7,  3T.  The 
old  West  India  Company  went  into  liquidation  soon  after  the  conquest  of  New  Netherland 
in  1664,  and  the  ne^y  corporation  took  no  interest  in  its  recapture :  Murphy's  Steendam,  12, 
13;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  564,  565. 

II.— o 


210  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOEK. 

cnAP.  V.  as  that  now  anchored  in  its  beautiful  waters.     Two  ships 
loading  for  England  were  added  as  prizes  to  the  force  of 
TheDutch  *^^  conquerors.     The  condition  of  the  province,  thus  inar- 
n*'y  k  ^'slously  restored  to  the  republican  Netherlands,  was  far 
different  fi-om  what  it  was  when  the  English  aj)propriated 
it  to  themselves.     New  York,  including  New  Jersey  and 
Condition   Delaware,  now  contained  three  chief  towns  and  thirty  vil- 
tnce.^  ^"*^  lages,  and  its  Dutch  population  was  estimated  at  between 
six  and  seven  thousand.     The  event  which  brought  its  Ba- 
tavian  inhabitants  once  more  under  the  authority  of  the 
States  General  and  the  Prince  of  Orange, "  their  lav^ul 
and  native  Sovereigns,"  was  hailed' by  them  with  boundless 
joy.     It  more  than  atoned  for  the  bitterness  witli  which 
they  had  endured  "  the  insolent  injustice  of  England's 
original  acquisition."     Once  more,  "  The  Fatherland"  be- 
came a  household  word.     The  cry  of  "  Oranje  Boven"  was 
soon  as  familiar  in  Manhattan  as  in  that  fatherland.^^ 
The  prov-       The  uamc  of  "  New  Netherland"  was  of  course  restored 
n°TOed'"°  to  the  reconquered  territory,  which  was  held  to  embrace 
OTirnd.^'''"  not  only  all  that  the  Dutch  possessed  according  to  the 
Hartford  agreement  of  1650,  but  also  the  whole  of  Long 
Island  east  of  Oyster  Bay,  which  originally  belonged  to 
the  province,  and  which  the  king  had  granted  to  the  Dul^e 
Fort  James  of  York.     Fort  Jamcs  was  named  "  "Willem  Ilendrick,"  in 
wuiem     honor  of  the  Prince  of  Orange.     It  was,  first  of  all,  neces- 
sary to  extemporize  a  provisional  goveiiiment.     No  orders 
had  been  given  to  Evertsen  or  Binckes  about  New  Neth- 
erland.    Its  recovery  was  a  lucky  accident,  wholly  due  to 
the  enterprise  of  the  two  commodores ;  upon  whom  fell  the 
responsibility  of  governing  their  conquest  imtil  directions 
should  come  from  the  Hague.     As  commanders  of  sepa- 
Kvertsen,   rate  Dutch  squadrons,  Evertsen,  of  Zealand,  and  Binckes, 
wnckes,     of  Holland,  alternately  wore  the  admiral's  flag  for  a  week, 
cuofwrr  Associating  with  themselves  Captains  Anthony  Colve,  Nic- 
m  power,    ^j^^  Bocs,  and  Abram  Ferdinandus  van  Zyll,  as  an  advis- 
ory Council  of  War,  they  held  regular  sessions,  first  at  the 
City  Hall,  and  afterward  at  the  fort.     Their  most  impor- 
tant duty  was  to  appoint  "  a  fit  and  able  person  as  Gov- 
ernor General,  to  hold  the  supreme  command  over  tliis  con- 

•  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  520,  50S;  iii.,COO;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  407  ;  Lambrcchtscn,  S4-SG ;  Graham.', 
i.,  422;  ante,WZ. 


COUNCIL  OF  WAE  OF  NEW  NETHEKLAND.  211 

quest  of  New  Netlierland."     Anthony  Colve,  of  Zealand,  CHi.p.v. 
who  appears  to  have  served  as  an  ensign  at  the  capture  of 
Surinam  in  1667,  and  was  now  a  captain  in  the  Dutch  in-  „  .      * 

-,  .  12  August. 

f antry,  was  chosen  for  the  office.     To  him  Evertsen  and  Anthony 
Binckes  gave  a  commission  "to  be  Governor  General  of  pointed 
this  Country  and  Forts  thereunto  belonging,  with  all  the  nTw  Neth- 
appendencies  and  dependencies  thereof,  to  govern,  rule,  and 
protect  them  fi'om  all  invasions  of  enemies,  as  he,  to  the 
best  of  his  ability,  shall  judge  most  necessary."     Colve's 
commission  described  his  government  as  extending  from  Extent  of 
fifteen  miles  south  of  Cape  Ilenlopen  to  the  east  end  of  govlrn- 
Long  Island  and  Shelter  Island,  thence  through  the  middle  ^'^^ ' 
of  the  Sound  to  Greenwich,  and  so  northerly,  according  to 
the  boundary  made  in  1650,  including  Delaware  Bay  and 
all  the  intermediate  territory,  as  possessed  by  the  English 
under  the  Duke  of  York.     But  Pemaquid,  Martha's  Vine- 
yard, and  Nantucket,  not  having  been  under  Stuy^'esant's  ju- 
risdiction when  New  Netherland  was  taken  from  him,  were 
not  comprehended  in  the  Dutch  province  now  organized.* 
Colve  was  "a  man  of  resolute  spirit,  and  passionate," 
whose  arbitrary  nature  had  not  been  improved  by  military 
service.     He  did  not,  however,  assume  the  administration 
at  once ;  for  the  naval  commanders  prudently  determined 
to  keep  their  ships  in  harbor  until  tho  new  government 

should  be  fu'mly  established.     In  the  mean  time  they  re- council  of 

...  .  War  re- 

tained supreme  authority  in  their  own  hands,  assisted  bytaintem- 

tlie  three  captains  whom  they  had  adjoined,  as  a  "  Council  llwlJ. 
of  War."     Matthias  Nicolls,  ousted  fi'om  his  office  of  pro- 
vincial secretary,  was  replaced  by  Nicholas  Bayard,  the  ex-  ^-^  August. 
perienced  clerk  of  the  city,  whom  the  Dutch  commodores  secretary  of 
appointed  to  act  as  their  own  secretary,  and  as  secretary  eriand.^ 
and  register  of  New  Netherland  mider  Colve.f 

The  name  of  the  city  of  New  York  was,  at  the  same  AAuguEt. 
time,  changed  to  "New  Orange,"  in  compliment  to  the  New  York 
prince  stadtholder,  and  its  magistrates  w^ere  released  from  New  or- 
their  oaths  to  the  late  English  government.     At  the  re-^°^^' 
quest  of  the  commanders,  six  burghers  were  appointed  to  ^^ August. 

*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  52S,  529,  5T1,  GOO,  GIO  ;  iii.,  201 ;  Smith,  L,  44-46 ;  Wagen-iar,  xiii.,  407 ; 
De  Witt's  Letters,  iv ,  677  ;  ante,  126;  vol.  i.,  519,  520. 

t  Col.  Eec.  Conn.,  ii.,  5G5;  Col.  Doc,  il.,  571,  573.  57S,  612;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,99, 
lOS.  Among  other  changes,  the  Dutch  introduced  again  into  New  Netherland  the  New 
Style,  which  had  so  long  heen  used  in  Holland :  see  ante,  vol.  i.,  443,  note. 


212  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  V.  confer  with  them  respecting  the  restoration  of  the  old  mu- 
~      nicipal  goyernment,  who  were  directed  to   convoke  the 
},         commonalty  and  nominate  persons  "fi'om  the  wealthiest 
^^  inhabitants,  and  those  only  wlio  are  of  the  Reformed  Chris- 

tian Religion,"  out  of  whom  the  Council  might  select  the 
magistrates  for  the  city.    From  the  nominations  thus  made, 
/^August.  Johannes  van  Brugh,  Johannes  de  Peyster,  and  iEgidius 
ttrefsche!"  Luyck  wcrc  chosen  as  burgomasters,  and  "William  Beek- 
bchour.^'^   man,  Jeronimus  Ebbing,  Jacob  Ivip,  Laurens  van  der  Spie- 
gel, and  Gelyn  ver  Planck  as  schepens.     In  place  of  Al- 
lard  Anthony,  the  late  sheriff,  Anthony  de  Milt  was  ap- 
pointed schout.     The  new  magistrates  were  sworn  to  ad- 
minister "good  law  and  justice;"  promote  the  welfare  of 
the  city;  maintain  "the  upright  and  true  Christian  Relig- 
ion agreeably  to  the  Word  of  God  and  the  order  of  the 
Synod  of  Dordrecht;"  uphold  the  supreme  authority  of 
the  States  General  and  the  Prince  of  Orange;  and  were 
empowered  to  govern  for  one  year,  "both  burghers  and 
strangers,  conformably  to  the  laws  and  statutes  of  our  Fa- 
j8g  August,  therland."     The  next  day  John  Lawrence,  the  displaced 
ignia  fur°-'  mayor,  surrendered  the  gowns,  mace,  and  seal  which  the 
rendered.    j)^^]jg  ^f  York  had  presented  to  the  city ;  all  of  which  were 

carefully  deposited  in  Fort  Willem  Hendrick.* 
-8  August.     Evertsen  and  Binckes  now  issued  a  proclamation  seizing 
McfFiencii  ^^^  property  and  debts  belonging  to  the  kings  of  France 
lliiei^^'     ^^'  England,  or  their  subjects,  and  requiring  every  person  to 
report  such  property  to  Secretary  Bayard,     Under  this 
edict — which  only  retaliated  that  of  NicoUs  against  the 
Dutch  in  1665 — the  estates  of  Thomas  Delavall,  the  duke's 
auditor,  and  of  William  Dervall,  his  son-in-law,  were  espe- 
cially attached.     The  houses  of  Lovelace  and  Manning  had 
abeady  been  plundered  by  the  Dutch  troops  in  the  heat  of 
conquest ;  but  Manning  himself  had  been  courteously  al- 
lowed to  wear  his  sword.     Mayor  Lawrence's  house  had 
been  spared,  at  the  request  of  the  Dutch  burghers.     Yan 
Ruyven,  the  receiver  of  the  Duke  of  York's  revenues,  al- 
Ji  August,  though  an  old  Dutchman,  was,  nevertheless,  required  to 
render  a  strict  account.f 

•  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  571-575;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  3P0,  391 ;  New  York  Citj-  Rec,  vii. ;  Val.  Man., 
1850,487-401);  Valentine's  New  York,  173, 174;  Mottlton'.s  New  Orangi^C,  7;  mite^lSS. 

t  Col.  Doc.,ii.,67S,  5S0,  .'')91,603,  COS,  G43;  iii.,  ^00,  200;  Hutch.  Coll., 4GS;  Court  of  As- 
sizes, ii.,  5S9  ;  Val.  Man.,  1853,  381,  G84 ;  ante,  E9,  SO,  91. 


COUNCIL  OF  WAE  OF  NEW  NETHEELAND.  213 

The  metropolis  being  secured,  two  hundred  men  were  cnAp.v. 
sent  up  the  river,  in  several  vessels,  to  reduce  Esopus  and  ~~ 
Albany.     No  opposition  was  shown.     Salisbury  at  once  ^       * 
surrendered  Fort  Albany  "  upon  the  same  terms  with  New  ifbany 
Tork,  namely,  at  mercy,"  and  all  the  English  soldiers  were  reduced. 
brought  down  to  New  York  as  prisoners  of  war.     As  the 
number  of  these   prisoners  was   now  embarrassing,  they  ^^  August. 
were  embarked  for  Em-ope,  with  Manning,  Sahsbury,  Dud-  prifonere 
ley  Lovelace,  and  other  subordinate  officers,  in  three  ships  rope.  ° 
from  Binckes's  squadron,  and  one  of  Evertsen's,  under  the 
command  of  Captains  Boes  and  Van  Zyll.     A  small  prize, 
taken  in  the  "West  Indies,  was  also  j^laced  in  charge  of  An- 
dries  Michielsen,  and  dispatched  to  Amsterdam  with  let- 1^9  August, 
ters  from  Binckes,  detailing  the  captm-e  of  New  York.* 

Meanwhile  Lovelace,  after  enjoying  Winthrop's  liospi- 
tahty  at  Hartford,  and  arranging  his  favorite  post-office 
project,  had  met,  on  his  return  to  New  Haven,  Manning's 
"unwelcome  news"  of  the  Dutch  approach  before  New 
York.     On  reaching  Mamaroneck,  he  learned  that  they  had  ^i  J"^y- 
taken  the  fort.     Hoping  to  retrieve  the  calamity,  the  gov-  LovelS'e 
ernor  hastened  over  to  Long  Island  to  raise  its  militia.     At  uund^ 
Justice  Corn  well's,  near  Flushing,  he  met  Secretary  Mat- 
thias Nicolls,  who  agreed  to  go  over  to  the  fort  on  the  next 
Saturday,  while  the  governor  was  to  keep  himself  "out  of  iV August, 
the  enemy's  hand,"  and  raise  the  country  to  reduce  the 
place  again.     But,  being  "  collogued  with"  by  one  of  the 
Dutch  domines,  Lovelace  weakly  consented  to  revisit  his 
old  quarters  in  the  fort  "for  three  days."     On  the  after- 
noon of  Satm-day,  the  third  day  after  the  smTender,  one  of  ^August. 

iT-\,i  -I  Ti  •        1  '       1  Enticed 

the  Dutch  commanders   accordingly  went  m  his  barffe,  over  to 

New  York 

with  Orange  flag  and  trumpet,  over  to  Long  Island;  and  and  arrest- 
Lovelace  and  Nicolls  returned  with  him  to  the  fort.  The 
English  governor  was  "  peaceably  and  respectfully"  enter- 
tained by  his  conquerors.  But,  before  the  three  days  were 
out,  Lovelace's  creditors  arrested  him  for  debt.  The  proc- 
lamation of  Evertsen  and  Binckes  soon  afterward  stripped  is  August 

«  Col.  Doc.,ii.,  53",  5T6;  iii.,  202,  203,  205, 206 ;  Iliat.  Mag,iy.,  50;  i.  (ii.),  298;  Sylvius, 
ix.,665;  x.,  23;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  54, 5X  Michielsen  was  captured  in  the  Channel,  oflfBeachy 
Head,  and  obliged  to  throw  his  dispatches  overboard.  He  got  to  Amsterdam  on  24  October, 
1673;  but  the  Admiralty  there  found  him  "a  man  of  so  little  curiosity  that  he  had  no  par- 
ticulars to  report"  about  the  reconquest  of  New  York:  (Jol.  Doc,  ii.,  52T,  528,  529.  The 
original  dispatches  of  Nicolls,  detailing  hi.s  capture  of  New  York  in  1004,  were  also  lost  at 
sea  :  ante,  .50,  note. 


214  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.v.  him  of  all  his  property;  but  the  commandei'S  told  him 
that,  on  papng  his  debts,  he  might  leave  the  country  with- 
j,  ^  *  in  six  weeks.  "With  touching  simplicity  the  ruined  Love- 
i^oveiace's  lacc  wrote  to  Winthrop :  "  I  am  now  intending  for  England, 
vvinthrop.  with  all  the  conveniency  I  may,  unlesse  prevented.  Al- 
bany is  sm-rendered  on  the  same  termes  this  did,  which  was 
too  lean  and  poor  for  persons  of  Honom*.  However,  they 
would  willingly  frame  some  excuses,  and  shoulder  the  blame 
and  burthen  from  one  to  the  other.  Some  shelter  them- 
selves under  the  shields  of  my  absence,  which,  though  (it  is 
confes't)  it  proved  unfortunate,  yet  the  means  that  were 
afforded  them  to  a  handsomer  resistance  and  prudent  man- 
agery  can  plead  no  excuse.  To  be  brief — it  was  digitus 
Dei,  who  exalts  and  depresses  as  he  pleases,  and  to  whom 
we  must  all  submit.  Would  you  be  curious  to  know  what 
my  losses  might  amount  to — I  can  in  short  resolve  you.  It 
was  my  all  which  ever  I  had  been  collecting ;  too  greate  to 
misse  in  this  wildernesse.""' 

No  sooner  had  the  Dutch  commanders  established  them- 
selves in  the  metropolis  than  the  nearest  six  Long  Island 
Longisi-    towns — Midwout,   Amersfoort,   Brooklyn,   New   Utrecht, 
Itatenisi-  Bushwick,  and  Gravesend,  together  with  Staten  Island, 
nud  towns.  g|^j]h,initted  to  their  authority.     These  towns  were  chiefly 
settled  by  rejoicing  Hollanders.     Upon  their  nomination, 
^ August.  Jacob  Strycker,  of  Brookl^m,  was  appointed  schout,  and 
Francis  de  Bruyn,  of  New  Utrecht,  secretary  of  the  dis- 
trict; from  each  of  the  six  towns,  of  which  four  persons 
14 August,  named  by  them  were  made  schepens.     Peter  Biljou  was  ap- 
pointed schout,  and  two  others  schepens  of  Staten  Island.f 
But  the  other  towns  of  Long  Island  and  Westchester 
showed  no  disposition  to  submit  to  the  Dutch.     They  were 
fg  August,  therefore  summoned  to  send  deputies  to  New  Orange,  with 
their  constables'  staves  and  English  flags,  in  place  of  wliich 
they  would  be  furnished  with  the  prince's  colors  as  soon  as 
-4j August,  possible.     The  commanders,  in  a  proclamation,  declared 
tiOT  oT"'"  that  although  the  fort  and  city  on  Manhattan  Island  had 
KTCitdcn    a  sm'rendered  themselves  without  any  Capitulation  or  Arti- 
cles," yet  that  no  harm  would  be  done  to  any  of  the  in- 

•  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  5TS,  5S3,  587,  GO.^,  CSS;  iii.,  108,  200,  201,  202,  203,  203.  20C;  Mass.  II.  S. 
Coll.,  XXX.,  86,  87 ;  MS*.  TninibuU  I'apei-s,  xx.,  104,  108;  Hist.  Mag.,  i.  (iL),  298;  antc^  iOfi. 
t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  573,  ()77.  5S0, 5SG,  010. 


Kvcitdcn 

and 

Uinckes. 


COUNCIL  OF  WAR  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.  215 

habitants  of  New  Ketherland  who  should  submit  to  the  chap.v. 
Dutch  government.     Each  town  was  required  to  send  two  ~~ 

delegates  to  the  fort,  authorized  to  take  the  oath  of  allegi- 
ance, and  bring  with  them  their  English  colors  and  con- 
stables' staves,  "  whereupon  they  shall  be  considered  and 
governed,  without  respect  of  nations,  as  good  and  faithful 
subjects ;"  but,  if  they  refused,  they  would  be  forcibly 
subdued.* 

The  fact  that  Lovelace  was  in  the  hands  of  the  Dutch 
commanders  added  emphasis  to  their  summons.     West- 
chester, Eastchester,  and  Mamaroneck  promptly  sent  dele- f§  August, 
gates,  and  magistrates  were  selected  from  their  nomina- pointed  on 
tions.     The  five  Long  Island  towns — Flushing,  Jamaica,  and.^  ^' 
Middelburg,  Oyster  Bay,  and  Hempstead — npon  the  peti- 
tion of  their  delegates,  were  granted  the  usual  privileges, 
but  with  a  warning  not  to  take  np  arms  against  the  pres- 
ent Dutch  government,  as  some  of  them  had  "  formerly 
done,  contrary  to  honor  and  oath,"  against  that  of  Stuyve- 
sant.    From  their  nominations,  William  Lawrence,  of  Flush- 
ing, was  chosen  to  be  schout,  and  Carel  van  Brugge  secre-§^  August. 
tary  of  the  district,  and  three  schepens  were  selected  for 
each  of  the  five  towns.     At  the  same  time  Captain  William 
Knyff  and  Lieutenant  Jeronymus   de  Hubert  were  sent  m  August. 
with  Ephraim  Llermann,  a  clerk  in  Secretary  Bayard's  of- 
fice, to  administer  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  inhabitants 
of  the  neighboring  towns,  which  was  readily  taken  by  all 
except  the  Quakers.f 

But  the  five  towns  in  the  East  Riding  were  not  disposed 
to  submit  to  the  Dutch  commanders.     On  receiving  their 
proclamation,  Southampton, "  struck  with  amazement,"  sent 
to  Hartford  "  for  their  advice  or  help."     Connecticut,  how- 
ever, would  not  encourage  the  "  poore  towne"  to  stand  out  The  Eaat- 
alone.     She  was  about  to  send  messengers  to  New  Or- on\,o°n'^"'' 
ange  on  her  own  affairs,  which  had  suddenly  come  to  a  no^submu 
critical   point.     John   Selleck,  of  Stamford,  going  in   a  put'ch  au- 
ketch  to  Long  Island,  was  captured  by  a  Dutch  cruiser.  *'^°'"'*y- 
Another  sloop  was  taken,  but,  being  neglected  by  her  cap- 
tors, was  retaken  on  the  "  Sabbath  day  following."     The  j%  August. 

*  Col.  Doc.,i!.,5T2,  5T3;  iii.,202;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  87;  Wood,  00. 
+  C  il.  Doc,  ii,,  5S0,  5S1,  5S2,  580,  501,  502,  596;  Val.  Man.,  1850,520,  521;  ante,  vol.  L, 
710,  723,  724,  726,  730,  733. 


216  IIISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAT.  V.  General  Court  met  at  Hartford ;  a  military  committee  was 

organized ;  and  troops  were  ordered  to  be  ready.     James 

^1673.  ]5^chards  and  William  Kosewell  were  also  sent  with  a  let- 
connecti- '  tor  to  the  Dutch  commanders,  wliich,  with  "  amazing  ab- 
totoe"^"  sm-dity,"  lectured  them  for  treating  "His  Majesty's  sub- 
Mmmand-  jccts"  iu  time  of  War,  as  Charles  the  Second  had  treated 
^^'  the  colonists  of  Holland  in  time  of  peace,  nine  years  be- 

fore ;  inquired  their  "  further  intentions ;"  and  declared  that 
the  United  Colonies  of  New  England  would  defend  tlieir 
sovereign's  authority  "in  these  parts."     The  Connecticut 
14  August,  delegates  dehvered  this  letter  to  the  Council  of  War  at 
New  Orange,  and  explained  verbally  that  their   colony 
would  not  molest  the  Dutch  province  if  nothing  hostile 
was  done  against  her  by  New  Netherland.     They  were 
com-teously  asked  to  put  in  writing  what  they  had  to  say ; 
but  they  declined  to  do  this,  because  "  such  written  nego- 
tiations might  be  turned  to  the  worst  use  by  any  disaffect- 
ed person  of  their  colony."     The  Connecticut  messengers 
Answer  of  woro  thcu  handed  a  reply,  with  which  they  returned  to 
command^  Hartford.     In  soldier-like  style,  the  Dutch  commanders 
"'"■  answered  that  it  was  "  very  strange"  that  their  enemies 

should  object  to  the  results  of  war ;  that  the  Eepublic  of 
the  Netherlands  had  commissioned  them  to  do  all  manner 
of  damage  to  its  enemies,  in  consequence  of  which  the 
neighborhood  of  the  Hudson  River  had  been  reduced  to 
obey  Dutch  authority ;  and  they  declared  that,  as  the  vil- 
lages east  of  Oyster  Bay  "  did  belong  to  this  Government," 
they  would  be  likewise  subjected,  and  prompt  punishment 
would  be  visited  on  all  "  those  that  shall  seek  to  maintain 
the  said  villages  in  their  injustice."* 

In  the  mean  time,  deputies  from  Southampton,  East- 
hampton,  Southold,  Brooldiaven,  and  Huntington  had  met 
i| August,  at  Jamaica,  and  drawn  up  a  paper,  in  whicli,  after  stating 
that  they  had  not  heard  from  their  governor,  Lovelace, 
who  was  "  peaceably  and  respectfully  entertained"  in  the 
fort,  they  asked  the  Dutch  commanders  to  allow  them, 
upon  their  submission,  to  retain  their  ecclesiastical  privi- 
leges, and  enjoy  several   other  particular  liberties.     On 

•  Mass.  ir.  S.  Coll.,  XXX.,  S7;  xxxvii.,  5T0,  5T1  ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  1S1-1S3,  204,  20S,  561. 
562 ;  Plymouth  Col.  Rec,  x.,  3S7,  3SS ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  ri84,  5S6,  602,  606;  iii.,  201,  203 ;  Trum- 
bull,  i.,  323,  324 ;  Grahame,  i.,  421 ;  Thompson,  i.,  153, 154 ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  120 ;  ante,  24,  25. 


COUNCIL  OF  WAE  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.  21Y 

reaching  New  Orange,  the  deputies  met  tlie  Connecticut  chap.v. 
messengers,  whom  they  found  were  "  shy  and  cautious" 
about  giving  advice.     But  Captain  Nathaniel  Sylvester,  of  ^ono.  Li-" 
Shelter  Island,  who  had  come  fi'om  Hartford  with  Rich-  ""^^gg^ft^" 
ards  and  Rosewell,  advised  his  Long  Island  neighbors  "  by  ^^'^  or- 
all  means"  to  submit  to  the  Dutch  government.     The  del- 
egates accordingly  "  declared  to  submit  themselves  to  the 
obedience   of  their  High  Mightinesses  the  Lords  States 
General  of  the  United  Netherlands,  and  his  Serene  High- 
ness the  Prince  of  Orange."     Upon  this  their  petition  was 
granted  in  all  pomts,  except  that  in  regard  to  appointing 
oflHcers  and  sending  deputies  they  should  have  the  same 
privileges  enjoyed  by  the  Dutch  towns,  and  that  their  re- 
quest to  buy  whaling  tools  in  New  England  could  not  "  in 
this  conjuncture  of  time  be  allowed."     The  next  day  they  if  August. 
were  directed  to  nominate  for  approbation  a  schout  and  a 
secretary  for  the  district,  and  four  magistrates  for  each 
town,  who  should  be  "  only  such  as  are  of  the  Reformed 
Christian  Religion,  or  at  least  well  affected  to  it."* 

Nathaniel  Sylvester  now  asked  for  a  conlii-mation  of  the  |§A»sust. 
privileges  which  NicoUs  had  granted  to  Shelter  Island  in 
1666.     It  was  found,  however,  that  the  heirs  of  his  de- 
ceased brother  Constant,  of  Barbadoes,  and  Colonel  Thomas 
Middleton,  who  lived  in  England,  were  part  owners.    Their 
share  was  accordingly  confiscated,  and  Sylvester  bought  it  ^|  August,, 
of  the  Dutch  authorities  for  five  hundred  pounds  "  in  this  and. 
country's  provisions."     Upon  his  giving  a  bond  for  this 
payment,  Shelter  Island  was  duly  conveyed  to  Sylvester,  Jf  August. 
with  all  the  usual  privileges.     David  Gardiner,  who  had 
early  offered  his  submission,  was  likewise,  on  his  personal 
promise  of  obedience,  confirmed  in  the  possession  of  his  20  septem. 

.,,.,.,,  ..,  1  .  ,1,  1  October. 

island,  with  "  the  same  privileges  and  pre-eminences  tliat  Gardinevs 
may  be  granted  to  the  other  subjects  of  this  Government."f 
Upon  the  return  of  their  deputies  fi'om  New  Orange,  the 
five  eastern  towns  of  Long  Island,  having  "  duly  weighed" 
their,  circumstances,  and  found  that  they  must  follow  their 
"neighbour  townes  in  submitting  to  the  Dutch  Govern- ^^ August. 
ment,"  nominated  magistrates,  and  sent  their  discarded  En-  submission 
glish  flags  and  constables'  staves  to  Fort  Willem  Ilendrick.  em  townl 

•  Col.  Poc,  ii.,  5S3,  5S4,  .586 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  87. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  5S7-590,  022 ;  Thompson,  i.,  1S5,  3G7 ;  Wood,  0 ;  ante,  90, 107. 


218  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  V.  Froiii  tliese  nominations  the  Council  of  War  cliose  Isaac 
~      Arnold,  of  Southold,  to  be  sellout,  and  Henry  Pierson,  of 
29  ili^us't  Southampton,  to  be  secretary  of  the  five  towns,  and  two 
8  septem.  froui  cach  town  to  be  magistrates.     A  petition  for  a  modi- 
poinTed."^'  ficatiou  of  the  oath  from  some  of  the  more  scBupulous  in- 
habitants was  at  the  same  time  presented,  which  the  coun- 
cil promptly  granted,  and  instructed  Schout  Arnold  to  give 
notice  that  it  would  be  administered  by  commissioners  to 
be  sent  for  that  purpose.     Nevertheless,  the  five  towns 
were  veiy  reluctant  to  acknowledge  the  Dutch  authority ; 
29  August,  and  Southampton  felt  constrained  to  address  a  declaration 
so^uUiamp.  to  all  liis  British  majesty's  subjects  in  Massachusetts,  Con- 
dress.  "      necticut,  Plymouth,  or  elsewhere,  "  to  take  off  an  aspersion 
cast  upon  us,  as  though  we  should  freely  submit  to  this 
foreign  government.""' 
22  August.      Delegates  from  Albany  and  Esopus  had  meanwhile  ap- 
kfn^ton'  peared  at  the  fort,  and  received  prompt  satisfaction.     The 
swTnen.     iiamc  of  Kiugstou  was  changed  to  "  Swanenburg,"  after 
biug.        Evertsen's  flag-ship ;  but  the  names  of  Hurley  and  Mar- 
Aibany      blctowu  wcrc  uot  altered.     Albany  was  ordered  to  be  call- 
wiuem-     ed  "Willemstadt,"  and  its  fort  was  named  "Nassau."     A 
'""^''       garrison  was  directed  to  be  maintained,  and  presents  made 
to  the  five  Iroquois  nations,  "  in  order  to  prevent  the  de- 
signs and  undertakings  of  our  enemies  the  French."     Sche- 
nectady was   to   observe   the   regulations   established  by 
25 August.  Stuyvesant  and  Nicolls.     Jeremias  van  Kensselaer  was  al- 
4  Septem."  lowcd  to  cujoy  liis  prcvious  privileges  for  a  year,  upon  con- 
laenvyck.  tributiug  thrcc  hundred  schepels  of  wlieat;  but  was  re- 
quired to  obtain  a  new  grant  from  the  States  General.f 
Dutch  authority  was   quietly  re-established  over  New 
NcwJcrsey  Jersey,  the  name  of  which  was  changed  to  "Achter  Col." 
"Aditer     The  very  day  that  Evertsen  and  Binckes  began  their  ses- 
^3°  August,  sions  at  Fort  Willem  Ilendrick,  delegates  came  to  them 
fi'om  Elizabethtown,  Newark,  Woodbridge,  and  Piscata- 
way,  to  treat  for  a  surrender.      They  were  partisans  of 
James  Carteret,  and  opponents  of  Berry,  the  acting  gov- 

•  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  GOl,  C02 ;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  8G-S8  ;  Iliat.  Mag.,  1.  (ii.),  29S ;  Col.  Rec. 
Conn.,  ii.,  212,  563 ;  Wood,  9G. 

t  Col.  Doc,  it,  559,  592-597;  Doc  Hist,  iii., CO;  Val.  Man.,  1852,  431.     Van  Rensselaer 

was  ordered  to  account  to  Joanna  de  Laet,  wife  of  Schepen  Jeronymus  Ebbing,  for  the  tenth 

part  of  the  colony,  which  she  had  inherited  from  her  fatlier,  John  de  Laet.     The  next  year 

.she  sold  her  interest  to  Van  Rensselaer:  Col.  Doc,  1.,  406,  407,  519,  53-1 ;  ii.,  549-561,  590, 

•  097  ;  Val.  Man.,  1S55,  521 ;  Barnard's  Sketch,  109, 132 ;  ante,  vol.  L,  204,  535. 


COUNCIL  or  WAE  OP  NEW  NETHEELAND.  219 

ernor.     A  few  days  afterward  delegates  from  these  towns,  cdap.  v. 
and  from  Middletown  and  Shrewsbury,  came  to  the  fort, 
and  were   granted  the   usual  privileges.     Berry  and  his_^^J  J^. 
fi-iends  were  treated  with  the  same  liberality.     Bergen,  of  ^^ 
which  the  population  was  chiefly  Dutch,  nominated  offi-  JiAuguat. 
cers,  who  were  promptly  confirmed ;  and  every  one  of  her 
seventy-eight  burghers  who  were  present  when  the  com- 
manders visited  the  town  the  next  Sunday,  "  after  the  ser-  JfAugust. 
mon,"  took  the  oath.     John  Ogden  was  appointed  schout, 
and   Samuel   Hopkins,    whose    timely    information    had  ^  ggp"^. 
brought  the  Dutch  fleet  from  Virginia,  was  made  secre-'^^®'j.gj''P' 
tary  of  the  other  six  towns ;  fi-om  each  of  which  three 
magistrates  were  likewise  chosen,  among  whom  was  Daniel 
Denton,  of  Piscataway,  the  author  of  the  recently  publish- 
ed "  Brief  Description  of  New  York."     Bollen,  the  late 
secretary  of  New  Jersey,  was  directed  to  deliver  his  papers  ^^  ^"g"^^. 
to  Hopkins ;  but,  as  he  was  charged  with  "  having  made 
away  with  some  of  them,"  the  records  were  ordered  to  be  i^septem. 
deposited  with  the  provincial  secretary  Bayard,  in  Fort 
Will  em  Hendrick.* 

Deputies  from  the  Delaware  were  promised  freedom  of  j^aSeptem. 
trade  and  commerce,  and  equal  privileges  to  all  the  in- affarrr"^** 
habitants  who  should  take  the  oath  of  allegiance.  Courts 
of  justice  were  also  established  at  New  Amstel,  Upland, 
and  the  Hoarkill ;  and  the  usual  nominations  of  magistrates 
were  ordered  to  be  sent  by  the  schout,  Peter  Alrichs,  to 
New  Orange,  for  approval,  f 

The  affairs  of  the  metropolis  went  on  with  great  regu- 
larity.    Measures  were  taken  to  improve  the  fortifications ; 
and,  as  these  were  made  chiefly  of  earth,  owners  of  hogs  M''^"^st. 
were  directed  to  prevent  them  from  roaming  in  the  streets  angere^- 
south  of  the  "  Fresh  Water,"  or  Kolck,  lest  they  should  ''"°°'- 
damage  the  works.     The  Dutch  Church  having  again  be-  The  Dutch 
come  the   establishment  in  New  Netherland,  its    service  agfu.n%; 
was  conducted  by  Domine   van  Nieuwenhuysen,  to   the 


tabliahed. 


»  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  5TI,  5T2,  57C-5S0,  .'582,  5ST,  595,  53S,  GOO,  C02,  COS,  COO,  607;  iii.,  201,  203, 
213,  214;  Smith,  i.,  44;  Whitehead,  GO,  61,  62;  ante,  15i.  The  estate  of  Governor  Philip 
Carteret  was  ordered  to  be  inventoried ;  and  Robert  la  Prairie,  or  Vanquellen,  and  Jona- 
than Singletary,  who  had  tried  to  secrete  some  of  it,  were  brought  to  the  fort,  where  the  lat- 
ter was  fined,  and  Vanquellen  sentenced  to  banishment  for  publicly  declnring  "  that  the 
DnkR  of  York  had  Ftill  an  interest  in  Fort  James,  and  that  there  would  be  another  clian"-e 
within  half  a  year."  t  Col,  Doc,  ii.,  004,  C05;  S.  Hazard,  40T,  40S.° 


220  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cnAP.v.  great  acceptance  of  Reformed  Protestant  Dutch  people,  in 
Kieft's  old  church  in  the  fort.* 


20  August.      y^T^  Euyven  now  intending  to  return  to  Holland,  the 
8  septem.  schout,  burgomastcrs,  and  schepens  of  New  Orange  intrust- 
themunici-  cd  to  him  a  letter  to  the  States  General,  in  which — after 
N^w  Or-    thanking  them  for  reducing  the  inhabitants  of  New  Neth- 
stltes Geu^ erland  again  under  the  obedience  of  "their  lawful  and 
native  Sovereigns,  fi'om  whose  protection  they  were  cut 
off,  about  nine  years  ago,  in  time  of  peace" — they  repre- 
sented how  advantageous  the  province,  which  now  consist- 
ed of  three  cities  and  thirty  villages,  miglit  be  made  to  the 
fatherland.     Many  private  families  there,  ruined  by  the 
French  invasion,  could  live   easily  in  New  Netherland, 
which,  with  a  larger  farming  population,  would  soon  be- 
come  "  a   granary   and   magazine   of  many  necessaries" 
which  Holland  ordinarily  imported  from  the  Baltic.     Eso- 
pus  alone,  wliich  the  last  year  had  produced  twenty-five 
thousand  schepels  of  grain,  could  supply  the  Dutch  colo- 
nies of  Curagoa  and  Surinam.    New  Netherland  could  also, 
by  its  peltries,  maintain  the  Dutch  commerce  with  Mus- 
covy ;  and  the  tobacco  trade,  besides  many  other  interest- 
ing details,  would  be  personally  explained  on  his  arrival  by 
Yan  Ruyven,  who  had  filled  "  divers  respectable   offices 
here."     But,  above  all,  the  province  would  be  especially 
Import-     imiDortant  as  a  naval  station,  and  as  a  watch-tower,  from 

IIIICG  of 

New  Neth-  wliich  a  coustaut  eye  could  be  kept  on  the  King  of  En- 
HoUand.  gland,  "  who,  in  case  he  only  came  to  be  Lord  and  Master 
of  this  northern  part  of  America,  would  be  able  to  equip 
ships  here,  unknown  to  any  Prince  or  Potentate  in  EurojDe, 
and  thus,  most  unexpectedly,  fall  on  our  state  or  its  allies." 
Yet,  without  speedy  re-enforcements  from  the  fatherland, 
its  "  good  Dutch  inhabitants,"  who  were  not  more  than  six 
or  seven  thousand,  and  scattered  over  a  vast  country,  could 
not  resist  "  its  numerous  neighboring  English  and  French 
enemies,  by  whom  it  is  encompassed  around  on  all  sides." 
The  States  General  were  therefore  urged  to  dispatch  such 
aid  as  might,  after  the  departure  of  the  Dutch  fleet,  defend 
"  this  newly-recovered  Province."     This  statesmanlike  let- 

•  New  Orange  Bee,  vil.,  16-20 ;  Val.  Man.,  1S50,  490-498;  Corr.  Classia  of  Amsterdam ; 
letter  of  Van  NMeiiwcnhiiysen,  2G  July,  1G74;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  705,  730.  The  other  Dutch  cler- 
p^mcn  in  New  Netheiland  were  Polliemus  on  Long  Island,  and  Scliaats  at  Albany,  or  Wil- 
lem.stadt:  lilom  hiving  left  lisopus  in  1(JC7,  and  Drisius  having  died  on  IS  April,  10T3, 


COUNCIL  OF  WAR  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.  221 

ter  could  hardly  have  failed  to  produce  a  decisive  effect  in  cuap.  v. 
Holland.     But  a  remarkable  fatality  prevented  its  dehvery 
in  time  to  advance  "  the  Dutch  interest."* 

This   appeal  of  the  corporation   of  I^ew  Orange  was 
quickened  by  the  determination  of  Evertsen  and  Binckes 
to  depart  with  all  their  ships  of  war,  leaving  New  Nether- 
land  unprotected.     Hearing  of  this,  the  city  authorities 
represented  the  exposed  condition  of  the  country,  surround-  ^t  August. 
ed  by  Enghsh  and  French  colonies,  and  its  scattered  Dutch  The  corpo- 
population  of  six  thousand  outnumbered,  fifteen  to  one,  by  New  or- 
that  of  New  England.     These  English  and  French  sub-si^f^shtps 
jects  had  now  become  enemies,  and  would  endeavor  to  L'^rote^c. 
gain  New  Netherland  as  soon  as  it  should  be  left  to  its*'°°' 
own  resources  for  defense.     The  Duke  of  York,  and  Berke- 
ley, and  Carteret  were  all  alike  interested  in  its  recovery. 
"  This,  without  doubt,  renders  some  so  bold  as  to  say  al- 
ready that  something  else  will  be  seen  before  Christmas, 
and  that  the  King  of  England  will  never  suffer  the  Dutch 
to  remain  and  sit  down  here,  in  the  centre  of  all  his  do- 
minions, to  his  serious  prejudice  in  many  respects ;  so  that 
we  are  inevitably  to  expect  a  visit  from  our  malevolent 
neighbors  of  old,  now  our  bitter  enemies,  unless  tliey  be 
prevented,  under  God,  by  your  valiant  prowess  and  accom- 
panjdng  force."     Two  ships  of  war,  under  the  command 
of  one  of  the  superior  officers,  should  therefore  winter  in  the 
province,  and  not  leave  its  inhabitants  "a  prey  to  be  de- 
stroyed or  to  be  sold  as  slaves  to  the  English  Plantations."! 

The  commanders  replied  that  the  garrison  in  the  fort  J^^^^^^*' 
could  protect  the  place  sufficiently  against  all  enemies ;  but,  ^^^1°^' 
as  the  petitioners  were  so  urgent,  the  f rio-ate  SuHnain.  of  su^rd  the 

^  ,  '^         '  Til  metropolis. 

forty  guns.  Captain  Evert  Evertsen,  and  the  sloop  or  snow 
Zeehond  (or  Seal),  Captain  Cornells  Ewoutsen,  would  be 
left  under  the  command  of  Governor  Colve  until  the 
province  should  be  "  furnished  with  other  help,  either  fi'om 
Fatherland,  or  by  the  ships  already  sailed  hence."  As  these 
vessels  belonged  to  Evertsen's  Zealand  squadron,  Binckes 

*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  520, 527,532,  538;  Lambrechtsen,  S3-SC ;  N.  Y.H.S.  Coll.,  i.  (ii.),  115, 116. 
Van  Euyven  embarked  in  the  snow  "  Expectatie,"  Captain  Martin  Vonck,  which,  having 
lost  her  mast  and  sails  in  a  .stonn,  managed  to  get  into  Nantucket,  whence  Van  Ruyven  re- 
turned to  New  York  in  the  following  November  :  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  532,  658,  662,  G63 ;  Col.  Rec. 
Conn.,  ii.,  565;  Mass.  Rec,  iv.  (ii.),  573,  574;  M.nss.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  103.  Vonck  sailed 
again  in  the  ketch  "•Hope"  in  January,  1674:  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  677;  j>ost^  p,  258. 

t  CoL  Doc,  u.,  598-600;  Doc  Hist.,  i.,  467. 


222  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cdap.  V.  agreed  that  the  Admiralty  of  Amsterdam  should  bear  its 
just  proportion  of  all  expenses  and  damages  which  might 
•u  .uJu't  liappsn  to  them  during  their  special  service  in  New  Neth- 
10  septem.  erlaud.* 

Some  necessary  police  regulations  were  now  adopted. 
!)  Septem.   Ecsolved  Waldrou  was  directed  "  to  forbid  the  ferry  peo- 
uiations!""  plc  at  Hacrlem  and  Spytenduyvel  to  put  across  any  stran- 
gers from  this  Island,  unless  they  first  exhibit  a  pass  to  that 
effect."     As  many  strangers  were  passing  in  and  out  of  the 
j\  Septem.  mctropolis,  it  was  ordered  that  all  persons  who  had  not 
taken  the  oath  of  allegiance  should  leave  New  Orange 
within  twenty-four  hours,  and  that  none  but  Dutch  sub- 
jects should  visit  it  without  license ;  and  all  the  inhabitants  ■ 
were  forbidden  to  harbor  strangers  without  reporting  them 
to  the  schout.f 
inseptem.      Attracted  by  the  fleet  in  the  harbor,  the  Hackensack 
dian  sach-  saclicms  Came  to  the  fort  with  se\'eral  of  their  people,  and 
New  Or-    dcclarcd  their  desire  to  live  as  before,  in  peace  with  the 
°'°° '        Dutch.     The  commanders  made  them  presents,  and  prom- 
ised that  they  should  be   considered  "  good  friends"  as 
heretofore.      A  few  days  afterward,  the  sachems  of  the 
y^g  Septem.  Mohawks,  who  had  come  "to  see  the  naval  force  and  make 
a  report,"  were  likewise  dismissed  with  satisfactory  pres- 
ents.    The  people  of  Schenectady  were  also  confirmed  in 
the  privileges  formerly  granted  by  Stuyvesant,  and  the 
local  officers  nominated  by  them  were  approved.:]: 

Colve's  commission  as  governor  general  was  now  enter- 
ed on  the  records  of  the  province.     The  experienced  Cor- 
j%  Septem.  nclis  Stccuwyck  was  appointed  counselor  of  New  Nether- 
coMBdor   land,  "  to  assist  in  the  direction  of  all  cases  relative  to  jus- 
mnato  offi-  tice  and  police,  and  further  in  all  such  military  concerns 
'^"'■'^         both  by  water  and  by  land,  in  which  the  Governor  shall 
deem  proper  to  ask  his  advice  and  assistance."     Cornells 
Ewoutsen,  the  commander  of  the  snow  Zeehond,  was  made 
superintendent   of  gunners   and  ammunition.     Nicholas 
Bayard,  who  had  been  commissioned  as  secretary  and  reg- 
^5  Septem.  istcr  of  Now  Nethcrlaud,  was  also  appointed  receiver  gen- 
eral of  the  provincial  revenue.     All  these  appointments 

«  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  COO,  Gil,  C12,  649,  054,  65?,  CG2,  064,  CS2,  703,  707,  71.'>,  720;  Val.  Man., 
1S50,  .V22.  t  Col.  Doc.  ii.,  003,  004. 

t  Col.  Doc  ,  ii.,  COC,  COS,  000. 


ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVERNOR  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.   223 

were  made  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  "Lords  Princi-  chap. v. 

pals"  in  the  fatherland.*  ^  „^„ 

The  commanders  now  issued  a  proclamation,  referring  ^q^^' 

to  their  former  one  of  the  eighteenth  of  Ausjust,  and  de-  oonfisca- 

-.       .  -,  .r  ■,  ^^  •       1       •        11  tionofEn- 

clarmsr  that,  as  "not  the  smallest  capitulation    was  en- giish and 

French 

tered  into  at  the  surrender  of  the  fort  and  province  to  the  property. 
States  General  and  the  Prince  of  Orange,  all  the  property 
belonging  to  the  kings  of  England  and  France,  and  their 
subjects,  was  liable  to  confiscation  and  forfeiture.  They 
therefore  confiscated  all  such  property,  especially  that  of 
the  Duke  of  York,  his  governors,  officers,  and  agents,  to 
the  benefit  of  the  Dutch  government.  Nevertheless,  they 
excepted  the  effects  of  "  the  actual  inhabitants  of  the  neigh-  Exceptions 
boring  colonies  of  Xew  England,  Virginia,  and  Maryland," 
which,  "  for  sufiicieut  reasons,"  were  for  the  present  ex- 
empted fi-om  this  confiscation.! 

Under  this  act,  the  property  of  Lovelace,  Delavall,  Car-  Loveiace-s^ 
teret,  Manning,  Willett,  and  others  was  placed  in  the  hands  property 
of  commissioners.     Lovelace  was  also  required  forthwith 
to  leave  the  province,  and  go  either  to  New  England  or  to 
Holland  in  one  of  the  returning  vessels.     His  request  to 
go  to  Em'ope  in  Commander  Binckes's  ship  was  promptly 
granted.      Delavall  accompanied  Lovelace.      The  Dutch  The  Dutch 
commodores  soon  afterward  sailed — Binckes  directly  to  dorea  sau 
Holland ;  and  Evertsen  by  way  of  the  West  Indies,  Fayal,  "^  "'^°^^' 
and  Cadiz,  to  Zealand.:}: 

Anthony  Colve  now  assumed  the  government  of  New  coive  as- 
Netherland.     To  give  greater  state  to  his  office,  he  set  up  govera- 
a  coach  drawn  by  three  horses.     In  all  ordinary  business  New  xeth- 
he  was   assisted  by  Counselor  Steenwyck  and  Secretary  ^'"'''°^' 
Bayard.     On  important  occasions,  the  authorities  of  the 


*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  G09-G14;  ante,  p.  211. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  57S,  611,  013,  710;  S.  Hazard,  409 ;  ante,  p.  212.  Palfrey,  iii.,  120,  note, 
suggests  that  this  forbearance  on  the  part  of  the  Dutch  commanders  may  have  arisen  from 
the  hope  of  the  States  General  that  New  England  would  ally  itself  with  them.  But  Vir- 
ginian and  Maryland  property  was  at  the  same  time  exempted  from  forfeiture  by  tlie  act  cf 
Evertsen  and  Binckes ;  and,  moreover,  the  States  General  knew  nothing  about  the  matter. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  5S0,  5ST,  591.  595,  597,  COS,  COS,  617,  63S,  C43,  644,  G45,  C47,  651,  667,672, 
CS7,  CSS,  720,  721 ;  iii.,  205,  206 ;  Smith,  i ,  44  Binckes  aftenvard  commanded  a  squadron 
against  the  French  in  the  West  Indies,  and  was  killed  at  Tobago  in  December,  1077.  Ev- 
ertsen rose  to  the  rank  of  admiral,  and,  in  November,  16S3,  commanded  a  division  of  the 
fleet  which  conveyed  the  Prince  of  Orange  to  England.  He  died  in  November,  1706,  and 
was  buried  at  Middelburgh,  in  Zealand :  Sylvius,  ix.,  C65;  x.,  23;  Wagenaar,  xiv.,  376,  401, 
443,  444;  xv.,  395;  Lambrechtsen,  S2,  86,  87,  SS;'Kok,  vi.,  502;  xiv.,  .^4;  Col.  Doc,  ii., 
572,  579 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxv.,  171 ;  Doc  Hist,  iii,  54,  59. 


1673. 


224  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  V.  citj  of  New  Orange  were  consulted.  When  questions 
arose  about  the  treatment  of  foreigners  or  their  property, 
Captains  Wilham  Knyff  and  Carel  Epestejm,  of  the  Dutch 
infantry,  were  added  as  a  Council  of  War.* 
j9y  septem.  Colve's  first  official  act  was  to  commission  Peter  Alrichs 
commander  commander  and  schout  "on  the  South  River,  in  New 
soutirpav-  Netherland,  lately  called  Delaware,"  where  he  was  to 
*'•  maintain  the  Established  Dutch  Church,  keep  his  soldiers 

in  discipline,  the  Indians  in  good  temper,  and  obey  all  or- 
ders from  New  Orange.     Walter  Wharton  was  also  com- 
if  Septem.  missioned  to  be  surveyor  of  all  the  Dutch  territory  on  the 

South  E.iver.t 
J I  Septem.      Lieutouaut  Andries  Draeyer  was  appointed  commander 

Andries 

Draeyer     of  Fort  Nassau,  and  schout  of  the  town  of  Willemstadt  and 
erat'wii"  the  colonie  of  Rensselaerwyck.     Draeyer  was  instructed, 
among  other  things,  to  maintain  "  the  pure  true  Christian 
Religion  agreeably  to  the  Synod  of  Dort ;"  and,  as  much  as 
he  could, "  keep  the  natives  and  Indians  devoted  to  him, 
and,  according  to  his  ability,  render  the  Dutch  government 
agreeable  to  them,  and  obtain  from  them  all  the  informa- 
tion he  can  respecting  the  trade  and  doings  of  the  French, 
and  present  all  correspondence  they  may  carry  on  with  the 
inhabitants  of  Willemstadt.":}: 
Lutherang      Tlic  Luthcraus  at  Willemstadt,  who  had  enjoyed  much 
stadt.       liberty  under  the  Duke  of  York's  government,  petitioned 
Colve  at  the  same  time  for  the  "  free  exercise  of  their  re- 
ligious worship,  without  let  or  hindrance,  to  the  end  that 
they  may  live  in  peace  with  their  fellow  burghers."     Their 
-i-| Septem.  request  was  granted,  "on  condition  of  comporting  them- 
selves peaceably  and  quietly,  without  giving  any  offence  to 
the  Congregation  of  the  Reformed  Religion,  which  is  the 
State  Church."§ 

*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  0.30,  G42,  644,  002,  004,  005,  710,  715 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  48. 

t  Col.  Doc,  11.,  014,  015,  018,  619 ;  S.  Hazard,  408,  409. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  503, 590,  608,  618,  027,  659,  60-2,  670.  On  tlie  23d  of  January,  1074,  Com- 
mander Draeyer  was  married  in  the  Dutch  Cluirch  to  Gerritje,  a  dauRhter  of  Gosen  GeiTit- 
sen  van  Schaick,  and  a  sister  of  Levinus  van  Schaick :  Holgate,  1'29, 144,  145,  140  ;  Munsell's 
Collections,  i.,  301  ;  MSS.  of  Matthew  Clarkson,  Ksq.,  communicated  to  nie.  Draeyer  after- 
ward entered  the  Danish  service,  in  which  he  became  a  rear-admiral;  and  in  March,  1099, 
his  widow,  having  returned  to  New  York,  was  received,  "with  attestation  from  Copenhagen," 
into  the  membership  of  the  Dutch  Church.  Her  son.  Captain  Andries  Draeyer,  returned 
to  Denmark  in  April,  1700:  see  Kecords  of  the  Collegiate  R.  P.  D.  Church  of  New  York, 
Liber  A.  The  Widow  Draeyer's  daughter,  Anna  Dorothea,  afterward  married  the  Kevcrcnd 
Thomas  Parclay,  of  Albany :  Holgate,  129, 144. 

§  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  017 ;  ante,  175.    It  appears,  however,  that  tho  "  Aanapreker,"  or  sexton 


ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVEENOR  OF  NEW  NETHEELAND.   225 

To  assure  the  safety  of  the  metropolis,  the  magistrates  at  chap.  v. 
"  the  Nevesings,"  near  Sandy  Hook,  were  ordered  to  send 
the  earliest  information  to  the  governor  of  the  arrival  oi  ^^^^^^^^ 
anv  ships  from   sea.     Martial  law  was  also  necessary  to  Military 

TIT  I'lii       precau- 

check  the  unruly  troops  who  had  so  recently  spoiled  the  tions. 
West  Indies.     Ensign  Jan  Sol,  the  major  of  the  garrison 
in  Fort  Willem  Hendrick,  was  accordingly  directed  to  en-  21  septem. 
force  it  severely  within  the   citadel;  and  the  burghers  1  October, 
were  prohibited  from  selhng  liquors  or  giving  credits  to 
the  soldiers.*- 

The  fort  itself  was  miserably  insecure.     Its  condition,  as 
described  by  Stuy^^esant,  had  been  very  little  strengthened 
by  NicoUs  and  Lovelace,  neither  of  whom  seem  to  have 
apprehended  its  being  again  occupied  by  a  foreign  force,  insecurity 
and  certainly  not  by  its  old  masters.     Houses,  gardens,  and  wiuem 
orchards  were  clustered  thickly  under  its  earthen  walls.  '^^"'^"^ 
"  The  newly-begun  fortification  of  New  Orange"  was  in 
the  same  case.     Obstructions  were  ordered  to  be  demohsh-  28  septem. 
ed,  and  their  owners  summoned  before  the  governor.     At  ^  t)ctober. 
the  same  time,  an  extraordinary  duty  was  laid  to  indemni-  incumber- 
fy  those  whose  property  was  to  be  taken.     Several  of  the  demoush- 
owners  accordingly  appeared ;  other  lots  were  assigned  to 
most  of  them ;  and  all  were  promised  satisfaction  out  of 
the  new  duties.     Counselor  Steenwyck,  with  Burgomasters 
Van  Brugh,  De  Peyster,  and  Luyck,  were  directed  to  esti-  fi  o<=t. 
mate  the  damages,  and  report  to  the  governor.     The  dem- 
olition of  the  doomed  houses  was  effected ;  and  each  own-  fg  Oct. 
er  was  recompensed  for  the  property  which  the  public 
safety  required  should  be  taken.     Among  the  buildings 
thus  destroyed  was  the  Lutheran  Church,  which  had  just 
been  built  "  without  the  gate."t 

To  establish  a  general  system  for  the  government  of  the 
towns  in  ISTew  Netherland,  Colve  drew  up  a  "  Provisional  1  October. 
Instruction,"  some  of  the  articles  of  which  were  annoying 

of  the  Dutch  Church  at  Willemstadt  required  the  Lutherans  to  pay  fees  to  himself,  as  was 
the  custom  in  Holland,  notwithstanding  they  employed  their  owu  sexton ;  which  produced 
a  remonstrance  to  Colve  from  Arensius,  their  minister,  and  others:  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  525; 
Col.  MSS.,  xxiii.,  296,  313,  408.  *  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  619,  622-625, 650. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  440,  629-631,  633-63T,  685,  688,  69T,  699,  700, 710,  716 ;  iii.,  87 ;  Val.  Man., 
1850,  511,  512,  521, 525,  530 ;  1851,  435,  447,  448 ;  New  Orange  Eec,  vii.,  42 ;  Moulton's  New 
Orange,  11, 12 ;  Valentine's  New  York,  175 ;  ante^  26, 81.  200.  The  Lutherans  were  allowed 
another  lot,  "  No.  5  in  the  Company's  garden,"  within  the  gate,  on  which  they  built  a  new 
church.  It  was  at  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Rector  Street,  where  Grace  Church  was  aft- 
erward built:  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  636;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  245;  ante,  114. 

II.— P 


226  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  V.  to  the  English  inhabitants.     The  local  magistrates  were, 

~      above  all  things,  to  "  take  care  that  the  Reformed  Christian 

Provisional  Keligion  be  maintained  in  conformity  to  the  Synod  of  Dor- 

u^^'^ovem-  di'scht,  without  permitting  any  other  sects  attempting  any- 

mentof     thing  Contrary  thereto."     Local  ordinances  must  be  con- 
towns.  *-"  '' 

formable  to  the  laws  of  Holland,  and  be  approved  by  the 
governor.  All  officers  must  acknowledge  the  authority  of 
the  States  General  and  the  Prince  of  Orange,  and  "  main- 
tain their  sovereign  jurisdiction  right  and  domain  over  this 
country."  The  magistrates  were  to  nominate  as  their  suc- 
cessors "  a  double  number  of  the  best  qualified,  the  hon- 
estest,  most  intelligent  and  wealthiest  inliabitants,  exclu- 
sively of  the  Reformed  Christian  Religion,  or  at  least  well 
affected  thereunto,  to  be  presented  to  the  Governor,  who 
shall  then  make  his  election  therefrom,  with  continuation 
of  some  of  the  old  ones,  in  case  his  Honor  may  deem  it 
necessary."* 

Colve's  municipal  system  was  substantially  a  revival  of 
that  of  Stuyvesant.     The  "  Instruction"  was  ordered  to  be 
enforced  in  every  tovni  of  the  province  except  New  Orange 
and  Willemstadt,  where   some  modifications  were  neces- 
sary.    But  the  eastern  towns  of  Long  Island  showed  great 
disaffection,  although  their  nominations  of  magistrates  had 
24  septetn.  becu  promptly  confirmed.     Colve  therefore  commissioned 
4  October.  Captain  William  Knyff,  Lieutenant  Anthony  Malypart,  and 
sionera      the  clcrk,  Abram  Varlett,  to  visit  all  the  towns  east  of  Oys- 

pent  to 

Long  isi-    ter  Bay,  and  administer  the  oath  to  their  inhabitants ;  and 
also  directed  their  magistrates  to  publish  his  Instructions, 
with  the  proclamation  for  the  seizm-e  of  the  property  of 
English  and  French  subjects.f 
^%  Oct.         The  commissioners  reported  that  Oyster  Bay  had  taken 
t^iTTing"  the  oath,  while  Huntington  desired  to  be  excused,  upon 
town^.       promising  in  writing  to  be  faithful  to  the  government  of 
New  Netherland.     Setauket,  or  Brookhaven,  apologized, 
and  asked  a  suspension  of  censure,  because  her  people 
wished  to  preserve  their  English  allegiance,  and  yet  to  live 
in  peace  with  the  Dutch  government.     Easthampton  ac- 
knowledged the  "  Christian  and  moderate"  dealing  of  the 

•  Col.  Doc.,  ii.,  C20-62'2,  C53,  654,  CTS-C80. 

t  Col.  Doc.,  ii.,  576,  586,  591,  001,  €02,  616,  620,  622,  620,  02S  ;  Whitehead,  01 ;  fr7i£c,212; 
vol.  i.,  510, 54S,  574,  613, 619,  640. 


ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVERNOR  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.   227 

Dutch ;  but  asked  to  be  left  as  she  was,  as  her  letters  had  cuap.  v. 
been  opened  and  read  at  Southampton,  where  threats 
against  her  submission  had  been  uttered  by  "  several  disaf-  -•■" '  ^" 
fected  persons."  Southold  objected  to  several  clauses  in 
the  "Instruction,"  but  was  "wilHng  to  submit"  to  the 
Dutch  government,  if  the  articles  first  promised  should  be 
performed,  and  the  town  be  protected  "  from  the  invasion 
of  those  which  daily  threaten  us."  Knowing  that  E  vert- 
sen  and  Binckes  had  left  New  ISTetherland,  Southampton 
declared  that  Colve's  "  Instructions"  overthrew  what  had 
been  previously  agreed  upon ;  that  the  town  could  not  ab- 
jure its  king,  and  swear  allegiance  to  a  foreign  power ;  yet, 
that  it  would  not  disturb  the  Dutch,  unless  molested  by 
them,  or  "  called  thereunto  by  His  Majesty's  power  of  En- 
gland."* 

On  receiving  this  report,  Colve  called  the  burgomasters 
and  schepens  of  New  Orange  to.  advise  with  the  council,  m  oct. 
and  was  disposed  to  send  the  frigate  Surinam,  with  a  "con-  frails  from 
siderable  force,"  to  the  Eastern  towns,  and  "  punish  them  theTeclf. 
as  rebels,  in  case  they  persist  in  refusing  to  swear  obedi- ^''°"°''"''' 
ence."     The  majority  thought "  that,  in  this  conjuncture  of 
war,  it  was  not  advisable  to  attack  them  by  force  of  arms, 
as  we  should  thereby  be  affording  them,  and  the  neighbor- 
ing Colonies,  occasion  again  to  take  up  arms  against  us; 
but  they  judged  it  better  to  send  a  second  delegation."! 

It  was   gratifying,  however,  that  Midwout,  Bushwick,  M  o<='-  * 
New  Utrecht,  Amersfoort,  Brooklyn,  and  Gravesend,  in  towns  sub- 
Schout  Jacob  Strycker's  district,  declared  that  "  the  entire  ™'^"^®' 
of  the  people"  would  observe  their  oaths,  and,  in  case  of 
attack,  would  assist  New  Orange  in  resisting  the  enemy. 
These  loyal  Dutch  towns  were  accordingly  allowed  to  se-  M  o<='- 
lect  their  own  military  officers.:}: 

Lewis  Morris,§  and  Nathaniel  Sylvester,  with  whom  he 

•  Col.  Doc,  il.,  632, 638-642 ;  Wood,  96.  t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  642, 643. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  577,  643,  645, 646 ;  ante,  214. 

§  Lewis  Morris  was  a  AVelshman,  a  brother  of  Richard  Morris,  of  Westchester,  and  a 
Cromwellian  officer,  who  was  sent  to  the  West  Indies,  and  settled  himself  at  Barbadoes,  where 
he  became  a  Quaker,  and  entertained  George  Fox.  After  the  death  of  his  brother  Richard  ia 
1672,  he  was  allowed  by  Colve  to  come  to  New  Netherland,  "  on  condition  that  he  attempt 
nothing  to  its  prejudice  during  his  sojourn."  Morris  was  accordingly  granted  the  guardian- 
ship of  his  infant  nephew,  and  custody  of  his  brother  Richard's  effects,  under  the  directiou 
of  the  "  Orphan  Chamber"  of  New  Orange,  although  his  own  estate  was  confiscated  as  be- 
longing to  a  then  Barbadian :  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  595,  617,  619,  631,  632,  645,  650,  664 ;  Besae,  ii., 
2SS,  313,  314,  315;  Fox's  Journal,  442;  Smith,  i.,  209  ;  Bolton,  ii.,  2S0-300;  Whitehead'a 
Memoir  of  L.  Jlorris,  1-5 ;  ante,  140, 188, 190. 


228  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  V.  Tvas  Staying  at  Shelter  Island,  now  asked  the  governor  to 

send  "  a  second  embassy  to  the  east  end  of  Long  Island,  so 

lo7o.  ^-^g^^  ^i^g  innocent  may  not  be  punished  with  the  guilty." 
If  Oct.  Colve  therefore  dispatched  Captain  Knj-ff  and  Ensign 
mtnistef-'  Nicholas  Yos  to  administer  the  oath  to  such  as  might  "  be 
**■  fi-ee  to  take  the  same."     Huntington  and  Setauket  were 

accordingly  visited ;  and  their  inhabitants  and  officei-s  read- 
ily swore  fidelity  to  the  Dutch  government.* 

By  advice  of  his  council,  which  agreed  with  that  of  Mor- 
ris and  Sylvester,  Governor  Colve,  instead  of  sending  the 
f g  Oct.     frigate  Surinam,  directed  Counselor  Steenwyck,  with  Cap- 
tain Charles  Epesteyn  and  Lieutenant  Charles  Quirynsen, 
to  visit  Easthampton,  Southold,  and  Southampton,  and  "  ad- 
The  East-  mouish  the  inhabitants  of  then*  duty  and  true  submission, 
admonX  and  also  to  establish  the  elected  magistrates  in  their  respect- 
^^'  ive  offices,  and  to  administer  the  oath,  as  well  unto  them 

as  the  rest  of  the  inhabitants  there."  If  any  New  England 
vessels  were  met,  they  were  not  to  be  molested.  If  the 
people  of  the  towns  objected  to  swear,  they  were  to  be  al- 
lowed to  promise  obedience;  but  their  magistrates  must 
take  the  oath,  as  the  Schout  Arnold  had  already  done. 
Concessions  were  promised  regarding  trade  with  the  New 
England  colonies,  the  nomination  of  local  officers,  and  what- 
ever the  people  might  "  ask  in  fairness."  But,  if  they  should 
be  obstinate,  the  chief  mutineers  were  to  be  reported  at 
New  Orange.  Steenwy^ck,  with  his  colleagues,  accordingly 
f  1  Oct.  embarked  in  the  "  Zeehond,"  under  the  command  of  Cap- 
tain CorneHs  Ewoutsen.f 

In  the  mean  time,  Rhode  Island,  which  did  not  belong 
i^  Aug.  to  the  New  England  confederation,  had  passed  laws  for  the 
Khodeisi-  (jgfeQge  Qf  ^i^Q  colony,  in  case  it  should  be  attacked  by  the 
Dutch.  On  recei\dng  the  answer  of  Evertsen  and  Binckes, 
27  August.  Connecticut  summoned  a  meeting  of  the  commissioners  of 
coane^-  ^he  United  Colonies  at  Hartford.  A  "  remonstrance"  was 
*'"'•  there  adopted,  recommending  each  confederate  to  take  care 
for  its  own  defense,  and  to  aid  any  other  which  might  be 
J5  Sept.  fii-st  invaded.  Plymouth  did  not  see  satisfactory  grounds 
Plymouth.  ^^^,  ^  ^^^  ^^p^^^  ^j^^  Dutch  at  Ncw  York  "  without  express 

command"  of  the  king,  or  the  actual  invasion  of  a  New 

•  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  G45, 61T ;  Wood,  9G,  9T;  Thompaon,  i.,  154, 155;  fl»ifc,  21T. 
t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  64S,  641,  G54 ;  Vroo3,  97 ;  ante,  21S. 


ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVERNOR  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.   229 

England  colony.     Massachusetts,  cliaracteristically  selfish,  chap.  y. 
notwithstanding  the  appeal  of  Southampton, "  did  not  judge     ^ 
it  expedient  to  engage"  in  the  matter  fm-ther  than  to  pro-  ^p  ^^^J 
vide  for  her  own  safety.     This  was  owing,  not  to  love  of  kassachu- 
the  Dutch,  or  hatred  of  the  Duke  of  York,  but  to  an  ever- 
controlling  tliirst  for  individual  aggrandizement.     At  this 
very  time,  Captain  Cleyborne,  of  the  Enghsh  fi'igate  Gar- 
land, being  at  Boston,  offered  to  retake  New  York  with  his 
own  ship,  if  Massachusetts  would  assist  him  with  some  sail- 
ors, soldiers,  and  provisions.    But  the  General  Court  would 
do  so  only  on  condition  that "  the  conquest  might  be  added 
to  Massachusetts ;  and  if  that  were  refused,  it  would  rather 
that  Manliattan  remamed  in  possession  of  the  Dutch  than 
that  it  should  be  put  into  the  hands  of  Colonel  Lovelace, 
the  former  governor."   At  the  same  time,  upon  the  petition 
of  John  Payne,  to  whom  a  large  tract  had  been  granted, 
the  Court  ordered  "  the  running  of  their  southern  line  to  |f  Oct. 

_  ,  , .  ,  Boundary 

Hudson's  Eiver."     But  this  attitude  of  Massachusetts  did  to  be  run. 
her  no  good  at  Whitehall.* 

Connecticut,  however,  yearned  after  Long  Island.    How- 
ell, Younge,  and  James,  as  representatives  of  the  three  east- 
em  towns,  petitioned  for  "protection  and  government"  ^| Oct. 
against  the  Dutch,  and  were  received  with  great  favor  at 
Hartford.     Letters  were  sent  to  Plymouth  and  Massachu- Jl  Oct. 
setts,  asking  their  concurrence ;  upon  favorable  answers  to 
which,  the  governor  and  some  other  magistrates  of  Connec- 
ticut were  authorized  "  to  protect  the  people  of  the  east  hs  0'=t- 
end  of  Lena;  Island,  and  to  estabUsh  government  amongst 

o  „  -r^  J-   £      .  t24 October. 

them."    But  the  reply  from  Boston  was  unsatisfactory,    in  3  j^^^^m. 
cloudy  words  it  intimated  that  Massachusetts  was  "  igno-  f^^"-^^^,], 
rant  of  the  extent"  of  the  Connecticut  patent,  yet  admitted  connecti- 
an  obligation  to  aid  the  Long  Island  people,  as  EngHshmen, 
against  the  Dutch,  as  a  national  enemy ;  while  the  Hart- 
ford "  claim  of  jurisdiction  over  them"  was  testily  rejected.  22  October. 
Connecticut,  nevertheless,  commissioned  Samuel  Willys  and  i.^o^^em.^ 
Captain  Fitz  John  Winthrop  to  go  to  Long  Island  with  cut^B^ds 
"necessary  attendants:"  treat  with  such  Dutch  forces  assionerato 

T  1  j1      i  -J.'         Long  Isl- 

they  might  find  there ;  and  warn  them  that  opposition  and. 

»  Col.  Eec.  Conn.,  ii.,  562,  503;  iii.,  486,  4ST;  R.  I.  P.ec.,u.,4S8-500;  Plymouth  Col.  Rec, 
V  ,  134  •'  X  ,  3S7  ;  Mass.  Rec,  iv.  (ii.),  54S,  558,  501,  5T0 ;  Arnold,  i.,  366,  3GT ;  Chalmers,  i., 
433,  434;  Hutch.  Coll., 413;  Mass.  II.  S.  CoIL,  xxx.,  86-88,  P6;  Palfrey,  ill,  121,  122,  304; 
ante,  ISS,  216. 


230  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ciiAr.  V.  would  provoke  the  Hartford  authoiities  to  consider  what 
they  were  "  nextly  obliged  to  do."* 

The  Connecticut  magistrates  also  lectured  "the  corn- 
el Oct.     mander  of  the  Dutch  forces  at  Kew  York"  for  ui'^ino^  his 
cutTec^'"  majesty's   subjects   on  Long  Island  to   swear  allegiance 
oXe.       against  the  King  of  England,  and  threatened  that  if  he 
persisted,  the  Xew  England  colonies  would  attack  him  at 
"  headquarters."     These  "  animadversions"  were    sent   to 
New  Orange  "  by  Mi*.  John  Bankes,"  who  was  instructed 
to  inform  Colve  how  tender  Connecticut  was  of  the  "  effu- 
sion of  Christian  blood,"  yet  how  interested  for  her  "  dear 
neighbours,  his  Majestie's  good  subjects"  on  Long  Island. 
26  October.  Sui'prised  at  the  insolent  tone  of  this  letter,  Colve  arrested 

5  Novem. 
Oolve's  an- 


5  Novem.  ^|.g  Nearer,  and  replied  to  Winthrop  that  he  could  not  be 


swer. 


lieve  such  an  "  impertinent  and  absurd  writing"  came  from 
winthrop'3  him.  Wiuthrop,  in  answer,  complained  of  Bankes's  deten- 
tion at  New  Orange,  and  declared  that  the  letter  he  bore 
contained  "  very  pertinent  and  needful  premonitions  for  the 
preventing  a  confluence  of  evill  consequences."! 

Unappalled  by  this  peculiar  rhetoric,  Colve  denied  the 
jPg  Novem.  right  of  Connccticut  to  question  his  proceedings  on  Long  Isl- 
pungent     and,  whcro  the  people  would  have  peaceably  taken  the  oaths 
to  the  Dutch  "  had  not  some  evil-disposed  persons  gone  from 
you  and  dissuaded  them."    He  was  in  New  Netherland,  he 
added,  "  to  maintain  the  right  of  their  High  Mightinesses 
and  his  Serene  Highness  the  Prince  of  Orange ;"  and  he 
would  do  it.    The  Dutch  had  always  treated  their  enemies 
more  humanely  than  the  English,  who  had  so  barbarously 
used  the  "  poor  fishermen  and  farmers"  on  the  island  of 
Ter-Schelhng.     On  his  return  to  Hartford  with  this  letter. 
Report  of   Baukes  reported  that  Colve  was  "  a  man  of  resolute  spirit 
about        and  passionate,  that  manageth  the  affaires  now  under  his 
NeiY  Neth-  powcr  SO  as  is  not  satisf actor}'  to  the  people  nor  soldiers ; 
and  that  he  is  in  expectation  of  strength  from  foreign 
parts,  upon  whose  arrival  he  seems  to  be  resolved  to  sub- 
due under  his  obedience  what  he  can,  not  only  on  the  isl- 
and, but  he  sayth  he  knowes  not  but  he  may  have  Hart- 
ford ere  long.":}: 

•  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  212-210,  503,501;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  056;  Col.  MSS.,  xxiii.,2Sl;  Wood's 
I.ODg  Island,  90;  Palfrey,  iii.,  121,  122. 
+  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  210,  504,  505 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii ,  051,  052,  OGO. 
t  Col.  Uoc,  ii.,  600,  GOI  ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  565 ;  an'e,  125.     On  the  ISth  of  May,  IGTj, 


commis- 
sioners. 


ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVERNOR  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.   231 

After  a  boisterous  voyage  through  the  Sound,  Colve's  chap.v. 
commissioners  meanwhile  met,  near  Plum  Gut,  the  vessel 
conveying  Willys   and  Winthrop  to  Long  Island,  which  gfoctobeV 
struck  its  colors  to  the  Dutch.     The  Connecticut  officers,  6  Novem. 

T  -1  T  •\        •  J_^      •  •      •  New  Neth- 

on   coming   on  board  and  producing  their  commissions,  eriand 
were  courteously  treated,  and  the  Dutch,  on  their  side,  sfo^^^at 
showed  them  their  own  papers.     Both  parties  then  landed  ^°'^'^°^'^- 
on  Long  Island,  Steenwyck  and  his  colleagues  spending  the 
night  with  Sylvester.     The  next  morning  the  commission-  ^^  October. 
ers  on  both  sides  rowed  up  to  Southold.     A  large  force 
was  in  arms.     Steenwyck  desired  the  inhabitants  to  be 
summoned ;  but  the  Connecticut  officers  urged  the  people  FoUed  by 
to  remain  faithful  to  the  King  of  England.     Upon  this,  necticrt' 
Moore,  who  had  been  named  a  magistrate  of  Southold, 
declined  the  Dutch  appointment ;  and  Arnold,  although 
abeady  sworn   as  sellout,  declared  that  he  had  resigned 
his  office,  because  his  neighbors  threatened  to  plunder  his 
house.     Seeing  that  they  could  now  do  nothing  at  South- 
old,  Colve's  commissioners  left  the  village,  intending  to  go  to  s"  October. 
Southampton.    But,  finding  that  they  would  "  be  unable  to  Ketum  to 
effect  any  thing,  and  rather  do  more  harm  than  good,"  they  an^.  '" 
came  back  to  New  Orange  with  an  unsatisfactory  report.* 

On  the  return  of  Willys  and  Winthrop,  Connecticut,  con- 
sidering the  condition  of  her  "  dear  countrymen  upon  Long 
Island,  their  further  motion  for  assistance,  and  the  late  at- 
tempts of  their  enemy  the  Dutch  upon  them,"  determined 
to  send  them  help ;  and  commissioned  Captain  Fitz  John  if  Novem. 
Winthrop  "  to  be  sergeant  major  over  the  military  forces  of  cuTforces 
his  majesty's  subjects  on  Long  Island."     Accordingly,  ad-  soulhoid. 
venturers  were  raised  at  Stonington  and  New  London,  and 
hurried  across  the  Sound  to  Southold.f 

Meanwhile  "  the  Dutch  interest"  in  New  Netherland  was 
hoping  that  Van  Euyven  would  do  much  for  them  in  the  van  Kuy- 
f atherland.     But  Yan  Ruyven  returned  unexpectedly  to  Wrecked'' 
New  Orange,  reporting  that  the   snow  "  Expectatie,"  in  ^e^o  *" 
which  he  embarked,  had  been  wrecked  near  Nantucket,  "^^e. 
Ewoutsen  was  dispatched  thither  with  the  Zeehond,  to  bring  fewoutsen ' 
back  the  disabled  vessel,  but  not  to  damage  any  New  En-  Nrntu°kct. 

the  Connecticut  General  Court  granted  Bankes  "  forty  shillinga  towards  his  expences,  when 
he  was  detained  in  Yorke,  in  the  year  seventy  three:"  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  253. 

*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  654-65S ;  Wood,  9T ;  Tliorapson,  i.,  155;  Palfrey,  iii.,  124;  ante,  21T,  213. 

t  Ma.s3.  H.  S.  Coll.,x.tx.,S:),  91;  Palfrey,  iii.,  125;  Col.  Bee.  Conn., ii.,  216. 


232  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  V.  glancl  craf  t,  unless  the  Expeetatie  liad  been  captured ;  in 

which  case  he  was  to  take  or  destroy  all  English  vessels, 

J.D  <  o.  a  -vvhencesoever  they  may  be."    Ewoutsen  reported  that  the 

A^  Nov  em.  i/  */  j. 

New  En-    Expcctatle  had  been  taken  by  an  English  privateer,  com- 
fefa^cap-^'  mandcd  by  Joseph  Dudson,  and  carried  to  Boston ;   and 
that,  according  to  his  orders,  he  had  brought  into  New  Or- 
ange four  New  England  trading  ketches.     These  vessels 
were  detained  "  provisionally  under  arrest,"  and  their  mas- 
l^  Novem.  ters  were  sent  to  Rhode  Island  with  a  letter  from  Colve  to 
Leverett,  asking  that  the  crew  of  the  Expeetatie  might  be 
allowed  to  return  unmolested  from  Boston,    Upon  further 
Condemn-  Consideration,  the  New  England  prizes  were  confiscated  as 
^ft Novem.  belonging  to  "subjects  of  England  actually  in  open  war 

against  our  state."* 

^/d^TI"''       These  spirited  Dutch  reprisals  waked  up  New  England. 

Threats  of  Massachusctts  demanded  the  release  of  its  coasters,  aftd 

setts.        threatened,  otherwise,  "  a  full  reparation  by  force  of  arms." 

^T^  Decern.  Colvc  replied  that  Massachusetts  had  seized  a  Dutch  vessel 

piyj^  s  re-  ^^^  carried  it  to  Boston,  before  any  thing  had  been  done 

by  New  Netherland  to  her  prejudice;  and  that, in  future, 

Massachusetts  should  employ  as  messengers  "honorable 

people,  and  no  spies."t 

Connecticut  now  proposed  to  Massachusetts  a  "  prevent- 
iD^cIm'"  ^^'®  expedition"  against  New  Netherland,  offering  a  " pro- 
portionable conjunction  and  compliance."     Massachusetts 
JJ5  Decem.  determined  "  that  God  doth  call  them  to  do  something  in 
a  hostile  way  for  their  own  defence,"  fitted  out  a  ship  and 
Action  of   a  ketch,  and  impressed  soldiers.    But,  as  Dudson  had  seized 
ciXand^    the  Dutch  vessel  at  Nantucket,  which  was  "  without  the  ju- 
slttT''^"'  risdiction  of  this  court,"  and  had  acted  under  a  letter  of 
marque  from  the  king,  and  not  from  Massachusetts,  it  was 
thought  "not  convenient  to  proceed  to  a  judication"  of  the 
If  Decern,  prize.     Plymouth  resolved  that  there  was  "just  ground  of 
a  war,"  and  that  she  should  do  her  utmost  against  the 
Dutch  in  New  Netherland.    But  Rhode  Island,  not  belong- 
ing to  the  New  England  Confederation,  took  no  action.:}: 

This  state  of  war  obliged  Colve  to  adopt  more  severe 
measures  toward    strangers,  especially  English.     Francis 

•  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  526, 532,  65S,  662,  663,  664;  Col.  Kec.  Conn.,  ii.,  565;  "Mass.  Rcc,  iv.  (ii.), 
5T3,  5T4;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  KB  ;  ante,  221.  t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  6GT,  66S. 

t  ( :ol.  Hec.  Conn.,  ii.,  216-220,  5.55,  556 ;  Mass.  Rec,  iv.  (ii),  572,  5T3,  674 ;  riymoiitli  Rcc, 
v.,  135, 130;  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.,ii.,6C.T;  Palfrey,  iii.,  OS,  122, 125;  R.  I.  Kec,  iii.,  50S-515. 


ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVERNOR  OF  NEW  NETHERL/IND.   233 

Beado,  an  Englishman,  had  been  convicted,  on  his  own  con-  cu.vr.  v. 
f  ession,  of  designina;  to  burn  the  villaa^e  of  Fordham,  and  ~~ 
had  been  sentenced  to  be  branded  and  banished  from  New  gg  T^otmi 
ISTetherland  for  twenty-five  years.     In  addition  to  the  pre-  sDecem. 
vious  order  of  11th  September,  a  proclamation  was  now  is-  vigorous 
sued  requiring  all  strangers  who  had  not  taken  the  oath  of  mV^ure.?. 
allegiance  to  leave  the  province  at  once,  and  forbidding  all  ^^  oeccm. 
persons,  not  inhabitants  and  subjects,  to  come  within  the 
government  without  proper  passports.     The  inhabitants 
were  also  forbidden  to  harbor  such  strangers,  or  hold  any 
correspondence  with  the  people  of  New  England  and  all 
other  actual  enemies ;  and  all  letters  to  or  fi'om  such  per- 
sons were  to  be  sent  to  the  provincial  secretary's  office  for 
examination.* 

Colve  also  appointed  Captain  William  Knyff,  of  the  in-  A  ^«cem. 
fantry  in  Fort  Willem  Hendrick,  to  be  "Fiscal  and  Con-calofNe^v 

.  Nether- 

servator  of  the  Laws"  in  New  Netherland.  It  was  a  re\dval  land. 
of  the  office,  held  last  by  De  Sille,  under  Stuyvesant ;  the 
duties  of  which  were  to  promote  the  peace  and  prosperity 
of  the  province,  maintain  the  jurisdiction  of  the  home  gov- 
ernment, prosecute  all  offenders,  and  to  take  care  "  that  good 
law  and  justice  be  administered,  without  respect  of  persons, 
in  all  courts  of  justice  within  this  province,  according  to  the 
laudable  custom,  laws,  and  ordinances  of  our  Fatherland."t 

Colve  now  visited  Midwout,  where  he  had  invited  the  xg  oecem. 
magistrates  of  the  Dutch  towns  on  Long  Island  to  meet  rLtbusii, 
him.     He  informed  them  of  the  preparations  making  in  °vout'.  " 
New  England,  and  recommended  the  towns  to  send  grain 
to  New  Orange,  repair  thither  whenever  summoned,  keep 
a  good  watch,  and  send  horsemen  occasionally  to  observe 
what  was  doing  in  the  English  towns.     Steenwyck,  Yan 
Ruyven,  and  Yan  Brugh  were  directed  to   examine  the 
houses  in  the  city,  and  report  what  accommodation  could 
be  given  to  "  outside  people"  seeking  refuge  from  the  ene- 
my.   The  towns  in  Schout  Lawrence's  district,  and  Bergen, 
Haerlem,  and  Fordham,  were  also  enjoined  fidehty  and  vig-  y-  Deecm. 
ilance.:}; 

*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  CG5,  6G6 ;  aiite^  222. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  6GS,  609 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  1C4,  414,  532,  622. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  609,  670,  672,  673.  The  burgomasters  of  the  city,  anxious  for  its  safety, 
were  alarmed  that  the  frigate  Surinam  had  left  the  harbor  on  the  2d  of  December,  contrary  to 
the  promise  of  Evertsen  and  Binckes,  a»i<e,  221,  and,  on  calling  on  Colve,  were  informed 
that  ha  could  not  and  would  not  explain  his  reason.-^,  but  that  "with  or  without  the  ship 


234  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CiiAP.  V.       The  city  fortifications  being  nearly  completed,  at "  exces- 

~      sive  expense,  trouble,  and  labor  of  the  burghery  and  inhab- 

, ,  itants,"  rea:ulations  were  made  to  secm-e  the  place.    At  sun- 

1^  Decern.  '  o  ^ 

New  oi--    down  the  gates  were  to  be  closed,  and  the  burgher  watch 
lations."  '  sct ;  and  no  other  person  was  to  approach  the  batteries  un- 
til sunrise.     No  one  could  enter  or  depart,  except  through 
vandewa-  the  city  gate,  on  pain  of  death.    Jacobus  van  de  Water  was 
m^]m.^    appointed  town  major  of  New  Orange  and  auditor  of  its 
court-martial.     The  commissioned  officers  of  the  city  mili- 
tia were  Captains   Cornells  Steenwyck,  Martin  Kregier, 
Militia  offi-  Johannes  van  Brugh,  and  ^gidius  Luyck,  Lieutenants  Wil- 
liam Beekman,  Jacob  Kip,  Christopher  Hooghland,  and 
Nicholas  Bayard,  and  Ensigns  Gabriel  Minvielle,  Stephanus 
van  Cortlandt,  and  Gelyn  Yerplanck.    They  were  thanked 
by  tlie  governor  for  the  zeal  they  had  shown  in  fortifying 
New  Orange,  and  assured  that  the  States  General  would 
not  fail  to  "  take  tlie  greatest  interest  in  the  preservation 
and  prosperity  of  the  city."     But  the  event  did  not  justify 
Colve's  too  ready  words.* 

Following  the  laudable  practice  of  the  fatherland,  the 
5=^  Novcm.  governor  issued  a  proclamation  that,  as  the  province  was 
and  "'°  now  blessed  with  "  the  fi'ee  and  pure  worship  of  God,"  and 
iQg°da5?r"  other  mercies,  the  fii'st  Wednesday  in  each  month  should 
oideied.  1^^  observed  in  New  Netherland  as  "  an  universal  day"  of 
fasting,  humiliation,  and  thanksgiving,  on  which  all  labor, 
gaming,  or  excess  in  drinking  was  strictly  prohibited.f 

On  the  Delaware  the  Provincial  Instruction  was  readily 
enforced  by  Sellout  Alrichs,  and  magistrates  were  estab- 
lished at  the  Iloarkill.  Captain  John  Carr,  who  had  gone 
to  Maryland,  was  allowed  to  settle  himself  in  New  Nether- 
land, if  he  took  the  oath  of  allegiance ;  but  if  he  refused, 
his  estate  was  to  be  seized.  As  several  Marylanders  had 
f g  xovem.  lately  committed  aggressions  on  the  Delaware  settlers, 
affairs.  Colvc  iuvitcd  the  sufferers  to  New  Orange,  and  directed 
all  the  inhabitants  there  to  obey  the  orders  of  Alrichs.:}: 

aforesaid,  he  ehould  not  undertake  nor  execute  any  thing  except  wliat  his  Ilonnr  should  con- 
sider serviceable  and  expedient  for  the  fort,  tlie  city,  and  the  burghery  :"  New  Orange  Rec, 
vii.,  72;  Val.  Man.,  1S50,  522.  Tlie  Surinam  was  back  again  in  harbor  in  January,  1GT4: 
Col.  Doc,iL,6S2. 

*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  C70,  CTl,  CT4,  675,  C77,  67S ;  Val.  Man.,  1S50,  523.  Moulton,  7,  8, 11, 12,  21, 
mistakes  the  office  of  Van  de  Water  for  mayor,  instead  of  major,  of  New  Orange.  The  mus- 
ter-roll of  Captain  Steenwyck'a  com;)any,  of  which  Bayard  w.is  lieutenant  and  Minvielle  en- 
sign, i.-(  in  Val.  Man.,  1850,  42 1,  425."  t  Col.  Poc,  ii.,  G5S ;  Val.  Man.,  1S50,  621. 

t  Col.Doc.,ii., 537,022,632, G59,6G3, 072, C73,C7Si  Col.MSS.,xxiv.,9T;  S. llazard,409,410. 


T%  Novem. 


ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVERNOR  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.         235 

In  Achter  Col,  or  New  Jersey,  Colve's  instraction  was  cuap.  v. 
cheerfully  obeyed.    Bergen  enacted  some  local  regulations. 
At  an  assembly  called  by  Schout  Ogden  at  Elizabethtown,  ^g  ^^^*^' 
several  ordinances  were  adopted,  mucb  milder  than  the  En-  AchterCoi, 

or  Ngw  jGr- 

glish  laws.  Before  approving  them,  Colve  had  them  trans-  sey. 
lated  into  the  Dutch  language.  Weary  of  their  distractions  ^® ''" 
under  the  government  of  Berkeley  and  Carteret,  the  people 
of  New  Jersey  welcomed  the  regained  authority  of  the 
Repubhcan  Netherlands.* 

The  Esopus  officers  were  confirmed  by  the  governor ;  6  October, 
among  whom  were  Cornells  Wjmkoop,  Boeloff  Kierstede,  fairs. 
Wessel  Tenbroeck,  an^  Jan  Burhans,  of  Swanenburg,  or 
Kingston ;  and  Louis  du  Bois,  Roeloff  Hendricksen,  Jan 
Joosten,  and  Jan  Broersen,  of  Hurley   and  Marbletown ; 
and  Captain  Albert  Heymans,  who  had  been  prominent  in 
the  riot  of  1667.     William  la  Montague  was  made  secreta- 
ry of  the  three  towns,  and  Isaac  Grevem'aet  their  schout,  in 
place  of  William  Beekman,  who  had  removed  to  New  Or- 
ange.   Two  brass  guns,  useless  at  Swanenburg,  were  order-  jg  oct. 
ed  to  be  sent  down  to  the  metropolis, "  as  the  same  are  re- 
quired here."t 

Schenectady  was  made  subordinate  to  Willemstadt ;  and  s'^^^yem'' 
Anthonia  van  Cm*ler  was  allowed  an  extension  of  the  priv-  wmem- 

■■■  stadt  and 

liege  which  had  been  granted  by  Lovelace.    As  New  France  schenecta- 
was  now  hostile  to  New  Netherland,  Commander  Draeyer 
was  directed  to  "  stop  all  correspondence  with  the  Jesuit,  f ^  Novem. 
and  Frenchmen  from  Canada,  whether  runaways  or  oth- 
ers."   He  was  again  instructed  to  observe  all  military  pre-  if  Novem. 
cautions  at  Fort  Nassau ;  not  to  confide  in  any  French  from  ^TeT'^'' 
Canada;  and  "to  break  off  all  correspondence  with  the 
Jesuit,  but  to  excuse  himself  in  a  courteous  manner.";}: 

The  Jesuit   missionaries   had   meanwhile   been    active 
among  the  Iroquois.     Bruyas,  at  Tionnontoguen,  or  Saint  Bruyasand 
Mary's,  and  Boniface,  at  Caghnawaga,  or   Saint  Peter's,  among  the 
labored  among  the  Mohawks.     Although  the  smallest  of '  °  ^''^ 
the  Iroquois  villages,  Caghnawaga  was  esteemed  by  the 
Jesuits,  like  ancient  Judah  by  the  Israelites,  as  the  greatest 
of  all  their  stations.    Prayer  was  offered  there  as  constantly 

•  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  621,  633,  643,  65S,  GS.3,  700,  T14,  726 ;  T\Tiitehead,  61,  62. 
t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,622,  626,  627,  629,  630,  644,  646,  649,  650;  Esopus  Records;  Warr.,  Ord., 
Passes,  ill.,  147 ;  ante,  123, 1.'57,  218. 
+  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  652,  653,  654,  659,  G62, 673;  Council  Minutes,  iiL,  120 ;  ante,  218,  224 


236  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  V.  "  as  in  the  best  regulated  families  of  France."  Yet,  while 
~  zealous  Mohawk  converts  paraded  their  chaplets  in  the 
'  Dutch  church  at  Albany,  the  Jesuit  missionaries  mistrusted 
their  frequent  visits  to  the  "  heretics,"  and  lamented  their 
"wretched  peace"  with  the  Mahicans,  which,  by  making 
the  paths  safe,  enabled  the  Iroquois  to  get  brandy  to  their 
hearts'  content.  The  most  interesting  incident  was  the  de- 
parture of  a  number  of  Mohawks  to  the  mission  at  the 
Prairie  de  la  Madeleine,  near  Montreal.     This  settlement 

}:migia-    had  received  its  first  Iroquois   accessions  from  Oneida, 

adafrom  wliosc  chlcf,  Garonhiaguc,  or  '"'•La  cendre  chaude^^  became 
""^  ■  a  catechist.  "While  on  a  visit  there,  Kryn,  or  "  the  Great 
Mohawk,"  had  become  converted  by  Fremin ;  and,  on  his 
return  to  Caghnawaga,  so  nioved  the  village  that  forty  Mo- 
hawks, with  their  squaws  and  children,  went  back  with  him 
to  the  Prairie.  Their  brethren  at  Tionnontoguen,  "  who 
were  not  yet  disposed  to  embrace  the  faith,"  complained  to 
Bruyas  of  the  "  black  robes,  wdio  seemed  to  wish  to  make 
their  country  a  desert  and  ruin  their  villages."  The  health 
of  Boniface,  however,  soon  failed  ;  and  he  returned  to  Que- 

i2june.  bee  to  die — conducting  "a  great  party"  of  converts,  and 
leaving  Bruyas  alone,  in  charge  of  both  the  Mohawk  sta- 
tions. The  intervals  of  missionary  labor  were  employed 
by  the  Iroquois  superior  in  preparing  his  immortal  dic- 
tionary of  the  Indian  tongue.* 

Millet  became  so  popular  at  Oneida  that  he  persuaded 

Millet  at  many  proselytes  to  renounce  the  invocation  of  Agreskoue. 
But  he  was  much  embarrassed  by  the  efforts  of  the  Hol- 
landers against  the  Jesuits, "  since  they  had  retaken  Man- 
hattan and  Orange,  and  driven  out  the  English."  In  an 
interesting  letter  to  Dablon,  at  Quebec,  Millet  described 
an  eclipse  of  the  moon  on  the  21st  of  January,  1674,  which 
he  had  foretold,  much  to  the  amazement  of  the  savages. f 

T.nmber-        At  Ououdaga,  Johu  de  Lamberville  was  cheered  by  some 

Onondaga,  ucw  couvcrts.     But  liis  flock  was  diminished  by  several 

*  Relation,  1072-3,33-55;  1GT3-0, 1-10, 142, 143-151, 175, 17T;  Poiiniol's  Miss.  Can.,  i., 4-21, 
179-lS;t,  23.5-239,  279-293,  345,  34G ;  ii.,10;  Shea,  2G9-272,  29S,  299;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  233, 
2.57,  854, 357 ;  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  352,  474  ;  ante,  190-192.  I  find  no  autlionty  for  the  statement 
in  the  note  in  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  720  (repeated  in  N.  Y.  Senate  Doc,  115,  April  16,  1SG3),  that 
Uniyas  was  among  the  Senecas  in  1073.  He  certainly  wrote  from  Tionnontoguen,  by  Boni- 
face, to  Frontenac,  on  12th  June  of  that  year :  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  792 ;  Douniol,  i.,  34.5. 

+  Uplatinn,lfi-2-.'i,. 55-05;  lG7.'!-9, 140 ;  Douniol,  i.,  22-30, 175-177,  239-250;  Charlevoix, 
ii.,25S;  Shea,  270,  2S2  ;  anfc,  17S,1S1, 191. 


ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVEKNOR  OF  NEW  NETHEELAND.   237 

proselytes  from  tlieir  native  "  Babylon,"  who  went  to  live  chap.  v. 
at  the  more  attractive  Prairie  de  la  Madeleine.     Carheil, 
at  Cayuga,  had  little  to  break  the  monotony  of  his  station  ^^^^J^^  J^ 
except  the  baptism  of  three  Andaste  prisoners  before  they  ^ayus"- 
were  bm-ned'by  tlieir  Iroquois  conquerors."^ 

Amonff  the  Senecas,  Garnier  had  charge  of  Saint  Michael  Gamier 
and  Saint  James,  while  Eafteix  labored  at  Conception,  at  the  sen- 
Wanting  assistance,  the  lonely  Jesuits  apphed  to  Dablon,  ^''^^' 
and  Pierron  was  sent  to  their  aid,  who  took  care  of  Saint 
James.     After  leaving  the  Mohawks  in  1671,  Pierron  re-Pierronin 
tui-ned  to  Quebec,  and  from  there  went  to  Acadia,  where  New  ik- 
he  spent  the  winter  of  1673.     Thence  he  wandered  over  fia"7iand. 
l^ew  England,  Maryland,  and  Yirginia,  finding  nothing 
"but  desolation  and  abomination  among  those  heretics." 
At  Boston  he  was  "  much  esteemed,"  although  suspected 
of  Jesuitism,  because  of  "  the  uncommon  knowledge  which 
he  exhibited."     Pierron    offered  to    estabhsh   a  mission 
among  the  Maryland  savages,  "  whose  language  he  knew." 
But  Dablon,  scrupulous  not  to  allow  a  Canadian  mission- 
ary to  interfere  with  the  "  English  Fathers"  in  Maryland, 
ordered  Pierron  to  assist  Garnier  and  Kaffeix  among  the  sene^l  ^^ 
Senecas.f 

During  the  winter  the  Jesuit  missionaries  had  reported 
to  Frontenac  that  the  Iroquois  were  not  well  disposed  to- 
ward the  French.  The  new  Onnontio  therefore  resolved  Fronte- 
to  make  a  pompous  visit  to  Lake  Ontario,  and  impress  tlie  to  Lake 
savages  with  the  power  of  Canada.  He  built  two  ba- 
teaux similar  to  that  of  Com-celles,  but  of  a  peculiar  model, 
each  carrying  sixteen  men  with  their  provisions,  and  each 
mounted  with  small  cannon,  and  painted  "in  a  fashion 
unhke  any  thing  seen  before  in  the  whole  country.":}: 

To  disarm  the  suspicions  of  the  Iroquois,  Frontenac  dis- 
patched La  Salle,  who  was  well  acquainted  with  them,  and 
had  just  returned  from  the  West,  to  invite  the  five  nations 
to  meet  him  at  Quinte  Bay  toward  the  end  of  June.  On 
his  way  from  Quebec  to  Montreal,  as  he  was  passing  the  ^^  ^^^^ 
Cap  de  la  Madeleine,  the  governor  is  stated  to  have  met  a  June. 

*  Relation,  1C72-3,  65-108  ;  1C73-0, 143-146, 152 ;  Douniol,  i.,  30-62, 256-2GS,  317 ;  U.,  11  ; 
Shea,  283,  289. 

t  Relation,  1672-3, 108-114 ;  1673-9, 140 ;  Donniol,  i.,  G3-68,  26^-278 ;  ii.,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 
44;  Shea,  268,  292 ;  ante,  178,  192. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  91, 95, 96 ;  Faillon,  iii.,  450-470 ;  ante,  ISO,  193. 


1673 


238  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  V.  Dablon,  the  superior  of  the  Jesuits,  who  informed  him  that 
he  had  learned  from  the  Indians  that  some  Dutch  ships 
had  captured  Manliattan ;  and  that  it  was  to  be  feared  that 
they  might  blockade  the  Saint  Lawrence,  or  even  attack 
Quebec.  But  Frontenac,  "  seeing  no  foundation  for  this 
intelligence,"  continued  his  route,  requesting  Dablon  not  to 
di\^ilge  the  news ;  at  the  same  time  taking  precautions  for 
the  safety  of  Quebec  and  Tadoussac* 
June.  Frontenac  started  from  La  Chine  with  one  hundred  and 
twenty  canoes  and  four  hundred  men,  and  ascended  the 
Saint  Lawrence  with  "incredible  labor,"  fifty  men  being 
required  to  drag  each  heavy  bateau  up  the  rapids.  On 
his  way  he  saw  "  the  most  delightful  country  in  the  world." 
At  length  he  arrived  at  "  a  point  at  the  head  of  all  the 


29  June. 


'JJuly. 

ij.Gaiette, rapids,"  called  "La  Galette"t  which  the  Sieur  laYalterie 

cr  Pz'escott 

'  had  previously  chosen  for  a  magazine  of  provisions.  Here 
the  governor  received  letters  from  La  Salle,  informing  him 
that  two  hundred  leading  Iroquois  had  gone  to  meet  him 
at  Quints.  This  obliged  him  to  send  the  Sulpitian  Abbes 
Fenelon  and  D'Urfe  thither,  to  ask  them  to  come  twenty 
leagues  nearer,  at  Cataracouy,  which  he  judged  to  be  the 
best  place  for  the  establishment  which  Courcelles  had  pro- 
j)osed.  Passing  Otondiata  and  the  "  vast  group  of  Islands 
with  which  the  river  is  studded,"  Frontenac  reached  the 
opening  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  arranged  his  flotilla  in  order 
^^juiy.  of  battle.  Here  he  met  D'Urfe,  who  had  overtaken  the 
Iroquois  on  their  way  to  Quinte,  and  caused  them  to  turn 
back.  The  French  flotilla  followed  them  "  to  the  mouth 
Frontenac  of  the  Rivcr  Cataracouy,  into  a  bay  about  a  cannon  shot 
louy.  fi'om  the  entrance,  which  forms  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
and  agreeable  harbors  in  the  world ;"  and  Frontenac  was 

*  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  97,  9S;  ante,  179.  Tliis  is  a  palpable  anaclironisra.  New  York  was  re- 
captured by  the  Dutch  on  the  30th  of  July,  or  9th  of  August,  1073  {ante,  20S),  which  was 
eight  or  nine  weeks  after  Dablon  is  said  to  have  reported  it  to  the  governor  at  the  Cap  de 
la  Madeleine!  It  seems  that  Frontenac  got  his  first  information  in  a  letter  from  Laniber- 
ville,  dated  at  Oswego,  on  the  30th  of  August,  or  9th  of  September,  1073,  .and  dispatched  by 
La  Salle,  who,  he  states,  was  "in  haste  to  depart,  to  carry  the  news  of  the  reconquest  of 
Manhattan  and  Orange  by  the  Hollanders,  and  of  the  current  rumour  that  they  have  twen- 
ty ships  of  war  about  to  sail  for  Quebec :"  Douniol,  i.,  347,  343 ;  post,  239,  240. 

t  "La  Galette"  (the  meaning  of  which  French  word  is  a  flat  cake,  familiar  to  Parisian?) 
seems  to  have  been  what  is  now  called  Wind-mill  Point,  a  little  below  Prescott,  in  Canada 
West,  the  scene  of  one  of  the  "  patriot"  movements  in  1S3S  :  compare  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  77, 101, 
114, 195,  241,  3S1 ;  Charlevoix,  v.,  2S1-2SG,  and  Map ;  Gent.  Mag.,  xxvii.,  74,  .Map ;  Hough's 
Saint  Lawrence,  41,  46;  Barber  and  Howe's  N.  Y.  Coll.,  4SS.  The  name,  however,  was  aft- 
erward transferred  to  Fort  Presentation  at  Oswegatchie  or  Ogilensburg:  sec  Smith,  i.,C9, 
note;  Col.  Doc,  vii.,  130,573;  x.,349;  Doc.  Hist., L,  2S1,  and  Sauthicr'a  Map  anne.xed. 


ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVERNOR  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.       239 

"enraptured   at  finding  a  spot  so  well  adapted  for  liis  cuap.v. 
design."* 

The  next  day  Frontenac   received  the  Iroquois  with  jt_j     ' 
great  pomp  in  front  of  his  tent,  called  them  his  "  children,"  ^^ 
and  named  a  day  for  solemn  conference.     In  the  mean 
time  the  Sieur  Rendin  traced  out  a  fort,  and  the  troops  Fort  traced 
worked  at  it  with  good  will.     At  the  appointed  time  Fron-  ^y^'juiy. 
tenac  told  the  Five  Nations  that  the  Jesuits  labored  only  to  ^iuf'h  "'^ 
teach  them,  and  should  be  respected ;  that  Onnontio  had  ^■■'^"'''® 
proved  his  power  by  coming  up  all  the  rapids  with  ba- 
teaux carrying  cannon;  that  he  now  ratified  the  treaties 
made  by  liis  predecessors ;  and  he  urged  his  "  children"  to 
let  tlieir  youth  learn  the  French  tongue,  promising  to  com- 
municate with  them  either  through  the  missionaries,  or  by 
some  "  person  of  character"  like  La  Salle.     The  Iroquois  The  iro- 
"  appeared  highly  gratified  that  Onnontio  had,  at  the  first  ed°^chii-" 
and  second   audience,  addressed  them   as  Children,  and 
thereby  had  bound  himself  to  act  towards  them  as  a  Fa- 
ther; the  other  Onnontios  not  having  made  use  of  that 
mark  of  authority,  and  they  having  never  consented  to  be 
addressed  otherwise  than  as  Brothers."     They  expressed  ts  J"'y 

•^  -"-  J  oy  of  the 

their  joy  at  the  establishment  of  a  French  fort  at  Catara- I'oquois. 
couy ;  yet  they  lamented  the  conquests  of  the  French  in 
Holland,  and  the  ruin  of  the  Dutch,  who  "  had  been  friend- 
ly with  them."f  At  the  same  time,  they  wished  Frontenac 
to  assist  them  against  the  Andastes, "  the  sole  enemies  re- 
maining on  their  hands."  This,  however,  the  governor 
waived ;  and  the  Five  Nations  proinised  to  consider  his 
propositioii  in  regard  to  their  children  learning  French. 

The  fort  was  soon  completed  ;  and,  after  settling  its  gar- 
rison, Frontenac  returned  to  Montreal,  delighted  that  he  iauIu^." 
had  accomplished  his  enterprise  without  any  accident,  and 
by  the  resources  of  Canada  alone,  without  any  aid  from 
the  court.     Not  long  afterward  La  Salle  came  back  fi-om  9  sept^em!' 
Oswego  with  a  letter  from  Lamberville,  reporting  the  re- 

*  Col.  Doc.,  ix.,  01,  9S-103,  T92 ;  x.,  349 ;  Douniol,  i.,  172,  240,  250,  343 ;  Charlevoix,  ii, 
245;  antf,  ISO,  193.  The  admirable  situation  of  KiDgiton,  in  Canada  West,  well  deserves 
the  praise  bestowed  by  i's  founder,  Frontenac.  But  in  1T03,  D'Aigremont  reported  to 
Pontchartrain  that  La  Galette  would  be  a  much  better  place  for  the  fort  than  Frontenac: 
Col.  Doc,  ix.,S22;  and  Charlevoix  adopted  this  opinion  when  he  vicited  Cataracouy  in 
1721  :  Charlevoix,  v.,  281,  2S2. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  110.  It  is  clear  from  this  that  Frontenac  could  not  yet  have  heard  the 
news  of  the  recapture  of  Xew  York  by  the  Dutch,  referred  to  on  the  previous  page. 


240  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  KEW  YORK. 

ciixv.  V.  capture  of  Kew  York  by  tlie  Dutcli,  and  their  proposed  at- 

tack  of  Quebec.     La  Salle  was  immediately  appointed  gov- 

La  saiif '  6rnor  of  "  Fort  Frontenac,"  at  Cataracouy,  an  interesting 

"^"i^^^°l    detail  of  the  establishment  of  which  was  sent  to  Colbert.* 

of  "  Fort 

Frontc-         In  his  letters  home,  Frontenac  dwelt  upon  the  inter- 
f J  xovem.  meddling  of  the  Jesuits  with  the  Recollets.     Colbert,  in 
reply,  instructed  him  to  form  towns  and  villages  in  Cana- 
1674.  da,  rather  than  prosecute  distant  discoveries,  unless  they 
j^May.    should  opcu  a  nearer  way  to  France  than  through  the 
Saint  Lawrence.     At  the  same  time,  he  expressed  surprise 
Population  that  the  population  of  Canada  was  only  six  thousand  seven 
^- Novem.  lii^ndred  souls.f     Frontenac  answered  that  his  expedition 
to  Lake  Ontario  had  made  the  Iroquois  friendly,  and  in- 
sured the  safety  of  the  Jesuit  missionaries  among  them. 
But  the  only  way  to  build  up  Canada  was  to  follow  the 
example  of  her  neighbors  at  Manliattan  and  Orange.     The 
Jesuits  only  endeavored  "  to  instruct  the  Indians,  or  rather 
to  get  beavers,  and  not  to  be  parish  priests  to  the  French." 
But  the  Franciscans  or  Becollets,  who,  under  the  Father 
TheRecoi-  Gabriel    de    la    Eibourde,    were    now    transferred   fi'om 
taiacouj-?'  Quinte  to  Cataracouy,  were  laboring  with  great  zeal,  and, 
if  more  numerous,  "would  assuredly  do  wonders  in  the 
missions.":}: 

In  the  mean  time  the  exploration  of  the  Mississippi  had 

been  partially  accomplished.     After  spending  the  winter 

at  Mackinaw,  Jolliet  and  Marquette  left  Green  Bay  in 

1G73,  June,  1673,  ascended  the  Fox  River,  crossed  the  portage 

to  the  Wisconsin,  down  which  they  drifted  in  their  birch 

^j  June,    canoes  until  they  reached  the  Great  River,  which  the  f a- 

Ma'i^uette  tlicr  Called  "  the  Conception,"  while  his  fellow-adventurer 

up£  Miv  wished  to  name  it  "  the  Colbert."     Following  its  current, 

sisaippu     ^j^gy.  pagsg(j  i\-^Q  mouth  of  the  muddy  "  Pekitanoui,"  or 

Missouri,  and  then  that  of  the  limpid  "  Ohio,"  which  Bru- 

yas — who  literally  translated  its  Mohawk  name — called 

"The  Beautiful  River."     Having  reached  the  mouth  of 

*  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  103-114,  122,  211,  793;  Quebec  MSS.,ii.  (ii.),  291;  Douniol,  i.,  347,  34S; 
Gameau,  i.,112;  Hennepin's  Louisiana,  5, 6 ;  Sliea,  283;  Discovery  of  the  Mississippi,  xxxiv. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  SS,  95,  115,  116,  792  ;  Quebec  MSS.,  ii.  (ii.),  291 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  C7.  The 
population  of  New  Netherland  at  this  time  was  estimated  to  be  from  six  to  seven  tliousand, 
and  that  of  New  England  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  :  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  526, 59S ; 
Chalmers,  i.,  434. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  95, 120, 121,  7^3;  Quebec  M.SS.,  ii.  (ii.),  57;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  257;  Sparks's 
La  Salle,  16;  Shea's  Missions,  412;  Discovery  of  the  Mississippi,  S5,  S9, 169;  ante,  149, 169, 
170, 194. 


ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVEENOR  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.   241 

the  Ai-kan&'as,  and  satisfied  themselves  that  the  Mississippi  chap.  v. 
emptied  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  explorers  retmiied  by 
way  of  the  Illinois  River  to  Chicago,  and  thence  to  Green  ^ 
Bay,  having  traveled  nearly  tln-ee  thousand  miles.     Leav-  ^' 
ing  Marquette  at  Green  Bay,  Jolliet  went  homeward  as  far  septem. 
as  Mackinaw,  accompanied  by  a  young  savage,  who  had 
been  given  him  by  the  chief  of  the  IlHnois,  and  spent  the 
mnter  there.     Early  the  next  spring  he  came  down  to  Fort  16Y4. 
Frontenac,  where  he  communicated  his  discoveries  to  La 
Salle,  who  was  in  command  of  the  post.     Li  descending 
the  Saint  Lawrence,  Jolliet  safely  passed  all  the  rapids  un- 
til he  reached  the  Sault  Saint  Louis,  just  above  Montreal, 
where  his  canoe  was  overturned,  all  his  papers  lost,  his  July, 
young  Illinois  companion  drowned,  and  his  own  life  barely 
saved  after  a  four  hours'  struggle  with  the  waters. 

N^evertheless,  Jolliet  was  able  to  prepare  from  memory  a  Jouiefs 
map  and  a  narrative  of  his  marvelous  journey.     From  these  narrative. 
materials  Dablon  compiled  a  "Relation,"  wliich  he  dis- ^ August 
patched  to  the  superior  general  of  the  Jesuits  at  Paris. 
Not  long  afterward  Jolliet  was  rewarded  by  a  grant  of  the 
island  of  Anticosti.     By  the  Ottawa  flotilla  Dablon  re- 
ceived copies  of  Marquette's  journal  and  map,  which  he  Jiar- 
f orwarded  to  France,     Frontenac  also  sent  to  Colbert  the  joumar 
map  and  narrative  of  JolKet,  who  had  discovered  an  inland  S^N^vein. 
navigation  from  Lake  Ontario  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  with  frontenac 

~  1  recom- 

only  a  short  portage;  and  therefore  he  suggested  that  a^^^^^'j^* 
French  settlement  should  be  made  at  Niag-ara,  and  a  bark  po^'  '^'^  ^'i- 

~        '  agara. 

be  built  on  Lake  Erie.  This  idea  was  no  doubt  originated 
by  La  Salle,  who  had  seen  Jolliet  at  Cataracouy,  fresh 
from  his  Mississippi  voyage,  and  who  was  now  out  of  em- 
ployment. La  Salle  therefore  resolved  to  return  to  France  Lasauere. 
to  plead  his  own  cause  with  the  king ;  and  Frontenac  cheer-  France. 
fully  recommended  him  as  "  the  most  capable  for  all  the 
enterprises  of  discovery."* 

*  Col.  Doc,  vi.,  532,  545,  610 ;  ix,  118, 119,  121,  122,  211,  216,  383,  COS,  706,  787,  TE3,  886 ; 
Quebec MSS.,  ii.  (ii.),  57;  La  Potherie,  ii.,  131:  Douniol's  Miss. Can.,  i.,  193-204;  li.,  5, 6, 241- 
330;  Famon,ia,  312-315,  472;  Charlevoix,  11.,  248-250;  Hist.  Mag.,  v.,  237-239;  Henne- 
pin's Louisiana,  6, 13 ;  New  Discovery,  303-306  ;  Sparks's  La  Salle,  and  Marquette;  Ban- 
croft, iii.,  155-161;  Garneau,  1.,  232-237;  Shea's  Disc,  of  the  Mississippi,  x.xvii.-x.xxlv., 
Ix.xv.,  Ixxx.,  4-52,  S3,  84;  and  Catholic  Missions,  405,  406,  435-437;  anle^  163,  194.  The 
copy  of  Marquette's  Journal  which  Dablon  sent  to  Paris  -was  published  by  Thevenot,  with 
curtailments,  in  1681.  An  English  translation  was  Issued  in  1698,  annexed  to  Hennepin's 
"New  Discovery,"  306-349;  and  another  in  Dutch  is  contained  in  vol.  xxviii.  of  Van  der 
Aa's  Collection  of  1707.    Another  copy  of  Marquette's  Journal  was  prepared  for  publication 

II.— Q 


242 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  KEW  YORK. 


Chap.  V. 


1674. 


15  Jan. 
New  Or- 
iinge  af- 


IC  Jan. 


1  Febr'y. 


19  Febr'y. 
Tax  for  the 
eity  fortifi- 
cations. 


17  Marcli. 


21  March. 


13  March. 


10  March. 
Military 
precau- 
tions. 


"VVliile  the  dominion  of  France  was  tlius  indefinitely  ex- 
tended by  her  adventurous  sons  over  the  interior  of  North 
America,  that  of  Holland  over  a  modest  space  of  its  sea- 
board was  firmly  maintained  by  her  patriotic  children. 

The  metropolis  of  New  Netherland  was  brought  more 
directly  under  the  governor's  authority  by  a  "  Provisional 
Instruction,"  which,  among  other  things,  authorized  the 
Fiscal  KnyfE  to  preside  over  the  court  of  Schout,  Burgo- 
masters, and  Schepens.  The  city  magistrates  rebelled  at 
this ;  but,  upon  Colve's  threat  to  dismiss  them  and  convoke 
the  burghers  to  nominate  others,  they  yielded,  under  a 
protest.* 

To  provide  for  the  "  excessive  expenses"  of  the  city  for- 
tifications, Colve  levied  a  tax  on  the  estate  of  each  citizen 
of  New  Orange  worth  over  one  thousand  guilders.  Com- 
missioners were  accordingly  appointed,  and  lists  made  out 
of  the  property  of  "  the  most  affluent  inhabitants ;"  which 
amounted  to  upwards  of  five  hundred  and  twenty  thousand 
guilders.  But  as  it  would  take  time  to  collect  this  tax, 
each  burgher  assessed  more  than  four  thousand  guilders 
was  ordered  to  "  advance,  by  way  of  loan,"  the  hundredth 
penny  of  his  capital, "  for  such  is  deemed  to  be  necessary 
for  the  public  good."  Of  this  forced  loan  Major  Jacobus 
van  de  Water  was  appointed  receiver.f 

The  city  of  New  Orange  being  now  "capable  (imder 
God)  of  resisting  all  attacks  of  any  enemies,"  the  "  out 
people"  of  the  neighboring  villages  were  directed  to  hasten 
there  with  proper  arms  on  the  first  notice  of  the  coming  of 
any  hostile  ships.  The  citizens  were  also  forbidden  to 
leave  town  without  the  consent  of  their  magistrates.  The 
sloops  sailing  up  the  North  River  to  Esopus  and  Willem- 
stadt,  and  to  the  Delaware,  were  required  to  go  in  rota- 

by  Dnblon,  which,  however,  was  long  buried,  along  with  the  original  map,  in  the  archives  ' 
of  the  Jesuit  College  at  Quebec.     In  1844  they  came  into  the  hands  of  Father  Felix  Martin, 
by  whom  they  were  intrusted  to  Mr.  John  G.  Shea,  who  published  a  fac-simile  of  the  map 
and  a  translation  of  the  Journal  in  1S53.     The  originals  were  privately  printed,  with  great 
rfegance,  in  1S55,  by  Mr.  James  Lenox.     They  were  also  reprinted  at  Paris  in  ISGl,  by  Dou- 
niol,  in  his  "•  Mission  du  Canada,"  ii.,  241-331.     Copies  of  Jolliet's  m.ip  and  letter  to  Fronte- 
nac,  made  from  the  originals  at  Paris,  are  in  the  Library  of  the  Canadian  Parliament  at 
Quebec:  see  Catalogue  (ed.  1858),  p.  1015.     Henri  Martin,  i.,  491,  insists  that  La  Salle  di:?- 
covered  the  Mississippi  before  JoUiet  and  Marquette  :  compare  Garneau,  i.,  236,  7iote;  and 
Douniol,  ii.,  3T5;  Faillon,  iii.,  313. 
*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  078-681 ;  Val.  Man.,  1850, 523-527  ;  anU,  212,  226, 233. 
t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  685,  688,  607,  609,  700,  701;  Val.  Man.,  IS.'iO,  525,  5.30;   1851,  435;  Moul- 

ton,  14,  15, 16 ;  V.ilentine's  N.  York,  319-330;  ante,  p.  234.     The  rate  list  is  in  Col.  Doc,  ii., 

039,  700. 


ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVERNOR  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.   243 

tion,  so  as  not  to  weaken  the  capital.     In  case  an  enemy  chap.  v. 
should  arrive,  all  vessels  were  to  haul  behind  the  frigate 
Surinam,  "  near  the  circular  battery."*  2t  March^ 

The  towns  on  Long  Island,  with  Bergen  and  Haerlem,  22  March. 
were  also  directed  to  send  each  a  militia  officer  and  magis-  tionatNcw 
trate  to  a  Convention  in  New  Orange.     Francis  Bloodgood,  ^"^^"s®- 
one  of  the  schepens  of  Flushing,  was  at  the  same  time*  ap- 
pointed "  chief  officer"  of  the  Dutch  people  of  Flushing, 
Heemstede,  Jamaica,  and  ISTewtovni,  and  charged  with  their 
military  police.     The  Convention  met  accordingly,  and  ev-  26  siarch. 
ery  precaution  was  taken  to  provide  sufficient  defense  for 
the  capital  in  case  it  should  be  attacked.f 

The  governor's  attention  had  meanwhile  been  drawn  to 
affairs  at  the  eastern  end  of  Long  Island.     Provisions  be- 
ing needed  at  the  fort,  Ewoutsen  was  ordered  to  receive  Febr'y. 
them  at  Shelter  Island  from  Sylvester,  whose  bond  was 
now  due.     Some  soldiers  were  sent  along,  in  hope  that  the  Dutch  ex- 
refractory  towns  might  be  reduced  to  subjection.     Mean- sueiter  isu 
while  Fitz  John  Winthrop  had  reached  Southold  with  his 
Connecticut   auxiliaries.     On  learning   the   approach  of 
Colve's  expedition,  forces  were  hurried  from  Southamp- 
ton and  Easthampton ;  and  it  was  determined  not  to  hin- 
der the  Dutch  from  obtainino;  what  they  wanted  at  Shelter 
Island,  but  only  to  defend  Southold.     Sylvester  promptly  ^ j^^^^^'_ 
delivered  his  stipulated  proA'isions  to  Ewoutsen.     The  next 
morning  the  Dutch  flotilla  ranged  itself  before  Southold, 
and  Sylvester  was  sent  to  demand  the  surrender  of  the  En- 
glish, who  were  promised  the  same  pri^dleges  with  other  l^J^^^^^- 
towns  in  Xew  Netherland,  but  were  threatened,  in  case  of  f^^^f^f  ^° 
their  refusal,  "  with  fire  and  sword."     He  was  answered  soutuoid 
that  the  Dutch  commander  would  be  received  "  as  a  per- 
son that  disturbs  His  Majesty's  subjects."     Ewoutsen  now 
ordered  his  boats  to  land,  and  a  gun  to  be  fired  from  his 
snow,  the  Zeehond,  which  did  no  harm.     The  fire  was  re- 
turned without  effect.     As  the  English  were  evidently  too 
overpowering,  it  was  thought  absurd  to  attempt  any  tiling 
farther ;  and  the  Dutch  flotilla  quietly  returned  to  New 
Orange  with  the  provisions  for  which  it  had  come  to  Shel- 
ter Island  safely  on  board.:]: 

*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  695,  696,  69T,  T02  ;  Val.  Man.,  1S50,  536,  537  ;  1S51,  439,  440,  441 ;  Moul- 

ton,  12  ;  Wood,  97 ;  Thompson,  i.,  156.  t  Col.  Doc.,  ii.,  103,  591,  TOl,  702 ;  ante,  215. 

t  Col.Doc.,ii.,58S-590;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  91-94;  Col.  Bee.  Conn., ii., 566, 537;  Wood, 


24:4  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOEK. 

€uAP.  V.  Wintlii'op's  conduct  at  Southold  was  applauded  by  Con- 
necticut,  which  directed  him  to  continue  "  to  assist  and  de- 

^       '  fend  the  people  there  'till  at  least  these  present  motions  of 

oonnecti-'  the  Dutcli  bc  over,"  Application  was  also  made  to  Massa- 
chusetts for  a   man-of-war  "  to  cleare  the  coasts."     But 

^  Marck  Governor  Leverett  replied  that  "  the  generall  voague  of  the 

settT'^  "'  avefseness  of  the  people  to  ingage  in  any  acts  of  hostility 
against  the  Dutch,  occasions  retardment  of  comeing  to  any 
conclusion  tending  thereto."  The  General  Court,  however, 
"  after  much  and  serious  consideration  of  the  condition  of 

11  March,  thcsc  colouics,"  rcsolvcd  to  send  out  a  vessel  or  two  "  to  re- 
press the  insolence  of  the  Dutcli  in  the  Sound,  who  are, 
with  an  inconsiderable  force  there,  triumphing  to  the 
amazement  and  affrightment  of  our  friends."     Connecti- 

i|  March,  cut  was  adviscd  of  this  determination ;  but  no  cruisers  ap- 
pear to  have  been  dispatched  from  Boston.^^ 

14  March.  It  was  uow  rumorcd  that  the  King  of  England  was 
about  to  retake  New  Netherland.     Some  vessels  having 

If  April,  arrived  at  Sandy  Hook,  Ewoutsen  was  dispatched  to  learn 
what  they  were,  but  "  not  to  imperil  his  snow."  Soon  aft- 
erward it  was  reported  that  peace  had  been  made  between 
Holland  and  England.     Is^evertheless,  the  property  of  in- 

3%  May.    habitants  of  New  England,  Virginia,  and  Maryland  found 

lonfaipro^- witliin  Ncw  Netlierlaud,  which  had  been  excepted,  was 

caied!°°  ^'  now  confiscatcd.  The  Zeehond  was  also  ordered  to  cruise 
in  Long  Island  Sound,  where  Ewoutsen  captured  two  Mas- 
sachusetts  craft,  and  in  ISTarragansett  Bay   a   Plymouth 

15,  May.    sloop.     The  prizes  were  brought  to  New  Orange  and  con- 
demned.    But  this  was  the  last  act  of  hostility  between 
the  Dutch  and  English  colonies  in  North  America.f 
1G73.       The  first  intelligence  of  the  reconquest  of  New  York 

^oct.  came  to  Holland  by  way  of  England.  Michielsen,  who 
had  been  sent  home  with  dispatches  from  Binckes,  was 

9,97;  Thompson,  i.,  155,  3GT,36S;  Trumbull,  i.,  324,  325;  Palfrey,  ill.,  125, 126 ;  anlc,217, 
231.  The  Dutch  Records  (Col.  Doc,  ii.,  6SS-T07)  do  not  jnention  this  expedition,  of  which 
the  reducing  the  towns  at  the  east  end  of  Long  Island  seems  to  have  been  "  the  chiefe  part 
of  their  errand  :"  Mass.  U.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  99, 100. 

•  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  95-98;  Mass.  Etc.,  iv.  (ii.),  576,  577;  Palfiey,  iii.,  122,  126; 
ante,  229,  232.  The  vessels  ordered  by  Massachusetts  for  seixice  in  the  Sound  were  the 
"  Swallow,"  of  12  guns.  Captain  Richard  Sprague,  and  the  "  Salisbury,"  of  S  guns,  Captaiu 
Samuel  Moseley :  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  100-102, 104. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  611,  707,  710,  715,  716,  719,  725,  726,  727 ;  iii.,  208-212 ;  Col.  MS9.,  xxiii  , 
325;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  93,  104,  107;  <JoI.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  222;  Moulton,  13;  Palfrey, 
iii.,  127  ;  ante,  223. 


antho:ny  colve,  governor  of  new  NETHERLAND.  245 

captured  off  Beachy  Head,  and  threw  them  overboard  to  chap.v, 
prevent  their  being  read  by  the  English.     The  States  Gen- 
eral  dehberated  "  what  further  ought  to  be  done  for  the  ^  ^^ 
protection  and  preservation  of  the  Colony  of  Xew  Nether- Mws  of  the 
land."     Upon  the  petition  of  merchants  interested  in  the  of  New 
colonial  trade,  the  secret  committee  on  foreign  affairs  was  in^Hoiiand. 
directed  "to  dispose  of  the   matter  as  they  shall  think ||^?^*-^f 
proper."     Six  weeks  afterward,  on  the  receipt  of  dispatch-  Qg^JJ^f^^ 
es  from  Binckes,  the  States  General  resolved  "  that  the  su- 
perintendence of  New  Netherland,  and  whatsoever  apper- 
tains thereto,  shall  be  committed,  as  it  is  hereby  commit- 
ted, provisionally  and  until  further  order,  to  the  Board  of 
Admiralty  at  Amsterdam ;  Ordering  and  commanding  the  xs  Decern, 
inhabitants  of  New  Netherland  aforesaid,  and  the  military 
who  shall  be  sent  thither,  absolutely,  and  without  any  re- 
serve, to  obey  the  orders  which  will  be  issued  by  or  on  be- 
half of  the  said  Board,  in  their  High  Mightinesses'  name : 
— That  by  Commission  of  their  High  Mightinesses,  a  prop- 
er person  shall  be  sent  thither,  with  the  title  of  Governor 
or  Commander,  in  order  to  clothe  him  with  greater  respect : 
— That  the  aforesaid  Governor  or  Commander  shall  be 
chief  and  Supreme  Ruler,  both  in  civil  and  in  military  af- 
fairs ;  and  that  he  shall  by  the  aforesaid  Commission,  be 
instructed  to  obey  the  orders  of  said  Board  of  Admiralty 
at  Amsterdam : — That  Joeis  Andeinga,  actually  Secretary  Jons  An- 
of  the  Provincial  fleet,  shall  be  appointed  and  commission-  pointed 
ed  to  said  government  or  command,  and  that  the  necessary  New  Neth- 
commission  shall  be  expedited  to  him : — That  the  Captain 
and  officers  of  the  Companies  to  be  sent  thither  shall  be 
given  in  charge,  as  they  are  hereby  enjoined,  precisely  and 
punctually,  to  obey  all  orders  that  will  be  given  them  by 
said  Board  of  Admiralty  at  Amsterdam."* 

By  this  action  of  the  States  General  a  regular  govern- 
ment was  established  over  New  Netherland,  and  Joris  An- 
dringa  took  his  place  in  her  annals  as  the  successor  of  An- 
thony Colve.     The  Amsterdam  Board  of  Admiralty,  after  J- ^2, 
considering  Binckes's  dispatches,  determined  that,  as  the  Further ae- 
entire  province  had  been  surrendered  at  discretion,  all  the  land! 

*  CoL  Doc,  ii.,  527-531;  Sylvius,  ix.,  CGO,  6G5;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  103;  ante,  213. 
Joris  is  the  Dutch  for  George.  Andringa  had  formerly  been  secretary  to  De  Euyter,  and 
had  written  interesting  accounts  of  the  battle  of  June,  ICGC,  and  of  tlie  Chatham  expedition 
of  June,  1CG7  :  Basnage,  i.,  "SI,  805;  ante,  124, 134. 


246  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOEK. 

cuAP.v.  property  of  the  Duke  of  York,  or  his  officers,  was  good 
~      ]3i'i2:e,  and  should  be  applied  to  the  benefit  of  the  state ; 
'      and  that  the  governor  of  New  IS'etherland  should  be  au- 
thorized to  "maintain  some  neutrality"  with  the  English 
colonies  north  and  south  of  him,  and  even  to  make  a  treaty 
of  commerce  with  them.     These  points  were  approved  by 
the  Prince  of  Orange  and  the  States  General,  and  were  or- 
f i  jan'y.  dcrcd  to  be  carried  into  effect  by  "  Joris  Andringa,  Gov- 
ernor of  New  Netherland  aforesaid."* 
Extraordi-      Extraordinary  vicissitudes  have  always  marked  the  colo- 
situdeVin"  nial  life  of  New  York.     Another  epoch  appeared  to  be 
iiiTtoiy?'^    now  opening  in  her  history ;  and  many  in  her  Dutch  fa- 
therland looked  forward  to  the  establishment  of  their  na- 
tion's power  over  the  most  important  region  in  North  Amer- 
ica.     That  region,  they  knew,  had  formerly  languished 
under  the  selfish  rule  of  the  West  India  Company.     Now 
they  hoped  it  would  flourish  as  the  rose  under  the  more 
Holland     genial  administration  of  the  Dutch  Republic  itself.     Mid- 
tain  New    way  between  the  Royalist  and  the  Puritan  colonies  of  En 
land!^"^'      gland  might  grow  up  a  valiant  empire,  to  teach  the  world 
sublime  lessons  in  civil  liberty,  religious  fi'eedom,  and  pa- 
triotic endurance.     The  descendants  of  the  men  who  had 
first  proclaimed  the  doctrine  of  "taxation  only  by  con- 
sent;" who  had  banished  the  Inquisition,  and  established 
in  its  place  liberty  of  conscience ;  and  who  were  even 
now  breasting  the  ruthless  cohorts  of  France,  could  main- 
tain and  extend  in  the  Columbian  world  the  principles  and 
the  virtues  which  distinguished  the  grandest  "  United"  na- 
tion in  Christendom.     Instead  of  emigrating  to  Batavia, 
the  children  of  Holland  might  follow  the  sun  toward  the 
west,  and  on  the  great  "  River  of  the  Mountains"  which 
their  fatherland  had  discovered,  could  build  up  "  the  Ex- 
change of  a  wealthier  Amsterdam,  and  the  schools  of  a 
more  learned  Leyden."t 
1073.       But  these  things  were  not  to  be.     England  must  take 
decre&s'^En'l  tlic  placc  of  Holland  in  America.     The  Dutch  Republic 
sicceed"     could  uot,  single-haudcd,  cope  with  France  and  Britain. 
Amor?cl'°  Pcacc  witli  tlic  latter  had  become  a  necessity,     William  of 
Orange  felt  that,  to  secure  the  rei)ublic,  Louis  must  be  ef- 

•  Col.  Dor.,ii.,r>n5-5n7;  anfr,  212,  223. 

t  .171^',  vol.  i.,  '.".'4,  40.^,  43G,  43T,  441 ,  449,  4n,  445,  740 ;  ii.,  C04 ;  Macaulay,  i  ,  219. 


ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVERNOR  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.   247 

fectually  crippled.     Alliances  against  France  and  England  chap.  v. 
were  accordingly  made  between  the  United  Provinces  on 
the  one  hand,  and  the  Emperor  of  Germany  and  the  King  finance ' 
of  Spain  on  the  other.     Europe  wondered  at  the  extraordi-  ^'^fud, 
nary  spectacle  of  the  Roman  Catholic  dynasty  which  had  ^^^"p°^ 
employed  Alva  to  crush  the  young  Protestant  Dutch  Re- 
public, now  hastening  to  support  it  against  both  the  pow- 
ers which  had  watched  the  cradle  of  its  independence. 
Spain,  however,  made  it  a  condition  that  the  Netherlands  f§  August, 
should  consent  to  a  peace  with  England,  upon  the  basis  of  imposedby 
a  mutual  restoration  of  conquests,  the  yielding  to  her  of  ^^^'°' 
the  honor  of  the  flag,  and  the  payment  of  an  indemnity  for 
the  expenses  of  the  war.     Political  necessity  alone  could 
bend  the  States  General  to  these  hard  terms.     They  yield-  Dutch  ne- 
ed:— just  two  months  before  they  knew  the  reconquest  of  yiewa. 
N'ew  K^etherland,  and  just  one  month  after  that  event  hap- 
pened.    Had  they  known  it  they  would  hardly  have  given 
up  their  American  acquisition.     But  when  the  news  reach- 
ed them  they  were  too  deeply  committed  to  recede.     The 
day  it  came  to  the  Hague  they  sent  a  trumpeter  to  Charles  y  oct. 
the  Second,  with  a  firm  but  conciliatory  letter,  which  offer- 
ed him  every  reasonable  satisfaction."'^ 

This  letter  reached  London  just  as  the  news  came  thatxewsm 
the  Dutch  had  reconquered  New  York.     Memorials  were  the  Dntcii 
quickly  presented  to  the  Plantation  Council  for  the  recov-  of  xeiv  '  • 
ery  of  the  pro\dnce,  where  the  Dutch,  it  was   said,  were  22°october. 
about  to  send  men-of-war  and  soldiers  "  to  fortify  them-  ^"^  °'^°''^''- 
selves  in  those  parts."     William  Dyer,  of  Rhode  Island, 
urged  that  "  New  York,  being  the  centre  of  His  Majesty's 
western  Dominions,  and  furnished  with  so  excellent  a  har- 
bour to  secure  shipping,  also  a  pleasant  town  and  beautiful 
country  round  about,"  should  be  retaken  at  once.     For  this  its  recov. 
purpose  fi'igates  and  fire-ships  should  be  sent  to  New  En- by  Dyer 
gland,  where  they  could  be  maimed ;  and  a  militia  force  Knight. 
from  there  could  then  besiege  the  town,  while  the  vessels 
blockaded  the  harbor.     Sir  John  Knight,  of  Bristol,  which 
was  at  that  time  largely  interested  in  colonial  commerce, 
also  explained  to  Lord  Shaftesbury  the  defenseless  condi-  sa  October. 

*  Basnage,  ii.,  410,  441,  45S-4C0 ;  Sylvius,  ix.,  6B2,  C33,  G54-C5S,  CG5,  G34,  6S5 ;  Col.  Doc, 
ii.,  529;  Dumont,  vii.,  240-243;  D.avies,  iii.,  133,  134;  Ling.ird,  xii.,  306,  31S  ;  Macaulay, 
ii.,lSl-lS5;  Temple,  ii.,  230,  240;  Martin's  Louis  XIV.,  i.,  37T;  ante,24x 


248  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  V.  tion  of  Yirginia,  where  the  planters  "  doe  generally  desire 
a  trade  with  the  Dutch  and  all  other  nations,"  and  coun- 
■  seled  the  recovery  of  New  York  as  the  best  means  of  pre- 
serving "  the  rest  of  the  plantations."     The  Council  report- 
15  Novem.  cd  to  tlic  king  that  New  York  was  "  the  only  fortified  har- 
pifmauon  bor  in  all  the  JSTorthern  Plantations  of  America,"  which,  if 
fovor'^.^f  re-  tho  Dutcli  wcro  allowcd  to  retain,  would  be  ruinous  to  the 
fTew  YOTk.  English.     Yirginia  and  Maryland  would  suffer  the  most ; 
but  "  the  inhabitants  of  New  England,  being  more  intent 
upon  the  advancement  of  their  own  private  trade  than  the 
pubhque  interest  of  your  Majesty's  crowne  and  govern- 
ment, may,  if  the  Dutch  continue  a  quiet  possession  there, 
enter  into  commerce  with  them,  whereby  it  is  to  be  feared 
they  will  at  present  divert  a  great  part  of  the  trade  of  En- 
gland into  those  countries,  and  lay  a  foundation  for  such 
an  union  hereafter,  between  them  and  Holland,  as  will  be 
very  prejudiciall  to  all  your  Majesty's  Plantations,  if  not 
terrible  to  England  itself."     Its  speedy  reduction  by  an 
overwhelming  combined  force  was  therefore  recommend- 
ed, as  well  as  the  removal  of  its  Dutch  colonists  "  farther 
up  into  the  country  from  the  sea-side,  at  least  as  far  as  Al- 
bany; their  inhabiting  the  town  of  New  York  being  a 
great  cause  of  the  loss  of  both  Town  and  castle  now,  and 
as  long  as  they  shall  stay  there,  there  will  be  the  like  dan- 
ger upon  any  occasion  for  the  future."* 

But  never  was  the  British  government  less  able  to  act 

with  vigor.     Charles  was  anxious  to  continue  the  war  with 

the  Dutch.     On  the  other  hand,  he  desired  the  friendship 

of  Louis,  their  most  determined  foe.     Through  the  inilu- 

30  septem.  eucc  of  the  Frcuch  king,  who  gave  the  bride  a  sj^lendid 

maiTiage    dowry,  thc  Duke  of  York  had  just  been  married  to  the 

ofYorkto^  Roman  Catholic  Princess  Mary  of  Modena,  a  niece  of 

Modlnf.     Mazarin.     James,  who  had  been  deprived  of  his  English 

offices  only  in  the  spring  before,  by  the  Test  Act,  was 

doubly  mortified  at  the  loss  of  his  American  province,  the 

prompt  regaining  of  which  was  even  more  important  than 

wedding  festivities  at  Whitehall.f 

Charles's  treasury,  however,  was  exliausted.     It  was  dif- 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  20T-213;  Hist.  Mag.,  i.  (ii.),  299,  300;  Index  N.  J.  Col.  Doo.,  5;  ICvilyii, 
ii,05;  IVpyr-,  iii.,404;  Macaulay,  i.,  335;  iv.,  4S6  ;  Valentine's  N.  Y.,  S.IS,  234;  1!.  I.  CoL 
llec,  i.,  2CG;  ii.,  108,390;  P.-vlfrey,  ii.,  300,  558  ;  iii.,  34;  onfc,  vol.  i.,  6r)T. 

t  Clarke's  James  II.,  i.,  484,  4S5,  480;  Martin's  Louis  XIV.,  i.,  380;  ante,  201. 


ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVEENOR  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.   249 

ficiilt  for  him  to  procure  the  ships  and  men  necessary  for  chap.  v. 
an  expedition  against  New  Netherland.     Tlie  war  with  the        ~ 
United  Provinces  had  become  very  unpopular  in  England.    -'-"''^• 
Its  real  statesmen  were  disgusted  with  a  strife  in  which 
the  English  and  Dutch  fleets  had  been  made  "  gladiators 
for  French  spectators ;"  while  its  merchants  Avere  almost 
ruined  by  the  privateers  of  Holland  and  Zealand,  which 
had  captured  twenty-seven  hundred  British  ships.     Ap- 
prehending a  change  in  the  national  religion,  which  the 
recent  marriage  of  the  presumptive  heir  to  the  crown  ren-  20  October. 
dered  more  probable  than  ever,  Parliament  saw  with  cha-  oppo's*e™  to 
grin  the  league  of  Charles  and  Louis  against  the  republic,  the  Dutch. 
which  it  regarded  as  the  "  Bulwark  of  the  Reformation ;" 
and  it  insisted  that  the   king   should  break  away  fi-om 
France,  and  make  a  separate  treaty  with  the  Netherlands. 
•  In  vain  did  Charles  and  Shaftesbury  demand  a  new  sub-  27  October. 
sidy.     The  House  of  Commons  absolutely  refused  to  grant  31  October. 
any  more  supplies,  "  unless  it  shall  appear  that  the  obsti- 
nacy of  the  Dutch  shall  render  it  necessary;  nor  before 
this  kingdom  be  effectually  secured  from  the  dangers  of 
Popery  and  Popish  Counsels  and  Counsellors,  and  the  otlier 
present  grievances  be  redressed."'^ 

In  great  displeasure,  the  king  prorogued  his  fractious  4  Novcm. 
ParHament,  and  dismissed  his  versatile  chancellor,  Shaf tes-  tmy  %- 
bury,  who,  up  to  this  time,  had  been  the  most  rhetorical  "'^"'^ ' 
enemy  of  the  "  Carthage"  of  England.      In  reply  to  the 
Dutch  overture,  Charles  captiously  questioned  its  sincer-  xf  ^'ovem. 
ity.     The  States  General  repelled  this  imputation,  and  dis- 
tinctly offered  to  renew  the  treaty  made  at  Breda  in  1667; 
adding  that,  "in  order  to  manifest  to  your  Majesty  thei^Decem. 
special  esteem  which  we  entertain  for  your  fi-iendship,  we  states  aln! 
hereby  also  offer  the  restitution  of  New  Netherland,  and  of  "ore  New 
all  the  other  places  and  colonies  which  we  have  won  by  ^oEn^iind! 
our  arms  during  the  present  war ;  being  fully  persuaded 
that  your  Majesty  will  be  mi  willing  to  refuse  a  reciprocal 
engagement  to  restore  to  us  such  lands  and  forts  as  your 
subjects  may  have  taken  from  us."f 

*  Basnage,  ii.,  460,  4G1,  4S3;  Sylvius,  ix.,  G4T,  6S7-GS3;  Kennett,  iii.,  29G  ;  Burnet,  i., 
3C6 ;  Eapin,  ii.,  672  ;  Pari.  Hist.,  iv.,  5S5,  £S6,  593,  .597,  602 ;  Lingard,  xii.,  308;  Davies,  iii., 
137 ;  Clarke's  James  II.,  i.,  4S.5;  Martin,  i.,  380,  38.1. 

t  Sylvius,  ix.,  690-692,  70S,  709  ;  Basn.nge,  ii.,  460,  463-467;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  529,  531;  Pari. 
Hist.,  iv.,  610  ;  Campbell's  Chancellors,  iii.,  320.  One  of  the  consequences  of  Shaftesbury's 
dismissal  was  Locke's  resignation  of  his  place  as  Secretary  of  the  Council  for  Plantations, 


250  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAr.  V.  This  offer  to  restore  New  Netherland  to  England — made 
only  four  days  "after  the  States  General  had  appointed  An- 
dringa  governor  of  their  reconquered  province — was  ex- 
torted from  the  necessities  of  the  republic,  and  its  engage- 
ment with  Spain.     With  the  consent  of  the  States  General, 

Ag  Decern,  the  Spanish  ambassador  offered  advantageous  articles  to 

offeH.'^  the  British  government.  Charles,  finding  that  Louis  re- 
fused him  further  supplies,  and  that  he  could  not  expect 

^&  Decern,  any  from  Parliament,  replied  that  he  was  willing  to  accept 

reasonable  conditions.* 
1674.       But  when  Parliament  met,  a  few  days  afterward,  the 

j'y  jan'y.  i^{i^g  again  charged  the  Dutch  with  insincerity,  and  begged 
for  means  to  continue  his  war.  Finch,  who  had  succeeded 
Shaftesbury,  harangued  for  a  supply,  which  might  save 
England  from  being  found,  "like  Archimedes,  drawing 
lines  in  the  dust  while  the  enemy  is  entering  into  om* 

The  House  ports."     But  Fiuch's  pedantry  had  no  effect.     The  House 

mons  re-    of  Commous  would  grant  no  money  to  Cliarles  unless  the 

piiesf"^"    Dutch  should  reject  a  peace."t 

Negotiations,  under  the  mediation  of  Sweden,  had  mean- 
while been  going  on  at  Cologne.     The  Dutch  plenipoten- 

^g  j.in'y.  tiaries  there  were  instructed  to  explain  the  importance  of 
New  Netherland,  which,  "  although  it  be  their  own  do- 
main," the  States  General  were  to  relinquish  to  England. 
At  this  critical  moment  the  king's  speech  to  Parliament 
was  received  at  the  Hague.     The  States  General  refuted 

i*  Jan'y.  his  charge  of  insincerity,  and  sent  him  the  draft  of  a  treaty 
which  they  were  ready  to  sign.  One  of  its  articles,  they 
explained, "  demonstrates  sufficiently  to  what  a  degree  we 
wish  to  deserve  your  Majesty's  affection;  since  we  offer 
you  the  restitution  of  so  considerable  a  conquest  as  New 

New  Neth-  Nctherlaud  is,  without  the  hope  of  receiving  any  thina;  in 

crland  to  o  ^  o 

be  restored  excliauge  for  it."     Nothing  but  the  murder  of  John  de 
'  "Witt,  and  the  paramount  influence  of  William  of  Orange, 
could  have  brought  the  Dutch  government  to  write  this 
letter.:}: 

in  which  lie  was  succeeded  by  Benjamin  Woraley  :  King's  Life  of  Locke,  34 ;  Col.  Doft.,  iii., 
22S  ;  ante,  1S7,  201. 

*  Dalrymple,  i.,  137;  Baanage,  ii.,  46T,  4CS;  Sylvius,  i.K.,  709,  710;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  r>:'',l ; 
ante,  245. 

t  Biisnase,  ii.,  403-495 ;  Sylvius,  x.,  4-12;  Burnet,  i.,  3G5;  Unpin,  ii.,  073,  G74;  Konnett, 
iii.,  2^7;   Pari.  Iliat.,  iv.,  C11-G18. 

t  .«ylviu8,  X.,  12-14;  Busnage,  ii.,  402;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  533-535,  537,  53S;  Temple,  ii  ,  210, 
247 ;  tJl;irke'3  J.imea  11.,  i.,  489. 


ANTHOXY  COLVE,  GOVERNOR  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.       251 

Charles  instantly  laid  it  before  Parliament,  and  asked  chap.  v. 
their  "  speedy  ad\dce."     He  was  answered  that  he  ought       ~ 
to  make  a  treaty,     Louis,  apprehending  the  consequences  g^  j^^; 
of  a  separate  peace  between  England  and  Holland,  has-  3  i-eb-y. 
tened  to  offer  Charles  fiye  millions  and  a  half  of  money 
and  forty  ships  of  war  if  he  would  break  off  his  negotia- 
tions.    The  Duke  of  York  strongly  opposed  a  peace.     Eut 
Charles  could  not  now  recede.     Sir  William  Temple  was 
summoned  from  his  retirement,  and  instructed  to  confer  A  Feb'y. 
with  the  Spanish  ambassador  at  London,  the  Marquis  del 
Fresno,  to  whom  the  States  General  had  sent  full  powers. 
Ln  three  days  all  the  points  were  arranged,  and  a  treaty 
was  signed  at  Westminster  by  Arlington  and  four  other  19  Feb-y- 
commissioners  on  the  part  of  Great  Britain,  and  by  Fresno  s^ipre'/at 
on  the  part  of  the  United  Netherlands.     The  honor  of  the  sten  ^"^' 
flag,  which  had  been  refused  by  De  Witt,  was  yielded  to 
England ;  the  Treaty  of  Breda  was  revived ;  the  rights  of 
neutrals  guaranteed ;  and  the  commercial  principles  of  the 
Triple  Alliance  renewed.     By  the  sixth  article  it  was  cov- 
enanted that  "  all  lands,  islands,  cities,  havens,  castles  and 
fortresses,  which  have  been  or  shall  be  taken  by  one  party 
from  the  other,  during  the  time  of  tliis  last  unhappy  war, 
whether  in  Europe  or  elsewhere,  and  before  the  expiration 
of  the  times  above  limited  for  the  duration  of  hostilities, 
shall  be  restored  to  the  former  Lord  and  Proprietor  in  the 
same  condition  they  shall  be  in  at  the  time  that  this  peace 
shall  be  proclaimed."     This  article  restored  New  Nether-  Restora- 
land  to  the  King  of  Great  Britain.     The  Treaty  of  Breda  Neuieriand 
had  ceded  it  to  him  on  the  principle  of  "  uti  possidetis^  °  °s  ^^"^  • 
The  Treaty  of  Westminster  gave  it  back  to  him  on  the 
principle  of  reciprocal  restitution.* 

Peace  was  soon  proclaimed  at  London  and  at  the  Hague.  2s  Feb'y. 
The  Treaty  of  Westminster  delivered  the  Dutch  from  fear  peacrpro- 
of  Charles,  and  cut  off  the  right  arm  of  Louis,  their  more  twem^En!' 
dreaded  foe.     England,  on  her  part,  slipped  out  of  a  disas-  HouamL'^ 
trous  war.     But  Charles  told  Rouvigny,  the  ambassador  of 
France,  that  in  making  peace  with  the  Netherlands  "  he 

•  Sylvius, -v.,  14-19 ;  Basnage,  ii.,43G,  438  ;  Temple,  ii.,  24T-250  ;  iv.,  10-20;  Courtenay's 
Temple,  i.,  154,  419-421,  433  ;  il.,  4G0,  4G1 ;  Rurnet,  i.,  860,  CGT ;  Pari.  Hist.,  iv.,  6G0,  6G5 ; 
Dalrj-mple,  i.,  137  ;  Kennett,  iii.,  297;  Kapln,  ii. ,  G74,  675;  Anderson,  ii.,  529, 530  ;  Wage- 
naar,  xiv.,  29S-300;  Lingard,  xii.,  318,  319;  Martin,  i.,  383;  Smith,  i.,  4G;  Mass.  H.  S.  Call., 
XX.X.,  104,  lf5;  Bancroft,  ii.,  325;  Col.  Doc,  vii.,  5S0;  Eliz.  Bill,  7;  ante^  135, 152.      , 


252  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  V.  had  beeii  doing  a  thing  that  went  more  against  his  heart 
than  the  losing  of  his  rie;ht  hand."     The  war  had  been  be- 
gun  by  "  the  Cabal"  of  England,  as  Temple  acknowledged, 
"with  two  unusual  strains  to  the  honour  of  the  crown;" 
and,  instead  of  maldng  her  king  "  great,"  had  made  "  only 
four  great  subjects."     During  the  course  of  it  Holland 
had  lost  her  ablest  statesman,  and  in  his  place  had  raised 
to  her  highest  post  of  authority  the  young  representative 
of  the  Silent  founder  of  the  republic.     She  had  recover- 
ed, and  had  resigned,  her  ancient  trans- Atlantic  province. 
Holland,    For  a  season  she  retired  from  prominence  in  American 
r°an  hkt^'  history.     But  it  was  only  to  return,  in  the  fullness  of  time, 
^^'  as  the  fatherland  of  a  sovereign  appointed  by  Providence 

to  maintain  civil  and  religious  liberty  on  both  shores  of 
the  Atlantic,  and  once  more  to  govern  the  countrymen  who 
never  forgot  their  own  Batavian  prince.* 

Wlien  rumors  of  these  events  reached  New  Orange, 

Colve  was  still  strengthening  it "  against  the  coming  of  the 

New  England  army."     This  was  done  so  thoroughly  that 

one  hundred  and  ninety  guns,  some  of  which  came  from 

Esopus,  were  mounted  on  Fort  William  Henry  and  about 

^^  Jane,    the  towu.     The  dilatory  victims  of  the  forced  loan  ordered 

anjeaf-     in  March  were  compelled  to  pay  their  assessments.     This 

was  the  more  hard,  because  the  expense  which  had  been 

devoted  to  the  fortifications  was  now  of  no  avail.     John 

28  April.    Sharpe,  having  come  from  New  England  with  Isaac  Melyn, 

8  May.      in  violation  of  the  edict  of  December,  news  of  the  peace  and 

of  the  surrender  of  the  province  was  soon  noised  through 

the  city.     Melyn  taunted  its  Dutch  burghers  with  having 

"  slaved  and  wrought  too  hard  and  too  long  for  the  King 

of  England."     This  threw  them  "into  such  a  distracted 

rage   and  passion  that  they  cried, '  "We'll  fire  the  town, 

pluck  down  the  fortifications,  and  tear  out  the  governors' 

throats'  who  had  compelled  them  to  slave  so,  contrary  to 

their  native  privileges."     Having  no  official  information  of 

what  had  happened  in  Europe,  Colve  determined  to  pun- 

2  j^j^      ish  the  "fomeuters  of  mutiny  and  disturbance."    Melyn 

Cases  of     was  accordingly  sentenced  to  "  come  personally  every  day, 

Melyn  and       .  ,       ,       ^  ,  .  i  i      ^  ".i  -^     j: 

Sharpe.      wlicn  the  burghor  compames  are  employed  at  the  city  lor- 

*  Rapin,ii.,GT5;  Pylvius,  x.,  20,  21 ;  (Jol.  Doc,  ii.,  720;  Basnagc,  ii.,-199;  Burnet,  i.,  3C7; 
Temple,  ii.,  251 ;  (Jlarke'B  Jaiues  II.,  i.,  4S0 ;  post,  03G. 


ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVEKNOR  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.   253 

tifications,  and  work  with  them  until  said  fortifications  are  cuap.  v. 
completed."     Sharpe  was  banished  out  of  the  pro^dnce  for  " 

ten   years.     On   reaching  Milford,  he   reported  that  the  13  ^^j^ 
Dutch  in  New  Netherland  were  so  enraged  that  they  de- 
clared they  would  not,  "  on  demand  and  by  authority  of  ^^3^^°^ °^ 
the  States  or  Prince,  sm-render,  but  keep  it  by  fighting,  so  ^^New 
long  as  they  can  stand  with  one  leg  and  fight  with  one  land, 
hand."* 

Authentic  intelhgence  of  peace  was  soon  received  from  i^  J'^'^e. 
Massachusetts  and  Connecticut.     A  few  days  afterward 
the  Treaty  of  Westminster  was  proclaimed  at  the  CityiiJuiy- 
Hall  of  New  Orange.     Connecticut,  however,  after  news 
of  the  restoration  of  New  Netherland  to  the  king  had 
reached  Hartford,  resolved  that,  as   Southampton,  East- 29^?[^^j 
hampton,  and  Southold  had  asked  it,  they  should  continue  ^^°°^„t 
under  her  government.     John  Howell,  John  Younge,  and  ^ong  isi- 
John  Mulf  ord  were  accordingly  appointed  commissioners  f  §  May. 
for  the  three  to"\vns,  and  were  "invested  with  magistrati- 
call  power"  by  the  Hartford  Court.     Samuel  Willys,  John 
Talcott,  and  Secretary  Allyn  were  also  empowered  to  go  to 
Long  Island,  "  to  order  and  settle  the  affairs  of  those  peo-  22  May. 
pie,  and  to  establish  such  military  officers  amongst  them  as  ^  J»"e! 
they  shall  see  reason  and  judge  necessary."     Easthampton, 
on  her  part,  appointed  a  committee,  in  conjunction  withMJ"'^- 
Southampton  and  Southold,  to  petition  the  king  to  allow 
them  to  continue  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Connecticut. 
Thinking  it  was  now  a  good  opportunity  to  extend  their 
bounds  westward  on  the  main  land,  the  Hartford  Court,  at 
their  autumn  session,  appointed  commissioners  "  forthwith  A  cx^*- 
to  run  the  fine  between  this  colony  and  the  colony  of  New  with  New 
York  from  Momoronock  River  to  Hudson's  Kiver."     At 
the  same  time,  it  was  well  known  that  it  had  been  settled 
in  1664  that  the  boundary  should  be  "  twenty  miles  every 
where  from  Hudson's  E,iver."t 

The  Jesuit  missionaries,  Bruyas  and  Millet,  were  now 
apprehensive  of  being  driven  away  by  the  savages,  who 
declared  themselves  the  friends  of  the  Dutch.     Several 

*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  61T,  G6G,  697,  70T-711,  710;  Col.  MSS.,  xxiii,  334,  .S3S,  340,  397;  Mass. 
II.  S.  Coll.,  XXX.,  lOS-110 ;  Moulton,  14 ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  126, 127 ;  ante,  206,  233. 

t  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  222,  226,  229,  242;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  104-106;  Trumbull,  i , 
325;  Wood,9S:  Thompson,  1, 156,  335,  367,383;  Col.  MSS,  xxiii.,376;  Col.  Doc.,  ii.,  710, 
723, 726;  iiL,  231, 235 ;  New  Orange  Eec,  vii.,  201 ;  ante,  56,  222. 


254  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  V.  emissaries  were  sent  by  Draeyer  to  engage  the  Iroquois 

against  the  French ;  and  some  Canadian  prisoners  were 

A  carried   down   to   New   Orange.     Mohawk    chiefs    from 

1  ■>  April  *— ^ 

^^  Caghnawaga  and  Gandagaro,  accompanied  by  Jan  Jansen 

Bleecker  and  Henry  Lansing  as  interpreters,  also  visited 

j%  May.    Colve.     They  had  come,  they  said,  "  as  to  their  brethren ; 

^fefs^'t    for  the  Dutch,  both  at  Nassau  and  here  [New  Orange], 

^Dse!^^'  have  been  always  one  flesh  with  them."  The  new  bond  of 
peace,  made  at  the  "  last  harvest,"  was  confii^med,  and  the 
chiefs  declared  that  if  the  French  should  come  to  injure 
their  brethren,  then  they  would  "  side  with  the  Dutch,  and 
live  and  die  with  them."    After  visiting  some  of  the  neigli- 

l^^^""^-   ,  borino^  tribes,  the  Mohawk  sachems  were  conveyed  back  to  ' 

5  June.  »  ?  1  T     1  1 

Fort  Nassau,  loaded  with  presents,  and  assured  that  they 
would  be  shown  all  possible  favor,  "as  brethren  of  the 
Dutch."* 

The  Treaty  of  Westminster,  leaving  the  Dutch  at  war 
with  the  French,  really  made  them  more  bitter  enemies. 
Colve,  of  course,  held  all  the  subjects  of  Louis  in  America 
to  be  hostile  to  the  government  of  his  fatherland.  Some 
5  June.  Frenchmen  at  Hurley,  having  refused  to  swear  allegiance, 
uuriey.*  wcro  Ordered  to  be  sent  away  unless  they  took  the  oath,  and 
promised  "  to  remain  quiet  in  case  of  any  attack  by  their 
nation."f 

Not  long   afterward,  a  Dutch  privateer,  "  The  Flying 
Horse,"  Captain  Juriaen  Aernouts,  commissioned  by  the 
Prince  of  Orange,  came  from  Curagoa  and  Saint  Domingo 
to  Boston,  where  she  obtained  a  pilot,  and  then  sailed  to 
10  August.  Acadia.    There  Aernouts  attacked  and  captured  the  French 
thjf Dutch'  forts  of  Penobscot,  commanded  by  Chambly,  and  "  Gem- 
foririo^     sec,"  on  the  Saint  John's,  commanded  by  Marson.     Posses- 
sion was  taken,  in  the  name  of  the  Dutch  government,  of 
the  coasts  and  country  of  Acadia,  and  the  plunder  was 
poptem.     brought  to  Boston.     Frontenac  complained  of  this  to  Gov- 
ernor Leverett,  but  seems  to  have  obtained  no  satisfaction ; 
because  Massachusetts  coveted  Maine,  and  wished  the  Dutch 
conquest  of  it  to  inure  to  her  own  benefit.:}: 

*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  .594,  COS,  CIS,  C59,  CC2,  712,  713,  71C,  717 ;  iii.,  250 ;  ix.,  97, 110, 117 ;  Char- 
levoix, ii.,  25S,  259 :  Bancroft,  ii.,  322.  t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  C4C,  GTC,  71S ;  Esopua  Records. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iv.,  47C ;  ix.,  119, 120,  547, 793  ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  2.^5,  '25G,  .^CO  ;  Quebec  MSS., 
ii.  (ii.),  57;  Williamson,  i.,  ."iSO;  Hutchinson,  i.,  311,  vote.  Coll,  4C4;  Mass.  II.  P.  Coll.. 
x.\xii.,  28G;  Mass.  Rcc,  v.,  IIC,  IIS;  DepeysteVs  "Dutch  in  Maine,"  45,  73-70;  jjo.s/,  290. 


Acadia. 


ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVERNOR  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.   255 

Colve  and  his  council  were  meanwhile  occupied  in  de-  chap.  v. 
ciding  important  cases  affecting  lands  in  Achter  Col,  Long 
Island,  and  elsewhere.     Order  and  decorum  were  enforced 
occasionally  by  severe  penalties.     Samuel  Forman,  of  Oys-  case  of 
ter  Bay,  having  made  a  great  uproar  in  the  streets  of  New  FormaQ. 
Orange,  and  even  come  into  the  Dutch  Church  during  di- 
vine service  on  Sunday,  "  abusing  with  great  levity  the  lo  April. 
word  of  God,  and  blaspheming  his  holy  name,"  was  con- 
demned to  be  whipped,  and  banished  out  of  the  pro"sance. 
Daniel  Lane,  of  Setalcot,  or  Brookhaven,  charged  with  in-  case  of 
cest,  having  escaped  fi'om  prison  before  trial,  his  estate  was  Lane, 
seized,  and  half  of  it  allowed  to  his  wife,  to  whom  a  di- 
vorce was  promised  if  the  accused  did  not  appear  within  12  April. 
six  months  and  purge  himself  from  the  crime.* 

The  Lutheran  Domine  Fabricius,  who  had  gone  to  the 
Delaware  territory,  coming  back  to  New  Orange,  irregu-  5  Feb-y. 
larly  and  without  authority  married  Ralph  Doxy,  of  New- 
town, on  Long  Island,  to  Mary  Harris.     The  court,  aware 
of  his  "  previous  ill  conduct,"  but  unwilling,  "  out  of  re- 
spect for  his  old  age  and  the  office  he  last  filled,"  to  pro- 
ceed rigorously,  suspended  Fabricius  from  the  ministry  for  1  March. 
one  year.     The  marriage  of  Doxy  was  declared  unlawfid,  Fabricius. 
but  the  parties  were  allowed  to  marry  again  "  according  to 
the  laws  of  the  Government."     The  domine  petitioned  that  is  Apni. 
liis  sentence  should  be  modified  so  far  as  to  allow  him  "  at 
least  to  baptize ;"  but  the  court  declined  his  request.f 

The  Dutch  churches,  fostered  by  Colve,  foresaw  that 
they  would  not  be  so  comfortable  under  the  Enghsh,  who 
were  soon  to  repossess  the  province.     To  guard  themselves 
as  much  as  possible,  the  Consistory  of  New  Orange  asked  t  juiy. 
that  their  old  church  in  Fort  William  Heniy,  which,  at  the  forced' 
surrender  in  1664,  had  been  stipulated  should  continue  in  church, 
its  then  use,  might  be  confirmed  to  them ;  and  the  govern- 
or promptly  ordered  "a  Deed  in  form"  to  be  granted, 
which  was  accordingly  duly  executed.     As  Yan  Ruyven  23  juiy. 

*  Col.  MSS.,  xxit,  147;  xxiii.,  330,  331 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  600.  GCl,  CCS,  694,704-728;  White- 
head, 61;  Moulton,  13. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  686,  689,  691,  692,  6:3,  706;  S.  Hazard's  Ann.  Penn.,  410,  411,  412;  Moul- 
ton, 8 ;  aJite,  175.  Fabriciua  appears  to  have  behaved  very  badly  to  his  wife,  and  was  fined 
by  the  Court  of  Burgomasters  and  Schepens  of  New  Orange:  see  Col.  MSS,  xxiii.,  311,814, 
315;  N.  O.  City  Rec,  vii.,  201,  202;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  242,  243;  Val.  Man.,  1850,  528  ;  1851, 
428, 431,  432,  435,  441-450 ;  1853,  497.  lie  then  went  back  to  the  Delaware,  where  he  again 
got  into  trouble  :  S.  Hazard,  419,  420. 


256  HISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOKK. 

Chap.  V.  was  aboiit  to  retuTii  to  Holland  with  liis  mother-in-law,  the 
~      widow  of  Domine  Megapolensis,  the  aiTeare  of  salary  due 
to  that  clergyman  were  recommended  to  be  paid  to  her. 
26  July.     In  writing  to  the  Classis   of  Amsterdam,  Domine  Yan 
^e  D°u1ch  ISTieuwenhuysen  expressed  the  general  feeling  of  the  Dutch : 
re°torauon  "  We  are  greatly  pleased  at  the  peace  arranged  between 
NetiiMiand  our  couutry  and  the  kingdom  of  England,  but  we  should 
gland."      have  been  the  more  touched  if  we  were  not  apprehensive 
that  this  country  is  included  in  the  scope  of  the  sixth  arti- 
cle of  the  sealed  Treaty,  and  must  be  restored  back  to  that 
cro^vn.     It  is  not  less  agreeable  to  us  to  understand  how 
God  Almighty  has  been  pleased  to  put  a  hook  in  the  nose 
of  the  haughty  French  Sennecherib,  and  thus  far  to  stay 
the  wasting  of  his  dearly-bought  Church  in  our  various 
cities  particularly,  and  in  our  Fatherland  generally."* 
The  city  government  had  now  been  in  office  for  nearly 
11  August,  a  year,  and  it  was  necessary  to  make  new  appointments. 
From  the  nominations  submitted.  Van  Brugh  and  Beek- 
13  August,  man  were  accordingly  selected  as  burgomasters,  and  Kip, 
go^vern!^    Ycrplanck,  Rombouts,  Hoogland,  and  Stephanus  van  Cort- 
NeTor-    landt,  as  schepens  of  New  Orange.     Knyff  was  continued 
'"'°®"        as   schout-fiscal.     Yery  little,  however,  was  left  the  mu- 
7  septem.   uicipal  officcrs  to  do.     They  obtained  an  order  from  Colve 
for  the  produce  of  the  scales  and  tapster's  excises,  to  pay 
the  city  debt  of  upward  of  six  thousand  guilders  for  work 
done  on  the  fortifications.     New  "  church-wardens"  were 
3  October,  nominated  by  the  metropolitan  authorities  and  confirmed 
by  the  governor,  f 

While  the  Treaty  of  Westminster  was  yet  in  suspense, 

Manning  reached  London  in  great  distress  from  Fayal, 

where  he  and  his  soldiers  had  been  landed,  and  was  sum- 

11  Jan'y.    moucd  bcf orc  the  Dulce  of  York,  who,  after  hearing  his 

story,  at  first  censured  him.     At  Lord  Ai-lington's  office  he 

isjan'y..  was  again  closely  examined  by  the  king  and  the  duke. 

Lo^nd°on.^"' "  Brother,"  said  Charles  to  James,  "  the  ground  could  not 

'  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  721,  7-22,  7.50 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxiii.,  209, 433-44G ;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.  (ii.),  iii.,  142 ; 
CoiT.  CI.  Amsterdam.  Van  Iluy ven,  who  never  returned  to  New  York,  was  living  at  Am- 
eterdam  in  1G98 :  Col.  Doc,  iv.,  3.53. 

+  Cc.l.  MS.S.,  xxiii.,  371;  New  Orange  (.'ity  Kcc,  vii.,  20S,  211,  212,  21S;  Vnl.  5Ian.,lS50, 
538 ;  1853,  472,  473, 470,  477,  487,  488,  492 ;  Moulton,  14 ;  ante,  212,  233,  242.  Among  the 
rules  adopted  by  the  burgomasters  and  schepens  of  New  Orange  was  one  that  whoever 
should  smoke  tobacco  in  the  court  while  it  was  engaged  in  business  should  forfeit  two  and 
a  half  guilders:  Val.  Man.,  1S53,  483. 


ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVEENOR  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.   257 

be  maintained  by  so  few  men ;"  and  Manning  was  dis-  cqap.  v. 
missed  without  reprimand.     For  more  than  two  months  he 
waited  the  pleasm-e  of  the  duke,  who  at  length  paid  his  ex-        '   * 
penses  from  Fayal.* 

But  who  should  be  sent  to  receive  and  govern  Ke w  York  ? 
was  the  question.     Lovelace  was  unfit ;  Nicolls  was  dead ; 
a  new  man  must  be  named.     The  person  selected  was  Ed- 
mund Andros,  a  major  in  a  dragoon  regiment,  disbanded  Major  Ed- 
after  the  Westminster  Treaty.     Charles  accordingly  com-  dl-'^. 
missioned  Andros  to  receive  New  Netherland  from  the?i^^!^I£^ 
Dutch ;  and  he  asked  the  States  General  to  direct  their  commu- 
"  Governor  or  Commandant  of  the  place  called  Xew  York,  receive  ° 
in  the  West  Indies,"  to  surrender  it  to  Andros,  whom  he  eriaVaf 
had  appointed  to  go  there  and  take  possession  in  his  name.f 

Thinking  that  the  re-establishment  of  the  duke's  au- 
thority over  his  former  province  would  be  hurtful  to  Massa- 
chusetts, John  Collins,  its  agent  at  London,  wrote  to  Gov- 
ernor Leverett  tliat  "  New  York  being  restored  by  the  M  ^pf''- 
peace,  one  JMr.  Andrews  is  appointed  governor,  a  man  i  setts  and 
know  not ;  and  some  rumour  is  maliciously  spread  at  court 
that  you  have  made  peace  with  the  Dutch  there,  which  is 
obviated  by  the  readiness  of  some  persons  to  show  the  false- 
hood of  it.     I  hope  nothing  wdll  for  this  year  further  dis- 
turb you ;  and  if  any  thing  do  arise,  it  will  be  from  New 
York  and  the  Government  there.     I  have  therefore  greatly 
encouraged  some  gentlemen,  your  friends,  Avho  would  pur- 
chase it  of  His  Royal  Highness,  as  thinking  it  will  be  much 
for  your  peace,  who  are  about  it ;  but  how  it  will  issue,  I 
know  not."     This  project,  however,  if  seriously  entertained.  New  York 
came  to  naught.     The  king  was  now  the  only  English  pro-  bought. 
prietor  of  New  York  under  the  Treaty  of  Westminster ; 
and  while  Charles  was  offended  at  the  insubordination  of 
his  subjects  in  Massachusetts,  he  had  "  little  time  to  mind 
such  minute  things"  as  theirs.:}: 

Meanwhile  the  delayed  letter  of  the  municipality  of  New 
Orange  reached  the  States  General  only  the  day  before  the  8  March. 


*  Col.  MS?.,  xxiv.,  3C-51 ;  Doc.  Uist.,  iii.,  53,  54,  53;  Sylvius,  x.,  23  ;  ante,  213.  It  is  dif- 
ficult to  understand  how  Dunlap  (i.,130)  could  venture  the  preposterous  conjecture  that 
'■'■the  needy  and  profli  irate  Charles  wan  2Mcified  by  receiving  part  of  the  bribe  Manning  hnd 
ialcenfrom  the  Dutch:"  compare  ante,  200-208. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  544,  T40,  741 ;  ix.,  403  ;  Col.  Eec.  Conn.,  iii.,  37G;  Temple,  ii.,  TS. 

t  llutchinssn's  Coil.,  443,  444;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  100;  Palfrev,  iii.,  2-2,  .11?. 

n.— R 


258  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cnAP.v.  Peace  of  Westminster  was  proclaimed — too  late  for  any 
~      effect.     The  several  Boards  of  Admiralty  had  been  asked 
'      to  advise  what  should  be  done  in  favor  of  the  relinquished 
20  March,  province.     The  Rotterdam  Board  thought  that  the  King 
of  England  should  consider  the  Dutch  in  New  Netherland 
not  as  "  a  conquered  people,  but  as  men  who  have  passed  by 
conveyance'  and  convention  under  another  sovereignty." 
Ativice      That  at  Amsterdam  submitted  a  memorial  from  the  mer- 
niiraity  "  chauts  trading  to  New  Netherland  that  the  province  shoi^ld 
about  New  bc  repurchased ;  but,  if  that  could  not  be  done,  the  King  of 
land.^"^'     England  should  be  required  not  to  molest  its  inhabitants 
for  what  they  had  done  during  the  war ;  that  their  rights 
should  be  respected,  and  a  free  trade  be  established ;  and 
that  the  old  articles  of  capitulation  in  1664  should  "re- 
main  valid   and  be  faithfully  executed."     The  Zealand 
Jl  March.  Board  at  Middleburg  knew  "  no  fitter  means  than  to  fur- 
nish said  inhabitants  with  ships  and  craft  for  their  convey- 
ance, either  to  this  country,  or  Surinam,  or  some  other 
colony  dependent  on  the  jurisdiction  of  this  State."* 
j%  April.       The  States  General  promptly  complied  with  Charles's 
the'^state'f  rcqucst  to  order  the  suiTcnder  of  New  Netherland  to  An- 
fbo^New  dros,  but  desired  the  king  to  leave  the  people  of  the  prov- 
Nether-     jj^gg  a  J.JJ  f^^ii  r^^^  entire  possession  of  the  lands,  property, 
and  rights  they  possess  in  those  parts,  in  the  same  manner 
i&  April,  they  held  them  before  the  rupture."     Charles  assured  their 
chTies!"  high  mightinesses  "that  all  the  inhabitants  there  should 
enjoy  all  their  rights  and  privileges,  of  which  they  were  in 
the  enjoyment  before  the  war."     This  declaration  substan- 
tially gave  new  effect  to  the  articles  of  capitulation  in  1664. 
:5  May.     The  Dutch  ambassadors  at  London  were  also  instructed  to 
KMsse-      do  ^11  they  could  in  aiding  the  proprietors  of  Rensselaer- 
laerwyck.   -^yd^  ^q  obtaiu  fi'om  tlic  king  a  confirmation  of  their  an- 
cient privileges.f 

At  the  request  of  Secretary  Coventry,  the  "West  India 
^^jjune.  Company  also  wi'ote  to  Colve  to  surrender  New  Nether- 
land,  although  the  matter  was  "  wholly  beyond  their  con- 
troul."  The  ship  "  Muyll  Tromp"  [Jews'  Harp],  Captain 
Hendrick  Toll,  being  now  reported  ready  to  take  out  or- 
ders for  the  evacuation,  and  bring  home  the  Dutch  soldiers 

•  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  52C,  502,  538-544,  C5S,  6C2,CG4,  CT7;  Col.  Rcc.  Conn.,  ii.,  605;  Mass.  TI.  S. 
Coll.,  XXX.,  103 ;  -avtc,  220,  221.  t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  545-548,  543-501 ;  aiUe,  21S. 


ANTHONY  COLVE,  GOVERNOR  OF  NEW  NETHERLAND.   259 

in  tlie  province,  the  States  General  directed  Colve  "  to  re-  coap.  t. 
store  and  surrender  the  aforesaid  New  Netherland  to  Ed- 
mund  Andros,  or  such  other  person  as  the  King  of  Great  27  j^ne. ' 
Britain  shall  have  deputed  for  that  purpose ;  that,  in  case  7  juiy. 

Orders  of 

the  above-named  Edmund  Andros  should  not  have  as  yet  tue  states 
arrived  yonder,  and  no  one  have  order  from  the  King  of  to  coive 
Great  Britain  to  i-eceive  the  aforesaid  country,  the  above-  surrecder 
named  Governor  Colve  shall,  pursuant  to  the  last  Treaty  NetheT- 
concluded  with  the  said  King  in  February  last,  and  agree-  ^^^^' 
ably  to  their  High  Mightinesses'  aforesaid  Besolution  of 
the  Sixteenth  of  last  April,  vacate  said  New  Netherland, 
and  place  it — having  made  an  inventory  and  obtained  a 
receipt — ^in  the  hands  of  the  political  Government  there, 
to  the  end  that  thus  possession  may  be  taken  for  the  be- 
hoof of  the  King  of  Great  Britain."     The  Dutch  ambas- 
sadors at  London,  having  communciated  these  orders,  were 
informed  that  Andros  was  authorized  to  receive  NewNeth-t'^  July. 
erland,  and  would  proceed  thither  at  once,  with  "  a  number 
of  new  colonists"  from  England. 

In  due  time  the  Dutcli  frigate  reached  New  Orange ;  and  i%  oct. 
Colve  announced  his  orders  to  the  burgomasters  and  sche-  derlre-'"^" 
pens,  who  voted  him  two  hundred  and  fifty  florins  "  for  his  '^^^''^' 
last  year's  services."     A  few  days  afterward  he  requested  Jf  Oct. 
the  court  to  name  ten  persons,  from  whom  he  would  select 
five, "  who,  after  his  departure,  shall  exercise  and  possess 
the  executive  authority  until  the  arrival  of  the  expected 
ships  and  the  Governor  of  His  Majesty  of  England,  who 
shall  be  also  authorized  to  surrender  the  country  to  whom- 
soever exhibits  His  Majesty's  Commission."     Steenwyck,  -||  oct. 
Bayard,  Yan  Brugh,  Beekman,  Luyck,  Kregier,  De  Pey-  provSonai 
ster,  Yan  Cortlandt,  Kip,  and  Bombouts  were  accordingly  me^nt'^of 
nominated.     But  the  proposed  provisional  government  was  eiiaad.^"^' 
not  organized.     Before  Colve  was  ready  to  embark  the  ex- 
pected British  frigates  anchored  at  Staten  Island ;  and  An-  ^^  October. 

J-  ~  '  \  Novem. 

dros  notified  him  that,  pursuant  to  the  late  treaty  of  peace,  Amvai  of 
he  was  ready  to  receive  possession  for  the  King  of  England 
of  "  the  New  Netherland  and  dependances,  now  under"  the 
Dutch  governor's  command.* 

•  Col.  MSS.,  xxiii.,  412,  413 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  544,  564-5CS,  730-733 ;  New  Orange  Eec,  vli., 
237,  244-247  ;  VaL  Man. ,  1S53,  489,  493,  494 ;  Doc.  Hist. ,  iii.,  45 ;  ante.,  25T. 


260  HISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

16T4-16T8. 

cuAP  VI.      By  the  Treaty  of  Westminster  the  United  Provinces  re- 
^.     linqnished  their  conquest  of  New  Netherland  to  the  King 
r.iVcctof'   of  England.     The   sovereign  Dutch  States  General  had 
ofu'e^t^'^  treated  directly  with  Charles  ^s  sovereign.     A  question  at 
i.iins'er.     ^^^q  arosc  at  "Wliitehall  about  the  subordinate  interest  of 
the  Duke  of  York.     It  was  claimed  by  some  that  James's 
former  American  proprietorship  was  revived,     Tet,  while 
the  Treaty  of  Westminster  re-established  the  Articles  of 
Capitulation  agreed  to  by  NicoUs  and  Stu}wesant,  who  rep- 
resented their  sovereigns  in  1664,  it  did  not  cure  the  im- 
perfections subject  to  which  the  duke  had  for  nine  years 
governed  his  American  province.     James's  patent  had  been 
sealed  while  the  Dutch  were  in  quiet  possession  of  New 
Netherland ;  and  no  new  grant  was  made  to  him  after  the 
Treaty  of  Breda,  which  confirmed  to  the  Enghsh  king  his 
conquest  of  the  Dutch  province.     Eminent  law^^ers  "  very 
justly  questioned"  the  duke's  pretension  to  the  territory 
Defects  in  wliicli  England  had  recently  recovered ;  because  its  cession 
mT "     to  her  sovereign  by  the  Dutch  government  "  had  given  no 
strength  to  original  defects."     James  was  now  obhged  to 
give  up  the  claim  of  English  right  which  he  and  his  broth- 
er had  formerly  maintained.     Moreover,  the  duke  wished 
to  regain  New  Jersey,  which  he  had  so  foolishly  squander- 
ed on  Berkeley  and  Carteret.     Besides  this,  the  boundary 
agreement  with  Connecticut,  which  had  never  been  ratified 
by  the  crown  or  by  himself,  was  a  sore  point.     The  opinion 
of  counsel  having  been  taken,  they  advised  that  the  duke's 
proprietorship  had  been  extinguished  by  the  Dutch  con- 
quest, and  that  the  king  was  now  alone  seized  of  New 
No  j»s       Netherland,  by  virtue  of  the  Treaty  of  Westminster.     The 
^f  ""•    ^^Jus  Postliminii'^  did  not  obtain  in  New  York.* 

•  Col.  roc,  ii.,  735;  iii.,  16G,  176,  235,  23G,  2S7;  v.,r>:'G;  yii.,  530,  50G,  OrT;  Hliz.  Bill,  7, 


THE  DUKE  OF  YORK'S  SECOND  PATENT.  261 

A  new  patent  to  the  Duke  of  York  was  therefore  sealed.  cnAr.  vi. 
By  it  the  king  again  conveyed  to  his  brother  the  territories 
lie  had  held  before,  and  grantBd  liim  anew  the  absolute  29  j„iie.  * 
powers  of  government  he  had  formerly  enjoyed  over  Brit-  J|^^^i^^'*^°* 
ish  subjects,  with  the  like  additional  authority  over' "  any  ^^'^j^  °^ 
other  person  or  persons"  inhabiting  his  province.     Under 
the  same  description  of  boundaries,  New  Jersey,  and  all  the 
territory  west  of  the  Connecticut  River,  together  with  Long 
Island  and  the  adjacent  islands,  and  the  region  of  Pema- 
quid,  were  again  included  in  the  grant.     The  new  patent 
did  not,  as  has  been  commonly,  but  erroneously  stated, 
"  recite  and  confirm  the  former."     It  did  not  in  any  way 
allude  to  that  instrument.     It  read  as  if  no  previous  En- 
glish patent  had  ever  existed.     It  was  a  second  grant ;  in 
almost  the  same  terms  with  the  first ;  and  it  conveyed  to 
the  duke,  ostensibly  for  the  fii'st  time,  a  territory  which 
the  Dutch  government,  after  conquering  and  holding,  had 
by  treaty  "  restored  to  His  Majesty."* 

Thus  James  again  became  the  proprietor  of  a  vast  Amer- 
ican province,  over  which  he  was  to  domineer,  until  his 
delegated  authority  from  the  king  was  merged  in  his  in- 
herited right  as  successor  to  the  crown.     His  private  reve- 
nue continued  to  be  managed  by  a  board  of  commissioners, 
of  which  his  brother-in-law,  Lawrence  Hyde,  was  one ;  Sir  James's   " 
Allen  Apsley  was  his  treasurer  and  receiver  general,  Sirsion^fand 
Thomas  Wynnington  his  attorney  general,  and  Sir  John^®*^^^^' 
Churchill  his    solicitor   general.     In    place    of  Matthew 
"Wren,  who  had  been  killed  at  his  side  in  1672,  the  duke's 
secretary  was  Sir  John  Werden ;  although  James  frequent-  ^l^^^^^\, 
ly  wrote  letters  to  liis  governors  with  his  own  hand.f  secretary. 

As  his  colonial  lieutenant  and  deputy,  the  duke,  almost 

37;  Learning  and  Spicer,  50;  Vattel,  212,  3C2 ;  Kent,  i.,  lOS-111;  Douglas,  ii.,  224,  20S; 
Smith,!., 48;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  5T9-5S1,  61T;  Kev.  Col.,i.,  143;  Proud,  i.,  282 ;  Grahanie, 
i.,  422, 467 ;  Spectator,  Ko.  xx. ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  4,  141, 143, 144 ;  ii.,  36, 56, 135,  209,  251,  25S. 

*  Col.  MSS.,  xxiii.,  362;  Ellz.  Bill,  7;  Deeds,  i.,  1 ;  Learning  and  Spicer,  3-S,  41-45,  50; 
Col.  Doc,  ii.,  295-298,  539;  iii.,  215,  234,  235;  vii.,  597;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  5T9,  5S0; 
Whitehead's  E.  J.,  63,  264;  Yonkers  Gaz.,4  Nov.,  1SC5;  Hist.  Mag.,  i.  (ii.), 89-91;  aiite^lG. 

t  Wcrden  was  a  son  of  Colonel  Robert  Werden,  of  Chester,  one  of  the  duke's  commission- 
ers, and,  before  he  became  his  secretary,  had  been  charge  d'affaires  at  Madrid  in  1667;' 
special  messenger  to  Temple  at  the  Hague  in  1669;  at  Stockholm  in  1670;  was  made  a 
baronet  in  1672 ;  and  in  1G73  was  appointed  a  commissioner  of  the  navy :  Temple's  Works,  ' 
i.,487;  ii.,  195, 190;  Courtenay's  Temple,  ii.,  400;  Pepys,  iii.,  167,  231,  235;  iv.,25;  Beat- 
son,  i. ,  203,  350 ;  ante,  4, 136, 186.  The  first  regular  Entiy  Books  relating  to  New  York,  in  the 
State  Paper  Office  at  London,  begin  in  1674.  None  of  the  duke's  letters  before  th.it  date 
Becm  to  be  preserved  there;  and  the  few  documents  of  an  earlier  period  which  I  found  are 
chiefly  those  sent  by  NicoUs  and  Lovelace  to  the  English  secretaries  of  state. 


262  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.  VL  necessarily,  appointed  Major  Edmund  Andros,  whom  tlie 
~     king  had  directed  in  the  previous  March  to  receive  New 

MajorEd-  ^etherlaud  from  the  Dutch.     Born  in  London  in  1637, 

urof'^'^^'  Andros  had  been  brought  up  in  the  royal  household,  of 
which  his  father  was  lieutenant  of  the  ceremonies.  Dur- 
ing the  exile  of  the  couri,  Andros  began  his  military  life 
in  Holland,  under  Prince  Henry  of  Nassau.  After  the 
Restoration  he  was  favored  by  Charles ;  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  first  Dutch  war ;  and  in  1669  was  commission- 
ed major  in  Prince  Rupert's  regiment  of  di'agoons.  In 
1672  Andros  commanded  the  English  forces  in  Barbadoes, 
w^here  he  got  reputation  for  skill  in  American  affairs.  The 
proprietors  of  Carolina  made  him  a  landgrave,  and  grant- 
ed him  four  baronies  in  their  province.  Andros  was  mar- 
ried, in  1671,  to  Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Craven. 
On  the  death  of  his  father  in  April,  1674,  he  succeeded  to 
the  oflice  of  bailiff  of  Guernsey,  and  became  hereditary 
seigneur  of  the  fief  of  Sausmarez.  Like  his  predecessors, 
Nicolls  and  Lovelace,  Andros  was  an  English  Episcopahan, 
but  no  bigot.  Moreover,  he  was  a  good  Dutch  and  French 
scholar.  Of  unblemished  private  character ;  with  talents, 
energy,  and  zeal  in  his  master's  service,  he  was  as  fitting  an 
instrument  as  the  Duke  of  York  could  have  chosen  to  con- 
firm arbitrary  government  in  his  regained  province.     An- 

iJuiy.      dros  was  accordinojly  commissioned  by  James  to  be  his 

Andro3  o  w  %i 

commis-     "  Lieutenant  and  Governor"  within  the  territories  covered 
ernw  of °'^'  by  liis  patent ;  to  hold  office  during  his  pleasure,  and  to 
obey  all  orders  that  he  might  give.     Andros's  commission 
was  almost  exactly  similar  to  those  of  Nicolls  and  Lovelace.* 
1  July.  The  duke's  Instructions  to  Andros,  minute  and  specific, 

instruc-  formed  the  temporary  political  constitution  of  New  York. 
tim  dukT  The  governor  was  to  satisfy  the  inliabitants  that  his  com- 
ing was  "  for  their  protection  and  benefit,  for  the  encour- 
agement of  planters  and  plantations,  and  the  improvement 
of  trade  and  commerce,  and  for  the  preservation  of  relig- 
ion, justice,  and  equity  among  them."  Strict  discipline 
was  to  be  maintained  among  the  soldiers,  so  as  to  avoid  all 

•  Col.  Dot,  ii.,  544,  740,  T41 ;  Hi.,  215,  234,  201,  SOS;  ix.,  403;  Letter  of  Selyns  to  01. 
Amst.,  10  Oct.,  IGSS ;  Mem.  of  Pcnn.  H.  S.,  vii.,  30,  3T ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  370;  Temple, 
ii.,"3;  rcpys,i..C9;  ii.,  1C7,  231,  331;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  5S0;  aiifc,  IS,  144;  post,  not'- \i. 
A  memoir  of  Andros,  and  an  engraved  portrait  of  him,  fiom  an  original  in  England,  has  been 
published  by  the  rrince  Society  at  iJoaton,  in  Massachusetts. 


THE  DUKE  OF  YORK'S  INSTRUCTIONS  TO  ANDROS.  263 

causes  of  complaint.     None  of  the  inhabitants  were  to  be  chap.  vi.  » 
molested  for  assisting  Evertsen  in  taking  the  fort,  except  in        ~~~ 
the  case  of  Englishmen,  whose  estates  might  be  forfeited  ;    -*-"'*• 
but  the  Dutch  who  had  been  active  were  to  be  observed 
"  more  circumspectly"  thereafter,  and  to  be  removed  from 
l^laces  of  strength.     Special  care  was  to  be  taken  of  the 
forts  at  New  York  and  New  Albany,  "upon  which,  in  a 
manner,  wholly  depend  the  safety  and  trade  of  the  whole 
country."     Planters  of  all  nations,  but  especially  English-  Planters  to 
men,  were  to  be  offered  "  all  manner  of  encouragement"  to  agad. 
settle  in  New  York,  by  assigning  them  lands  according  to 
the  rules  observed  "  by  those  of  New  England  and  Mary- 
land," so  that  the  province  should,  in  that  respect,  be  at 
least  equal  to  "  any  other  neighboring  colony."     The  quit- 
rent  reserved  to  the  duke  was  left  to  the  discretion  of  the 
governor,  who  was  directed  "  to  settle  a  good  correspond- 
ence with  the  neighboring  English  Plantations,  as  well 
those  of  New  England  as  those  of  Maryland."     As  it  was 
"  necessary  to  make  some  abatement  in  the  customs,"  James 
established  a  new  "tariff,"  or  declaration  of  the  duties  on  Tariff  of 
imports.     All  goods  brought  into  New  York  were  to  pay 
two  per  cent,  if  shipped  from  England  or  any  English 
plantation,  and  ten  per  cent,  if  coming  from  a  foreign 
country.     All  imports,  except  farmers'  tools  going  up  the 
Hudson  River,  were  to  be   charged  three   per  cent,  in 
addition.     Wines  were  to  pay  ten  shillings  a  pipe,  and 
brandy  or  other  European  spirits  fifteen  shillings  a  hogs- 
head; while  rum — which  came  from  the  West  Indies — 
was  favored  by  the  lower  rate  of  six  shillings  a  hogshead. 
All  liquors  sent  up  the  Hudson  River  were  charged  double 
these  rates.     Exported  beavers  were  to  pay  fifteen  pence 
on  each  skin,  and  other  peltry  in  proportion ;  while  New 
York  tobacco  was  charged  two  shillings  a  hogshead  if  sent 
to  England,  and  a  penny  a  hundred  weight  if  sent  else- 
where.    The  same  regulations  were  to  apply  "  in  Delaware 
River  as  in  Hudson's  River."     These  rates  were  "  to  hold  Rates  to 
good  for  three  years,  to  commence  from  the  arrival  and  three  years 
publication  of  them  at  New  York."     Excise  and  other  in-  ucatlo^n"  ' 
ternal  taxes,  which  had  been  imposed  by  Nicolls  and  Love- 
lace, were  to  be  temporarily  continued  until  farther  orders 
from  the  duke.    All  these  duties  were  calmly  laid  by 


264  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

.cuAP.  VI.  J  allies,  at  Windsor  Castle,  on  the  people  of  ]^ew  York. 
~      At  the  same  time,  he  directed  his  provincial  governor  to 
lessen  the  charge  of  government  there  as  much  as  pos- 
sible, "  that  so,  by  degrees,  I  may  reap  from  thence  some 
advantages,  in  return  for  the  great  expence  and  trouble  I 
icquai  ad-  liavc  becii  at  in  protecting  that  colony."     Justice  was  to  be 
ti'on'of'juV  administered  "  with  all  possible  equality,  without  regard  to 
'"'^"         Dutch  or  English,"  so  that  all  might  see  "  their  just  rights 
preserved  to  them  inviolably."     The  laws  and  orders  es- 
tablished by  Nicolls  and  Lovelace  were  not  to  be  varied 
from  "  but  upon  emergent  necessities,"  and  with  the  advice 
of  the  council  and  the  gravest  and  most  experienced  in- 
habitants ;  and  no  alteration  was  to  be  valid  -unless  con- 
firmed by  the  duke  within  a  year.     All  writs  were  to  run 
Mogis-      in  the  king's  name.     Magistrates  were  to  be  chosen  "for 
officer*"    their  abilities  and  integrity,"  and  no  ofiicers  were  to  be  ap- 
pointed "for  above  one  year,  or  otherwise  than  during 
pleasure."     The  governor  was  to  choose  a  council,  not  ex- 
counsei-    ceeding  ten,  out  of  "the  most  prudent  inhabitants,"  with 
whom  he  was  to  "consult  upon  all  extraordinary  occasions" 
relating  to  the  public  service.     They  were  to  hold  their 
places  during  the  duke's  pleasure ;  and  they,  as  well  as  all 
other  officers,  were  to  take  oaths  of  allegiance  to  the  king, 
and  of  fidelity  to  the  proprietor,  as  also  one  peculiar  to  the 
office.    Freedom  of  conscience  was  secured.    "  You  shall," 
were  James's  orders  to  Andros,  "  permit  all  persons,  of 
rieedom    wliat  Rcligioii  soever,  quietly  to  inhabit  -svithin  the  pre- 
in  xew"*^  cincts  of  your  jurisdiction,  without  giving  them  any  dis- 
^  "''^"        turbance  or  disquiet  whatsoever,  for  or  by  reason  of  their 
differing  opinions  in  matter  of  Religion:  Provided  they 
give  no  disturbance  to  the  public  peace,  nor  do  molest  or 
disquiet  others  in  the  free  exercise  of  their  religion." 
In  case   of  the  death  of  Andros,  Lieutenant  Anthony 
lirockhoiia  Brockliolls  was  to  succeed  him  in  his  government.     Brock- 
>in<ioi-  An-  liolls  was  of  a  Roman  Catholic  family  in  Lancashire,  En- 
gland, and  was  himself  "  a  prof  est  Papist."     The  "  Test 
Act"  of  29  March,  1673,  would  have  excluded  him  fi-om 
holding  office  in  England.     But,  as  that  statute  did  not  ex- 
tend to  the  British  American  Plantations,  the  duke,  him- 
self a  victim  of  Protestant  intolerance,  was  able  to  illus- 
trate his  own  idea  of  "  Freedom  to  worship  God,"  by  ap- 


THE  DUKE  OF  YOEK'S  COLONIAL  OFFICERS.  265 

pointing  a  member  of  the  Church  of  Eome  to  be  his  sec-  cuap.  vi. 
ond  colonial  officer  in  New  York.*  ^(\7a. 

By  the  king's  special  permission,  the  Duke  of  York  raised 
a  company  of  infantry,  consisting  of  one  hundred  men,  be- 
sides officers,  to  serve  in  his  province.     Of  this  company 
he  commissioned  Andros  to  be  captain,  and  Brockholls  i  Jujy- 
lieutenant.      Christopher   Billop,   who   had   "  served   the  Regular 

niilitsrv 

kins:,"  and  whose  father  was  an  importunate  office-seeker,  officers  in 

O'  NeviT  York. 

was  appointed  second  lieutenant,  and  Caesar  Knapton  en- 
sign. A  surgeon  and  a  chaplain  were  likewise  established 
for  the  forces  in  New  York.f 

James  also  chose  William  Dyer,  or  Dyre,  formerly  of 
Rhode  Island,  and  who,  the  autumn  before,  had  planned 
reconquest,  to  be  the  collector  of  his  provincial  customs. 
Dyer  was  instructed  to  receive  all  the  customs'  duties  ac-  2  Juiy. 

•^  ,  1  1  •        1       Dyer  col- 

cruine:  to  the  duke  within  the  territory  granted  to  him  by  lector  of 

,.  ,  ■■  All  j?i_ij-    ^'ew  York. 

the  king,  and  pay  them  over  to  Andros,  whose  lartiier  di- 
rections he  was  to  follow,  and  to  whom  he  was  to  report 
from  time  to  time.  No  trust  was  to  be  allowed  to  any 
one,  and  all  duties  were  to  be  paid  in  money  or  goods. 
The  collector  was  not  to  trade  as  a  merchant ;  and  all  rev- 
enue differences  with  importers  were  to  be  determined  by 
"the  ordinary  magistrates  of  the  place,  or  otherwise,  as 
hath  been  liitherto  accustomed.":]: 

One  of  the  motives  to  the  Duke  of  York's  second  patent 
was  the  peculiar  condition  of  New  Jersey.  James  con- 
sidered that  his  former  release  of  that  region  to  Berkeley  New  Jersey 

.  affairs 

and  Carteret  was  annulled  b}^  the  Dutch  conquest — just  as 
his  own  grant  from  the  king  had  been.  But  both  his 
grantees  were  old  courtiers,  and  more  than  his  match, 
where  their  own  interests  were  at  stake.     They  played 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  216-219,  G5T,  C74;  iv,,  ICC;  Burke's  Commoners,  ir.,  411;  ante,  202. 
Brockholls,  although  a  Roman  Catholic,  was  married  to  Susanna  Maria,  daughter  of  Paulus  • 

Schrick,  of  New  York,  and  a  member  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  in  which  their  childrea 
were  all  baptized.  One  of  these  children,  Susanna  Brockholls,  married  Philip  French,  Jun., 
and  their  daughter  Susanna  married  William  Livingston,  governor  of  New  Jersey,  by  whom 
she  had  Judge  Henry  Brockholst  Livingston,  and  others:  N.  Y'.  H.  S.  Coll.  (ii),  i.,  395; 
Col.  Doc.,  iv.,  604 ;  Val.  Man.,  1863,  748,  809 :  Sedgwick's  Livingston,  59,  60,  236,  239.  The 
usual  English  spelling  of  the  name'  was  "Brockholes;"  but  the  major's  autographs  in  the 
Secretary's  Office  at  Albany  are  written  "  Brockholls."  The  Dutch  Church  Records  make 
the  name  "Brockholst,"  and  this  appears  to  have  been  preferred  by  his  descendants. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  219-221,  230,  276,  284;  Pepys,  iv.,  53.  It  is  not  known  what  chaplain 
accompanied  Andros  to  New  York  in  1C74 :  Hist.  Mag.,  v.,  153, 156, 189 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  415, 
note;  Gen.  Ent,  xxxii.,  93 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (IS09),  157  :  ante,  45,  note. 

t  Chalmers,  i.,  580;  CoL  Doc,  ii.,  721;  iii.,  207,  221-223,  318;  lv.,353;  R.  L  CoL  Rec,  i., 
266  ;  ii.,  IDS,  396 ;  Val.  Man.,  1SD3,  3S7 ;  ante,  247,  203 ;  vol.  i.,  557. 


266  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  VI.  their  own  separate  games  with  skill,  and  eventually  they 
Z      beat  the  duke. 

Af ter  returning  from  his  lieutenancy  of  Ireland,  Berke- 
ley was  appointed  ambassador  in  France.     He  had  found 
John  Lord  that  his  American  proprietorship  verified  the  prediction  of 
^^  '^  ''y-   I^icolls,  that  its  profit,  if  any,  would  only  benefit  his  grand- 
children.    Berkeley,  therefore,  shortly  after  the  Treaty  of 
Westminster,  in  consideration   of  one  thousand  pounds, 
conveyed  to  John  Fenwick,  an  old  Cromwellian  soldier, 
in  trust   for  Edward  Byllinge,   a   broken-down  London 
IS  March,  brcwer,  his  undivided  half  of  New  Jersey,  together  with 
hiTundi-    such  "  franchises,  liberties,  governments,  and  powers"  as 
ofNewjer-had  been  granted  to  him  by  the  Duke  of  York  in  1664. 
Hnye°and'  Both  of  Berkeley's   grantees   were  Quaker  disciples   of 
Fenwick.    Q.gQj.gg  Yox,  who  had  just  returned  from  America.     They 
probably  calculated  that  they  had  secured  a  bargain.     Yet 
Berkeley's  conveyance  to  Fenwick  was  a  very  doubtful 
parchment.     If,  by  reason  of  the  Dutch  reconquest  of  New 
York  and  New  Jersey,  tlie  Duke  of  York  was  obliged  to 
procure  a  new  patent  from  the  king,  it  was  much  more 
necessary   for  Berkeley   to   obtain   a   new  release  from 
his    own    grantor.      Nevertheless,  the    bargain    stood   as 
it  was  thus  concluded,  just  three  months  before  Charles 
made  his  second  grant  to  his  brother ;  and  Berkeley  re- 
joiced that  he  had  touched  his  thousand  pounds,  and  was 
rid  of  any  concern  in  New  Jersey.* 

But  Berkeley's  old  copartner,  Sir  George  Carteret,  was 
differently  situated.     He  had  no  motive  to  part  with  his 
Sir  George  interest  in  New  Jersey.     He  had  come  back  from  Dublin 
to  resume  his  place  near  the  person  of  his  sovereign.     It 
was  not  difficult  for  the  domineering  courtier  to  warp  his 
easy  king.     Charles,  accordingly — a  fortnight  before  his 
own  second  patent  to  his  brother  for  New  York  and  New 
Jersey  had  passed  the  great  seal — was  prevailed  upon  to 
13  June.  ^  sign  a  letter  declaring  that  Sir  George  was  "  seized  of  the 
iltter\'n^^  Provincc  of  New  Csesarea  or  New  Jersey,  in  America,  and 
favor.'"'''''  of  the  jurisdiction  thereof,"  and  commanding  its  inhabit- 
ants to  obey  his  government, "  who  hath  the  sole  power, 

•  Learning  and  Spicer,  C4,  65, 413  ;  Chalmers,  !.,  617 ;  S.  Smith,  T9,  89,  5G7 ;  Gordon,  34 ; 
Buriiot,  i.,  207;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  105;  Fox's  Journal,  465;  Sewell,  512;  Bancroft,  ii ,  ;if)5; 
Gralmme,  i.,  4G7,  4T3,  4T4;  Wliiteliead,  6r>,  G7 ;  Dixon's  Life  of  Penn  (ed.  Philad.,  1-51), 
136 ;  Dankcrs's  and  SUiyter'.s  Journal,  241-243 ;  ante,  S5, 150, 200, 201. 


THE  DUKE  OF  YORK'S  SECOND  GRANT  OF  NEW  JERSEY.     267 

under  us,  to  settle  and  dispose  of  the  said  country,  upon  chap.vi. 
such  terms  and  conditions  as  he  shall  think  fit."* 

Yet,  when  this  letter  was  written,  the  king  knew  that  pauacy  oV 
the  only  way  in  which  Carteret  could  be  "  seized"  of  New  {;tt*Jr1n^ 
Jersey  was  by  tlie  duke's  release  in  1664,  which  made  him  ^^1°^^"^^ 
a  joint  owner  with  Berkeley,  who  had  just  sold  his  undi- 
vided interest  to  Fen  wick.  How,  then,  could  Carteret 
have  "  the  sole  power"  which  Charles's  letter  attributed  to 
him  ?  Moreover,  at  that  very  time  the  king  had  ordered  a 
new  patent,  which  he  afterward  sealed,  granting  to  his 
brother  "  full  and  absolute  power  and  authority"  over  all 
the  territory  between  the  Connecticut  and  the  Delaware 
which  had  been  relinquished  to  him  by  the  Dutch  in  the 
Treaty  of  Westminster.  New  Jersey  was  a  part  of  that 
territory ;  and  after  James's  patent  was  sealed,  he  stood,  in 
place  of  the  king,  as  its  only  proprietor.  Carteret,  there- 
fore, had  no  "power"  at  all  in  Kew  Jersey.  Whatever 
equitable  claims  Berkeley  and  Carteret,  or  their  assigns 
might  have  had  to  the  personal  favor  of  James,  they  had 
no  legal  rights  whatever  to  New  Jersey  after  its  conquest 
by  the  Dutch,  and  its  second  grant  by  King  Charles  to 
the  Duke  of  York. 

What  followed  is  less  clear.     All  that  we  know  is,  that 
the  Duke  of  York — three  weeks  after  he  had  commissioned 
Andros  to  be  governor  of  the  whole  of  his  American  ter- 
ritory— was  induced  to  direct  his  attorney  general  and  his  23  juiy, 
solicitor  general  to  prepare  a  grant  to  Sir  George  Carteret, 
i?i  severalty,  of  a  part  of  the  portion  which,  ten  years  be- 
fore, he  had  conveyed  to  Berkeley  and  Carteret  jointly. 
Accordingly,  James — referring  to  the  king's  second  patent  23  juiy. 
to  him  of  29  June,  1674 — granted  to  Carteret  and  his  heii'S  the  Duke 
the  tract  of  land  "  westward  of  Long  Island  and  Manhattas  Ne^v  jersey 
Island,  and  bounded  on  the  east,  part  by  the  main  sea  and  in  sevemf- 
part  by  Hudson's  River,  and  extends  southward  as  far  as  a  *^" 
certain  creek  called  Barnegat,  being  about  the  middle  be- 
tween Sandy  Point  and  Cape  May ;  and  bounded,  on  the 
west  in  a  strait  line  from  the  said  creek  called  Barnegat  to 
a  certain  creek  in  Delaware  River  next  adjoining  to  and 
below  a  certain  creek  in  Delaware  River  called  Rankokus 
Kill ;  and  from  thence  up  the  said  Delaware  River  to  the 

*  Col.  MS3.,  xxii.,  lOG;  IZliz.  BiU,  38;  Learning  and  Spicer,  49;  Whitehead,  64. 


268  IIISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  KEW  YORK. 


1674. 


cuAr.  VI.  northermost  branch  thereof,  which  is  in  forty-one  degrees 

and  forty  minutes  of  latitude ;  and  on  the  north  crosseth 

over  thence  in  a  strait  hne  to  Hudson's  River  in  forty-one 

degrees  of  latitude :  v^^hich  said  tract  of  land  is  hereafter  to 

be  called  by  the  name  or  names  of  JVew  CcBsarea,  or  JV^ew 

Jersey P     But — as  in  the  case  of  the  duke's  original  release 

No  powers  of  24  Jimc,  1664 — his  second  grant  did  not  convey  to  Car- 

ment        tcrct  any  of  the  "  full  and  absolute  power  and  authority  to 

^''^    '     govern,"  which  the  king  had  intrusted  to  his  brother.* 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  scope  of  this  instrument, 
its  history  is  remarkable.     Before  he  granted  it,  James  is 
said  to  have  "  hesitated  long,  and  at  length  sacrificed  his 
personal  interest,  as  well  as  the  prosperity  of  New  York,  to 
his  fatal  esteem  for  Carteret."     The  duke  himself  after- 
ward declared  that  the  grant  was  obtained  from  him  "  by 
surprise."     The  probability  is  that  James  found  that  he 
could  not  safely  thwart  his  brother's  imperious  vice-cham- 
berlain, for  whom,  besides,  he  cherished  "much  esteem 
and  regard."     So,  to  make  things  easy  at  Whitehall,  he 
gave  away  to  Carteret  the  largest  half  of  New  Jersey, 
which  that  experienced  courtier  flattered  him  he  chose 
"  because  near  unto  his  government  of  New  Tork ;"  while 
it  was  really  preferred  "  on  the  account  of  its  being  well 
settled  with  a  sober  and  industrious  people,  which  would 
invite  others  to  come  there,  whereas  the  other  was  a  desart." 
Kffect  of  ^    Yet  James  did  not  intend  to  "  let  go  any  part  of  his  pre- 
Kiant  to     rogative ;"  for  he  made  no  alteration  in  the  commission  he 
had  given  to  Andros.     Berkeley's  conveyance  of  his  undi- 
vided interest  to  Fenwick  M^as  disregarded ;  because,  if  the 
duke  had  been  evicted  by  the  Dutch  conquest,  much  more 
so  were  his  grantees  in  1664.     Carteret,  however,  took  liis 
new  title,  in  severalty,  knowing  that  in  1668  Staten  Island 
had  been  "  adjudged  to  belong  to  New  York,"  and  that  it 
had  been  purchased  for  James  in  16T0.f 
sijiiiy.^        Esteeming  himself,  nevertheless,  the  sole  proprietor  of 
newconces- New  Jersey,  Carteret  drew  up  some  explanations  of  the 
n"w  jcr-    former  "  concessions"  of  himself  and  Berkeley.     In  this  in- 
'*''■  strument  Sir  George  distinctly  recognized  the  annihilation 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  223,  224;  Eliz.  Bill,  7;  Lc.iming  and  Spicer,  42,  40,  4T,  4S;  ante,  S2,  83. 
t  Clmlmcrs,  i.,  017  ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  220,  240;  S.  Smith,  ■'iJS ;  Whitehead,  05,  07  ;  Mass.  U. 
S.  Coll.,  x.xxvii.,  815 ;  Yonkers  Gazette  of  8  .July  and  5  August,  1806 ;  ante^  149, 150, 100. 


JAMES'S  FINAL  INSTEUCTIONS  TO  ANDEOS.  269 

of  his  old  rights  by  the  Dutch  conquest,  and  the  recent  cuap.vi. 
fresh  errant  from  the  duke  to  himself.     At  the  same  time  ~~~ 
he  commissioned  his  cousin  Philip  to  be  his  provincial  gov-  ' 

ernor,  and  procured  for  him  a  passage  in  the  frigate  which 
was  to  convey  Andros  to  JSTew  York.* 

It  was  necessary  for  the  duke  to  do  another  act  before  he 
could  feel  at  ease  about  his  title  to  Long  Island  and  Pem- 
aquid.     The  consideration  which  he  had  promised  to  Lord 
Stirling  in  1664  had  never  been  paid.     To  obtain  a  release 
from  the  earl  of  "  all  his  pretence  of  right  and  title,"  James 
granted  to  him  for  life  a  pension  of  three  hundred  pounds  so  jniy. 
a  year,  "  out  of  the  surplusage  of  the  neat  profits  of  the  ung's  pen- 
revenue  arising  out  of  the  said  colony,  all  manner  of  charges,  ^^°^ 
be  it  civil  or  military,  first  deducted  and  allowed."     At  the 
same  time,  Lord  Stirling  agreed  that,  if  the  duke  should 
procure  for  him  "  any  employment  or  other  satisfaction  to 
the  like  value,"  he  would  release  the  grant  of  his  annuity .f 

James  now  gave  several  final  directions  to  Andros.     As  fj,  Aug. 
soon  as  he  should  arrive  at  New  York,  the  governor  was  to  st'ractiras 
seize  the  estate  of  Lovelace,  who  was  charged  with  being  from°thr 
about  seven  thousand  pounds  in  debt  to  the  proprietor.  '^"''^ 
Andros  was  also  furnished  with  a  copy  of  the  "  Duke's 
Laws,"  as  established  in  New  York  by  Nicolls  and  Love- 
lace, which,  it  was  thought  upon  consideration,  might  be 
amended  "  in  some  particular  clauses  thereof."     His  origi- 
nal instructions  were  therefore  modified  so  as  to  require 
him  "to  put  in  execution  the  said  laws,  except  such  as 
shall  have  apparent  inconveniences  in  them ;"  and,  after 
his  settlement  in  ISTew  York,  he  was,  with  the  advice  of  his 
council,  to  make  such  amendments  as  might  be  found  nec- 
essary "  for  the  ease  and  benefit  of  the  people,"  and  the 
good  of  the  proprietor's  service.     These  alterations  were  to 
be  at  once  reported  to  the  duke  for  his  authority  to  put 
them  in  execution.    Shortly  afterward  James's  new  govern- 
or set  sail,  accompanied  by  his  staff  and  military  forces,  and 
by  '•  a  number  of  new  colonists."     They  were  conveyed  by 

*  Eliz.  Bill,  T,  33-40 ;  Learning  and  Spicer,  50-CO ;  Doe.  Hist.,  iii.,  45 ;  TVliitehcad,  65, 
CO;  ante,  S3-S6, 1S9,  199,  200.     Carteret  was  a  kinsman  of  Andros:  Hatfield,  ITS. 

t  It  seems  that  there  never  was  any  "surplusage  of  the  neat  profits"  arising  out  of  the 
revenue  of  New  York,  and  that  the  duke  neither  got  any  office  for  Lord  Stirling,  nor  paid 
him  any  part  of  his  stipulated  annuity:  see  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  42,  225,606,  60T;  v.,  330,  331; 
vii.,  430-132  ;  Duer's  Life  of  Stirling,  3T-49 ;  aji??,  15, 10. 


270  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VI.  the  frigates  Diamond,  Captain  Richard  Griffith,  and  Castle, 

~      Captain  Cassibelan  Burton.     Besides  Philip  Carteret,  the 

governor  of  New  Jersey,  Captain  John  Manning,  who  had 

been  waiting  for  some  months  in  England,  returned  to 

New  York  in  the  Diamond  with  Andros.* 

22  October.     In  due  time  the  British  frigates  anchored  at  Staten  Island ; 

1  Novem.   and  Andros  sent  Governor  Carteret  with  Ensign  Knapton 

Andros  no-  .  p 

tifiescoiveto  notifv  Colvc  that  he  was  ready  to  receive  from  him 

to  ETIVG  DOS- 

session  of   "  The  Now  Netherland  and  dependances,"  now  under  his 

New  Neth- 

eriand.      commaud.     The  Dutch  governor,  however,  declined  yield- 
ing possession  at  once,  and  required  eight  days  to  complete 
the  necessary  preliminaries.     These  were  not  mere  formal- 
ities.    They  touched  what  the  Dutch  considered  their  es- 
sential rights,  chiefly  affecting  religion  and  property.     The 
24  October,  burgomasters  and  schepens  of  the  metropolis  appointed 
3  Novem.    Stccnwyck,  Van  Brugh,  and  Beekman  to  welcome  the  En- 
glish governor  on  board  the  Diamond,  and  request  fi*ora 
The  city    him  some  privileges  "  for  the  advantage  of  the  common- 
requeJt  '^*  alty."     Audros  desired  them  to  "  assure  the  inhabitants  of 
forlhe^^*  the  Dutch  nation  that  they  should  participate  in  the  same 
Dutch.       privileges  as  those  of  the  English  nation,  and  that  his  Hon- 
or would,  as  far  as  possible,  promote  their  interests ;  refer- 
ring himself  further  to  the  Instructions  given  him  by  His 
Koyal  Majesty  and  Highness  the  Duke  of  York."     "VVish- 
27  October,  i^g  more  certainty,  Colve   sent  Steenwyck  and  Captain 
6  Novem.    Eppstcvn  to  Audros  with  several  articles,  to  which  he  de- 

Colve'sde-     ,^^        "^  r  ,  •    p         •  p    ^       -r\         i 

mands.  Sired  answcrs  for  the  satisiaction  or  the  Dutch  government, 
and  for  "  the  greater  tranquillity  of  the  good  People  of 
this  Province."  These  articles  related  chiefly  to  the  set- 
tlement of  debts;  the  validity  of  judgments  during  the 
Dutch  administration,  and  the  maintenance  of  owners  in 
the  possession  of  property ;  "  that  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Dutch  nation  may  be  allowed  to  retain  their  customary 
The  Dutch  Church  privileges  in  Divine  service  and  Church  discipline, 
NewYork.  bcsidcs  their  Fathers'  laws  and  customs  in  the  division  of 
their  inheritances ;"  that  they  might  not  be  forced  to  serve 
"  against  their  own  nation ;"  that  each  congregation  might 
support  its  ovni  poor;  besides  several  other  particulars. 

•  Col.  Doc,  ii., 733;  iii.,2'2G.227;  Doc.  lIi^it  ,iii.,45,  54;  CouncilMin.,  iii.  (:i.),C;  Warr., 
Ord.,  Tasi?.,  etc.,  iii.,  TA  ;  nnti;  '2T>G.  There  is  a  copy  of  "the  Duke's  laws"  in  thj  State  Pa- 
per Office,  London  :  Board  of  Trade,  N.  V.,  No.  UO,  15  >. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOE.  271 

Andros  replied  the  next  day  by  a  general  assurance  that  chap.vi. 
he  would  give  satisfactory  answers  to  most  of  the  points, 
being  ordered  to  observe  the  articles  of  peace  "  in  the  best  53  October. 
and  most  friendly  manner"  toward  the  Dutch  inhabitants,  t  Novem. 
and  that  he  had  directed  Captain  Matthias  NicoUs  person-  reply, 
ally  to  confer  with  Colve  on  the  subject.     At  this  confer- 
ence Nicolls  satisfied  Colve  that  Andros  would  give  the  29  October. 
desired  answers  as  soon  as  he  had  assumed  the  govern- s  Novem. 
ment.     This  assurance  was  honorably  fulfilled.* 

All  preliminaries   being   now   satisfactorily   arranged, 
Colve  assembled  the  burgomasters  and  schepens,  with  the  9  Novem!'^ 
burgher  court-martial,  at  the  City  Hall,  and  announced  coive'^s^  ^^ 
that  on  the  morrow  he  would  surrender  the  fort  and  prov-  New  Neth- 

-_^   ,      ,        erland. 

ince  to  Andros  on  behalf  of  the  King  of  Great  Britam ; 
and,  after  thanking  them  for  their  past  services,  absolved 
them  from  their  oaths  of  allegiance  to  the  States  Gener- 
al and  the  Prince  of  Orange.     The  banners  of  the  "  Out 
people,"  and  the   cushions    and  table-cloth   in   the   City 
Hall,  were  intrusted  to  Burgomaster  Yan  Brugh  until  they 
should  be  claimed  by  "  superior  authority ;"  and  Colve  then 
took  his  "  farewell  of  the  Assembly."     The  next  day,  be-  3^  October, 
ing  Saturday,  the  tenth  of  November,  according  to  theWNOTimT 
]^ew  Style,  "  The  Province  of  New  Netherland  was  sur-  eriand  re- 
rendered  by  Governor  Colve  to  Governor  Major  Edmund  England, 
Andros  on  behalf  of  His  Britannic  Majesty."f 

Thus  England   once  more  became   predominant   over 
North  America.     From  Carolina  to  Acadia  its  Atlantic 
coast  obeyed  the  servants  of  her  king.     On  taking  posses- 
sion '  of  his  government,  Andros's  first  ofiicial  act  was  to  10  Novenh' 
swear  in  Captain  Matthias  NicoUs  as  one  of  his  council,  ^^g^^he' 
and  appoint  him  to  be  again  secretary  of  the  province  of  g'J^™- 
"  New  York."     The  e-overnor's  other  counselors,  from  time  New  York, 

'-'  ,     ,  '  and  ap- 

to  time,  were  BrockhoUs,  Dyer,  Phillipse,  and  the  several  points  ofs- 
mayors  of  the  metropolis,  Lawrence,  Dervall,  De  Meyer, 
Yan  Cortlandt,  and  others.     A  proclamation  was  imme- 
diately issued,  charging  all  persons  to  be  peaceable.:}: 

*  Col.  MSS.,xxiii.,  412-420;  New  Orange  Records,  vii.,  253;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,4'3-51;  Val. 
JIan.,  1S52,  41.5-421 ;  1S53,  498;  ante,  259.  See  Appendix,  Note  C,  for  the  documents  illus- 
trating this  negotiation  between  Colve  and  Andros. 

t  New  Orange  Rec. ,  vii. ,  254,  255 ;  Val.  Man.,  1852,  421,  422 ;  1853,  498,  409 ;  Doc.  Hist., 
i;i.,  51,  52 ;  Col.  MS^.,  xxiii.,  423. 

t  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  1;  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  295;  Warr.,  Ord.,  Pas SC3,  iii. ,  1 ;  P.  Hazard's 
Ann.  Penn.,  413;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  112;  rt?ir,  211. 


272  HISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ciiAi-.  VI.       A  quiet  Sunday  followed.     Whoever  was  British  chap- 
lain  at  the  fort,  it  especially  interested  Domine  Yan  Nieu- 
Domine  '  weuhuyseu  to  learn  that  the  Reverend  Nicolaus  van  Rens- 
?'!n°nen3-  ^elaer,  a  younger  son  of  the  first  patroon  of  Rensselaer- 
seiacr.       wyck,  and  an  ordained  clergyman  in  both  the  Dutch  and 
the  English  churches,  had  come  over  with  Andros,  recom- 
mended by  the  Duke  of  York  to  be  made  "  minister  of 
one  of  the  Dutch  churches  in  New  York  or  New  Albany, 
when  a  vacancy  shall  happen,"^' 
j^gNovera.      Early  on  Monday  morning  Andros  wrote  a  courteous 
And?os°to  letter  to  Colve,  acknowledging  his  "  generosity  in  all  his 
proceedings"  since  the  arrival  of  the  English  frigates;  not 
the  least  touching  mark  of  which  seems  to  have  been  the 
coive'a      gift  by  the  Dutch  governor  to  his  successor  of  his  coach 

co.ich  and    o  "^  _  *-' 

iiorsesgiv-  aud  three  horses.     Andros  likewise  returned  to  Colve  the 
dios.     '    articles  proposed  before  the  surrender ;  almost  all  of  which 
were  agreed  to,  and  certified  by  Secretary  NicoUs,  "pur- 
suant to  the  assurance  given  by  those  emplo3-ed."f 
x-i  ^'o'^em-      At  the  same  time  Andros  notified  the  governors  of  the 
tifics  the    neighboi'ing  English  colonies  of  his  arrival,  and  of  his  as- 
of  the  En-  sumptiou  of  the  government  of  New  York.     Dyer  was  in- 
Hiel'*^°°'  stalled  as  collector,  and  the  duke's  customs'  rates  publish- 
ed.    Yarious  local  ofiicers  were  also  appointed.     But,  as 
^j  xovem.  these  could  not  all  be  selected  at  once,  the  governor,  by 
tiontocou-  proclamation,  authorized  the  English  magistrates  who  were 
giishoffi-    in  ofiice  in  the  several  towns  at  the  time  of  the  Dutch  con- 
quest, to  act  for  six  months,  as  before.:}: 

The  most  important  point  to  be  regained  was  Albany. 

3  Novem.    Eusigu  Csesar  Knapton  was  accordingly  sent  thither,'  with 

Sergeant  Thomas  Sharpe  and  eighteen  men,  to  take  com- 

*  VanNieuwenhuysen'sLetter  toCl.  Amst.,  30May,lG7G:  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  225;  Doc.  Hist., 
iii.,  52G;  O'Call.,  i.,  122,  212;  ii.,552;  llolgate,  42;  Smith,  i.,  49,  3SS;  N.  Y.  Clirist.  Int., 
2  Nov.,  1SC5;  Hist.  Mag.,  ix.,  352.  It  appears  that  Van  Rensselaer  had  luckily  prophesied 
to  Charles  the  Second,  at  Brussels,  that  he  would  be  restored  to  his  throne.  When  that 
event  occurred  tlie  Domine  accompanied  the  Dutch  ambassador, Van  Gogh,  to  London,  as 
chaplain  to  the  embassy  ;  and  the  king,  recollecting  his  prediction,  gave  Van  Rensselaer  a 
gold  snuff-box,  with  his  likeness  in  tlie  lid,  which  is  still  preserved  by  the  family  at  Albany. 
After  Van  Gogh  left  London  because  of  the  Dutch  war  in  106.5,  Domine  Van  Rensselaer  re- 
ceived Charles's  license  to  preacii  to  the  Dutch  congregation  at  Westminster;  was  ordained 
a  deacon  in  the  English  Church  by  the  Bishop  of  Salisbury ;  and  was  appointed  lecturer  at 
Saint  Margaret's  Lothbury. 

t  Col.  MSS.,  xxiii.,  419,  420,  421;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  48,  49,  50;  Val.  Man.,  1852,  418-421. 
Andros  appears  to  have  been  the  first  English  governor  who  used  a  coach  and  lioi-scs  in 
New  York,  and  they  were  a  present  from  Colve  :  see  Col.  Doc,  iv.,  221,  275;  ante,  223. 

t  Gen.  Knt.,  iv.,  290-299  ;  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  2,  3 ;  Warr.,  Ord.,  etc,  iii.,  2,  3 ;  Rikc-.'s 
Newtown,  90 ;  (;ol.  Rec  Conn.,  ii.,  509 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  217,  240 ;  atilc,  203,  205. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  273 

mand  of  the  fort.     Michael  Siston  was  appointed  schout,  cnAP.vi. 
or   sheriff,  and  Richard  Pretty   collector   of  the   excise. 
George  Hall  was  made  schout  of  Esopus.     Andros  also  4  j^-^^g^" 
wrote  to  the  Dutch  commissaries  at  both  places,  inclosing  ^^^°^_ 
Colve's   orders  for  their  surrender.     Domine  Bernardus 
Arensius,  the  Lutheran  minister,  was  at  the  same  time  U-  6  Novem. 
censed  to  go  to  Albany  in  the  sloop  which  conveyed  the 
new  officers,  and  officiate  there  "as  formerly  under  the 
English  Government."     The  surrender  was  happily  accom- 
plished ;  and  the  reinstated  Albany  commissaries  expressed  19  Novem. 
their  satisfaction  at  being  settled  again  under  the  Duke 
of  York's  authority.* 

To  quiet  any  controversy  about  the  "e/tis  PostliTninii^'' 
Andros  now  issued  a  proclamation  that  '•  all  former  grants,  9  Novem. 
privileges,  or  concessions  heretofore  granted,  and  all  estates  tion  of  ah- 
legally  possessed  by  any  under  His  Royal  Highness  before  firming°aii 
the  late  Dutch  Government,  as  also  all  legal  judicial  pro-  g°r™t'! 
ceedings  during  that  Government  to  my  arrival  in  these 
parts,  are  hereby  confirmed,  and  the  possessors  by  virtue 
thereof  to  remain  in  quiet  possession  of  their  rights  :  It  is 
hereby  further  declared  that  the  known  Book  of  Laws 
formerly  established  and  in  force  under  His  Royal  High- 
ness's  government,  is  now  again  confirmed  by  His  Royal 
Highness,  the  which  are  to  be  observed  and  practiced,  to- 
gether with  the  manner  and  time  of  holding  Courts  there- 
in mentioned,  as  heretofore."     The  next  week,  to  settle 
some  farther  doubts,  the  governor  declared  that  his  procla-  le  Novem. 
mation  of  the  ninth  of  November  was  "  to  be  understood 
with  due  regard  of  the  Articles  of  Peace  in  every  par- 
ticular."f 

The  city  of  New  York  being  the  metropolis,  Andros,  by  10  Novem. 
a  special  commission,  appointed  Secretary  Matthias  NicoUs  ceraofNew 
to  be  mayor,  John  Lawrence  deputy  mayor,  and  William 
Dervall,  Frederick  Phillipse,  Gabriel  Minvielle,  and  John 
Winder  aldermen,  who  were  to  hold  their  offices  until  the 

•  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  2,  3;  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  300-304;  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passe?,  iii.,  2-S,  3S, 
39 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  51,  525.  It  appears  that  Arensius  afterward  spent  his  summers  in  New 
York,  and  his  winters  at  Albany,  ministering  alternately  to  the  Lutherans  in  each  place : 
Letter  of  Selyns  to  01.  Amst.,  26  October,  16S2 ;  Murphy's  Anthology,  94  ;  C.  WoUey,  57. 
Captain  Knyff,  on  his  departure  for  Holland,  made  several  donations  to  the  Lutheran 
Church:  Col.  MS.=!.,  xxiii.,  424. 

t  Warr.,  Ord.,  Pass.,  iii.,  13, 19  ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxiv.,  S;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  22T;  Doc.  Hiat,  iii., 
52  ;  Min.  of  N.  Y.  Com.  Council,  i. ,  12, 13 ;  Val.  Man.,  1815, 1846,  330,  331 ;  ante,  260. 

II.— s 


274 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOEK. 


Chap.  VI. 


1674. 


13  Novem. 
JIayor's 
Court  of 
New  York. 


12  Novem. 
Lovelace's 
estate 
seized  for 
the  Duke 
of  York. 


Eastern 
towns  on 
Ix)ng  Isl- 
and. 


13  Novem. 


4  Decern. 
Action  of 
Andros. 


next  October.  Thomas  Gibbs,  who  had  been  one  of  Love- 
lace's counselors,  was  also  commissioned  as  sheriff.  Yet 
care  was  taken  that  the  English  element  should  prevail.* 

A  few  days  afterward  the  "  Mayor's  Court"  pf  the  city 
of  New  York  was  convened.  Its  records  were  ordered  to 
be  thereafter  kept  in  Englisli,  and  every  paper  offered  to 
the  court  to  be  in  that  tongue,  except  in  the  case  of  poor 
people  who  could  not  afford  the  cost  of  translation.  This 
introduced  more  of  the  English  form  in  legal  proceedings. 
But  it  was  several  years  before  the  system  was  settled.f 

Pursuant  to  the  duke's  order,  Andros  seized  the  estate 
of  Lovelace,  and  required  all  persons  having  any  of  it  in 
their  hands  to  render  accounts.  The  governor  thus  ob- 
tained possession  of  the  "Bouwery,"  which  some  of  the 
heirs  of  Domine  Bogardus  and  his  widow  conveyed  to 
Lovelace  in  1671.  It  formed  a  part  of  "  the  Duke's  farm," 
then  esteemed  to  be  one  of  the  least  valuable  perquisites  of 
the  actual  governor ;  but  which  has  since  become  the  sub- 
ject of  much  avaricious  strife.:}: 

When  the  governor's  proclamation  of  the  fourth  of  ISTo- 
vember,  reinstating  the  old  oflBcers  imder  Lovelace,  was  re- 
ceived at  Southampton,  Easthampton,  and  Southold,  these 
towns  held  meetings,  and  directed  Mulford,  Howell,  and 
Younge,  the  magistrates  appointed  by  Connecticut,  to  sign 
a  memorial  to  Andros,  stating  that,  by  the  aid  of  that  col- 
ony, they  had  repelled  the  Dutch ;  that  they  were  now  un- 
der her  government,  and  that  they  could  not  secede  with- 
out her  consent.  It  was  at  once  ordered  in  council  that 
the  three  towns  should  reinstate  their  former  officers,  ac- 
cording to  the  proclamation, "  under  the  penalty  of  being 
declared  rebels."  Andros  also  -wrote  to  Governor  Win- 
throp,  of  Connecticut,  counseling  him  to  disabuse  his  would- 
be  subordinates  of  their  "notion"  that  they  could  exercise 


•  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  3 ;  Warr.,  Ord.,  Pass.,  iii.,  12.  These  particulars  are  not  stated 
in  Valentine's  Manual.  While  the  provincial  seal  was  saved,  the  city's  seal  and  mace  had 
disappeared,  and  Andros  "  bespoke"  new  ones :  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  230  ;  ante,  157, 15S,  212. 

t  liecords  of  the  Mayor's  Court,  ii. ;  Daly's  Int.,  28,  29  ;  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  143;  C. 
Wolley,  57.  In  May,  1677,  it  was  ordered  that  "pleading  attornies"  be  no  longer  allowed 
to  practice  their  profession  in  New  York,  "but  for  the  depending  causes." 

t  Col.  Doc,  ilL,  226,  291 ;  iv.,  327,  893,  44S  ;  Warr.,  Ord.,  I'asses,  iii.,  15, 16;  Col.  MSS., 
XX.,  14, 15,  72 ;  Hoffman's  Treatise,  ii ,  182, 183 ;  Val.  Man.,  1860,  548 ;  ante,  183, 269.  Trin- 
ity Church,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  now  enjoys  thebenefit  of  this  action  of  Governor  Andros 
in  1674.  Lovelace  died  before  21  January,  1679,  on  which  day  the  accounts  of  his  estate 
were  exhibited  :  CoL  MSS.,  xxvi.,  43;  3LXviii.,50. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  275 

power  in  any  part  of  New  York.     Sylvester  Salisbury,  who  chap.  vi. 
had  returned  from  England  with  the  governor,  was  ac- 
cordingly  dispatched  to  execute  the  orders  of  the  council.  5  oecem  * 
To  give  him  more  dignity,  Salisbury  was  also  commissioned  saimbury 
to  be  high-sheriff  of  Long  Island.*  sherk 

Andros  himself  appears  to  have  visited  the  eastern  towns 
of  Long  Island,  which  prudently  avoided  any  farther  oppo- 
sition to  his  authority.     They  soon  learned  that  Winthrop  connecti- 
had  sent  his  son,  with  Mr.  Willys,  to  explain  the  proceed-  sengers  to 
ings  of  Connecticut  at  New  York,  where  they  arrived  dur- 
ing the  governor's  absence.     The  recusant  towns  seem  to  10  Decem. 
have  been  soothed  by  Sahsbury's  declaration  that  he  ac- siou  of  re- 
cepted  their  return  to  New  York  "  from  under  the  colony  townl 
of  Connecticut,  by  whose  help  and  protection  they  have 
been  secured  from  the  Dutch  invasion  unto  the  obedience 
of  His  Eoyal  Highness."     On  his  return  to  the  capital,  An- 
dros wrote  to  Winthrop  that  every  thing  was  satisfactorily  28  Decem. 
arranged  at  the  eastern  end  of  Long  Island ;  and  that  Con-  wites  ^ 
necticut,  by  her  interference  against  the  Dutch  in  the  pre-  ^*°*^°p- 
vious  February,  had  done  well  for  the  restoration  of  his 
master's  royal  authority.f 

By  direction  of  the  people  of  Newtown,  their  clerk,  John  le  Novcm. 
Burroughs,  replied  to  the  governor's  proclamation,  speak-  Newtown 
ing  very  plainly  of  the  grievances  they  had  suffered  under 
Lovelace,  and  reflecting  on  the  authority  of  the  Court  of 
Assizes.     Andros  at  once  demanded  whether  Burroughs  27  Novem. 
had  expressed  the  voice  of  the  town,  and  an  unsatisfactory 
answer  was  returned.     The  offending;  clerk  was  brou2:ht  5  Decem. 
before  the  council  at  New  York,  and  sentenced  to  stand  an   J^" '  ^■ 

15  Jan'y. 

hour  on  the  whipping-post  before  the  City  Hall,  with  a  pa-  its  cieik, 
per  on  his  breast,  setting  forth  that  he  had  signed  seditious  punished. ' 
letters  against  the  government ;  and  Burroughs  was  far- 
ther declared  incapable  of  holding  any  public  trust  in  the 
province.     This  sentence  was  executed  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Sheriff  Gibbs,  at  the  metropolis.:}: 

*  Council  Min.,  iii.  (il),  G-9;  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes,  etc.,  ili.,  4,  28,  29,  30,  31,41,  42,  53; 
Gen.  ICnt,  iv.,  299;  Wood,  98,  99  ;  Thompson,  i.,  15S,  .335,  3S3;  ante^  253,  272. 

t  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  113,  114, 117;  ^yaIT.,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  48 ;  Thompson,  i.,  383 ; 
Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  xxxviii. ;  ante,  243. 

X  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  25;  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  14,  15;  Riker's  Newtown,  90-92. 
Several  interesting  details  respecting  Jamaica,  Francis  Bloodgood,  of  Flushing,  and  Thomas 
and  Mary  Case,  Samuel  Scudder,  and  Samuel  Furman,  or  Foraian,  may  be  found  in  Col. 
MSS.,  xxiv.,  25, 171;  xxv.,  2;  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  52;  Paker,  92-95;  anfe,  243,  255. 


276  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.vi.  The  council  was  now  directed  to  meet  for  the  transac- 
tion  of  business  every  Friday  morning  at  nine  o'clock,  A 
8  jan'y  charter  was  also  passed,  authorizing  a  joint-stock  company 
meeun^'  "  ^^^  Settling  a  fishery  in  these  parts"  for  cod.  It  is  sup- 
^  brT°d  ^  posed  that  this  was  the  fii'st  commercial  corporation  ever 
created  within  the  province  of  New  York.''^ 

Among  those  who  had  lost  heavily  by  the  surrender  to 
the  Dutch  was  Alderman  Dervall,  who  attributed  it  di- 
rectly to  tlie  "  treachery"  of  Manning.     This  charge  against 
16  Jan'y.    au  Englishman  made  it  necessary  for  the  governor  "  to 
proceed  against  him,"  according  to  the  duke's  instruction. 
2  Feij'y.     MauninsT  was  brought  before  a  court-martial,  composed  of 

Manning  o  o  •'  x 

arraigned  the  Couucil,  Captaius  Griifith,  Burton,  and  Salisbury,  and 
court-mar-  tlic  uiayor  and  aldermen  of  the  city ;  and  six  charges  were 
exhibited  against  him,  involving  neglect  of  duty,  cowardice, 
4Feb'y.     and  treachery.     A  number  of  witnesses  testified  strongly 
against  the  prisoner.     Manning  endeavored  to  explain  his 
5  Feb'y.     couduct ;  at  the  same  time,  acknowledging  himself  ''  blame- 
worthy to  all"  the  charges  except  those  of  treachery  and 
cowardice ;  and,  pleading  that  his  errors  had  been  occa- 
sioned by  his  "  poor  broken  head  and  disquieted  spirit,"  he 
threw  himself  on  the  mercy  of  the  court.     His  judges  ac- 
quitted him  of  treachery,  but  found  him  guilty  of  the  oth- 
er charges.     It  was  agreed  that  he  deserved  death ;  but  as 
he  had  been  in  England  since  the  surrender,  and  had  seen 
the  king  and  the  duke,  he  was  allowed  the  benefit  of  the 
proverb,  '•'■King's  face  hrings  graced     Manning  was  tliere- 
sentence of f ore  Sentenced  "to  be  carried  back  to  prison,  and  from 
anmng.   ^j^gj^^^g  brouglit  out  to  tlic  pubHck  placc  before  the  City 
Hall,  there  to  have  his  sword  broken  over  his  head,  and 
from  that  time  be  rendered  uncapable  of  wearing  a  sword 
or  serving  His  Majesty  in  any  publick  employ  or  place  of 
benefitt  and  trust  within  this  Government."t 
Vessels  to       To  sccurc  the  dukc's  customs'  duties  a  proclamation  was 
the  New     issued  requiring   all  vessels  trading  within  the   govern- 
tom-hou3e.  mcut  of  tlic  province  to  enter  at  the  custom-liouse  in  New 

•  Col.  JISS.,  xxlv.,  6T;  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  10  ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  234,  note. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  CSS,  C43;  iii.,  20C,  21G;  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  15,  IS,  20-24;  Col.  M.'?.^., 
xxiv.,  36-53,  97;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  53-65;  Smith,  i.,  4S,  49;  Thompson,  i.,  151;  Dunlap,  i., 
130;  Val.  Man.,  1S53,  3S4;  C.  Wolley,  47,  S9,  90;  ante,  208,  257,  203,  270.  After  this  sen- 
tence Manning  retired  to  his  island  in  the  F.ast  River,  now  known  as  Blackwell's  Island 
(ante.,  138),  where  he  entertained  his  friends  with  bowls  of  excellent  rum  punch,  accordin,^ 
to  the  testimony  of  Chaplain  Wolley,  in  1079. 


EDMUND  ANDR03,  GOVEENOR.  277 

York.     Dyer,  the  collector,  accordingly  executed  liis  office  caip.  vi. 
so  stringently  as  to  give  occasion,  not  long  afterward,  to 
serious  complaints.* 

Andros  now  issued  a  proclamation  requiring  "  all  such  13  March. 
persons  as  doe  intend  to  continue  under  His  Majesty's  obe-  legiance 
dience  within  His  Royal  Highness's  government,  that  they  ''^'i"''"^*'- 
appear  at  such  times  and  places  as  the  magistrates  within 
the  respective  towns  and  places  where  they  live  shall  ap- 
point, to  take  the  usual  oaths  of  allegiance  and  fidelity." 
The  mayor  and  aldermen  of  the  city  of  New  York  accord- 
ingly appointed  the  next  Monday  for  the  purpose.     Early 
on  that  morning  many  of  the  citizens  appeared  at  the  May- 15  March. 
or's  Court,  and  were  directed  to  take  the  same  oath  which 
Nicolls  required  from  the  Dutch  residents  in  1664.     Sev- 
eral of  the  leading  burghersf  readily  agreed  to  do  this,  objections 
provided  Andros  would  confirm  what  his  predecessor  had  the°Dutch. 
declared,  namely,  that  the  capitulation  of  August,  1664, 
was  "  not  in  the  least  broken  or  intended  to  be  broken  by 
any  words  or  expressions  in  the  said  oath."     This  capitula- 
tion they  thought  was  confirmed  by  the  sixth  article  of  the 
Treaty  of  Westminster  in  1674 ;  and  such  was  the  opinion 
of  the  duke  and  his  officers.     Mayor  I^icolls,  however,  was 
"ignorant  of  any  such  declaration,"  and  was  quite  sur- 
prised when  a  copy  of  it  was  produced.     The  burghers  in- 
sisted that  they  only  wished  Andros's  confirmation  of  their 
"freedom  of  religion  and  from  being  pressed  in  time  of 
war."     But  the  governor  refused  to  make  any  explanation, 
and  required  them  to  take  the  oath  without  qualification, 
charging  the  recusants  with  being  mutinous.     According- 
ly, Steenwyck  and  his  associates  petitioned  Andros  either  is  March. 
to  be  satisfied  with  the  oath  as  accepted  by  Nicolls,  or  to  AndrM^ 
allow  them  to  dispose  of  their  estates  and  remove  else- 
where with  their  families.     This  petition  was  "not  only  ill 
received, but  peremptorily  rejected;"  and  its  eight  signers, 
Steenwyck,  Yan  Brugb,  De  Peyster,  Bayard,  Luyck,  Beek- 
man,  Kip,  and  De  Milt,  were  imprisoned  on  a  charge  of  is  March. 
disturbing  the  government  and  endeavoring  a  rebellion. 

«  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  63;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  220,  233,  239,  240,  316;  Col.  MSS.,  xxiv., 
132;  anfc,  263,  272. 

t  These  were,  Cornells  Steenwyck,  Johannes  van  Bnijrh,  Johannes  de  Peyster,  and  Jacob 
Kip,  who  had  objected  in  1664,  .ind  Nicholas  Bnyard,  ^Egidius  Luyck,  William  Beekman, 
and  Anthony  de  Milt,  who  had  not :  ante,  47,  4S. 


278 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


CUAT.  \^. 

1765. 

18  March. 

19  March. 
The  peti- 
tioners or- 
dered to  be 
tried. 

20  March. 


Martha's 
Vineyard 
and  Man- 
tucket. 


1674. 

7  Novem. 


1675. 

12  April. 


29  April. 


Delaware 
affairs. 


3  Novem. 


The  governor  at  the  same  time  issued  a  proclamation  warn- 
ing all  against  like  practices.  The  prisoners  having  been 
examined  before  the  comicil,  where  Governor  Carteret,  of 
New  Jersey,  and  Captains  Griffith  and  Bm-ton,  of  the  En- 
glish frigates,  were  present,  were  ordered  to  be  tried  at  the 
next  Court  of  Assizes ;  and  were  released  fi'om  close  con- 
finement only  upon  giving  heavy  bonds.* 

Although  Pemaquid,  Martha's  Yineyard,  and  l^antucket 
had  been  included  in-  the  Duke  of  York's  patent,  and  had 
been  governed  by  Nicolls  and  Lovelace,  they  were  not  com- 
prehended in  Colve's  commission.  This  produced  a  sort 
of  interregnum  in  those  secluded  regions,  and  many  disor- 
ders occurred.  Some  of  the  "opposition"  inhabitants  of 
Martha's  Yineyard  and  Nantucket  riotously  endeavored  to 
"  transfer"  them  under  the  government  of  Massachusetts ; 
but,  through  the  firmness  of  the  venerable  Thomas  Mayhew, 
they  were  held  for  the  dul^e — the  arrival  of  whose  new 
governor  was  patiently  waited  for,  "  as  in  time  of  great 
drouth,  for  the  latter  raine."  Mayhew  was  accordingly 
reinstated  in  liis  "first  right;"  and  the  ringleaders  in  the 
late  disorders  were  directed  to  be  punished.  Nantucket 
soon  afterward  declared  that  the  coming  of  the  duke's  gov- 
ernor was  to  them  "  as  the  rising  sun  after  a  dark  and 
stormy  night."  It  was  therefore  ordered  that  the  two  isl- 
ands should  continue  to  enjoy  their  former  privileges  in 
subordination  to  the  government  of  New  York,  and  that 
the  old  magistrates  should  remain  in  their  places.f 

On  the  Delaware,  Captain  Edmund  Cantwell,  the  sheriff, 
and  all  the  other  magistrates  in  office  at  the  time  of  the 
Dutch  conquest,  were  reinstated,  except  Alrichs,  who  had 
offered  them  liis  friendship  on  their  first  coming,  and  had 
acted  violently  as  their  chief  officer.  Captain  Carr,  the 
former  English  commander,  had  now  gone  to  Maryland, 
and  his  estate  was  seized.  Andros  also  informed  Governor 
Calvert  that  he  had  directed  his  oiiJcers  on  the  Delaware 
to  prevent  any  injuries  to  the  neighboring  colonies,  and  did 
"  not  doubt  the  like  on  the  Governor  of  Maryland's  part." 


•  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  C5,  GO,  67,  74,  75;  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  27-^1 ;  Col.  MSS., 
xxiv.,  73,  7G,  77-S4;  Col.  Doc.,  ii.,  738-744;  iii.,  237 ;  v.,  496;  vii.,  5S6;  Val.  Man.,  1845, 
331,  3.S2 ;  ISGl,  60.5-607 ;  Minutes  of  C.  C,  vol.  i.,  9-11 ;  ante,  46,  47,  260. 

t  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  19,  21,  77,  84;  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii),  3G-3S;  Col.  MSS.,  xxiv., 
6, 18_1S,  92,  93, 100-102  ;  Hough's  Nantucket  Papers,  CO-SS  ;  anir,  ITO,  211. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  279 

The  murder  of  Doctor  Roades  by  the  Indians,  and  other  chap.vi. 
important  matters,  requiring  his  own  presence  on  the  Del- 
aware,  the  governor  went  thither,  through  New  Jersey ;  3  ^^^^^ 
thirty  horses  being  furnished  for  his  journey  by  Govern- 
or  Carteret.     After  settling  matters   there,  and  writing 
to  Lord  Baltimore,  Andros  returned  to  New  York,  where  i5  May. 
Brockholls  had  acted  for  him  during  his  absence.* 

The  Diamond  and  the  Castle  frigates  were  sent  back  to  1  April. 
England,  the  latter  with  a  load  of  timber  for  the  king's  Timber 
dock-yard.    Its  value  was  allowed  to  the  duke ;  who  never-  giand. 
theless  found  himself  more  than  two  thousand  pounds  ont 
of  pocket  on  account  of  the  expedition  "  for  the  repossess- 
ing New  York."    Andros  soon  afterward  received  James's  e  Apru. 
•autograph  reply  to  his  letters  of  the  previous  November  letter  to  ^^ 
and  December.     His  conduct  was  approved,  especially  in 
reducing  to  obedience  the  three  "factious  towns  at  the 
east  end  of  Long  Island,"  which  he  was  to  treat  so  that 
their  people  should  "  be  without  apprehensions  of  any  in- 
justice towards  them."     In  regard  to  "  General  Assem- 
blies, which  the  people  there  seeme  desirous  of,  in  imita- 
tion of  their  neighbour  Colonies,  I  thinke,"  wrote  the  duke,  a  popui.ir 
"  you  have  done  well  to  discourage  any  motion  of  that  disV 
kind;  both  as  being  not  at  all  comprehended  in  your  In-james.  ' 
structions,  nor  indeed  consistent  with  the  forme  of  govern- 
ment already  established,  nor  necessary  for  the  ease  or  re- 
dresse  of  any  grievance  that  may  happen ;  since  that  may 
be  as  easily  obtained  by  any  petition  or  other  addresse  to 
you,  at  their  Generall  Assizes,  (which  is  once  a  yeare,) 
where  the  same  persons  (as  Justices)  are  usually  present, 
who  in  all  probability  would  be  their  representatives  if  an- 
other constitution  were  allowed."     The  question  of  an  As- 
sembly had  been  raised  under  NicoUs  and  Lovelace : — but 
James  now  clearly  announced  his  disapprobation.f 

Respectine;  the  boundary  arrangement  with  Connecticut  6  April. 
in  1664,  the  duke  thought  it  best  "  only  to  make  accommo-  of  York 

disallows 

dations  of  this  kind  temporary,  if  possible,  to  preserve  the  the  con- 
utmost  limitts  for  me  that  my  Patent  gives  me  a  title  to."  boundary. 

•  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  i.,  35 ;  Gen.  Ent.,  iv.,  305,  306 ;  Warn,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  34,  69, 
80,81,89-92;  Col.  MSS.,  xx.,  50-65;  xxiv.,97, 105;  xxv.,  54;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  69T,  659 ;  iii., 
203,  233,  254;  Hazardl's  Reg.  Penn.,  i.,  93;  iv.,  56;  Ann.  Penn.,  398,  413-418;  ante,  190, 
2-24,  234. 

t  Warr.,  Ord.,  PuFses,  iii.,  51,  60,  70,  72;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  2.')0,  231,  232,  237;  Chalmers's 
Annals,  i.,  5S1 ;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  -xxx.,  115  ;  mite,  64,  68,  69, 100. 


280  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VI.  But  Aiidros  had  already  acted  on  that  subject.     Connecti- 
~      cut  had  recently  appointed  commissioners  "  to  runn  the  lyne 
"  *   •  between  this  Colony  and  the  Colony  of  New  York,  from 
Momoronock  Eiver  to  Hudson's  River;" — which  she  had 
done  in  violation  of  the  clear  understanding  that  she  was 
not  to  approach  that  river  nearer  than  twenty  miles.     See- 
ing that  the  king,  in  1674,  had  again  granted  to  the  Duke 
of  York  the  territory  as  far  east  as  the  Connecticut  River, 
1  May.       Andros  sent  to  the  General  Court  at  Hartford  copies  of 
the  duke's  patent  and  of  his  own  commission,  and  request- 
ed them  to  give  orders  for  his  receiving  that  part  of  his 
royal  highuess's  territories  as  yet  under  their  jurisdiction.* 
17  .May.         The  Counccticut  Court,  in  answer,  set  up  their  charter 
from  the  king,  and  the  boundary  arrangement  of  1664. 
':5  May.     Audros  replied  that  the  award  by  the  royal  commissioners 
mainteins  "  was  au  cvidcut  surprisc,"  and  "  never  confirmed ;"  and 
of  New  ^  *  that  whatever  pretenses  Connecticut  had  made  before  1674 
were  "  sufficiently  cleared  by  His  Majesty's  reiterated  Let- 
ters Patents."     He  therefore  again  demanded  possession, 
and  protested  against  all  wdio  might  thus  disobey  their 
ic  June,     king's  commands.     Connecticut  rejoined,  denying  any  "  un- 
due surprise"  in  the  boundary  determination,  and  insisting 
on  her  own  charter.     The  New  York  Council  thereupon  re- 
2s  June,     solved  that  such  disobedience  to  the  king's  pleasure  as  ex- 
pressed in  his  patent  to  the  duke  was  "  rebelHon."f 
30  June.         Atidros  now  sent  Captain  Salisbury  with  dispatches  to 
Salisbury    thc  dulvC  aud  Sir  John  Werden,  and  directed  him  to  in- 
toKngiand.  form  them  fully  of  every  thing  relating  to  New  York ; 
especially  about  its  people,  their  trade,  the  French  in  Can- 
ada; the  "Bostoners'  trading  -  house  at  Springfield,"  and 
their  claiming  "  to  Albany  itself ;"  and  of  the  recent  con- 
tempt of  the  duke's  authority  in  "  that  part  of  His  Royal 
BUghnesses'  territories  as  yet  under  Connecticut,  their  many 
harbors,  and  plenty  of  corn  and  provisions."     By  the  same 
vessel,  Steenwyck  and  his  associates,  who  had  been  bound 
over  for  trial,  sent  a  memorial  to  the  Dutch  States  Gener- 
al, setting  forth  their  own  hard  case.:}: 

•  W.arr.,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  2, 3, 112-114;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  21.'5,  231,  235;  vli.,  507;  Col.  Eec. 
Conn.,  ii.,  242,  5G9 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  116;  ante,  55,  56,  2.53. 

t  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  30, 41, 42  ;  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  104, 115, 116;  Col.  Rec.  Conn., 
ii.,  252,  .570-574.  5S1 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  2.^5,  230,  23S  ;   Col.  MSS.,  xxiv.,  121. 

t  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passe-s,  iii.,  106,  116 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  739,  744 ;  iii.,  234,  235,  236,  237,  415. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  281 

In  this  posture  of  affairs,  intelligence  reached  'New  York  chap.  vi. 
that  the  Wampanoags  and  Narragansetts,  who  owned  most     ^ 
of  the  territory  of  Ehode  Island,  had  revolted  against  the  * 

Em-opeans.  The  Narragansett  sachem,  JSTinigret,  had  been 
suspected,  in  1669,  of  plotting  against  the  English  colonists. 
Two  yeare  afterward,  Metacomet,  or  Philip,  the  sachem  of  pinUp  of 
the  Wampanoags,  who  inhabited  the  region  of  Pokanoket,  ket.^^^" 
around  the  eastern  and  northern  shores  of  Xarragansett 
Bay,  was  obhged  to  give  up  most  of  his  guns  and  acknowl- 
edge his  subjection  to  the  Plymouth  government.  This 
galled  the  soul  of  the  American  chief.  He  was  the  youn- 
gest son  of  Massasoit,  who  had  made  the  first  treaty  with 
the  English  "  Pilgrims."  Massasoit's  eldest  son,  Wamsut- 
ta,  or  Alexander,  succeeded  to  the  sachemship ;  but  he 
soon  followed  his  father  to  the  grave,  broken-hearted,  at 
being  dragged  a  prisoner  to  answer  before  the  European 
new-comers  at  Plymouth.  Philip  was  a  youth  when  he 
became  sachem  in  place  of  Wamsutta.  Tet  he  had  heard 
of  the  prompt  kindness  of  his  father,  Massasoit,  to  the  for- 
lorn English  Pilgrims,  and  naturally  contrasted  it  with  the 
characteristic  arrogance  which  repaid  savage  hospitality 
with  British  truculence.  He  saw  that  the  Europeans  had 
crowded  his  people  into  narrow  necks  of  land,  where  they 
were  jealously  watched.  In  vain  had  Eliot  and  Mayhew 
solicited  the  Wampanoags  to  become  Christians.  The 
well-remembered  injunctions  of  Massasoit  kept  the  tribe 
firm  in  heathenism.  A  few  savages  were  nevertheless  con- 
verted. Among  these  was  John  Sausaman,  who,  after  be- 
ing partially  educated  at  Cambridge,  relapsed  from  Chris- 
tianity, and  was  employed  by  Philip  as  his  secretary.  The 
Pm-itan  colonists  had  generally  disregarded  the  feelings  of 
the  Americans.  Instead  of  adopting  the  conciliatory  policy 
of  New  Netherland  and  New  York  toward  the  natives,  tliey  New  En- 
followed — without  any  warrant  fi'om  the  God  of  Israel —  fy!°  ^° '' 
the  aggressive  method  of  that  peculiar  host  which  went 
out  of  Egypt  to  possess  the  promised  land.  As  Puritan- 
ism had  already  exterminated  or  sold  the  Pequods,  so  it 
now  doomed  the  other  native  owners  of  New  England  to 
destruction  or  bondage.  The  pride  of  the  aborigines  was 
wounded  without  remorse ;  for  the  white  English  Pharisee, 
holding  the  imported  black  African  in  slavery,  would  not 


282 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


CUAT.  VL 


1675. 


Philip  pre- 
pares for 
war. 


29  Jan'y. 
John  Sau- 
saman 
murdered. 


S  June. 
Indiana 
tried  and 
executed 
at  Plym- 
outli. 


Rhode  Isl- 
and magia- 
trates  visit 
Pliilip. 


brook  the  equality  of  the  noble  red  American,  whose  lands 
he  covetously  appropriated.  While  at  Albany  the  autoch- 
thones  of  America  were  addressed  as  "Brothers,"  every 
where  in  New  England,  except  in  Rhode  Island,  they  were 
offensively  reminded  of  their  inferiority.  These  memo- 
ries stirred  the  mind  of  Phihp.  Cautiously  visiting  the 
neighboring  tribes,  he  urged  them  to  drive  out  the  de- 
stroyers of  their  race.  The  Narragansetts  were  won  by 
his  eloquence ;  and  secret  preparations  were  made  for  a 
rising  of  the  native  Americans  against  their  British  foes 
in  the  spring  of  1676.* 

An  unexpected  event  precipitated  the  crisis.  Sausaman, 
reclaimed  from  his  apostasy  by  Ehot,  revealed  Philip's  plot 
to  the  Plymouth  governor.  Not  long  afterward  the  in- 
former's body  was  found  under  the  ice  in  Assawomsett 
Pond,  midway  between  Plymouth  and  Rhode  Island.  It 
was  suspected  by  the  English  that  the  savages  had  punish- 
ed, after  their  own  laws,  a  renegade  and  a  traitor.  Thi-ee 
of  Philip's  subjects  were  accordingly  tried  at  Plymouth; 
convicted  of  the  murder  of  Sausaman ;  and  executed.  The 
Wampanoag  chief  now  remained  on  guard  within  his 
strong-hold  at  Mount  Hope,  near  Bristol,  in  Rhode  Island. 
There  he  soon  gathered  seven  hundred  warriors,  the  yomi- 
ger  of  whom  were  eager  to  avenge  the  death  of  their  three 
countrymen  by  the  forms  of  Puritan  law,  which  they  did 
not  recognize.  They  were  restrained  from  attacking  by  a 
behef  that  the  side  which  shed  the  first  blood  in  the  strife 
would  be  conquered.f  Hoping  to  prevent  hostilities,  John 
Easton,  "  Deputy  Governor,"  and  several  magistrates  of 
Rhode  Island — which  colony  had  always  been  friendly 
with  the  Indians — ^dsited  Philij)  at  the  Ferry.  "  We  sat," 
wrote  the  honest  Quaker,  "  very  friendly  together.  We 
told  him  our  business  was  to  endeavour  that  they  might 
not  receive  or  do  wrong.     They  said  that  was  well:  they 

*  Bradford's  Plymouth,  94-97;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i. ,275-285;  Golden,  1,40;  Mather's  Mag- 
nalia  (ed.  1S53),  ii.,  429,  430,  434,  55S,  559;  Mather's  History  of  New  England  (ed.  1SG4), 
220-234 ;  Easton's  Narrative  of  Philip's  Indian  War  (ed.  1S5S),  viii.-xii.,  3. 6,  12-14,  33-39 ; 
Court  of  Assizes,  ii.,C7S;  Holmes,  i.,  325,  309,  3S3 ;  Belknap,  i,  102-107 ;  B.incroft,  ii.,  92- 
100 ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  141-151,  218,  221,  298;  Arnold's  Rhode  I?land,  i.,  23,  87,  212,  3.39, 387-395; 
Plymouth  Col.  Rec.,  v.,  76-80  ;  Hazai-d,  ii.,  531-534;  Moore's  Notes  on  Slavery  in  Mass., 
passim;  ante,  i.,  171  ;  ii.,  155, 150, 254. 

t  Hutchinson,  i.,  280,  note,  calls  this  "a  whimsical  opinion."     It  certainly  was  the  con- 
verse of  the  augury  prevailing  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland  : 
"Which  spills  tlic  foremost  foeman's  life. 
That  party  comiuers  in  the  strife."— Z/ddy  o/  the  Lake,  Canto  iv.,  vi. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  283 

had  done  no  wrong ;  the  English  wronged  them.  We  said,  cuap.  vi. 
we  knew  the  English  said  the  Indians  wronged  them  and 
the  Indians  said  the  English  wronged  them;  but  our  de- 
sire was  the  quarrel  might  rightly  be  decided  in  the  best 
way,  and  not  as  dogs  decided  their  quarrels."  The  Indians 
then  asked  "how  right  might  take  place?"  The  Rhode 
Islanders  proposed  arbitration.  The  Americans  rephed 
that  all  the  English  were  "  agreed  against  them,"  and 
would  insist  upon  English  arbitrators,  by  whom  they  al- 
ready had  much  wrong.  The  Rhode  Island  men  suggest- 
ed that  they  might  choose  an  Indian  king,  and  the  English 
the  governor  of  New  York,  both  of  whom  would  be  indif- 
ferent. This  pleased  the  savages ;  and  "  if  that  way  had 
been  tendered,  they  would  have  accepted."  Philip  then 
told  the  grievances  of  his  people.  When  the  first  colonists 
came,  his  father,  Massasoit,  "  was  as  a  great  man,  and  the 
English  as  a  little  child,"  to  whom  he  freely  did  good ;  but 
now  the  Americans  were  insulted  and  cheated  in  bargains, 
until  "  they  had  no  hopes  left  to  keep  any  land."  Again 
the  Rhode  Island  men  m-ged  the  Indians  to  accept  the  ar- 
bitration of  Andros  and  a  native  king ;  to  which  they  did  ArMtra- 
not  object.  Easton  and  his  fi'iends  then  endeavored  tOpo3^d!^°' 
persuade  them  "  to  lay  down  the  war ;  for  the  English  were 
too  strong  for  them."  With  logic  as  keen  as  it  was  just, 
Philip  replied,  "  then  the  Enghsh  should  do  to  them  as  Philip's 
they  did  when  they  were  too  strong  for  the  English."  So  '^^  ^' 
ended  this  memorable  interview.  It  was  a  virtual  protest, 
by  Rhode  Island  and  Philip,  against  the  doctrine  of  the 
Puritan  colonists  of  New  England,  that  they  were  the  sole 
judges  between  themselves  and  Americans.  If  those  colo- 
nies had  accepted  the  arbitration  of  Andros  and  a  native 
chief,  justice  might  have  been  done,  and  war  avoided.* 

Philip's  young  men  could  not  be  restrained.     Some  of 
them  plundered  a  house  at  Swansey,  within  the  Plymouth  20  June, 
government,  and  one  of  the  marauders  was  killed  by  an  begin. 

*  Plymouth  Col.  Kec.,  v.,  1GT-1T4;  Mather's  Early  Histoiy,  535-237  ;  Mather's  War,  4S:; 
53;  Magnalia,  ii.,  553,500;  Hutch.,  i.,  284-2SG;  Baylcy'a  Plymouth,  ii.,  2T  ;  Easton' s  Nar- 
rative, by  Hough,  1-15;  "Atrue  Eelation,"etc.,in  N.Y.Col.  MSS.,xxv.,  29.  This  Rhode 
Island  negotiation  with  Philip  is  not  noticed  by  most  New  England  writere.  Mr.  Palfrey, 
iii.,  ISO,  note,  pronounces  that  Easton's  Narrative  adds  "  nothing  of  importance"  to  our  his- 
torical knowledge ;  and  in  a  note  to  page  227,  he  says  of  the  speech  of  Philip  to  John  IJor- 
den,  given  in  Arnold,  i.,  304,  395, "  I  have  made  no  account  of  it.  It  is  no  m.nterial  for  his- 
tory."   Perhaps  a  New  Yorker  may  venture  to  dissent  from  this  Massachusetts  judgment. 


284 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


cuAP.  \^. 
1675. 

24  June. 

29  June. 

1  July. 

4  July. 
Action  of 
New  York. 


4  July. 
Andres's 
letter  to 
Winthrop. 


7  July. 
Action  of 
Connecti- 
cut. 


8  July. 
Andros  at 
Saybrook. 


Englishman.  This  made  the  savages  hope  that  they  would 
triumph  in  the  end,  because  the  English  had  shed  the  first 
blood.  Swansey  was  attacked,  and  several  of  its  inhabit- 
ants killed.  Massachusetts  and  Plymouth  called  out  large 
forces.  An  express  was  sent  to  Hartford  for  aid,  and  Win- 
throp dispatched  the  news  to  Andros  at  New  York.* 

The  Metropolitan  Council  thought  "  that  Connecticut 
doth  not  expect  nor  desire  assistance  from  us  in  relation  to 
the  Indian  disturbances  at  this  time."  But  it  was  "Re- 
solved that  the  Governor  do  proceed  on  his  intended  voy- 
age to  Connecticut  forthwith,  and  do  take  a  force  with  him 
to  be  in  a  capacity  to  protect  that  part  of  His  Royal  High- 
ness's  Government,  as  there  may  be  occasions."  So,  An- 
dros wrote  to  "Winthrop : — "  I  am  very  much  troubled  at 
the  Christians'  misfortunes  and  hard  disasters  in  those 
parts,  being  so  overpowered  by  such  heathen.  Hereupon, 
I  have  hastened  my  coming  to  your  parts,  and  added  a 
force  to  be  ready  to  take  such  resolutions  as  may  be  fit  for 
me  upon  this  extraordinary  occasion,  with  which  I  intend, 
God  willing,  to  set  out  this  evening,  and  to  make  the  best 
of  my  way  to  Connecticut  River,  His  Royall  Highnesses 
bounds  there."t 

Andros's  letter  made  great  trouble  at  Hartford.  The 
Council  of  War  hastened  Captain  Thomas  Bull  to  Say- 
brook,  and  recalled  the  forces  sent  forward  to  fight  against 
Philip.  Bull's  instructions  were  cunningly  drawn.  He 
was  to  keep  Saybrook  and  its  neighborhood  from  any  ene- 
my, "  by  force  of  arms,"  if  necessary  ;  and  while  his  or- 
ders appeared  to  require  him  to  repel  the  savages  only, 
they  really  meant  that  the  ofiicers  of  the  Duke  of  York 
were  to  be  treated  as  the  special  foes  of  Connecticut.:}: 

The  next  morning,  Andros,  with  three  sloops,  appeared 
off  Saybrook,  and  desired  a  "  direct  and  effectual  answer" 
to  his  former  letters.  Meanwhile  the  Hartford  authorities 
had  ordered  their  subordinates  at  Saybrook  to  "  carry  it 
warily  and  prudently"  with  Andros,  forbid  his  landing, 
and  advise  him  to  send  his  forces  eastward  and  assist  the 

*  Mather's  History,  53-58 ;  Magnali.a,  ii.,  561 ;  Hutch.,  i.,  2S0,  2S7;  Hough's  Easton,  16- 
21,  40-43  ;  Bany,  i.,  410,  411  ;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxx.,  IIT,  118  ;  R.  I.  II.  S.  Coll.,  iv.,  127  ; 
Col.  MSS.,  xxiv.,  110, 121 ;  Col.  Kec.  Conn.,  ii.,  332, 579  ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  129, 155. 

t  Council  Min..  iii.  (ii.),  44 ;  Warr.,  Ord.,  Paeses,  iii.,  117  ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxiv.,  121 ;  Hough's 
Easton,  44-48 ;  (j.il.  Uec.  Conn.,  ii.,  579 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  254,  264 ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  129. 

t  Col.  Rcc.  Conn.,  ii.,  333,  579. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  285 

"  good  people"  at  Seaconk  or  Swansey.     The  next  day  they  chap.  vi. 
wrote  to  Andros  himself,  resenting  his  "  hypotheticall  ex- 
pressions  and  injurious  imputations,"  and  desiring  him  notgj^j^    ' 
to  "  molest"  the  king's  good  subjects  in  Connecticut,  or  put  c^^pjo"' 
them  "  into  a  discomposure,  at  such  a  time  as  this."     They  *tahist 
also  drew  up  "  a  Protest,"  denouncing  the  governor  of  N^ew  diacompM- 

^  _  7  o  o  ^  ure  by  An- 

York  as  a  disturber  of  the  king's  peace,  and  appealing  to  ^ros. 
the  Connecticut  charter  as  their  warrant  for  refusing  obe- 
dience to  the  duke's  representative.* 

Andros  had  meanwhile  remained  quietly  at  Saybrook, 
anxious   about  his  suffering  countrymen  at  the  East,  to 
whom  he  sent  forward  a  sloop  with  supplies ;  and  wonder- 
ing that  the  Connecticut  forces  did  not  move  to  their  re- 
lief.    When  the  dispatches  from  Hartford  were  communi-  is  jniy. 
cated  to  him,  the  governor  landed,  with  his  attendants,  and  laSd^'^t 
was  received  by  the  Connecticut  officials,  who  desired  "  to  ^^^^^^ 
tender  him  a  treaty."     This  Andros  declined  ;  but  he  or- 
dered the  Duke  of  York's  patent  and  liis  own  commission 
to  be  read ;  which  was  accomphshed,  while  the  Connecti-  His  com- 
cut  officials  "  withdrew  a  little,"  declaring  that  they  "  had  read! 
nothing  to  doe  to  attend  it."     Andros  then  told  them  that 
he  had  now  done,  and  would  sail  immediately  unless  they 
desired  him  to  stay.     The  Connecticut  officers  answered 
that  they  were  not  ordered  to  ask  liim  to  remain ;  and  they 
then  read  the  protest  of  the  Hartford  authorities.     This  The  Hart- 
Andros  at  once  denounced  as  "a  slander,  and  so  an  ill^asian- 
requital  for  his  kindness ;"  and  being  refused  a  copy  of  it, 
he  went  on  board  his  sloop  again,  and  sailed  to  Long  Isl- 
and, whence  he  intended  to  send  a  force  to  Martin's  Vine- 
yard, and  then  to  return  to  New  York.     As  he  passed  be- 
low the  fort,  salutes  were  fired  on  both  sides.f 

The  Hartford  authorities  regretted  that  their  subordi- 14  juiy. 
nates  at  Saybrook  had  not  interrupted  Andros  "  in  com-  connTc u- 
manding  there  so  usurpingly ;"  which  "  might  have  been 
done  by  shouts,   or    soimd   of  drum,  etc.,  without  vio- 

•  Col.  M3S.,  xxiv.,  121 ;  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  US,  119 ;  Hough's  Easton,  49-50 ;  Col. 
Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  260-263,  334,  335,  5T9,  5S0,  581  ;  Trumbull,  i.,  329,  330;  I'alfrey,  iii.,  129, 
130;  ante,  iSO. 

t  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  5S2,  583,  584;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  254,  264,  415;  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes, 
iii.,  119, 120;  Hough's  Easton,  56-60;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxvii.,  13T;  Palfrey,  iii.,  130,131. 
The  romantic  account  of  this  transaction,  which  the  Reverend  Doctor  Trumbull  has  dressed 
up  in  his  History  of  (Jonnecticut,  i.,  328-330,  is  so  en-oneous  that  Mr.  Palfrey  is  "  obliged  to 
omit  some  striliing  circumstances  in  the  sketch  by  that  usually  cautious  historian  :"  Hist. 
N.  R,iii.,131,  note. 


cut. 


286  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap. VL  leiicG."*  An  elaborate  "narrative"  of  the  Connecticut 
~      version  was  sent  to  Major  Robert  Thompson,  of  Newing- 

24  July  '  ^*^^  Grreen,  near  London,  with  a  request  for  liis  help  against 
Andros,  who,  it  was  thought, "  must  be  necessitated  to  mis- 
represent" the  colony.f 

14  July.         Andros,  meanwhile,  went  over  to  Southold,  wlience  he 

New  York 

soldiers  dispatched  a  sloop,  with  some  soldiers  and  ammunition,  to 
Martha's  Martha's  Vineyard  and  Nantucket.  "  To  satisfy  the  great 
anrNan-  jcalousy"  of  liis  ncighbors,  the  governor  came  through 
Long  Island  to  New  York,  disarming  the  Indians  every 
where,  and  reviewing  all  the  militia.  On  his  reporting 
24 July,     "the  several  passages  of  his  voyao-e,"  the  council  resolved 

Lone  Isl-  i.  ^  «/     o    ^^ 

and  In-     that  the  several  towns  on  Long  Island  should  maintain  a 
good  watch,  and  take  care  that  the  disarmed  Indians  "  be 
not  any  wise  injured,  but  assisted,  upon  any  occasion  re- 
quiring it.":]: 
23  July.  The  governor  also  sent  for  all  the  Indian  sachems  of 

Indians.  Ncw  Jcrscy  aud  other  parts,  most  of  whom  had  been  with 
him  before,  and  they  all  "  again  renewed  their  submissions 
and  eno'a2rements."§ 

At  the  same  time,  Andros  did  not  neglect  the  immediate 
interests  of  the  pro^dnce.     Accordingly,  the  coimcil, "  upon 
a  proposal  to  give  pubhc  notice  what  encouragement  will 
be  given  to  persons  that  shall  come  out  of  Europe  hither, 
to  inhabite  and  plant  in  this  His  Royal  Highness's  Prov- 
.5  Aufrust.  ince.  Resolved  that  every  freeman  shall  have  for  himself 
lands  ofifer-  the  proportiou  of  sixty  acres  of  land  of  inheritance,  and 
grants^'"''  for  his  wifc  and  every  child  fifty  acres  per  head ;  and  ev- 
rop&  "     ery  working  servant  that  shall  be  brought  over  shall  have 
each  of  them  fifty  acres  after  the  exj)iration  of  their  serv- 
ice, according  to  the  custom  of  the  country."     A  copy  of 
this  order  was  sent  to  England  by  the  ship  Good  Hope, 

*  Col.  Kec.  Conn.,  ii.,  335,  5S4.  It  would  seem  that  this  hint  was  remembered  in  1093, 
when  Fletcher,  one  of  the  successors  of  Andro.=,  vi.sited  Hartford  ;  although  the  "•tradition" 
related  by  Doctor  Trumbull,  i.,  393,  does  not  agree  with  the  ofUcial  account  in  Col.  Doc,  iv., 
69-Tl. 

t  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  96,  103,  203,  264,  338-344;  iii.,  201 ;  Trumbull,  i.,  331 ;  Mass.  Rec, 
v.,  408,  409,  426,  467 ;  Hutch.  Coll.,  449,  403,  469,  473  ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  355.  Winthrop,  who 
intended  to  take  the  Connecticut  "•  Narrative"  to  England,  died  at  Boston  on  the  5th  of 
April,  1070:  Col.  Rec  Conn.,  ii.,  273;  Palfrey,  iii.,  233-238. 

t  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  119, 120,  121 ;  (Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  44 ;  Hough's  Easton,  54- 
04;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  254,  204.  On  the  21st  of  July,  Governor  Coddington,  of  Rhode  Island, 
complained  to  Andros  of  the  invasion  of  its  territoi-y  by  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut : 
Col.  MSS.,xxiv.,128. 

§  Col.  MSS.,  xxiv.,  117, 130 ;  Council  Min  ,  iii.  (ii.),  44 ;  Dunlnp,  ii.,  App.,  cxxii. :  Col.  Doc, 
iii.,  251 ;  Hough's  Easton,  76. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  287 

Captain  George  Heatlicote,  a  Quaker,  who  had  been  im-  ciiap.  vi. 
prisoned  at  Boston  by  Governor  Bellingham  "  for  deliver- 
ing  him  a  letter,  and  not  putting  off  his  hat."* 

The  intrigues  of  the  French  missionaries,  Bruyas  and 
Lamberville,   among  the  Iroquois,  having   caused   com- 
plaints, the  council  resolved  that  the  Mohawks  should  be  le  April. 
encouraged  to  friendship,  and  the  Jesuits  be  sent  for,  to 
explain  themselves   at  Albany.     Leaving  Brockholls  in 
charge  at  New  York,  Andros  now  went  up  the  river.     Aft- 
er regulating  affairs  at  Schenectady,  he  visited  the  "  most  so  August. 
warlike  Indians  near  one  hundred  miles  beyond ;"  and  at  its  the  mo-' 
Tionnontoguen,  the  third  castle  of  the  Mohawks,  he  ac- redives'" 
cepted  the  name  of  "  Corlaer,"  who,  they  told  him,  was  "  a  of  "'co"--^ 
man  that  was  of  good  dispositions  and  esteemed  deare  ^^®^""" 
amongst  us."f     On  his  return  to  Albany,  the  Five  Iro- 
quois nations  applied  to  Andros  "  declaring  their  former 
alliance,  and  now  submitted  in  an  extraordinary  manner, 
with  reiterated  promises."     Perhaps  the  governor's  most 
important  measure  at  this  time  was  to  organize  a  local 
board  of  commissioners  for  Indian  affairs,  composed  of  Indian 
some  of  the  Albany  officers.:}:     Of  this  board  he  appointed  sioneis  at 
as  secretary  the  town  clerk  of  Albany,  Robert  Livingston,  r.  LivLg- 
a  shrewd  young  Scotchman,  who  had  come  over  f rom  letaryr" 
Rotterdam  the  year  before,  and  who  was  destined  to  be- 
come prominent  in  colonial  affairs.§ 

The  Council  now  "  Resolved  that  we  ought  not  to  break  lo  septem. 
with  our  Indians  upon  account  of  the  war  between  our  ders?"  ^^' 
neighbors  and  their  Indians."     The  selling  of  powder  to 

*  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  45,  4C ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxiv.,  127 ;  xxv.,  25-t2,  221, 235-241 ;  Farmer 
and  Moore's  Coll.,  iii.,  190 ;  Besae,  ii.,  259 ;  C.  WoUey,  12,  9T ;  Holmes,  i.,  3T7. 

t  This  name  "  Corlaer"  was  given  by  the  Iroquois  to  the  governora  of  New  York,  until,  in 
1693,  they  made  a  special  one  for  Fletcher :  compare  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  254,  322,  327,  iJ95, 559 ; 
iv.,22,  85;  Colden,  i.,  32,  41 ;  ante,  121. 

t  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  77, 122, 125, 12G,  129,  224,  225 ;  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  34 ;  Col. 
Doc,  iii.,  254,  323,  559  ;  Hist.  Mag.,  ii.  (i.),  301.  Regular  minutes  were  kept  of  the  transac- 
tions of  the  Albany  commissioners,  beginning  with  1675,  which  in  1751  were  bound  up  in 
four  large  folio  volumes.  But  they  have  disappeared  from  our  State  Archives  :  see  Colden, 
i..  Preface,  ix.,  94 ;  Smith,  i.,  251,  note ;  Col.  Doc,  1,  Gen.  Introd.,  viii.,  xxxi. ;  v.,  983,  note; 
vi.,  439,  731,  739. 

§  Col.  MSS.,  xxiv.,  140.  Robert  Livingston  was  born  on  13  December,  1654,  at  Ancram, 
in  Roxburghshire,  Scotland,  where  his  father,  the  Rev.  John  Livingston,  was  the  Presbyte- 
rian minister.  After  the  Restoration  the  father  went  to  Rotterdam,  where  he  died  on  9th  of 
August,  1672.  After  his  father's  death,  Robert,  who  had  learned  the  Dutch  language,  came 
to  Albany,  probably  accompanying  Domine  Van  Rensselaer  thither  in  the  autumn  of  1674 : 
ante,  272.  There  is  a  biographical  sketch  of  him  in  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  434:  see  also  Col.  Doc, 
iii.,  315,  401,  699 ;  iv.,  203,251,  2.58,  720;  v.,  196;  Smith,  i.,  142,  wofe ,-  Sedgwick's  Life  of 
W.  Livingston ;  Hunt's  Life  of  E.  Livingston. 


288  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VI.  the  savages  was  "  regulated  as  formerly ;"  each  town  was 
to  provide  a  block-house  as  a  refuge  for  women  and  chil- 
leseptem.  ^rcn ;  and  all  New  York  Indians  were  to  be  "friendly 
treated,  and  have  equall  justice  according  to  law."  A 
New  York  sloop  was  also  Ordered  to  cruise  in  the  Sound  ;  and,  as  the 
souSd°  ^natives  were  very  strong  near  Martha's  Vineyard  and 
Gun?se^t"  Nantuckct,  great  guns  were  sent  to  each  of  those  islands. 
viMyard  ^  Tlicsc  mcasurcs,  however,  made  Connecticut  fear  that  An- 
tucket"     dros  would  again  threaten  Saybrook.* 

Domine  Nicolaus  van  Rensselaer,  who  had  come  from 
London  under  the  special  patronage  of  the  Duke  of  York, 
was  soon  afterward  inducted  by  Andros  to  minister  in  the 
Reformed  Dutch   Church  at  Albany,  as  a  colleague  of 
Case  of     Domine  Schaats.     This  was  done  without  regard  to  the 
Nicoiaus     Classis   of   Amsterdam,'  which   governed   the   Reformed 
seiaer.       Dutch  cliurclies  in  New  York,  under  the  eighth  article  of 
the  capitulation  of  1604,  confirmed  by  Andros's  stipula- 
tion with  Colve.     It  occasioned  much  ill  feeling,  and  Yan 
Rensselaer  was  forbidden  to  baptize  children  in  the  me- 
tropolitan Reformed  Dutcli  Church  by  Domine  Yan  Nieu- 
wenhuysen,  who  denied  the  lawfulness  of  his  induction  at 
Albany.     Instead  of  showing  that  he  had  been  ordained  as 
a  minister  in  Holland,  Yan  Rensselaer  complained  to  An- 
dros that  the  Church  of  England  and  the  Duke  of  York's 
recommendation    had  been    contemned.     Yan  Nieuwen- 
25  septem.  huyscn  was  summoned  to  explain  himself  before  the  Coun- 
soseptem.  cil.     He  admitted  the  validity  of  English  Episcopal  ordi- 

1  October,  uation,  but  insisted  that  every  minister  serving  any  Re- 

formed Dutch  congregation  in  the  king's  dominions  must 
promise  conformity  to  the  Holland  Church.  Tliis  explana- 
tion was  accepted  ;  and  Yan  Rensselaer,  having  solemnly 

2  October,  promised  to  conduct  liis  ministry  "  conformably  to  the  pub-  ' 

lie  Church  service  and  discipline  of  the  Reformed  Church 
of  Holland,"  the  question  was  satisfactorily  adjusted.f 

•  Coimcil  Min.,iii.  (ii.),  50,  51,  52,57;  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  132,  133, 134;  Col.  MSS., 
xxiv.,  138, 139, 141 ;  Hough's  Philip's  War,  71-S2 ;  Nantucket  Piipers,  8.^,  SO ;  Eec.  Conn., 
iL,  369-371;  C.Wolley,95;  (lofr,  2TS. 

t  Corr.  CI.  Amst. ,  Le'ter  of  Van  Nieuwenhnyscn  of  30  May,  1C76,  and  Inclosiires ;  Council 
Min  ,  iii.  (ii ),  51-59;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  52(>,  527;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  225;  Col.  MSS.,  xxiv.,  153; 
Yonkers  Gazette,  21  October,  1SC5;  Hist.  Mag.,  ix.,  352,  353;  N.  Y.  Christ.  Int.,  2  Novem- 
ber, 1865 ;  ante,  270, 272.  The  account  of  tliis  matter  in  Smith,  i.,  49,  50,  is  very  erroneous. 
Domine  Van  Rensselaer  improved  liis  visit  to  New  York  by  procuring  Andros  to  appoint  hira 
director  of  Rensselaerwyck  in  place  of  his  deceased  brother,  Jeremins  :  Col.  MSS.,  xxiv.,  158; 
XXV.,  145.  The  domine  married  Alida,  daughter  of  Philip  Pietersen  Schuyler,  of  Albany,  and 
died  there  in  November,  1G7S  :  O'Call.,  i.,  212;  ii.,552;  llolgate,  40, 42,103;  aofc,  i., 533. 


EDMUND  ANDEOS,  GOVEKNOR.  289 

At  the  fii'st  regular  session  of  the  Court  of  Assizes  un-  chap.  vi. 
der  Andros,  the  ease  of  Steenwyck  and  his  Dutch  associ- 
ates,  who  had  been  bound  over  for  "  sedition,"  was  taken  g  October 
up,  and  De  Peyster  was  acquitted  on  his  taking  the  oath.  i?2^[^^*gj. 
The  other  seven  were  convicted  of  "  not  beina;  obedient  to  ^f ^^  °^  , 

.  '-'  ,  steenwyck 

His  Maiesty's  laws,"  in  having  traded  without  taking;  the  a°<?hi3■13- 
•'    ,  ''  •'  ^  ~  sociates. 

oath,  in  violation  of  the  act  of  Parhament.  Their  goods 
were  accordingly  forfeited;  but  eventually  all  penalties 
were  remitted  upon  the  prisoners  taking  the  required  oaths.  3  xovem. 
Thus  ended  the  question ;  and  on  the  proclamation  of  the  so  October. 
new  mayor,  William  Dervall,  the  inhabitants  of  the  me- 
tropolis who  had  hitherto  refused,  came  forward  and  swore 
allegiance  to  Enghsh  authority.* 

Among  other  things,  the  Court  of  Assizes — upon  the  pe- 13  October. 
tition  of  the  coopers  of  South  and  East  Hampton,  on  Long  setts  coop- 
Island,  that,  owing  to  their  "  great  deceipt,"  stranger  coop-  iiked°on 
ers  should  not  come  from  Boston  and  work  there  in  the  ^^  ^*'' 
winter — Ordered  "that  noe  cooper  shall  be  admitted  to 
make  casks  without  the  consent  of  the  magistrates"  of  the 
respective  towns.     A  yearly  fair  for  grain,  cattle,  or  other  Fair  at 
produce,  was  established  "at  Breucklyn,  neare  the  ferry."   "^^  ^"' 
By  reason  of  its  separation  by  water,  it  was  ordered  that 
"  Staten  Island  shall  have  a  jurisdiction  of  itself,  and  tostateni^i- 
have  noe  farther  dependence  on  the  courts  of  Long  Island ;"  john 
and  John  Palmer  was  appointed  its  "Ranger."     Palmer ran^n 
was  an  English  lawyer,  who  had  recently  come  to  New 
York  from  Barbadoes.     A  double  rate  was  also  levied  church 
"  upon  all  those  townes  that  have  not  already  a  sufficient 
maintenance  for  a  minister."! 

The  New  York  Court  ordered  all  canoes  east  of  Hell  e-ii  oct. 
Gate  to  be  laid  up,  because  the  savages  were  said  to  be  thTs^und 
plotting  to  attack  the  English  as  far  west  as  Greenwich,  up.  ^  """ 
BrockhoUs  was  also  sent  to  Albany  with  "  reiterated  or- 10  octobei-. 
ders"  for  the  advantage  of  Connecticut.     The  burning  of  sent  to  ai- 
Hadley,  Deerfield,  Northiield,  and  Springfield  induced  An- 19  tfctober. 

•  Col.  MSS.,  xxiv.,  172-178, 1S6, 196 ;  xxv.,  1, 2,  5-14 ;  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  142, 157  ; 
Min.  of  Common  Council,!.,  9-11;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  233,  237,  23r!;  an<#,  277,  27S.  Derv-allnow 
succeeded  Nicolls  as  mayor  of  New  York,  and  John  Sharpe  was  made  sheriff;  Samuel  Leete 
was  appointed  clerk  of  the  city  and  of  the  Court  of  Assizes  :  Min.  of  C.  C,  i.,  1,  2, 9 ;  Val. 
Man.,  1845,  309,  331,  332 ;  ante,  252,  253. 

t  Col.  MSS.,  xxiv.,  164,  185;  xxv.,  70;  xxvi.,  155;  xxvii.,  35,  36,  57,  59;  W.arr  ,  Ord., 
Passes,  iii.,  196;  N.  Y.H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  425-42S :  V:il.  Man.,  1S44-5,  310,  311;  Yonkers  Ga- 
zette,  25  Nov.,  1*65;  Stiles's  Brookljii,  i.,  158.  Palmer  afterward  rose  to  distinction  in 
New  York  and  New  England,  in  both  of  which  he  was  made  a  judge. 

II.— T 


290  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VI.  dros  to  think  of  encouraging  the  Iroquois  to  attack  the 
~"  Eastern  savages.     But,  as  the  Mohawks  had  renewed  their 
'      former  peace  with  the  Mahicans  "without  leave,"  it  was 
24 October,  ordered  to  be  kept.     It  was  farther  directed  "that  there 
abouT      be  at  this  juncture  a  prohibition  of  selHng  powder  and 
powder,     j^^^  ^^  ^^^  Indians  whatsoever  at  Albany,  unless  it  be  to 
the  Maquas  and  Senecas."     The  commander  there  might, 
however,  allow  a  small  quantity  to  be  sold  to  any  well 
known  Mahican  beaver  -  hunter.     As  the  magistrates  at 
Esopus  had  shown  great  apprehension  of  the  Indians,  they 
were  reproved  "for  their  needlesse  feares."     But  they 
Esopus      were  required  to  explain  what  was*  meant  by  the  savages 
offering  to  deliver  up  the  articles  made  between  ISTicolls 
and  them  in  1665,  and  which  had  "been  renewed  with 
those  Indians  this  very  spring."* 
2  Novem.        The  Confederated  colonies  having  declared  war  against 
^nd3^°up-  the  Narragansetts,  Andros  spontaneously  sent  six  barrels  of 
i{hoVe''isi-  powder  and  other  ammunition  to  Rhode  Island,  "  which 
^^^'         they  thankfully  accepted,  and  afterwards  lent  part  of  it  to 
New  England  forces  in  want,  at  their  fight  in  Narragansett 
19  Decern,  couutry."     lu  this  engagement  nearly  a  thousand  savages 
sett'fight.'  and  two  hundred  English  colonists  were  killed  and  wound- 
ed.    The  Rhode  Island  Quakers  still  desired  the  arbitra- 
tion of  the  governor  of  New  York ;  thinking  that  Puri- 
tanic New  England  ministers  had  urged  on  hostilities, "  and 
1676.  that  the  war  had  not  been,  if  there  had  not  been  a  hire- 
Rhode'isi   ^^^^5  ^^^^5  ^^^'  ^^^  money,  giving,  what  he  calleth  the  Gos- 
bukeTiias  P®^'  ^y  violence."    Governor  Coddington,  of  Rhode  Island, 
sachuset'ts.  accordiugly  rebuked  Massachusetts  for  having  "  departed 

from  the  Lord."t 

1675.       Nehemiah  Pierce  and  James  Pennyman,  charged  with 

piwc^rnd  "  writing  false  storeys  to  Boston,"  were  sent  down  from  Al- 

^^°^'      bany  to  New  York,  and  bound  over.     Massachusetts,  on 

7  Decern,    similar  information,  published  a  declaration  that  Philip  had 

been  "  supplied  with  ammunition  from  Albany,  whereby 

•  Warr.,  Ord.,  PaPse?,  iii.,  139,  141,  142,  143,  145,  14f>,  147,  148,  151,  155,  150;  Council 
Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  65,  66  ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxiv.,  157,  172;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  425-42S;  Col.  Eec. 
Conn.,  ii.,  3T2-37S ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  254,  264;  Wood'.?  L.  I.,  SO;  Ilough'g  Philip,  83-119; 
Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  294,  295;  Trumbull,  i.,  333-335;  Holland's  Western  Mass.,  1.,  95,  105; 
ante,  89, 181, 192. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  254,  2C5 ;  Col.  Rec  Conn.,  ii.,  383-391 ;  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  74 ;  Warr., 
Ord.,  Passe?,  iii.,  169 ;  Hough's  Philip's  War,  26-31, 125, 129-135;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  297-301 ; 
Trumbull,  i.,  337-342;  Arnold,  i.,  401^00  ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxv.,  07. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  291 

be  was  enabled  to  prosecute  bis  bloody  design  against  tlie  chap.  vi. 
Englisb."     Tliis  was  sucb  an  "  aspersion"  tbat  Andi'os  sent 
an  express  to  Boston  to  vindicate  tbe  duke's  government.  ^^  j^j^.^ ' 
Tbe  Puiitan  Bostonians  cleared  tbe  magistrates  of  I^ew  ^g^^jj^^^l^. 
York,  yet  continued  to  asperse  ber  people  " witbout  any ^f^^gsto' 
known   cause,  complaint,  or  notice."     Tbe   metropolitan  ^^^p^«'^ 
council  tbereupon  resolved  "  Tbat  for  tbe  present  no  f urtber  24  Febr-y. 
application  be  made  to  tbe  Government  of  Boston."     An- 
dros's  action  was  "  very  well  looked  on"  in  London.^ 

Pbilip  being  now  reported  witbin  forty  or  fifty  miles  of 
Albany,  Andros  sent  fresb  orders  to  Brockbolls,  and  again  6  jan'y. 
notified  tbe  Hartford  autborities.     Tbey  prudently  sug- 
gested tbat  tbe  Mobawks  sbould  be  employed  to  "  utterly  13  jan'y. 
extirpate"  tbe  natives  in  New  England,  and  binted  tbatcuTand'' 
Albany  bad  supplied  tbe  "  common  enemy"  witb  arms  or 
ammunition.     Andros  satirically  repelled  tbis  "  great  re-  20  jan'y. 
flection  on  tbe  Dutcb,"  and  demanded  explanations,     Tbe 
Connecticut  Council  could  only  give  rumors.     Tbe  gov- 
ernor tben  demanded  wbetber  Connecticut  would  allow  4  Febr'y. 
tbe  New  York  Iroquois  to  pursue  tbeir  enemies  in  ber  ter-  about 
ritory?     Tbis  sbe  declined,  but  suggested  tbat  tbe  Mo-io'rib'y. 
hawks  bad  better  attack  Pbilip  "  near  Albany."! 

Good  correspondence,  bowever,  was  maintained  between 
New  York  and  Pbode  Island,  tbe  people  of  wbicb  were  in- 
formed "  tbat  any  in  tbeir  parts  driven  by  tbe  Indians  from  it  jan'y. 
tbeir  habitations  or  plantations  sball  be  welcome  bere,  and  between 
have  land  assigned  tbem  upon  tbis.  Long  Island,  or  Staten  and  Rhode 
Island."     But  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and  Plymouth, 
having  shown  no  desire  for  tbe  friendship  of  New  York, 
the  council  resolved  "  to  continue  om-  endeavors  as  Chris-  26  FeVy. 
tians  and  the  King's  subjects,  for  tbe  good  of  tbis  Govern-  "chris- 
ment,  witbout  further  ajtplication  to  the  said  Coloneys."  prove  New 
Tbe  governor  was  also  advised  to  "  go  forthwith  to  Al-  puritaM. 
bany,  to  settle  matters  there,  it  being  of  very  great  im- 
port ;"  as  news  bad  just  come  of  the  Mohawks  "  being 
moved  in  a  warlike  manner  against  tbe  North  Indians.":}: 

Tbe  Hudson  having  opened  unexpectedly  soon,  Andros 

•  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  68,  69,  TO,  81,  85;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  238,  242,  254,  25S,  266,  26T; 
Hough's  Philip's  War,  120-142 ;  Hutch.  Coll.,  4T6-490 ;  Mather's  War,  117, 129,  254. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iiL,  255,  265;  Col.  Rec  Conn.,  u.,397,  398,  404,  406,407;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i., 
305 ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  229. 

t  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  81,  85,  86,  9T;  Col.  MSS.,  xxv.,  81 ;  Hough's  Philip's  War,  136, 
13T,  143-147, 160, 164. 


292  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ouAP.vi.  went  up  to  Albany  with  six  sloops  and  additional  men. 
He  found  that  some  three  hundred  Mohawks  had  just  re- 

Andioa      turned  from  the  pursuit  of  Philip,  and  had  brought  back 

ijbiny*  several  scalps.  The}'-  had  been  supplied  with  arms  and 
ammunition  by  BrockhoUs,  who  had  also  received  their  old 
sachems,  squaws,  and  children  within  Albany.     Lieutenant 

4 March.  Tcunise  was  at  once  dispatched  "to  the  farthest  part  of 
the  Government,  or  as  far  as  Connecticut  River,"  to  de- 
mand from  Philip  any  Christian  prisoners.     The  governor 

11  March,  also  directed  William  Loveridge  to  be  arrested  for  having 

arre!te/for  slanderously  affirmed  that  the  Dutch  inhabitants  of  Al- 
bany had  supplied  the  North  Indians  with  arms  and  am- 

27  March,  mmiition.     Sergeant  Sharpe  was  left  in  command  of  the 

0  Ai)rii.     garrison,  as  BrockhoUs  was  needed  at  New  York.* 

7  March.        Connccticut  had  meanwhile  asked  to  be  allowed  to  talk 

19  March,  with  tlic  Iroquois  at  Albany,  and  threatened  that,  if  her 

cut  agents  "  historiaus"  should  report  to  England,  the  conduct  of  An- 

York."^      dros  "  would  look  dark,  and  be  displeasing  both  to  His 

Majesty  and  all  true  Englishmen;  yea.  His  Highness  would 

take  no  pleasure  in  the  consequences  of  such  services  by 

his  ministers."     Samuel  Willys  and  William  Pitkin  came 

1  Apru.     on  her  behalf  to  ask  the  desired  permission.     After  full 

explanations  before  the   council,  the  Connecticut  agents 
10  April,    were  told  that  New  York  had  already  "  taken  fitting  or- 
NewYork.  dcrs"  with  regard  to  its   own  Indians,  and  that  it  was 
"strange"  that  their  colony,  which  had  been  so  jealous 
about  all  their  own  concerns,  should  "  ask  to  treat  with  any 
branch  of  this  Government  apart."     Andros   also  wrote 
10  April,    that  he  was  ready  to  do  all  he  could  to  procure  a  peace  be- 
tween the  Connecticut  authorities  and  their  savage  ene- 
mies, "  and  wholly  to  remove  all  manner  of  jealousys,  shall 
suspend  all  further  demands  of  that  part  of  your  colony 
claimed  by  His  Poyal  Highness,  (to  remain  as  it  is,)  'till  a 
determination  from  England."! 
5  May.  To  caiTy  out  his  humane  intentions  toward  Rhode  Isl- 

and, the  governor  sent  his  sloop  there  to  bring  back  as 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  255,  2C5,  708 ;  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  87,  101 ;  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii., 
14G,  223 ;  Col.  MSS.,  x.^v.,  88,  90, 184;  Hough's  Philip's  War,  103, 148-163, 167. 

t  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  90-93  ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii ,  414, 419,  420,  426,  435,  436,  437 ;  Col. 
Doc.,  iii.,  255, 265;  Hough's  Philip's  War,  155-159.  The  Connecticut  correspondence  was 
now  conducted  by  lier  new  governor,  William  I,eetc,  who  succeeded  the  deceased  Winthrop  : 
Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  273;  Trumbull,  i.,  345, 340 ;  Palfray,  iii.,  233-238;  Arnold,  i.,  411,412; 
JJ.  Y.  n.  S.  Coll.  (1869),  374-3TG ;  ante,  2S0, 7iote. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  293 

many  of  her  people  as  wished  to  come  to  JSTew  York.    At  chap.vi. 
the  same  time,  it  was  "  Ordered  that  upon  this  extraordi-     ^ 
nary  occasion  of  the  warre,  and  other  late  intelligences,  p^enaiy' 
the  severall  townes  upon  Long  Island  be  sent  to,  to  repre-  ^ew  York 
sent  the  same  unto  the  inhabitants,  in  order  to  a  levy,  and  R^o^g^jgi. 
to  know  what  they  will  give  towards  a  supply."     Collector  ^°'^- 
Dyer  was  accordingly  dispatched  to  urge  each  town  to  s  May. 
grant  "such  a  suitable  supply  as  may  be  proper."     But 
this  appeal  was  poorly  answered.     The  contribution,  like 
that  proposed  by  Lovelace  in  1672,  was  viewed  as  "  a  kind  is  May. 
of  benevolence — the  badge  of  bad  times."* 

On  Salisbury's  return,  Andros  received  fresh  instructions 
from  the  Duke  of  York.     Referring  to  his  former  direc- 
tions of  the  6th  of  April,  1675,  concerning  Assemblies, 
James  added,  "  I  have  since  observed  what  several  of  your  28  jan'y. 
latest  letters  hint  about  that  matter.     But  unless  you  had  of  York 
offered  what  qualifications  are  usual  and  proper  to  such  approve's' 
Assemblyes,  I  cannot  but  suspect  they  would  be  of  dan-  tues!^^"*" 
gerous  consequence ;  nothing  being  more  knowne  than  the 
aptness  of  such  bodyes  to  assume  to  themselves  many  priv- 
iledges  which  prove  destructive  to,  or  very  oft  disturbe  the 
peace  of  the  government  wherein  they  are  allowed.     Nei- 
ther do  I  see  any  use  of  them,  which  is  not  as  well  pro- 
vided for,  whilst  you  and  your  council  govern  according  to 
the  laws  established  (thereby  preserving  every  man's  prop- 
erty inviolate),  and  whilst  all  things  that  need  redresse  may 
be  sm^e  of  finding  it,  either  at  the  Quarter  Sessions  or  by 
other  legall  and  ordinary  wayes ;  or  lastly  by  appeal  to  my- 
selfe.     But,  howsoever,  if  you  continue  of  the  same  opin- 
ion, I  shall  be  ready  to  consider  of  any  proposalls  you  shall 
send  to  that  purpose." 

At  the  same  time  the  duke  approved  of  Andres's  demand  2s  jan-y. 
"  of  all  the  land  on  the  west  side  of  Connecticut  River."  sustains 
"  But,"  he  added, "  at  the  present,  for  other  reasons,  I  am  acuon*  * 
not  willing  you  should  proceed  further,  in  regard  I  hope  nectlcut?"* 
for  hereafter  more   convenient   means   of  adjusting  the 
boundaries  in  those  parts ;  and  in  the  interim,  though  the 
agreement  by  the  Commissioners  in  1664  were  never  con- 
firmed by  me,  I  soe  far  approve  of  the  prudence  of  Colonel 

*  Council  Min.,iii.  (ii.),  94,95;  Warr.,  Ord.,  Pastes,  iii.,  193;  Hough's  Philip,  137,  160- 
1C3 ;  Smitli,  L,  51 ;  ante,  171,  ISS. 


294 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOEK. 


Chap.  VI. 


1676. 


Secretary 
Werden's 
directions. 


31  Jao'y- 
"  Boston- 
era"  on  tlie 
North 
Kiver. 


28  May. 


30  May. 
The  Iro- 
quois sum. 
moned  to 
meet  An- 
dros  at 
Albany. 

June. 
Fort  and 
officer.?  at 
Albany. 


Andros  at 
Snhaghti- 
cook,  or 
Scatacook. 


NicoUs,  at  that  time,  as  to  admitt  by  no  means  of  any  near- 
er access  of  those  of  Connecticut  than  to  the  mouth  of 
Marinac  (or  Mamaronocke)  River,  and  along  the  edge  of 
it;  provided  they  come  to  noe  place  within  twenty  miles 
distance  of  Hudsons'  Eiver.  But  this  I  hint  to  you  only 
for  the  present,  not  intending  thereby  to  conclude  myself 
as  to  the  right  of  the  case."  Secretary  Werden  wrote 
more  fully  that  the  duke  was  "  willing  things  should  rest 
as  they  are  at  present ;  but  he  is  not  sorry  you  have  re- 
vived this  claim,  because  possibly  some  good  use  may  be 
hereafter  made  of  it."  Werden  also  called  Andros  to  ac- 
count for  permitting  "the  Bostoners  and  other  strangei^s 
to  go  up  in  theic  small  vessells  to  Esopus  and  Albany  and 
elsewhere,  as  freely  as  the  very  natural  subjects  of  his 
Boyal  Highness's  Colony,"  which  was  "a  new  thing,"  for- 
bidden by  Lovelace,  and  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  me- 
tropolis.""" 

News  having  come  that  Massachusetts  was  making  a 
separate  peace  with  the  North  Indians,  the  Council  re- 
solved that  the  Mohawks  should  be  restrained  from  far- 
ther prosecuting  them,  and  that  arms  be  restored  to  the 
Long  Island  savages.  As  Connecticut  was  advising  with 
TJncas  about  sending  a  present  to  the  Mohawks,  they  were 
summoned  to  meet  the  governor  at  Albany.  The  Mahi- 
can  and  other  eastward  Indians  were  also  invited  to  come 
in,  and  "  live  under  the  protection  of  the  Government,"  as 
both  Canada  and  Connecticut  had  solicited  them.f 

At  Albany  the  governor  built  a  new  stockaded  fort, 
with  four  bastions,  and  mounted  twelve  guns,  so  as  to  de- 
fend and  command  the  whole  town.  Salisbury,  who  was 
a  favorite  of  the  duke,  was  now  reinstated  in  his  old  place 
of  commander.  Sergeant  Sharpe  remaining  under  his  or- 
ders. The  local  militia  was  put  under  Captain  Goosen 
Gen-itsen  van  Schaick,  and  Lieutenants  Martin  Gerritsen 
and  Jan  Jansen  Bleecker. 

On  this  occasion  Andros  went  up  to  Schaghticook,  a 
pleasant  place,  in  the  present  county  of  Kensselaer,  near 
the  confluence  of  the  Hoosic  with  the  Hudson  Eiver,  where 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  230,  235-238,  241 ;  Council  Min.,  lii.  (ii.),  99 ;  Chalmers,  i.,  5S1,  GOO ;  Ban- 
croft, ii.,  40G;  ante,  55,  .56, 108,  182,  188,  260,  279. 

t  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),90, 100, 101;  Col.  Kec.  Conn.,  ii.,  443;  Col.  MSS.,  xxv.,  IIG,  121, 
124;  IlouglVs  I'hilip'.-?  War,  1C4-1GS;  Nantucket  rapes,  89-103. 


EDMUND  ANDKOS,  GOVEENOR.  295 

he  "  planted  a  tree  of  welfare,"  and  invited  all  the  North-  chap,  vl 
eiTi  and  River  Indians  to  come  and  hve.*  ^ 

Ha\dng  informed  the  Hartford  authorities  of  the  "  very  5  j^j^ 
great  execution"  done  by  the  Mohawks  on  their  savage  en-^^^°^^^^'*' 
emies,  Andros  desired  to  know  whether  the  New  York  In- 
dians would  he  admitted  into  their  towns.     This,  however, 
was  declined ;  while  Connecticut  sent  word  that  some  of  s  juiy. 
Philip's  warriors  were  about  to  cross  the  Hudson  Eiver2ojuiy. 
near  Esopus,  "  to  seek  for  'complices  of  their  straine,"  and, 
if  they  should  escape  southward, "  it  may  be  a  great  occa- New  York, 
sion  to  animate  the  Yirginia  Indians."     Convinced  of  "  the 
improbability"  of  this  suggestion,  Andros  replied  that  as  26  juiy. 
Connecticut  declined  the  assistance  of  the  Mohawks,  he 
dared  not  "  presume  f m-ther,  than  as  formerly,  by  encour- 
agements and  gifts,  to  assure  their  constant  fidelity."  f 

Not  long  afterward  a  large  party  of  savages  were  sur- 
prised at  Stockbridge,  on  the  Housatonic,  and  the  surviv-  Indiana 
ors  were  reported  to  be  attempting  their  escape  "  over  stock- 
Hudson's  River  to  a  place  called  Paquiage."     The  Con-  "  ^^' 
necticut  Council  asked  Andros  either  to  grant  "  liberty  to  19  August. 
pass  up  your  river,  with  some  vessels  from  hence  and  the 
Bay,  with  men  and  provision,  to  pursue  and  destroy  those 
of  the  enemies  that  are  in  those  parts,  or  doe  something 
effectual  yom-self  for  the  utter  suppression  of  the  enemy 
in  those  parts."     The  governor  replied  that  he  would  dis-  25  August. 
patch  proper  orders  to  Albany,  but  he  would  not  allow  connecti- ' 
Connecticut  to  send  forces  up  the  Hudson,  or  her  agents  to  taik  with 
treat  with  the  Mohawks, "  as  it  would  breed  distraction.":}:  quois."' 

In  the  mean  time,  Philip  was  slain  in  a  swamp  near  12  August. 
Mount  Hope,  whither  he  retreated  after  having  defended  nearMount 
'*  what  he  imagined  to  be  his  own,  and  the  just  rights  of  his 
countrymen,  to  the  last  extremity."     War  was  now  ended. 
"  A  handsome  penny"  was  turned  by  exhibiting  the  man- 

*  Council  Mln.,  iii.  (ii.),  140 ;  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii ,  175,  223 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  235,  255, 
260,  5G5,  Tl3;  iv.,  24S,  576,  T44,  902,  991;  v.,  3SS;  Hutcli.  Mass.,  i.,  348;  Colden,  i.,  101; 
Hist.  Mag.,  iv.,  50.  Plans  of  Albany  at  this  time,  and  of  its  fort,  which  stood  near  the  pres- 
ent St.  Peter's  Church  in  State  Street,  are  given  in  Miller's  N.  y.,and  in  Munsell's  Ann. 
Alb.,  iii.,  89;  iv.,  200. 

+  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii,  461, 462,  466, 467 ;  Council  Min.,  iii  (ii),  104, 105;  Hougli's  Philip's 
War,  171. 

t  Trumbull,  i.,  34S,  349,  350;  Col.  Kec.  Conn.,  ii,  469,  471,  472,  4TT,  478,  480;  Council 
Min.,  iii  (ii),  12S,  129.  About  two  hundred  of  the  fugitives  from  Stockbridge  fled  to  the 
Mahicans  on  the  Hudson  River,  and  became  incorporated  with  them  :  Coi  Doc,  iv.,  744, 
902, 991 ;  Trumbull,  i,  350.     Hutch.  Mass.,  i,  348,  calls  them  "  Scatacook Indians." 


Hope. 


296  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.vi.  gled  right  hand  of  the  son  of  Massasoit  to  'New  English 
"  curiosity ;"  and  the  able-bodied  native  American  captives 
Fate  of  tiie  ^'^^  cscapcd  the  tender  mercies  of  "  the  women  at  Marble- 
AmlT'^    head,"  or  the  gibbets  of  Pl^nnouth  and  Massachusetts,  were 
cans-        exported  to  the  West  Indies  and  sold  into  slavery.     Even 
the  heir  of  the  King  of  Pokanoket,  and  the  grandson  of  the 
early  friend  of  the  sliivering  "  Pilgrims"  from  Holland, 
was  made  a  victim  of  Puritan  avarice ;  and  the  latest  his- 
torian of  New  England  pronounces  that  there  was  no  "  pe- 
culiar aggravation  in  the  circumstance  that  one  of  the  suf- 
ferers was  Philip's  son."* 
August.         The  Duke  of  York's  eastern  territory  did  not  escape  the 
buSed"'    consequences  of  Philip's  war.     Pemaquid  was  burned  by 
the  savages,  who  drove  many  of  its  colonists  westward  to 
Massachusetts.     Hearing  of  this,  the  New  York  govern- 
ment voted  land  to  the  sufferers,  and  Andros  dispatched 
8  septem.  his  sloop  to  Bostou, "  offering  fi-ee  passage  and  relief  to 
humanity,  any  drivcu  from  His  Poyal  Highness's  territories  about 
12  October.  Pcmaquid."    But  Massachusetts,  not  relishing  the  humani- 
jSchu-'^  ty  of  New  York,  thought  it  better  that  all  his  Majesty's  sub- 
jects should  join  in  hunting  the  aborigines  out  of  Maine, 
and  that  every  effort  should  be  made  "  to  engage  the  Mo- 
hawks or  other  Indians,  friends  o'f  the  English,  for  their 
help  and  assistance  therein."t 

Massachusetts,  indeed,  always  coveted  Maine.  After  the 
Dutch  had  conquered  from  the  French  the  region  east  of 
the  Penobscot,  they  were  driven  off  by  Boston  vessels,  the 
crews  of  which,  nevertheless,  "  kept  no  possession."  The 
States'  ambassador  at  London,  however,  complained  of 
this  aggression,  and  charged  that  the  Bostoners  "would 
not  suffer  any  Hollanders  there."  Charles  accordingly  or- 
iiFeVy.  dered  the  Massachusetts  magistrates  "to  return  their  an- 
swer to  the  said  complaint,  that  so  his  Majesty,  under- 
standing the  nature  of  the  fact,  may  give  such  order  as  is 
agreeable  to  justice  therein.":}: 

•  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  306,  307 ;  Trumbull's  Conn.,  i.,  34S,  349;  Mather,  18S,  194, 195 ;  Davis's 
Morton,  453-455;  Everett's  Bloody  Brook  Address,  1835;  Arnold's  K.  1.,  i.,  416,  417,418; 
Plymouth  Col.  Rec.,v.,  174,  210;  Hough's  Philip's  War,  21,  25,  ISS;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii., 
471 ;  Palfrey,  iii,  2(15,  20G,  216-221 ;  Moore's  Notes  on  Slavery  in  Massachusetts,  35-4S. 

t  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  117 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  241,  2.'>5,  205;  Mass.  Rec,  v.,  123 ;  William- 
son's Maine,  i.,  515-537 ;  Maine  H.  S.  Coll.,  v.,  8, 0,  2.^5, 25l> ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  208-211. 

t  Williamson's  Maine,  i.,  580;  Hutch.  Mi^ss.,  i.,  311  ;  Coll.,  464,  489;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll., 
xxxii.,280,  287;  Mass.  Rec,  v.,  114, 116,  US;  Palfrey,  iii.,  205;  n/ifc,  2.')4.  On  the  27th  of 
October,  1676,  the  Dutch  West  India  Company  commissioned  Coknelis  Stee.nwtck,  of  New 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  297 

After  the  Peace  of  Westminster,  the  British  king  gave  chap.  vi. 
more  thought  to  his  American  colonies.     His  former  Conn- 
oil  of  Trade  and  Plantations  was  dissolved,  and  its  records  21  Decem. 
were  transferred  to  the  Privy  Council,  a  committee  of  1675. 
which  Charles  directed  to   oversee  "matters  relating  tONewcoml 
trade  and  his  foreign  plantations."     Thus  American  af-^"j*gand 
fairs  were  restored  to  the  immediate  control  of  the  crown,  p}*"^'*- 
The  strict  enforcement  in  her  colonies  of  the  Navigation  11  August. 
and  the  Customs'  laws  of  England  was  the  motive.     So 
the  Plantation  Committee  addressed  a  circular  letter  to  the 
several  North  American  colonies  requiring  answers  to  va- 
rious questions.     A  royal  proclamation  followed,  which  24  Novem. 
prohibited  the  importation  into  the  plantations  "  of  any  tioa  to  en- 
merchandize  but  what  should  be  laden  in  England,  and  Navigation 
for  putting  other  branches  of  those  acts  into  strict  execu- 
tion relating  to  America."     This  appears  to  have  been 
drawn  by  Attorney  General  Sir  WiUiam  Jones,  and  was  1676. 

20  March. 

communicated  to  the  colonial  governors.     At  the  same  no  Medi-' 
time  it  was  determined  "that  no  Mediterranean  passes  passes  for 
should  be  granted  to  New  England,  to  protect  its  vessels  giand. ''" 
against  the  Turks,  until  it  is  seen  what  dependence  it  will 
acknowledge  on  his  Majesty,  or  whether  his  custom-house 
officers  are  received  as  in  other  colonies."* 

Edward  Randolph — a  kinsman  of  Robert  Mason,  one  of  so  March. 
the  claimants  of  Maine,  a  servant  of  the  Duke  of  York,  Randolph 
shrewd,  active,  and  intensely  devoted  to  his  king — was  sent  Massachu- 
with  these  dispatches  to  Massachusetts,  which  was  thought  ^^ 
to  be  the  most "  prejudicial  plantation."     On  reaching  Bos- 
ton, Randolph  was  treated  with  coarse  incivility  by  Lever- 10  June, 
ett,  its  governor,  who  seems  to  have  supposed  that  goodinsuuedat 
•breeding  was  inconsistent  with  Puritanism.     Relying  on^°^'°"' 
its  royal  charter,  the   Corporation  of  Massachusetts  —  a 
creature  of  Charles  the  First — assumed  that  it  could  settle 
"  all  matters  in  difference"  with  Charles  the  Second  by  its 

York,  to  take  possession,  in  its  behalf,  of  the  conquered  territory  east  of  the  Penobscot,  and 
govern  it  as  captain.  This  project,  however,  was  never  executed  :  see  J.  W.  de  Peyster'a 
pamphlet,  "  The  Dutch  in  Maine,"  45,  T3-77 ;  Append.,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11 ;  Valentine's  Manual, 
1S53,  352  ;  18G4,  661 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxvii,,  125;  Pemaquid  Papers,  29,30. 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  228,  229,  230,  231,  232;  Evelyn,  ii.,  86,  ("5 ;  Anderson  on  Commerce,  ii., 
531 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxvii.,  136,  137  ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  319,  323,  324,  400,  402 ;  Rev. 
Col.,  i.,  128, 129 ;  Hutchinson's  Coll.,  444, 463,  503 ;  Barry,  i.,  453 ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  33,  275, 279- 
283.  Chalmers,  in  the  Pieface  to  his  Annals,  erroneously  states  that  Locke  was  Secretary 
of  the  Committee  for  Trade  of  March,  1675.  Sir  Robert  Southwell,  the  Clerk  of  the  Privy 
Council,  was  fecretary  of  tlint  committee,  .and  afterward  William  Blathwayt:  Col.  Doc,  iii., 
228, 230,  271  ;  Evelyn,  ii.,  101, 279 ;  King's  Locke,  34  ;  ante,  187,  249. 


298  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VI.  own  "  final  determination."     Governor  Winslow,  of  Plym- 

~~  outh,  reproved  the  absurdity  of  liis  neighboring  fellow-sub- 

jiiy      '  JGcts,  and  told  Randolph  that  New  England  would  never 

Opinion  of  floui'ish  Until  its  several  colonies  were  reduced  under  his 

Winslow, 

ouu?^'"     majesty's  "immediate  government."     Randolph  returned 
30  July,     to  London,  satisfied  that  most  of  the  inhabitants  of  Massa- 

Kandolph  3  ' 

report  on    chusctts  abhorrcd  the  "  arbitrary  government  and  oppres- 

his  I'stum 

to  En-  sion  of  their  magistrates,"  and  hoped  that  the  king  would 
free  them  "from  this  bondage"  by  establishing  his  direct 
authority  among  them.  The  Navigation  Laws,  however, 
were  so  faithfully  executed  by  Andros  and  Dyer  as  to 
cause  a  stoppage  of  trade  between  New  York  and  Massa- 
chusetts. No  European  goods  were  allowed  to  be  import- 
ed from  Boston  into  New  York  unless  they  had  paid  cus- 
toms in  England,  and  this  caused  a  "  misunderstanding" 
between  those  colonies.  Plymouth  and  Connecticut  "  duly 
observed"  the  laws."" 
t2  Oct.  Concerning  the  Indian  war,  Randolph  testified  that  the 

sifstains     Massachusetts  complaints  that  Philip  and  his  countrymen 
had  been  encouraged  and  supplied  by  the  people  of  Al- 
bany were  "without  any  just  cause  or  ground,  but  rather 
a  report  raised  out  of  malice  and  envy."     Governor  An- 
dros had  proved  liimself  "  very  friendly  and  serviceable"  to 
Massachusetts.     Had  his  advice  been  taken,  the  war  would 
have  been  less  destructive,  for  he  would  have  overpowered 
Philip  by  the  New  York  Indians ;  "  but  his  friendship,  ad- 
vice, and  offers  were  slighted."f 
9  August.        Having  consulted  her  "  reverend  elders,"  Massachusetts 
setts  sends  scnt  William  Stoughton  and  Peter  Bulkley  after  Randolph 
aaiBuik-  to  England.     They  were  instructed  to  evade  all  "  clamors 
gland.  °"  and  accusations,"  and  to  promise  "a  full  answer"  to  the* 
complaint  of  the  Dutch  government  that  the  Hollanders 
had  been  driven  out  of  Maine.     This  "  answer,"  however, 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  given.ij; 
1675.       Meanwhile  La  Salle  had  obtained  from  Louis  a  grant  of 
13  May.     Pqj,^  Froutcnac  and  its  neighborhood,  with  the  monopoly 
of  hunting  and  fishing  on  Lake  Ontario,  on  condition  that 

•  Chalmers,  i.,  403 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  311,  319 ;  Coll.,  4T7-513,  534,  5G4;  Col.  Doc.,  iii., 
230-244;  Bancroft,  ii..  Ill ;  Bany,  i.,  454-45S;  Palfrey,  iii.,  2S4-2S9  ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  li., 
484;  Hist.  Mag.,ii.  (iii.),  TO,  Tl ;  ante,  294. 

t  Riindolph'g  "  Narrative"  of  12  October,  167G,  in  Hutch.  Coll.,  490 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  C42. 

i  Mum.  Kcc,  v.,  99-110 ;  Hutchinson,  i ,  311,  312 ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  291-295. 


16  Septem. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  299 

he  should  pay  its  cost,  maintain  a  garrison,  build  a  clmrclj,  chap.  vi. 
and  support  Franciscan  missionaries.     Tli-e  king  also  made 
him  a  French  nobleman.     La  Salle  hastened  back  to  Cana-  ^^  g^^j^  * 
da  in  company  with  Laval  de  Montmorency,  who  had  been  ^y°Lolt^ 
created  Bishop  of  Quebec,  and  Jacques  Duchesnau,  who  ^^  May. 
succeeded  Talon  as  intendant,  as  well  as  with  the  Francis-  Franciscan 

f     1  T        •  •        /^       •      •  mission- 

can  fathers  Louis  Hennepin,  Christian  Le  Clercq,  and  Ze-  ^"^3. 
nobius  Membre.     A  new  stone  fort,  with  four  bastions,   1676. 
was  quickly  built  by  La  Salle  around  the  old  palisades  at  oatera-'  ^' 
Cataracouy ;  a  chapel  was  prepared ;  and  the  fathers  Hen-  *'°"^- 
nepin  and  Luke  Buisset  were  installed  as  assistants  of  Ri- 
bourde  in  the  mission.* 

After  establishing  the  Franciscans  at  Cataracouy,  Fron-  Jesuit  mia- 
tenac  took  little  interest  in  the  French  missions  south  of  amongThe 
Lake  Ontario.     Bruyas  remained  at  Tionnontoguen,  and  ^°^^°^^- 
James  de  Lamberville,  who  had  just  come  over  from  Paris, 
replaced  Boniface  at  Caghnawaga.     The  large  secession  to 
the  Prairie  de  la  Madeleine  nevertheless  troubled  the  Mo- 
hawk missionaries.     Millet  labored   among  the  Oneidas 
with  tolerable  success.    At  Onondaga,  John  de  Lamberville 
was  comforted  by  the  steadfast  faith  of  Garakontie  imtil 
the  death  of  that  eminent  proselyte  early  in  1676.     Car- 
heil's  chapel  at  Cayuga  was  burned  by  drunken  savages. 
Among  the  Seuecas,  Pierron,  Raffeix,  and  Garnier  labored 
diligentlv.     But  that  distant  tribe,  having;  subdued  the  An-  The  An- 

1  11T1C  i-ni      Pastes  con- 

dastes,  now  talked  only  of  war,  "  even  against  the  h  rench,  quered. 
and  to  begin  by  the  destruction  of  the  fort  of  Cataracouy ."f 

The  "Residence"  of  the  Prairie  de  la  Madeleine  had  Prairie  de 
prospered,  and  Bishop  Laval  visited  it  in  great  state.  But,  leine. 
as  the  land  was  not  fertile,  the  mission  was,  in  1676,  re- 
moved farther  up  the  St.  Lawrence,  near  to  the  rapids  of 
St.  Louis.  There  a  new  village  was  founded,  which  the 
French  named  "St. Francis  Xavier  du  Sault;"  while  the 
Iroquois  proselytes,  remembering  their  old  home  on  the 

Mohawk,  called  it "  Casjhnawaga,"  which  in  their  lano-uae-e  ga,  on  the 

^     "    St  Law- 
means  "  the  rapids,"  or  "  a  carrying-place."    A  stone  church  rence. 

•  Col.  Doc.,  ix.,  lis,  119, 120, 122-125, 126, 213,  216,  T94;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  256,  265 ;  Faillon, 
iii.,  472,  473,  474,  537 ;  Hennepin's  Louisiana,  2,  3,  7-14;  New  Discovery,  7-16 ;  Hist.  Coll. 
Louisiana,  i.,  195,  196 ;  Sparks'a  La  Salle,  8-17,  ISl ;  Shea's  Disc.  Miss.,  7S,  84,  85,  89,  103, 
147,150,265,266;  Missions,  309,412;  Bancroft,  iii.,  162;  Garneau,  i.,  237;  a7i<f,  99,  241. 

t  Relation,  1673-9, 140, 194, 195, 204 ;  Douniol,  ii.,  10,  35-45,  99,  106-114, 197 ;  Shea,  272, 
274,  277,  285,  289,  292,  293;  Hist.  M.-ig.,  ii.,  29T;  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  227,  note;  ante,  100,  193, 
238-240. 


300 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOEK. 


1676. 

13  August. 
Domine 
Nicolaua 
van  Rens- 
selaer's 
case. 


23  Septem. 


28  Septem. 


23  October. 
Leisler  and 
Milborne. 


10  Novem. 
New  dock 
in  New 
York. 


was  soon  built  at  this  Residence,  wliicli  was  put  in  charge 
of  the  fathers  Fr^min  and  Cholenec* 

This  year  marked  the  domestic  annals  of  New  York. 
Domine  Nicolans  van  Rensselaer,  whom  Andros  had  in- 
stalled as  colleague  of  Schaats  in  the  Reformed  Dutch 
Church  at  Albany,  was  accused  of  "  false  preaching"  by 
Jacob  Leisler,  one  of  the  deacons  in  the  Dutch  Chm-ch  in 
New  York,  and  Jacob  Milborne,  a  young  Englishman,  who 
had  formerly  been  the  book-keeper  of  Thomas  Delavall. 
On  their  complaint  the  Albany  magistrates  imprisoned  Yan 
Rensselaer  for  having  uttered  "  some  dubious  w^rds."  An 
appeal  was  taken  to  New  York,  where  the  case  was  heard 
before  the  governor  and  council,  the  mayor  and  aldermen, 
and  the  "  ministers  of  the  city,"  and  sent  back  for  the  au- 
thorities at  Albany  to  determine.  Domine  Schaats  ac- 
cordingly proved  his  colleague's  heterodoxy.  Yet  the  Al- 
bany court  thought  it  best  that  all  differences  "  should  be 
consumed  in  the  fii'e  of  love,"  and  enjoined  perpetual  for- 
bearance on  both  sides, "  for  edification  to  the  Reformed 
Religion."  Their  action  was  confii-med  by  the  governor, 
council,  aldermen,  and  "  ministers  of  New  York,"  who  or- 
dered Leisler  and  Milborne  to  pay  all  costs, "  as  giving  the 
first  occasion  of  the  difference."  f 

The  increasing  commerce  of  the  metropolis  requiring 
larger  accommodation,  a  mole  or  dock  was  built  under  the 
encouragement  of  Andros.  Its  expense  was  paid  by  a  city 
tax  levied  on  the  residents,  and  timber  was  furnished  by 
the  North  and  West  Ridings  of  Long  Island.  The  "  Heere 
Gracht,"  or  canal  in  Broad  Street,  was  also  filled  up  and 
leveled,  and  a  market-house  was  established  at  the  "  plaine 
afore  the  fort.":j: 

•  Relation,  1073-9,  231-240;  1070-7,122-145;  Douniol,ii., 49-70, 107-179,  217-227;  Shea, 
29S-304,  307,  308  ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  251 ;  Lx.,  95, 110,  130;  Index,  282;  Golden,  i.,  54;  Smith, 
i.,  09 ;  Charlevoix,  i.,  352 ;  ii.,  258 ;  v.,  261 ;  Hist.  Mag.,  x.,  322,  323 ;  ante,  vol.  i,  423,  659  ; 
ii.,  129, 178. 

t  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  118-125, 131, 132;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  42;  iii.,  527-530;  Smith,  i.,  50; 
Col.  MSS.,xxv.,  106;  xxvi.,139;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  301,  6S0,  727,  755;  N.Y.  Christ.  Int.,  2  Nov., 
1865 ;  ante,  196,  note,  272.  Domine  Van  Rens.selaer  acted  as  one  of  the  managers  of  Rens- 
selaerwyck  after  the  death  of  his  brother  Jeremias  in  1674.  In  1677  Andros  deposed  him 
from  his  ministry  "on  account  of  his  bad  and  scandalous  life."  The  domine  died  the  next 
year;  and  his  widow,  Alida  Schuyler,  married,  in  1683,  Robert  Livingston,  the  astute  young 
Scotch  town  clerk  of  Albany  :  Cor.  CI.  Amst.,  Letter  of  Domine  Van  Zuuren,  30  Sept.,  1077 ; 
Ilolgjite,  42, 103;O'CalI.,i.,122,212;  ii., 177,552;  Col.  MSS.,  x.xiv.,  158;  xxv.,  145;  xxxi., 
90;  xxxii.,  175;  an«c,  287,  288. 

t  C0I.MSS.,  XXV.,  98, 155 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  303,  309,  313,  314,  412  ;  Min.  of  N.  Y.  C.  C,  i.,  01 ; 
VaL  N.  Y.,  181 ;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  cxxv.-cxxvii. ;  Hoffman's  Treatise,  iL,5. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  301 

At  the  Court  of  Assizes,  William  Loveridge,  who  had  chap.  vi. 
been   arrested  for  slandering  the  Dutch  at  Albany,  was        ~ 
fined  twenty  beavers,  and  allowed  six  months  to  make  ^  q^ J^g^; 
good  his  charge  against  Ai-nout  Cornelissen  Yiele,  the  in-  Loveridge. 
terpreter.     Several  of  the  inhabitants  of  Hempstead,  hav- 25  October, 
ing  entered  into  an  unlawful  combination,  were  tried,  con-  steadr 
victed  of  riot,  and  variously  sentenced.     George  Heath- 
cote,  the  Quaker  ship-captain,  being  charged  with  talking  ueathcote. 
seditiously,  was  also  heavily  fined.* 

Southampton  and  Southold,  which  for  ten  years  had  re- 
fused to  take  out  new  patents  according  to  the  Duke's 
Laws,  were  now  obhged  to  submit.     They  sent  up  various  28  septem. 
reasons  for  their  contumacy,  which  Andros  treated  more 
cavalierly  than  Lovelace.     The  Court  of  Assizes  gave  judg- 
ment that  Southampton  and  Southold  "for  their  disobedi-r October. 
ence  have  forfeited  all  their  titles,  rights  and  privileges  totoTanT^' 
the  lands  in  said  township ;"  but  a  fortnight  was  allowed  ^°""^°^^- 
them  to  acknowledge  their  faults  and  obey.     This  was  de-  g^  October 
cisive,  and  the  towns  prudently  obtained  new  patents.f        ^  Novem. 

The  Delaware  territory,  after  the  governor's  \dsit  in  the  ceiaTrare 
spring  of  16T5,  had  been  disturbed  by  Ogle  and  the  Lu- 
theran minister  Fabricius.     They  were  cited  to  appear  be- 
fore Andros  at  New  York,  and  it  was  ordered  that  Fabri- 15  septem. 
cius, "  in  respect  of  his  being  guilty,  and  his  former  irregu-  ^"^""^-'• 
lar  life,  be  suspended  from  exercising  his  functions  as  a 
minister,  or  preaching  any  more  within  this  government, 
either  in  public  or  private."     This  sentence  appears  to 
have  been  modified,  and  the  Lutheran  clergyman  preached 
for  several  years  in  the  church  which  Andros  directed  to 
be  built  at "  Wickegkoo.":}: 

In  the  mean  time,  Fen  wick,  to  whom  Lord  Berkeley  1675. 
conveyed  his  undivided  interest  in  New  Jersey,  had  quar-  je'r^ey. 
reled  with  Byllinge,  for  whom  he  was  trustee,  and  this 
Quaker   dispute   had  been    arranged  by  William   Penn.  10  Feb'y 
Berkeley's  grantees  assigned  then*  estate  in  North  America  Pena. 

•  Col.  MSS.,  XXV.,  90, 1S4, 1S5,  211,  220,  226-241 ;  ante^  2ST,  292.  On  the  25th  of  Sept., 
1676,  Andros  wrote  (in  French)  to  Commander  Binckes  that  he  had  supplied  one  of  his  ships 
with  provisions,  and  thanked  him  for  having  reported  favorably  of  him  to  the  Prince  of  Or- 
ange :  Col.  MSS.,  XXV.,  171 ;  ante,  223,  note. 

t  Col.  MSS.,  XXV.,  173-176,  222;  Patents,  iv.,  103,  105;  Thompson,  i.,  146,  .334,  .335,  384, 
3S5;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  xxxviii. ;  ante^  110,  173,  275. 

t  Council  Min.  (iii.),  ii.,  53 ;  S.  Hazard,  417,  419,  420,  438 ;  G.  .Smith's  Delaware  County, 
102, 115, 124;  ante.,  255,  279. 


302  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  VI.  to  William  Penn,  Gawen  Laurie,  and  Nicholas  Lucas,  all 


1675. 

25  June. 


of  whom  were  Quakers.     Under  their  auspices  Fenwick 
sailed  for  the  Delaware  with  his  family  and  some  colonists, 
faTtfthe  ^^^  landed  at  the  old  "  Varcken's  Kill"  of  the  Dutch  and 
Delaware.  "  Elsiugburg''  of  the  Swcdcs,  which  he  named  "  Salem." 
Cantwell,  the  New  York  sheriff  at  ISTewcastle,  reported  this 
5  Decern,    iutrusiou  to  Audros,  who  directed  that  as  Fenwick  had  not 
produced  any  authority,  he  "was  not  to  be  received  as 
owner  or  proprietor  of  any  land  whatever  in  Delaware, 
but  to  be  used  civilly,  paying  all  duties  as  others  His  Maj- 
esty's subjects;"  and  that, "as  to  any  privilege  or  freedom 
of  Customs,  or  trading  on  the  Eastern  Shore,  none  to  he 
allowed  in  any  case  to  the  smallest  vessel,  boat,  or  person." 
10  Decern.  The  samc  duties  levied  at  New  York  were  to  be  exacted  on 

the  Delaware.* 

1676.       Captain  John  Collier  was  not  long  afterward  commis- 

coufe^r*™'  sioned  as  the  New  York  commander  and  sub-collector  on 

erTiTDeil-  Delaware  Bay,  and  carefully  instructed  as  to  his  duties. 

£5Sept.     Three  subordinate  local  courts  were  also  established  at 

Newcastle,  at  Upland,  and  at  Hoarkill.     The  Duke's  Laws, 

with  certain  exceptions,  were  directed  to  be  enforced,  and 

Cantwell  was  made  high  sheriff.f 

25  Sept.         In  spite  of  Andros's  warning,  Fenwick,  "  a  litigious  and 

coTtuma-   troublesome  person,"  continued  to  act  as  proprietor  at  Sa- 

cioiw.       Iqjxi^  and  was  summoned  to  answer  at  New  York,  but  he 

3  Decern,    ref  uscd  to  oboy.     ColHer  was  then  directed  to  send  him  to 

Fort  James ;  and  he  accordingly  visited  Fenwick,  who  de- 

7  Decern,    uicd  that  the  governor  of  New  York  had  any  thing  to  do 

8  Decern,  with  him.  The  recusant  was  brought  to  Newcastle,  whence 
!■>  Jan-  ^^®  ^^^  conveyed  a  prisoner  to  New  York.  At  a  special 
Fenwick  Court  of  Assizes  Fenwick  was  fined,  and  ordered  to  give 
in  New      security  for  his  good  behavior.     Refusing  to  do  this,  he 

was  kept  in  custody.:}: 

*  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  Tl,  72 ;  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  163 ;  Dankers  and  Sluyter,  242, 
243;  Learning  and  Spicer,  65;  S.  Smith,  79,  89;  Hazard's  Rec.  Penn.,  vi.,  182;  Proud,  i., 
136,  137;  Dixon,  137;  S.  Hazard,  410,  419,  421,  422;  N.  J.  H.  S.  Proc,  ii.,  8,  9;  ante,  vol. 
i.,  322,  338,  380 ;  ii.,  2G6,  278. 

t  Warr.,Ord.,Passes,  iii.,  115, 116,  211-213;  Col.MSS.,  x.':.,  S4-0S;  Hazard's  Reg.  Penn., 
iv.,  57;  Ann.  Penn.,  425-429 ;  G.  Smith's  Del.  Co.,  105-107;  Upland  Records,  ,"5-43.  This 
last  book  was  published  by  tlie  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society.  Scholars  must  regret  that 
its  editor,  Mr.  Edward  Armstrong,  has  so  carelessly  repeated  the  stale  errors  that  De  Vries 
visited  the  Delaw.Tre  in  1630,  whereas  it  was  Heyes  ;  and  that  Lovelace  succeeded  NicoUs  ia 
May,  1GC7,  wliereas  it  was  in  August,  1668. 

t  Ord,  Warr.,  Passes,  iii.,  231;  Col.  MSS.,  xx.,  102, 103  ;  xxv.,  242;  xxvi.,  11, 12, 14;  S. 
Smith,  94 ;  Haz.  Ann.,  429-434, 453 ;  N.  J.  Proc,  11.,  9-11,  17 ;  Dixon,  136 ;  Eliz.  Bill,  8. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  303 

Meanwhile  Philip  Carteret  had  quietly  governed  that  cnAP.  "^^. 
part  of  New  Jersey  north  of  Barnegat  and  the  Eenkokns 
Creek,  which  the  Duke  of  York  had  conveyed,  in  severalty,  carterefs 
to  Sir  George  Carteret.     James,  however,  did  not  suppose  |j°e^n™; 
that  his  new  deed  of  lands  transferred  to  his  ■  grantee  the  '^^^^^^.^ 
"  full  and  absolute  power  and  authority"  which  the  king 
had  vested  in  him  personally.     The  most  important  sov- 
ereign prerogative  which  Charles   had   delegated  to  his 
brother  was  that  of  taxing  the  inhabitants  of  a  British- 
American  province  for  the  support  of  its  government.    To 
this  end  the  duke's  governor  had  ordered  that  all  vessels 
trading  within  his  original  territory  should  enter  at  the 
New  York  Custom-house.     After  Andros  reached  New  1675. 
York,  James's  secretary  wrote  him  that  nothing  had  been  cuftw 
done  in  England  toward  "adjusting  Sir  George  Carteret's fg'^^'-'g®! i^y 
pretensions  in  New  Jersey,  where,  I  presume,  you  will  take  o^  n^°'''' 
care  to  keep  all  things  in  the  same  posture  (as  to  the  Duke's  portauonV. 
prerogatives  and  profits)  as  they  were  in  your  predecessors' 
time,  until  you  shall  hear  of  some  alterations  agreed  to 
here."     This  led  to  a  "  bickering"  between  Collector  Dyer 
and  Governor  Carteret,  who  was  made  to  pay  duties  to  the 
duke  on  "  a  present"  sent  to  New  Jersey,  and  was  "  ob- 
structed" by  Andros  fi'om  clearing  a  sloop  from  Elizabeth- 
town  to  Carolina.* 

The  subordinate  title  to  New  Jersey,  however,  had  now 
become  so  doubtful  that  its  various  claimants  found  it  nec- 
essaiy  to  make  a  compromise.     This  was  accomplished 
"  after  no  little  labour,  trouble,  and  cost ;"  and,  as  is  said, 
through  the  interposition  of  the  Duke  of  York,  who  in- 
duced Sir  George  Carteret  to  relinquish  his  separate  own-  \QnQ 
ership.     A  "  Quintipartite"  deed,  in  partition,  was  accord- 1  Juiy. 
ingly  made  between  Carteret,  and  Penn,  Laurie,  Lucas,  and  partite 
Bylhnge,  by  which  it  was  agreed  that  their  division  line  East  and 
should  run  from  Little  Egg  Harbor  to  the  northernmost  jerley.  ^^ 
branch  of  the  Delaware  River,  in  forty-one  degrees  and 
foi-ty  minutes  of  latitude.     All  the  territory  north  and  east 
of  this  line,  called  "  East  New  Jersey,"  was  vested  in  Carte- 
ret.    All  the  remainder,  to  the  south  and  west  of  it,  named 
"  "West  New  Jersey,"  was  conveyed  to  Penn  and  his  associ- 

*  Learning  and  Spicer,  91-111;  Eliz.  Bill,  8;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  229,  240,  316  :  iv.,  eS2 ;  Clial- 
mers's  Annals,  i.,  617,  618;  Graharae,i.,  468;  S.  Smith,  68;  Whitehead's  East  Jersey,  60, 
69,  70, 190, 191 ;  ante,  2CT,  268,  277. 


304  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Chap.  VI.  atcs.     Yet  this  famous  instrument  was  based  wholly  on 
the  Idng's  effete  patent  to  the  Duke  of  York  in  March, 
1676.  ^QQ^^     j^  ^.^  ^^^  allude  to  the  Dutch  reconquest  in  1673 ; 
nor  to  the  Dutch  reconveyance  of  New  Netherland  to 
Charles  the  Second,  by  the  Treaty  of  Westminster,  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1674 ;  nor  to  Charles's  second  patent  to  his  brother 
in  the  next  June ;  nor  to  the  Duke  of  York's  release  of 
a  part  of  New  Jersey  to  Sir  George  Carteret,  indi^ddually, 
in  the  following  July.     In  these  respects  the  "  Quintipar- 
tite"  New  Jersey  deed  of  1676  is  perhaps  the  most  faulty 
English  secondary  parchment  in  American  annals.* 
31  August.       Two  months  afterward  Secretary  Werden  vrrote  to  An- 
of  York  ^  dros  that  the  duke  was  not  "  at  all  inclined  to  let  go  any 
hirprerog-  part  of  his  prerogative,  which  you  and  your  predecessors 


ative. 


have  all  along  constantly  asserted  in  his  behalf;  and  so, 
though  at  present,  in  respect  to  Sir  George,  we  soften  things 
all  we  may,  not  to  disturb  his  choler  (for  in  truth  the  pas- 
sion of  liis  inferior  officers  so  far  infects  him  as  puts  liim 
on  demands  which  he  hatli  no  colour  of  right  to),  I  verily 
believe,  should  his  foot  chance  to  slip,  those  wlio  succeed 
him  must  be  content  with  less  civihty  than  we  show  him 
in  this  point;  since  then  we  should  exercise  that  just  au- 
thority His  Royal  Highness  hath  without  such  reserves  as, 
though  intended  but  as  favours  now,  may,  if  confirmed,  re- 
dound too  much  to  the  prejudice  of  your  Colony." 

Indeed,  James  now  contemplated  obtaining  a  new  pat- 
ent, "  either  for  the  better  ascertaining  the  boundaries,  or 
for  any  other  cause,"  which  should  confirm  to  him  Dela- 
ware, as  well  as  the  region  eastward  as  far  as  the  Connecti- 
cut.    But  the  duke's  political  situation  in  England  did  not 
permit  him  to  move  in  the  matter  at  this  time;  although 
'  1677.  his  secretary  informed  Andros  that  "  a  time  may  come, 
jam^'con-  either  upon  a  regulation  of  matters  in  New  England,  when 
.^Tew'^'^^  His  Majesty  shall  please  to  take  that  into  his  consideration, 
patent.      qj.  gome  otlicr  way,  when  His  Koyal  Highness  may  without 
scruple  tliinke  it  convenient  to  insist  on  all  those  riglits 
that  were  intended  him  by  his  Patent  from  the  Crowne."t 
The   Quintipartite    deed,  however,   induced    Governor 
Carteret  to  claim  a  distinct  port  and  custom-house  in  New 

•  Learning  and  Spicer,  Gl-72 ;  Eliz.  Bill,  p.  8 ;  Answer  to  Bill,  p.  IS;  S.  Smith,  80,  S9, 5J6, 
C4S;  Gordon,  SS;  Proud,  i.,  142;  Dixon's  Penn.,  13S;  Wliitehead,  67,  68  ;  rT?i«e,  260,  261, 
265-268.  t  CoL  Doc.,  iiL,  237,  239,  240, 247 ;  Chalmers,  i.,  618. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOK.  305 

• 

Jersey.     The  ISTew  York  authorities  resolved  "  That  they  chap.  vi. 
find  no  port  or  harbour  granted  to  Sir  George  Carteret        ~ 
(distinct  or  independent  from  this) ;  but  all  ships  or  vessels,  ^{'jj 
as  hitherto,  to  enter  and  clear  at  the  Custom-house  here,  or  ^'^5  ^°^^ 

^  _  '         refuses 

subordinate  officers  thereof,  with  due  regard  to  Governor  New^jcr?ey 

p,  a  separate 

Carteret  s  or  others  authority,  for  the  duties  on  tobacco  port. 
and  other  produce  of  America,  according  to  acts  of  Par- 
liament and  orders  thereupon."* 

Penn  and  his  co-proprietors  of  West  Jersey,  having  pre-  3  Marcfi. 
pared  some  "  Concessions   and  Agreements,"  dispatched  i^antstr 
commissioners  to   organize  its  government  and  arrange  jereey.  ^^ 
matters  with  Fenwick.     As  the  ship  Kent,  in  which  they 
were  embarked,  was  lying  in  the  Tliames,  King  Charles 
came  alongside  in  his  pleasure  barge,  and  seeing  a  great 
many  passengers,  and  learning  where  they  were  bound, 
"  asked  if  they  were  all  Quakers,  and  gave  them  his  bless- 
ing."    After  a  tedious  voyage  the  Kent  anchored  at  Sandy 
Hook,  and  the  commissioners  went  up  to  New  York  to 
wait  on  Andros.     "He  treated  them   civilly,  but  asked  August. 
them  if  they  had  any  thing  from  the  Duke,  his  Master  ?  treatment 
They  replied,  Nothing  particularly ;  but  that  he  had  con-  ^ 
veyed  that  part  of  his  country  to  Lord  Berkeley,  and  he  to 
Byllinge,  etc.,  in  which  the  Government  was  as  much  con- 
veyed as  the  soil.     The  Governor  replied:  All  that  will 
not  clear  7ne  ;  if  I  should  surrender  without  the  DuJce^s 
order,  it  is  as  much  as  iny  head  is  worth  y  hut  if  you 
had  hilt  a  line  or  two  from  the  Duke,  I  should  he  as  ready 
to  surrender  it  to  you,  as  you,  woxdd  he  to  ash  it.     Upon 
which,  the  commissioners,  instead  of  excusing  their  impru- 
dence in  not  bringing  such  an  order,  began  to  insist  upon 
their  right,  and  strenuously  to  assert  their  independency. 
But  Andros,  clapping  his  hand  on  his  sword,  told  them,  that 
should  defend  the  government  from  them,  till  he  received 
orders  from  the  duke,  his  master,  to  surrender  it.     He, 
however,  softened,  and  told  them  he  would  do  what  was  in 
his  power  to  make  them  easy  till  they  could  send  home  to 
get  redress ;  and  in  order  thereto,  would  commissionate  the 
same  persons  mentioned  in  the  commission  they  produced. 
This  they  accepted,  and  undertook  to  act  as  magistrates  un-  7  August. 
der  him,  till  further  orders  came  from  England,  and  pro- 

*  Warrants,  Crd.,  Passes,  iii.,  G3, 103,  254 ;  ante^  2T6,  277. 

II.— u 


306  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VI.  ceed  in  relation  to  their  land  affairs  according  to  the  metli- 
~~  ods  prescribed  by  the  proprietors."     The  Kent  then  went 
16  August.  0°  ^o  Newcastle.     A  site  for  a  new  town  was  chosen  near 
14  Novem.  "  Jegow's  Island,"  or  Mattiniconk,  which  was  leased  to 
Robert  Stacey,  and  a  village   soon  arose,  at  first  called 
Burlington  "  Ncw  Bevcrlcy,"  and  then  "  Bridhngton,"  or  "  Burling- 
ton," after  the  town  in  Yorkshire  from  which  some  of  the 
emigrants  came.     Fenwick  was  at  the  same  time  released 
»        from  his  imprisonment  and  allowed  to  return  to  Salem 
upon  promising  to  appear  again  at  ITew  York  in  the  fol- 
lowing October.     This  he  honestly  did,  and  Andros  then 
14 August,  set  him  free.     The  governor  also  appointed  one  of  his 
mander°^' lieutenants,  Christopher  Billop,  now  of  Staten  Island,  to 
wa^ra^^*'    succeed  Collier  as  commander  and  sub-collector  for  New 
.    York,  on  Delaware  Bay  and  Biver.* 

Among  other  reasons  for  a  new  patent,  the  Duke  of 
York  desired  more  definite  limits  for  his  province,  which 
he  considered  as  having  always  been  bounded  northward 
by  Canada,  "  the  Dutch  having  ever  claimed  and  never 
lost  the  possession  of  the  same."     "As  for  the  northern 
T  May.      bouuds,"  wrotc  Wcrdcu  to  Andros,  more  explicitly,  "  there 
bet"^een^  is  uo  qucstion  but  they  have  always  been  esteemed  to  ex- 
and  Una-  tcud  as  far  as  the  Lake  (or  Biver  of  Canada),  and  the 
^""  French  have  no  colour  to  pretend  right  of  conquest  from 

any  of  their  invasions  there,  unless  they  had  such  posses- 
sion before  the  Dutch  were  settled  in  Albany,  which  I 
believe  is  nothing  soe."t 

Knowing  the  duke's  views  as  to  territory,  Andros  was 
sorely  annoyed  at  the  presence  of  the  Jesuit  missionaries 
among  the  Iroquois,  of  whom  John  de  Lamberville  at 
Onondaga  had  now  become  superior,  in  place  of  Bruyas  at 
Tionnontoguen.  Indeed,  the  French  fathers  were  all  jeal- 
ously watched  as  intruders  within  the  province  of  New 
An^rorag-  ^ork.  Salisbury,  the  commander  at  Albany,  was  instrnct- 
sertaEn-    q^  "that  the  MaQuas  Indians  and  associates  on  this  side 

glish  sover-  J. 

^jg°*y  o^er  the  Lake  (having  been  always  under  a  part  of  this  gov- 
(luois.        ernment)  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  French,  only  as 

*  Warrants,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  259,  2G3;  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  16G-16S;  Col.  MSS.,  xx., 
136,140;  .xxi.,35,  112;  xxvii.,  G;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  221,  239,  240,  27G ;  Danlsevs  and  Sluyter, 
1T4,  235;  Learning  and  Spicer,  3S2-409  ;  S.  Smith,  60,  SO-94,  !19,  521-53S  ;  Proud,  i.,  144; 
Gordon,  22,  33,  39;  Gaz.,  112, 113;  Hazard's  Keg.  Penn.,  iv.,  57,  73 ;  Ann.  Penn.,  373,  374, 
39G,  443,  444,  453,  466;  Thomas's  We.-^t  Jersey,  14,  15;  N.  J.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  17;  Upland  Rec  , 
140, 141 ;  ante,  104, 1S4,  205,  vol.  i.,  1S3.        t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  333,  237, 247 ;  v.,  531 ;  ix.,  305. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVEENOR.  307 

thej  are  friends,  but  in  no  case  are  to  be  commanded  by  chap.  vi. 
them.  And  that  the  Commissaries  do  send  for  the  Ma- 
quas  Sachems  and  Father  Bruyas,  and  signify  this  to  the  ■'-"''• 
said  Sachems  before  him,  and  to  the  said  Father  that  the 
Governor  desires,  and  does  not  doubt,  his  comport  accord- 
ingly, for  the  quiet  of  these  parts,  pursuant  to  the  friend- 
ship of  our  Engs  at  home."* 

Andres's  messengers  found  Bruyas  entertaining  as  his 
guest  the  Franciscan  Father  Hennepin,  who  had  walked 
over  the  snow  fi-om  Fort  Frontenac,  and  tarried  to  copy 
"  a  little  Iroquois  Dictionary"  which  the  Jesuit  had  com- 
piled. When  the  Dutch  envoys  heard  Hennepin,  who  was 
a  native  of  Hainault,  speak  Flemish,  they  showed  him 
much  friendship,  and  invited  him  to  return  with  them  to  Api-a. 
Albany,  where  they  wished  liim  to  settle,  "  for  the  spiritual  Sonfthe 
consolation  of  several  Catholics"  from  the  Netherlands  ^^°'''''''^^* 
who  lived  there.  They  even  alighted  from  their  horses 
to  induce  the  father  and  his  companions  to  mount  in  their 
places  and  go  back  Avith  them.  Hennepin  Avould  willing- 
ly have  yielded  to  their  urgency  had  he  not  feared  giving 
umbrage  to  the  Jesuits  and  injuring  the  Canadian  fm- 
trade.  He  therefore  "  thanked  these  estimable  Hollanders," 
and,  bidding  farewell  to  Bruyas,  returned  to  Cataracouy.f 

The  territorial  pretensions  of  ISTew  York  were  not,  liow- 
ever,  recognized  by  Louis,  who  insisted  that  the  expedi- 
tions of  Champlain,  Courcelles,  and  Tracy,  followed  by 
the  submission  of  the  savages  and  the  settlement  of  Jesuit 
missionaries  among  them,  had  given  him  the  sovereignty 
over  the  Iroquois,  But  it  was  not  the  time  to  bring  this  M  ^p"'- 
question  to  an  issue,  Louis,  still  at  war  with  the  Dutch,  denre?En- 
and  anxious  for  the  friendship  of  Charles,  directed  Fronte-  fignty  wm 
nac  "  to  cultivate  a  good  understanding  with  the  Enghsh, 


the  Iro- 
^5  quois. 


*  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  135;  Col.  Doc,  ix:.,  171,  720;  Douniol,  ii.,  19&-205;  Shea,  274 
286 ;  ante^  294  Mr.  Shea,  in  a  note  to  the  reprint  of  the  first  edition  of  Colden's  Five  Na- 
tions, 139,  erroneously  attributes  to  Dongan  the  assumption  of  English  sovereignty  over  the 
Iroquois  which  was  due  to  Andros  :  compare  Hist.  Mag.,  x.,  26S,  note. 

t  Hennepin's  Nouvelle  Decouverte,  10,  25-30;  New  Discovery,  10-20 ;  CoL  Doc,  iv.,CS9; 
i.^.,720;  Shea's  Discovery,  104  ;  Catholic  Missions,  274 ;  Sparks's  La  Salle,  17;  ante,  200. 
Bruyas's  Dictionary,  or  "  Racines  Agnieres,"  was  published  in  the  Appendix  to  the  Report 
of  the  Regents  of  the  University  of  New  York  of  15  April,  1863  :  Senate  Document,  1S63,  No. 
115.  The  general  opinion,  derived  from  the  English  translation  (169S)  of  the  "Nouvelle 
Decouverte,"  is  that  Hennepin  visited  Albany:  Sparks's  La  Salle,  17;  Shea's  Discovery, 
104.  A  careful  examination  of  the  French  original,  however,  convinces  me  that  Hennepin 
did  not  go  to  Albany,  but  returned  from  Bruyas's  cabin  at  Tionnontoguen  directly  to  Fort 
Frontenac:  see  Hist.  Mag.,  x.,  268. 


308  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOEK. 

Chap.  VI.  and  to  be  careful  not  to  give  them  any  cause  of  complaint ; 
~~  without,  however,  permitting  any  thing  contrary  to  the 
'       treaties  I  have  concluded  with  the  king  their  master."* 

La  Salle         La  Sallc  had  meanwhile  built  at  Cataracouy  three  barks 

barks  on    with  dccks,  the  first  ever  seen  above  the  rapids  of  the  Saint 

Ontario.  Lawrcuce,  intending  to  use  them  for  trading  on  Lake  On- 
tario. But  Jolhet's  accounts  of  the  vast  buffalo  countries 
in  the  West  convinced  him  that  a  more  lucrative  and  di- 
rect traffic  with  France  than  that  through  Canada  could  be 
opened  by  way  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  into  which  it  was 
supposed  the  Mississippi  emptied.  La  Salle  had  already 
attempted  to  reach  that  river  by  way  of  the  Ohio  in  1669, 
and  he  now  burned  to  demonstrate  the  truth  of  De  Soto's 
early  discovery,  and  extend  actual  French  exploration  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas  down  to  the  open  sea.  But 
IQ^Q,  Louis  having  declared  himself  against  "  new  discoveries," 

^^  April,    and  instructed  Frontenac  not  to  comitenance  them  "  with- 
out urgent  necessity  and  very  great  advantage,"  La  Salle 
determined  to  revisit  France  and  impress  his  own  views  on 
1677.  the  court.     The  jealous  policy  of  Andros  in  prohibiting 

ic  May.     J'rench  traffic  with  the  Iroquois  south  of  Lake  Ontario  was 

November,  auotlier  rcasou.     As  soon  as  his  fort  at  Cataracouy  was 

riTtOTns^o  walled  up,  La  Salle  retm-ned  to  France,  carrying  the  warm- 

Francc.     ^^^  lettcrs  from  Frontenac.f 

Li  the  mean  time,  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut  had 
engaged  some  Mohawk  warriors  to  help  them  fight  the 
Eastern  Lidians,  who  were  ravaging  Maine.     The  Con- 

19  March,  nccticut  Couucil  rcncwcd  their  request  for  leave  to  .treat 
directly  with  the  Iroquois  at  Albany.     Andros  at  once  di- 

23  March,  rcctcd  the  Mohawks  to  recall  their  parties  from  the  East, 
and  notify  his  officers  if  any  Christians  or  Indians  should 

3  April,  tamper  with  them.  lie  also  informed  Governor  Leete  that 
he  was  going  to  Albany,  where,  "  if  you  please  to  depute 
and  send  a  fitt  person,  he  may  be  present  and  say  any 
thing  [that]  may  be  proper  from  yourselfe  or  colony  to 
our  Indyans,  Maquas,  etc."     Pynchon  and  Eichards  were 

10  April,    accordingly  appointed  to  make  a  treaty  with  the  Mohawks 

*  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  120, 2GT,  304,  305,  3S0-3S2,  702,  T03,  7S3-S03. 

t  Hennepin's  Louisiana,  2,  3,  8-15;  New  Discovery,  15-25,  40,  41,  44;  Faillon,  iii.,473, 
474;  I.aPotherie,  ii.,135;  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  12G,  213,216;  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  14S;  Chnrlp- 
voix,  ii.,  2fi4,  205 ;  Sparks's  La  Salle,  10, 11 ;  Shea's  Di.-civery,  S4,  85,  SS ;  Bancroft,  iii.,  163 ; 
a»«r,  ion,  241,200. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  309- 

on  the  part  of  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  under  the  chap.vi. 
advice  of  the  governor  of  Xew  York,  or,  if  he  should  "  ob- 
struct,"  to  take  "  v^^hat  opportunity"  they  could  to  gain  their  05  Aprii.' 
end.     Andros  received  the  Kew  England  agents*  kindly  at  ggt^t's  and"" 
Albany ;  allowed  them  all  fi-eedom  to  speak  "  to  v^^hat  In-  ^„°°a^ntg 
dians  they  pleased;"  and  informed  Leete  that  they  had *' -"^i^^^y- 
been  "  denied  nothing  here  to  their  content."     A  handsome 
present  was  made  by  Pynchon,  on  behalf  of  Massachusetts, 
to  the  Mohawks,  who  covenanted  peace  with  her  friendly     . 
Indians.     For  the  first  time,  'New  York  permitted  her  Iro- 
quois to  treat  with  a  l^ew  England  colony.     The  League 
was  sealed  with  the  characteristic  gift  of  "  a  fish  painted  on 
paper"  to  the  savages,  who,  according  to  their  custom,  dis-  conference 
tinguished  their  new  Eastern  friends,  whom  Pynchon  rep-  iroquoi?. 
resented,  by  the  descriptive  name  of  "  Kinshon."* 

The  subjugation  of  the  Andastes  or  Susquehannas  by 
the  Senecas  led  to  a  correspondence  between  Andros  and 
Governor  Calvert  of  Maryland,  in  which  the  friendship  of  New  York 
New  York  toward  her  sister  English  colonies  at  the  South  land, 
was  fully  manifested ;  although  Yirginian  historians  have 
somewhat  blamed  her  for  the  "  rebellion"  which  broke  out 
in  the  Old  Dominion  under  the  lead  of  Nathaniel  Bacon. 
In  their  warfare  the  Iroquois  did  not  always  discriminate 
between  their  savage  enemies  and  the  English  colonists 
around  the  Chesapeake,  among  whom  they  dwelt ;  and  both 
Yirginia  and  Maryland  felt  the  necessity  of  a  peace  with 
the  Five  Nations  of  New  York.f 

Charles  Calvert,  now  Lord  Baltimore,  having  returned  to 
England,  Notley,  his  lieutenant  governor  of  Maryland,  ac- 
cordingly commissioned  one  of  her  council.  Colonel  Henry  so  April, 
Coursey — who,  in  1659,  had  hospitably  treated  the  envoys 
of  New  Netherland — to  go  to  Albany  and  "  make  a  league 

*  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  140, 141, 144,  145;  Col.  MSS.,  xxvi.,  4G,  52;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  323; 
Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  483,  4SS,  4S9,  491-496,  507 ;  Mass.  Rec,  v.,  1G5,  167 :  Hutch.  Mass.,  i., 
348 ;  Williamson's  Maine,  L,  548 ;  Golden,  L,  116, 180 ;  ante,  290,  298.  As  the  Iroquois  had 
no  labials  in  their  language,  they  were  obliged  to  say  "Quider"  instead  of  "Peter :"  Hen- 
nepin's New  Discovery,  24;  Colden,  i.,  16, 116.  For  this  reason,  I  think  it  probable  that 
"Kinshon"  was  tlie  nearest  they  could  come  to  "Pynchon."  Being  great  generalizers  of 
names,  they  used  that  of  "  Pynchon"  to  denote  New  England,  just  as  they  substituted  "  On- 
nontio"  for  Canada,  and  "  Corlaer"  for  New  York;  ante,  102, 28T.  Father  Millet,  in  his  let- 
ter of  6  July.  1691,  p.  48,  wrongly  applies  the  n.ime  "Le  Poisson,"  or  '■'■Kinshon,''  to  New 
York  instead  of  New  England. 

t  Warn,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  152,  163,  164,  214;  Col.  MSS.,  xxv.,  124;  CoL  Doc,  iii.,  245; 
Hough's  Philip'aWar,  124, 125;  S.  Hazard,  421-426 ;  Beverley.  62,  63 ;  Burk,  ii.,  156, 157  ; 
Force's  Tracts,  i.,  viii.,  ix. ;  Douniol,  ii.,  4t,  45,  9!>,  197 ;  Hifit.  Mag.,  i.,  05-73 ;  iL,  297 ;  Camp- 
bell's Virginia,  284-3:3;  ante,  100, 193,  299. 


•  310  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VI.  of  f riendsliip"  with  the  New  York  L'oquois.  After  enter- 
~~  tainment  at  I*^ewcastle,  Coursey  was  cordially  received  at 
23  May  ^ovt  James.  Li  anticipation  of  his  coming,  Andros  dis- 
^enil7  patched  "two  Christians,"  one  of  whom  was  Wentworth 
New  York.  Greenhalo;h,  to  summon  the  Senecas  and  their  confeder- 

16  JIay.  o    y 

hash's      ^^^^  ^^  meet  Coursey  at  Albany,  and  announce  the  gov- 
tourin      ernor's  intention  to  be  there  in  Auo-ust.     "Wlien  Coursey 

AVestern  °  •' 

New  York,  readied  New  York,  another  message  was  sent  to  hasten  the 

C  June.         .  " 

2iJuiy.     interview.     This  was  accordinsrly  held,  and  the  a^ent  of 

Coursey  at  o  •/  •'  o 

Albany.     Maryland  and  Virginia,  in  several  conferences  with  the 
Iroquois  sachems,  "  had  answers  to  his  satisfaction."* 
The   savages  in  Maine  were  meanwhile  doing  great 
9 June,      mischief.     Andros  therefore  resolved  "to  take  possession, 
and  assert  the  Duke's  interest  at  Pemaquid,  and  parts  ad- 
jacent Eastward;"  and  that  if  New  York  should  make 
peace  with  the  Indians  there,  "the  Massachusetts  to  be 
comprized,  if  they  please."     BrocldioUs,  Ivnapton,  and  Sec- 
16  June,     retary  Nicolls  were   accordingly  commissioned  to  go  to 
takes  pes-  Pcmaquid  with  fom-   sloops,  one   hundred   men,  and   a 
Pemaquid.  framed  redoubt,  to  be  set  up  in  the  most  convenient  place. 
They  were  directed  to  make  peace  with  such  Indians  as 
delivered  up  their  prisoners,  and  to  include  the  ISTew  En- 
gland colonies  if  they  so  desired.     Any  Mohawks  who 
might  come  to  them  were  to  be  received  and  used  kindly, 
July.        "  as  at  Albany."     The  redoubt,  which  was  named  "  Fort 
Charleses-  Charlcs,"  was  quickly  built  at  Pemaquid,  mounted  with 
^^  ^"^  ^     seven  guns,  and  placed  under  the  command  of  Knapton, 
the  brother-in-law  of  Andros,  with  a  garrison  of  fifty  men. 
Peace  was  arranged  with  the  Indians,  and  several  Chris- 
2  August,   tian  captives  rescued.     Stringent  orders  were  adopted  in 
New  York  for  the  government  of  Pemaquid.     None  could 
treat  with  its  aborigines  except  through  the  governor  at 
22Septem.  the   mctropolis.     The   trading -place  was   to  be   at  Fort 
tionsfor     Charles,  where  alone  Christians  were  allowed  to  inhabit; 
cmaquid.  ^^^  ^u  entries  were  to  be  made  in  the  New  York  Custom- 

*  Council  Jlin.,  iii.  (ii.),  142,  14T,  14S,  151, 152, 160,  161,  164;  Deeds,  vi.,  2S;  Col.  MSS., 
xxvi.,  66,  69 ;  Col.  Doe.,  ii.,  94 ;  iii.,  250-252,  256,  321 ;  ix.,  227 ;  Golden,  i.,  3S;  first  ed.,  p. 
31,  46;  Chalmers,  i.,  364,  365,  366,  606-609;  S.  Hazard,  437,438;  Upland  Kec,  49;  Clinton, 
in  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.,ii..  SO;  D.ivis's  Day  Star,  113;  a?i/f,  i.,  660.  I  am  indebted  to  Mr. 
Brantz  Mayer,  of  Baltimore,  for  the  communication  of  interesting  memoranda  from  the 
State  Paper  Office  relating  to  Coursey's  mission.  Greenhalgli's  Journal  of  his  visit  to  the 
Five  Nations,  from  28  May  to  14  July,  1077  (in  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  250-2.52,  and  Chalmers,  i..  6(1(5- 
C09),  is  the  earliest  English  account  we  have  of  the  strength  and  condition  of  the  Iroquois. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  311 

house.     Fish  might  be  cured  upon  the  islands,  "but  not  chap.vi. 

upon  the  Maine,  except  at  Pemaquid,  near  the  fort."    This 

regulation  mortified  Massachusetts,  which  claimed  that  its  J'octleT 
people  should  be  allowed  their  ancient  privilege  "to  im- ^^j'g"''^^^'"»-" 
prove  themselves  and  estates  in  the  honest  and  industri-  funded, 
ous  labour  of  fishing."* 

Andros  now  wpnt  up  to  Albany  and  held  another  confer-  2s  August. 
ence  with  the  Iroquois.     The  Oneidas  had  been  "  diverted  Irba^r' 
from  the  southward ;"  but  they  and  the  Mohawks  still  sus- 
pected the  Mahicans.     On  his  return  to  the  metropolis 
Andros  indignantly  rebuked  Connecticut  for  "  falsely  and  24  septem. 
unchristianly"  censuring  his  Indian  policy.     Not  long  aft- 
erward Massachusetts  undertook  to  reprove  the  New  York  12  October, 
savages  for  breaking  the  treaty  which  Pynchon  had  made  uon?"" 
with  them  in  April,  and  suggested  that  they  would  do  "an  ?few"ED!'"' 
acceptable  service"  if  they  should  destroy  "  a  parsell  of  In-  s''^°'^"s. 
dians  who  came  lately  from  Canada,"  and  attacked  Hat- 
field on  the  Connecticut.     A  similar  lecture  was  addressed 
to  the  New  York  commander  at  Albany.     Andros  accord- 
ingly instructed  Salisbury  to  send  any  interfering  stran- so  octobei-. 
gers  who  might  come  there,  down  to  New  York  for  ex- 
amination.f 

This  year  witnessed  fi'esh  discoveries  in  the  interior  of 
New  York.  While  Greenhalgh  was  exploring  the  West, 
nearer  regions  were  not  neglected.  The  search  led  by 
Louis  du  Bois  after  the  prisoners  captured  at  Wyldwyck 
in  1663  had  revealed  the  beauty  of  the  rich  valley  of  the 
Wallkill,  and  a  second  exploration  was  made  through  the 
more  rugged  neighborhood  of  the  river.  A  large  tract  of 
land  was  purchased  from  the  Indians  by  Dubois,  Has- 
brouck,  and  other  French  and  German  Protestants,  to 
whom  the  governor  gave  a  patent.  The  grant  extended  29  septem. 
along  the  Shawangunk  Mountains  from  "  Mohunk"  to  nw  Paitl 
"  Tower-a-tauch,"  and  along  the  Hudson  River  from  "  Ra- 
poos"  down  to  "  Jeffrouw's  Hook."  Several  of  the  grant- 
ees settled  themselves   at  once  on  the  tract,  which  was 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  248,  240,  256, 265;  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  153, 1G3,  ICO ;  Warrants,  Ord., 
Passes,  iii.,  251 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxvii.,  130 ;  Maine  H.  S.  Coll.,  v.,  1^1-23,  30,  259 ;  Mass.  Eec, 
v.,  1C2, 164, 168, 169 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  325,  347 ;  WUliamson's  Maine,  1.,  552 ;  Belknap,  i., 
129;  Palfrey,  iii.,  213;  ante, -p.  308. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  250;  Col.  MSS.,  xxvi.,  135,  136,  141;  Col.  Rec  Conn.,ii.,  502,503,506, 
.'iOT,  508;  Council  Mln.,  liL  (ii.),  170;  Mass.  Rec.,  v.,  165-168;  Uutch.,  i.,  848 ;  Ti-umbull, 
i,354. 


312  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VI.  named  the  "  New  Paltz,"  in  memory  of  their  former  home 
~~  in  the  Palatinate,  which  had  just  been  so  awfully  ravaged 
by  Turenne.     The  fii'st  settlement  was  made  near  an  an- 
cient Indian  mound  on  the  Wallkill,  where  Dubois  and  his 
2  Novem.    associates  were  required  to  build  a  redoubt  "  for  a  place  of 
retreat  and  safeguard."* 

The  provincial  customs'  rates,  wdiich  had  been  establish- 
ed in  November,  1674,  were  now  renewed  for  three  years, 
November,  by  a  proclamation  from  the  governor,  under  the  duke's 
rates  re-     spccial  iustructions  to '"continue  the  same  rates  and  other 
duties  for  three  years  longer,  to  commence  from  the  end 
of  these  now  running."f 
TMay.  Mcanwhilo  Andros  had  received  permission  to  spend 

lowed  to  '  the  winter  in  England,  "  to  look  after  his  own  concerns," 
England,    provided  he  took  care  to  settle  every  thing  during  his  ab- 
sence "  in  the  best  and  safest  manner."    After  advising  with 
TNovem.    his  couucil,  the  governor  commissioned  Brockholls  to  be 

Brockholls 

command-  commander-iu-chief,  and  Secretary  Nicolls  next  in  author- 

'  ity,  with  instructions  to  consult  the  council  and  the  metro- 

pohtan  mayor,  Stephanus  van  Cortlandt,  on  extraordinary 

i6Novem.  occasious.     IIg  also  gave  his  wife  a  power  of  attorney  to 

manage  his  private  affairs  during  his  absence.     Having 

17  Novem.  visitcd  Carteret  at  Elizabethtown,  Andros  embarked  from 

sails  for     Staten  Island  for  England,  accompanied  b}^  Wilham  Nic- 

°^  ""^  ■    oils,  son  of  the  provincial  secretary.:}: 

After  the  governor's  departure  the  affairs  of  New  York 
were  quietly  administered  by  Brockholls,  who  was  chiefly 
eno;aged  in  strengthenino;  Fort  James  and  remounting  its 
i?rock-      guns.     Correspondence  with  Frontenac  in  Canada,  Lever- 
p'jrary  ad-  ctt  iu  Massachusctts,  Knapton  at  Pemaquid,  Bruyas  in  the 
tion'of  New  Moliawk  couutry,  and  Salisbury  at  Albany,  also  taxed  the 
fairs.  ^ '    attention  of  the  Duke  of  York's  temporary  commander-in- 
chief  during  the  next  winter  and  spring.§ 

*  Patents,  iv.,  234;  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  283;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Proceedings  for  1S4S,  SI; 
Ulster  H.  S.  Coll.,  1.,  34,  35,  41-48,  80,  lST-191;  Martin's  Louis  XIV.,  i.,  394;  ante,  vol.  i., 
712,  713.  The  New  Paltz  Academy,  in  Ulster  County,  now  stands  on  the  site  of  this  old  In- 
dian mound. 

+  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  217, 240,283,292;  Col.  M.??.,  xxiv.,1;  xxvi.,5;  Ord., Warr.,  etc.;  sxxii;^, 
43,44,45;  CouncilJournals,  i.,  Introd.,  viii. ;  ante,  2GB. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  240,  250,  257,  709  ;  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  175,  170  ;  Warr.,  Ord.,  Passes, 
iii.,  2S6,  287 ;  Col.  MS3.,  xxvi.,  151 ;  Col.  Pvec  Conn.,  ii.,  508  ;  Hazard's  Reg.  Penn.,  iv.,  73, 
74 ;  Thompson,  ii.,  391 ;  Whitmore's  Memoir  of  Andros,  xix. 

§  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  307,  311;  Col.  MSS.,x.xvi.,  149, 150,  l.'i2,  101, 102;  xxvii.,  1-178;  Council 
Min., iii.  (ii.),  176, 177;  Maine  II.  S.  Coll.,  v.,  9-18,  23-32;  Col.  Kec  Conn.,  iii.,  258;  Mass. 
Kec,  v.,  300. 


EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  313 

Kew  York,  as  described  by  Andros  in  London  the  next  cuap.  vi. 
April,  contained  twenty-four  towns,  villages,  or  parishes,   ^ 
in  six  precincts,  or  Courts  of  Sessions.     Its  population  ^p,.y 
had  increased  of  late,  consisting  of  old  inhabitants,  chiefly  ^^"^J"'^ 
Dutch,  with  colonists  from  England,  and  "  some  few  of  all  l^^^^^^ 
nations."     Servants  were  much  wanted,  there  being  "  but 
very  few  slaves,"  most  of  whom  were  brought  from  Bar- 
badoes,  and  were  worth  from  thirty  to  thirty-five  pounds 
each.     A  merchant  having  fi^-e  hundred  or   a  thousand 
poimds  was  thought  substantial,  and  a  planter  Avorth  half 
that  "in  moveables"  was  accounted  rich.     The  value  of  vaiueof 
all  the  estates  in  the  pro^dnce  was  about  150,000  pounds.  ^'""^'' 
From   ten  to  fifteen  vessels,  of  one  hundred  tons  each, 
traded  to  the  province  each  year  fi'om  Old  and  New  En- 
gland.    Five  small  ships  and  a  ketch  belonged  to  New 
York,  of  which  four  were  built  there.     The  exports  were  m^ipgand 
chiefly  provisions,  furs,  tar,  and  lumber ;  and  the  imports  commerce. 
of  English  manufactures  amomited  to  50,000  pounds  year- 
ly.    The  customs,  excises,  and  quit-rents  were  all  applied 
to  the  public  charges ;  but  they  did  not  suflfice  "  by  a 
greate  deale."     The  chief  trading-places  were  New  York 
and  Southampton  for  foreign  commerce,  and  Albany  for 
the  Indian  traflic.     There  were  about  two  thousand  males  Muuia. 
able  to  bear  arms,  of  whom  one  hundred  and  forty  were 
horsemen,  in  three  troops.     Fort  James  was  a  square  of  Forts 
stone,  with  four  bastions,  and  mounting  forty-six  guns.  Albany, 
Fort  Albany  was  a  small  stockade,  with  four  bastions  and  charies. 
twelve  guns,  "  sufiicient  against  Indians."     Fort  Charles, 
at  Pemaquid,  was  a  "  wooden  redoubt,"  with  seven  guns. 
These  forts  were  garrisoned  by  regular  English  soldiers. 
Ministers  "  were  scarce,  and  religions  many,"  so  that  there 
w^ere  no  records  of  marriages  or  births  in  New  York.    The 
duke  maintained  an  Episcopalian  chaplain,  which  was  "  all 
the   certain    allowance   or    Church  of  England."     There 
were  about  twenty  churches  in  the  province,  most  of  which  Religions 
were  Presbyterians  and  Independents,  with  Quakers,  Ana-  and  "noe 
baptists,  and  Jews ;  and  all  were  supported  by  "  free  gifts  ^^^^^°' 
to  the  ministry."     In  New  York  there  were  "  noe  beg- 
gars, but  all  poore  cared  for."* 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  C45,  2.6,  26^-202;  Doc.  Hist.,  i,  CO-62;  Chalmers's  Pol.  Ann.,  i.,  COO-601. 


}14  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


CHAPTER  VII. 

1678-1683. 

Chap.  VII.  DuEiNG  tlie  foiir  jeai's  which  followed  the  Treaty  of 
~  "Westminster,  England  reaped  the  fruits  of  her  peace  with 
En  lemd  ^^^  Dutch  RepuMic  in  the  growth  of  her  own  trade,  and 
fhe'xreat  ^^  ^  higher  consideration  by  other  nations.  As  a  neutral 
of  West-    between  France  and  the  United  Netherland  States,  she 

luiDster. 

engrossed  nearly  all  the  commerce  of  the  world.  Yet 
French  cruisers  would  capture  English  trading  ships,  and 
Charles  Avas  forced  to  ask  Parliament  for  supplies  to  re- 
pair his  neglected  navy.  But  English  commoners  were 
too  jealous  of  the  influence  of  Louis  over  Charles  to  in- 
trust their  sovereign  with  a  power  wliich  he  miglit  prosti- 
tute for  the  benefit  of  France.  The  British  House  of  Com- 
mons represented  then  —  as  it  generally  represents — the 
temporary  sentiment  of  insular  England.  On  the  broader 
continent,  the  Dutch,  seeing  their  commerce  languish  while 
that  of  England  flourished,  were  naturally  anxious  for  a 
peace  with  France.  So  negotiations  were  opened  at  Nime- 
wiuiam  of  guen,  on  the  Rhine  ;  and  the  Prince  of  Orange,  deter- 
^uuTeu-^'  mined  to  engage  his  uncle  as  a  mediator  or  an  ally,  revisit- 
^'''°'^"  ed  England.  A  marriage  between  William  and  his  cousin 
Mary,  the  eldest  daughter  of  his  uncle  James,  of  York,  had 
long  been  contemplated.  Before  the  Dutch  w^ar  of  1672, 
when  the  princess  was  only  twelve  years  old,  Charles  sug- 
gested the  match  to  his  brother,  who  bitterly  opposed  such 
a  heretical  alliance.  After  the  Peace  of  Westminster  the 
king  again  spoke  to  the  duke  in  favor  of  the  project,  which 
was  approved  by  his  own  ministers.  At  their  first  audience 
Charles  told  the  ambassadors  of  the  Republic  that  he  loved 
liis  Dutch  nephew  "  like  a  son."  But  the  Duke  of  York 
w^as  ambitious  to  give  his  daughter  to  the  Dauphin  of 
Franco,  while  Louis  wished  her  to  accept  his  inferior  sub- 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDEOS,  GOVERNOR.  315 

ject,  the  Prince  of  Conty.     Kouvigny,  the  French  ambas-  chap.  vii. 
sador  at  London,  warned  James  to  dread  the  proposed  mar-     ^ 
riage  "as  death ;"  to  regard  the  Prince  of  Orange  as  "the 
idol  of  England ;"  and  he  predicted  to  the  duke  that "  such 
a  son-in-law  would  inevitably  be  liis  ruin."     Wilham  at 
first  rejected  his  uncle  Charles's  overture.     Pohtical  and 
personal  interests  now  combined  to  make  him  anxious  for 
the  splendid  alliance.     The  Stuart  cousins  understood  each 
other  at  once ;  Charles's  command  compelled  James's  re- 
luctant consent ;  and  the  Reformed  Protestant  Dutch  cham-   1677. 
pion   espoused  the  future  heiress   of  the  British  crown.  ^jj^j°^^"j 
Little  did  Charles  or  James  foresee  the  momentous  conse-  orange 

.  T'l      married  to 

Quences  of  these  Dutch  and  British  nuptials.     Louis  ob- Mary  of 

TIT  r  t   •  •   -I  England. 

served  the  advancement  oi  ins  greatest  enemy  vvatli  pro- 
phetic vexation.     But  England  rejoiced  in  growing  sym- 
pathy with  Holland  ;  and  Parliament,  while  voting  liberal   1678. 
supplies  for  an  expected  war  with  France,  resolved  that  all  ^Ig^j*^'!" 
Enghsli  soldiei"s  and  sailors  should  be  recalled  fi-om  duty  wmiam-s 

O  •/   marriage. 

under  Louis.  A  struggle  was  at  hand  between  the  Protest- 
ant convictions  of  England  and  the  Popish  inclinatix)ns  of 
its  anointed  sovereign.* 

After  the  marriage  of  William  and  Mary,  the  limping 
conferences  at  Nimeguen  sprung  briskly.  The  English 
auxiliaries  of  Louis  were  mustered  out  of  his  service ;  but 
his  parsimonious  treatment  of  them  caused  just  complaints, 
and  disgusted  the  king  and  the  Duke  of  York.  At  length  5J^^"°"^'' 
peace  was  covenanted  between  France  and  the  Protestant  Nimeguen 

-I-  between 

Dutch  Republic,  which,  at  the  end  of  the  long  struggle,  the  Dutch 
found  herself  far  better  off  than  she  was  when  her  Popish  French, 
ad^'ersary  began  his  ruthless  attack.f 

Andros  had  meanwhile  landed  in  Ireland,  whence  he  5  jan-y. 
hastened   over  to  London.     On   reaching  court  he  was  London, 
knighted  by  the  king,  and  allowed  a  short  holiday  to  look  Lighted, 
after  his  private  affairs  at  Guernsey ;  where,  however,  he 

*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  5G3 ;  Rouvigny  to  Louis  XIV.,  2.T  April,  1674,  in  Mignet's  ^Negotiations, 
iv.,  23-2;  Martin's  Louis  XIV.,  i.,  409,  410,  45C,  4r>T;  Temple,  ii.,  252-400;  Daliymple,  i., 
143,155-164;  Clarice's  James  II.,  i.,  500-502,  503,  510;  Burnet,  i.',  36T-412;  Kennett,  iii., 
29T-362;  Macpherson,  i.,  202,  211,  224-231;  Courtenay's  Temple,  i.,  424-510;  Rapin,  ii., 
C75-6S3 ;  Pari.  Hist.,  iv.,  90T,  925 ;  Basnage,  ii.,  499-STO,  902-90T;  Sylvius,  x.-xvi. ;  Daviei?, 
iii.,  138-16^;  Hume,  vii,,  1-34;  Lingard,  xiii.,  1-43  ;  Macaulay,  i.,  224-229  ;  an/e,  1S5. 

+  Pari.  Hist.,  iv.,943,  952,  964,  983, 1005;  Martin's  Louis  XIV.,  i.,  462-468;  Dumont,vii., 
350;  Temple,  ii.,  430-455;  Courtenay's  Temple,  ii.,  13 ;  Dalrymple,  i.,  164-169;  Macpher- 
son, i.,  233-235,  244;  Clarlie's  James  IL,  i.,  51],. 512;  Kennett,  iii.,  303;  Burnet,  i.,  422, 423 ; 
Basnage,  ii.,  907-937 ;  Anderson,  ii.,  537,  548,  549  ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  423,  450,  460,  402, 463. 


316  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

oiAP.  VII.  did  not  tarry  long,  because  the  duke  required  him  to  return 

^^      quickly  to  his  government.* 

Massachu-       '^^^  ucw-made  knight  found  the  Massachusetts  agents, 

tatroubk'  Stoughton  and  Bulkley,  in  tribulation  because  of  the  ill 
favor  of  their  colony  at  Whitehall.  They  could  not  an- 
swer the  telling  testimony  of  Randolph,  which,  in  the  opin- 
ion of  Jones  and  Winnington,  the  king's  attorney  and  so- 
hcitor  general,  contained  "  sufficient  matter  to  avoid  the 
patent"  of  Massachusetts  by  a  writ  of  "Quo  Warranto.''^ 

8  April      By  the  Dukc  of  York's  order,  Andros  attended  the  Plan- 

Andros  s  ,  ^~  . 

account  of  tatiou  Committee,  where  he  ffave  an  account  of  his  cov- 
ins govern-  ^  i.p  -r-<  t-*- 

ment.  emmeiit,  and  exposed  the  behavior  of  the  Eastern  Puritan 
colonies  toward  New  York  about  the  Indian  War.     In  an- 

9  April,  swer  to  particular  inquiries,  he  suggested  that  the  various 
suggests  a  sub-gOA'crnmeuts  in  New  England  should  be  made  "  as  one 
tionoftiie  pcoplc  and  country"  by  the  king's  "asserting  and  regulat- 
giand  coio-  ing"  tlieir  militia  forces,  otherwise  "  every  colony  may  be 
thrking.*^'  a  prey  to  an  invader."     From  his  information,  Andros 

thought  that  "  the  generality  of  the  magistrates  and  people 
are  wjell  affected  to  the  king  and  kingdom ;  but  most, 
knowing  noe  other  government  than  their  owne,  think  it 
best,  and  are  wedded  to,  and  opiniate  for  it.  And  the 
magistrates  and  others  in  place,  chosen  by  the  people,  think 
that  they  are  obliged  to  assert  and  maintaine  said  govern- 
ment all  they  can,  and  are  church  members,  and  like  so  to 
be ;  chosen,  and  to  continue  without  any  considerable  al- 
teration and  change  there,  and  depend  upon  the  people  to 
justifie  them  in  tlieir  actings."f 
iG  April.  Andros  also  submitted  to  the  committee  full  replies 
report^"  about  Ncw  Yoi'k,  to  the  specific  inquiries  which  each  royal 
Yo°rL '  ^^  governor  in  the  Plantations  was  required  to  answer.  For 
the  first  time  since  McoUs's  report  in  1666,  the  internal 
administration  of  the  duke's  province  came  directly  under 
the  observation  of  the  king's  PriA'y  Council.:}: 

There  was  an  unsettled  account  between  New  York  and 


*  Col.  5ISS.,  xxvii.,  124;  Maine  11.  S.  Coll.,  v.,  20  ;  Whitmoro's  Andro.=,  xix. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  254-258,  262-204,  5TS;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxxii.,  287;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i., 
312-322  ;  Chalmers,  i.,  403,  404, 405,  430-447  ;  Palfrey,  ill.,  803-817  ;  Hist.  Mag.,  ii.  (iii.),  70, 
71;  ante,20S.  , 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  ISS,  200-262  ;  Chalmers,  i.,  C00-C04 ;  Doc  Hist.,  i.,  60-02 ;  ante,  113,  2r8. 
The  twenty-seven  official  ''Heads  of  Inquiry,"  which  were  sent  to  the  several  colonial  gov- 
ernors, are  in  Col.  Kec.  Conn.,  iii.,  292-294 ;  see  also  Arnold's  Rhode  Island,  i.,  460,  4SS-491. 
The  substance  of  Andros's  answers  has  already  been  given ;  ante,  313. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  317 

Massaclmsetts  wliicli  Andros  did  not  fail  to  adjust.     InCHAP.vii. 


America,  the  "aspersions"  of  Boston  could  not  be  correct-   iQ'rg 
ed,  because  tbe  Puritan  press,  which  uttered  the  falsehood,  9  Apru. 
had  not  the  manliness  to  publish  the  truth.     But  now  both  sires  the 
colonies  stood  face  to  face  before  a  supreme  tribimal.    An-  Masfadm- 
dros  accordingly  petitioned  for  an  inquiry  into  the  truth  of  prove'd.'^*' 
the  charges  of  Massachusetts  while  her  agents  were  yet  in 
London  to  answer.    This  was  granted  at  once.     Stoughton 
and  Bulkley,  after  meditation,  evasively  replied  that  they  24  Apiu. 
had  no  proofs  to  offer,  and  hoped  that  New  York  had  not 
been  "prejudiced"  by  the  libel  against  those  who  were 
"never  discovered"  to  "your  Majesty's  Government  of  the 
Massacliusetts."     This  acknowledgment  was  fatal  to  the 
would-be  independence  of  the  royal  corporators  in  Boston. 
The  king  declared  that  he  found  "  no  cause  to  beheve  that  24  April, 
any  of  his  subjects  from  the  parts  of  Albany  did  supply  absolve"" 
any  powder  or  other  materials  for  war  to  Philip  or  other  from  the 
Indian  enemies  in  those  parts,  neither  could  he  perceive  tio™^of^* 
any  cause  or  ground  for  the  imputation  laid  upon  his  said  getS'*''^^"' 
subjects  of  Albany  by  the  Massachusetts ;"  and  he  there- 
fore ordered  that  no  Albanian  should  be  liable  to  such  "  im- 
putation," unless  the  authorities  in  Massachusetts  should 
prosecute  him  within  a  year.     It  does  not  appear  that  any 
prosecution  was  instituted,  nor  any  apology  or  retraction 
offered  by  the  Boston  court,  whose  printers  were  now  more 
rigorously  fettered  by  colonial  censors  than  any  of  the  craft 
were  restrained  in  Old  England  by  Sir  Roger  L'Estrange.* 

Ha\nng  been  absent  from  his  government  as  long  as  the 
duke  thought  prudent,  Andros  prepared  to  return.     Hith- 
erto he  had  exercised  Admiralty  powers  in  New  York  only 
under  his  "  general  commission."     The  Duke  of  York,  who 
was  yet  Lord  High  Admiral  of  England  in  its  Plantations,  20  May, 
now  gave  Andros  a  special  commission  as  Yice- Admiral  commis- 
throughout  his  colonial  government,  and  authorized  him  to  miraity. 
appoint  a  Judge,  Register,  and  Marshal  in  Admiralty,  to 
hold  their  oflBces  during  his  pleasure.f 

The  next  week  Andros  sailed  for  Sandy  Hook,  accom-  2:  May. 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  258, 259, 26G,  26T ;  Mass.  U.  S.  Coll.,  xxxii.,  2ST,  2S8 ;  Whitmore's  Andros, 
IS,  20;  Macaulay,i.,  248,390,580;  iv.,349;  njifc,  89,  290-292. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  215,  239,  260,  268 ;  ante,  87,  202.  Tlie  first  part  of  the  Duke  of  York's 
Admiralty  Commission  to  Andros  (in  Latin)  is  recorded  in  N.  Y.  Patents,  iv.,  146-153.  The 
record  is  not  complete,  nor  does  the  date  .appear ;  hut  it  is  entered  next  after  a  local  patent, 
dated  20th  October,  16TS. 


318  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cnAr.  VII.  panied  by  several  residents  of  New  York,  among  whom 

were  William  Pinliorne,  James  Graham,  and  John  West, 

Andiosr^  all  of  whom  became  prominent  in  the  affairs  of  the  prov- 

Ne^'vork.  ^^^^-     The  Reverend  Charles  WoUey,  a  recent  graduate 

of  Cambridge  University,  whom  the  duke  had  appointed 

chaplain  to  the  forces  in  New  York,  also  came  out  with 

7  August,  the  governor.     After  a  nine  weeks'  voyage  Andros  reach- 

8  August,  ed  port,  and  the  next  day  landed  in  the  metropolis.* 

8  August.        The  first  business  of  Andros,  on  resuming  his  govern- 
trade^      mcut,  was  to  Order  that  none  but  New  Yorkers   should 
trade  at  Albany.      The  commissioners  for  Indian  affairs 
there,  having  complained  of  the  French  intrigues  among 
22  August,  the  Mohawks,  were  also  directed  to  do  every  thing  to  en- 
courage the  New  York  savages.f 

Another  measure,  necessary  to  help  the  provincial  trade, 

was  met  by  remonstrances  from  Albany,  Esopus,  and  other 

inland  towns.     The  previous  direction  that  all  flour  ex- 

Bouing  of  ported  from  the  city  of  New  York  should  be  bolted  fine, 

and  the  barrels  branded,  appears  to  have  been  evaded,  and 

the  reputation  of  its  great  staple  was  jeoparded  in  foreign 

24  August,  ports.     The   Council   therefore    ordered    that  no  inland 

towns  should  "  trade  over  sea,"  and  that  no  flour  should  be 

inspected  within  the  province  except  in  the  metropolis. 

Honest   manufacture   was   thus   secured ;  and,  for  some 

Condition  years, "  no  bad  commodity  was  suffered  to  go  out."     At 

tropoiis?*''  this  time  the  city  contained  three  hundred  and  forty-three 

houses,  each  of  which,  on  the  average,  had  ten  inhabitants, 

making  its  whole  population  three  thousand  four  hundred 

rnrsS-''  and  thirty.     There  belonged  to  the  metropolis  three  ships, 

^'°^'        seven  boats,  and  eight  sloops.     Four  hundred  beeves  were 

killed  for  its  yearly  supply.     The  whole  rcA^enue  of  the 

province  was  about  two  thousand  pounds.     But,  from  the 

time  of  the  metropolitan  flour-law,  the  revenue  of  the  city, 

as  well  as  that  of  the  proprietor,  began  to  improve.:}: 

An  interesting  incident  now  occurred.     After  his  theo- 
logical defeat  in  1676,  Leisler  went  to  trade  in  Dela- 

•  C.  Wolley's  Journal  (Gowans's  ed.,  ISOO),  10,  21,  65,  G8,  G9,  TO;  Dankers  and  Sluyter, 
148;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  271,  303,  657,  716 ;  iv.,  847;  General  Entries,  xxxii.,  1 ;  ante,  45,  note. 

t  Col.  MSS.,  xxvii.,  175, 1S7;  Council  Min.,iii.  (ii.),  170,180;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  315. 

t  Warrants,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  40,  287;  Col.  MSS.,  xxvi.,  147;  xxviii.,  3,  78,  S3,  95,  99; 
xxix.,  20,  32;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  315,  338,797;  iv.,  333,  375,461, 1103;  v.,  57;  Minutes  of  Com- 
mon Council,  i.,  143,  ii. ;  Dnnlap,  ii.,  App.,  cxlvii. ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  .507,  598;  Val- 
entine's New  York,  ISO  :  compare  Andros,  in  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  2G0-26-2,  and  ante,  313. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  319 

ware,  Maryland,  and  Yirginia,  and  afterward  sailed  in  his  chap.  vn. 
"  Pincke"  for  Europe,  Avith  several  other  JSlew  Yorkers. 
On  their  way  they  were  taken  by  the  Turks,  whose  cor- 
sairs commanded  the  ocean,  and  Andros  at  once  ordered  n  August, 
"that  a  brief  be  granted  for  the  Church  officers  (and  favor  of 
recommended  by  the  ministers)  to  collect  the  benevolence  tiie  Turks, 
of  well-disposed  persons  in  this  Government  toward  the 
redemption  of  these  captives."     This  was  an  imitation  of 
the  familiar  practice  in  England,  where  such  letters  ar&- 
usually  issued  by  the  sovereign.     The  appeal  was  effectual, 
and  the  captives  were  soon  redeemed ;  Leisler  paying  two 
thousand  pieces  of  eight  (or  Spanish  dollars)  for  his  own 
ransom.* 

Pursuant  to  his  new  commission  and  the  dulse's  special 
warrant,  Andros  now  appointed  the  mayor,  Stephanus  van  5  October. 
Cortlandt,  to  be  judge,  and  the  aldermen  of  the  city  of  court  in 
IS'ew  York  to  be  assistants  of  the  Provincial  Court  of  Ad- 
miralty. Samuel  Leete,  the  cit}^  clerk,  was  likewise  ap- 
pointed register,  and  Sheriff  Thomas  Ashton  the  marshal 
of  the  court.  This  organization  substantially  existed  for 
several  years,  the  mayor  of  the  city,  for  the  time  being,  al- 
ways receiving  a  commission  as  judge  in  Admiralty. f 

Affairs  in  Pemaquid  seemed  now  to  require  the  govern-  Peraaquid 
or's  presence ;  but,  by  the  advice  of  his  Council,  Andi-os 
deferred  going  thither  until  the  spring.  Knapton,  his 
commandant  at  Fort  Charles,  had  diligently  executed  his 
instructions,  to  the  discontent  of  Massachusetts ;  a  vessel 
belonging  to  which  had  been  seized  for  illegally  trading 
within  the  duke's  territories.  It  was  accordingly  ordered  23  August. 
in  Council  that  the  former  regulations  should  continue  in 
force,  and  that  "  no  Indian  trade  be  admitted  at  Pemaquid 
but  from  and  to  this  place,  to  prevent  inconvenience.":}: 

On  the  Delaware,  Billop,  the  commandant,  had  miscon- 
ducted himself,  so  that  Andros  was  obliged  to  order  him  3  septem. 

*  Ord.,  Warr.,  Pa?ses,  iii.,  210 ;  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  178 ;  Gen.  Ent.,  xxxii.,  65;  Col. 
MSS.,  xxvu.,lT9,  ISS;  xxviii.,  26,  2T,  30;  xlix.,  IBS;  Mass.  Rec,  v.,  2SD;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  717; 
Doc.  Hist,  ii.,  2 ;  iii.,  253 ;  Laws  of  Maryland,  IGSl.  A  surplus  of  this  collection  remained 
after  the  captives  were  redeemed,  and  this  Andros  directed  to  be  applied  toward  the  build- 
ing of  a  new  Dutch  Church  in  IVew  York  :  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  717. 

t  Minutes  of  Common  Council,  i.,  122, 124 ;  Gen.  Ent.,  xxxii,  4;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  2GS;  Dun- 
lap,  ii.,  App.,  cxxviii. ;  Daly's  Sketch,  30,  51.  Delavall  having  succeeded  Van  Cortlandt  as 
mayor  on  14  October,  167S,  was  commissioned  judge  in  Admiralty  in  his  place. 

t  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  272;  Council  Min.,  iii  (ii.),  ISO,  ISl;  Col.  MSS..  xxvii.,  2,  5,C3,G4,12D, 
126, 143 ;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxvili.,  338;  Pemaquid  Papers,  9-14, 15, 16,  23-33;  ante,  310. 


320  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ciLvp.  VII.  back  to  New  York,  leaving  Alricks  in  charge.     On  Lis  re- 
^      turn  to  the  capital,  Billop  was  dismissed  his  military  em- 

Deiaware   plojment,  f or  "  extravagant  speeches  in  public,"  at  the  Cus- 

•2#septem.  tom-housc.     This  action  of  Andros  was  approved  by  the 
1679.  duke,  who  ordered  the  vacant  commission  of  heutenant  in 

10  March.  ^|^g  regular  service  to  be  given  to  Salisbury ;  and  Billop  re- 
tired to  his  plantation  on  Staten  Island  to  nurse  his  anger 
against  the  governor.* 
1678.  -  Notwithstanding  his  experience  at  New  York,  Fen  wick, 
on  his  return  to  Salem,  persisted  in  acting  as  an  independ- 
ent proprietor.     He  was  complained  of  to  the  Council,  who 

2"  May.     dircctcd  "  that,  according  to  his  parole,  he  forbear  the  as- 

caTe!^'''  ^  suming  any  power  of  government  to  himself  on  the  east 
side  of  Delaware  River,  or  any  w^here  else  in  those  parts." 

3  June.      This  lic  rcfused  to  do,  alleging  that  he  was  answerable 

24  July,     only  to  the  king,  and  w^as  again  arrested  and  sent  to  New 

York.     His  case  was  considered  by  the  Council,  which  de- 

22 August,  nied  his  appeal  to  the  king,  but  referred  him  to  the  judg- 
ment of  the  Court  of  Assizes.     This  being  adverse,  the 

October,  govcmor  appointed  six  commissioners  to  act  at  Elsingburg, 
or  Salem,  in  subordination  to  the  court  at  Newcastle.    The 

2«  October.  Ncwcastlc  court  was  also  instructed  to  take  care  that  the 
inhabitants  of  the  east  side  of  Delaware  River  "  be  not  dis- 
turbed in  their  possession  upon  any  pretence  whatsoever  by 
the  said  Major  Fen  wick,  or  others."t 

The  governor's  attention  was  quickly  called  to  the  rela- 
tions between  New  York  and  New  England.  The  commis- 
sioners of  the  three  Eastern  United  Colonies,  meeting  at 

5  Sept.  Hartford,  complained  to  him  of  the  "  frivolous  answers" 
which  their  agents,  Ely  and  Wayte,  had  received  from  the 
Mohawks  at  their  recent   visit  to  Albany.     Andros  re- 

25  Sept.  proved  them  for  treating  surreptitiously  with  the  New 
anTNew  York  ludiaus,  but  offered  to  give  full  liberty  to  talk  with 
M"ont°3^    the  savages  "through  the  government,"  and  proposed  a 

meeting  at  New  Haven  "  to  advise  on  the  matter,"  if  it  be 

"  necessary  for  the  public  good  of  these  colonies."     Leete 

0  October,  and  Allyn,  on  belialf  of  Connecticut,  thought  the  proposed 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  2T6,  284,  350,  350 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxvii.,  0, 11 ;  xxviii.,  13 ;  Council  Min  .  iii. 
(ii.),lS5;  S.  Hazard,  448-458;  Newcastle  Kec. ;  Upland  Rec.  ;  Chalmers,  i.,  303,  875;  An- 
derson's Col.  Ch.,  ii.,  305;  ante^  300. 

t  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  ISO ;  S.  Hazard,  452-45!) ;  N.  J.  Hist.  Soc.  Proc,  ii.,  12-21 ;  Col. 
MSS.,  XX.,  145, 14C,  147, 148, 149,  1.50, 155, 150;  xxvii.,  100  ;  xxviii.,  1 ;  nnV,  002,  300. 


SIK  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  321 

meeting  "  will  little  avail,"  and  that  the  conferences  at  Al-  chap.  vir. 
bany,  if  not  known  to  Andros,  had  been  with  the  "  privity 
and  allowance"  of  Salisbury,  his  subordinate  there.* 

In  his  letters  to  Secretary  Blathwayt,  Andros  dwelt  on 
the  relations  between  the  duke's  province  and  its  eastern 
neighbors,  and  insisted  that  troubles  with  the  savages  must 
be  expected  "  so  long  as  each  petty  colony  hath,  or  as-  ic  Sept. 
sumes,  absolute  power  of  peace  and  warr,  which  cannot  be 
managed  by  such  popular  governments ;  as  was  evident  by 
the  late  Indian  wars  in  New  England."     He  charged  the 
Puritan  colonies  with  making  the  New  York  Indians  "  lie,  12  October. 
if  not  insolent,  which  they  never  were  afore ;  nor  did  I  plaints  of 
ever  make  treaty  with,  but  dealt  with  them  as  being  un-  EDgiand. 
der,  or  part  of  the  Government."     All  his  hope  now  was, 
"  regulations  and  orders  from  the  Idng,  as  the  only  means 
to  keep  us  well  in  peace,  and  preserve  or  defend  us  of 
wars."     These  opinions  had  much  effect  in  England,  where 
measures  for  the  reform  of  the  Massachusetts  corporation 
were  at  this  moment  under  consideration.f 

Jacob  Milborne,  who,  after  his  theological  trouble  in 
1676,  had  left  the  province  in  November,  1677,  now  re- 
turned, on  his  way  to  Boston,  where  his  brother  William 
was  an  Anabaptist  preacher.     Behaving  himself  "  scandal- 
ously and  reproachfully  in  relation  to  the  Government,"  he 
was  desired  to  attend  the  governor,  "  to  give  an  account  of  20  Decem. 
his  coming,"  as  was  the  usual  custom.     But  Milborne  re-  Jacob  jiii- 
fused,  saying  that  "  he  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  Govern- 
or or  Government."     Mayor  Delavall  accordingly  brought 
him  before  the  Council,  who,  finding  him  to  be  "  a  trouble- 
some and  mutinous  person,"  committed  him  to  the  sheriff.  27  Decern. 
The  next  day  Milborne  was  set  at  liberty,  and  soon  after- 
ward returned  to  London,  where  he  annoyed  Andi'os.:}: 

*  Gen.  Ent.,  xxxii.,  1 ;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  273-276 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxvii.,  154,  155, 160, 107,  IGS; 
Col.  Eec.  Conn.,  iiL,  25S,  259, 490,  491,  494,  495,  503 ;  Mass.  Kec,  v.,  209,  300 ;  ante,  312. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ill.,  272,  276.  Blathwayt,  who  had  been  secretaiy  to  Sir  William  Temple  in 
Holland,  raised  himself  from  humble  circumstances,  and  was  "a  veiy  proper,  handsome 
person,  very  dexterous  in  business  :"  Temple,  ii.,  140, 176,  201 ;  Evelyn,  ii.,  279. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  277,  300,  301,  5S2,  621,  08J;  Doc  Hist.,  ii.,  42;  Col.  MSS.,  xxvi.,  139; 
Gen.  Ent.,  xx.xii.,  19;  ante,  196,  note,  300.  Andres's  warrant  of  27  December,  1678,  di- 
rected Sheriff  Ashton  to  take  into  his  custody  Jacob  Milborne,  "  for  clamoring  and  writing 
Bcurrilously  against  the  magistracy  and  government  of  this  place,  particularly  at  his  going 
off  in  November,  1077,  and  afore  and  since,  without  any  complaint  or  known  cause  given, 
and  now  being  arrived  in  the  Beaver  as  a  passenger  to  Boston,  and  upon  examination  by 
and  before  the  Governor  concerning  tlie  above,  showing  no  cause  or  reason  for  hia  so  doing, 
but  giving  further  O3casion  by  his  comport." 

II.— X 


322  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1678. 


Chap.  vii.      The  English  claim  of  sovereignty  over  the  Iroquois, 
which  Andros  had  asserted  in  the  spring  of  1677,  roused 
Louis.     In  the  unsettled  condition  of  European  politics, 
the  French  king  could  not  take  a  decided  stand  about  his 
interests  in  America.     Nevertheless,  he  wrote  to  Fronte- 
12  May.     uac, "  I  am  well  pleased  to  learn  that  you  have  always 
uffairs.      maintained  my  authority  in  the  different  treaties  you  have 
made  with  the  Iroquois  and  other  Indian  tribes ; — and  in 
regard  to  the  pretension  of  the  English  Major  General 
[Andros],  my  intention  is  that  you  always  contribute  what- 
ever lies  in  your  power  to  maintain  peace  between  the  two 
nations,  Avithout,  however,  allowing  any  thing  to  be  under- 
taken against  the  countries  under  my  dominion."     In  the 
15  May.     samo  Spirit,  Colbert  instructed  Duchesnau  that  French  ex- 
liay.^        plorations  toward  Hudson's  Bay  were  advantageous  for 
the  king's  service,  "  in  order  to  be  able  to  contest  the  title 
thereto  of  the  English,  who  pretend  to  take  possession  of 
it,  although  it  lies  within  the  limits  of  the  countries  apper- 
taining to  the  Crown.""" 

La  Salle  had  meanwhile  satisfied  Colbert  tliat  a  great 
trade  might  be  established  for  the  benefit  of  France  in 
i.vSaiie     buffalo  skins — called  by  the  Spaniards  "  Cibola,"  after  the 
lark'       town  of  that  name  on  the  Gila — one  of  which  he  brought 
to  Paris  as  a  sample,  and  from  which  hats  were  soon  made 
"  as  beautiful  as  those  from  beaver."     The  only  difficulty 
was  that  of  transportation,  for  these  skins  were  too  bulky 
to  be  profitably  carried  in  canoes  through  the  Ottawa  and 
the  Saint  Lawrence  to  Quebec.     They  must  be  shipped  to 
Rochelle  by  a  more  direct  route.     La  Salle  therefore  peti- 
tioned the  king  to  let  him  "  go  and  discover  the  mouth  of 
the  great  River  Meschasipi,  on  which  vessels  might  be  built 
to  come  to  France."     As  he  had  been  at  great  expense  in 
maintaining  Fort  Frontenac,  he  also  asked  the  exclusive 
55  Ma^•.     privilege  of  trading  in  buffalo  skins.     Colbert  gladly  coun- 
autiiorized  tcrsigucd  the  decree  of  Louis,  which  authorized  La  Salle 
the  Missis-  "  to  labour  in  the  discovery  of  the  western  part  of  New 
^'''^'"        France,"  and  build  necessary  forts ;  and  likewise  granted 
him  the  monopoly  of  the  buffalo  fur  trade.f 

*  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  128,  2CS,  794;  La  Potherie,  i ,  140,  143;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  290-208;  Old- 
mixon,  i.,  544,  545;  ft»i/c,  3flT. 
t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  13T,  795;  Hennepin's  Louisiana.,  14,  15;  Sparks's  La  Salle,  12,13, 181- 


Sm  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  323 

At  the  request  of  the  Prince  of  Conty,  who  had  be-  cuap.  vn. 
friended  him  at  court,  La  Salle  took  into  his  enterprise 
Henry  de  Tonty,  a  son  of  the  famous  Italian  author  of  the 
system   called  "  Tontine,"  and  who   had   served   in  the 
French  army  until  its  reduction  at  the  Peace  of  Nime- 
guen.     Embarking  at  Rochelle  with  Tonty,  and  La  Motte  A  J"ir- 
as  his  lieutenant,  and  with  abundant  means  of  equipping  embarks 
vessels   on  the  lakes.  La   Salle   safely  reached  Quebec.  andYa°''  ^ 
His  arrival  startled  the  l^ew  York  authorities,  who  heard  s  August. 
that  he  had  brought  over  five   ships   and  two  thousand 
men.    Materials  and  artisans  were  quickly  sent  up  to  Fort 
Frontenac,  where  the  Franciscans  Hennepin,  Membre,  and 
Watteau  now  joined  Eibourde  and  Buisset.    An  advanced 
party  was  dispatched  to  Michilimackinac,  and  one  of  La 
Salle's  barks  was  sent  with  Tonty,  La  Motte,  and  Henne-  ts  ^'o^- 
pin  to  iJs^iagara.     Sailing  along  the  north  shore  of  Lake 
Ontario  —  which  the  Iroquois   called  ^'- SJcannadaricP  — 
they  entered  the  JS^iagara  River  on  Saint  Ts  icholas's  Day,  c  Decem. 
when  a  Te  Demn  was  sung,  and  thanks  were  offered  to  French  at 
God.     The  Senecas,  who  inhabited  a  little  village  on  the    "^^'^'*' 
shore  of  the  green,  deep  river  below  the  cataract,  wonder- 
ed at  the  "  great  wooden  canoe"  in  which  the  strangers  had 
come,  and  gave  them  tliree  hundred  delicious  whitefish 
just  taken  fi'om  the  lake.     La  Salle's  vessel  was  secured  ii  Decem. 
from  the  floating  ice ;  the  first  mass  was  said  by  Hennepin ; 
and  a  bark  cabin  was  built  near  the  present  dllage  of  Lew-  lo  Decem. 
iston,  under  the  awful  roar  of  the  falls.* 

In  executing  his  combined  scheme  of  discovery  and 
trade.  La  Salle  now  made  the  decisive  mistake  which  pro-  La  saiie-s 
duced  most  of  the  troubles  he  afterward  suffered,  and  in-  wa  route. 
fluenced,  perhaps  unhappily,  the  colonization  of  Western 
Kew  France.  A  fort  or  magazine  at  Niagara  was,  of 
course,  necessary.  But  the  exploration  of  the  Mississippi 
down  to  its  mouth  would  have  been  most  readily  effected 
by  descending  the  Alleghany  from  its  near  head-waters, 
and  then  the  Ohio,  which  it  was  long  ago  kno^vn  emptied 

IS.T:  Louisiana  Hist.  Coll.,  L,  35,  3G ;  Shea's  Discoveiy,  18, 88 ;  ante,  30S.     The  account  in 
Charlevoix,  il,  205,  is  full  of  errors. 

*  Hennepin's  Louisiana,  15-30  ;  Nouvelle  Decouverte,  C2-7T ;  New  Discovery,  40-51,  C3 ; 
Col.  MSS.,  xxvii.,  ITT,  ITS :  Shea's  Discovery,  S9, 90 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  219-230 ;  Louisi- 
ana Hist.  Coll.,  i.,  52, 53,  79, 19C;  Charlevoix,  iii.,  381,  3S5;  Sparks's  La  Salle,  13-19, 203, 
204;  a«<c,  i.,C12;  ii.,299. 


324  HISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VII.  into  the  Great  River.     Instead  of  this,  La  Salle  adopted 
Jolliet's  roundabout  plan,  and  resolved  to  build  a  vessel 
*  above  Niagara,  to  traverse  the  upper  lakes,  and  bring  back 
thither  cargoes  of  fui-s  from  the  neighborhood  of  Chicago.* 
27  Dec.         To  quiet  the  jealousy  of  the  savages.  La  Motte   and 
and  Heu-  Hennepin,  with  seven  men,  visited  the  Senecas.     After  five 
among  the  dajs'  inarcli  over  the  snow  and  through  forests,  they  reach- 
ed the   great  village  of  "  Totiakto,"  or  "  Tegarondies."t 
1679.  On  New-year's  day  Hennepin  preached  in  the  bark  chapel 

1  jan'y.  ^^  ^Y\e  Jesuits  in  presence  of  the  fathers  Garnier  and  Kaf- 
conference  fcix.  A  Conference  was  then  held  with  the  great  Seneca 
Senecas.  Couucil,  whicli,  in  its  gravity,  resembled  the  Yenetian  Sen- 
ate. Before  any  thing  was  said.  La  Motte  declared  that 
he  would  enter  into  no  particulars  in  presence  of  Garnier, 
"whom  he  suspected."  The  Jesuit  was  ordered  to  with- 
draw, and  Hennepin  went  out  at  the  same  time,  "  to  bear 
part  of  the  affront  put  upon  him."  After  handsome  pres- 
ents, the  Senecas  were  told  that  the  French  intended  to 
build  "  a  great  wooden  canoe"  above  the  falls,  by  means 
of  which  they  could  be  supplied  with  European  commodi- 
ties cheaper  than  by  Boston  and  New  York.  A  blacksmith 
and  a  gunsmith  would  also  be  settled  at  the  mouth  of  the 

2  Jan'y.     Niagara  River.     The  Senecas  replied,  apparently  approv- 

ing the  French  proposals.     But  they  really  had  a  greater 

inclination  for  the  Dutch  and  English,  who  afforded  them 

European  goods  at  cheaper  rates.     After  witnessing  the 

torture  of  a  prisoner,  whom  one  of  the  Seneca  war-parties 

had  taken  "  towards  Yirginia,"  La  Motte  and  Hennepin  re- 

14  Jan'y.    traccd  their  way  through  the  woods  to  the  Niagara  River.;}: 

20  Jan'y        La  Motte  now  returned  to  Canada,  and  soon  afterward 

Niagara.    La  Sallc's  checrf  ul  voice  was  heard  again  at  Niagara.     He 

*  Hennepin's  Louisiana,  2;  Nouvelle  Dccouverte,  25 ;  Col.  Doc,  ix.,60,  SO,  S1,7S9;  Sliea's 
Discovery,  xxxv.,  xxxvi. ;  ante,  163,  241. 

t  Nouvelle  Docouverte,  81 ;  New  Discovery,  53,  and  Map ;  Pow-nair.s  Map  of  1776.  La 
llontan,  i.,  101,  calls  the  village  "Thegaronhies."  I  think  it  must  be  another  name  for 
the  chief  Seneca  village  of  Todehaeckto  or  Totiakto,  ov  Conception,  near  Mendon,  in  Monroe 
County;  although  Mr.  Marshall  refers  it  to  Gannagaro,  or  Saint  James,  near  Victor,  in  On- 
tario County:  see  N.  Y.II.  S.  Coll.,  ii.  (ii ),  160, 1(53,  ISO,  191;  Marshall's  "Niagara  Fron- 
tier," 14 ;  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  334,  364-307 ;  Col.  M.'^S.,  xxxv.,  160 ;  ante,  179. 

}  Hennepin's  Louisiana,  31-40;  Nouvelle  Dc'-couverte,  78-92;  New  Discovery,  29-61; 
Lou.  Hist.  Coll.,  i ,  197-199.  With  his  constitutional  tendency  to  falsehood,  Hennepin  rep- 
resents the  Falls  of  Niagara  to  be  "•  more  than  iive  hundred  feet,"  and  "above  six  hundred 
foot  high."  The  exaggeration  is  copied  in  the  spurious  work  atti-ibuted  to  Tonty,  in  N.  Y. 
H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  228.  The  Jesuit  Relation  of  1048,  p.  46,  described  it,  thirty  years  before,  as 
"  line  chcutc  d'eaux  (Vune  cffroijabU  hauteur."  The  actual  average  height  of  the  cataract 
is  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDEOS,  GOVERNOR.  325 

had  come  from  Fort  Frontenac  in  one  of  his  barks  with  cuap.  vii. 
supplies  for  his  projected  vessel  on  Lake  Erie,  but  he  had 
been  wrecked  by  his  pilots  within  two  leagues  of  the  mouth 
of  the  river,  at  a  place  which  his  sailors  named  the  "  Mad 
Cape."     On  his  way  La  Salle  revisited  the  Senecas,  and 
gained  them  so  that  they  consented  to  his  designs.     Yet 
"cei-tain  persons"  made  it  their  business  to  thwart  him, 
and  filled  the  savages  with  such  jealousy  of  a  fort,  that  La 
Salle  was  obliged  to  content  himself  with  "  a  habitation 
encompassed  with  palisades."     With  a  fine  harbor  and  ex-  Fort 
cellent  fishing,  it  commanded  the  New  York  side  of  the  ^''°*^' 
Niagara  Kiver  mouth,  and  was  named  Fort  Conty.     La 
Salle  then  went  two  leagues  above  the  cataract,  and  laid 
out  a  dock  in  which  to  build  liis  vessel,  upon  a  stream  flow-  22  jan'y. 
ing  into  the  river  on  its  west  side,  now  known  as  Cayuga 
Creek.     The  keel  was  quickly  laid  by  La  Salle,  who,  leav-  26^Jatfy. 
ins-  Tonty  in  command,  hurried  back  over  the  snow  to  Fort  vessel  laid 

T-^.  1  CI  •,  1  •    ^  i.  above  Ni- 

Frontenac.  Dunng  the  rest  of  the  wmter,  which  was  not  agaia. 
half  as  severe  as  that  in  Canada,  bark  cabins  were  built  by 
Mahican  savages  who  had  accompanied  Hennepin.  One  of 
these  was  used  as  a  chapel,  in  which,  for  the  first  time  on  chapei. 
the  western  border  of  ISTew  York,  Gregorian  music  was 
given  by  practiced  European  tenors,  with  the  tremendous 
bass  of  Niagara.* 

The  Senecas,  who  had  faithfully  reported  La   Salle's  Enmity  of 
movements  to  Andros,  now  refused  to  sell  corn  to  thecas. 
French,  and  threatened  to  biu-n  their  little   ship  in  her 
dock.     This  quickened  Canadian  work ;  and,  under  Hen- 
nepin's blessing,  the  singing  of  "'Te  Deum  Laudamus^^  yi^y. 
and  the  firing  of  guns,  the  first  European  vessel  built  in 
Western  New  York  was  launched  on  the  upper  Niagara.  Launch  of 
It  could  carry  sixty  tons,  and  it  was  named  the  "Grif- 
fin," to  compliment  Frontenac,  whose  armorial  supporters 
were  two  grifiins.     Amazed  to  see  this  brigantine  afloat, 
the    savages   pronounced  its   French  builders  "  Otkon," 
which  meant,  in  their  tongue,   most  ])enetrating   wits. 
Pictorially  they  described  the  vessel  as  "  a  mo^dng  fort." 

»  Hennepin's  Louisiana,  25, 31,  32, 41,  42 ;  Xouvelle  Di'couverte,  93-96  ;  New  Discovery, 
50,  Gl-63 ;  Lou.  Hist.  Coll.,  i.,  198 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  230;  Col.  Doc,  iiL,  510 ;  v.,  G33 ; 
ix.,335,  381,  382;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  726  ;  Marshall's  Niagara  Frontier,  28,  29 ;  Bancroft,  iii., 
163 ;  Sparks's  La  Salle,  20,  21,  22  ;  ante,  163, 164.  The  name  of  La  Salle  is  commemorated 
in  that  of  the  village  at  the  month  of  the  Cayuga  Creek,  in  the  County  of  Niagara ;  and  the 
dock  which  he  built  there  is  still  known  as  "  the  old  ship-yard." 


326  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cdap.  VII.  Hennepin  now  hastened  to  Cataracouy  to  bring  some  of 

his  Franciscan  brethren ;  and  Riboui'de,  Membr6,  and  Wat- 

27  May      ^^^^^  accompanied  him  to  Niagara.    La  Salle  followed  them 

La  SiUie     j^  ^  canoo  alonff  the  southern  shore  of  Ontario.     On  his 

among  the  o 

senecas.     "vyay  he  visited  the  Seneca  villages  again,  where  he  met 
Gamier  and  Kaffeix,  and  learned  that  the  Miamis  and  Fa- 
ther AUouez  were  endeavoring  to  rouse  the  Iroquois  to  war 
with  the  Illinois.     This  purpose  was  checked  by  the  timely 
s  July.      presents  of  La  Salle.     On  reaching  the  Niagara  River,  he 
stationed  the  Father  Melithon  "Watteau  at  the  magazine 
there.     Meanwhile  the  Griffin — completely  equipped,  and 
armed  vath.  five  small  guns — had  been  towed  up  to  the 
outlet  of  "the  beautiful  Lake  Erie,"  where  the  savages 
"  cried  several  times  Gannoron^  to  signify  their  admiration." 
News  of  the  event  was  quickly  sent  by  them  to  Andros  at 
T  August.   New  York.     At  length,  all  things  being  ready.  La  SaUe 
embarks     wcut  ou  board  with  Hennepin,  Ribourde,  and  Membre,  and 
Eriefor      thirty  othcrs ;  and  tlie  Griffin  set  sail  with  a  favorable  wind 
^*'"'^"       up  Lake  Erie,  which  was  now  named  "  Conty,"  in  honor  of 
the  great  French  subject  who  had  befriended  the  enter- 
prise at  Paris.* 
25  April.        Louis  uow  directed  Frontenac  again  to  "  constantly  main- 
tain peace,  friendship,  and  good  correspondence  with  the 
English  and  Dutch,  without,  however,  foregoing  any  of  the 
rights  and  advantages  appertaining  either  to  my  crown  or 
GNovem.    mv  subiccts  in  that  country."     In  liis  reply,  the  governor 

Frontenac        </  J  _  'i  j.    ./  ^  o  ^ 

complains  complaiucd  of  the  intrigues  of  Andros  among  the  Iroquois 
to  make  them  "  break"  with  the  French,  and  of  his  efforts 
to  thwart  La  Salle.  At  the  same  time,  he  urged  that  a 
French  garrison  should  be  maintained  at  Chambly,  through 
which  almost  all  the  communication  was  carried  on  be- 
tween Canada  and  the  English  colonies.  As  there  were 
now  rumors  of  fresh  hostilities  in  Europe,  Duchesnau,  the 

14  Nov.  intendant,  sent  an  interesting  dispatch  to  Seignelay,  who 
had  succeeded  Colbert,  his  father,  in  the  ministry  of  the 
colonies,  showing  that  a  war  with  New  York  and  New  En- 
gland would  be  to  the  advantage  of  Canada.f 

*  Hennepin's  Louisiana,  43-.';0 ;  Nouvelle  Ducouverte,  9T-121 ;  New  Discovery,  C3-TS,  314 ; 
Lou.  Hist.  Coll.,  i.,  190,  200 ;  La  Potherie,  ii.,  136  ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  278 ;  i.\.,  118,  1G7, 204, 214, 
210,  382;  Shea's  Discovery,  69,  90,  91,  154;  Jlissions,  411,  412;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  22S- 
231 ;  Spaiks'a  La  S.iUe,  22-26;  Bancroft,  iii.,  104  ;  Hist.  Map;.,  v.,  198. 

t  Col.  Doc.,  ix.,  128-139, 149,  411,  795;  Martin's  Louis  XIV.,  i.,  121,  400;  ii.,  1. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERKOR.     '  327 

The  Jesuit  missionaries  among  the  Iroquois  were  now  chap.  vii. 
somewhat  changed.     Bruyas,  to  whom  Andros  had  always 
been  ci\dl,  left  Tionnontoguen,  where  he  was  replaced  by  jesuus 
the  Father  Yaillaut  de  Gueslis,  and  took  charge  of  the  Kes- 1^°°!;*'''' 
idence  at  the  Sault  Saint  Louis,  in  place  of  Fremin,  who 
returned  to  France.     James  de  Lamberville  remained  at 
Caghnawaga.     Millet  continued  in  charge  of  the  Oneida 
mission.     John  de  Lamberville,  the  superior  of  the  Iro- 
quois missions,  labored  at  Onondaga.     Carheil  ministered 
quietly  to  the  Cayugas.     Pierron  having  left  the  Senecas, 
Garnier  and  Raffeix  remained  in  charge  of  all  the  villages 
of  that  nation.     At  this  period  the  "  Relations"  close,  and 
we  miss  hereafter  their  interesting  details.* 

The  Governor  of  Mar^dand  had  meanwhile  written  to 
ISTew  York  that  "  strange  Indians"  had  again  done  mischief 
along  the  Susquehanna ;  and  Sir  Edmund  had  assured  him   1678. 
that  the  Senecas  and  Mohawks,  "  having  been  always  very  ^^o^gfp"^: 
good  and  faithf ull  to  this  Government,"  could  not  have  tf'V''^} 

o  ■  Maryland 

been  the  offenders.     Colonel  Herbert  Jeffreys,  the  actinsr  »^?'\^'"'- 
governor  of  Virginia,  also   complained  of  the  mischiefs 
done  to  that  colony  and  Maryland  by  "  unknown  Indians," 
in  breach  of  Coursey's  treaty  ;  and  Andros  sent  the  two  In- 
dian interpreters,  Arnout  and  Daniel,  in  the  depth  of  win- 
ter, to  invite  the  Iroquois  to  Albany.     Swerise,  one  of  the  1679. 
sachems  of  the  Oneidas,  accordingly  came  there,  and  ex-  iroq,tois^'at 
cused  his  nation  by  laying  the  blame  on  the  people  of '^^^'^^'• 
Schenectady,  who,  they  said,  had  misrepresented  the  de- 
signs of  the  English.     Some  captives  were  restored,  and 
Andros   received  the  thanks  of  Virginia  and  Maryland. 
A  few  months  afterward  the  Oneidas  again  visited  Al-24May. 
bany,  and  Swerise,  as  their  spokesman,  declared  to  Sir 
Edmund's  commissioners, "  Corlaer  governs  the  whole  land  "  coriaer 
from  New  York  to  Albany,  and  from  thence  to  the  Sene-  the  whole 
ca's  land ;  we,  who  are  his  subjects,  shall  faithfully  keep 
the  covenant  chain."   "    *   *  *  "  Corker's  limits,  as  we 
have  said,  stretch  so  far  even  to  Jacob  my  Friend,  or  Jacob 
Young."     But,  as  the  Onondagas  and  Cayugas  claimed  the 
land  lying  on  the  Susquehanna  River  by  right  of  conquest 

*  Col.  Doc,  iv.,  GO" ;  ix.,  120, 130, 171,  i:i4,  233,  720,  763,  S3S;  Kel.,  1673-0.  140,  204,  283 ; 
DotinioVs  Missions,  ii.,  106,  lOT,  359;  Shea's  Missions,  274,  277,  2S6,  2S9,  293,  294;  ante,  290, 
307.  Golden,  i.,  44,  errs  in  stating  that  in  1670  there  were  French  priests  among  tlio  Onei- 
das, Onondagas,  and  Cayugas  only,  and  none  among  the  Mohawks  and  Senecas. 


328  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  vii.  from  the  Andastes  or  Conestogas,  they  now  transferred  it 
to  the  government  of  New  York  "  to  rule  over  it,"  so  that 
'       it  could  not  be  sold  "  without  Corlaer's  order."* 

Virginia,  being  still  troubled,  sent  Colonels  William  Ken- 
dall and  Southley  Littleton  to  confer  with  the  New  York 
31  July.     Indians.     They  were  courteously  received  by  Andros  and 
8  August,    his  Council,  and  then  went  up  to  Albany,  where  Salisbury 
iigef^Tt!*  was  instructed  to  aid  them  all  he  could.     The  Iroquois 
avAAi-^    were  accordingly  summoned  to  a  conference;  but  they 
^^^^'        were  delayed  by  the  small-pox,  which  desolated  their  vil- 
lages, and  Littleton  died  at  Albany  before  the  savages  ar- 
rived.    Kendall,  however,  renewed  a  peace  with  the  Onei- 
sNovem.    das,  Mohawks,  and  Senecas,     The  Onondagas  came  later, 
and  Kendall  addressed  them  as  he  had  done  their  breth- 
ren.    Yet,  in  spite  of  all  promises,  the  young  Iroquois 
braves  could  not  be  restrained  from  new  incursions  to- 
ward the  South.f 
August.         By  advice  of  his  Council,  Andros   meanwhile  visited 
p^maquld.  Pemaquid  to  "  take  order  about  the  settlement  of  planters 
or  inhabitants,  trade,  and  all  other  matters."     On  his  re- 
turn to  the  metropolis,  after  attending  to  local  affairs,  and 
the  autumn  session  of  the  Court  of  Assizes,  the  governor 
October,     wcnt  up  to  Albany,  where  Iroquois  complications  and  the 
'^°^'  regulation  of  the  fi'ontier  towns  of  the  province  demanded 
his  personal  presence.:}: 
13  septem.      In  the  autmnn  of  this  year  two  Dutch  "  Labadists,"  Jas- 
and  siuy-  per  Daukors  and  Peter  Sluyter,  came  from  Wiewerd,  in 
York.  ^^^  Friesland,  to  view  the  New  World,  and  select  a  place  to  es- 
tablish a  colony  of  their  religious  community.     These  Lab- 
Labadiats.  adists  wcro  disciples  of  Jean  de  Labadie,  a  French  enthu- 
siast, holding  the  doctrines  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church, 
but  adopting  other  opinions  and  practices  not  recognized 
by  that  Church.     The  travelers  were  shrewd  and  observ- 
ing men,  and  the  narrative  of  their  journey  is  an  interest- 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  2T1,  277,  278,  322,  417 ;  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  182  ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxviii.,  2 ; 
Colden,  i.,  3S-42,  55;  first  edit.,  82-42,  64;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  261;  Hennepin,  Nouv.  Dec,  90; 
Chalmers,  i.,  330,  351 ;  anfe,  103,  287,  309.  Jacob  Young  was  an  Indian  interpreter  who 
lived  at  the  head  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  back  of  Newcastle:  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  322,325,  344; 
S.  Hazard,  Ann.,  473. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  120,  131 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxviii.,  120-122, 125, 131 ;  Colden,  i.,  42, 43,  44;  first 
ed.,  42-48.     Neither  Beverley  nor  Burk  notice  this  mission  from  Virginia. 

t  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  180;  Pemaquid  Papers,  32,  33;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  272;  Col.  M8S., 
xxviii.,  2, 123, 131-134;  K.  I.  Kec,  iii.,  54;  Arnold,  L,  455;  Dankers  and  Sluyter's  Journ., 
111,167,258;  n?Uc,  319. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDKOS,  GOVEKNOK.  329 

ing   contemporaneous   account  of  the  condition  of  New  chap.  yii. 
Tork  and  its  neighborhood.*  ~rZZZ~ 

The  four  Dutch  ministers  in  the  province  were  now  call- 
ed on  to  perform  a  veiy  important  office.     Before  the  ar- 
rival of  Yan  Gaasbeeck,  the  church  at  Kingston  had  been 
supplied  by  Petrus  Tesschenmaeker,  a  young  "  Proponent,"  petms 
or  licensed  Bachelor  in  Divinity,  who  had  recently  been  meeker. " 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Utrecht,  and  had  come 
from  Guiana  to  New  Tork  in  the  spring  of  1678.     The 
following  autumn   Tesschenmaeker  went  to  Newcastle, 
where  the  congregation  called  him  to  be  their  minister,  al- 
though he  had  never  been  ordained.     To  remedy  this,  the 
delegates  from  that  church  asked  the  provincial  Dutch 
clergymen  to  form  themselves  into  a  "  Classis"  and  ordain 
the  candidate,  without  obliging  him  to  go  to  Holland  for 
holy  orders.     This  was  a  novel  question.     Up  to  this  time 
the  Classis  of  Amsterdam  alone  had  sent  over  Dutch  min- 
isters to  New  York,  and  those  now  settled  there  did  not  as- 
sume the  power  of  ordaining  others.     Andros,  who  was 
anxious  to  have  a  Dutch  clergyman  settled  on  the  Dela- 
ware, relieved  the  New  York  domines  from  responsibility 
by  an  official  direction  to  Yan  Nieuwenhuysen,  and  "  any  so  septem. 
three  or  more  of  the  Ministers  or  Pastors  within  this  Gov-  rects  the 
emment,"  to  examine  Tesschenmaeker,  and,  if  they  sliould  tfon°T^". 
find  him  qualified,  to  ordain  him  "  into  the  ministry  of  the  maeker."^" 
Protestant  Reformed  Church."     Accordingly,  the  Dutch 
clergymen,  Schaats  of  Albany,  Yan  Nieuwenhuysen  of  New  9  October. 
York,  Yan  Zuuren  of  Long;  Island,  and  Yan  Gaasbeeck  of  ministers 

ordain. 

Esopus,  met  at  New  York,  with  their  elders ;  formed  them-  Tesschen- 
selves  into  a  Classis ;  and,  after  examining  Tesschenmaeker, 
ordained  him  as  a  minister  of  the  Gospel,  according  to  the 
ritual  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church.  None  of  the  other 
provincial  clergymen  assisted;  neither  the  English  chap- 
lain Wolley,  nor  the  Lutherans  Arensius  and  Lokenius,  nor 
the  Presbyterians  on  Long  Island.  It  was  wholly  a  Classis 
of  the  Reformed  Church  of  Holland — the  first  ever  held  in 
America — and  its  proceedings,  which  had  been  originated 
by  the  Episcopalian  governor  of  New  York,  were  approved 

•  The  Journal  of  Dankers  and  Sluyter,  in  16T9  and  IGSO,  was  published  in  1S67  by  the 
Long  Island  Historical  Society,  under  the  supervision  of  llr.  Henry  C.  Murphy,  wlio  procured 
the  original  manuscript  in  Holland,  and  translated  and  annotated  this  precious  memorial 
with  excellent  scholarship. 


330  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

GuAF.  VII.  by  the   supreme   ecclesiastical  judicature   at  Amsterdam 
charged  with  the  affairs  of  colonial  Dutch  chm-ches.* 
The  law  of  Isew  York  was  now  settled  on  an  important 
17  Decern,  point.     Twentj-one  metropolitan  coopers  signed  an  agree- 
ment to  charge  certain  prices  for  their  labor ;  and  that,  if 
any  of  them  should  sell  his  work  under  their  own  arbitrary 
prices,  he  should  be  fined  fifty  shillings  "  for  the  use  of  the 
1680.  poor."     For  this  agreement  the  conspiring  laborers  were 
coop^eTs     summoned  before  the  governor   and  council,  and  Mayor 
unlawful    Rombouts,  who  adjudged  them  guilty  of  an  unlawful  com- 
ti'o"'^^"*'"    filiation,  and  sentenced  each  signer  to  pay  a  fine  of  fifty 
shillings  "to  the  cliurch,  or  pious  uses."     This  decision 
was  founded  on  the  laws  of  England,  which  declared  such 
confederating  modern  "  strikers"  to  be  "  infamous,"  and 
punished  them  by  fine  and  imprisonment.f 

The  pre^^ious  legislation  in  regard  to  the  bolting  and  in- 
s]3ection  of  fiour  having  been  ineffectual,  and  complaints 
17  jan'y.    bcino;  made  of  the  loss  which  trade  suffered,  it  was  ordered 
New  regix-  ill  couiicil  that  f Or  the  future  no  mills  be  allowed  to  bolt, 
.about  bolt-  nor  fiour  to  be  packed  for  exportation,  but  at  the  city  of 
porting  ^'New  York;  and  that  all  bolting  or  exporting  that  com- 
modity must  be  freemen  or  burghers.     This  new  regula- 
tion was  strictly  enforced.     For  fourteen  years  the  me- 
tropolis enjoyed  a  monopoly  w^hich  helped  her  inevitable 
growth,  and  especially  advantaged  her  coopers,  who  had  just 
been  punished  for  "  striking."     But  her  shoemakers  w^ere 
24 Jan'y.    forbiddcu  to  tan  hides:  and  it  was  proposed  to  require  all 

Shoemak-  i       jr  u. 

era  not  to  leather  to  be  imported.  Happily,  this  restriction — intend- 
ed to  benefit  the  merchant  at  the  expense  of  the  producer 
— was  not  carried  into  effect.:}: 

An  important  measure  in  regard  to  Indian  slaves  was 
now  adopted.     It  had  been  the  practice  to  discriminate  be- 

•  CoiT.  Class.  Amst.,  Letters  of  25  October,  1679,  2  April,  16S0 ;  Bankers  and  Sliiyter'g 
Jour.,  Ill,  222  ;  Col.  M3S.,  xxviii.,  132 ;  Gen.  Ent.,  xxxii.,  61 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  5S3,  note; 
Murphy's  Selyns,  82, 101 ;  Demarest's  Hist.  Kef.  D.  C,  183, 181 ;  N.  Y.  Christ.  Int.,  19  Oct., 
1S65;  Hist.  Mag.,  Nov.,  1865.  Laurentius  van  Gaasbeeck  came  to  Kingston  as  the  success- 
or of  151om  in  September,  1678,  at  the  request  of  the  elders  and  deacons  of  the  Dutch  Cluirch 
there,  witli  the  approbation  of  Andros,  and  under  the  authority  of  the  Classis  of  Amster- 
dam :  Cor.  CI.  Amst.,  MSS. ;  O'Call.,  ii.,  432.  Van  Gaasbeeck  died  in  February,  IGSO,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Johannes  Weecksteen,  from  llarlaem,  in  1651 :  Col.  JI3.,  xxix.,  205 ;  Doc. 
Hist.,  iii.,  583 ;  Cor.  CI.  Amst. ;  Bankers  and  SUiyter's  Journal,  270 ;  Hist.  Mag.  (ii.),'  i.,  333. 

t  Col.  MSS.,  xxi.x:.,  2,  3,  19  ;  Val.  Man.,  18.50,  425,  420  ;  Statutes  2  and  3  Edw.  VI.,  cap.  15, 
22  and  2.".  Charles  II.,  cap.  19  ;  Saint  Paul's  I.pistle  to  Timothy  1,  iii.,  3,  and  toTilus,  i.,  7. 

i  Col.  MS.^.,  xxix.,  2, 19,  29,32,39,84,187;  Minutes  of  Com.  Council,!.,  143;  Col.  Doc, 
iii.,  315,  33S,  351,  797  ;  v.,  !57,  58;  Dankers  and  Sluyter's  Jour.,  354-357;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App., 
cxxvi, ;  ante,  SIS. 


Sm  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  331 

tween  the  free  natives  of  Kew  York  and  others,  especially  chap.vii. 
those  of  the  Spanish  West  Indies,  many  of  whom  were 
held  in  bondage.     It  was  now  resolved  in  council  that  all^pg^gnj' 
Indians  are  free  and  not  slaves,  and  can  not  be  forced  to 
be  servants,  unless  those  formerly  brought  from  the  Bay  of 
Campeachy  or  other  foreign  parts.     This  was  followed  by  a 
formal  order  "  That  all  Indians  here  have  always  been  and   1680. 
are  free,  and  not  slaves,  except  such  as  have  been  formerly  imported 
brought  fi'om  the  bay  or  other  foreign  parts.     But  if  any  gjaveTde- 
shall  be  brought  hereafter  into  the  government,  within  the  "^'■'^^^  ^'^^• 
space  of  six  months,  they  are  to  be  disposed  of,  as  soon  as 
may  be,  out  of  the  government.     But  after  the  expiration 
of  the  said  six  months,  all  that  shall  be  brought  here  from 
those  parts  and  landed,  to  be  as  other  free  Indians."* 

The  Dutch  Church  in  the  fort  had  now  become  too 
small  to  accommodate  its   congregation,  and  its  present    , 
condition  was  not  convenient  either  for  the  people  or  for 
the  government.     At  the  suggestion  of  Andros,  a  meeting  so  June, 
was  held  to  consider  the  best  means  to  build  a  new  one,  mentaV 
which  was  attended  by  several  members  of  the  council  and  new  Dutcu 
other  leading  citizens,  besides  Domine  van  Nieuwenhuy- *" 
sen  and  the  Episcopalian  chaplain  Wolley.     It  was  deter- 
mined, by  a  vote  of  ten  to  three,  to  raise  money  by  "  free 
will  or  gift,"  and  not  by  a  public  tax ;  but,  if  that  should 
fail,  to  appeal  to  the  governor.     It  was  agreed  that  the 
new  church  should  be  a  quarter  larger  than  that  in  the 
fort,  which  was  fifty-four  feet  wide.     Andros,  warmly  ap- 
proving the  project,  directed  that  the  surplus  moneys  raised 
under  his  letter  of  August,  16Y8,  for  the  redemption  of  the 
captives  in  Turkey,  should  be   applied  toward  the   new 
church,  and  contributed  fifty  pounds  himself.     The  mayor 
and  aldermen  also  appropriated  certain  fines,  and  a  plot  of 
ground  was  selected  on  which  to  build  the  church  as  soon 
as  possible.! 

Wolley,  the  duke's  Episcopalian  chaplain,  soon  after- 
ward went  home  to  seek  preferment  in  England,  with  a 

*  Col.  MSS.,  xxviii.,  IGl,  1T3 ;  xxix.,  86 ;  Min.  of  N.  Y.  Com.  Council,  i.,  142 ;  Dunlap,  ii., 
App.,  cxxix. ;  ante,  140.  Notwithstanding  this  order,  foreign  Indians  were  for  a  long  time 
held  as  slaves  in  New  York,  as  they  were  in  Massachusetts  and  other  English  dependencies. 

t  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  244,  2G5;  Col.  MSS.,  xxviii.,  26,  27;  xxix.,  141 ;  Gen.  Ent.,  xsxii.,  65; 
Col.  Doc,  iii.,  315, 415,  717  ;  Letter  of  Selyns  to  Classis,  28  Octoher,  16S2 ;  ante,  310.  Dr. 
De  Witt,  in  his  sermon  (.\iigust,  1S5G,  p.  26),  erroneously  places  "  the  iirst  steps"  in  16S7: 
see  Records  of  the  Collegiate  Dutch  Churcli,  Liber  A.,  p.  101,  103. 


332  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  vir.  certificate  from  Andros  that  lie  had  "  comported  himself  mi- 
"~  blameable  in  his  life  and  conversation."     After  his  return 
15 July.  *  ^^olley  prepared  "A  two  years'  Journal  in  New  York," 
woXy'^e-  ^^^-J  w^ich  was  published  in  London  in  ITOl.    Encumbered 
Kl^and,    ^^^^^  pedantry,  and  fuller  of  detail  about  the  native  savages 
than  the  European  colonists,  Wolley's  Journal,  nevertheless, 
gives  valuable  information  concerning  the  province  in  1680. 
In  respect  to  the  metropolis,  where  he  lived  for  two  years, 
the  lately  returned  chaplain  declared  New  York  to  be  "  a 
place  of  as  sweet  and  agreeable  air  as  ever  I  breathed  in, 
and  the  inhabitants,  both  English  and  Dutch,  very  civil  and 
courteous,  as  I  may  speak  by  experience,  amongst  whom  I 
have  often  wished  myself  and  familj^,  to  whose  tables  I 
was  frequently  invited,  and  alwaj's  concluded  with  a  gen- 
erous bottle  of  Madeira."* 

1679.  The  Duke  of  York's   customs'  regulations  had  mean- 
while proved  so  annoying  to  East  Jersey,  that  its  Assembly 

3  April,  passed  an  act  to  indemnify  any  vessel  which,  coming  into 
tween  New  that  provincc  by  way  of  Sandy  Hook,  and  entering  and 
New  jer-  clearing  at  Elizabethtown,  might  be  seized  by  the  govern- 
^^^'  ment  of  New  York.     Carteret  accordingly  proclaimed  that 

all  bottoms  coming  to  East  Jersey  should  be  free.  Upon 
this,  one  Mr.  Hooper  ordered  a  ketch  from  Barbadoes  to 
go  thither ;  but  Andros  made  her  enter  and  pay  duties  in 
New  York  before  he  w^ould  allow  her  to  proceed  to  Jersey 
and  land  her  cargo  of  rum.  Sir  Edmund  also  sent  Collector 
-  Dyer  to  England  to  answer  any  complaints.  The  Duke  of 
York  being  absent  in  Flanders,  Secretary  Werden  appears 
to  have  given  directions  to  Dyer,  with  which  he  returned 
to  New  York  in  the  following  December.  Andros  soon 
afterward  went  over  to  Staten  Island,  and  invited  Carte- 
ret to  meet  him  there,  "  to  negotiate  in  peace  and  friend- 

1680.  ship."  The  Jersey  governor  having  declined  this  over- 
Androf*"  '^^^^5  ^^^  Edmund  sent  him  copies  of  Charles's  patent  to 
notifies      James,  and  of  the  duke's  commission  to  himself;  and  he 

Carteret.  '  ..,..„ 

directed  Carteret  to  forbear  exercising  "  any  jurisdiction" 

*  Gen.  Ent,  xxxii.,  93,  94 ;  Hist.  Mag.,  i.,  371 ;  ante,  31S.  A  reprint  of  Wolley's  Journal 
was  published  by  W.  Gowans  (who  misprints  the  name  "•  Wooley")  in  1S60.  It  does  not  equal 
in  interest  the  contemporaneous  observations  of  Dankers  and  Sluyter;  but,  in  connection 
with  that  book,  and  Secretary  Nicolls's  account  in  Scot's  "Model"  (128-144),  it  leaves  little 
unknown  about  New  York  and  New  Jersey  in  IGSO.  I  regret  that  the  limits  of  this  volume 
do  not  allow  me  to  quote  some  interesting  descriptions  of  the  metropolis,  and  of  Esopus,  Al- 
bany, and  Long  Island,  tlieir  people,  magistrates,  and  otiiers. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  333 

in  any  part  of  the  territory  thus  granted  by  the  king  to  the  chap.  vn. 
duke,  without  due  authority  recorded  in  New  York.    More- 
over,  Andros  added, "  it  being  necessary  for  the  Idng's  serv-  ^ndros 
ice,  and  welfare  of  his  Majesty's  subjects  U^dng  or  trading  Pg°P°^f 
in  these  parts,  that  beacons  for  land  or  sea  marks  for  ship-  ^"Irndy' 
ping  saihng  in  and  out,  and  a  fortification,  be  erected  at  ^°°^ 
Sandy  Point,  I  have  resolved  it  accordingly ; — but,  having 
due  regard  to  all  rights  or  proprieties  of  land  or  soil,  shall 
be  ready  to  pay  or  give  just  satisfaction."* 

This  letter  made  a  hubbub  at  Elizabethtown,     After  ad- 
vising with  his  comicil,  Carteret  informed  Andros  that  if  20  Mareii. 
he  attempted  to  build  a  fort  at  Sandy  Hook  he  would  be  reply  to  * 
resisted  until  the  proprietor's  pleasure  be  known, "  he  hav- 
ing reserved  that  for  a  fortification,  when  the  king  shall 
command  it."     In  the  mean  time.  Sir  Edmund  had  sent  is  March. 
Secretary  Mcolls  with  a  proclamation  forbidding  Carteret  prociama- 
from  exercising  any  jurisdiction  within  the  duke's  prov-  ' 
ince,  and  commanding  aU  persons  to  submit  "  to  the  king's 
lawful  authority"  as  established  in  New  York,     On  receiv- 
ing this,  Carteret  protested,  and  appealed  to  the  king, "  who  20  March. 
only  can  determine  this  matter."t 

Andros  soon  went  over  to  New  Jersey.     The  rumor  of 
liis  coming  went  before  him,  and  Carteret  gathered  a  large 
force  to  oppose  the  Governor  of  New  York.     But,  as  he 
came  without  soldiers,  Andros  was  invited  ashore  with  his  t  Aprn. 
attendants,  and  went  up  to  Carteret's  house.     Patents  and  EUzXtu- 
commissions  were  produced  on  each  side,  and  long  argu-  **'"°' 
ments  followed,  without  result.     After  dinner,  Carteret  ac- 
companied Sir  Edmund  Andros  back  to  his  sloop.     Three 
weeks  afterward,  having  tried  various  devices.  Governor  so  April. 
Andros  ordered  some  soldiers  to  EKzabethtown,  who  broke 
open  Carteret's  house  in  the  dead  of  night ;  "  hailed"  him 
out  of  his  bed ;   and  brought  him  a  naked  prisoner  to 

•  Learning  and  Spicer,  112-13T,  673 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxix.,  55  ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  26S,  392 ;  iv., 
3S2;  Warn,  Ord.,  Passes,  iii.,  63,  254;  Chalmers,  Ann.,  i.,  618;  Index  N.  J.  Col.  Doc.,T; 
Whitehead's  E.  J.,  TO,  7T-T9,  82  ;  Hatfield's  Eliz.,  ISO,  190 ;  Evelyn,  ii.,  136;  Dankera  and 
Sluyter,  196,  255, 201,  34i ;  ante,  261-2T0,  303,  30&,  312.  It  is  stated,  in  Collins'a  Peerage, 
iv.,  212  (2d  ed.,  1741),  that  the  king's  vice-chamherlain.  Sir  George  Carteret,  died  on  the 
13th  of  Januaiy,  1679,  in  the  eightieth  year  of  his  age.  There  seem  to  be  some  writers  who 
do  not  yet  apprehend  that  the  '■^old  style"  prevailed  in  England  until  1753;  so  that  the 
English  year  1679  ended  on  24  March,  1680,  ''■iiew  style,"  and  that  consequently  Sir  George  ., 

Carteret  died  13  January,  16S0,  according  to  our  present  reckoning. 

t  Gen.  Ent.,  xxxii.,  72,  73 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxix.,  61-64,  63,  69 ;  Min.  of  N.  Y.  Common  Coun- 
cil, i.,  137, 138;  Learning  and  Spicer,  674-677 ;  Whitehead,  71,72;  Newark  Town  Eec,  78; 
Dankers  and  Sluyter,  277, 347. 


334:  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ciiAP.  VII.  Kew  York.     There,  ill  and  forlorn,  Carteret  was  committed 
to  the  custody  of  Sheriff  Colljer,  on  a  charge  of  unlawful- 

1  May.  '  ^J  assuming  jurisdiction  over  the  king's  subjects.  A  spe- 
prk'cfnerfn  ^^^^  Court  of  Assizes  was  ordered;  before  which  Carteret 
ifjily'^^'  ^^^  arraigned  for  trial,  on  an  indictment  for  riotously  pre- 
28  May.     smniug  "  to  cxercisc  jm'isdiction  and  government  over  his 

Majesty's  subjects  within  the  bounds  of  his  Majesty's  letters 
Patents  granted  to  His  Royal  Highness."  Sir  Edmund 
was  conducted  by  trumpeters  to  the  tribunal,  over  which 
he  presided  on  a  higher  seat  than  usual.  Carteret  protest- 
ed against  the  jm-isdiction  of  the  New  York  court.  Being 
overruled,  he  averred  his  conduct  as  Governor  of  New  Jer- 
sey "  to  be  legal,  and  by  virtue  of  power  derived  from  the 
King."  His  commission  and  other  documents  were  sub- 
carteret  mittcd  to  tlic  jur}^,  wliich  brouglit  in  a  verdict  of  "Not 
uwfuiucd.  Guilty."  This  did  not  satisfy  Andros,  who  sent  the  jm'ors 
out  twice  and  thrice ;  each  time  with  new  charges.*  At 
length  a  verdict  of  acquittal  was  recorded.  Nevertheless, 
Carteret  was  obliged  to  gi\-e  secm-ity  that,  if  he  went  to 
New  Jersey,  he  would  not  "  assume  any  authority  or  juris- 
diction there,  ci\al  or  military."! 

2  June.  Sir  Edmmid,  accompanied  by  Lady  Andros,  now  escort- 
again'^fu     ed  Cartcrct  back  to  Elizabethtown  with  great  pomp,  and 
jeTIey.      endcavorcd  to  induce  the  Assembly  to  confiirm  his  proceed- 
ings, and  adopt  the  Duke's  Laws,  in  force  in  New  Y'ork, 
Avith  such  amendments  as  might  be  desirable.     The  Jersey 
Assembly,  however,  adhered  to  their  OAvn  laws,  which  they 

11  June,     presented  to  Andros  for  his  approval.     Y^et  the  authority 

t'o°vem-^     of  the  Governor  of  New  Y^ork  was  not  disputed,  and  ciAdl 

™june.      and  military  officers  were  commissioned  by  liiin  to  act  in 

25  July.     ]v^ewark,  Elizabethtown,  Woodbridge,  Bm-lington,  and  else- 

E  July.      where.     An  account  of  these  transactions  was  sent  by  the 

deposed  governor  to  Lady  Carteret ;  and  BoUen,  who  Avas 

now  in  London,  was  desired  to  move  the  Commissioners  of 

Customs  and  others  in  favor  of  East  Jersey,  and  watch 

Dyer,  who  was  intending  to  return  to  England, "  that  he 

*  It  was  said  that  "one  Jackson,  a  juryman,  occasionally  speaking  to  the  Governor,  said 
that  he  hoped  they  had  the  same  privileges  .is  the  other  Plantations.  Tlie  Governor  an- 
swered that  their  privileges  hung  on  a  slender  thread,  and  that  he  was  chidden  for  giving 
them  such  liberties."  But  Andros  afterward  denied  that  he  "  ever  spoke  any  such  words ;"' 
and  NicoUs  and  Dyer,  who  were  present  in  court  all  the  time,  heard  nothing  from  the  gov- 
ernor to  any  such  purpose :   Col.  Doc,  iii.,  315. 

t  Learning  and  Spicer,  CT8-CS4;  Gen.  Ent.,  xxxii.,  77,  "S  ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxi.x.,  78,  93, 1^2- 
104;  ^Yhitohead,  73,  74;  Uaukers  and  Sluyter,  347-351. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  335. 

doth  not  swear  and  romance  against  ns,  as  he  did  the  time  ch\p.  vii. 
before."*  

The  spring  of  this  year  was  marked  by  an  attempt  of   -'-"'^''• 
Connecticut  to  include  Fisher's  Island  within  her  jurisdic- 
tion.    Andros  at  once  wrote  to  Leete  that  the  island  had  29  March. 
been  granted  by  Mcolls  to  the  late  Governor  Winthrop,  wlZ' 
and  that  any  proceedings  "intrenching"  on  the  authority 
of  New  York  must  be  forborne, "  to  prevent  greater  incon- 
veniences."    The   Connecticut   court    resolved   that  theysoiiay. 
would  exercise  government  over  the  island,  and  prohibited 
obedience  to  Sir  Edmimd.     This  bluster  ended  the  matter. 
The  son  of  Winthrop  was  obliged  to  recognize  the  juris- 24  june. 
diction  of  New  York,  under  which  the  island  has  ever  since 
remained  without  question.f 

The  affairs  of  Pemaquid  requiring  attention,  Knapton,  26  June, 
the  late  commander,  and  John  West,  were  commissioned  as  fndwe°t 
special  justices  of  the  peace,  and  Henry  Jocelyn  and  others  quid!""*" 
appointed  a  Court  of  Sessions.     The  commissioners  were 
also  directed  to  visit  Fisher's  Island,  Martha's  Vineyard, 
and  Nantucket,  and  see  that  proper  officers  were  estabhsh- 
ed  there.     On  their  return,  Knapton  and  West  reported  14  septem, 
their  proceedings ;  and  Ensign  Thomas  Sharpe,  the  pres- 
ent commander  at  Pemaquid,  and  the  justices  there,  w^ere 
ordered  to  inform  the  Eastern  savages  that  the  governor  15  septem. 
had  forbidden  the  Mohawks  to  make  incursions,  and  that 
there  must  be  no  more  "  warring"  between  the  Indians 
subject  to  New  York.:}: 

At  the  Court  of  Assizes  this  autumn,  besides  the  usual  c  October, 
members,  justices  attended  from  New  Jersey,  Nantucket,  Asskel 
and  Pemaquid.     There  were  thirty  members  present,  in- 
cluding Sir  Edmund  Andros, "  who  was  a  good  lawyer." 
John  West  was  now  appointed  clerk  of  the  court,  as  well 

*  Learning  and  Spicer,  CS0-GS5 ;  Col.  M?S.,  xxix.,  98-101,  lOG-124, 12T,  144, 153, 154, 169, 
1T5,1T9, 1S4, 194, 199;  Gen.  Knt.,  xxxii.,  94,  95,  9T;  Whitehead,  T4,  75;  NewarliTown  Kec, 
79;  Bankers  and  Sluyter,  346,  351.  It  appears  that  when  Carteret  was  seized  at  Elizabeth- 
town,  Bollea  and  Vauquellen  secured  his  most  important  papers,  and  hastened  to  England, 
the  former  by  way  of  Boston,  and  tlie  latter  by  Maryland  :  Dankers  and  Sluyter,  349 ;  Hat- 
field, 193. 

t  Gen.  Ent.,  xxxii.,  75,  90;  Col.  MSS.,  xxix.,  136;  Pemaquid  Papers,  35;  Col.  Rec.  Conn., 
iii.,64,  2S3;  Bankers  and  Sluyter,  370;  Trumbull,  i.,  375;  Thompson,  i.,  3S9,  390;  N.  Y. 
Revised  Statutes,  iii.,  2;  ante,  139. 

t  Gen.  Ent.,  xxxii.,  92,  93;  Col.  MSS.,  xxix.,  99, 136, 137,  213;  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  xxxii^^, 
1-4;  Pemaquid  Papers,  33-44;  Nantucket  Pap.,  116-123.  West  had  been  a  lawyer  at  New 
York,  deputy  clerk  of  the  Mayor's  Court,  and  clerk  of  Sessions  on  Long  Island,  and  had  re- 
turned from  England  with  Andros  in  1678  :  C.  WoUey,  5,  70;  ante,  319. 


336 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


16S0. 

8  Kovein. 


13  October. 
Andl'os  at 
Boston. 


9  N'ovem. 


10  Xovem. 


Randolph 
returns 
from  En- 
gland. 
28  Jau'y. 


8  April. 


as  clerk  of  the  council,  and  also  provincial  secretary  in 
place  of  Nicolls,  who  was  about  going  to  England.  At 
the  request  of  the  metropohtan  mayor  and  aldermen,  West 
was  soon  afterward  ajDpointed  clerk  of  the  City  and  Coun- 
ty of  New  York.* 

As  soon  as  the  Court  of  Assizes  adjourned,  Sir  Edmund 
hastened  to  Boston,  by  invitation  of  Lord  Culpepper,  the 
Governor  of  Virginia,  who  was  there  on  his  way  back  to 
England.  The  General  Court  of  Massachusetts  was  then 
in  session ;  and  Pynchon,  who  had  written  to  Andros  for 
leave  to  treat  with  the  Mohawks  at  Albany,  was  directed 
to  go  thither,  and,  with  the  advice  of  the  New  York  au- 
thorities there,  procure  a  renewal  of  the  covenant  made  in 
April,  1677.  An  interview  was  accordingly  held,  in  the 
presence  of  BrocklioUs  and  the  Albany  officers,  at  which 
the  Mohawks,  whom  Andros  had  forbidden  to  send  parties 
eastward,  agreed  to  lay  down  the  axe,  and  be  at  peace  with 
the  iSTew  England  Indians,  f 

After  the  return  of  Andros,  Randolph  remained  in  Lon- 
don more  than  a  year,  occupied  by  the  affairs  of  Massachu- 
setts. The  intended  alterations  in  the  government  of  that 
colony  were,  however,  avoided  by  the  skill  of  her  agents, 
Stoughton  and  Bulkley,  in  disposing  of  her  bribes  "  to  per- 
sons then  in  a  great  station  at  Court."  Having  been  ap- 
pointed collector  of  the  customs  in  Xew  England,  Ean- 
dolph  returned  with  Dyer  to  New  York,  whence  he  went 
to  Boston.  There  he  was  so  obstructed  in  executing  his 
office,  that  he  sent  home  bitter  complaints.  As  the  best 
remedy,  Randolph  recommended  the   abrogation   of  the 


'  Ord.,AVarr.,etc.,  xxxiii^,  C,  7;  Col.  MSS.,  xxix.,234;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  303,  314,  315,  C57; 
Wood,  149 ;  Val.  Man.,  1S53,  330,  331 ;  Bancroft,  ii.,  42S ;  C.  Wolley,  70.  Besides  Governor 
Andros,  the  members  of  the  Court  of  Assizes,  in  October,  16S0,  were  Secretary  Nicolls,  Coun- 
sellors Dyer,  Phillipse,  Dervall,  and  Van  Cortlandt,  Mayor  Rombout,  and  the  metropolitan 
aldermen  Beekraan,  Van  Erugli,  Lewis,  Mariiis,  Verplanck,  and  Wilson ;  Richard  Bctts, 
high-sheriff  of  Long  Island,  or  Yorkshire ;  Justices  Topping,  Arnold,  WoodhuU,  and  Wood, 
of  the  East  Riding,  Willett,  of  the  North  Riding,  and  Hubbard,  Elbertsen,  and  Palmer,  of 
the  West  Riding  of  Long  Island;  Teller  and  Van  Dyck,  of  Albany;  Delavall,  of  Esopus; 
Spaswill,  Browne,  and  Parker,  of  New  Jersey ;  Gardiner,  of  Nantucket ;  and  Knaplon  and 
West,  of  Pemaquid.  Salisbury,  the  commandant  at  Albany,  having  died  in  the  winter,  was 
succeeded  by  BrockhoUs  in  the  spring  of  1G30 :  Hist.  Mag.,  iv.,  50 ;  ofife,  312,  328. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  244,  302.  30S;  ix.,  140-145,  795,  706;  Chalmers,  i.,  344,438;  Hutchinson, 
i.,  332 ;  Burk,  ii.,  226 ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  343 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxv.,  52 ;  Mass.  Rec,  v.,  109, 
300,  319,  320;  Col.  MSS.,  xxix.,  196 ;  ante,  309.  Golden  does  not  mention  this  conference. 
As  Robert  Livingston  was  then  in  New  York,  asking  leave  to  buy  lands  on  Roeloff  Jansen's 
kill,  his  duties  as  secretary  were  performed  by  Richard  Pretty  :  Ord.,  AVarr.,  etc..  xxxii^*;', 
13, 14 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  367.  An  account  of  Culpepper's  visit  to  Boston  is  in  Campbell's  Vir- 
ginia, 312, 329, 330, 349-355 :  see  also  Mass.  IL  S.  Coll.,  v.,  124. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  337 

Massachusetts  charter  by  a  writ  of  Qioo  Warranto.  ThatcuAP.vu. 
result,  indeed,  could  scarcely  have  been  averted,  except  by 
the  submission  of  the  recusant  corporation.  Yet  it  obsti- 
nately disobeyed  the  king's  orders  to  send  over  new  agents; 
and,  while  it  could  afford  to  buy  territory  in  Maine,  and 
bribe  venal  courtiers  in  London,  pleaded  poverty  to  excuse  ii  juao. 
contumacy.    This  policy  was  neither  manly  nor  wise.    The  Poricy  of 

MassacliLi- 

local  rulers  of  Massachusetts  knew  that  they  were  the  crea-  setti'. 
tures  of  the  I^ing  of  England.     Nevertheless,  they  affected 
a  braggart  independence  of  him.      Neither  ready  nor  will- 
ing to  renounce  subjection  to  England,  the  Puritan  cor- 
poration clung  to  her  royal  charter  as  "the  ark  of  her 
safety."     If  the  inhabitants  of  Massachusetts  had  then 
been  allowed  to  make  a  Constitution  for  themselves,  they 
would  hardly  have  intrusted  to  a  sectarian  oligarchy  the 
power  which  had  been  abused  by  the  grantees  of  "  Charles 
the  Martyr."     Yet,  as  an  En^-lish  corporation,  the  ruling 
power  in  Massachusetts  tried  to  maintain  the  inconsistent 
attitude  of  loyalty  and  rebellion ;  and,  professing  to  be 
"humbly   bold,"  demonstrated   absurd   weakness.     Brad- 
street,  the  governor  of  the  corporation,  however,  sent  a  is  iMy- 
dutiful  reply  to  the  inquiries  of  the  Plantation  Committee  street's 
at  London.     Li  this  interesting  paper  he  complained  that  ^^'^'°' ' 
Andros  had  laid  heavy  duties  on  the  Pemaquid  fishermen 
for  the  benefit  of  the  Duke  of  York ;  and,  at  the  same 
time,  reported  that  a  Boston  vessel  brought  from  Africa 
"  betwixt  forty  and  fifty  negroes,  most  women  and  children, 
sold  here  for  ten,  fifteen,  and  twenty  pounds  apiece,  which 
stood  the  merchants  in  near  forty  pounds  apiece,  one  with 
another.     Now  and  then,  two  or  three  negroes  are  brought  Negro 
hither  from  Barbadoes,  and  other  of  his  Majesty's  Planta-  Masaachu- 
tions,  and  sold  here  for  about  twenty  pounds  apiece ;  so  '*^ 
that  there  may  be  within  our  government  about  one  hun- 
dred, or  one  hundred  and  twenty."     At  this  time  a  good 
negro  was  worth  about  thirty-five  pounds  in  New  York; 
but,  as  the  climate  of  Massachusetts  was  less  genial  to  the 
African,  he  did  not  sell  for .  quite  so  much  there,  when 
freshly  imported  into  slavery.* 

*  Mass.  H.S.  Coll.,  xxviii.,S30-340;  XXX.,  256;  xxxii.,  288-292 ;  Mhs.i.  Uec,  v.,  2T0-2S9; 
Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  324-332;  Coll.,  485,  49.5,  519-52G;  Chalmers,  i.,  4')5-41f»,  438-440,  509; 
Eavry,  1.,  462-4G4 ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  314-340,  3G7,  3G8 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  2C1,  2G3  ;  Story's  Mi.scel- 
lanies,  60;  Moore's  Notes  on  Slavery  in  Mass.,  49  ;  anLf,  313, 319. 

II.— Y 


338  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VII.      Rliode  Island  reported  to  tlie  Plantation  Committee  that 

tliere  were  "  only  a  few  blacks  imported"  into  that  colo- 

8  May.   '  ^^J'    Plj^outli  represented  that  "  slaves  we  have  very  few, 

.30  June,     except  Indian  women  and  boys  taken  in  the  late  war." 

15  July.     Connecticut  answered  that  since  Sir  Edmund  Andros  came 

Rhode  isi-  to  New  York,  her  correspondence  with  him  was  not  "  like 

outh,and   what  it  was  with  his  predecessors  in  that  government;" 

^  onnec  i-   ^^^^  ^^^  chief  trade  was  with  Boston ;  that  she  had  about 

thirty  slaves ;  and  that  sometimes  three  or  f om*  blacks  a 

year  were  imported  from  Barbadoes,  who  were  usually  sold 

at  the  rate  of  twenty-two  pounds  apiece.* 

In  the  mean  time,  England  had  been  convulsed  by  Titus 
Oates's  story  of  a  "  Popish  Plot,"  and  its  Protestantism 
was  whipped  into  violent  excess.     In  the  height  of  this 
1679.   fanaticism  the  king  prorogued  Parliament,  after  assenting 
uah^L'     to  what  is  familiarly  known  as  the  "  Habeas  Corpus"  Act 
A^un^En-  — chicfly  due  to  Shaftesbury,  and  which  may  be  considered 
gland.       ^Q  i^g^  perhaps,  the  most  meritorious  work  of  his  life.     This 
statute,  however,  did  not  extend  to  the  English  Colonies 
or  Plantations ;  just  as  the  Test  Act  of  1673  did  not  af- 
fect them,  as  has  been  already  explained.     The  same  day 
Freedom  of  the  ccusorship  of  the  English  press  expired  with  the  law 
8  press,   .^j^-gj-^  authorized  the  abomination,f 

These  events  gave  rise  to  two  remarkable  party  appella- 
tives, which  have  ever  since  been  familiar  in  England. 
The  friends  of  the  king  and  his  brother  were  nick-named 
^^  Tories ^^  as   were   the   Roman   Catholic  Irish  Robbers, 
Tories  and  kuowu  as  "  Rapparccs"  and  "  Wliite  Boys ;"  while  those 
'^"      who  desired  a  Protestant  English  sovereign  were  desig- 
nated "  Whiffs"  as  the  persecuted  Scotch  Covenanters  were 
then  called.     These  political  epithets — at  first  given  in  de- 
rision and  accepted  in  bravado — have  continued  to  distin- 
guish the  conservative  and  the  progressive  parties  in  En- 
glish local  strifes, 
iiie  Duke       The  Duke  of  York,  threatened  by  the  House  of  Com- 
mons with  exclusion  from  the  throne  on  account  of  his 

'  Chalmei-.'-'s  Ann.,  i.,  2S2-2S4,  30T-310 ;  Arnold,  i.,  48S-491 ;  It  I.  llec,  iii.,  73,  8G ;  Col. 
Tec.  Conn.,  iii.,  290-303  ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxv.,  52;  Palfrey,  iiL,  420-12S;  Jlooie's  Notes 
on  Slaveiy  in  Mass.,  41 ;  ante,  296. 

+  Statute  31  Charles  II.,  cap.  ii. ;  Pari.  Hist,,  iv..  661,  1148;  Kcnnelt,  iii.,  377;  Rapin, 
ii.,07.'),707;  Lingard,xiii.,  133,  134, 16.5;  Macaulay,  i.,  24S;  Burnet,  i.,4S5;  ii.,103;  Jacob., 
iii.,  227 ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i  ,  56, 74 ;  ii.,  72, 113  ;  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  230,  308, 395, 412;  N.  Y.  II.  S. 
Coll.,  1808,  72, 113 ;  Coll.  Doc,  iii.,  357  :  iv.,  264;  an^c, 201,  202,  note. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  339 

Eomau  faith,  was  obliged  to  withdraw  from  England ;  first  cuap.  vn. 
to  Brussels,  and  then  to  Scotland,  where  he  remained  until   ^^^^ 
rd)ruary,  1680,  when  he   returned   to  London.     During 
these  exciting  movements  James  had  little  time  for  the  af- 
fairs of  his  American  province.     But  he  was  now  com- 
pelled to  look  anxiously  into  them.* 

The  complaints  which  the  Quakers  settled  in  West  Jer- 
sey had  sent  home  of  their  treatment  by  Andros  were  so  1679. 
strongly  supported,  that  Sir  John  Werden  inquired  official-  New  Jersey 
ly  of  the  English  Secretary  of  State  whether  they  were  ''^^""• 
empowered,  as  grantees  of  the  duke,  to  set  up  a  distinct 
government,  and  whether  they  were  not  still  liable  to  the 
laws  established  in  New  York.  The  king's  secretary,  how- 
ever, does  not  appear  to  have  answered  these  legal  ques- 
tions. Wishing  to  know  the  right  of  the  matter,  the  duke 
ordered  his  commissioners  "  to  hear  and  make  report  to 
him  concerning  the  customs  demanded  in  Kew  West  Jersey 
in  America,  by  his  governor  of  New  York."  This  was  ac- 
cordingly done.  The  Quakers'  case  was  elaborately  ar- 
gued by  Penn  and  others,  who  insisted  that,  in  Berkeley's  Penn'e  ar- 
conveyance  to  them,"  powers  or  gOA^ernment  are  expressly  for  the 
granted ;"  that  the  Duke  of  York  had  no  authority  to  levy 
duties  on  the  colonists  in  West  Jersey,  or  exclude  them  of 
their  "  English  right  of  common  assent  to  taxes ;"  and  then, 
adroitly  alluding  to  "  the  Duke's  circumstances  and  the 
people's  jealousies,"  they  submitted  that  as  he  had  now  the 
opportunity  to  free  that  country  with  his  own  hand, "  so 
will  Englishmen  here  know  what  to  hope  for,  by  the  jus- 
tice and  kindness  he  shows  to  Englishmen  there,  and  all 
men  to  see  the  just  model  of  his  government  in  New  York 
to  be  the  scheme  and  draft  in  little,  of  his  administration 
in  Old  England  at  large,  if  the  crown  should  ever  devolve 
upon  his  head."t 

This  bold  and  able,  but  very  sophistical  argument,  which 
BO  skillfully  touched  the  duke's  present  "  circumstances," 
would  have  been  unanswerable,  if  its  material  allegation 
had  been  true,  that  powers  of  government  were  "  expressly 
granted"  in  Berkeley's  conveyance  to  Fenwick,     But  the 

*  Clarke's  James  11.,  i.,  512-6S8;  Temple,  ii ,  42G-479 ;  Conrtenay's  Temple,  ii.,  13-82; 
Bumet,  i.,  422-4G9  ;  Dalrymple,  i.,  16S-177,  261-2T4,  292,  327,  332,  335;  N.  Luttrell,  1.,  10, 
2;l-22 ;  Macaulay,  i.,  229-257;  Martin,  i.,  503-506. 

t  Index  N.  J.  Col.  Doc,  7;  S.  Smith,  111-124;  Gordon,  40-42 ;  etnic,  266,  305,  320. 


340  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1680 

Fallacy  of 


CiiAr.  VII.  facts  were  not  what  Penii  and  bis  friends  asserted.  Berke- 
ley could  only  convey  what  the  duke  had  granted  to  him ; 
and  the  duke  had  never  granted  to  Berkeley  express  pOw- 

penn's  ar-  gj-g  q^  sfovemment.  Moreover,  the  Quaker  argument  dis- 
ingenuously  avoided  any  reference  to  the  duke's  second 
patent  from  the  king  in  1674,  wliile  it  maintained  that  the 
Peace  of  Westminster  had  reinvested  Berkeley  with  his 
annihilated  rights.  By  that  treaty,  however,  as  has  been 
seen,  the  Dutch  conquerors  relinquished  ISTew  Isetherland 
to  the  king ;  and  Charles  after^vard  granted  the  whole  of 
it  to  his  brother.'"^ 

oppoituni-      If  the  Duke  of  York  had  now"  been  fi'ee  from  political 

uiike  of  anxiety,  he  might  have  settled  this  New  Jersey  question  on 
the  grounds  afterward  taken  by  the  ministers  of  William 
the  Third,  and  declared  that  his  secondary  releases  neither 
did  nor  could  transfer  rights  of  government  to  his  grant- 
ees ;  because  such  sovereign  authority,  having  been  intrust- 
ed to  him  personally  by  the  king,  was  "  inalienable  from 
the  person  to  whom  it  is  granted."! 

But  James  had  again  to  seek  refuge  in  Scotland  from 
the  furious  malice  of  his  enemies.     In  this  strait  the  duke 

Tim Duke'3 resolved  to  refer  "the  whole  matter"  of  his  right  to  cus- 
toms' duties  from  West  Jersey  to  the  decision  of  "  the 
greatest  lawyer  of  England,"  Sir  William  Jones,  who  had, 
just  before,  resigned  his  place  as  attorney  general,  and  was 
now  a  vehement  opponent  of  the  king.  When  it  had  been 
proposed  to  govern  Jamaica  without  any  Assembly,  Jones 

Sir  wii-  advised  his  sovereign  "  that  he  could  no  more  grant  a  com- 
mission to  levy  money  on  his  subjects  there  without  their 
consent  by  an  Assembly,  than  they  could  discharge  them- 
selves from  their  allegiance  to  the  English  Crown."  Yet 
Jones  held  it  to  be  incontrovertible  "  that  tlie  Parliament 
might  rightfully  impose  taxes  on  every  dominion  of  the 
Crown."  This  fallacy  was  the  "  universal  opinion"  of  En- 
glish jurists  at  that  time.  An  English  Parliament  might 
tax  an  unrepresented  colony  of  England  when  her  sover- 
eign might  not.  Jones  had  been  retained  by  Stoughton 
and  Bulkley,  the  agents  of  Massachusetts,  as  their  counsel, 

'  S.  Smith,  117,  121;  Learning  and  Spicer,  10,  41-45,  04,  413;  Gordon,  4'2;  rafe,  S3,  200, 
201,  267. 

t  nrprosientation  of  the  Lords  of  Trade,  21  Octobor,  1701,  in  Learning  and  Spicor,  CO",  COS, 
C13 ;  S.  Smith,  CCO,  070  ;  Gordon,  23,  54 ;  Bancroft,  iii,  47. 


liam  Jones. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  34t 

and  aided  them  in  preventing  the  change  which  the  king  cuap.  vn. 
meant  to  make  in  its  government.     And  now,  tliis  "  wary" 
and  "  timorous"  ParHamentarian  advocate  nttered  a  can-  ^^  j^j^  " 
tious  opinion:  "I  am  not  satisfied  (by  any  thing  that  I^"^"^'^^^ 
have  yet  heard)  that  the  Duke  can  legally  demand  that  or  f'^°y°^^ 
any  other  duty  from  the  inhabitants  of  those  lands.     And 
that  which  makes  the  case  the  stronger  against  his  Royal 
Highness  is,  that  these  inhabitants  claim  under  a  grant 
from  his  Royal  Higlmess  to  the  Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir 
George  Carteret,  in  which  grant  there  is  no  reservation  of 
any  profit,  or  so  much  as  of  jurisdiction."* 

This  was  a  model  report  for  a  referee  wishing  to  evade 
a  decision  or  becloud  the  truth.  Avoiding  several  mate- 
rial facts  in  the  case,  Jones  cited  only  the  duke's  first  grant  Jones's 
to  Berkeley  and  Carteret  in  1664,  and  ignored  both  the  fallacious. 
Dutch  conquest  of  1673  (which  annihilated  that  grant), 
and  the  king's  second  patent  to  his  brother  in  1674.  Sir 
William  must  have  meant  either  that  James  never  had  any 
"jurisdiction"  under  his  first  patent  from  the  king  (wliich 
was  not  suggested),  or  else  that  the  duke  had  released — be- 
cause he  had  not  reserved — that  jurisdiction.  Yet  Jones 
was  too  good  a  lawyer  to  afiu*m  that  a  mere  release  of  a 
"  tract  of  land"  with  its  "  appurtenances,"  in  "  as  full  and 
ample  manner"  as  they  had  been  originally  granted,  could 
convey  powers  of  government  from  one  English  subject  to 
another.     This  fallacy  would  have  been  too  transparent. 

The  Duke  of  York,  however,  had  neither  time  nor  inch- 
nation  to  contest  the  matter.  Easily  as  he  might  have  con- 
futed its  fallacies,  he  determined  to  give  liberal  effect  to 
the  late  attorney  general's  cloudy  opinion.  Without  wait- 
ing for  his  own  counsel — Churchill  and  Jeffreys — to  ap- 
prove it,  James  executed  a  deed  tendered  by  Byllinge,  "the  cAupast. 

r.         -,  1  .  T    -rrr  Tv-r  X  \.       1   •        The  Duke 

more  firmly  to  convey  the  said  West  JNew  Jersey  to  mm  of  York's 
and  the  rest  of  the  Proprietors,  and  plainly  to  extinguish  to  west 
the  demand  of  any  customs  or  other  duties  from  them,  *''"^^' 
save  the  rent  as  reserved  at  the  first."     By  this  instru- 

•  Clarke's  Jiimesir.,  5.,  5SS-600;  Col.  Doc,  iiL,2S4,  285;  Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  No.  ix.,  45, 
4C;  Mathers  Magnalia,  i.,  ITS;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  240,619,026;  Rev.  Coll.,  i.,  150,  173; 
ante,  316.  Jones  succeeded  North  as  attorney  general  in  1674 ;  resigned  in  October,  1679 ; 
and  was  succeeded  first  by  Sir  Cresswell  Levins,  and  then  by  Sir  Robert  Sawyer :  N.  Lut- 
trell,  i.,  24 ;  Bpat?on,  i.,  410,  433;  Kennett,  iii.,  300,  370,  ?,01 ;  Burnet,  i.,  396,  433,  455,  532  ; 
Temple,  ii.,  5r,2 ;  Evelyn,  ii.,  159;  Pari.  Hist.,  iv.,  120S.  Af  to  Jones's  private  employment 
as  counsel  for  the  Massachusetts  ng?nts,  see  Palfrey,  iii.,  320,  307,  308 ;  ante,  310,  336. 


34:2  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OE  NEW  YORK. 

cuAf.  VII.  ment  —  which   carefully  recited  the   reconquest  by  the 
"T7~~"  Dutch,  and  the  several  conveyances  of  the  territory — the 
The  duke    ^ukc  transferred  to  Byllinge,  Penn,  Laurie,  and  their  as- 
wwt^New  sociates,  all  the  authority  and  power  of  government  which 
Jersey,      j^  ^hc  king's  two  patents  to  him  ''  were  granted  or  intend- 
ed to  be  granted  to  be  exercised  by  his  said  Koyal  High- 
ness, his  heirs,  assigns,  deputies,  officers,  or  agents  in,  upon, 
or  in  relation  unto  the  said  premises  hereby  confirmed."* 
September.      The  accounts  whicli  Philip  Carteret  sent  over  of  his 
treatment  by  Andros  soon  afterward  reached  London,  and 
loseptem.  Lady  Carteret,  Sir  George's  widow,  complained  to  the  duke, 
who  at  once  said  that  "  the  Lord  Proprietor  should  have  all 
right  done  him  in  the  enjoyment  of  the  Province  and  the 
Government  thereof ;  and  that  his  Royal  Highness  would 
not  in  the  least  derogate  from  what  he  had  granted  to  Sir 
George  Carteret,  and  doth  wholly  disown  and  declare  that 
Sir  Edmund  Andros  had  never  any  such  order  or  authori- 
ty from  him  for  the  doing  thereof."     As  he  had  just  re- 
leased all  claim  over  West  Jersey  to  Byllinge   and  liis 
friends,  he  determined  to  do  the  same  to  the  claimants  of 
6  septem.^  East  Jcrscy.     James  therefore  directed  his  counsel  to  jTi'e- 
reiease  of   pare  a  deed  confirming  to  Sir  George  Carteret,  the  grand- 
sey!   "'    son  and  heir  of  the  original  grantee,  his  moiety  of  I^ew 
ic  October.  Jersey.     The  next  month,  a  few  days  before  he  returned  to 
Edinburgh,  the  duke  executed  an  instrument  by  which  he 
relinquished  all  his  claims  to  East  Jersey.     These  meas- 
6  Novem.   ures  were  notified  by  Werden  to  Andros,  to  prevent  any 
doubt  of  the  validity  of  the  deeds  when  they  should  be 
produced  in  Js^ew  York.f 
Complaints     The  enemics  of  Sir  Edmund  had  meanwhile  not  been 
Anaro3.     idle.     Complaints  were  made  to  the  duke  not  only  by  the 
Quakers,  but  by  Billop,  and  various  otlier  '''  private  men ;" 
and   "  suggestions"   were    insinuated    that    the    governor 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  2S5;  Learning  and  Spicer,  415-419;  Ch.ilmcrs's  Ann.,  i.,  CIO,  C2G  ;  Kev. 
Col.,  i.,  150, 1T3 ;  S.  Smith,  1'25,  56T ;  anf?„  S3, 260-268,  303-306. 

t  Learning  .lud  Spicer,  6S5,  6S6;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  2S.5,  2SC;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  019,  G2G, 
C27;  Commisc'ion.s,  i.,  19;  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  xxxii^^,  41;  Gordon,  42 ;  AVliitehead's  E.  J., 
81,  82,  102 ;  Index  N.  J.  Col.  Doc,  8 ;  Eliz.  Bill,  8 ;  ante,  333,  33-1.  The  duke's  release  of 
16  October,  1680,  to  the  youthful  Sir  George  Carteret,  seems  to  have  been  made  without 
knowing  that  the  trustees  under  the  will  of  the  deceased  baronet  had,  on  the  Cth  of  March, 
ICSO,  conveyed  E.ast  Jersey  to  Thomas  Cremer  and  Thomas  Pocock:  Eliz.  Bill,  S ;  Learning 
and  Spicer,  73, 145.  When  that  became  known,  the  release  was  probably  revoked,  or,  at 
all  events,  considered  inoperative.  It  is  not  alluded  to  in  the  duke's  siilisenuent  grant  of 
14  March,  16S3,  to  the  twenty-four  proprietors  :  Learning  and  Spicer,  145,  604;  Wliitehead'd 
East  Jersey,  82,  S3 ;  Eastern  Boundaiy  of  N.  J.,  4:>,  5  i ;  N.  J.  II.  S.  I'loc,  x.,  134-139. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDEOS,  GOVERNOE.  343 

favored  Dutchmen  in  trade,  made  laws  hm'tf ul  to   the  chap.  vii. 
English,  detained  ships  imduly  for  private  reasons,  admit- 
ted  Dutch  vessels  to  a  direct  trade,  or  traded  himself  in       "^    ' 
the  names  of  others.     Moreover,  James  had  received  of- 
fers to  farm  his  revenue  in  New  York,  which  differed  "  so 
vastly"  from  the  accounts  rendered  by  his  governor,  that 
he  resolved  to  send  out  an  agent  to  make  "a  strict  en- 
quiry" on  the  spot.     As  the  duke  and  his  officers  had  "  hut 
loose  and  scattered  notions"  respecting  the  government  of 
Andros,  he  was  directed  to  return  "  by  the  first  conven- 
ience" to  England ;  "  that  I  may  have,"  wrote  James,  "  the  24  May. 
better  opportunity  to  be  informed  in  all  those  particulars  called, 
from  yourselfe,  and  that  you  may  also  have  the  satisfaction 
to  obviate  such  matters  as,  if  unanswered,  might  leave 
some  blemish  upon  you,  how  little  soever  you  may  (in 
truth)  have  deserved  any."     Sir  Edmund  was  farther  di- 
rected to  commit  his  government  to  Brockholls,  and  to 
give  such  instructions  for  the  public  safety  as  circum- 
stances might  require.* 

John  Lewin,  supposed  to  be  "  a  person  wholly  uncon-  24  May. 
cerned,"  was  at  the  same  time  commissioned  by  the  duke  commis-^'" 
as  his  "Agent  and  servant"  in  New  York,  Albany,  and  his  agent.  ""^ 
other  territories  in  America,  to  inquire  into  all  his  revenue 
accounts,  examine  records,  and  ascertain  whether  trade 
had  been  obstructed,  and  if  so,  how  it  might  be  encour- 
aged.     Lewin  was  minutely  instructed  as  to  his  duties,  24  May. 
which  were,  to  make  such  diligent  inquiries  as  might  in-i'ngtru&-     • 
form  the  duke  "  of  the  true  state  and  condition  of  all  those  *'°°^' 
places,  in  relation  to  the  trade  thereof,  and  of  all  the  parts 
and  branches  of  the  Kevenue  and  other  profits,  as  well  cer- 
tain, as  accidental  or  casual,  which  doe  properly  and  justly 
belong  unto  me,  as  I  am  the  Proprietor  of  the  said  places, 
or  otherwise.     And  alsoe,  that  I  may  have  a  true,  full,  and 
just  information  and  knowledge,  of  the  reall,  constant,  and 
necessary  charge  and  expense,  which  must  be  laid  out  and 
issued,  for  the  maintenance  and  support  of  the  government 
of  those  places."     Andros  was  farther  directed  to  enable  1  juiy. 
Lewin  to  take  such  examinations  as  he  might  desire,  under 
oath,  within  the  government  of  New  York.f 

*  Col.  Doc.,iii.,283,  2S4;  Chalmers  i.,  5S2  ;  Bankers  and  Sluyter,  380. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  379-284;  S.  Hazard,  470,  471,  472.     Lewin  appears  to  liave  been  a  Lon- 


344  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  vii.      The  duke's  agent  reached  New  York  while  Sir  Edmund 

was  absent  at  Boston,  whither  he  had  gone  to  meet  Lord 

iG  October  Culpopper,  the  governor  of  Virginia,  who  was  on  his  way 

29  October,  to  England.  When  Andros  returned,  Lewin  exhibited  his . 
obey-shis    commissiou,  but  not  his  instructions  from  James.     This 

sudden  recall  surprised  the  Governor  of  JSTew  York,  who 
could  not  anticipate  what  had  occurred  about  New  Jersey 
after  Lewin  had  left  England.  But  Sir  Edmund  was  too 
good  a  soldier  not  to  know  that  his  first  duty  was  obedi- 
ence. He  therefore  summoned  his  council  to  meet  "the 
same  morning ;"  ordered  Lewin's  commission  to  be  re- 
corded ;  and  directed  it  to  be  communicated  to  the  "  other 
jurisdictions  of  the  government,"  and  published  at  New 
York  "by  ring  of  bell."  Andros  also  proposed  to  "go 
home"  at  once.  To  this  the  council  objected  that  much 
must  be  done  before  the  government  could  be  properly 

30  October,  scttlcd.  The  ucxt  day  Brockholls  was  ordered  down  from 
.ip^inted^  Albany  to  take  chief  command  of  the  province.  All  its 
cMn^cMe'f.  justiccs  wcrc  sumuioned  to  meet  at  the  metropolitan  hall. 
iTNovem.  On  tlic  appointed  day,  the  justices  who  could  be  had  "in 
thtfprolin-  so  sliort  a  time,  and  at  that  season  of  the  year,"  were  pres- 
tlcll"^^'     ent.     Each  of  them  certified  to  the  "  good  state"  of  their 

several  precincts ;  and,  with  the  advice  of  his  council, 
which  Lewin  attended,  Sir  Edmund  ordered  "  the  continu- 
ing all  as  then  settled."* 

By  some  accident,  an  important  enactment  was  neg- 
lected.    The  customs'  rates,  which,  under  James's  instruc- 
tions, had  been  renewed  for  three  years  by  his  governor  in 
November,  1677,  now  ceased,  by  the  expiration  of  their 
limited  term.     No  order  to  continue  them  had  been  re- 
ceived from  the  duke ;  and,  in  the  hurry  of  preparing  to 
The  duke's  return  to  England,  Sir  Edmund  either  forgot  the  matter, 
dutie3"not  or  supposed  it  to  be  settled  by  his  recent  general  order 
re^wcd.    in  council,  that  every  thing  was  to  remain  "  as  then  set- 
tled."    Could  Andros  have  foreseen  the  trouble  which  this 
technical  or  formal  omission  produced,  he  would  hardly 

don  attorney,  find  was  at  this  very  time  appointed  by  tlie  Narragnnsett  proprietors  to  Tjo 
one  of  tlieir  ngenta  to  represent  them  before  the  council:  Arnold's  Khode  Island,  i.,46:(. 
He  seems  to  have  felt  aggrieved  by  some  lig:il  proceedings  in  the  Mayor's  Omrt  of  New 
York,  in  a  suit  to  which  ho  was  a  party ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxiii.,  174;  x.xi.x.,  2,  S,  IS. 

«  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  244,  29-2,  302,  308,  300,  ;n3;  Col.  MSS.,  xxix.,25S;  Ord.,  Warrant.-',  etc., 
xx.xiiX,  8,  0, 14;  Hazard's  Ann.,  4S1 ;  l!cg.  Penn.,  iil.,  32,  33 ;  iv.,  81 ;  ante,  330. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDEOS,  GOVERNOR.  345 

liave  neglected  to  renew  the  duke's  customs'  duties  by  a  chap.  vii. 
temporary  order,  which  his  governor  was  always  empow- 
ered  to  make, "  with  the  advice  of  the  council."* 

The  end  of  this  year  was  marked  by  the  appearance  of 
a  "  blazing  star"  of  extraordinary  brilliancy.     A  few  days 
a:^er  Brockholls  left  Albany,  the  commissaries  there  re- 
ported that  ""  a  dreadful  comet"  had  appeared  in  the  south-  o  oecsm. 
west,  about  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  and  asked  for  a  cometof 
day  of  fasting  and  humiliation  to  avert  the  "  dreadful  pun-  served  in 
ishments"  supposed  to  be  threatened.     This  pious  request  a^'^Su! 
was  granted.     The  comet  was  also  observed  in  New  Jer-  ^''"^^^ 
sey,  the  New  England  colonies,  and  the  metropolis.     In 
Europe  the  brilliant  apparition  caused  as  much  terror  as  in 
America ;  and  Evelyn,  in  London,  prayed  God  to  "  avert 
his  judgments."     But   the   grander  Newton,  by  careful 
study,  made  the  phenomenon  a  useful  servant  of  astrono- 
my, by  demonstrating  that  comets  revolve  around  the  sun 
in  parabolic  orbits  and  in  regular  j^eriods.f 

With  the  new  year  Andros  made  his  last  arrangements   1681. 
for  his  return  to  England,  supposing  it  would  be  short,  in 
spite  of  Lewin's  declarations  to  the  contrary.     Sir  Edmund 
therefore  left  his  wife  in  New  York.     By  a  special  com- 
mission he  appointed  Brockholls  to  be  "  Commander-in-  c  janv. 
Chief  of  the  Militia  in  this  City,  Government,  and  de- leaver  . 
pendencies,  during  my  absence,  or  'till  further  orders ;  and '  '''^  °^  ' 
in  any  civil  matter  requiring  the  same,  with  the  Council  to 
act  for  the  continued  welfare  of  His  Majesty's  subjects,  as 
a  Commander,  or  Chief  Officer  may,  and  ought  to  do,  ac- 
cording to  law  and  practice."     The  next  day  the  governor 
left  the  metropolis,  and  soon  afterward  sailed  from  Sandy  ii  Jan'y. 
Hook.:}: 

Not  long  after  Andros  was  recalled  from  the  govern- December. 
ment  of  the  duke's  province,  he  described  it  as  follows :  de'^cripuon 
"At  my  first  comeing  to  NewYorke,  I  found  the  place  poore,  YorkTn 
unsettled,  and  ^vithout  trade,  except  a  few  small  coasters ;  ^'^^^' 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  217,  21S,  246,  289,  292;  Col.  MSS.,  xxvi.,  5;  Ord.,  Warr.,etc.,  xxxii;.^,  4?., 
44,  45 ;  Council  Journ.,  i.,  Introd.,  viil. ;  ante,  312. 

t  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  xxxiii^,  31;  Doc.  Hist.,  ill.,  532;  Hutch.,  i  ,  348;  Holmes,  i.,  399; 
S.  Smith's  New  Jereey,  13G,  note;  Evelyn,  ii.,  163  ;  Grahame,  i.,  243.  See  also  Sir  J.  W.  F. 
Herschel's  masterly  account  of  this  "magnificent"  comet  in  his  "Familiar  Lectures"  (Lon- 
don, 1S66),  108-111. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  286,  309  ;  Ord.,  Wan-.,  etc.,  xxxiii<f,  2T,  31,  55,  74 ;  Hazard's  Reg.  Penn., 
iv.,  82;  Annals,  4S5;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  532.  Secretary  NicoUs  appears  to  have  accompanied 
or  soon  followed  Andros  to  England :  Col.  Doc,  314,  315 ;  Wood,  150 ;  Col.  JI.SS.,  xxx.,  14. 


346  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VII.  hardly  any  went  or  came  fi-om  beyond  seas ;  and  severall 
parts  of  the  government  never  before  well  subjected  under 
'  his  Koyall  Highness ;  since  which,  by  his  Royall  H.'s  fa- 
vour, greatly  increased  in  people,  trade,  buildings,  and  oth- 
er improvements ;  new  townes  and  settlements  lately  built, 
and  the  Colony  improved  in  all  other  advantages  beyond 
any  of  our  neighbom-s.  A  mold  or  harbour  made  to  the 
city,  of  general!  advantage  as  aforesaid.  A  market  house 
(the  only  one  in  all  those  parts),  and  now  constantly  well 
supplied ;  and  the  navigation  increased  at  least  ten  times 
to  what  it  was,  and  plenty  of  money  (liardly  seen  there  be- 
fore) and  of  all  sorts  of  goods  at  reasonable  rates  for  our 
owne  and  neighbom-s  supplies ;  and  noe  disaster  happened 
in  any  part  of  the  government  during  my  command  there, 
though  constantly  serviceable  to  our  English  neighbom-s 
both  east  and  west,  who  suffered  much  by  the  Indian  war ; 
in  the  composing  whereof,  I  was  a  principal  instrument ; 
and  also  freed  neare  one  hundred  of  their  captives,  &c.  I 
doe  not  know  that  any  have  been  discouraged  from  going 
to  trade  or  settle  at  New  Yorke ;  but  many  hundreds  (I 
may  say  thousands)  have  actually  come  traded  and  settled ; 
and  very  few  (if  any)  have  quitted  the  place  during  my  be- 
ing there."* 

While  Andros  was  on  his  way  back  to  England,  a  British 
4  March,    royal  parchment  founded  a  new  American  state.     As  one 
tion  of''     of  the  owners  of  West  Jersey,  William  Penn  had  looked 
^ennsy  va-  ^j^ggj^  -j^^^  ^|^g  conditioii  of  its  ueigliborliood.     He  saw 
that  there  was  a  "sast  forest,  west  of  the  Delaware  River, 
unoccupied  by  Europeans,  and  which,  although  it  had  been 
a  part  of  the  ancient  Dutch  "New  Netherland,"  had  not 
been  included  within  the  patent  of  Charles  the  Second  to 
the  Duke  of  York.     To  enterprising  British  subjects  this 
region  was.  yet  a  vacant  domicile.     Nevertheless,  the  sav- 
age owTiere  of  the  Susquehanna  country  had  recently,  as 
has  been  stated,  transferred  it  to  the  government  of  New 
York.     Moreover,  James  claimed  the  Delaware  territory 
adjoining  Maryland  as  an  appendage  to  his  own  jDrovince. 
wiuiam     ]3^^(;  William  Penn  was  one  of  the  most  adroit  Englishmen 

Penn.  " 

of  his  time.     Next  to  George  Fox,  he  had  become  the  ablest 
minister  of  Quakerism.     Next  to  Robert  Barclay,  Penn  was 

•  New  York  Colonial  Documents,  iii.,313  ;  compare  «»(<■,  313. 


ANTHONY  BROCKHOLLS,  COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.  347 

its  most  learned  and  ingenious  champion.     His  principles  chap  vil 
of  passive  obedience  commended  him  not  less  to  the  grace- 
ful  and  perfidious  Charles  than  to  the  more  arbitrary  yet 
honest  James.     Besides  this,  Penn  had  a  special  clutch  on 
both.     His  father,  Sir  William  Penn,  "  the  greatest  hypo- 
crite in  the  world,"  had  been  an  admiral  of  England,  first 
under  its  Protector,  and  then  under  its  King ;  and  he  had 
been  wise  enough  to  secure  for  himself  and  his  son  the 
friendsliip  of  the  ever-constant  Duke  of  York.     At  the  ad- 
miral's death,  the  king  owed  his  estate  some  sixteen  thou- 
sand pounds.     Of  both  these  circumstances  Sir  William  '*' 
Penn's  cunning  heir  took  advantage.     Charles  had  no  mon- 
ey ;  but  he  claimed  much  wild  land  in  North  America, 
which  he  could  give  away  to  a  favorite,  or  assign  in  dis- 
charge of  a  debt.     So,  while  the  younger  Penn  was  argu- 
ing his  case  as  a  proprietor  of  West  Jersey  before  the  duke's 
commissioners,  he  petitioned  the  king  to  pay  off  his  dead  May. 
admiral  by  granting  to  that  admiral's  son  the  vast  region  for  much 
"  lying  north  of  Maryland ;  on  the  east,  bounded  with  Del-  gr™u"r" 
aware  River ;  on  the  west,  limited  as  Maryland ;  and  north- 
ward, to  extend  as  far  as  plantable."* 

These  were  vague  and  startling  boundaries  for  a  royal 
grant  in  North  America.     By  the  king's  order.  Lord  Sun- 
derland referred  this  petition  to  the  Plantation  Committee,  i  June.  , 
who  summoned  Penn  before  them,  and  asked  "  what  extent  i4  June. 
of  land  he  will  be  contented  with  northerly  ?"     Penn  de-  what  wui 
clared  himself  "  satisfied  with  three  degrees  to  the  north-  him. 
ward ;  and  that  he  is  willing,  in  lieu  of  such  a  grant,  to  re- 
mit his  debt  due  to  him  from  his  Majesty,  or  some  part  of 
it."     This  was  ordered  to  be  communicated  to  the  agents  23  June. 
of  the  Duke  of  York  and  of  Lord  Baltimore,  both  of  whom 
were  concerned.     On  the  part  of  James,  Sir  John  Werden  Maryland 
objected  to  any  interference  with  the  Delaware  territory,  York  con- 
which  was  "  an  appendix"  to  New  York ;  and  Lord  Balti- 
more's agents  prayed  that  there  should  be  no  encroachment 
on  Maryland.     Penn,  however,  represented  "  his  case  and 
circumstances"  so  skillfully  that  the  duke,  who  had  just  re- 
signed all  claim  over  New  Jersey,  recommended  the  king  ic  October. 
to  grant  him  the  land  north  of  Newcastle,  on  the  west  side 

*  Pepy?,  ii.,CO;  Ilnzard's  Kcr.  Penn.,  i..  200,  341-343;  Annals, 4T4;  Proud,!.,  167-170; 
Chalmers,  i.,G35;  Dixon,  173, 174;  Grahame,  i.,  492-499;  Bancroft,  ii.,330-3G2;  Macanlay, 
i.,  502 ;  ante,  4,  32S,  389. 


348  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  VII.  of  the  Delaware,  "  beginning  about  the  latitude  of  forty 
degrees,  and  extending  northwards  and  westwards  as  far 
^^^^-  as  his  Majesty  pleaseth."* 

The  draft  of  a  patent,  which  Penn  had  himself  modeled 
iiNovem.  after  Lord  Baltimore's  Maryland  charter,  was  re^^sed  by 
Sir   Robert   Sawyer,  the   new   attorney  general,  and   its 
1681.  boundaries  were   adjusted.      Chief  Justice  North   added 
januaiy.    gjg^^^ggg  ^q  secure  the  king's  sovereignty  and  the  power  of 
Parliament ;  and  at  the  request  of  Bishop  Compton,  of  Lon- 
don, the  interests  of  the  Church  of  England  were  specially 
24  Febi'y^  guarded.     At  length  the  charter  was  submitted  to  the  king, 
charter  for  that  he  might  name  his  fresh  American  province.     Penn 
inlt"'''    suggested  "New  Wales."     This  was  objected  to  by  the 
Welsh  secretary,  Blathwayt.     Penn  then  proposed  "Syl- 
vania,"  because  of  the  magnificent  forests  of  the  region. 
But  Charles,  out  of  respect  to  his  deceased  admiral, "  would 
give  it"  his  name ;  and  tlie  new  province  was  accordingly 
called  "  Pennsylvania."f 
4  March.        The  chartcr  of  Pennsylvania,  as  it  passed  the  English 
gu^h  char-  great  seal,  granted  to  William  Penn,  and  his  heirs  and  as- 
Pennsyiva-  signs,  "  all  that  tract  or  part  of  land  in  America,  with  all 
""■  the  islands  therein  contained,  as  the  same  is  bounded  on 

the  east  by  Delaware  River,  from  twelve  miles  distance 
northward  of  Newcastle  Town  unto  the  three  and  fortieth 
degree  of  northern  latitude,  if  the  said  river  doth  extend 
so  far  northwards ;  but  if  the  said  river  shall  not  extend  so 
far  northward,  then,  by  the  said  river  so  far  as  it  doth  ex- 
tend, and  from  the  head  of  the  said  river  the  eastern 
bounds  are  to  be  determined  by  a  meridian  line  to  be 
drawn  from  the  head  of  the  said  river  unto  the  said  three 
and  fortieth  degree ;  Tlie  said  lands  to  extend  westwards 
five  degrees  in  longitude,  to  be  computed  from  the  said 
eastern  bounds ;  and  the  said  lands  to  be  bounded  on  the 
north  by  the  beginning  of  tlie  three  and  fortieth  degree  of 
northern  latitude,  and  on  the  south  by  a  circle  drawn  at 
twelve  miles  distance  from  Newcastle,  northwards  and 
westwards  unto  the  beginning  of  the  fortieth  degree  of 
northern  latitude ;  and  then  by  a  straight  line  westwards 

*  Hazard's  Rpg.  Penn.,  i.,  209,  270;  Annal.«,  475-lSO ;  Chalmcr?,  i.,  C35,  C3G,  G55-G57; 
Proud,  i. ,  170,  269. 

t  Hazard's  Reg.,  i.,  209,  270,273,  274,  297;  Annals,  4S0-500;  Chalmer.s,  i.,  C30,  057,  059  ; 
Di.xon,  182;  Sewel,  570;  Hist.  Mag.,  viii.,  180,  ISl;  Penn.  Arch.,  1.,  141, 


ANTHONY  BEOCKHOLLS,  COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.  349 

to  the  limit  of  longitude  above  mentioned."     Of  this  terri-  cn.vr.  vii. 
toiy  Penn  was  made  the  absolute  proprietor,  with  power  to 
ordain  laws,  appoint  officers,  and  enjoy  the  general  author- 
ity of  a  feudal  chief.     But  all  laws  were  to  be  assented  to 
by  the  freemen  of  his  province,  and  to  be  subject  to  the 
king's  approval ;  and  no  taxes  were  to  be  laid  nor  revenue 
raised  unless  by  a  Provincial  Assembly ;  reserving,  always, 
the  supreme  power  of  the  Parliament  of  England  to  regu- 
late commercial  duties.     Episcopalian  clergymen,  approved  Episcopacy 
by  the  Bishop  of  London,  were  also  to  "reside  within  the  forinPcnn- 
said  Province,  without  any  denial  or  molestation  whatso-'^^  ^'^°'^' 
ever."* 

After  procuring  a  letter  fi'om  the  king  declaring  his  pat-  2  April. 
ent,  Penn  appointed  his  kinsman,  William  Markham,  to  be  10  Aprii. 
his  deputy  governor,  and  dispatched  him  to  take  possession  Markham 

r  T   .  .  AT  1  "Xi  1        comes  to 

01  his  province.     Andros,  who  was  now  m  London,  was  also  America. 
directed  by  Werden  to  notify  his  subordinates  in  New  York  12  May. 
of  the  Pennsylvania  charter.     Marldiam  sailed  at  once  to 
Boston,  and,  on  reaching  ISTew  York,  received  from  Brocli-  21  June. 
lioUs  instructions  to  the  duke's  officers  within  the  limits  of  reiinquisi^ 
Pennsylvania  to  obey  the  government  of  its  actual  owner,  ^im^rto^ 
The  surrender  was  accordingly  completed ;   preliminary 
covenants  were  made  with  the  savages ;  and  Markham,  in  septoiaber, 
an  interview  with  Lord  Baltimore,  found  that  a  vexatious 
question  of  boundaries  was  to  be  settled  between  the  pro- 
prietors of  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania.f 

Meanwhile,  Philip  Carteret,  informed  of  the  Duke  of 
York's  action  in  regard  to  East  Jersey,  had  issued  a  proc-  2  March. 
lamation  disowning  the  authority  of  the  Governor  of  New 
York.     A  few  weeks  afterward  Brockholls  sent  to  Carteret  14  Apni. 
a  copy  of  Warden's  notification,  and  promised  that  when  and  East 
the  duke's  deeds  were  produced  lie  would  respect  them.  '^'^'■^^^• 
Until  then  he  required  Carteret  to  desist  from  meddling  is  Apia. 
mth  the  government.:}: 

*  Tlie  Charter  of  Tcnnsylvania  is  printed  at  length  in  Colden,  ii.,  164-1S2;  Proud,!, 
ITl-lST;  Hazard's  Register,  i.,  293-29T;  Annals,  48S-499;  Colonial  Kec.  Penn.,  L,  17-26; 
Chalmers,  i.,636-C39. 

t  Hazard's  Register,  i.,  305;  iii.,  33;  Annals,  501-51C,  524,  533;  Upland  Records,  195, 
19C;  Chalmers,  i.,  640,  641;  Proud,  i.,  1S9-196;  Dixon,  191;  Colonial  Doc,  iii.,  2S6,  290; 
Col.  MSS<.,  xxi.,  143, 144;  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  xxxii^,  49,  50.  Andros  reached  Portsmouth 
from  New  York  on  1  March.  16S1 :  Ord., Warr.,  etc.,  xxxiij^,  46. 

t  Learning  and  Ppicer,  6S5,  6S6  ;  Ord.,Warr.,  etc.,  xxxii>tf,  41,42,  43;  Whitehead's  Ea?t 
Jersey,  T5,  T6 ;  ante,  342.  Philip  Carteret  now  followed  the  example  of  his  kinsman,  Jame?, 
in  16T3  (anff,  190,  note),  by  wedding  a  New  York  wife.  On  the  36th  of  March.  ICSl,  lie  ob- 
tained a  license  from  Brockholls  to  marry  Maiy  Elizabeth  Smith,  widow  of  Williain  Uiw- 


350  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.vii.  About  the  middle  of  July  Secretary  Bollen  returned 
from  London  with  the   desired  papers,  and  with  orders 

Carteret '  ^'^^^^  Lady  Carteret  "  to  lay  claim  to  Staten  Island,  as  be- 

Steten  isi-  longing  to  us,  according  to  His  Eoyal  Highness's  grant." 

^"d.  This  was  an  ill-founded  pretense.  As  early  as  1669  Staten 
Island  had  been  "  adjudged  to  belong  to  New  York."  This 
judgment  had  been  respected  by  all  parties;  and  in  1670 
Lovelace  had  bought  the  island  for  the  Duke  of  York  from 
its  savage  claimants.  "With  a  knowledge  of  these  facts.  Sir 
George  had  obtained  from  the  duke,  in  1674,  a  new  grant 
of  New  Jersey  to  himself,  in  severalty.  Yet  now  his  widow, 
seeing  that  James  was  exiled  in  Scotland,  thought  that  she 
might  win  Staten  Island  if  she  made  a  bold  push.     Accord- 

21  July,  ingl}',  Bollen,  in  behalf  of  the  dowager,  submitted  various 
papers  to  Brockliolls ;  claimed  Staten  Island  for  her  as  a 
part  of  East  Jersey,  and  demanded  its  surrender.  No  no- 
tice being  taken  of  this  demand,  Bollen  was  sent  again  to 
Fort  James  with  more  documents.     These,  being  examined 

£c  July,  in  the  New  York  Council,  were  found  insufficient  to  enable 
Carteret  "  to  act  in  or  assume  the  government  of  New  Jer- 
sey," and  Brockliolls  required  him  to  desist  until  he  should, 
agreeably  to  his  parole,  "  produce  and  show  a  sufficient  au- 
thority." No  allusion  was  made  to  the  claim  of  Staten 
Island  on  the  part  of  its  deceased  proprietor's  dowager; 

21  July,     but  in  writing  to  Andros  and  to  Werden,  Brockliolls  de- 

30  July,  clared  that  he  would  not  part  with  that  island  unless  by 
special  orders  from  the  duke.*' 

28  July.  Carteret  naturally  complained  of  Brockholls's  "  uncivil 

answer,"  and  acquainted  the  grasping  widow  that  the  New 
York  authorities  would  not  surrender  to  her  Staten  Island, 
which,  he  pronounced,  "  is  as  much  your  Honor's  due  as 

30  July,  any  other  part  of  this  Province."  Brockliolls,  however, 
while  denying  Carteret's  authority,  did  not  disturb  his  local 

23  July,  government.  An  East  Jersey  Assembly  was  quietly  held 
at  Elizabethtown,  which  voted  the  proceedings  of  Andros 

19  October  illegal.     Nevertheless,  the  old  spirit  of  discord  broke  out 

2  xovcm.    again.     In  the  autumn,  the  Assembly  quarreled  with  Car- 

rence,  of  FluBhinp,  ou  Long  Island,  and  the  wedding  took  place  the  next  mniith :  Ord., 
Wan-.,  etc.,  xxxiii<r,  ."9;  Thompfoa'd  Long  Island,  ii.,  304,  3G5;  Whitehead,  8'>;  Hatfield, 
19.5;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  607,  Jio'c. 

•  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  xxxiiXi  5.%  .54, 5^,  57 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  280 ;  Lenming  and  Spicer,  CSC ; 
Whitehejid,  77, 210 ;  Mas?.  IL  S.  Coll.,  xxxvii.,  315 ;  ante,  149, 106, 26S,  334. 


ANTHONY  BROCKHOLLS,  COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.  351 

teret  and  his  council,  respecting  the  right  of  the  proprietors  chap.  vii. 
to  alter  their  "  concessions,"  and  the  governor  dissolved  his 
refractory  Legislature.  This  was  Philip  Carteret's  last  im- 
portant public  act.  East  New  Jersey  soon  passed  into  other 
hands,  and  its  first  governor  gave  up  the  authority  he  had 
so  long  exercised.* 

The  recall  of  Andros,  the  presence  of  Lewin,  and  the  in- 
capacity of  Brockholls,  meanwhile  produced  insubordina- insubordi- 
tion  throughout  New  York,  which  was  weakly  attempted  New  York. 
to  be  checked.     At  length,  provincial  trouble  culminated 
in  the  metropolis.     In  the  hurry  of  his  departure.  Sir  Ed- 
mund, as  has  been  told,  neglected  to  renew,  by  a  special 
order,  the  Duke  of  York's  customs'  duties,  which  had  ex- 
pired, by  their  three  years'  limitation,  in  November,  1680. 
This  oversight  being  "  publicly  known  to  the  merchants," 
they  refused  to  pay  any  duties  to  the  duke  on  what  they  The  mer- 
imported  into  his  province.     It  does  not  appear  that  the  fusTto  pty 
recusants  abated  a  farthing  from  the  prices  of  the  goods  ^''''*'°' 
they  sold  to  consumers ;  but  they  nevertheless  seem  to 
have  thought — as,  perhaps,  modern  smugglers  and  cheats 
often  think — that  any  compensatory  evasion  of  the  revenue 
laws  of  a  country  is  a  proper,  if  not  a  patriotic  felony.    This 
seems  to  have  been  the  moral  philosophy  of  the  "mer- 
chants" of  New  York  in  the  spring  of  1681.     While  Brock- 
holls was  at  Albany,  looking  after  Indian  affairs,  and  Col- 
lector Dyer  lay  "  ill  of  a  fever"  in  the  metropolis,  a  pink 
from  London  came  into  port,  and  her  cargo  was  taken  to  o  May. 
the  warehouses  of  her  consignees,  who  "  absolutely"  refused 
to  pay  any  customs'  duties  to  the  duke's  provincial  ofiicers. 
In  this  quandary,  Brockliolls,  when  he  got  back  to  to^vn, 
summoned  his  council.     Wanting  the  guidance  of  the  ex- 
perienced Secretary  Nicolls,  that  body  decided  that  there  14  May. 
was  "no  power  or  authority"  to  continue  expired  taxes Brock°° *^ 
"without  orders  from  His  Koyal  Highness."     This  maycoindi. 
have  been  convenient  shirking,  but  it  was  not  even  provin- 
cial statesmanship.     James  himself  thought  so  when  this 

*  0rd.,Warr.,  etc.,xxxii^,57;  Learning  and  Spicer,  137, 138, 6S7 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  293-300; 
Chalmers,  i.,  620 ;  Gordon,  48 ;  Whitehead,  SO,  192-195;  Hatfield,  195,  210,  211,  212.  It 
would  seem  that  Lady  Carteret  did  not  know  or  recognize  the  conveyance  to  Cremer  and 
Pocock  of  6  March,  IGSO  {ante^  342,  note) ;  and  Philip  Carteret  (who  knew  all  the  facts  about 
ftaten  Island  belonging  to  New  York)  may  have  been  sarcastic  when  he  told  her  ladyship 
that  it  was  as  much  her  "duo"  as  any  part  of  New  Jersey  :  compare  ant<\  149, 150, 166, 2GS ; 
Hist.  Mag.,  X.,  297-299 ;  N.  J.  IL  S.  Proc,  x.,  SS-15S ;  i.  (ii.),  31-36. 


352  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  vu.  "  scruple"  was  reported  to  liim.  Yet  the  pTisillanimity  of 
Brockliolls  and  his  council  made  a  colonial  revolntion. 
Their  inaction  may  have  been  caused  by  the  recent  opin- 
ion of  Sir  William  Jones,  and  the  consequent  freedom  of 
trade  which  was  already  prospering  l^ew  Jersey  at  the  ex- 
pense of  Kew  York.  " 

Dyer,  who,  besides  being  collector,  was  a  coimselor  and 
the  mayor  of  the  city,  was  immediately  sued  in  the  ordi- 
nary courts,  where  he  was  "  cast,"  for  detaining  goods  for 
customs,  and  forced  to   deliver  them  without  payment. 
SI  May.     This  was  decisive.     An  accusation  of  liigh  treason  w^as 
M  "cha?g-  quickly  brought  in  the  mayor's  court  by  Samuel  Winder, 
htgrtrea-  of  Stateu  Islaud,  against  Dyer,  for  having  levied  the  duties 
^°^'  he  had  recently  taken.     Thereupon  the  aldermen  and  court 

"intimated"  the  case  to  the  commander  and  his  coiuicil, 
who  committed  Dyer  for  trial  at  the  next  general  assizes. 

29  June.     But,  upou  liis  rcqucst,  a  special  coml  was  summoned.     It 

met  accordingly;  a  grand  jury  was  sworn;  witnesses  were 
examined ;  and  an  indictment  for  traitorously  exercising 
"regal  power  and  authority  over  the  King's  subjects,"  con- 
trary to  Magna  Charta,  the  Petition  of  Right,  and  the  Stat- 
utes of  England,  was  fomid  against  the  duke's  collector. 

30  June.    He  was  taken  into  custody  at  once  by  High  Sheriff  Y^ounge, 

and  Brockholls  demanded  from  him  the  seal  of  the  city 

and  his  commission  as  mayor.     These  Dyer  refused  to  sm-- 

render,  because  he  had  received  them  from  their  common 

superior,  Andros. 

1  July.  The  next  day  Dyer  was  arraigned.     Instead  of  demur- 

Tnd  hu'^  '  ring,  he  pleaded  "  not  guilty^''  to  his  indictment.     A  jury 

refto'^the  was  swom,  and  twenty  witnesses  were  examined  for  the 

'""^'        prosecution.     The  defendant  then  required  to  know  "  the 

authority  and  commission  by  which  the  court  sat;  saying 

if  they  proceeded  by  His  Majesty's  Letters  Patents  to  His 

Poyal  Highness,  he  had  the  same  authority ; — and  one  part 

could  not  try  the  other."     After  consultation,  the  unlearned 

court  decided  that,  as  Dyer  had  questioned  their  authority, 

he  should  be  sent  to  England, "  to  be  proceeded  against  as 

his  Majesty  and  Council  shall  direct."     Samuel  Winder, 

his  accuser,  was  also  required  to  give  five  thousand  pounds' 

•  Col.  MSS.,  XXX.,  20,27;  Or<l,Warr.,  etc  ,  x.xxliJ^',  31,  43-4G,  53  ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  24C,2S.l, 
202,313;  Doc.  ULst.,  iii.,  533,  534;  Ch.iImarH,  i.,  5S2;  Wood's  L.  I.,99;  Council  Jouraale,  i  , 
Introd.,  vili. ;  ante,  341,  341. 


ANTHONY  BROCKHOLLS,  COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.  353 

secm-ity  to  prosecute  Dyer  in  England.  West,  the  clerk  of  chap.  vii. 
the  court,  excused  its  irregular  action  because  of  the  nov- 
elty  of  the  charge  of  high  treason,  "  and  the  present  confu- 
sion and  discord  in  the  government  here."  Yet  these  pro- 
ceedings against  the  duke's  collector  "had  the  greatest 
effect  in  laying  in  ruins  that  system  of  despotism  which 
had  so  long  aiflicted  the  people."  Trade  was  now  substan- 
tially free ;  and  the  absence  of  both  the  governor  and  the 
secretary  of  the  province  gave  an  opportunity  to  utter  free- 
ly the  voice  of  the  people  of  New  York.* 

This  opportunity  was  helped  by  the  recent  visit  of  Penn's  21  June. 

.  .  The  I'enn- 

deputy,  Markham,  to  the  metropolis.     It  was  soon  noised  syivanu 
that  in  the  last  English- American  province  established  by  ueips  the 

..  •  T  1  t  ^  1  1       '     1    movement 

its  sovereign,  no  laws  could  be  passed,  nor  revenue  levied,  in  New 
without  the  assent  of  a  majority  of  colonial  freemen  rep- 
resented in  a  local  assembly.     The  popular  sentiment  of 
I^ew  York,  which,  from  the  days  of  Kieft  and  Stuyvesant, 
had  maintained  the  Dutch  principle  of  "  taxation  only  by 
consent,"  was  emboldened.     The  metropolitan  jury  which 
indicted  Dyer  accordingly  presented  to  the  Court  of  Assizes  29  June, 
the  want  of  a  Provincial  Assembly  as  a  "  grievance."    Upon  ment  of  the 
tliis,  John  Younge,  the  High  Sheriff  of  Long  Island,  was  ^^''^  ^""^^' 
appointed  to  draft  a  petition  to  the  Dukb  of  York,  and  his 
work  was  adopted  by  the  court.     It  represented  that  the  Petition  of 
inhabitants  of  New  York  had  for  many  years  "groaned  of  Assizea 
under  inexpressible  burdens,  by  having  an  arbitrary  and  duke. 
absolute  power  used  and  exercised"  over  them ;  whereby  a 
revenue  had  been  exacted  against  their  wills,  their  trade 
burdened,  and  their  liberty  enthralled,  contrary  to  the  priv- 
ileges of  a  royal  subject ;  so  that  they  liad  become  "  a  re- 
proach" to  their  neighbors  in  the  king's  other  colonies, 
"  who  flourish  under  the  fruition  and  protection  of  His 
Majesty's  unparallelled  form  and  method  of  government 
in  his  realm  of  England."     The  duke  was  therefore  be- 
sought that  his  province  might,  for  the  future,  be  ruled  by 
a  Governor,  Council,  and  Assembly — "  which  Assembly  to 
be  duly  elected  and  chosen  by  the  fi'eeholders  of  this, Your 
Poyal  Highnesses'  Colony ;  as  is  usual  and  practicable  with- 
in the  realm  of  England,  and  other  of  his  Majesty's  planta- 

*  Colonial  Doc,  iii.,  287, 288,  289, 291, 318,  S20,  354 ;  Ora.,Warr.,  etc.,  xxxii^^,  48,  53, 54 ; 
Chalmei-s,  Ann.,  i.,  5S2,  583,  C19,  627 ;  Kev.  Col.,  i.,  144 ;  Wood's  L.  I.,  150 ;  Whitehead's 
East  Jersey,  124 ;  Contributions,  etc.,  81. 

II.— z 


354  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1681. 


Chap.  vh.  tions."     This  allusion  to  the  king's  "  plantations,"  outside 

of  liis  insular  sovereignty,  could  hardly  have  meant  his 

corporation  of  Massachusetts,  where  it  was  notorious  that 

not  "freeholders,"  but  only  puritanical  church  members 

(with  rare   exceptions)  could  vote  for  local  magistrates. 

The  examples  of  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Maryland,  and 

Virginia,  in  which  no  such  sectarian  exclusiveness  existed, 

were  probably  in  the  minds  of  these  early  ISTew  York  Dem- 

The  New    ocrats.     The  old  Dutch  province  ha\ing  never  been  gov- 

of  colonial  cmed  by  a  royal  Englisli  corporation,  her  people  could  not 

mJn™"      believe  that  a  colonial  minority  should  rule  the  roost.* 

The  same  ship  which  took  Dyer  to  England  conveyed 
21  July,     this  action  of  the  New  York  Court  of  Assizes.     In  wi-iting 
hous'scom-  to  Werden,  Brockholls  attributed  to  want  of  orders  from 
?:ug°and?   the  duke  the  disorder  of  liis  province.     "Authority  and 
magistracy  is  grown  so  low  that  it  can  scarce  maintain  the 
public  peace  and  quiet  of  the  government ;  sciu'rilous  per- 
sons daily  laying  charges  of  Treason  against  the  magis- 
trates, thereby  to  destroy  authority,  and  bring  all  into  con- 
fusion." *  *  *  "  I  shall  never  make  a  perfect  good  settle- 
ment, 'till  orders  from  His  Royal  Highness  for  the  more 
strengthening  and  continuance  or  alteration  of  the  Govern- 
ment as  estabhshed,  which  is  muoli  disliked  by  the  People, 
who  generally  cry  out  for  an  Assembly,  and  to  that  end  a 
Petition  was  ordered  to  be  drawn  up  and  sent  to  His  Royal 
Highness,  from  and  in  the  name  of  the  Court  of  Assizes." 
21  July.     In  his  letter  to  Andros,  Brockholls  reported  that  the  cus- 
toms were  "  wholly  destroyed."     'No  revenue  was  left  but 
the  rates  on  Long  Island,  which  the  people  might  not  pay ; 
and  the  insolence  of  those  who  accused  the  magistrates  of 
violating  the  English  Magna  Charta  caused  disorders  in 
New  York.f 
2  May.  Meauwliilc,  Andros,  on  reaching  London,  had  authorized 

Androgy°™  Brockholls  to  act  as  receiver  general  of  all  the  duke's  pro- 
10  August,  vincial  revenues.  Brockholls,  hoping  to  give  effect  to  this 
17  August,  direction,  sent  orders  to  Delavall  at  Esopus,  and  Livingston 
3Scptem.   at  Albany.     But  Sir  Edmund's  after-thought  was  too  late. 

*  Ord.,Warr.,  etc.,  xxxiii<;,  49, 50, 54 ;  S.  IIazard'3  Ann.  Penn.,  490, 4:^5, 504,  515 ;  Wood's 
L.  I.,  35,  99, 100, 150,  ITS,  179;  Thompson's  L.  I., :.,  160;  Smith's  N.  V.,  i.,  67;  Chalmeis'.s 
Ann.,  i.,^S3;  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  145;  ante,  i.,  437,  442,  473,  572;  ii.,  349.  The  Petition  of  tlie 
New  York  Court  of  Assizes,  of  June,  1681,  is  iu  Appendix,  Note  D.,  p.  053. 

t  Ord.,Warr.,etc.,xxxii>^,  53,  54,55;  Council  Journals,  i.,  Introd.,ix. 


ANTHONY  BROCKHOLLS,  COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.  355 

The  whining   commander-in-chief  reported  to  Andros :  cuap.  vii. 
"  Nothing  is  paid  in  by  any ;   and  though  since,  I  have 
done  what  was  possible  to  get  the  excise  kept  np,  my  en-  j^  geptem 
deavors  therein  have  proved  ineffectual  —  the  merchants  ^J'^^J"^^'* 
taking  advantage  of  Courts,  who,  being  scared,  refuse  to 
justify  and  maintain  my  orders.  *  ^''  *  Here  it  was  never 
worse.     A  Government  wholly   overthrown,  and  in  the 
greatest  confusion  and  disorder  possible.     Orders  fi-om  the 
Duke  for  general  material  things,  in  your  absence,  are  ex- 
tremely wanting ;  nothing  continuing  as  they  were,  nor  can 
be  again  settled  without  it,  which  I  hope  shall  not  be  long." 
To  add  to  his  other  difficulties,  Brockholls  had  been  obliged 
to  suspend  Dervall  from  the  coimcil  for  misbeha\dor ;  and, 
in  the  absence  of  Nicolls  and  Dyer,  his  only  advisers  Avere 
the  "  small  number"  of  Phillipse  and  Van  Cortlandt.* 

Long  Island  appeared  to  be  the  chief  scene  of  disaffec- 
tion.    Persons  had  already  been  arrested  at  Huntington 
and  elsewhere.     It  was  accordingly  ordered  in  council  that  st  Sept. 
the  magistrates  on  Long  Island  should  prevent  any  disor-  and^dhVf- 
derly  meetings,  arrest  such  as  might  attend  them,  and  keep  ^^  ^ ' 
the  peace  and  quiet  of  the  government  as  now  established 
from  any  innovation  or  disturbance.f 

At  the  regular  session  of  the  Court  of  Assizes,  an  order  g  October. 
was  made  "  against  persons  exhibiting  and  preferring  divers  of  Assize^ 
causeless  and  vexatious  accusations  and  indictn;ents  into  dt^affe^c- 
the  Courts  within  this  Government,  against  magistrates  and  '^°°' 
others  concerned  in  the  public  affairs  of  the  Government, 
thereby  causing  great  trouble  and  disturbance."     At  the 
same  court  it  was  directed  that  "rude  and  unlawful  sports, 
to  the  dishonor  of  God,  and  profanation  of  his  holy  day," 
which  had  become  common  among  the  negro  and  Indian 
slaves  at  their  meetings  on  Sundays,  should  be  jjrevented.ij: 

In  spite  of  the  Court  of  Assizes,  the  eastern  to-v\Tis  of  Long 
Island  would  be,  what  Brockholls  thought, "  seditious."   Josi- 1  Novem. 
ah  Hobart,  of  Easthampton,  who  was  accused  of  stirring  up  New^vork" 
the  people  of  Southold  to  oppose  his  administration,  was  ar-  so  Decem. 

»  Ord.,Warr.,etc.,xxxii><f,59,60,  02,03,60,70,  73,  T4;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  2S9,  no«e.  Andres 
seems  to  have  determined  not  to  return  to  New  York,  for  his  wife  now  sailed  in  the  ship 
Beaver  to  join  liim  in  England  :  Ord.,Warr.,  etc.,  xxxii>^,  74, 93 ;  Hougli's  Pemaquid  Pa- 
pers, 48 ;  Whitmore's  Andros,  21, 22. 

t  Ord.,Warr.,etc.,xxxii><,74,75;  Wooa,99;  nnfe,  851. 

t  Colonial  MSS.,  xxx.,  30;  Minutes  of  Common  Council,  1.,  162-164;  Dunlap,  ii. ;  App., 
cxxlx. ;  S.  Hazard,  581 ;  Newcastle  Kecords, 


356  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAr.  VII.  rested  and  bound  over  to  be  tried  at  the  next  assizes.     The 
feeling  of  discontent  spread  to  Esopus,  where  Delavall  was 
10  Novem.  directed  to  prevent "  all  undue  and  unlawful  meetings  of  the 
people  v^thout  authority."     Much  of  this  sentiment  of  in- 
subordination arose  out  of  the  duke's  own  action  in  recall- 
ing Andros,  and  in  sending  over  Lewin  as  his  agent.    Lewin 
showed  himself  unequal  to  his  duty,  and  by  his  stupidity 
15  septem.  must  liavc  disappoiutcd  his  patron.     The  city  authorities 
troponrre-  of  Ncw  York  took  occasion,  in  his  own  presence,  to  protest 
iu/'^'  ^'^' against  Lewin's  unlawful  proceedings,  in  taking  private 
oaths  and  complaints,  to  the  "  scandal,  blemish,  and  dispar- 
agement of  several  of  his  Majesty's  servants."     Well  might 
14  Decern.  Brockliolls  cud  his  correspondence  for  the  year  with  Andros 
at  London  by  a  devout  prayer  for  "speedy  orders  and  direc- 
tions for  better  settlement."* 

Meanwhile  Andros  remained  in  London,  without  seeing 
the  Duke  of  York,  who  was  still  in  Scotland.     Sir  Edmund 
Andros  an-  was  anuoycd  by  complaints  of  some  he  had  offended  in  New 
London!    Yoi'k ;  and  a  verdict  of  forty-five  pounds  was  recovered 
against  him  by  Milborne,  whom  he  had  imprisoned  in  De- 
cember, 1678.t 

From  Edinbm'gh,  James,  in  answer  to  Brocldiolls's  re- 
8  Augu.'t.    port  of  affairs  in  New  York,  reproved  him  for  not  renewing 
of  York's   the  customs'  rates,  which,  with  the  advice  of  the  council, 
Brockhous.  lie  had  the  power  to  do,  adding, "  I  w^onder  you  should  thus 
long  have  left  so  material  a  point  undetermined ;  and  I  ex- 
pect you  should  settle  and  continue  by  some  temporary  or- 
der, the  same  payments  of  customs  and  other  public  duties, 
as  have  been  lately  established  and  collected,  until  further 
orders  from  me,  who  at  the  present  have  several  things  in 
my  thoughts  which  I  hope  may  conduce  much  to  the  good 
and  satisfaction  of  all  the  inhabitants  and  traders  within 
27  August,  that  government."     Brockliolls  was  also  authorized  by  the 
duke  to  continue  all  subordinate  officers  in  their  places.:}: 
Not  long  afterward.  Dyer  reached  England,  a  prisoner, 
14  Septem.  and,  wliilc  the  duke  was  absent  in  Scotland,  his  case  was 

Uv6r  sGt 

free.         heard  before  the  king  in  Privy  Council.     It  was  ordered 

•  Col.  MSS.,  XXX.,  47,  4?,  40,  50;  Ord.,  Warr.,  etc.,  xxxii^,  S5,  86,  87,  SS,  S9,  9,1,  fi4, !  5; 
Minutes  of  N.  Y.  Common  Council,  L,  155-153;  S.  Hazard's  Ann.  Penn.,4Sl,  503,531;  Col. 
Doc,  iii.,  302-316. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  28G,  291,  300, 301,  G21,  CSO,  727 ;  K.  B.  Uep. ;  ante,  321,  342. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii,  291, 292;  Commissions,  i.,  27;  Ord., Warr.,  xx.\ii><^,  iiL 


ANTHONY  BROCKHOLLS,  COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.  357 

that  the  defendant  should  go  free  upon  his  giving  security  cuap.  vn. 

to  appear  when  summoned  to  answer  the  charge  for  which 

he  had  been  prosecuted  by  Winder.*  December. 

At  length  Lewin  returned  to  London,  and  submitted  an  Jfp'^j.t. ' 
unskillful  report  to  the  duke's  commissioners.     A  copy  of  ^4  oeccm. 
it  was  given  to  Andi'os,  who  answered  its  charges.     Both 
parties  were  then  heard  by  Churchill  and  Jeffreys,  the  1682. 
duke's  attorney  and  solicitor  general.     After  examining  ^''^"^■'y- 
Dyer,  NicoUs,  and  others,  they  reported  that  Andros  had  Report  of 

,     the  duke's 

not  "  misbehaved  himself,  or  broken  the  trust  reposed  in  commis- 
him  by  his  Eoyal  Highness,  in  the  administration  of  his 
Government,  nor  doth  it  appear  that  he  hath  any  way  de- 
frauded or  mismanaged  his  revenue."  Dyer,  they  thought, 
"  has  done  nothing  amiss."  Both  he  and  the  governor  ap- 
peared to  "have  behaved  themselves  very  well  in  their 
several  stations."! 

Andros  being  thus  cleared  of  blame,  and  complimented 
on  his  administration,  was  made  a  gentleman  of  the  king's 
Privy  Chamber,  which  post,  of  course,  required  him  to  live 
in  or  near  London.:}:  Werden  accordingly  instructed  Brock- 11  Fevy- 
holls  "  to  keep  all  things  Avithin  that  government  of  ISTew  deis  to 
York  and  its  dependencies  in  quiet  and  good  order,"  and 
hinted  that  the  duke  would  "  condescend  to  the  desires  of 
that  colony  in  granting  them  equal  privileges  in  choosing 
an  Assembly  et  cet,  as  the  other  English  Plantations  in 
America  have.  But  if  this  be,  it  will  be  upon  a  supposi- 
tion that  the  inhabitants  will  agree  to  raise  money  to  dis- 
charge the  public  debts,  and  to  settle  such  a  fund  for  the 
future  as  may  be  sufficient  for  the  maintenance  of  the  gar- 
rison and  government  there."  On  this  "  great  point"  Brock- 
holls  was  farther  instracted  "  privately  to  sound  the  inclina- 
tions of  the  principal  inhabitants  there."§ 

After  much  hesitation,  the  king  had  meanwhile  resolved 
to  stand  up  boldly  against  those  of  his  subjects  who  plotted 
to  exclude  the  Duke  of  York  from  the  throne.  Charles 
therefore  dissolved  the  Parliament  which  he  had  summon- 
ed  at  Oxford,  and  determined  to  govern  without  any. 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  313, 320;  ante,  352. 

t  Col.  Doc,  lii.,  302-316 ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  5S2  ;  ante,  300. 

+  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  741.  In  1GS3  the  island  of  Alderney  was  granted,  on  a  lone:  lease,  to  An- 
dros and  his  wife,  and  he  spent  much  time  there  and  in  Guernsey,  of  which  he  was  bailiff: 
Hutch.  Coll.,  542;  Whitmore's  Andiw,  22  ;  o«te,  202. 

5  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  317;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,5S3,C04. 


358  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  VII.  James  now  returned  from  Scotland,  and  the  royal  brothers 
met  at  Wewmarket.     Wliile  there,  the  duke  considered  the 
i  Mo.M,'  affairs  of  New  York.     He  saw  that  no  revenue  could  be 


11  March. 
James  in 
Kngland 


James  in    coUccted  ill  liis  province  at  present,  unless  he  yielded  to 


•tgain.  the  wishes  of  its  people  for  an  Assembly ;  and  James  did 
not  like  popular  gatherings.  He  had  expressed  his  distrust 
of  them  to  his  provincial  governor.  But  it  was  now  a  mere 
question  of  finance  whether  New  York  should  be  a  drain  on 
his  purse,  as  it  was,  or  whether  he  should  sell  it.  Penn's 
closet-advice  seems  to  have  determined  James  to  keep  his 
province  and  give  it  some  fi'anchises.* 
28  March.  So  the  dukc,  at  Newmarket,  instructed  Brockholls,  his 
The  duke's  representative  in  New  York,  "  In  confirmation  of  what  my 
Brockholls  Sccrctaiy  lately  wrote  to  3'OU,  I  send  this  to  tell  you  that  I 
York.  intend  to  establish  such  a  form  of  Government  at  New  York 
as  shall  have  all  the  advantages  and  privileges  to  the  inhab- 
itants and  traders  there  which  His  Majesty's  other  Planta- 
tions in  America  do  enjoy ;  particularly  in  the  choosing  of 
an  Assembly  and  in  all  other  things,  as  near  as  may  be 
agreeable  to  the  laws  of  England.  But  I  shall  expect  that 
the  country  of  New  York  and  its  dependencies  shall  pro- 
vide some  certain  funds  for  the  necessary  support  of  the 
government  and  garrison,  and  for  discharging  the  arrears 
which  are  or  shall  be  incurred,  since  the  obstructions  that 
have  lately  been  to  the  collection  of  the  public  revenue 
there.  Wherefore  you  are  to  use  all  diligence  to  induce 
the  people  there  of  best  note  and  estate  to  disj)ose  them- 
selves and  their  friends  to  a  cheerful  comphance  in  this 
point ;  and  you  may  assure  them  that  whatsoever  shall  be 
thus  raised  shall  be  applied  to  those  public  uses.  For  I 
seek  the  common  good  and  protection  of  that  country,  and 
the  increase  of  their  trade,  before  any  advantages  to  myself 
in  this  matter. "f 

But  it  was  several  months  before  James  could  execute 

*  Clarke's  James  II.,  i.,G73-730;  Daliymple,  i.,lT,  lOG;  Col.Doc,  iii.,  23\  235,  2S6,  355; 
ix.,  1C5 ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  5S1,  5S3,  600 ;  Kev.  Col.,  i.,  145,  irj2, 173 ;  Mom.  H.  S.  Penn., 
i.,444;  Bancroft,  ii.,  413,  414;  aiite,  272.  I  can  not  see  the  propriety  of  the  reference,  in 
Introd.  to  Leg.  Journals  of  Council  of  N.  V.,  xvi.,  to  Pepys's  Diai-y  of  January,  IOCS,  as  a  rea- 
son for  the  Duke  of  York's  action  in  1GS2.  If  Anne  Hyde,  the  first  Duchess  of  York,  saved 
X5000  a  year,  and  laid  it  out  in  jewels,  in  IGOS,  it  does  not  appear  that  the  second  duchess, 
Mary  of  Modena  (nntc,  24S),  did  so  in  1GS2,  when  the  duke  resolved  to  give  an  Assembly  to 
New  York.  It  is  more  likely  that  the  Duchess  of  Portsmouth's  importunity  to  Chnrlcs  had 
something  to  do  with  the  matter.  The  revenue  of  Xew  York  was  X2000  in  1GS2,  and  did 
not  reach  £.'5000  a  year  until  1GS7 :  Dunlap,  ii.,  App  ,  cxlvii. 

t  Col.  Doc.,  ill.,  317, 31S ;   Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  COS. 


ANTHONY  BEOCKHOLLS,  COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.  359 

the  purpose  he  so  clearly  announced.     He  went  back  to  chap.  vii. 

Scotland,  and  then  returned  to  London.     In  that  interval, 

William  Penn,  under  the  pressui'e  of  "friends,"  and  with  25^^.^- 
the  aid  of  Algernon  Sidney,  drew  up  and  published  a  frame  ^^^y- 
of  government  and  laws  for  Pennsylvania,  the  larg-e  benev-  frame  of 

^  *^  — '  croverD- 

olence  of  which — surpassing  the  Kberality  of  Maryland —  mem. 
furnished  a  model  worthy  to  be  carefully  studied  by  the 
proprietor  of  New  York.* 

After  waiting  in  vain  several  months  for  his  prosecutor 
to  appear,  Dyer  petitioned  the  king  to  be  acquitted  and  al- 29  June, 
lowed  to  proceed  against  Winder.     It  was  accordingly  or- 
dered in  council  that  he  be  discharged  from  his  bond,  which  30  septem. 
was  delivered  to  him,  so  that  he  might  take  his  remedy  at  Siarge^df* 
law.     In  recompense  for  his  losses,  Dj-er  was  soon  after-   1683. 
ward  appointed  surveyor  general  of  his  majesty's  customs  ^'^'"''*'''^- 
in  the  American  Plantations.! 

In  the  mean  time,  Eandolph,  returning  in  disgust  fi-om  ic  April. 
his  second  visit  to  Boston,  had  urged  legal  proceedings  to  Tnd  (^i? 
vacate  the  charter  of  Massachusetts.     Lord  Culpepper,  of  lllfHt 
Virginia,  also  advised  that  the  king  should  send  a  governor 
general  to  New  England,  without  which  his  colonies  "  could 
not  be  brought  to  a  perfect  settlement."     Charles,  now  al- 
most absolute,  determined  to  act  with  effect  against  his  fa- 
ther's coi-poration  of  Massachusetts  Bay.     He  had  already  -1  o^q 
granted  a  patent  to  Secretary  Blathwayt  to  be  surveyor  and  19  May.  * 
auditor  general  of  all  his  revenues  in  America,  with  power 
to  appoint  such  inferior  officers  as  the  lords  of  the  treasury 
should  direct.     Blathwayt  accordingly  appointed  Eandolph  1681. 
to  be  his  deputy  in  all  the  New  England  colonies  except  ^^^0°^^ " 
New  Hampsliire.     With  this  power  Eandolph  went  back  g^^"jj'^a*"t 
to  Boston,  bearing  a  letter  from  the  king  req  uiring  liis  cor-  Hi*^f.°''^.'"- 

'  ~  ^  o         u  o  The  king  8 

poration  of  Massachusetts  forthwith  to  send  over  agents  to  better  to 
excuse  its  irregularities,  m  deiault  or  which  a  writ  of  quo  setts. 
loarranto  would  be  prosecuted,  and  the  charter  granted  by 
his  father  be  "  legally  evicted  and  made  void."     To  this 

*  Colonial  Uec.  Penn.,  i.,  29-42 ;  Golden,  ii.,  1S2-206 ;  Proud,  i.,  196-200 ;  ii.,  App.,  5-20 ; 
Chalmevs,  i.,  C-12,  C60 ;  Dixon,  lS-t-lS6;  Grahame,  i.,  314,  506-503:  Bancroft,  ii.,  3C6,  36T ; 
Kent's  Commentaries,  ii.,35,  30. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  318-321 ;  Chalmei?,  i.,5S3;  Mass.  Eec,  v.,  4G0,  530.  After  a  cool  recep- 
tion in  Massachusetts,  in  October,  1CS4,  Dyer  went  to  Pennsylvania,  and  thence  to  Jamaica : 
Penn.  Coll.  Kec,  i.,  14S,  19T,  198,  209-211 ;  Val.  Man.,  ]S53,  3SS ;  1804,  5S0.  In  June,  1683, 
Brockholls  ordered  the  justices  at  Gr.ivesend  not  to  let  Winder  plead  before  them,  because 
of  his  malicious  behavior  to  Dyer :  Entries,  xxxiii.,  05, 06 ;  anU,  352,  353. 


Massachu- 
setts. 


360  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  vh.  peremptory  command  the  Puritan  colony  was  obliged  to 
succumb.     She  could  no  longer  pretend  to  be  independent, 
while  she  set  up  her  royal  patent.     Her  only  alternative 
was  open,  manly  rebellion.     But  this  would  have  been  by 
-looc,    no  means  profitable;  and  so,  with  a  very  bad  grace,  her 
23  March!  corporatc  authorities  deputed  Joseph  Dudley  and  John 
KchaTdr*^  Richards  to  represent  them  in  England.     "  Necessity,  and 
agents.      ^^^^  duty,"  obliged  this  action.     And  now  Massachusetts 
adopted  the  maxim  attributed  to  the  Jesuits, "the  end  jus- 
si  May.     tifies  the  means."     She  accordingly  provided  her  agents 
with  a  "  credit  for  large  sums  of  money  to  purchase,  if  they 
can,  what  their  promises  cannot  obtain."     This  "  singular 
Bribery  by  method"  of  Puritauism,  in  offering  a  bribe  for  the  king's 
aett!^^  ""  "  private  ser\'ice,"  was  approved,  if  not  ad^dsed,  by  Edward 
Cranfield,  the  royal  governor  of  ISTew  Hampshire,  who  had 
just  come  fi-om  England.* 

The  domestic  affairs  of  IS^ew  York  continued  to  be  dis- 
turbed, in  spite  of  Brockholls's  efforts,  and  his  announce- 
ment of  the  duke's  orders  to  continue  all  magistrates  in 
9  March,    their  places  until  farther  directions.     Esopus  and  Albany 
New  York."  wcrc  troublcsome,  but  Long  Island  was  the  chief  scene  of 
17  Febr'y.  oppositiou ;  and  Richard  Cromwell  and  Thomas  Hicks,  two 
^'   of  the  justices  of  the  North  Riding,  were  ordered  to  be  ar- 
rested for  disaffection  to  the  government.     William  Nicolls 
2  October,  and  John  Tudor  were  afterward  directed  to  appear  at  the 
next  Court  of  Assizes,  and  prosecute  for  the  king  all  indict- 
ments found.f 
11  May.         Connecticut  now  took  the   opportunity  to  revive  her 
boundary  question.     Counselor  Frederick  Phillipse,  hav- 
ing bought  of  the  Indians  a  tract  of  land  on  the  Pocantico 
Creek,  or  Mill  River,  just  above  the  present  village  of  Tar- 
rytown,  "  whereon  to  set  a  mill,"  had  obtained  a  patent  for 
it  from  Andros ;  and  began  to  improve  his  property.    Hear- 
connecti-   iug  of  this,  the  Connecticut  authorities  ^yYote  to  Brockholls, 
aiy.         claiming  that,  according  to  the  boundary  agreement  of  1664, 

*  Clialmers's  Annals,  L,  410-413,  443-451;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  330-33T;  Coll.,  520-540; 
Mass,  nee,  v.,  333,  334,  34C-349,  5-21-,'-)20  ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxv.,  52,  5G ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn  . 
iii.,  303, 30T ;  N.Y.  Col.  MSS  ,  x.xix.,  Tu;  n;incroft,  ii.,123;  Barry,!.,  4G5-4T4;  Palfrey,  iii., 
2SS,  342-3G9, 40T,  410,  411, 424 ;  rivtc,  330, 337. 

t  Ord.,Warr.,  etc  ,  xxxiii^,  100,  lOS,  100,  111 ;  Entries,  xxxiii.,  10, 11. 17;  Col.  MSS.,  xxx., 
04,  05.  Mr.  II.  P.  lle(l.i;:s,  in  his  anniversary  oration  at  Kastliampton  in  1S50,  says  that  an 
address  to  Brockholls  was  adopted  in  June,  1052,  at  the  general  training  of  the  militia.  But 
I  think  this  address  must  have  been  drawn  up  in  1GS3,  and  was  intended  for  Dongan,  ng  it 
is  word  for  word  the  s;inie  as  that  of  10  September,  1GS3,  in  Thomp.  L.  I.,  i.,  315  ;  ii.,  22S. 


ANTHONY  BROCKHOLLS,  COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.  361 

that  colony,  and  not  New  York,  owned  the  territory  from  chap.  vn. 
Mamaroneck  north-northwestward,  touching  the  Hudson 
Eiver  southward  of  Phillipse's  mills,  and  extending  north- 
ward to  the  Massachusetts  line  ;  and  they  had  the  audacity 
to  desire,  in  very  careful  words,  that  the  duke's  officers 
would  countenance  their  attempted  swindle.     Brockholls 
knew  that  Connecticut  was  never  to  approach  within  twen- 
ty miles  of  the  Hudson  River.     He  therefore  reproved  her  29  May. 
for  so  knavishl}^  returning  the  "kind  treatment"  she  had 
received  from  New  York,  and  referred  the  question  to  the  Referred  to 
Duke  of  York,  who  soon  caused  it  to  be  fairly  settled.* 

Another  intercolonial  incident  happened  this  summer. 
John  Williams,  having  captured  a  ketch  from  the  Spaniards 
at  Cuba,  named  her  the  "  Ruth,"  turned  pirate,  robbed  at  June. 
Accomac  in  Virginia,  and  attempted  to  seize  Lord  Balti- 
more in  Maryland,  to  get  from  him  a  large  ransom.     With  New  York 
another  sloop,  Williams  then  went  to  the  east  of  Long  Isl-fa°nd.  "^" 
and,  and  captured  several  vessels,  one  of  which  belonged  to 
Justice  Arnold,  of  Southold.     Brockliolls  at  once  directed  2s  juiy. 
all  pirates  to  be  brought  to  New  York.     The  sloop  Planter's 
Adventure,  Captain  Tristram  Stevens,  was  also  sent  to  cruise  t  August, 
against  the  pirates.     Several  were  secured  by  the  authori-u  August, 
ties  of  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut:  and  Brockholls, 

Pirates 

having  arrested  two,  dispatched  them  to  Sir  Henry  Chi  die-  sent  back. 
ley,  the  deputy  governor  of  Virginia,  to  be  dealt  with  there  so  septem. 
according  to  law.f 

The  ecclesiastical  affairs  of  New  York  also  required  atten-  cimrch  af- 
tion.  Eliphalet  Jones,  the  minister  at  Huntington,  on  Long  New  York. 
Island,  was  dealt  with  for  denying  baptism  to  the  children 
of  those  whom  he  charged  with  "loose  lives."  At  Staten 
Island  and  Albany  there  was  trouble  about  their  clergymen. 
In  the  metropolis,  Domine  Van  Nieuwenhuysen,  the  patri- 
arch, went  to  his  rest;  and  the  Consistory  of  the  Dutch 
Church  called,  as  his  successor,  Domine  Henricus  Selyns, 
who,  having  refused  their  invitation  in  1670,  now  returned 
to  America,  and  began  a  new  and  laborious  service.:}: 

*  Ord.,Warr.,  etc.,xxxii>^,121, 122, 123, 124;  Colonial MSS.,xxx.,  87;  lxix.,7;  Col.Rec. 
Conn.,  Hi.,  100, 313, 314 ;  Report  of  Boundary  Commissioners,  185T,  42, 43, 105, 106 ;  Bolton's 
Westchester,  i.,  175, 176,316-319;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  333;  ante,  53-53. 

t  Ord.,Wan-.,etc.,xxxii>^,  138-147,150, 157;  Entries,  xxxiii.,  2,3,  8,9;  Col.  MSS.,  xx.\-., 
111,117,118,119;  Col.Rec.  Conn., iii., 314-320;  R.  I.  Rec,  iii.,119,120  ;  Arnold,  i.,  469. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  646 ;  Doc  Hist.,  ii.,  247  ;  iii.,  210,  244,  533-535;  Thompson,  i.,  481 ;  Col. 
MSS.,  XXX.,  97  ;  Murph.  Anthol. ;  Dank,  and  Sluyt.  .Jour. ;  Corr.  CI.  Amst. ;  ante,  175, 331. 


362  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VII.      Meanwliile  the  Jesuit  missions  among  the  Iroquois  had 
been  declining.     In  1680  James  de  Lamberville  left  Cagh- 
The  Jesuits  n^waga,  and  joined  his  brother  John,  the  superior,  at  Onon- 
iroquois'^^  daga ;  while  Yaillant  remained  a  year  longer  alone  at  Tion- 
nontoguen,  and  then  gave  up  the  Mohawk  mission.     Millet 
staid  among  the  Oneidas,  and  Carheil  among  the  Cayu- 
gas.     Eaffeix  having  left  the  Senecas,  Garnier  remained 
alone  among  them,  but  with  less  influence — probably  caused 
by  the  visit  of  La  Salle,  and,  perhaps,  by  the  presence  of 
Father  Melithon  Watteau  in  Fort  Conty,  at  Niagara.* 
1679.       After  leaving  the  Upper  Niagara,  La  Salle  had  sailed  in 
La  saiie^in  tlic  Griflin  tlirougli  Lake  Erie,  traversed  the  other  lakes 
"''^^^^^'"   beyond,  and  anchored  safely  in  Green  Bay.     The  bark  was 
IS  septem.  quickly  freighted  with  furs,  and  sent  back  to  Niagara,  with 
orders  to  return  to  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan ;  and  La 
Salle,  with  his  exploring  party,  coasted  southward  in  canoes. 
But  the  Griffin  was  never  heard  of  again,  and  the  fh'st 
decked  vessel  built  in  Western  New  York  is  supposed  to 
IQgQ    have  foundered  between  Green  Bay  and  Mackinac.     Dis- 
january.    heartened  by  his  reverses,  La  Salle  built  a  fort  on  the  Il- 
linois Kiver,  below  Lake  Peoria,  which  he  appropriately 
29  Feb'y.    named  "  Crevecceur."     Hennepin  was  now  dispatched,  witli 
rascSlty"  ^  two  Frenchmen,  in  a  canoe,  down  the  Illinois,  to  explore 
the  Upper  Mississippi.     The  father  accordingly  visited  the 
great  falls  of  the  latter  river,  which  he  named  after  his  pa- 
tron, Saint  Anthony  of  Padua.     Afterward  he  met  some 
Canadian  fur-traders,  under  Daniel  du  Luth,  with  whom  he 
1681    came  back  to  Michilimackinack.     After  remaining  there 
6  April,     until  Easter,  he  returned  to  Niagara,  whence  he  revisited 
the    great  Seneca  village   of  Todehacto,  or  Conception, 
2G  May.     wlicre,  ou  Whitsuuday,  he  conferred  with  Tegancourt,  the 
chief  of  the  tribe.     At  Montreal  Hennepin  was  cordially 
received  by  Frontenac,  to  whom  he  gave  "  an  exact  ac- 
November.  couut"  of  his  advcuturcs ;  and  he  soon  afterward  sailed 
from  Quebec  to  France,  without  having  met  La  Salle  since 
their  parting  at  Fort  Crevecceur,.  in  February,  1680.t 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  51S ;  ix.,  171, 190,  1C.3,  7G2,  S3S ;  Shea's  Missions,  274,  CS6,  2S9,  203,  294, 
313,  374,  410 ;  Di.sc.  Miss.,  91 ;  Sparks's  La  Salic,  2G ;  ante,  320,  327. 

t  Hennepin's  Louisiana,  50-187,188-312;  New  Discovery,  77-144, 145-299;  La  Potlicrie, 
ii, 137-140;  Hist.  Col.  Lou.,  i.,  54,56,  200-214;  N.  Y.  IL  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  245,  24C;  Col.  Doc,  iii., 
254;  ix.,  131, 132,  135, 141,158,  334,  795;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxv.,  160;  Shea's  Discovery,  91-147, 
161 ;  Sparks's  La  Salle,  20-59,  78-93;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  267,  271 ;  Garncftu,  i.,  23^-241 ;  a7ite, 
S21, 324.    It  need  hardly  be  repeated  to  scholars  that  lleuuepin's  afterthought,  in  his  "  New 


ANTHONY  BKOCKHOLLS,  COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.  363 

After  dispatching  Hennepin  up  the  Mississippi,  La  Salle  chap.  vii. 
left  Tonty  in  command  of  Cr^vecoem-,  and  returned  on  foot 
to  Fort  Frontenac,  after  directing  a  new  fort,  which  he  2 March." 
named  "  Saint  Louis,"  to  be  bmlt  near  the  present  town  of  ^^^l^}""'^ 
Peoria,  in  Illinois.     Before  this  fort  was   completed,  six^ures. 
hundred  Iroquois  and  Miamis,  commanded  by  the  Seneca 
chief  Tegancourt,  attacked  the  weaker  prairie  warriors  of  10  septem. 
the  Illinois,  of  whom  twelve  hundred  were  slain  or  taken 
captive.     La  Salle,  on  reaching  Cataracouy,  had  meanwhile 
found  himself  overwhelmed  with  misfortunes — "  in  a  word, 
that  except  the  Count  de  Frontenac,  all  Canada  seemed  in 
league  against  his  undertaking."     Duchesnau,  the  intend- 
ant,  wrote  to  Paris  that,  under  pretext  of  discoveries,  the  i3  Norem. 
intrepid  explorer  of  France  in  tlie  ISTew  World  was  trading 
with  the  Ottawas,  in  violation  of  his  patent  from  the  king. 
After  sending  to  Frontenac  a  memoir  of  his  doings,  in 
which  he  recommended  the  Ohio  as  a  "shorter  and  better"  9  xovem. 
route  to  the  great  West,  La  Salle  went  back  to  the  Illinois  December. 
country,  where  he  found  his  fort,  Saint  Louis,  deserted.   1681, 
Thence  he  retm^ned  to  Michilimackinack,  where  he  met  his  J"°'^- 
lieutenant,  Tonty,  and  then  went  down  to  Montreal  to  re- 
cruit his  own  forces.     Embarkino;  at  the  head  of  the  Ni- 
agara,  the  undismayed  adventurer  retm*ned  to  the  Miami.  2s  August. 
Duchesnau,  the  intendant  of  Canada,  had  always  been  La  , 
Salle's  backbiter.     This  was  the  inevitable  antagonism  of 
genius  and  inferiority.     But  the  noble-minded  Frontenac 
prophesied  to  his  king  that,  despite  of  the  obstacles  and  2  Novem. 
misfortunes  he  had  encountered.  La  Salle  would  still  "  ac-  and  du- 
complish  his  discovery ;  and  that,  if  he  were  a  living  man,  diffe?.'"^ 
he  would  proceed,  next  spring,  to  the  South  Sea."* 

Frontenac's  prediction  that  La  Salle  would  succeed  was 
fulfilled.     Early  the  next  year  the  follower  of  Jolliet  and   1682. 
Marquette  floated  down  the  Illinois  Eiver,  and  traced  the  j  a%1' 
stream  of  the  Mississippi  until  at  last  its  yellow  waters  be-  piores^th^e'^' 
came  salt,  and  the  sea  was  discovered  in  the  Gulf  of  Mex-  Mississippi. 
ico.     The  American  problem  of  the  century  was  solved. 
Frenchmen  had  reached  the  outlet  which  Spaniards  had 

Discovery,"  of  his  having  descended  the  Mississippi  to  the  Gulf,  is  an  audacious  falsehood : 
see  Bancroft,  iii.,  16T,  202 ;  Sparks's  La  Salle,  82-91, 1S6-193  ;  Shea's  Discovei-y,  103-106. 

*  Colonial  Doc.,  ix.,  14T,  14S,  158, 1G3, 104:  Quebec  MSS.  (ii.),  iv.,9,  51,  T2  ;  Charlevoi.x,  ii., 
272, 2T3,  275, 276 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  246-233 ;  Hist.  Coll.  Lou.,  i.,  55-59  ;  Hennepin's  Dis- 
coveiy,  307-317;  Sparks's  La  Salle,  59-78,  93,  94;  Shea's  Discovery,  147-105;  Jesuit  Mis- 
sion?, 411,  412;  Garneau,  i.,242,  243;  Hist.  Mag.,  v.,  196-199. 


364  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VII.  Gxplored  onc  hundred  and  thirty-nine  years  before.     "With 

grateful  hearts  La  Salle  and  his  comrades  chanted  the 

sublime  hymns, "  Vexilla  regis  jprodeunt^''  and  '■'■Te  Dewn 
Laudamugy  A  cross,  bearing  the  arms  of  France,  was  set 
9  April,  up  on  the  "  delta"  of  the  Mississippi ;  and  La  Salle  took  for- 
mal possession  of  all  the  vast  region  he  had  been  the  first 
"Louiai-  Europcau  wholly  to  traverse,  which,  in  honor  of  his  sover- 
^  by^L^"  eign,  he  named  "  Louisiana."  On  his  return  to  Illinois,  he 
8  October,  scut  to  Fraucc  the  details  of  his  triumphant  discovery.* 

Li  the  mean  time,  the  administration  of  Canada  had  been 
changed.     The  governor  and  the  intendant  had  quarreled. 
13  Ncvem.  Ducliesuau  recommeudcd  the  purchase  of  New  York,  where- 
by the  French  would  obtain  "  the  most  fertile  and  the  finest 
2  Novem.    couutry  in  North  America."    Frontenac  asked  for  more  sol- 
diers, to  occupy  forts  on  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  and  pre- 
vent the  savages  from  carrying  their  beaver  to  New  York. 
Frontenac  To  cut  tlic  knot,  Louis  recalled  both  Duchesnau  and  Fron- 
ches^au're-  tcnac,  notwithstanding  the  latter  was  supported  by  the  in- 
caMdI^°™  fluence  of  his  relative,  Madame  de  Maintenon.     War  with 
the  Iroquois  appeared  to  be  at  hand.     Irritated  because  La 
Salle  and  his  men  were  cultivating  friendship  with  the  Il- 
linois, who  were  their  enemies,  the  Senecas  and  Onondagas 
robbed  the  French  trading  bark  at  Niagara,  and  cut  her 
cable.     This  was  done  because  Andros  had  ordered  "  not 
to  suffer  any  French  to  trade  there."     The  Iroquois  were 
23  March,   accordingly  invited  to  send  deputies  to  Montreal  the  next 
summer.     But  they  insisted  that  Frontenac  should  visit 
them  at  Oswego,  or  at  "  La  Famine,"  or  the  Salmon  Eiver, 
neither  of  which  places  suited  the  Onnontio  of  Canada, 
nseptem.  The  next  autumn,  Teganissoren,  or  Dekanesora,  an  elo- 
ren?o°r  De-  qucut  Onoudaga  chief,  visited  Frontenac,  at  the  suggestion 
kanesora.    ^^  Lambcrville,  and  told  him  that  the  English  had  sent 
agents  on  horseback  to  in\'ite  the  Iroquois  to  come  to  Al- 
bany, but  that  they  had  declined  to  go,  and  now  asked 
Onnontio  to  visit  them  at  Oswego.     The  speech  was  inter- 
i2Septem.  prctcd  by  the  experienced  Charles  le  Moyne,  whom  the 
or^"  oques-  Iroquois  had  named  "  Acossen,"  or  "  Oquesse,"  meaning,  in 
*^"         English,  "  the  partridge."     Frontenac  explained  to  Dekan- 
esora why  lie  could  not  go  to  Oswego,  and  promised  to  meet 

*  CoI.I")oc.,ix.,-l08,213,2U;  Sliea's  Discovery,  xii.-xv.,14<!,  1C5-1S4;  X.V.II.  S.Coll.,  ii , 
2G3-2S5 ;  Hist.  Coll.  Lou.,  i.,  4.5-50.  ."lO-fi.^  ;  Sparks's  La  S.xlle,  05-108, 194-202 ;  La  Potlierie, 
ii.,143-14S;  Charlevoix,  ii.,27C,  277, 2SC;  Garneau,  i.,243,244;  Bancroft,!., 51-50;  iii.,16S. 


ANTHONY  BROCKHOLLS,  COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.  365 

the  Iroquois  at  Cataracouy  the  next  spring,  "  at  the  first  cuap.  vii. 
flowing  of  the  sap."* 

This  was  not  so  to  be.  Louis  had  already  commissioned  ^^  ^^^_  ' 
Le  Febvre  de  la  Barre  to  be  liis  governor,  and  the  Sieur  de  Ji'eja^Ban^ 
MeuUes  his  intendant  of  Canada.     The  former  had  distin-  Governor 

of  Canada. 

guished  himself,  in  1667,  by  his  naval  exploits  against  the 
English  in  the  West  Indies.  Yet  he  had  neither  Frontenac's 
skill  to  elude  obstacles,  nor  his  ability  to  overcome  them. 
De  la  Barre  was  authorized  to  attack  the  Senecas  and  On- 
ondagas  if  he  felt  sure  to  succeed.  But  Louis  directed  his 
Canadian  governor  to  "  merely  permit  Sieur  de  la  Salle  to 
complete  the  discovery  he  has  commenced,  as  far  as  the 
mouth  of  the  said  Mississippi  River,  in  case  he  consider, 
after  having  examined  it  with  the  Intendant,  that  such  dis- 
covery can  be  of  any  utility."'!' 

On  reaching  Quebec,  De  la  Barre  summoned  an  assem-io  October. 
bly  of  the  chief  oflicers  of  Canada,  the  Jesuit  missionaries,  at^Quebcc. 
and  others,  at  which  it  was  agreed  that,  to  check  English 
and  maintain  French  influence  among  the  Western  sav- 
ages, the  Iroquois  should  be  attacked  by  the  Canadians ; 
but  regular  French  soldiers  must  be  sent  over  to  garrison 
Forts  Frontenac  and  La  Galette.     In  his  reports  to  France,  12  novc^i. 
De  la  Barre  pressed  for  supplies,  and  declared  that  La 
Salle's  imprudence  had  provoked  the  hostility  of  the  New 
York  Indians,  and  that  his  discoveries  in  the  West  should 
not  be  considered  "  as  very  important.":}: 

Meanwhile  the  Iroquois  had  troubled  the  Southern  En- 
glish colonies.     The  Senecas  remained  faithful  to  their 
treaty  of  1677 ;  but  the  other  confederates  let  their  young 
men  make  incursions  into  the  Piscataway  country,  at  the 
head  of  the  Chesapeake,  where  they  robbed  and  killed 
some  English  subjects.     Lord  Baltimore  accordingly  sent  15  May. 
Colonels  Henry  Coursey  and  Philemon  Lloyd  to  confer  an^New 
with  the  New  York  savages.     BrockhoUs  directed  the  of-  ^°^^' 
fleers  at  Albany  to  aid  the  Maryland  agents,  but  to  allow 
no  talk  with  the  Iroquois,  unless  in  their  presence.     Inter- 

•  Colonial  Doc,  iii.,  442;  iv.,122;  ix.,  13!)-1GG,  lGS-193,  T06,  79S;  Quebec  MSS.  (ii.),iv., 
51-136;  La  Hontan,  i.,4C;  Colden,  i.,  G5;  Hennepin's  New  Discovery,  27,  28 ;  Doiinio],  ii., 
352-363 ;  Charlev.,  ii.,  27S-285;  Garneau,  i.,  214-221 ;  Shea's  Disc.  Miss.,  79,  SO ;  ante,  325. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ix..,  167, 168, 797;  Doc  Hist.,  i.,  65;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  278;  Garneau, !.,  247, 24S ; 
Entick's  British  Marine,  489 ;  ante,  126. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  194-196, 798;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  65-67;  Quebec  MSS.  (ii.),  iv.,  137, 140;  Charle- 
voix, ii.,  2S5-2S9;  Shea'3  Disc,  148;  Garneau,  i.,  248,  249  ;  Sparks's  La  Salle,  108. 


366  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  Yii.  xievTS  Were  accordingly  held,  and  BrocklioUs  congratulated 
Lord  Baltimore  at  the  happy  result  of  the  negotiation.    lN"ot 
3  August."  ^ong  afterward  the  commander  visited  Albany,  where  an- 
14  August,  other  Roman  Catholic,  Lieutenant  Jervis  Baxter,  had  been 
ID  August,  commissioned  by  the  Duke  of  York  to  do  duty  in  place  of 
Salisbury,  "  for  his  eminent  services."     Fourteen  captives 
17  Kovem.  taken  by  the  Iroquois  were  released  and  quickly  sent  home 
to  Maryland,  with  a  friendly  letter  from  Brockholls  to  Bal- 
timore.* 

The  relation  between  New  York  and  her  territory  on  the 

Delaware  meanwhile  ended ;  and  another  North  American 

state  was  founded  in  England.     During  the  negotiations 

between  NewNetherland  and  Maryland  in  1659,  the  Dutch 

insisted  that,  as  Lord  Baltimore's  patent  covered  only  savage 

or  uninhabited  territory,  it  could  not  affect  their  own  ]30S- 

New  York  scssion  of  the  Delaware  region.     Accordingly,  they  held  it 

o°?aware    agaiust  Maryland  until  it  was  taken  from  them  by  the  Duke 

territory.    ^£  y^^j^  -^  -j^gg^^     -g^^^  Jamcs's  title  by  conquest  had  never 

been  confirmed  to  him  by  a  grant  from  the  king ;  and  Ce- 
cilius  Calvert,  the  second  Lord  Baltimore,  insisted  that  Del- 
aware belonged  to  Maryland.  To  quiet  controversy,  the 
duke  had  offered  to  buy  off  Baltimore's  claim,  to  which  he 
would  not  agree.  Penn  afterward  refused  a  large  offer  by 
Fen  wick  "  to  get  of  the  duke  his  interest  in  Newcastle  and 
those  parts"  for  "West  Jersey,  f 

Thus  stood  the  matter  when  the  Pennsylvania  charter 
was  sealed.  Its  proprietor  soon  found  that  his  province, 
wholly  inland,  wanted  a  front  on  the  sea.  As  Delaware 
was  "  necessary"  to  Pennsylvania,  Penn  "  endeavored  to  get 
it"  from  the  duke,  by  maintaining  that  Baltimore's  preten- 
sion "  was  against  law,  civil  and  common."  Charles  Cal- 
vert, the  third  Lord  Baltimore,  was  "  very  free"  in  talldng 
against  the  Duke  of  York's  rights ;  but  he  could  not  circum- 
vent Penn.     The  astute  Quaker  readily  got  from  James  a 

21  August,  quit-claim  of  all  his  interest  in  the  territory  included  with- 
in the  proper  bounds  of  Pennsylvania.     After  a  struggle, 

24  August.  Penn  also  gained  the  more  important  conveyances  to  him- 

*  Ord.,  Warn,  etc.,  xxxii><,  99,  113-115, 12T-13T,  150,  151 ;  Entrie?,  xxxiii.,  5,  15,  IS,  1!>, 
4T;  Colonial  MSS.,  xxx.,  T2,  ini,  102;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  323-32S,  351,  423,  465,  593,  C40,  1184; 
Uoc.  Hist.,  iii.,  .36S ;  nnte^  310, 327.     Colden  does  not  mention  tliis  embassy  from  Mavyl.and. 

t  Col.  I)oa,ii.,T4, 80-ST;  iii.,  180;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxx vii.,  319 ;  Penn.  Archives,  i.,  79; 
ante, i.,G()G-<j09;  ii.,  51, 85, 150. 


ANTHONY  BROCKHOLLS,  COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.  367 

self  of  the  duke's  interest  in  all  the  region  within  a  circle  cuap.  vii. 
of  twelve  miles  diameter  around  Newcastle,  and  extending 
southward  as  far  as  Cape  Henlopen.*  24Augi^t. 

The  triumphant  Penn  set  sail  the  next  week.     At  New-  fh'e°DeTa."' 
castle  he  received  from  James's  agents  formal  possession  of  J^^  *®"''- 
the  surrounding  territory,  and  of  the  region  farther  south.  gs^octXr 
Li  honor  of  the  duke,  Penn  directed  Cape  Henlopen  to  be  7  Novem. 
called  Cape  "  James ;"  but  posterity  refused  to  confirm  the 
courtly  Quaker's  decree,  and  Henlopen  and  May  still  re-  cape  May 
tain  the  names  which  their  Dutch  discoverers  first  gave  to  Heniopea. 
the  Capes  of  the  Delaware.f 

Penn  now  hastened  to  "  pay  his  duty''  to  the  duke  at  the 
seat  of  his  provincial  government.     At  New  York  he  was  Penn  in 

•     New  York 

hospitably  received  by  BrockhoUs,  who,  after  inspecting  his 
deeds  from  James,  required  the  officers  on  the  Delaware  to  21  Novem. 
submit  to  their  new  Quaker  chief.     But  in  his  report  toiSDecem. 
Werden,  the  duke's  representative  feared  that  what  was 
left  of  his  province  would  not  defray  the  charge  of  its  gov- 
ernment.:}: 

After  visiting  his  friends  on  Long  Island,  Penn  came 
back  to  Upland,  or  Chester,  where  he  held  his  first  Assem-  t  Deccm. 
bly,  and  organized  his  provincial  government.     He  then 
visited  Lord  Baltimore,  to  confer  about  their  respective  n  Decem. 
boundaries.     On  his  return  from  Maryland,  Penn  went  to 
Coaquannock,  near  Weccacoe,  a  neck  of  land  where  the 
Schuylkill  fiows  into  the  Delaware,  which  had  been  occu- 
pied by  the  Dutch  in  1646.     It  was  now  possessed  by 
Swedes,  who  had  built  a  church.     From  them  Penn  ac- 
quired the  ground,  and  then  planned  a   city,  which  he  PMadei- 
named  "Philadelphia."     This  was  just  fifty-six  years  after  ed.'^  °"°  " 
Minnit  had  bought  for  the  Dutch  the  island  of  Manhattan 
from  its  aboriginal  owners.§ 

*  Hazard's  Eeg.  Penn.,  i.,  375,  376,  429,  430;  ii.,  202;  Annals,  5S6-503;  Entries,  xxxiii., 
33 ;  Col.  Doc,  ili.,  290 ;  Penn.  Arch.,  i.,  52,  53,  70 ;  Mem.  Penn.  H.  S.,  i.,  444 ;  Chalmers,  i., 
643;  Proud,  i.,  200-203;  onfr,  34S,  S5S.  On  the  22d  of  March,  16S3,  the  duke  obtained  from 
the  king  a  patent  in  fea  for  the  Delaware  territory,  which  he  delivered  to  Penn  in  pursu- 
ance of  his  conveyance  of  the  24th  August,  1682:  Hazard's  Reg.  Penn  ,ii.,202;  Ann.  Penn., 
5SS;  Proud,  i.,  282. 

t  Proud,  i.,  204-20:i ;  Chalmers,  i.,  602;  Dixon,  195-203 ;  P.  Hazard,  Ann.  Penn.,  5,  5:3, 
596, 597, 602,  603, 605, 012  ;  Eeg.  Penn.,  i.,  430;  antf,  vol.  i.,  79, 97. 

t  Proud,  i.,  20S,  209,  20S;  Chalmers,  i.,  602 ;  Hazard's  Annals,  6C5,  006,  607,  035,  636; 
Eeg.  Penn.,  iii.,  34;  Entries,  xxxiii.,  20,  21, 33. 

§  Proud,  i.,  200-209,  211,  233,  234,  268,  289;  Hazard's  Annals,  89,  417,  4SS,  447,  4C3,  467, 
594,607-634;  Eeg.  Penn.,  i.,  430,436;  Watson's  Annals,  121, 133  ;  Dixon,  204, 205 ;  Upland 
Eecords,  07, 1.^4, 153;  G.  Smith's  Delaware  County,  102, 115, 139-142 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  104, 426, 
427  ;  ii.,  301, 349. 


368  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VII.      All  Gveiit  iiow  took  place  of  wliich  no  original  record 
7~  appears  to  have  been  preserved.     Under  a  spreading  elm- 
•  tree  on  the  bank  of  the  Delaware,  at  Shackamaxon,  now 
Penn's       known  as  Kensington,  just  north  of  the  city  of  Philadel- 
shacka-     phia,  William  Penn  made  his  first  personal  covenant  with 
maxoa.      ^^^  nativo  ovmers  of  his  province.     Declining  to  call  the 
red  men  his  "children,"  as  did  Onnontio  of  Canada,  or 
"  brethren,"  as  did  Corlaer  of  New  York — even  rejecting 
their  own  metaphor  of  a  chain,  which  he  suggested  might 
rust — the  adroit  Quaker  announced  that  Christians  and  In- 
dians in  his  province  "  should  be  as  one  people."     The  sen- 
timent touched  the  children  of  the  forests,  who  vowed  that 
they  would  live  in  friendship  with  "  Onas" — which  in  their 
language  signified  "  ^  j?e?i" — as  long  as  "  the  sun,  moon,  and 
stars  endure.""' 

In  the  mean  time  the  grantees  under  the  will  of  Sir 
SFeb'y.     George   Carteret  had   conveyed  East  Jersey  to  William 

East  jGrsGV  

affairs.  Peuu,  Thomas  Kudyard,  and  ten  other  Quakers.  These 
twelve  proprietors  each  sold  half  of  his  interest  to  a  new 
associate,  among  whom  were  James  Drummond,  earl  of 
Perth,  the  lord  justice  general  of  Scotland,  John  Drum- 
mond, his  brother,  afterward  Earl  of  Melford,  and  Robert 
Barclay,  of  Ury,  the  famous  author  of  the  "  Apology."  Sir 
George  Mackenzie,  afterward  Viscount  Tarbet,  the  witty 
register  and  advocate  of  Scotland,  was  soon  added  as  an 
associate.f  The  twenty-four  proprietors  made  Barclay  the 
governor  of  their  province,  with  leave  to  execute  his  ofiice 

leseptem.  by  deputy.  Barclay  therefore  appointed  Rudyard,  who  had 
been  Penn's  counsel  in  1670,  his  representative;  and  Sam- 

isNovem.  uel  Groom,  another  of  the  twelve  first  grantees,  was  made 

fu"cceeds  rcceiver  and  surveyor  of  East  Jersey.  The  new  officials 
hastened  to  Elizabethtown,  where  Philip  Carteret  at  once 
resigned  his  authority  to  Rudyard.:}:     Among  the  counsel- 

•  Hazard's  Annals,  634,  635;  Proud,  i.,  212-215;  Watson,  125-131 ;  Dixon,  210-216 ;  Col. 
Kec.  Penn.,  iii., 310-312;  Bancroft,  ii.,  3S1-3S3 ;  Chalmers,!., 644;  aji<(?,  282.  I  have  a  box 
made  out  of  a  piece  of  Penn's  "treaty-tree,"  which  was  blown  down  on  the  3d  of  March, 
ISIO.     Tliere  is  a  fine  engraving  of  this  elm  in  the  frontispiece  to  Pinkerton's  Voyages,  vol.  xii. 

t  Learning  and  Spioer,  T3, 145, 146;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  329  ;  Gordon,  50 ;  Beatson,  ii.,  T2,  87; 
Hatfield,  210, 211 ;  ante,  342. 

t  Philip  Carteret,  who  had  married  Elizabeth  Lawrence,  of  New  York  (ante,  349, 351),  died 
not  long  afterward,  having  made  his  will  on  10th  December,  16S2,  in  which  he  directed  his 
body  to  be  buried  in  the  city  of  New  York :  Whitehead's  East  Jersey,  S5;  Hatfield,  212,213.. 
8  August,  1682,  Carteret  petitioned  Brockholls  for  an  order  to  enjoy  tlie  meadow-land  on 
Staten  Island  wliich  had  been  allowed  to  him  by  NicoUs  in  1607  (ante,  150),  and  his  request 
was  granted  :  Col.  MSS.,  xxx.,  112 ;  xsxi.,  164;  Hist.  Mag.,  x.,  2;i7-299 ;  N.  J.  II.  S.  Proc  , 
i.  (ii.),  31-30. 


Carteret. 


ANTHONY  BEOCKHOLLS,  COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.  369 

oi's  appointed  by  Eudyard  were  Lewis  Morris,  John  Berry,  chap.  vii. 
and  John  Pahner.     An  Assembly  was  summoned  to  meet 
at  Elizabethtown,  at  which  East  Jersey  was  divided  into  ^3  D^^em. 
four  counties.     One  of  them,  Bergen  County,  was  carefully   1683. 
described  as  containing  "  all  the  settlements  between  Hud-  28*March'" 
son's  River  and  Hackinsack  River,  beginning  at  ConstaUe's 
Hook,  and  so  to  extend  to  the  uppermost  bound  of  the 
Province  Northward,  between  the  said  Rivers."     By  this 
act  the  East  Jersey  Legislature  honestly  admitted  that  Stat- 
en  Island  belonged,  as  it  really  did,  to  New  York.*     Rud- 
yard  was  soon  afterward  visited  by  William  Penn,  Avho-ad-  ApnL 
mired  the  land  around  Elizabethtown,  "  and  said  he  had 
never  seen  such  before  in  his  life."     But  Amboy,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Raritan  River,  was  meant  to  be  the  futm-e 
great   city   of  East  Jersey.     Delicious   oysters   abounded 
there,  although  clams  were  then  esteemed  "  much  better." 
Amboy  was  described  as  "  extraordinary  well  situate  for  a  30  jiay. 
gi'eat  town."    The  oysters  of  the  "  Chingerora"  Creek  were, 
and  are,  supremely  good,  and  the  channel  was  "  broad  and 
bold"  from  Sandy  Hook  to  Amboy  Point,  where  three 
houses  had   already  been    set  up.     But  workmen   were 
scarce ;  and  Groom  prophetically  remarked  that, "  if  no  help 
comes,  it  will  be  long  ere  Amboy  be  built  as  London  is."t 

In  spite  of  the  eiforts  of  Canada,  the  fur  trade  was  at- 
tracted fi'om  Montreal  to  Albany.  •  De  la  Barre  attempted  Canada 
harsh  measures,  but  only  drove  away  his  o\\ti  colonists,  of  York.  ^^^ 
whom  more  than  sixty  went  to  live  in  New  York.    He  there-  ^  ^^^ 
fore  sent  the  Sieur  de  Salvaye  to  the  governor  of  New  York,  isAprii. 
asking  him  to  prevent  such  desertions.    In  reply,  Brockholls  3i  May. 
assm'ed  De  la  Barre  that  Andros  had  already  done  all  he 
could  to  check  runaways  without  passports  to  or  from  Can- 
ada ;  and  that  other  measures  must  be  left  to  his  successor, 
Dongan,  whose  arrival  was  daily  expected.:}: 

*  Learning  and  Spicer,  229 ;  "\Miitehead'3  E.  J.,  95, 97,  98 ;  Yonkers  Gazette  of  25  Novem- 
ber, 1SG5,  and  20  January,  1S66 ;  anfe,  149. 

t  Learning  and  Spicer,  73, 141,227-252;  Entries,  xxxiii.,  48;  S.  Smith,  15G,  166, 1G7-175, 
539-546 ;  Whlteliead's  East  Jersey,  SO,  83,  85,  89, 91,  95-98, 19C-203,  211, 278-283  ;  Contribu- 
tions, 2-6 ;  Sewell,  504 ;  Scott's  Model ;  Bankers  and  Sluyter. 

t  Charlevoix,  ii.,305;  Entries,  sxxiii.,  59,  60,  68;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  455,  471;  ix.,  199,  2D0, 
203,205,212,215,221,326. 

II.— A  A 


370  HISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOKK. 


1682. 


CHAPTER  YIII. 

1683-1685. 

CU.VIII.  Deteemined  to  give  his  American  province  the  fran- 
chises its  people  desired,  the  Duke  of  York  sought  an  able 
colonial  governor  to  take  the  place  of  Andros,  who  was  now 
basking  in  London  and  in  the  Channel  Islands.  The  man 
Colonel  chosen  by  James  was  Colonel  Thomas  Dongan,  born  in 
Don^n,  1634,  a  younger  son  of  an  Irish  baronet,  Sir  John  Dongan, 
nIwyZ^  and  a  nephew  of  Richard  Talbot,  afterward  created  Earl 
and  Duke  of  Tyrconnel,  in  Ireland.  William,  the  oldest 
son  of  Sir  John,  had  been  made,  by  Charles,  Baron  Dongan 
and  Yiscount  Claine,  in  the  Irish  peerage.  Thomas  Don- 
gan of  course  gained  advancement  by  his  brother's  and  his 
uncle's  influence  at  the  English  court.  Dongan  was  quick- 
ly promoted  to  be  a  colonel  in  the  royal  army,  and,  having 
been  assigned  to  serve  with  his  Irish  regiment  under  Louis, 
was  stationed  for  some  time  at  Nancy.  In  1678  he  was 
ordered  home  from  France,  to  his  pecuniary  loss ;  but  was 
rewarded  by  Charles  with  a  pension  and  the  appointment 
of  lieutenent  governor  of  Tangier,  in  Africa,  under  Lord 
Inchiquin,  whence  he  was  recalled  in  1680.  Dongan  was 
a  Roman  Catholic ;  enterprising  and  active ;  coveting 
money,  yet  "  a  man  of  integrity,  moderation,  and  genteel 
manners."  His  experience  in  France  was  an  important 
recommendation,  because  of  the  delicate  relations  between 
ISTew  York  and  Canada,  and  the  necessity  of  managing 
them  skillfully  on  the  English  side.* 

*  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  741;  iii.,  433,  460,  402,  4C3  ;  ix.,  200,  29S,  323;  lliitoli.  Coll.,  542;  Smith, 
i.,  CO;  Narcissus  Luttrcll,i.,  30,52;  ii.,10S;  iv.,  405, 025;  Evelyn,  ii.,  151 ;  Re^tson,  ii.,  110, 
112,188;  Macaulay,ii.,  48-50;  Kennett,  iii.,3S7,  301 ;  Liber  Hiberni,T,i.,  10,25;  Lodge,  ii., 
40 ;  v.,  42,  52  ;  Memoirs  of  Lady  Fansliave,  177,  178,  1S2 ;  N.  Y.  Conn.  Jour.,  i.,  Intiod., 
x.xxiii. ;  ante,  357.  In  December,  10S5,  Lord  Dongan  was  made  Earl  of  Limerick  ;  and  in 
IflOO  he  commanded  a  regiment  of  dragoons  under  James  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  for 
which  he  was  outlawed  by  the  government  of  William  and  Mary.  Lord  Limerick  died  .it 
Saint  Germain.s  in  1C08,  and  was  succeeded  in  his  titles  by  his  brother  Thomas :  Commons' 
Journal,  xii.,  278. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVEENOR.  371 

Dongan  was  accordingly  appointed  governor  of  New  ch.  viii. 
York.     With  one  exception,  liis  commission  was  like  that 
which  James  gave  to  Andros  in  1674.     The  only  difference  oq  septem. 
was  that  East  and  West  New  Jersey,  just  released  to  others,  J^™f^'J"'' 
were  excepted  from  Dongan's  jurisdiction.     But  the  west  ^'°°- 
side  of  the  Connecticut  Kiver  was  still  declared  to  be  the 
eastern  boundary  of  New  York,  and  Pemaquid,  Martha's 
Vineyard,  and  Nantucket  were  retained  as  its  dependen- 
cies.    The  Delaware  territory  had  been  relinquished  to 
William  Penn.     A  separate  commission  as  vice  admiral, 
like  that  to  Andros,  was  also  given  to  Dongan  by  the  Duke  so  October. 
of  York  as  lord  high  admiral.     After  some  delay.  Brock-  iqqq 
holls  was  notified  that  the  new  governor  would  soon  be  at4jan'y. 
his  post,  and,  in  the  mean  time,  he  would  signify  the  duke's 
pleasure,  in  pursuance  of  his  instructions.* 

The  preparation  of  Dongan's  instructions  was  retarded   1682. 
by  the  proprietors  of  East  Jersey,  on  whose  behalf  Siroo^gM™' 
George  Mackenzie,  the  lord  register  of  Scotland,  desired  to  ["onsdeiay- 
have  their  government "  rather  holden  by  charter  from  His  ''^• 
Eoyal  Highness,  than,  as  it  is  at  present,  by  transmission 
fi'om  our  authors,  without  any  augmentation  of  our  priv- 
ileges, but,  only  to  be  under  the  Duke's  immediate  protec- 
tion."    This  request  was  so  vague  that  Werden  had  to  in-   1683. 
quire  whether  the  proprietors  of  New  Jersey  desired  "  to  ^  ^^"■^'^• 
join  it  to  New  York,  as  heretofore,"  and  share  in  its  advan- 
tages, or  whether,  in  asking  the  duke's  "protection,"  they 
wanted  only  a  direct  grant  to  them  from  himself.     The 
latter  being  avowed  as  their  real  object,  James  readily  exe- 
cuted an  instrument  by  which,  disregarding  his  release  of  i4  March. 
October,  1680,  to  the  young  Sir  George  Carteret,  he  con- 
firmed East  New  Jersey  to  the  Earl  of  Perth  and  his  asso- 
ciates, together  with  all  the  powers  granted  in  the  royal 
patents  to  himself.     The  king  also  commanded  all  persons  23  Novcm. 
"  concerned  in  the  said  Province  of  East  New  Jersey"  to 
yield  obedience  to  its  proprietors,  f 

This  Jersey  episode  having  been  arranged,  Dongan's  in- 
structions were  completed.  They  were  carefully  framed, 
apparently  by  James  himself,  as  a  full  answer  to  the  peti- 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  215, 32S,  320, 330 ;  Commissions,  etc.,  i.,  59, 61 ;  ante^  262,  3G7. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  329,330;  Learning  and  Spicer,  141-152,  604  ;  Bcatson,  ii.,  T2;  Clarke's 
Jamesll.,i.,731;  Grahamp,i.,4Sl;  Gordon,  50,51;  Whitehead, 89,195,196;  EasternBound- 
ary,  31, 49 ;  Yonkers  Gazette,  0  January,  1806 ;  ante,  342. 


372  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Gu.vni.  tion  of  June,  1681,  and  after  Andros,  NicoUs,  Dyer,  and 
~~  Lewin  had  explained  to  his  commissioners  the  real  condi- 
*   tion  of  New  York.     Perhaps  the  frame  of  government 
which  Penn  had  pubhshed  in  the  previous   spring  may 
have,  in  some  degree,  influenced  the  duke.*     At  all  events, 
2T  Jan'y.    Jamcs  instructed  Dongan  on  his  arrival  at  New  York  to 
inatmc-     Call  togcthcr  Frederick  Phillipse  and  Stephen  van  Cort- 
james.       laudt,  its  ouly  actual  counselors,  and  other  "  most  eminent 
inhabitants,"  not  exceeding  ten  in  all,  and  swear  them  to 
allegiance  to  the  king,  fealty  to  the  duke  as  "  lord  and  pro- 
prietor," and  official  faithfulness  as  members  of  his  coun- 
counseiors.  cil.f     Tlicsc  couusclors  wcrc  to  "enjoy  freedom  of  debates 
and  vote  in  all  affairs  of  public  concern ;"  but  they  might 
be  suspended  by  the  governor  until  the  duke's  pleasure 
should  be  signified.     With  the  ad^'ice  of  his  council,  Don- 
gan was,  immediately  after  his  arrival,  to  issue  writs  to  the 
proper  officers  in  every  part  of  his  government  for  the  elec- 
Genevai     tion  of  "  a  General  Assembly  of  all  the  Freeholders  by  the 
^^™  ^*  persons  who  they  shall  choose  to  represent  them,"  in  order 
to  consult  with  the  governor  and  council  "  what  laws  are 
fit  and  necessary  to  be  made  and  established  for  the  good 
weal  and  government  of  the  said  Colony  and  its  dependen- 
cies and  of  all  the  inhabitants  thereof."     This  Assembly, 
wliich  was  not  to  exceed  eighteen,  was  to  meet  in  the  city 
of  New  York,     "  And  when,"  added  the  duke  to  Dongan, 
"  the  said  Assembly  so  elected  shall  be  met  at  the  time  and 
place  directed,  you  shall  let  them  know  that  for  the  future 
it  is  my  resolution  that  the  said  General  Assembly  shall 
powere  of  have  free  liberty  to  consult  and  debate  among  themselves 
biy.  ^°^"^  all  matters  as  shall  be  apprehended  proper  to  be  established 
for  laws  for  the  good  government  of  the  said  Colony  of 
New  York  and  its  dependencies,  and  that  if  such  laws  shall 
be  propounded  as  shall  appear  to  me  to  be  for  the  manifest 
good  of  the  country  in  general,  and  not  prejudicial  to  me, 
I  will  assent  unto  and  confinn  them."     All  laws  agreed  to 
by  the  Assembly  were  to  be  submitted  to  the  governor, 


*  Ante,  353,  354,  C59.  Several  writers  say  that  the  Duke  of  York's  instructions  to  Don- 
gan were  based  upon  the  advice  of  Penn,  after  liis  visit  to  New  York  in  November,  16S3 : 
ante,o(i7.  I  have  seen  no  evidence  to  support  this  statement;  and,  from  a  comparison  of 
dates  and  other  circumstances,  do  not  think  it  probable. 

t  The  oath  retiuired  by  the  "Test  Act"  of  16T3  was  not  imposed  on  oflicors  in  the  British 
colonies  until  after  tlic  accession  of  William  the  Third,  in  16S3:  compare  Col  Doc,  iii.,  331, 
oG9, 513,  023,  CS5 ;  ante,  202, 264 ;  2'ost,  628. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  373 

who  could  approve  or  deny  them,  according  to  his  judg-  cn.vin. 
ment.     Such  laws  were  to  be  confirmed  or  rejected  by  the 
duke ;  yet  they  were  to  be  "  good  and  binding"  until  he  ^.^.g^j.  ^^  * 
should  signify  his  disapproval — then  they  should  "  cease,  ^'^^^• 
and  be  null  and  void."     No  man's  life  or  property  within 
the  government  of  New  York  was  to  be  taken  away  or 
harmed  "but  by  established  and  known  laws,  not  repug- 
nant to,  but  as  nigh  as  may  be  agreeable  to  the  laws  of  the 
kingdom  of  England."     None  were  to  be  admitted  to  pub- 
lic trusts  "  whose  ill  fame  and  conversation  may  bring  scan-  powfra!'^ 
dal  thereupon."     With  the  advice  of  his  council,  the  gov- 
ernor might  estabhsh  courts  similar  to  those  in  England, 
grant  lands,  set  up  custom-houses,  regulate  the  militia,  and 
build  fortifications ;  but  no  war  could  be  made  without  the 
duke's  command,  nor  any  duties  levied  until  enacted  by  a 
colonial  Assembly.     PecuKar  "  immunities  and  privileges,"  ^ew  Yoru 
proposed  to  be  given  to  the  metropolis,  were  to  be  reported.  *^^'^" 
Pemaquid  was  to  be  regulated  so  as  to  secure  "  the  best  ad-  Pemaquiu. 
vantage"  to  New  York.     As  soon  as  he  could,  Dongan  must 
settle  the  boundaries  of  the  "  territories  towards  Connecti- 
cut."    But  no  reference  was  made  to  religion,  as  in  James's 
instructions  to  Andros.* 

Thus  the  inhabitants  of  New  York  were  enabled  by  James 
to  share  colonial  authority.  This  event  occurred  at  a  re- 
markable period.  The  political  corporations,  which  so  Political 
largely  influenced  English  politics,  were  being  remodeled,  uo^nawlifcb 
Charles's  "vigorous  counsels  and  resolute  methods"  wereSamL 
chiefly  owing  to  the  advice  of  the  Duke  of  York ;  and  the 
abrogation  of  the  New  England  charters,  which  contrasted 
unfavorably  with  that  of  Pennsylvania,  was  contemplated. 
These  charters  were  prized  by  their  grantees,  not  because 
they  secured  civil  and  rehgious  liberty  to  all  the  inhabit- 
ants, but  because  they  restricted  colonial  authority  to  the 
members  of  the  corporations.  The  chartered  oligarchies 
in  New  England  had  been  watched  with  interest  by  the 
duke,  who  perceived  that  they  were  administered  for  the 
chosen  few,  and  not  for  the  unprivileged  many.  James 
was  bigoted  and  imperious,  but  just.  Excluded  from  hold- 
ing oflice  within  England  by  its  "  Test  Act,"  he  naturally 
abhorred  all  laws  which  made  distinctions  in  religion.     In 

*  Colonial  Documents,  iii.,  218, 331-334;  CouncilJoumals,  i.,  Introd.,ix.,  x. ;  ante, 264. 


374  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cu.  VIII.  his  judgment,  all  British  subjects  in  America  were  entitled 
to  be  governed  impartially.     His  chief  dislike  of  an  Assem- 
'^'   bly  in  New  York  was  because  it  might  be  an  "  imitation" 
of  some  of  those  in  New  England.     He  did  not  object  to 
one  like  that  which  the  king  had  recently  granted  to  Penn- 
sylvania, nor  to  those  enjoyed  by  Virginia  and  New  Hamp- 
shire.    In  the  form  of  government  which  the  proprietor 
now  estabhshed  in  New  York,  he  aimed  to  secure  its  de- 
pendence on  the  British  crown,  and  the  participation  of  all 
its  freeholders  in  its  local  legislation.     By  retaining  in  his 
own  hands  the  power  to  appoint  its  governor  and  counsel- 
ors, James  maintained  the  colonial  subordination  of  New 
York.     What  its  people  desired  was  to  levy  their  own  tax- 
es and  make  their  own  laws,  by  an  Assembly  elected  by 
themselves,  as  in  Virginia,  New  Hampsliire,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania.    In  this  respect  their  wishes  were  fully  met  by  the 
Freedoms   dukc,  wlio  established  in  his  province  a  more  democratic 
york."      government  than  any  of  the  chartered  colonies  in  New  En- 
gland enjoyed.     Freer  than  their  fellow-subjects  in  these 
oligarcliies,  the  freeholders  of  New  York  now  gained  the 
right  to  elect  their  own  representatives  in  an  Assembly.* 
2  March.        Li  a  letter  to  "  The  General  Assembly  of  New  York," 
teTttxeV  James  said  that  he  had  directed  Dongan  to  call  them  to- 
gether to  "  consult  and  propose  all  such  matters  as  shall  be 
for  the  public  good."     Instead  of  John  West,  who  held 

27  jaa'y.  Nicolls's  old  officc,  he  also  made  John  Spragg  secretary  of 
spragg  sec-  liis  proviucc.  As  Dyer  had  been  appointed  surveyor  gen- 
4  jan'y.     cral  of  tlic  kiug's  customs  in  America,  Lucas  Santen  was 

28  ApiiK  made  the  duke's  collector  and  receiver  in  New  York  and 
imT couea-  its  dependencies,  with  instructions  like  those  of  his  prede- 
**''  cessor.  The  Keverend  Doctor  John  Gordon  was  also  com- 
missioned to  be  chaplain  of  the  soldiers  in  New  York.  An 
English  Jesuit  priest,  Thomas  Harvey,  of  London,  likewise 
accompanied  Dongan,  who  embarked  for  America  in  the 
old  Parliamentarian  frigate  "  Constant  Warwick."f 

•  Col.  Dociii.,  230,  235,  317,  331,6TT;  Smith,  i.,  CO;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  274-277,  2S4, 
605;  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  100;  Hutch.  Coll.,  328,484,  584-58S;  Rapin,  li.,  725,  726;  Burnet,  i.,  523, 
527,  528  ;  Clarke's  James  II.,  i.,  733-738;  Daliymple,  i.,  21-23;  Stoiy'a  Misc.,  6G;  ante,  i., 
208,331;  ii.,  202,  358. 

t  Col.  MSS.,  xxxi.,  13 ;  Council  Journals,  i.,  Introd.,  x.,  xi.  ;  Council  Min.,  v.,  242  ;  Com- 
niiasion8,i.,71,72;  Minutes  N.Y.  Com.  Coun.,  i.,  171 ;  Col.  Doc,  lii.,  222,  335,  330,415;  Doc 
Hi.it.,  iii.,  73;  Adl.ird's  Sutton  Dudley'.-',  75;  Oldmixon,  ii.,  30;  Pepys,  i.,  74;  Letter  of 
Sulyns,  21  October,  1GS3;  ante,  350.     Chaplain  Gordon  appears  to  have  been  the  successor 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  375 

"  With,  a  considerable  retinue,"  Dongan  arrived  at  Nan-  ch.  vin. 
tasket,  and  set  out  for  New  York  overland,  accompanied 
some  ten  miles,  to  Dedbam,  by  a  troop  of  Boston  militia,  ^,0  August. 
"  besides  severall  otber  gents  of  tbe  town."     Crossing  the  ^rrivfrof 
Sound  to  Long  Island,  Dongan's  attention  was  aroused  by  MasfaThl" 
tbe  disaffection  of  the  people ;  and,  "  to  extinguish  the  fire  ^^tts. 
of  discontent,"  he  assured  them  that  "  no  laws  or  rates  for 
the  future  should  be  imposed  but  by  a  General  Assembly."* 

The  governor  reached  New  York  on  Saturday,  the  twen- 
ty-fifth of  August.     The  next  Monday  morning  he  met  the  2t  August. 
magistrates  at  the  City  Hall,  where  he  published  his  com- 
mission  and  exhibited  his  instruction  respecting  special 
privileges  to  the  metropolis.     The  following  day  he  dined  28  August. 
with  the  city  authorities,  and,  according  to  their  record.  New  York, 
"his  honor  received  a  large  and  plentiful  entertainment, 
and  they  had  great  satisfaction  in  his  honor's  company."f 

John  Spragg  was  at  once  installed  as  secretary  of  the 
province,  and  Brockholls,  with  the  former  secretary,  Mat- 
thias Nicolls,  who  had  returned  from  England,  and  others, 
were  directed  to  catalogue  the  records  surrendered  by  "West.  20  August. 
Mayor  Beekman,  with  Van  Cortlandt,  Santen  the  collector. 
Captain  Mark  Talbot,  and  Gabriel  Min^delle,  were  appoint-  Fort 
ed  to  survey  Fort  James,  and  Captain  Thomas  Young  to  be  31  August. 
pilot  of  the  port  of  New  York.^  ^°''  p""'' 

After  a  hurried  visit  to  Albany,  the  governor  summoned  isseptem. 
the  freeholders  of  New  York,  Long  Island,  Esopus,  Albany,  Assembly 
Pemaquid,  and  Martha's  Yineyard,  to  choose  representatives  ^"™™°°'^  • 
to  appear  for  them  at  a  General  Assembly  to  be  held  at  the 
metropolis  on  the  seventeenth  day  of  October.     John  West, 
the  clerk  of  the  Court  of  Assizes,  was  also  directed  to  de- 15  septem. 
liver  all  its  records  to  Secretary  Spragg.§ 

The  cause  of  Dongan's  rapid  visit  to  Albany  was  Penn's 
attempt  to  secure  the  upper  Susquehanna  valley  to  himself.  Penn  and 
Finding  that  some  of  the  Iroquois  nations  claimed  that  re-  halna!"^"* 
gion  by  right  of  conquest,  Penn  commissioned  one  of  his 

of  WoUey,  who  returned  to  England  in  16S0  (cinie,  332),  and  was  paid  salary  from  20  Novem- 
ber, 16S2,  to  6  October,  1683 :  Camden  Soc,  Secret  Services  Charles  II.  and  James  II.,  128. 

*  Adlard's  Sutton  Dudley's,  75,  TO ;  Smith's  New  York,  i.,  6T. 

t  Minutesof  C.  C,  i.,  171;  Dunlap,  i.,133;  Smith,  i.,  66;  Col.  Doc, iii.,  334;  ante,  373. 

t  Entries,  xxxiii.,  79-81 ;  Minutes  of  C.  C,  i.,  171 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  314, 315,  339 ;  Colonial 
MSS.,  xxxiv.,  1,  2. 

§  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  259, 260;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  331 ;  CouncilMinutes,  v.,1,  2,  3  ;  Journals  of  Leg- 
i.slative  Council,  i.,  Introd  ,  xi. 


376  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cn.  VIII.  councilors,  William  Haige,  with  Alderman  James  Graham, 

~        of  New  York,  to  buy  it  for  him  from  the  savages.     The 

Pennsylvania  agents  were  at  Albany  on  this  business  when 

Dongan  reached  New  York.     As  soon  as  he  could,  the  gov- 

eseptem.   cmor  went  up  himself,  and  directed  the  Albany  commis- 

s  septem.  sarics  to  examine  the  matter.  They  reported  that  a  set- 
tlement on  the  Susquehanna  would  be  "  much  nearer  to  tlie 
Indians"  than  Albany,  and  that  Penn's  purchase  there 
would  "be  prejudicial  to  his  Royal  Ilighness's  Govern- 

is  Septem.  meut."  Dougau  accordingly  ordered  them  "  to  put  a  stop 
to  all  proceedings  in  Mr.  Penn's  affairs  with  the  Indians 
until  his  bounds  and  limits  be  adjusted."     The  Albany 

24  Septem.  magistrates  wrote,  the  next  week,  that "  there  hath  not  any 

thing  ever  been  moved  or  agitated,  from  the  first  settling 
of  these  parts  more  prejudicial  to  his  Royal  Highnesses 
interest  and  the  inhabitants  of  this  Government,  than  this 
business  of  the  Susquehanna  River.  The  French,  it  is 
true,  have  endeavored  to  take  away  our  trade  by  piece 
meals ;  but  this  will  cut  it  all  off  at  once."     So,  when 

25  Septem.  Pcnu's  agent  solicited  the  Cayugas  and  Onondagas  to  sell 
■:6  Septem.  their  Susquehanna  land  to  him,  they  refused,  and  told  the 

Albany  coimnissaries  that  the  Senecas,  Oneidas,  and  Mo- 
hawks had  nothing  to  do  with  it ;  that  the  land  "  cannot 
be  sold  without  Corlaer's  order,  for  we  transferred  it  to 
susque-     this  Government  four  years  ago ;"  that  they  "  now  convey 
lands.       and  transport  it  again,  and  give  it  to  the  Governor  General, 
or  those  who  now  represent  him."     Oreouate,  or  Tawerahet, 
and  two  other  Cayuga  sachems,  accordingly  executed  a  for- 
mal "  conveyance  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  with  the  land 
situate  thereupon,"  which  the  Albany  commissaries  accept- 
ed, "  for  Corlaer,"  and  gave  the  savages  a  handsome  present, 
"in  full  satisfaction."* 
'24  Septem.      Pcuu  had  mcauwhile  come  to  New  York,  at  Done:an's 

Penn  in...  ,.  ,  ,  ~ 

New  York,  luvitation,  but  remamed  only  a  short  tmie,  because  of  his 
boundary  dispute  with  Lord  Baltimore.     Not  long  after- 

3  October.  Ward  tlic  Moliawks  visited  Fort  James,  and  agreed  to  give 
the  Susquehanna  River  to  New  York.     In  announcing  this 

22 October,  to  Pcun,  the  govcmor  said,  "about  which,  you  and  I  shall 
not  fall  out;  I  desire  we  may  joine  heartily  together  to 

•  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  259-261,  263;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  393, 406,  r)23,  560;  ix.,22T,360;  Pennsylvania 
Archives,  i.,  C2-75,  SO ;  Proud,  i.,  2.^5,  262 ;  Whitehead's  E.  J.  Contributions,  14 ;  Colden,  i., 
55,56,103;  ii.,C4;  anU^SIS. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  377 

advance  the  interest  of  my  master  and  your  good  friend."  cn.  vni. 
Dongan's  action  about  the  Susquehanna  lands  was  approved 
by  James,  but  it  provoked  the  enmity  of  Penn.* 

In  his  interview  with  the  Mohawks,  Dongan  told  them  3  October. 

.  .  Ti  Dongan's 

to  deal  no  more  with  the  French  without  his  leave,  allow  orders  to 
no  Frenchmen  except  the  Jesuits  to  live  among  them,  bring  hawks. 
back  as  many  of  their  friends  as  they  could  from  Canada, 
make  peace  with  those  they  were  now  at  war  with,  and  al- 
ways to  tell  the  governor  of  New  York  what  the  French 
said  to  them,  adding  that  he  would  always  look  upon  them 
as  his  "  children."     The  Mohawks  declared  that  they  would 
"  put  themselves  under  his  Honor's  protection,"  and  would 
"  never  suffer  any  straggling  Frenchmen  amongst  them,  but 
those  Jesuits,  who  are  very  good  men,  and  very  quiet ;  and 
yet,  if  his  Honor  shall  please,  they  will  send  them  away 
also;  and  that  none  hath  any  land  from  them,  and  that 
they  are  resolved  never  to  sell  or  give  them  any,  or  any 
others  except  the  people  of  this  Government."     Dongan,  Donganre- 
renewing  the  claim  which  Andros  had  asserted  in  1677,  ciaim  of 
declared  "  that  all  on  this  side  of  the  Lake  of  Canada  be- 
longs to  the  Government  of  New  York,  and  that  the  Gov- 
ernor desires  they  may  be  all  acquainted  with  it,  and  ex- 
pects their  submission ;"  gave   the  Mohawks  "  a   ragged 
ship's  flag,"  bearing  the  Enghsh  arms,  to  be  hoisted  in  then* 
country,  and  soon  afterward,  by  proclamation,  forbade  all  26  xovem. 
persons  to  trade  with  the  Indians  without  the  governor's 
license.f 

At  the  time  of  Dongan's  arrival  in  New  York,  the  Jesuit 
Father  Vaillant  was  the  only  missionary  among  the  Mo-  Jesuit  mis- 
hawks ;  but  when  the  sachems  returned  with  the  Jinglish  among  the 
flag  which  Dongan  had  given  them,  and  which  they  depos- 
ited in  their  "  public  chest,"  Vaillant  abandoned  his  mission 
and  went  back  to  Canada.  Millet  remained  at  Oneida  un- 
til the  next  July.  The  two  Lambervilles  also  continued  un- 
disturbed at  Onondaga.  But  on  the  return  from  Albany 
of  the  Cayuga  chief  Oreouate,  he  drove  the  Father  Carheil 

*  Proud,  i.,2T6;  Penn.  Arch.,  i.,  76,  77,  79,81,84;  Council  Min.,  v.,  10,11 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i, 
202,  263 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  341,  350,  394,  397,  406, 418,  422.  It  was  not  until  1697  that  Penn 
obtained  a  conveyance  from  Dongan  of  his  Susquehanna  lands :  Pennsylvania  Archives,  i., 
121-123;  Col.  Rec  ,  iii.,  101 ;  Colden,  ii.,  64;  N.Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (1869),  378-383. 

t  Council  Min.,  v., 7-12;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  67,  262,  263;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxi.,  94;  Col.  Doa,  iii., 
247;  v.,  7.=;1;  ix.,  208,  228,  800;  Shea's  Missions,  312,  313 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  315;  Colden,  i., 
44,53,54,249,250;  ante,50J. 


378  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1683. 


cu.  Yiii.  out  of  that  canton.     Garnier,  wlio  for  three  yeare  had  been 

left  alone  among  the  Senecas,  now  felt  no  longer  safe,  and 

escaped  from  Niagara  to  Fort  Frontenac* 

?.o  May.         De  la  Barre  had  meanwhile  written  to  France  that  he 

liarre'a      must  attack  the  Senecas ;  that  over  sixty  "  deserters"  from 

policy.       Canada  were  now  harbored  by  the  English  at  Albany  and 

New  York ;  and  that  the  Duke  of  York  should  be  asked 

to  prevent  his  subjects  from  "  further  aiding  and  stimulat- 

4Novem.    iug  the  Iroquois  against  the  French."     In  the  autumn  he 

charged  that  the  English  had  gained  such  an  influence 

over  the   Iroquois  that  they    now   called  Albany  their 

"sixth  cabin."     They  had  even  seduced  "the  captain"  of 

the  Prairie  de  la  Madeleine,  where  thei-e  were  now  "  two 

hundred  good  Iroquois  soldiers,"  to  return  with  his  family 

to  New  York.     Every  effort  had  been  made  to  secure 

friendship  with  the  Senecas,  who,  hoping  to  gain  by  the 

war  they  were  about  to  make  in  Yii'ginia,  demanded  that 

La  Salle  should  be  withdrawn  from  Illinois,  and  refused 

to  trade  with  the  French  at  Niagara,  or  at  Fort  Fron- 

tenac.f 

Jealous  of  La  Salle,  of  whose  "  false  discovery"  of  the 
Mississippi  De  la  Barre  "  did  not  think  much,"  he  charged 
the  great  adventurer  with  trying  to  draw  away  French  col- 
onists from  Quebec  into  the  depths  of  the  forest, "  to  build 
up  an  imaginary  kingdom  for  himself."      The  truth  was, 
De  la       that  the  sailor  governor  of  Canada  was  narrow-minded 
ou3"oVLa "  and  covetous  of  the  gains  which  might  be  made  by  the 
^""^^       fur  traders.     Accordingly,  he  sent  the  Chevalier  de  Bau- 
gy  to  supersede  Tonty  at  Fort  Saint  Louis,  and  deprived 
La  Salle  himself  of  Fort  Frontenac.     This  obliged  that 
9  Novem.    grand  discoverer  to  return  to  Quebec,  whence  he  embark- 
tums  to     ed  for  France  to  lay  liis  case  before  the  king.     But  Louis, 
trusting  to  De  la  Barre's  representations,  had,  in  the  mean 

5  August,   time,  pronounced  that  La  Salle's  exploration  of  the  Missis- 
Louis         .     .'  ^      ,,  ,  11.  1 
thinks  ^    sippi  was  "  very  useless,  and  such  enterprizes  must  be  pre- 

discovery^^  vcutcd  licrcaf  tcr ;"  and  that,  in  consequence  of  his  ambas- 
sador, Barillon's,  complaints  to  Charles,  Dongan  had  re- 
ceived "precise  orders  on  the  part  of  the  said  King  to 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  51S ;  ix.,  ITl,  227,  ^2S,  229,  SCO,  7C2,  SOO ;  Shea'a  Missions,  274,  2S0,  294, 
313,  375 ;  ante,  362. 

+  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  451 ;  i.x.,  197, 198,  202-210  ;  Quebec  MSS.,  iv.  (ii.),  172, 174;  Chnilevoi.x, 
ii.,  305-307;  Shea's  Missions,  313;  ante,  2G0. 


'  useless.' 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVEENOE,  379 

maintain  good  correspondence  with  us,  and  carefully  to  cn.  vnr. 
avoid  whatever  may  interrupt  it."* 

The  French  had  meanwhile   encroached  on  the  Duke  pg^j^^^^^^j^^ 
of  York's  territory  of  Peraaquid,  west  of  the  Saint  Croix ;  ''ff'*"^^- 
and  Grand  Fontaine,  the  governor  of  Acadia,  had  author- 
ized the  Baron  Yincent  de  Saint  Castin  to  be  his  lieutenant 
at  Pentagouet,  or  Penobscot,  which  the  Dutch  had  reduced 
in  1674.     Castin  had  come  to  Canada  as  an  officer  in  the  castin. 
old  Carignan  Regiment,  with  Com'celles,  but,  preferring  a 
ro^ang  life  among  the  Abenaqui  savages,  had  so  conform- 
ed himself  to  their  ways  as  to  be  made  their  great  chief. 
Gradually  he  saved  a  large  fortune.     His  encroachments 
on  the  duke's  territory  had  already  startled  Brockholls. 
A  few  days  after  he  reached  New  York,  Dongan  accord- 
ingly wrote  to  "  the  French  who  live  among  the  Indians  at  3  Sept. 
Pemaquid,"  desiring  them  to  come  under  the  duke's  au-  warmnsf 
thority,  or  else  quit  his  territory  between  the  Kennebec 
and  the  Saint  Croix  before  the  next  May;  and  offering 
them  lands  and  kind  treatment  as  Englishmen   if  they 
would  come  under  his  government.!     As  soon  as  he  re- 
turned from  Albany,  Dongan  appointed  John  Allen  sheriff  is  Sept. 
of  Pemaquid ;  and  Ensign  Thomas  Shai-pe  was  afterward  10  Novem. 
made  commander.     New  tradino;  regulations  were  also  es- 
tablished;  one  of  which  was,  that  no  license  from  Sir  22  Novem. 
Thomas  Temple's  nephew,  John  Nelson,  of  Boston,  or  any 
one  else  not  authorized  by  the  Governor  of  New  York,  was 
to  be  good.     At  Dongan's  suggestion,  the  merchants  of 
the  metropolis  subscribed  two  thousand  guineas  in  a  stock 
company  to  manage  the  fisheries  and  Indian  trade  at  Pem- 
aquid, and  the  duke  himself  was  asked  to  take  a  sliare  in 
the  adventure.     These  proceedings  naturally  stirred  up 
jealousy  in  Boston.:}:  ^  ^^^^ 

In  writing  to  the  Classis  of  Amsterdam,  Domine  Selyns  s^iyna-s 
gave  an  interesting  account  of  provincial  Church  affairs  at  Houand 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  447, 451 ;  ix.,  19S,  200,  203,  204,  214,  215,  210,  T9S,  T99 ;  La  Ilontan,  i.,  T, 
8;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  285,286,  290,  SOT;  Shea's  Discovery,  185;  Sparks's  La  Salle,  108,109,204; 
N.  Y.  n.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  285-287  ;  Lou.  IL  S.  Coll.,  i.,  06 ;  Garaeau,  i.,  245. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  450 ;  ix.,  2C3.  Ey  a  very  common  en'or,  this  letter  was  dated  in  August 
instead  of  September.  Dongan  did  not  reach  Xantasket  until  the  10th,  nor  New  York  un- 
til the  25th  of  August,  1083;  ante,  375. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  334, 349 ;  iv.,  207, 211 ;  i.x.,  75, 918, 919 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  274,  300 ;  La  Hon- 
tan,  i.,  223 ;  Hutch.  Coll  ,  562;  Williamson,  i.,  429,  471,  472, 580,  581 ;  Penn.  Arch.,  i.,  80; 
Council  Min.,  v.,  23-27;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiv.,  8, 10;  Pemaquid  Papers,  Maine  H.  S.  Coll.,  v., 
59,  60,  09,  73-81, 89-91 ;  ante,  254,  296. 


380  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cii.  vni.  this  time.  At  Schenectady,  Domine  Tesschenmaeker,  who, 
after  leaving  Newcastle,  had  been  preaching  at  Staten  Isl- 

Tesschen!  ^^^)  "^^'^^   Called.     Dominc   Godfridus  Dellius,  a  young 

vtiuul'.  clergyman  who  had  just  come  out  from  Holland,  was  set- 
tled as  colleague  of  Schaats  at  Albany.  Weeksteen  at 
Esopus,  and  Yan  Zuuren  on  Long  Island,  labored  accepta- 
bly. At  New  York  Selyns  was  much  pleased :  "  My  con- 
gregation," he  wrote, "  is  engaged  in  building  me  a  large 
house,  wholly  of  stone,  three  stories  high,  and  raised  on 
the  foundation  of  unmerited  love.  The  surrounding  vil- 
lages^although  too  much  for  one  person — I  have  not  left 
neglected;  preaching  there  on  Mondays  and  Thursdays, 
administering  the  Communion,  and  attending  the  thanks- 

Daiuj.  preaching  and  Church  ordinances.  Domine  Petrus  Daille, 
late  professor  at  Salmurs,  has  become  my  colleague,  and 
attends  to  the  service  in  the  French  worship.  He  is  full 
of  fire,  godliness,  and  learning.  Banished  on  account  of 
his  religion,  he  maintains  the  cause  of  Jesus  Christ  with 

Gordon,  uutiriug  zcal.  Domine  John  Gordon  has  come  over  to  take 
charge  of  the  English  Church  service.  After  my  forenoon, 
and  before  my  afternoon  service,  there  is  preaching  in  the 
English  and  French  tongues.  The  Heer  Dongan,  our 
new  governor,  has  at  last  arrived,  and  has  told  me  and 
my  consistory  that  his  order  from  the  Duke  was  to  allow 

Dongan.  freedom  of  conscience.  His  Excellency  is  a  person  of 
knowledge,  politeness,  and  friendliness.  I  have  had  the 
pleasure  of  a  visit  fi*om  him,  and  can  call  on  him  when  I 
choose.  What  is  to  be  done  for  the  good  of  our  country 
and  Church  will  be  made  manifest  in  the  approaching  As- 
sembly, which  is  summoned  to  devise  reasonable  laws  for 
us  and  our  posterity."* 

3  October.      At  its  usual  day,  the  Court  of  Assizes  met  at  New  York, 

Assizes,  and  Dongan,  of  course,  presided.  Although  he  may  have 
appeared  "rather  as  Mars  than  as  Mercuiy,  yet  his  be- 
haviour was  with  discretion,  patience,  and  moderation, 
showing  in  him  that  principle  of  honour  not  wilfully  to  in- 
jure any,  and  had  a  regard  to  equit}'^  in  all  his  judgments." 
ooctohcr.  After  the  court  adjourned,  the  sheriffs  drew  up  an  address 
the  Duke,  to  the  Duke  of  York,  in  which  they  thanked  him  for  send- 
ing over  Dongan  as  governor  of  the  province, "  of  whose 

•  Corn  CI.  Anist  MSS.  ;  Murphy's  Anth.,  104, 105 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  2CD,  535,  536;  an'c,  329. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  381 

integrity,  justice,  equity  and  prudence,  we  have  ali-eady  cn.vni. 
had  a  very  sufficient  experience  at  our  last  General  Court 
of  Assizes.  And  that  your  Koyal  Highness  might  accumu- 
late your  gracious  favours,  and  oblige,  not  only  us,  but  suc- 
ceeding generations,  it  has  pleased  your  Koyal  Highness  to 
grant  us  a  General  Assembly,  to  be  held,  the  Seventeenth 
of  this  instant  October,  in  your  City  of  New  York ;  a  be- 
nevolence of  which  we  have  a  larger  and  more  grateful 
sense  than  can  be  expressed  in  this  paper.  And  that  it 
may  appear  that  loyalty  has  spread  as  far  into  these  parts 
of  America,  we  will  be  always  ready  to  offer  up,  with  our 
hearty  prayers,  both  our  lives  and  fortunes  for  the  defence 
of  our  most  gracious  Sovereign  the  King's  Most  Sacred 
Majesty,  and  your  Eoyal  Highness,  against  all  enemies 
whatsoever."* 

It  is  probable  that  John  Younge,  the  high-sheriff  of 
Long  Island,  di'afted  this  address.  At  all  events,  its  tone 
fairly  set  forth  the  general  sentiment  of  the  people  of  New 
York.  Nevertheless,  there  was  some  show  of  dislike  to  a 
Eoman  Catholic  governor  among  the  remote  Puritan 
towns  of  Lonsi:  Island.  Easthampton  adopted  an  address  lo  sept. 
to  Dongan,  apparently  written  by  its  minister,  Thomas  ton's  ad- 
James,  which,  among  other  things,  promised  that  if  the  Dongan. 
governor  was  an  "  instrument  under  God"  to  relieve  them, 
he  would  "  firmly  engage  and  oblige"  them  and  their  pos- 
terity to  hold  him  in  honorable  remembrance,  as  the  first 
restorer  of  their  "  freedom  and  privileges ;"  but  if  not,  that 
they  would  appeal  to  their  "  most  gracious  Sovereign,"  and 
prostrate  themselves  "  before  the  throne  of  his  unmatchable 
justice  and  clemency,  where  we  doubt  not  to  find  relief e 
and  restauration."  Wliat  relief  Easthampton  could  expect 
from  the  "  unmatchable  justice"  of  the  Duchess  of  Ports- 
mouth's paramour  is  not  clear.  However,  the  town  di- 
rected their  clergyman,  James,  to  accompany  and  advise  24  Sept. 
mth  their  representatives  at  New  York, "  who  are  to  stand 
up  in  the  Assembly,  for  maintaining  our  privileges  and 
Enghsh  liberties,  and  especially  against  any  writ  going  in 
the  duke's  name,  but  only  in  his  Majesty's,  whom  only  we 
own  as  our  Sovereign.     Also,  in  the  town's  name,  to  certi- 

*  West  to  Penn,  in  Penn.  Arch.,  i,  80;  Smith's  New  York,  i.,  G7,  68;  Col.  MSS.,xxxj., 
74,  7S;  xxxiv.,4. 


382  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cu.  VIII.  fy  Captain  Younge,  the  High-Sheriff,  that  they  do  not  send 
^  „        these  men  in  obedience  to  his  warrant,  but  because  they 
would  not  neglect  any  opportunity  to  assert  their  own  lib- 
erties."    It  does  not  appear  that  the  other  Puritan  towns 
on   Long   Island   imitated  Easthampton.     The    elections 
A  niajoiity  went  quictly  on,  according  to  the  mode  ordered  by  Don- 
sembiy      gall  and  his  council :  and  a  maiority  of  the  Assemblymen 

Dutchmen.     ,  r^     r     t        -r^         i  •        i,       -i-.      -i         /.-.■■ 

chosen  were  "  or  the  Dutch  nation."     Each  of  the  three 

Ridings   of  Long   Island   returned  two    representatives; 

Staten  Island,  one ;  Esopus,  two ;  Albany  and  Rensselaers- 

w}'ck,  two;  Schenectady,  one;  Pemaquid,  one;  Martha's 

Vineyard  and  Nantucket,  one ;  and  New  York,  with  Haer- 

lem,  four,  making  in  all  eighteen.* 

17  October.      The  Seventeenth  of  October,  sixteen  hundred  and  eighty- 
Meeting  .  '  O     J 

of  the  As-  three,  is  a  memorable  day  in  the  history  of  New  York. 
On  that  autumn  morning  the  representatives  of  its  free- 
holders first  met  together  under  British  rule,  and  seventeen 
delegates  to  its  General  Assembly  took  their  seats  in  Fort 
James.  It  was  just  seventy-four  years  after  Hudson  had 
explored  the  "  Great  River  of  the  Mountains,"  and  about 
thirty  years  after  Stuy vesant's  "  Landtdag,"  or  Convention, 
in  1653,  had  demanded  laws  for  New  Netherland, "  resem- 
bling, as  near  as  possible,  those  of  the  Netherlands."  As 
the  Journals  of  Dongan's  first  Assembly  have  not  been 
found,  the  names  of  all  its  members  are  unknown.  The 
experienced  Matthias  Nicolls,  one  of  the  representatives 

Nicous      from  the  city  of  New  York,  was  chosen  speaker,  and  John 

Bpeaker,        „  iii  i  ii 

and  bpragg,  who  was  both  a  counselor  and  the  secretary  of  the 
cieik.  °  province,  was  made  clerk.  The  Duke-  of  York's  letter  of 
the  second  of  March  to  the  Assembly  was  read,  and  his 
resolution  made  known  that  it  should  have  free  liberty  to 
propound  laws  for  the  government,  and  that  if  such  laws 
should  be  for  the  good  of  the  country,  and  not  prejudicial 
to  the  i)roprietor,  he  would  confirm  them.  The  Assembly 
Laws  sat  for  three  weeks,  and  passed  fourteen  several  acts. 
Each  of  these  acts,  after  three  readings,  was  assented  to  by 
the  governor  and  his  council. f 

*  ThomiMon's  Long  Island,  i.,  314,  315  ;  ii.,  32S-330;  H.  P.  Iledges's  Addre?s,  1S50, 19,  75- 
77;  I'enn.  Arch.,i.,  80;  Journals  of  Leg.  Council  of  N.  Y.,  i.,  Int.,  xi. ;  a;!<c,  145,  SCO. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  331,332,  354,  3.'J5;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxi.,  13;  CouncilJourn.,  i..  Int.,  x.,  xi., 
xii.  ;  Wood'a  Long  Island,  100,  1G4-167  ;  Thompson,  i.,  ICl ;  Riker's  Newtown,  104  ;  Ban- 
croft, ii.,  ilOC,  414  ;  N.  V.  II.  H.  Coll.,  ii.  (ii.),  35;  Manupcript  Book,  in  Pccrctary's  Office,  .\I- 
bany,"lGS3-10S4;"  antr,  vol.  i.,  34,570-575;  ii.,374.     Smith,  i.,G6,  111,113,  states  that  the 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  383 

The  first  and  most  important  of  these  laws  was  "  The  ch.  vm. 
Charter  of  Liberties  and  Priviledges,  granted  by  his  Eoyal 
Highnesse  to  the  Inhabitants  of  New  Yorke  and  its  do- 30  Q^toj^Jr. 
pendencies."    This  venerable  statute  was  simply,  and  clear-  ^jj^enlL*^^ 
ly,  and  therefore  ably  worded,  in  good  Saxon  English.   "For  adopted. 
the  better  establishing  the  government  of  this  Province  of 
New  Yorke,  and  that  Justice  and  Right  may  bee  equally 
done  to  all  persons  within  the  same,"  the  charter  enacted, 
"  by  the  Governour,  Conncell,  and  Representatives,  now  in 
Generall  Assembly  met," — among  other  things — "  That 
the  Supreme  Legislative  authority,  nnder  his  Majesty  and 
Royal  Highness  James,  Duke  of  Yorke,  Albany,  etc..  Lord 
Proprietor  of  the  said  Province,  shall  forever  bee  and  re- 
side in  a  Governour,  Councell,  and  The  People,  mett  in  a 
Generall  Assembly."     It  then  ordained  "  That,  according 
to  the  usage,  custome,  and  practice  of  the  Realm  of  En- 
gland, a  sessions  of  a  Generall  Assembly  be  held  in  this  Assembly. 
Province,  once  in  three  yeares  at  least."     It  likewise  de- 
clared that  "every  freeholder  within  this  Province,  and 
freeman  in  any  Coi-poration,  shall  have  his  free  choice  and 
vote  in  the  electing  of  the  Representatives,  without  any 
manner  of  constraint  or  imposition,  and  that  in  all  elec- 
tions, the  majority  of  voices  shall  carry  it."     By  other  sec- 
tions representatives  were  apportioned  among  the  several 
counties,  the  usual  privileges  of  Parliament  were  confer- 
red on  the  members  of  Assembly,  and  the  most  liberal  pro- 
visions of  English  law  were  declared  to  extend  to  the  in- 
habitants of  New  York.     Entire  freedom  of  conscience  Freedom  of 
and   religion   was    guaranteed   to    all   peaceable   persons 
"  which  profess  faith  in  God  by  Jesus  Christ."     The  exist- 
ing "  Christian  Churches"  in  the  province  were  forever  to  be 
"  held  and  reputed  as  priviledged  churches,  and  enjoy  all 
their  former  freedoms  of  their  religion  in  divine  worship 
and  Church  discipline."     Following  the  words  of  the  Peti- 
tion of  Right  in  1628,  the  charter  also  ordained  "  that  no 
aid,  tax,  tallage,  assessment,  custom,  loan,  benevolence,  or 
imposition  whatsoever,  shall  be  laid,  assessed,  imposed  or  Taxes  only 
levied  on  any  of  his  Majesty's  subjects  within  this  Prov-  y''°°^^'''- 

acts  of  the  old  New  York  Assembly  "are  for  the  most  part  rotten,  defaced,  or  lost.  Few 
minutes  relating  to  them  remain  on  the  Council  Books,  and  none  in  the  Journals  of  the 
House."  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  Mr.  George  II.  Jloore's  long-promised  :vork  {nnt''^  T3,  note) 
wUl  modify  Smith's  remark. 


384  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK- 

CU.VIII.  ince  or  their  estates,  upon  any  manner  of  colour  or  pre- 
tence,  but  by  the  act  and  consent  of  the  Governor,  Coun- 
cil,  and  representatives  of  the  People,  in  General  Assem- 
bly met  and  assembled."* 

30  October.  Li  couf ormity  with  this  section,  "  a  continued  Bill"  was 
granIld"o  appended  to  the  New  York  Charter,  by  which — "  for  and 
the  duke.    ^^  consideration  of  the  many  gracious  and  Royall  favours 

expressed  and  extended  unto  the  inhabitants  of  this  his 
Province,  and  also  for  the  bountifull  confirming  and  re- 
storing to  them  and  their  posterity,  the  rights,  priviledges, 
liberties  and  immunities  before  recited  and  expressed,  and 
also  for  the  better  defraying  the  necessary  charge  and  ex- 
pence  of  this  Pro\ince,  which  cannot  otherwise  be  effected 
without  great  charge  unto  his  Koyal  Highness" — the  As- 
sembly granted  to  the  duke  and  his  heirs  certain  specified 
duties  on  importations.  The  act  was  declared  to  be  in 
force  "  immediately  after  publication  thereof ."f 

Ko  time  was  lost  in  proclaiming  this  great  event.     Early 

31  October,  ou  the  f ollowiug  momiug, "  Tlie  Charter  of  Liberties  and 
ter  prlT'^'  Privilcgcs  granted  by  his  Royal  Highness  to  the  Inhabit- 
ciaimed.     ^^^^^  ^^  '^Siew  York  and  its  dependencies,  confirmed  by  Act 

of  Assembly,  with  a  continued  act  for  defraying  the  requi- 
site charges  of  the  Government,  were  this  day  published  at 
the  City  Hall,  in  the  presence  of  his  Honor  the  Governor, 
the  Council  and  Pepresentatives,  and  Deputy  Mayor  and 
Aldermen  of  this  City,  the  inhabitants  having  notice  by 
sound  of  trmnpet,  to  hear  the  same."  The  appended  rev- 
ixovem.  enue  act  was  put  in  force  by  a  proclamation  fi-om  Don- 
gan,  requiring  all  persons  concerned  to  report  to  Santen, 
the  duke's  collector,  "at  the  Custom  House,  near  the 
Bridge.":}: 

Thus  the  representatives  of  New  York  asserted  the  great 
principle  of  "  Taxation  only  by  consent,"  which  Holland 
had  maintained  since  1477,  and  appropriated  the  liberties 
allowed  by  English  law  to  subjects  within  the  realm  of 
England.     True  ideas  of  popular  government  were  now 

*  See  Charter  at  length  in  Appendix,  Note  E.;  N.Y.  Revised  Laws,  1S13,  ii ,  Appendix, 
iii.,  vi. ;  Munsell'a  Annals,  iv.,  32-30;  Chalmers,  i,  5S4;  Uunlap,  ii ,  App.,  xlii.,  xliii. ; 
Rancroft,  ii.,  414 ;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.,  ii.  (ii.),  35,  41 ;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  341,  35T-353 ;  Smith,  i., 
115;  ojifc,  72,  84,  204,  373. 

t  MSS.  Secretary's  Office,  Albany,  Dongan's  Laws,  1CS3,  16S4,  T-12;  Col.  Doc.,  iii ,  341, 
357,  370,  400,  C77,  678  ;  Smith,  i.,  lUi ;  Journals  of  Leg.  Coimcil,  i.,  45,  40. 

t  Minutes  of  X.  Y.  Common  Council,  i.,  175, 170 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiv.,  5. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  385 

more  distinctly  aunoiinced  in  the  ancient  Dutch  province  ch.  viii. 
by  its  own  freely-chosen  Assembly — of  which  a  majority 
were  "  of  the  Dutch  nation" — than  in  any  Northern  colony  j^l^^^f^l 
of  British  America.    In  none  of  the  charter  2:overnments  of  iS  ^^^-^^  *"? 

_  o  ^  New\ork. 

New  England  were  "  the  people   recognized  as  having  legis- 
lative authority.     The  first  law  made  by  tlie  representatives 
of  Dutch-English  New  York  ordained  that  "  The  People 
met  in  a  Generall  Assembly"  were  to  share  in  its  colonial   iQg^ 
legislation.     These  memorable  words, "  The  People  "  were  s  March. 

.  J  1.      J  ijijjg  king 

so  democratic,  that  the  English  king,  at  Whitehall,  soon  objects  to 
afterward  objected  to  them,  as  being  "not  used  in  any  pie." 
other  constitution  in  America."* 

The  next  law  passed  by  the  New  York  Assembly  was  1683. 
"  to  divide  this  Province  and  dependencies  into  shires  and  ^-^° y^k 
counties."  Twelve  counties  were  established,  the  names ''"'i'^'^'i 
01  some  of  which  appear  to  have  been  suggested  by  Don-  ties. 
gan.  The  City  and  County  of  New  York  included  Man- 
hattan, Manning's,  and  the  Barn  Islands,  Westchester 
contained  all  the  land  eastward  of  Manhattan^ "  as  far  as 
the  Government  extends,"  and  northward,  along  the  Hud- 
son, to  the  Highlands.  Ulster,  which  was  named  after  the 
duke's  Irish  earldom,  embraced  all  the  towns  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Hudson,  from  the  Murderer's  Creek,  near  the 
Highlands,  to  the  Sawyer's  Creek,  now  called  Saugerties. 
Albany  included  all  the  territory  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Hudson,  from  Roelof  Jansen's  Creek,  and,  on  the  west  side, 
fi'om  Sawyer's  Creek  to  "  the  Saraaghtoga."  Dutchess  ex- 
tended from  Westchester  northward  to  Albany,  and  "  east- 
ward into  the  woods  twenty  miles."  Orange,  which  was  so 
called  in  compliment  to  the  Dutch  son-in-law  of  James,  in- 
cluded the  region  on  the  west  side  of  the  Hudson,  from 
the  New  Jersey  boundary  northward  to  Ulster,  at  the  Mur- 
derer's Creek,  and  "  westward  into  the  woods  as  far  as  Del- 
aware River."  Richmond,  apparently  named  in  honor  of 
the  Idng's  illegitimate  son  by  the  Duchess  of  Portsmouth, 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  357,  358 ;  Rapin,  ii.,  270-27T,  707 ;  Penn.  Arch.,  i.,  80 ;  Bancroft,  i.,  255, 
256;  ii.,  S04,  380,  414;  Chalmers,  i.,  DS4,  C40;  Mather's  Magnalia,  i.,  200;  ante,  l,  437,  573; 
ii.,  374.  "The  People"  always  have  been  loved  words  in  New  York.  Her  first  State  Con- 
stitution of  1777  declared  that  the  style  of  all  her  laws  should  he—"  De  it  enacted  by  the  Peo- 
ple of  the  State  of  Neio  York,  represented  in  Senate  and  Assemhhj.'^  Under  her  second 
Constitution  of  1821  she  adopted  the  more  direct  formula,  "  The  People  of  the  Slate  of  New 
York,  represented  in  Senate  and  Assembly,  do  enact,"  etc.  The  present  Constitution  of  1840 
ordains  that  this  form  shall  he  observed  in  the  enacting  clause  of  all  bills. 

II.— Bb 


38G  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  KEW  YORK. 

cn.Yiii.  contained  "all  Staten  Island,"  with  Shooter's  Island,  and 

the  islands  of  Meadow  on  the  west  side.     King's  County, 

IbbS.  Qj-^  Long  Island,  included  Bushwick,  Bedford,  Brooklyn, 
Flatbush,  Flatlands,  New  Utrecht,  and  Gravesend.    Queen's 
contained  Newtown,  Jamaica,  Flushing,  Hempstead,  and 
Oyster  Bay.     Suffolk,  which  commemorated  the   easter- 
most  county  of  England,  embraced  Huntington,  Smithiield, 
Brookhaven,  Southampton,  Southold,  Easthampton  to  Mon- 
tauk  Point,  Shelter  Island,  the  Isle  of  Wight,  Fisher's  Isl- 
and, and  Plumb  Island.     Duke's  County  contained  the  isl- 
ands of  Nantucket,  Martha's  Vineyard,  Elizabeth  Island, 
and  No  Man's  Land.     Cornwall,  named  after  the  south- 
western county  of  England,  included  "  Pemaquid,  and  all 
his  Royal  Highnesses  territories  in  those  parts,  with  the  isl- 
ands adjacent."     It  was  also  enacted  that  eveiy  year  a 
siiciiffs.     high-sheriff  should  be  commissioned  for  each  county.* 
1  Novem.        A  third  important  act  was  "  to  settle  Courts  of  Justice." 
ju^Btice."     This  law  established  four  distinct  tribunals  in  New  York : 
Town  Courts,  for  the  trial  of  small  causes,  to  be  held  each 
month ;  County  Courts,  or  Courts  of  Sessions,  to  be  held  at 
certain  times,  quarterly,  or  half  yearly ;  a  General  Court  of 
Oyer  and  Terminer,  with  original  and  appellate  jurisdio- 
tion,  to  sit  twice  every  year  in  each  county ;  and  a  Court 
of  Chancery,  to  be  "  the  Supreme  Court  of  this  Province," 
composed  of  the  governor  and  council,  with  power  in  the 
governor  to  depute  a  chancellor  in  his  stead,  and  appoint 
clerks  and  other  officers.     But  any  inhabitant  of  the  prov- 
ince might  appeal  to  the  king  from  any  judgment,  accord- 
ing to  a  clause  in  the  Patent  to  the  Duke  of  York.     Don- 
29  Decern,  gau  accordingly  appointed  the  former  provincial  secretary, 
1684.  Matthias  NicoUs,  and  Captain  John  Palmer,  of  Staten  Isl- 
*  ^^'    and — both  of  whom  had  been  bred  lawyers — to  be  the  first 
judges  of  the  New  York  Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer.f 

Another  law  was  ordained  at  the  same  time  "  for  natu- 
ralizing all  those  of  foreign  nations  at  present  inhabiting 

*  MSS.  Law?,  Secrttniy's  (  ffici>;  Kevised  L:iw?,  1S13,  li.,  App.,  vi.,  vii.  ;  Tliompson,  ii., 
SW,  32(1 ;  Diinlap,  ii.,  App.,  xliii.,  xliv.  TIic  note  at  tlie  foot  of  page  iii.,  in  Appendix  to  ii.. 
Rev.  Law.s,  ISl.S,  U  erroneou3.  Giles  Goddard  represented  Cornwall  County  in  the  AFsem- 
bly  of  New  York  for  one  session  certainly:  Jlaine  II.  P.  Coll.,  v.,  4, 94,  9S,  263,  204  ;  William- 
son, i.,5S2. 

t  .MSS.  I.awp,  Sccretar}'"s  Office;  Ucv.  Law.=,  1S13,  ii.,  App.  viil.-x. ;  Col.  MSS.,xxsi\-., 
U;  Council  Min.,v.,4T,  4S,  40;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  296;  iii,,  3S9,  300,412,414,  41T;  N.  Y.  H.  R. 
Coll.,  ii.  (ii.),  35, 30  ;  Daly's  i^ketcli,  30,  31 ;  Wood's  Long  Lsland,  100, 101, 144, 150 ;  Tliomi>- 
Bo:i,  i.,  101, 102;  ii.,390;  a/i/c,  289. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  387 

within  this  Province,  and  professing  Christianity,  and  for  cu.vni. 
encouragement  of  others  to  come  and  settle  within  the 
same."     This  statute  was  demanded  by  the  general  senti-  ^i  Novem.' 
ment  of  "  the  people"  of  the  most  polygene  us  of  all  the  ^^^^^n  IL. 
British  dependencies  in  North  America.     The  Dutch  in- 
habitants  of  New  York   rejoiced   in    knowing   that  the 
Stadtholder  of  their  fatherland  was  the  husband  of  the 
presmnptive  heiress   of  the  British   crown,  and  that  he 
might,  perhaps,  become  their  own  proper  king.     They  saw 
that  Louis  was  beginning  to  drive  out  of  France  every  one 
of  his  subjects  who  did  not  profess  that  the  Pope  of  Rome 
was  the  only  vicar  of  Christ.     Therefore  the  Assembly  of 
New  York  ordained  that  all  the  actual  inhabitants  of  the  i  xovem. 
province,  except  bondmen,  of  what  foreign  nation  soever, 
who  professed  Christianity,  and  who  had  taken,  or  should 
take  the  oath  of  allegiance,  were  naturalized ;  and  that  all 
Christian  foreigners  who  should  afterward  come  and  settle 
themselves  in  the   province   might  be  naturalized  upon 
their  swearing  allegiance  to  the  king,  and  fidelity  to  the 
proprietor.* 

After  passing  several  other  less  important  acts  the  As-  7  Novcm. 
sembly  adjourned ;  and  the  laws  it  had  enacted  were  for-  udied 
mally  published  in  front  of  the  City  Hall.     Not  long  aft-ande^mt  u, 
erward.  Captain  Mark  Talbot  was  sent  by  Dongan  to  carry 
them  to  England  for  the  duke's  approval  and  confirma- 
tion.f 

Iri  the  mean  time,  Connecticut,  renewing  the  claim  to  a 
j)art  of  New  York,  which  she  had  asserted  to  Brockholls 
the  year  before,  complained  to  Dongan  that  Pye,  Green-  5  October. 
wich,  and  Stamford  had  been  summoned  to  "make  pre-cuttound- 
sentment"  at  the  New  York  Assizes,  and  that  as   those '"^^' 
towns  "  indubitably"  belonged  to  Connecticut,  they  should 
not  be  "  molested  by  any  such  injunctions."     Dongan,  who 
had  been  specially  instructed  to  settle  the  duke's  boundary 
toward  the  east,  answered  at  once  that  the  agreement  wasooctoier. 
that  Connecticut  should  not  come  within  twenty  miles  of     * 
the  Hudson  River,  and  that  she  had  "  abused  the  former 

*  MSS.  Laws,  Secretary's  Office;  Livingston  and  Smith's  Laws,  IIP. ;  Van  Schaack,  97, 
C8;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  114,355,370,300,478;  v.,  406;  CouncilJourn.,  i.,  Int.,  xii.,387,  390;  As-  • 
sembly  Joiini.,  i.,  95, 149, 151,  373, 377;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  5S4;  Rev.  Cnl.,  i.,  145. 

t  Minutes  of  N.  Y.  Common  Council,  1.,  17S,  179  ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  340,  349 ;  Entries,  xx.xiii., 
79 ;  (.'oiincil  Journ.,  i..  Inf.,  xii. ;  Historical  Mag.izine,  -v-i.,  233. 


3S8  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cn.Yiii.  contract."  Attempting  finesse,  Connecticut  replied  that 
she  had  not  violated  that  aorreenient.  But  Don^an  wrote 
10  (^tober  l^s-ck  very  plainly — "  The  King's  Commissioners,  being 
Don'a^s  strangci-s,  and  relying  upon  your  people,  were  assured  by 
letter.  them  that  the  river  Mamaroneck  was  twenty  miles,  every 
where,  from  Hudson's  River,  as  we  have  very  creditable 
witnesses  can  testify,  and  that  it  was  Colonel  Nicolls  his 
intentions.  Notwithstanding  all  that,  you  pretend  to  with- 
in sixteen  or  seventeen  miles  of  this  town,  and,  for  ought 
we  know,  to  Esopus  and  Albany  also ;  which  is  argument 
sufficient  it  was  none  of  Colonel  Nicolls  his  intention.  If 
you  do  not  submit  to  let  us  have  all  the  land  within  twen- 
ty miles  of  Hudson's  River,  I  must  claim  as  far  as  the 
Duke's  Patent  goes,  which  is  to  the  River  Connecticut. 
*  *  '"'  Since  you  are  pleased  to  promise  to  do  me  the  hon- 
or to  see  me,  pray  come  vdth  full  power  to  treat  with  me ; 
and  I  do  assure  you,  whatsoever  is  concluded  betwixt  us 
shall  be  confirmed  by  the  King  and  liis  Royal  Highness, 
which  the  other  agreements,  I  hear,  are  not.  If  you  like 
not  of  it,  pray  take  it  not  ill  that  I  proceed  in  a  way  that 
will  bring  all  your  patent  in  question."* 

But  Connecticut  had  no  notion  to  have  her  patent 
brought  "  in  question"  by  the  Duke  of  York,  in  such  per- 
ilous times  for  charters  in  England.  In  great  tribulation, 
uNovem.  Govcmor  Treat  smnmoned  a  special  com-t  at  Hartford, 
cufsac-  and  characteristic  action  was  taken.  Treat,  with  Gold, 
All}ai,  and  Pitkin,  were  commissioned  to  go  to  New  Tork, 
and  ao-ree  for  a  final  settlement  of  the  boundary,  according 
to  their  "best  judgment;"  but  with  the  proviso  —  which 
abandoned  Connecticut  pretenses — '*  that  his  Majestic  and 
Roy  all  Highness  approve  of  and  confinn  the  same."  The 
agents  were  privately  instructed  not  to  yield  to  the  Govern- 
or of  New  York  more  than  twenty  miles  eastward  from  the 
Hudson  River,  "  but  get  him  to  take  up  with  as  little  as 
may  be."  These  instructions  were  so  framed  as  to  allow 
.  Connecticut  to  gain  every  thing  she  could,  and  to  take  up 
with  almost  any  thing  —  provided  "His  Majestic  and  the 
Duke's  Highness  shall  please  to  ratify  it."t 

*  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  100,  131,  313,  314,  320-330;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  106,  230,  231,  235,236, 
247,  3.^3  ;  vii.,  597  ;  ante,  360,  361,  373. 

t  Col.  Kcc.  Conn.,  ii.,  342,  514,  515;  iii.,  133-126,  32S,  330;  Trumbull,  i.,  3C4,  305;  C)l. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  339 

When  the  Hartford  Commissioners  reached  New  York,  cu.  viii. 
they  f omid  that  Dongan  was  fortified  with  the  testimony 
of  Lawrence,  Yomige,  and  NicoUs,  who   personally  knew  25  xovem. 
that  in  1664  it  had  been  clearly  understood  that  Connecti-  ^°°a?ents 
cut  was  never  to  approach  the  Hudson  Kiver  nearer  than  '^^,^J 
twenty  miles.     This  truth,  indeed,  was  too  certain  to  be 
gainsaid.     The  pretenses  of  Connecticut  to  any  territory 
on  that  river  were  proved  to  be  "  fraudulent  or  erroneous." 
And  now  the  Connecticut  agents  appealed  to  Dongan's 
magnanimity,  as  their  predecessors  had  to  that  of  Isicolls, 
to  be  allowed  to  retain  some  of  their  settlements  on  the 
Sound,  and  to  give  in  exchange  for  them  an  "  equivalent 
tract"  inland.     It  was  accordingly  agreed  between  Don- 2s  Novem. 
gan,  with  his  comiselors  Brocldiolls,  Phillipse,  Yan  Cort-  about  the 
landt,  and  Younge  on  the  part  of  New  York,  and  Treat, 
Gold,  Allyn,  and  Pitkin  on  the  part  of  Connecticut,  that 
the  boundary  point  between  the  two  provinces  should  be 
removed  several  miles  east  from  Mamaroneck  to  Byram 
River,  between  Rye   and  Greenwich,  and  the   line  run 
thence  as  it  now  remains ;  and  that  this  new  line  should  be 
X^roperly  surveyed  the  next  October.     On  their  return  to 
Connecticut,  her   commissioners  notified  the  Rye  magis-  3  Decern. 
trates  that  they  "  could  not  help"  giving  up  that  town,  but 
that  Dongan  was  "  a  noble  gentleman,"  and  would  do  for 
their  welfare  whatever  they  should  "desire  in  a  regular 
manner."* 

One  of  the  dulce's  special  instractions  to  his  lieutenant 
governor,  as  has  been  seen,  was  to  consider  and  report  the 
advantage  of  granting  to  the  city  of  New  York  "  immuni- 
ties and  privileges  beyond  what  other  parts  of  my  terri- 
tories doe  enjoy."  Immediately  after  the  adjournment  of 
the  Provincial  Assembly,  the  mayor  and  aldermen  of  the 
metropolis  accordingly  petitioned  Dongan  that  the  "an- 9 Novem. 
cient  customs,  privileges,  and  immunities"  which  had  been  city. 
granted  to  them  by  Nicolls  in  1665,  should  be  conih-med 
by  a  charter  from  the  Duke  of  York,  with  certain  additions, 
including  the  division  of  the  corporation  into  six  wards ; 

MSS.,  xxxi.,  92  ;  Ixix.,  8 ;  N.  Y.  Senate  Doc,  1S5T,  No.  165,  p.  43,  44,  lOT-109;  Col.  Doc, 
iii.,  235,  362,  363 ;  vii.,  334,  563, 596,  59T. 

'  Council  Min.,v.,2T,  28,  29,  30,  31;  Col.  MSS.,  Ixix.,  9, 10, 11 ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii., 330- 
338:  Bolton'6  Westchester,  ii.,  26,  27;  Trumbull,  i.,  365,860;  Senate  Doc,  1S5T,  No.  165, 
44,  45,  110-112;  Smith,  i.,  2S5,  286,  287;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  xliv.;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  106;  iv., 
.  629;  v.,  050;  vii.,  564;  viii.,  442;  a?i«f,55,50. 


390  IIISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cu.  vni.  the  annual  election  of  aldermen  and  other  officei-s  by  the 
freemen  in  each  ward :  the  local  o-ovennnent  of  the  city  to 
Looo,  ^Q  intrusted  to  them,  and  to  a  mayor  and  recorder,  to  be 
annually  appointed  by  the  governor  and  council ;  that  a 
sheriff,  coroner,  and  town-clerk  be  appointed  in  the  same 
way ;  that  the  corporation  appoint  their  oa\ti  treasurer ; 
and,  finally,  that  whatever  else  was  necessary  for  its  wel- 
fare should  be  confirmed  to  the  old  Dutch  city  as  fully  "  as 
his  Majesty  hath  been  graciously  pleased  to  grant  to  other 
corporations  within  his  realm  of  England."* 
loxovem.      Objcctions  were  made  by  the  governor  and  his  council 
to  some  of  these  proposed  additional  articles.     But,  after 
10  Novem.  full  cxplauatious,  they  were  agreed  to  in  "  almost  every 
particular."     The  existing  metropolitan  ofiicers  were  ac- 
24  Novetn.  corduigly  reappointed  by  the  governor ;  who  also  commis- 
tan  offi^ ''  sioned  John  West,  its  actual  clerk,  to  be  "  clerk  of  the  city 
**'^'         of  ISTew  York,"  and  John  Tudor,  one  of  the  lawyers  whom 
Brockholls  had  assigned  to  prosecute  for  the  duke's  govern- 
ment, to  be  its  sheriff,  in  place  of  Collyer.     Tlie  corpora- 
2T  Novem.  tiou  soou  afterward  asked  that  it  might  choose  its  own 
c  Decern,    clcrk,  and  have  other  privileges.     Dongan  answered  that 
the  clerk's  nomination  must  be  referred  to  the  duke.     But 
he  allowed  the  coqDoration  its  ferry,  dock,  and  market,  and 
promised  it  a  grant  of  lands  on  Manhattan  Island. 
8  Decern.        The  mayor  and  aldermen  accordingly  divided  the  city 
New  York  iuto  six  wards,  and  assigned  Nicholas  Bayard  to  be  alder- 
iuto  wards,  man  for  the  South  Ward,  John  Inians  for  the  Dock  Ward, 
William  Pinhorne  for  the  East  Ward,  Gulian  Verplanck 
for  the  North  Ward,  John  Bobinson  for  the  West  Ward,  and 
10  Deceni.  William  Cox  for  the  Out  Ward.     Dongan  now  ordered 
that  tlie  substance  of  the  corporation's  petition  of  tlie  ninth 
of  November  be  put  in  practice, "  until  such  time  as  his 
Eoyal  Highnesses  pleasure  shall  be  further  known  therein." 

«  Col.  Doc.,334,33T-339;  Vnl.  Man.,  1S44-5,  312,313;  1S51,  .'597-399;  Minutes  of  N.  Y. 
Common  Council,  i.,  179-1S2 ;  Council  Min.,  v.,  16-19 ;  a7ite,  70,  77,  373.  This  petitionwas 
signed  by  William  Beekmnn,  the  m:iyor,  anil  Johannes  van  I'rugh,  John  Lawrence,  Peter  J. 
Morris,  James  Graham,  Cornelis  Steenwyok,  and  Nicholas  Bayard,  the  aldermen  of  the  city 
of  New  York  :  Ent.,  x.\xiii.,  79  ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  339.  These  names  do  not  appear  in  Valen- 
tine's Manual.  Between  the  9th  and  the  24tli  of  November,  1GS3,  Dongan  seems  to  have 
appointed  Steenwj-ck  mayor  in  place  of  Bcekman,  and  Nicholas  Bayard,  John  luians,  Wil- 
liam Pinhorne,  Gulian  Verplanck,  John  Hobinson,  and  William  Co.x  to  be  aldermen  :  Min. 
of  N.  Y.  Com.  Council,  i.,  1S4, 1S5 ;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  cxxxi.  Mr.  Murray  Hoffman's  "  Treat- 
ise," vol.  ii.,  7-10,  makes  the  petitions  of  the  New  York  Common  Council  of '.)  and  27  Nov., 
1CS3,  to  Dongan,  as  governor  for  the  Duke  of  York,  jpprar  as  if  they  were  addressed  to  him 
as  governor  under  James  the  Second,  in  IGSG. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  391 

He  accordingly  commissioned  James  Graham,  one  of  its  cu.  viii. 
late  aldermen,  to  be  the  first  recorder  of  the  city  of  New  ~ 

York.  All  its  other  officers  were  sworn  to  fidelity  by  the  ^  Dgcem. 
governor  in  Fort  James;  and  Recorder  Graham,  coming  1684. 
thence  to  the  City  Hall, "  took  his  place  on  the  bench  on  pfecol^er 
the  right  hand  of  the  mayor."*  ^'■*^'^'"- 

Dongan  also  allowed  the  metropolis  to  hold  a  Conrt  of  i  Febr'y. 

.  .  31  Marcli 

Sessions  until  the  dnke's  pleasure  should  be  known,  and  court  of ' 
commissioned  its  mayor  and  aldermen  to  be  justices  of  the  ^^"°  ^" 
peace.     As  soon  as  it  was  organized,  the  common  council  is  Marcu. 
adopted  various  by-laws  for  the  government  of  the  city. 
It  also  asked  Dongan  to  confirm  the  former  orders  of  An-  it  iiaicu. 
dros,  especially  that  of  the  20th  January,  1680,  prohibiting 
the  bolting  of  flour  at  any  other  place  in  the  province  than 
the  city.     The  governor  required  "  reasons  at  large"  for  is  Marcii. 
this  request ;  and  the  corporation  submitted  that,  as  the  9  Apru. 
manufacture  of  flour  was  the  chief  support  of  the  trade  of 
the  metropolis,  the  high  reputation  of  its  breadstuffs  should 
not  be  taken  away,  as  it  would  be  if  bolting  were  allowed 
elsewhere,  and  that  Long  Island  enjoyed  a  peculiar  advan- 
tage in  its  whaling,  while  the  rest  of  the  province  was  ag- 
ricultural.    Albany,  however,  objected  to  such  a  monopoly  icAprii. 
being  allowed  to  the  metropolis.     But  as  Deputy  Governor 
Walrond,  of  Barbadoes,  complained  that  some  bad  meal 
had  already  been  sent  there  fi'om  New  York,  Dongan  is-  22  May. 
sued  a  proclamation  prohibiting  the  packing  or  bolting  of  nour"^ " 
flour,  or  the  making  of  bread  for  exportation,  in  any  place 
within  the  government,  except  the  city  of  New  York.    This 
action  was  approved  by  the  duke's  commissioners,  who  in- 1  Novcm. 
structed  the  governor  "  by  all  meanes  chiefly  to  incourage 
the  City  of  New  Yorke,  according  to  the  practice  of  your 
predecessors,  and  particularly  to  observe  how  it  was  in  Sir 
Edmond  Andros,  his  time."t 

The  shipping  of  the  port  of  New  York  now  consisted  of  1  Marcii. 
three  barks,  three  brigantines,  twenty  -  seven  sloops,  and  sh!ppin*g. 
forty-six  open  boats.     But  the  trade  of  the  city  had  lan- 

•  Council  Min.,  v.,  10,  20,  27,  31-35,  S2;  Col.  M?S.,  xxxi.,9.');  xxxiv.,  0, 10, 12;  Min.  of 
C.  Council,  i.,  182-202,  20T,2liS,  253;  Val.  Man.,  1S44-5,  314-31T;  1851,309^01;  1S.54,  43S, 
440;  Entiie?,  xxxiii.,  10  ;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  cxxxi.,  cxxxii. ;  Daly's  Sketch,  31 ;  nnt.r,  360. 

+  Min.  of  Com.  Council,  i.,  143,  IGO,  210,  211,  230-24'),  253,  255l2.-)T,  200,  201 ;  Val.  Man., 
1S51,  401 ;  Council  Min.,  v.,  50,  C2,  f5,  Tl,  T2,  S3-85 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxi.,  12.'),  120, 134, 144  ; 
xxxiv.,  20;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  31%  .33S,  "TA,  'lOT;  Dunlap,  ii ,  App.  cxxxii.-cxxxiv. ;  Hoffman's 
Treatise,  ii,  6;  Oldmixon,  ii.,  3S;  ant',  C30. 


392  HISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

C11.V111.  giiished  of  late,  owing  to  2:)eculiar  causes,  one  of  wliicli 
was  the  dnke's  alienation  of  East  Jersey.  At  Dongan's 
i6Feb'y.*  suggestion,  under  an  opinion  of  Kecorder  Graham,  the 
Nw  York  council  and  the  city  authorities  drew  up  an  address  to  the 
City's  ad-  dnke,  in  which  was  shown  the  convenient  natural  situation 

<lress  to  tne  ' 

duke.  of  Manhattan  for  commerce,  and  the  hurtfulness  of  the 
"  unhappy  separation"  of  ISTew  Jersey  from  the  ancient  ter- 
ritory of  New  York,  by  reason  of  which  its  trade  was  di- 
verted, to  the  injury  of  the  proprietor's  revenue.  They 
therefore  prayed  that  his  royal  highness  would  reannex 
East  Jersey  to  his  province  "  by  purchase  or  other  ways," 
and  thus  prevent  the  flourishing  of  the  adjacent  country 
by  the  ruin  of  New  York.  This  address,  the  joint  work 
of  the  New  York  Council — of  which  the  elder  Lewis  Mor- 
ris, of  Westchester,  and  also  of  New  Jersey,  had  just  been 
sworn  a  member — w^as  sent  by  Dongan  to  the  duke  and 
his  commissioners,  wnth  a  rejDresentation  urging  "  the  great 
inconveniences  of  having  two  distinct  Governments  upon 
one  River,"  and  "  how  convenient  it  w^ould  be  to  regain 
East  Jersey."* 

New  York,  indeed,  had  reason  for  annoyance.  The  pro- 
prietors of  East  Jersey  removed  Eudyard,  and  appointed 
Gawen  Lawrie  to  be  their  governor,  who,  after  visiting 

2S  Fcbi'y.  Dongan,    assumed   his    oificial   duties    at    Elizabethtown. 

2  March.    Lawrie  soon  wrote  home  that  the  Governor  of  New  York 

andNew    dcsircd  the  boundary-line  between  the  two  provinces  to  be 
ersey.      ^vco.^  becausc  Several  plantations  were  settled  on  the  Hud- 
son, and  it  was  not  known  to  which  side  they  would  fall. 
Amboy  was  now  named  "  Perth,"  in  honor  of  the  earl,  and 
a  ferry  was  established  there  between  Pennsylvania  and 

CO  March.  Ncw  York.     A  fcw  wccks  afterward,  Lawrie  reported  that 

29  March,  scvcral  merchants  of  New  York  were  leaving  their  planta- 
tions there  and  coming  to  East  Jersey,  because  its  land  was 

penn  and  morc  productivc.  Even  Penn  and  Dongan  seem  to  have 
become  rivals  for  the  purchase  of  Baker's  interest  in  Eliza- 
bethtown.f 

•  Council  Min.,  v.,  4S  ;  Min.  of  N.  Y.  Com.  Council,  i.,  209,  222,  223,  225-227  ;  Val.  Man., 
ISfiO,  57.5;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  C19;  Hi.,  341,  34S,  354;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  C19,  G21,  627,  62S ; 
Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  exxxii. ;  Assembly  Joiu'nals,  ii.,  527,  iioU';  Whitehead's  Kast  Jersey,  107, 
215,  21G  ;  E;i3tern  IJoundary,  30.  Lewis  Morris  was  admitted  into  the  New  York  Council  on 
17  January,  1G84:  Council  Min.,  v.,  43;  UoUon's  Westchester,  ii.,  290;  Whitehead's  Mem. 
of  L.  Morris,  3;  anlr^  1S8. 

t  Chalmei-i',  i.,  fil9-G-21 ;  Leanii.  g  and  Spiccr,  tGS-lS5;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  302 ;  S.  Smith,  170, 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOK.  393 

Penn  had  now  become  so  involved  in  his  controversy  cu.vni. 
with  Lord  Baltimore  that  he  sent  two  of  his  comiselors, 
Lloyd  and  Welsh,  to  ask  Dongan's  friendly  intervention. 
The  governor  promptly  wrote  to  Maryland,  as  desired.  23  Api-u. 
But  when  the  Pennsylvania  agents  asked  to  be  allowed  to 
treat  with  the  New  York  savages  for  their  Susquehanna 
lands,  Donovan  told  them  "  that  they  of  Albany  have  sus-  24  Apru. 

••••1  !•  1  Tinr-n  Dongan 

picion  it  is  only  to  get  away  their  trade,  and  that  Mr.  Penn  opposes 
liath  land  already  more  than  he  can  peoj>le  these  many  tensions. 
years;  that  the  Indians  have  long  since  given  over  their 
lands  to  this  government ;  and  advised  them  to  write  over 
to  the  duke  about  it."     The  agents  then  asked  the  govern- 
or to  write  to  the  Lidians;  but  this  was  refused.     Don- 
gan's firm  opposition  to  Penn's  "coveting  his  neighbor's 
lands,"  made   the   latter  his   bitter  enemy  in  England, 
whither  he  soon  afterward  returned  "  to  improve  his  inter- 12  August. 
est"  with  the  court.     The  duke's  secretary,  however,  in- 
structed Dongan  "that  no  lands  beyond  the  bounds  of  10 March. 
East  and  West  Jersey  (betwixt  the  rivers)  ought  to  be  sep-  orders  to 
arated  from  your  government  upon  any  terms,  and  that   °°^^^' 
you  should  use  great  care  to  hinder  Mr.  Pen  and  the  in- 
habitants of  both  Jerseys  from  obstructing  the  peltry  trade 
of  New  York;  and  that  in  order  to  this,  you  should  pre- 
vent, all  you  can,  the  uniting  of  any  part  of  either  Jersey 
with  Mr.  Pen,  who  (as  you  observe)  is  very  intent  on  his 
owne  interest  in   those    parts."     Again   Werden   wrote,  27 August. 
"  Toucliing  Susquehanna  Piver,  or  lands  about  it  or  trade  que^uanna 
in  it,  which  the  Lidians  convey  to  you  or  invite  you  to,  we  ^'^^^^' 
think  you  will  doe  well  to  preserve  your  interest  there  as 
much  as  possible,  that  soe  nothing  more  may  goe  away  to 
Mr.  Penn  or  either  New  Jerseys.     For  it  is  apparent  they 
are  apt  enough  to  stretch  their  priviledges,  as  M^ell  as  the 
people  of  New  England  have  been,  who  now  probably  will 
be  reduced  to  reason  by  prosecution  of  the  Quo  Warranto 
which  is  brought  against  them."* 

During  the  winter  the  savages  in  Maine  were  suspected  21  March. 
of  plotting  against  the  English,  and  the  New  Hampshire  ®"^'"^'  " 

1T2, 175-180 ;  Hatfield,  218-230 ;  Whitehead's  K.  J.,  3S,  9!),  100, 107. 101.  2S4-293 ;  N.  J.  H. 
S.  Proa,  viii.,  102 ;  Council  Min.,  v.,  65;  Penn.  Arch.,  i.,  SO ;  ante  40, 107,  308. 

*  Col.  Doc,  lii.,  340,341,350,422:  Doc.  Hipt.,i.,  263,205;  Council  Min.,  v.,  73-79;  Penn. 
Arch.,  1.,  S4-S7 ;  Col.  Rec, !.,  103, 104,  105,  KO,  114, 117,  118  ;  Proud,  i.,  205-287, 341 ;  Jlem. 
Penn.H.  S.,  i.,  442-440;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  644,  050;  CG0-CC6;  Dixon,  219,220;  aiiff,  377. 


39i  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1684. 


Council  asked  Dongan  to   aid  them  with  Mohawk  war- 
riors.    To  further  this  request,  Governor  Craniield,  with 
Dudley  and  Shrimpton,  of  Massachusetts,  visited  IS^ew  York. 
11  April.    Dongan,  however,  would  not  irritate  the  Iroquois,  especial- 
ly as  the  Kennebec  savages  were  "  stout  fellows,  and  fear- 
ed not  the  Mohawks ;"  although  he  promised  assistance  if 
the  Eastern  Indians  began  hostilities.     As  Saint  Castin 
was  supposed  to  have  instigated  them,  the  governor  again 
May.        warned  him  and  the  French  under  his  authority  either  to 
again        quit  Pcmaquid,  or  else  swear  allegiance  to  the  King  of  En- 
castin.      gland ;  promising  not  to  interfere  with  their  religion.    Don- 
gan's  offer  was  considered  by  the  French  to  be  "  the  more 
dangerous,"  because  of  his  "being  a  Catholic, -and  having 
a  Jesuit  and  Priests  along  with  him."     Intending  to  visit 
Pemaquid,  Dongan  left  its  local  government  for  the  pres- 
21  April,    ent  in  the  hands  of  Captain  Nicholas  Manning,  Sheriff  John 
2s  April.    Allen,  and  Giles  Goddard,  its  representative  in  the  New 
9  July.      York  Assembly.     Some  of  its  inhabitants  complained  that 
Pemaquid.  tlio  regulations  of  the  previous  November  were  "  altogeth- 
er arbitrary,"  and  asked  that  the  laws  and  tribunals  of  New 
York,  although  "  over  great  distant,"  should  be  extended  to 
them ;  but  as  the  governor  was  now  occupied  with  the  Iro- 
quois at  Albany,  the  affairs  of  Pemaquid  were  postponed 
mitil  he  could  himself  go  thither, "  and  in  the  mean  time, 
the  former  orders  to  be  observed."* 
New  York      Up  to  tliis  time  the  relations  between  New  York  and 
da.  Canada  had  been,  upon  the  whole,  friendl3\     The  sympa- 

thy between  Charles  the  Second  and  Louis  the  Fourteenth 
was  not  to  be  disturbed  by  any  questions  about  their  colo- 
nies in  North  America.  But  the  Duke  of  York  was  anxious 
to  gain  all  the  territory  he  could ;  and  his  deputy,  Andros, 
had  claimed,  in  1677,  that  New  York  included  all  the  coun- 
try south  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  and  Lake  Ontario.  This 
bold  claim  could  not,  however,  be  admitted  by  Canada. 
French  missionaries  had  planted  Christianity  in  that  region 
long  before  any  other  Europeans  had  seen  it ;  and  the  gov- 
ernors of  New  France  had  maintained  the  sovereignty  of 
their  king  by  warlike  expeditions,  and  by  treaties  with  the 

'  Council  Min.,  v.,  CG-GO,  72,  01  ;  Col.  M?S.,  xxxi.,  ICG,  ISl ;  xxxii.,  11,  .ST ;  xxxiv.,  17, 
lS(ii.),3;  Maine  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  v.,  70-72,  Sl-104,  2G3.  2G1;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxxv.,  121, 
122  ;  Maw.  r.cc,  v.,  490 ;  Col.  Doc  ,  iii.,  3G4,  3G5,  •JOG,  ^>1 ;  ix.,  2C3,  2G5,  26G,  £00,  91S ;  Bel- 
knap, i.,  171, 172,  322 ;  Williamson,  i.,  5S1 ;  ante,  379, 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  395 

savages,  whom  they  overawed.     But  the  appointments  of  ch.viii. 
De  la  Barre  and  of  Don^an,  to  govem  Canada  and  New 
York,  brought  to  a  crisis  the  question  between  those  colo-  ' 

nies,  which  could  no  longer  be  left  undecided. 

Dongan's  Indian  policy  was  simply  to  execute  and  ex- 
tend that  of  his  predecessor,  Andros.     In  his  earliest  let- 
ters the  duke's  governor  told  De  la  Barse  that  "  nobody  February. 
hath  a  greater  desire  to  have  a  strict  miion  with  you,  and  indifT  ^ 
good  correspondence,  than  myself,  who  served  long  time  in  ^^^''^' 
France,  and  was  much  obliged  by  the  king  and  gentry  of 
that  country."     At  the  same  time,  Dongan  claimed  that 
all  the  territory  "  south  and  southwest  of  the  Lake  of  Can- 
ada," belonged  to  the  King  of  England.     Dela  Barre,  how- 
ever, would  not  recognize  the  Iroquois  as  British  subjects. 
Some  Senecas  and  Cayugas  having  plundered  French  ca- 
noes on  their  way  to  the  Sioux,  assaulted  Fort  Saint  Louis,  2s  Marcii. 
but  were  repulsed  by  De  Baugy,  the  successor  of  Tonty.  Bane-s 
De  la  Barre  therefore  resolved  to  attack  the  Senecas.     He  '=°°'^"'='- 
detained  their  ambassador,  Tegancourt,  who  came  to  Que- 
bec to  ratify  the  agreement  made  the  autumn  before ;  and 
directed  the  Jesuit  missionaries,  Millet  at  Oneida,  and  the 
two  Lambervilles  at  Onondaga,  to  intrigue  so  as  to  divide 
the  Iroquois  confederates.    The  savage  allies  of  the  French 
in  the  West  were  also  ordered  to  be  brought  down,  and 
Fort  Frontenac  was  re-enforced.     Some  Caghnawaga  con- 
verts were  sent  with  friendly  messages  to  the  Mohawks,  10  June. 
Oneidas,  and  Onondagas.     The  King  of  France  was  so-  s  June, 
licited  to  obtain  an  order  from  the  King  of  England,  pro- 
hibiting Dongan  from  assisting  the  Iroquois.     De  la  Barre 
also  sent  the  Sieur  Bourdon  to  New  York  with  a  letter,  ad- 15  June. 
visino;  Donovan  of  his  intention  to  attack  the  Senecas  and 
Cayugas,  but  not  the  Mohawks  and  Oneidas, "  neighbors  of 
Albany ;"  the  people  of  which,  he  asked,  might  be  forbid- 
den to  sell  arms  and  ammunition  to  the  Iroquois,  which 
proceeding  "can  alone  intimidate  them,  and  when  they 
see  the  Christians  united  on  this  subject,  they  will  show 
them  more  respect  than  they  have  done  hitherto." 

But  Dongan  answered  that  all  the  Iroquois  nations  were 
under  the  government  of  New  York,  as  appeared  by  its 
records ;  that  the  duke's  territories  reached  "  as  far  as  the 
Eiver  of  Canada;  and  that  if  the  French  did  not  come 


396  IIISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOKli. 


1684, 
54  June. 


cii.  vin.  south  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  and  Lake  Ontario, "  the  peo- 
ple" of  New  York  would  not  go  north  of  them,  "  I  am  so 
heartily  bent,"  he  added, "  to  promote  the  quiet  and  tran- 
Ijui^:  quillitj  of  this  country  and  yours,  that  I  intend  forthwith 
firm  for  to  go  mysclf  to  Albany,  on  purpose,  and  there  send  for  the 
Lidians,  and  require  of  them  to  do  what  is  just,  in  order 
to  a  satisfaction,  to  your  pretences ;  if  they  will  not,  I  shall 
not  imjnstly  protect  them."* 

Dongan's  promised  visit  to  Albany  had  become  more 
important,  because  some  L^oquois  war  parties,  said  to  have 
been  instigated  by  the  French  missionaries,  had  gone  down 
the  Susquehanna,  and  committed  outrages  on  the  northern 
settlements  of  Maryland  and  Virginia.  These  hostilities 
violated  the  compact  made  at  Albany  in  August,  1682. 

28  Feb'y.    So  Fraucis,  Lord  Howard  of  Effingham,  who  had  succeed- 

ed Lord  Culpepper  as  governor  of  Virginia,  thought  it  nec- 
essary to  instigate  Dongan  to  join  him  in  a  war  against  the 
Five  Nations.     Accompanied  by  two  members  of  his  coun- 

29  June,     cil,  Effingham  accordingly  came  to  New  York,  where  he 
aid  of  Ef-   was  entertained,  and  was  admitted  by  the  city  corporation 
vi"ftrNew  to  be  a  freeman  of  the  metropolis.     Lord  Effingham  ap- 
is madra   pears  to  have  been  the  first  British  peer  upon  whom  this 
freeman,    (ijg^j^ction  was  Conferred.     At  Dongan's  invitation  he  sail- 
ed with  him  in  midsummer  up  the  glorious  Hudson  to  Al- 
bany, where  the  five  Iroquois  cantons  of  New  York  had 
been  summoned  to  meet  their  ''  Corlaer."t 

Deputies  from  the  Mohawks,  Oneidas,  Onondagas,  and 
Cajiigas  soon  assembled  there.     Those  from  the  far-off 

30  July.     Senecas  had  not  yet  come.     Lord  Effingham  opened  the 
and  Effing,  couferencc  in  presence  of  Dongan  and  two  of  his  counsel- 

liam  at  ii-  r     n  t^  i  -I'l 

Aib.iny.  ors,  and  the  magistrates  or  Albany,  by  recapitulating  the 
broken  promises  and  recent  outrages  of  the  Iroquois,  and 
proposed  to  make  "  a  new  chain"  between"  them  and  Vir- 
ginia and  Maryland, "  to  endiu'e  even  to  the  world's  end.":j: 

^  *  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  233,  237,  247,  303,  S94,  305,  447,  44S,  440,  451, 4G7 ;  v.,  531,  731 ;  i.x.,  200, 
207,  22G-223,  239,  240, 246,  247,  305;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  07,  CS,  73,  74,  202 ;  Quebec  MS3.,  iv.  (ii.), 
24C,  24S,  251 ;  Council  Min.,  iii.  (ii.),  135;  v.,  40,  SO,  flO ;  Colden,  i.,  44, 53,  GO,  CI,  02,  249, 
250;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  290,307-313;  La  Ilontan's  Voyages,  i.,  2-2S;  Pinkerton,  xiii.,  254-270; 
X.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  2S0,  2S7 ;  Shea's  Missions,  312,  313 ;  ante,  3(iC,  307,  377. 

t  Council  Min.,  v.,  40,  93;  Col.  MSS.,  x.xxi.,  157, 174;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  304,  400,  440;  ix., 
20S,  22S,  253;  Colden,  i.,  44;  ii.,  SO;  Smith,  i.,  09;  Chalmev.s  i.,  340,  587;  Uurk,  ii.,  277, 
2S1,2R2;  Beverley,  77  ;  Oldraixon,  i.,393;  Campbell,  33S ;  Collins's  Peeragi',  v.,  25;  ante, 
SCO,  377. 

tin  the  first  edition  of  Colden,  p.  49,  the  date  of  this  meeting  is  correctly  given  aa  "  the 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  397 

Dongan  now  accomplished  an  important  pm^ose.    Tak-  ^"-  ^'"^- 
ing  advantage  of  the  presence  of  liis  brother  governor  from   ^^^34 
Virginia,  he  obtained  from  the  Ii'oquois  their  written  sub-  so  juiy. 
mission  to  "  the  Great  Sachem  Charles,  that  lives  on  the  quois  br- 
other side  of  the  great  lake."     This  was  recorded  upon  Sut^  the' 
"  two  white  dressed  deer-skins,"  which  were  "  to  be  sent  to  Engfand. 
the  great  Sachem  in  England,  that  he  may  write  on  them, 
and  put  a  great  red  seal  to  them."     All  the  Susquehaima  susque- 
Kiver  above  the  ''  Washuta,"  or  AVyalusing  Falls,  and  all  lands. 
the  rest  of  the  land  of  the  Iroquois,  was  thus  confii'med  to 
the  Duke  of  York,  and  "  fastened"  to  his  government.'" 

At  the  same  time,  Counselor  Yan  Cortlandt,  whom  the  30  juiy. 
Massachusetts  government  appointed  to  be  its  agent,  had  setts  and ' 
an  interview  with  the  Mohawk  sachems,  and  ratified  "  their  quois!'^ 
former  and  happy  friendship"  by  some  small  presents.f 

The  next  day  the  Mohawk  sachem  Odianne,  who  spoke  31  juiy. 
for  the  four  nations  then  represented,  answered  Lord  Ef- 
fingham that  the  Mohawks  were  free  from  blame,  but  that 
the  Oneidas,  Onondagas,  and  CapTgas  had  been  "  stupid, 
bnitish,  and  void  of  understanding."     In  their  name,  how- 
ever, he  promised  '"''Assarigoa^''  or  "  the  big  knife,":{;  that  Lord  Ef- 
the  covenant  chain  should  thenceforth  be  kept  "  bright  as  named"' 
silver"  between  Yirginia  and  Maryland,  and  the  Five  Na-  goa"T>-' 
tions  of  New  York,  whose  co^'enant  house  at  Albany  "  must 
be  kept  clean."     And  then  he  offered  to  plant  a  tree  of 
peace,  "whose  tops  mil  reach  the  sun  and  its  branches 
spread  far  abroad,"  so  as  to  cover  not  only  Yirginia  and 
Maryland,  but  Massachusetts,  which  Yan  Cortlandt  repre- 
sented.    The  Oneidas  then  gave  beaver-skins  to   satisfy^ 
what  they  had  promised  Lord  Baltimore  two  years  before. 
An  Onondaga  followed  for  his  own  nation : — the  Oneidas 
and  Cayugas,  asking  to  "  lay  hold  of  the  chain,"  and  that 

thirtieth  of  July;"  but  the  London  editions  of  1747,  p.  47,  and  1755,  i.,  p.  45,  eironeously 
print  thirteenth.  This  error  is  followed  by  Burk,  ii.,  2S3;  Bancroft,  ii.,  419;  Dunlap,  i., 
13G;  and  others. 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  347,  3C3,  394,  406,  417,  41S,  503,  509,  515,  510;  Colden  (first  ed.),  C4,  C5 ; 
ed.  17.55,  i.,  55,  56 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  201,  204,  260 ;  Penn.  Arch.,  i.,  121-123;  ante^  370. 

t  Mass.  Rec,  v.,  401,  402;  Colden  (first  ed.),  02;  ed.  1755,  i.,  54;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  ."94; 
ante.,  309. 

t  The  Mohawks,  and  Odianne  their  orator  —  misled,  perhaps,  by  Amoiit  Comelissen 
Viele,  the  Dutch  interpreter — mistook  Lord  Howard's  name  for  "Houwer,"  a  Dutch  word, 
which  in  English  means  a  hanger  or  cutlass.  This  phonetic  en-or  made  them  call  the  Vir- 
ginian governor  '■'-.ifismigoa"  which,  in  the  Iroquois  tongue,  signifies  "big  knife."  This 
term,  "Assarigoa"  (like  that  of  "C'orlaer"  in  New  York),  was  long  used  by  the  New  York 
savages  to  designate  the  governors  of  Virginia  :  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  454 ;  v.,  070 ;  viii.,  119  ;  ix., 
706;  Mass.  Kec,  v.,4Gl;  Colden,  i.,  50;  ii.,4S;  Shea's  ed., 57, 133. 


the  Iro- 
quois. 


398  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cii.vin.  au  axe  might  be  buried  for  each  of  them.  But  the  Mo- 
hawks  said  that  no  axe  need  be  buried  for  them,  because 
■  they  had  never  broken  the  first  chain.  Then  the  five  axes 
Axes  buri-  — ^^^'^  ^^^'  Maryland  and  Virginia,  and  three  for  the  Onei- 
ton^y  '^''  *^^®'  Onondagas,  and  Cayugas — "  were  buried  in  the  soutli- 
east  end  of  the  court-yard,  and  the  Indians  threw  the  earth 
upon  them.  After  which  my  Lord  told  them  them  that 
since  now  a  firm  peace  was  concluded,  we  shall  hereafter 
remain  firm  friends,  and  Virginia  and  Maryland  will  send 
once  in  two  or  three  years  to  renew  it,  and  some  of  our  In- 
dian Sachems  shall  come  according  to  your  desire  to  con- 
firm it."  After  this  the  Oneidas,  Onondagas,  and  Cayu- 
gas "  jointly  sang  the  Peace  Song,  with  demonstrations  of 
much  joy,  and  thanked  the  Governor  of  New  York  for  his 
effectual  mediation  with  the  Governor  of  Virginia  in  their 
favour."* 

The  four  nations  then   asked  to  have  "the  Duke  of 
York's  arms  put  upon  their  castles,"  which  tiiey  supposed 
August.     "  would  save  them  from  the  French."     So  Dongan  order- 
of  York's    ed  Viele,  the  inteii^reter,  to  place  them  on  "  each  castle,  as 
oa^he"'     far  as  Oneigra,"  which  was  accordingly  done.     Viele  was 
cStiea."     instructed  to  forbid  the  Five  Nations,  "  as  subjects  of  the 
Duke  of  York,"  from  holding  any  conference  with  the 
French  without  the  governor's  permission ;  and  the  Sene- 
cas  were  offered  four  hundred  cavalry  and  as  many  in- 
fantry if  they  should  be  attacked  by  the  French.     Dongan 
likewise  asked  the  savages  to  call  home  those  of  their  na- 
tions who  had  settled  at  Caghnawaga,  near  Montreal.     The 
sachems  adroitly  replied, "  Corlaer  keeps  a  correspondence 
with  Canada,  and  therefore  he  can  prevail  more  than  we 
can.     Let  Corlaer  use  his  endeavours  to  draw  our  Indians 
home  to  their  own  country ."f 
2  August.       The  Onondagas  and  Cayugas  now  made  "  a  remarkable 
t/.rono°i-  speech"  to  the  two  English  governors,  whom  they  addressed 
«;a>-uga3°toas  "Brethren,"  at  the  Town  Hall  of  Albany — "Your  Sa- 
^nd  EffiDg-  chem,"  tliey  said, "  is  a  great  Sachem,  and  we  are  but  a  small 
'"'™"        people.    But  when  the  English  first  came  to  Manhattan ,Vir- 

*  Colden  (first  ed.),  55-C: ;  ed.  1755,  i.,  40-53  ;  ii.,  80 ;  Dnrk,  i.,  2S4-28T ;  ante,  3G5,  3C6. 

t  Colden  (fir.^t  ed.),  CI,  G2,  C3,  T6  (cd.  1T55),  i.,  53,  54,  C5;  Cnl.  Doc.,  iii.,  303,  306,  440,47.^; 
v.,  75,  70;  ix,  24-3,  247,  251,253,257,259,201  ;  Uoc.  llirft  ,  i.,  00,70,  81,87;  Charlevoix,  iii., 
315.  ViclpV  .loiiinnl  of  \w  expedition  is  in  Col.  MPS.,  xxxi  ,  150,  nnd  Alb.iny  licrord.--, 
xviii.,  401-40-1. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  399 

ginia,  and  Maryland,  they  were  but  a  small  people,  and  we  cu.  vni. 
a  great  people.     And  finding  they  were  good  people,  we 
gave  them  land,  and  treated  them  civilly.     And  now,  since  speech  of 
you  are  a  great  people  and  we  but  a  small,  you  will  protect  "^g^s^aTd 
us  from  the  French ;  which,  if  you  do  not,  W€  shall  lose  all  ^"y^s-'s- 
our  hunting  and  beavers.     The  French  will  have  all  the 
Beavers,  and  ai'e  angry  with  us  for  bringing  any  to  you." 

"  We  have  put  all  our  land  and  our  selfs  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  great  Duke  of  York,  the  brother  of  your 
great  Sachem; — We  have  given  the  Susquehanne  River, 
which  we  won  with  the  sword,  to  this  Government,  and  de- 
sire that  it  may  be  a  branch  of  that  great  tree  that  grows 
here,  whose  top  reaches  to  the  sun,  under  whose  branches 
we  shall  shelter  ourselves  from  the  French,  or  any  other 
people ;  And  our  fire  burns  in  your  houses,  and  your  fire 
burns  with  us ;  And  we  desire  that  it  always  may  be  so, 
and  will  not  that  any  of  your  Penn's  people  shall  settle 
upon  the  Susquehanne  River ;  for  our  young  folks  or  sol- 
diers are  like  wolfs  in  the  woods,  as  you  Sachem  of  Vir- 
ginia know,  we  having  no  otlier  land  to  leave  to  our  wives 
and  children." 

"  We  have  put  ourselves  under  the  Great  Sachem  Charles 
that  lives  over  the  Great  Lake,  and  we  do  give  you  two 
white  dres't  deer-sldns,  to  be  sent  to  the  Great  Sachem 
Charles,  that  he  may  write  upon  them,  and  put  a  great 
red  scale  to  them,  that  we  do  put  the  Susquehaime  River, 
above  the  Wasliinta,  or  Falls,  and  all  the  rest  of  our  land, 
under  the  great  Dulve  of  York,  and  to  nobody  else.  Our 
Brethren,  his  servants,  were  as  fathers  to  our  wives  and 
children,  and  did  give  us  bread  when  we  were  in  need  of 
it ;  and  Ave  will  neither  join  ourselves  nor  our  land  to  any 
other  government  than  this :  And  this  Proposition  we  de- 
sire that  Corlaer,  the  Governor,  may  send  over  to  your 
Great  Sachem  Charles  that  dwells  over  the  Great  Lake, 
with  this  belt  of  Wampum-peeg,  and  another  smaller  belt 
for  the  Duke  of  York  his  brother ;  and  we  give  a  Beaver 
to  the  Corlaer  to  send  over  this  Proposition." 

"  And  you.  Great  Man  of  Virginia,  We  let  you  knov/ 
that  Great  Penn  did  speak  to  us  here  in  Corlaer's  house, 
by  his  Agents,  and  desired  to  buy  the  Susquehanne  River. 
But  we  would  not  liearken  to  him,  nor  come  under  his 


400 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Cn.  VIII. 


1684 


D  August. 
Speech  of 
the  Sene- 
cas  to  Don- 
pan  and 
Effiagliani. 


5  July. 
Dongan's 
notice  to 
Dela 
Barre. 


government;  and  therefore  desire  you  to  be  witness  of 
wliat  we  now  do,  and  that  we  have  already  done.  And 
let  your  friend  that  lives  over  the  Great  Lake  know  that 
we  are  a  free  people,  uniting  ourselves  to  what  Sachem  we 
please  ;  and  do  give  you  one  beaver  skin."* 

Three  days  after  this  speech  the  Seneca  delegates  reach- 
ed Albany,  and  had  an  interview  with  the  Governors  of 
~New  York  and  Virginia.  They  asked  Lord  Effingham  to 
include  them  in  the  "  new  chain"  he  had  made  witli  the 
other  four  nations,  who,  "  from  the  Mohawks'  country  to 
the  Cayugas,  have  delivered  up  the  Susquehanna  River 
and  all  that  country  to  Corlaer's  government.  We  con- 
firm what  they  have  done  by  giving  this  belt."  And  then, 
referring  to  their  relations  with  Canada,  they  said  that  its 
governor  was  to  blame;  he  furnished  arms  to  then-  ene- 
mies, and  enticed  them  to  bring  beavers  to  Montreal,  which 
otherwise  the  Senecas  would  have  brought  to  their  own 
"  brethren"  at  Albany.  Onnontio  called  them  his  "  chil- 
dren," and  talked  of  protecting  them ;  but  at  the  same  time 
he  "  knocked  them  on  the  head,"  by  aiding  their  enemies. 
"  Corlaer,"  they  added, "  hear  what  we  say.  We  thank  you 
for  the  Duke's  Arms,  which  you  have  given  us  to  be  put  on 
our  castles,  as  a  defence  to  them.  You  command  them. 
Have  we  wandered  out  of  the  way,  as  the  Governor  of 
Canada  says?  We  do  not  threaten  him  with  war,  as  he 
threatens  us.  What  shall  we  do  ?  Shall  we  run  away,  or 
shall  we  sit  still  in  oiu*  houses  ?"f 

Dongan  had,  meanwhile,  notified  De  la  Barre  that  the 
Senecas  were  under  the  government  of  New  York ;  that 
"  the  Duke's  territories"  must  not  be  invaded ;  and  that  the 
differences  between  the  French  in  Canada  and  tlie  l^ew 
York  Iroquois  ought  to  be  settled  by  the  "  masters  in  Eu- 
rope, to  whom  we  should  properly  refer."  And  he  added, 
"  I  have  ordered  the  coats  of  arms  of  his  Royal  Highness 
the  Duke  of  York,  to  be  put  up  in  the  Indian  castles, 
which  may  dissuade  you  from  acting  any  thing  that  may 
create  a  misunderstanding  between  us."     De  la  Barre  at 


*  See  copy  translated  and  revised  by  Secretary  Robert  Livingston,  of  this  "  Proposition," 
or  "  Oration,"  in  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  3-iT,  '41T,  41S,  50S,  509 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  2C3,  2G4,  265.  Col- 
den,  in  his  first  edition,  G3-C6,  and  in  tlie  ed.  of  1755,  i.,  54-50,  varies  the  wording. 

t  Golden  (first  ed.),CG-63,  74-77  (ed. .1755),  i.,52-5S,C2-64;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  503,  509 ;  i.\., 
297,  S02. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOE.  401 

once  dispatched  the  Sieur  de  Salvaye  to  Albany  with  an  cn.  vni. 
answer  to  Donffan,  that  not  the  governors  Of  New  York 
aud  Canada,  but  only  the  kings  of  England  and  France,  15  j  ,   ' 
conld  decide  "  about  pretensions  to  the  possession  of  lands."  M  la^ 
Yet,  although  the  Cayugas  and  Senecas  had  claimed  the  answer. 
Governor  of  New  York  as  their  "  intercessor,"  those  "  rob- 
bers, assassins,  and  traitors"  would  be   attacked  by  the 
French  toward  the  end  of  August.     De  la  Barre's  messen- 
ger came  to  Albany  just  as  the  Seneca  delegates  reached  5  August, 
there,  and  was  present  at  the  conference  with  the  two  En- 
glish governors,     Dongan  quickly  sent  liim  back  to  Cana-  August.^ 
da  with  a  letter  to  De  la  Barre,  that  the  French  claim  torep"!?"^^ 
the  Iroquois  coimtry  by  twenty-iive  years'  possession,  and 
sending  Jesuit  missionaries,  was  "very  slender;"  that  he 
wished  a  "  good  correspondence ;"  but  that  as  to  all  terri- 
torial claims,  he  had  referred  them,"wit]i  an  entire  sub- 
mission, unto  England,"* 

Accordingly,  on  returning  to  the  metropolis,  Dongan  27  August, 
sent  Baxter,  the  commandant  at  Albany,  to  London,  with  to'Lon*don! 
full  accounts  of  what  had  just  been  done.     Among  other 
events  which  happened  diu-ing  the  governor's  absence,  the 
Minisink  sachems  had  appeared  before  the  council,  andssjuiy. 
declared  themselves  under  the  government  of  New  York. 
The  duke's  commissioners  approved  of  Dongan's  doings  1  Novem. 
with  the  Indians, "  because  they  tend  to  the  continuing  that  The  dukes 
good  correspondence  which  hath  hitherto  been  held  with 
them,  and  which  is  so  necessary  for  the  preservation  of 
your  peltry  trade."     But  they  cautioned  him  "to  act  so 
prudently"  toward  his  European  neighbors  as  to  give  them 
"  no  just  cause  of  complaint."! 

In  spite  of  Dongan,  De  la  Barre  persisted  to  attack  the  14  August. 
Senecas,  and  went  to  Fort  Frontenac  with  all  the  force  of  Barre-s  ex- 
Canada,  consisting  of  some  twelve  hundred  men,  who  were  againTthe 
pompously  reviewed.     On  his  way  up  the  Saint  Lawrence,  ^''°'i"°'^- 
the    governor   was   joined  by  James    Lamberville,   who 
brought  discouraging  letters  from  his  brother  at  Ononda- 10-is  juiy. 
ga,  and  by  Millet,  who  now  abandoned  his   mission  at 
Oneida.     Lamber\nlle  was  sent  back  with  friendly  mes- 10  August. 
sages  to  the  Onondagas,  and  was  followed  by  Charles  lefoAug. 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  449-452, 473;  ix.,242;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  69-72;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxi.,  157;  Col- 
den,  74;  i.,  02 ;  Smith,  i.,  70.  t  CouncU  Min.,  v.,  93,  94;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  351,  352. 

II.— C  c 


402  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  VIII.  Moyne,  who  invited  the  Iroquois  to  meet  Onnontio  at  "  La 
Famine,"  or  the  Sahnon  River,  and  took  back  Teffancom-t, 
"°  ■  the  Seneca  ambassador,  whom  De  la  Barre  had  arrested  at 
Quebec.  A  detachment  was  also  sent  forward  from  Fort 
Frontenac,  to  encamp  at  La  Famine,  so  as  to  be  "  nearer 
the  enemy,"  and  be  able,  by  hunting  and  fishing,  to  refresh 
the  rest  of  the  army.* 

At  Onondaga  Le  Moyne  met  Yiele,  whom  Dongan  had 
sent  on  horseback  from  Albany  to  warn  the  Five  Nations 
not  to  speak  to  the  Canadians  without  his  permission. 
j^Ang.  Dongan's  messenger  succeeded  very  well  with  the  Mo- 
hawks at  Tionnontoguen,  and  with  the  Oneidas,  "who 
promised  that  they  would  not  go  near  the  French  Govern- 
i|  Aug.  or."  But,  when  Yiele  came  to  Onondaga,  he  was  confront- 
ed, in  a  council  of  that  nation  and  the  Oneidas  and  Cayu- 
gas,  by  three  French  agents,  much  more  able  than  himself. 
These  were,  De  la  Barre's  messenger,  Charles  le  Moyne,  or 
Acossen, "  the  Partridge,"  with  the  Jesuit  Father  John  de 
Lamberville — whom  the  Iroquois  had  named  Teiorensere, 
which  in  their  pictm'esque  language  meant  "  the  dawning 
of  the  day" — and  his  younger  brother  James,  whom  they 
called  Onnissantie.  But  Dongan's  Dutch-English  emis- 
Vieie,  or  sary  did  his  work  badl}^  In  the  Iroquois  council,  Viele, 
auhebn-  wliom  they  called  "Arie,"  spoke  "like  a  master"  to  the 
council.  American  owners  of  ]S"ew  York,  and  told  them  that  they 
belonged  to  the  King  of  England  and  the  Duke  of  York ; 
that  their  council-fires  were  lighted  at  Albany ;  and  that 
they  must  not  talk  with  the  Governor  of  Canada.  This 
discourse  offended  the  Onondagas,  who  rephed  that  they 
would  go  and  meet  Onnontio.  "You  say  we  are  sub- 
jects of  the  King  of  England  and  the  Duke  of  York,  but 
we  say  we  are  Brethren.  We  must  take  care  of  Ourselves. 
Those  arms  fixed  upon  the  post  without  the  gate  cannot 
defend  us  against  the  arms  of  La  BaiTe."  Flattery  and 
presents  from  Canada  had  meanwhile  gained  over  one  of 
the  Onondaga  chiefs  named  Outreouati,  or  Hoteouati,  or 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  431,  445,  467,  473 ;  ix.,  172, 174,  234-230,  241,  242,  252-25G ;  Doc.  Hist., 
i.,  74,  75,  S3-8G ;  Charlevoix,  iL,  313,  314,  315 ;  Shea's  Charlevoix,  iii.,  248-251 ;  Golden, !., 
64,  ISl ;  La  Hontan,  i.,  39-43 ;  Shea's  Missions,  277,  313 ;  ante^  395.  The  Indian  name  of 
La  Famine^  now  known  as  Salmon  River,  in  Oswego  County,  was  "  Gainhouague."  or  "  Kai- 
hohnpe,"  where  Frontenac  had  been  invited  to  meet  the  Irotiuois  in  1CS2 :  Col.  Doc,  iii  , 
431,  445 ;  ix.,  172, 174,  250 :  Golden,  1,,  64,  65,  ISl ;  ante,  364.  In  Doa  Hist.,  i.,  03,  it  is  in- 
correctly called  Hungry  Ray,  in  Jefferson  County. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOE.  403 

Haaskoiiaim,  whom  the  French  called  '■'■La  Grande  Gueule,^^  cn.  vni. 
because  he  had  "  the   strongest  head  and  loudest  voice 
among  the  Iroquois."     A  few  words  "  whispered  in  his  Grande  * 
ears"  by  the  French  ag-ents  made  the  Indian  orator  use^"^"'* 

•J  o  opposes 

"  high  words"  against  Dongan's  messenger.  "  Learn,"  said  t^or'aer. 
he, "that  the  Onondaga  places  liimself  between  Onnontio 
his  father,  and  the  Seneca  his  brother,  to  hinder  them  from 
fighting.  1  should  have  thought  that  Corlaer  would  have 
placed  himself  behind  me,  and  cried  '  Courage,  Onondaga, 
do  not  let  the  father  and  the  son  kill  each  other.'  I  am 
very  much  surprised  that  his  envoy  talks  to  me  quite  oth- 
erwise. *  *  *  I  have  two  arms,  one  of  which  I  extend  to 
Montreal,  to  support  there  the  tree  of  peace ;  the  other  is 
on  the  head  of  Corlaer,  who  for  a  long  time  has  been  my 
brother.  Onnontio  has  been  for  ten  years  my  father,  and 
Corlaer  for  a  long  time  my  brother ;  and  this,  because  I 
have  willed  it  so.  Neither  the  one  nor  the  other  is  my 
master.  He  who  made  the  world  has  given  me  the  land  The  iro- 
which  I  occupy.  I  am  free.  I  have  respect  for  both. 
But  nobody  has  the  right  to  command  me ;  and  nobody 
should  take  it  ill  that  I  use  every  means  to  prevent  the 
land  from  being  troubled.  I  cannot  any  longer  put  off 
going  to  my  father,  since  he  has  taken  the  trouble  to 
come  to  my  gate,  and  has  only  reasonable  propositions  to 
make  to  me."  But,  with  "  Iroquois  cunning,"  the  Ononda- 
gas  asked  Le  Moyne  to  have  their  conference  with  De  la 
Barre  postponed  until  they  could  obtain  Dongan's  permis- 
sion. This,  however,  was  declined,  and  arrangements  were 
quickly  made  for  an  embassy  to  meet  Onnontio  at  La 
Famine.* 

The  news  was  soon  carried  to  De  la  Barre,  at  Fort  Fron-  ce  la 
tenac,  where  affairs  were  now  bad  enough.     Fever  had  so  FortVl-on. 
reduced  himself  and  his  forces,  both  there  and  at  La  Fa-  ^°'''^' 
mine,  that  it  was  out  of  the  question  to  attack  the  Senecas. 
The  Western  auxiharies  assembled  at  Niagara  were  order- 
ed to  return  home,  and  De  la  Barre  hastened  across  the 
lake  to  Salmon  Biver.     Some  of  the  sick  were  sent  back  to 

*  Col.  Doc,  iv.,  122 ;  ix.,  185,  242,  243,  251,  257,  25S,  3SC ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxi.,  159  ;  Albany 
Eec,  xviil.,  461 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i..  76,  87, 88 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  315-317,  370,  371 ;  Shea's  Char- 
levoix, iii.,  351-353;  Golden,  78-81 ;  i.,  65-67;  La  Hontan,  i.,  46,  125;  Bancroft,  ii.,  421 ; 
ante,  364,  396,398.  As  to  the  meaning  of  the  Indian  names  of  Lamherville  and  Millet, 
compare  Shea's  Golden,  79,  80,  135,  and  Catholic  Missions,  277 ;  Golden  (ed.  1755),  i.,  66, 
114;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  453;  ix.,  665 ;  Rel.  1672, 12,  21 ;  ante, 118. 


and  at  La 
Famine 


404:  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cii.  vni.  Montreal,  and  messengers  were  dispatclied  to  hurry  f or- 
ward  the  Indian  delegation  fi'om  Onondaga.     Le  Mojne, 

sseptem.  "^^^  ^^^®  Onondagas,  three  Oneidas,  and  two  Cayugas, 
headed  by  Grande  Gnenle,  and  the  younger  Garacontie, 
soon  came  to  La  Famine.  The  French  regaled  them  "^dth 
abundant  lake  trout ;  and  a  conference  was  appointed  for 

4Septem.   ths  ucxt  day.     De  la  Barre  was  tlien  sitting  in  an  arm- 

atLaFa-  chair,  with  his  intei'pretei's  and  officers  on  each  side,  while 
the  L'oquois  sat  on  the  ground,  "  in  the  Oriental  fashion," 

Bruyas's    faciug  the  Freucli.     Bruyas  spoke  for  De  la  Barre ;  Outre- 

Dc  la  °'  ouati,  or  Grande  Gueule,  and  Garacontie  for  the  Iroquois ; 
and  the  Seneca  Tegancourt  was  also  present.  In  a  bold 
harangue,  Bruyas,  on  the  part  of  Onnontio,  charged  the 
New  York  Iroquois  with  robbing  and  abusing  the  French 
traders  among  the  Illinois  and  Miamis,  and  with  introduc- 
ing the  English  into  the  lakes  belonging  to  the  King  of 
France ;  and  threatened  to  destroy  the  villages  of  the  Five 
Nations  if  they  did  not  give  satisfaction  to  the  French. 
Amazed  that  the  "soft  words"  of  Lamberville  and  Le 
Moyne  at  Onondaga  were  turned  into  such  threats  at 
Salmon  River,  Grande  Gueule,  who  had  all  the  while  kept 
his  eye  fixed  on  his  calumet,  or  pipe  of  peace,  arose,  and, 
after  five  or  six  turns  around  the  French  and  Indian  circle, 

Grande      replied  witli  telling   sarcasm  :  "  Onnontio,  I  honor  you ; 

repfytVoebut  the  Fivc  ISTatious  have  not  yet  perished.  I  congratu- 
late you  that  you  have  buried  the  murderous  axe  which 
has  been  so  often  red  with  French  blood.  I  see  you 
dreaming  in  a  camp  of  sick  men,  whom  the  Great  Spirit 
has  allowed  to  live.  "We  have  introduced  the  English  into 
our  Lakes  to  trade  with  the  Ottawas  and  Hurons,  just  as 
the  Algonquins  conducted  the  French  to  our  Five  Villages 
to  carry  on  a  commerce  which  the  English  say  belongs  to 
them.  But  we  are  born  free.  We  no  more  depend  on 
Onnontio  than  on  Corlaer.  We  can  go  where  we  will,  to 
take  there  what  we  think  proper,  and  buy  and  sell  as  we 
please.  We  have  attacked  the  Illinois  and  Miamis,  be- 
cause they  cut  down  the  trees  of  Peace  on  our  frontiers. 
When  we  buried  the  axe  in  the  middle  of  the  Fort  at  Ca- 
taracouy,  in  the  presence  of  your  predecessor,  we  thought 
that  the  post  would  be  a  trading  place,  and  not  a  garrison. 
Take  care  that  the  tree  of  peace  planted  there  be  not 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  405 

clicked  by  a  crowd  of  your  soldiers.  Our  warriors  will  not  cn.  viii. 
dig  up  the  liatchet  until  their  Brothers,  Onnontio  or  Cor- 
laer,  shall  undertake  to  attack  the  countries  which  the 
Great  Spirit  has  allotted  to  our  ancestors."  On  hearing 
this  speech,  De  la  Barre  retired  to  his  tent,  and  began  to 
bluster.  But  in  the  afternoon  he  talked  again  for  three 
hours  with  the  savages,  and  then  agreed  to  a  peace,  of 
which  the  main  points  were  that  his  troops  were  to  return 
at  once  to  Quebec,  and  that,  in  fighting  tlie  Illinois,  the  Iro- 
quois were  not  to  hurt  the  French.     On  this  basis  a  formal  5  septcm. 

De  la 

treaty  was  made.     De  la  Barre  hastened  back  to  Canada,  uarre's 
whence  the  best  report  that  he  could  send  to  France  was.  La  Fa- 
that  his  campaign  had  "  not  been  bloody."    Yet,  with  char-  "octoiier. 
acteristic  folly,  he  declared  that  affairs  in  Europe  alone 
prevented  him  from  marching  against  Dongan, "  who  fain 
would  assume  to  be  sovereign  Lord  of  the  whole  of  North 
America,  south  of  the  River  Saint  Lawrence."* 

In  later  dispatches  De  la  Barre  laid  the  blame  of  his  13  Novem. 
failure  upon  Dongan,  who  was  "  filled  with  chimerical  pre-  Dongan's* 
tensions,"  which  onght  to  be  stopped  by  orders  from  the  sions.-^"" 
King  of  England,  or  by  force  in  America.     But  De  Meul- 
les,  the  intendant,  declared  that  the  governor  had  beeniooct. 
fooled  in  the  "most  shameful  manner"  by  a  sycophantic 
buffoon.     The  Chevalier  Hector  de  Callieres,  the  newly- 0  Novem. 
arrived  governor  of  Montreal,  also  wrote  that  "  the  most  camcrra-^s 
intelligent  in  these  parts  believe  this  peace  between  us  and  °p'°'°°- 
the  Iroquois  uncertain,  until  they  be  obliged  to  leave  the 
Illinois  undisturbed."f 

La  Salle  had  meanwhile  laid  his  case  before  the  king, 
and,  supported  by  Frontenac  and  Zenobe,  had  convinced 
Louis  that  the  discovery  of  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  was 
not  "  very  useless."     So  orders  were  sent  to  put  La  Salle  10  Apni. 
again  in  possession  of  Fort  Frontenac ;  and  he  was  charged 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  473;  ix.,  229-232,  23G-239,  242-2J8,  259  ;  Doc.  Hiet.,  i.,  76-82,  S9;  La 
Ilontan  (ed.  1703),  i.,  43-57;  Pinkerton,  xiil,  273-27S;  La  Potheiie,  ii.,  157-105;  iii.,  57; 
Charlevoix,  ii.,  317-319;  Colden,  81-90;  i.,  C7-73  ;  Smitli,  i.,  71-77;  ante,20d.  La  Hon- 
tan  Latinized  "  Grande  Gueule"  into  Grangula;  and  Colden,  in  1727,  or  his  printer  Brad- 
ford, transformed  La  Hontan's  "Grangula"  into  Garongula.  Colden  also  took  the  liberty 
of  altering  the  well-known  Onnontio  to  "  Yonnondio."  Charlevoix,  who  charges  La  Ilon- 
tan with  irreUgion,  spite,  and  invention,  also  ens  in  saying  that  llaaskouaun,  or  "Grande 
Gueule,"  was  a  Seneca,  when  he  was  an  Onondaga;  and  that  "La  Famine"  got  its  name 
from  the  distress  of  De  la  Barre'a  troops  in  1684,  when  it  was  so  known  in  1682  :  compare 
Charlevoix,  ii.,  319,  371 ;  iii.,  172 ;  vi.,  408,  409 ;  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  172, 174;  ante,  304. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  222,  244-264 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  79-91 ;  Cli»rlevoix,  ii.,  318,  321 ;  La  Hontau, 
i.,57. 


400  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOKK. 

cu.  vm.  to  begin  the  colonization  of  '''"Louisiana)''  under  the  French 
fijovernment.     La  Salle's  commission  from  Louis  made  him 

Loubiana  commauder  "  from  Fort  Saint  Louis  on  the  River  of  the 

14  April.    Illinois,  unto  New  Biscay."* 

10  April.        De  la  Barre  was  also  instructed  to  enforce  the  ordi- 

" Loafing"  nances,  to  punish  all  "vagabond  and  loafing  Frenchmen" 

men  in      who  should,  witliout  permissiou,  emigrate   from  Canada 

■ "  to  Orange,  Manatte,  and  other  places  belonging  to  the 

English  and  Dutch."     But  he  might  attack  the  Iroquois, 

31  July,  and  Louis  gave  him  this  extraordinary  order :  "  To  dimin- 
ish as  much  as  possible  the  number  of  the  Iroquois,  and 

Louis  or-    moreover  as  these  savasres,  who  are  very  strong  and  robust, 

dcrs  robust  o      /  t/  cd  j 

Iroquois  to  Will  scrvc  usef  uUy  in  my  galleys,  I  will  that  you  do  every 

Ills  galleys,  tiling  in  your  power  to  make  a  great  number  of  them  pris- 
oners of  war,  and  have  them  embarked  by  every  opportu- 
nity that  shall  offer  in  order  that  they  be  conveyed  to 
France."  These  instructions  were  a  week  in  De  la  Barre's 
hands,  when,  at  Salmon  River,  instead  of  making  Iroquois 
prisoners,  he  was  glad  to  escape  from  the  sarcastic  elo- 
quence of  Grande  Giieule.  But  they  led  his  successor 
into  one  of  the  worst  errors  ever  committed  by  a  Canadian 

sijiiiy.  governor.  The  king  also  directed  Barillon,  his  ambassa- 
dor at  London,  to  ask  the  Duke  of  York  to  prohibit  Doii- 
gan  from  aiding  the  Iroquois,  and  order  him  to  act  in  con- 
cert with  De  la  Barre, "  to  the  common  advantage  of  both 
nations."     No  such   ordei^,  however,  were,  or  could  be 

1  Novem.  given  at  Wliitehall,  where  Dongan's  policy  was  cautiously 

^ ''''=''"•   but  fully  sustained.! 

On  his  return  from  Salmon  River,  Garakontid  hastened 

September,  to  Albany  witli  ncws  of  De  la  Barre's  wonderful  treaty 
with  the  Five  Nations.     Dongan  had  gone  down  to  New 

The  iro-    York ;  but  the  commissioners  at  Albany  rebuked  the  sav- 

to't°aik°vith  ages  for  visiting  Onnontio  without  the  leave  of  Corlaer. 

b"t°by  "*    "  We  are  sorry  and  ashamed,"  answered  the  Onondagas, 

uoiiae°r.  "  f or  now  wc  Understand  that  the  Governor  of  Canada  is 
not  so  great  a  man  as  the  English  King  that  lives  on  the 
other  side  of  the  great  water ;  and  we  are  -sexed  for  liav- 

•  Col.  Doc.,ix.,  201,213-223,  22.5,  233,  411;  La  Hontan,  i.,  7,  S;  Charlevoix,  ii,  2S7,  ."24, 
436;  iii.,  2 ;  She.Vs  Discovery,  1S5-1SS,  207  ;  Sparks's  La  Salle,  109-113 ;  Hist.  Coll.  Loii.,  i., 
25-34,  37-44 ;  Garneau,  i.,  245,  24G;  ante,  37S. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  351,  3.52,  353 ;  v.,  731 ;  ix.,  200, 203,  222-225, 2.'?2-234. 24^,  250;  Doc.  lli^f., 
i.,  72, 73;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  320,  321 ;  La  lloutan,  i„  57,  02,  OS;  Coldcn,  i.,  24:>,  250 ;  anU\  UC9. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVEKI!<UK.  407 

ing  given  the  GoYernor  of  Canada  so  many  fine  wampum  ch.  vin. 

The  postponed  affairs  of  Pemaquid  were  now  resumed.  pemaqui(i 
The  block-house  at  Merrymeeting  was  ordered  to  be  im-  8  septem. 
mediately  raised  and  garrisoned,  and  the  duke's  quit-rents 
"  in  the  County  of  Cornwall"  to  be  collected.  Giles  God- 12  septcm. 
dard,  the  representative  of  the  county  in  the  New  York  As- 
sembly, was  also  made  a  captain  of  its  militia,  and  commis-  22  October. 
sioned  to  be  its  surveyor  of  land.f 

Some  of  the  inliabitants  of  Esopus,  in  the  new  "  County 
of  Ulster,"  having  petitioned  the  governor  for  the  right  to 
choose  their  own  town  ofiicers,  were  bound  over  to  keep  is  Febr'y. 
the  peace,  because  they  were  held  to  have  committed  "  a  riotei"! 
riot,"  according  to  English  law.     Bail  was  given,  and  the  e  June, 
petitioners  were  fined.     But  upon  acknowledging  that  they  e  septem. 
had  been  "  ill  advised,"  they  were  relieved.:}: 

The   magistrates   at  Southold,  having  fined  l^athaniel  Eastiiamp- 
Baker,  of  Easthampton, "  only  for  bringing  home  an  ox  of  tmt™."^" 
his,  on  the  Sunday,"  were  ordered  to  show  cause  before  the  5  May. 
governor,  and,  on  doing  so,  were  "  referred  to  law."     The 
house  of  the  Lutheran  minister  Arensius  having  been  as-  Arensius. 
sessed  by  the  Corporation  of  New  York  as  that  of  "  a  pri- 
vate person,"  the  governor  and  council  declared  their  opin-  c  septem. 
ion  that  it  should  be  as  free  and  exempted  from  taxes  as 
those  of  the  Dutch  and  French  ministers."§ 

The  Reverend  Josias  Clarke,  who  had  been  commission-  le  June. 
ed  by  the  duke  to  succeed  Gordon  as  chaplain  to  the  garri-  ciarke 
son,  was  engaged  in  a  humane  and  interesting  act  soon  aft-  "^  '"^ "'"' 
er  he  i-eached  his  post.     Among  the  passengers  who  had 
come  over  in  the  ship  Seaflower,  from  Scotland,  was  David 
Jamison,  who  had  been  liberally  educated,  but  held  opin- 
ions which  led  him  to  join  a  company  of  enthusiasts  called 
"  Sweet  Singers,"  who  denounced  the  creeds  of  Christians,  |J^%rs. 
and  the  Protestant  version  of  the  Bible.     Having  been  ex- 
amined before  the  Duke  of  York,  at  Edinburgh,  Jamison  it  May. 
was  ordered  to  be  sent  to  America ;  and  Doctor  George  jamisoa 
Lockhart,  one  of  the  owners  of  the  Seaflower,  in  which  he 
came,  was  authorized  to  sell  him,  as  a  "  Eedemptioner,"  to 

*  Col.  Doc.,  ix.,  259,  261 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  89,  91;  Golden  (first  ed.),  90. 
t  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiii.,  40,  4S,  01 ;  xxxiv.,  IT,  18,  32  (ii.),  2 ;  Maine  H.  S.  Coll.,  v.,  104-lOT ; 
anfc  394.  t  Council  Min.,  v.,  48,  49  ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxi.,  115, 149,  180. 

§  Do';.  Hist.,  iii.,  213,  240;  Council  Min.,  v.,  81;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxi.,  93, 1T3;  ante,  2T3. 


408  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  viir.  any  one  who  would  pay  the  cost  of  his  passage.  With  the 
impulses  of  a  scholar,  Clarke  at  once  paid  the  demand, 
vu'^ft  "^^'l^ich  the  "  chief  men  of  the  place"  quickly  reimbursed 
to  the  duke's  liberal  Episcopal  chaplain ;  and  the  exiled 
Jamison  Scotch  "  Swcct  Singer"  was  set  to  teach  a  Latin  school  in 
Latin^^  *  New  York, "  which  he  attended  some  time,  with  great  in- 
New  York,  dustry  and  success."* 

13  October.  At  the  usual  time,  new  aldermen  and  common  council- 
councii°of  men  were  chosen  for  the  six  wards  of  the  metropolis,  ac- 
New  York.  (,Qpjjj-,g  ^q  ^j^g  u  fQpjjj  g^^^jj  motliod"  agreed  to  by  Dongan 

the  autumn  before.     The  governor,  in  whose  hands  the  ap- 
pointment of  mayor  rested,  made  a  grateful  concession  to 
the  old  Dutch  feeling  by  allowing  seven  persons  to  be 
M  October,  named  to  him,  from  which  he  chose  Gabriel  Minvielle  to 

be  the  new  mayor.f 
21  October      The  sccoud  meeting  of  the  New  York  Assembly  was 
29  October,  licld,  accordiug  to  adjom-nment,  and  Matthias  Nicolls  con- 
sembiy  of"  tiuucd  to  bc  its  Speaker.    But,  in  place  of  Secretary  Spragg, 
ince!"^''^"    Robert  Hammond  was  appointed  clerk.     Thirty-one  laws 
were  passed  by  the  Assembly  and  assented  to  by  the  gov- 
ernor.    Among  tliem  was  an  act  to  confirm  previous  judg- 
ments, and  to  abolish  the  General  Court  of  Assizes,     The 
Revenue  Bill  was  also   amended,  in  conformity  to  the 
"hint"  of  the  duke's   commissioners.     An   act  was  also 
passed  "for  the  encouragement  of  Trade  and  Navigation 
within  this  Province,"  which  laid  a  duty  of  ten  per  cent, 
upon  all  goods  imported  into  New  York  from  any  other 
vrovinciai  colouy  whcrc  such  goods  were  not  produced.     The  object 
^vigation  ^^  ^j^.^  -j^^^  ^^^^^   ^^   prevent  the  "  refractory"  people  of 

Southold  and  other  towns  at  the  east  of  Long  Island,  who 
were  "  very  loath  to  have  any  commerce"  with  the  me- 
tropolis, from  "  carrying  their  oil  to  Boston,  and  bringing 
goods  from  thence  into  this  Government.":}: 

•  Col.  Doc,  Hi.,  352, 415;  iv.,  400,429,  442,  823;  v.,4TS;  Doc.  nist.,ii.,  14;  iii.,73,245; 
Deeds,  viii.,  31;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxi.,  14T;  xxxii.,  29,  42  ;  xxxiii.,  75, 90,  304;  xx.^iv.  (ii.),  23- 
33 ;  Biiniet,  i.,  52C ;  Wodrow,  iii.,  348-355 ;  iv.,  85  ;  Crooksbank,  ii.,  135,  272 ;  Whitebead's 
K.  J.  Contributions,  38-40,  367;   Secret  Services,  Ch.  II.  and  J.ic.  II.,  SS;  ante,  374. 

t  Col.  MSS.,xxxiii.,  57,  65;  Min.  of  Com.  Council,  i.,  267, 270;  V.il.  Man.,  1853,  331,  3SS; 
ante,  390.  There  is  much  curious  and  valuable  information,  which  I  liave  not  the  ppace  to 
reproducp,  in  the  N.  Y.  Common  Council  and  Surrogate's  Records;  among;  other  things,  a 
report  about  Fort  James  :  compare  Val.  Jlan.,  1855,  551-553  ;  1804,636,637;  Wills,  lv.,1- 
15  ;  Col.  Doc,  390,  301 ;  Col.  MSS  ,  xxxiii.,  15 ;  xxxiv., ).,  23,  24. 

t  Council  Journ.,  i..  Int.  xii.,  xiii. ;  Wood,  90.  101 ;  Tliouippon,  i.,  102;  DalyVs  Sketch,  31 ; 
Col.  Doc,  iii.,  341,  349,  355,  389,  391,  3'J9,  402,  797  ;  v.,  5S;  Couu.  Miu,,  v.,  51,  52, 103,  lOS; 
ante,  3S4. 


aud 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  409 

The  Court  of  Assizes  having  "  ceased  and  determined,"  ch.  viii. 
was  replaced  by  the  Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer,  of  which 
Nicolls  and  Palmer  had  been  appointed  judges.     After  his  comt^'of ' 
dismissal  from  the  government  of  New  Jersey,  Eudyard  i^^J^'^^i 
came  to  New  York,  and,  having  been  a  London  lawyer,  ^^fyf^j 
Avas  commissioned  by  Dongan  "  to  act  on  all  occasions"  as 
the  duke's  attorney  general.     It  was  also  ordered  that  aicFebr'y. 
Court  of  Chancery,  to  consist  of  the  governor  and  his  coun-  chanceiy. 
oil,  should  be  held  on  the  first  Thursday  of  every  second 
month  in  the  year,  and  Dongan  appointed  John  Spragg  to  20  Decem. 
be  master  of  the  rolls,  and  John  Knight  and  Recorder 
James  Graham  to  be  its  clerks.     Under  liis  Yice-Admiral- 
ty  Commission  from  the  Lord  High  Admiral  in  English 
Plantations,  the  governor  appointed  Justice  Palmer,  of  the  so  May. 
Oyer  and  Terminer,  to  be  judge,  in  place  of  Collector 
Santen,  Secretary   Spragg,  register,  and  John   Cavalier, 
marshal.     Dongan,  however,  following  the  practice  of  his 
predecessors,  acted  as  surrogate,  before  whom  wills  made  in  surrogate. 
the  proAdnce  were  proved.* 

Judge  Palmer  was  soon  afterward  sworn  a  counselor.  1  oecom. 
Jan  Jansen  Bleecker,  and  Johannes  Wendell,  who  had  long 
been  magistrates,  were  also  appointed  captains  of  infantry  is  Decem. 
at  Albany,  and  Peter  Schuyler  lieutenant  of  horse.     The 
people  at  the  east  of  Long  Island  continued  to  give  the 
governor  much  trouble ;  and  he  was  obliged  to  tell  them  2-1  Decem. 
that  they  would  "  neither  be  easy  themselves,  nor  suffer  and'tioub- 
others  to  be  so."     In  spite  of  the  Na-vigation  Law  of  their 
own  province,  they  would  smuggle  and  carry  on  illicit 
trade  with  Boston.     Dongan  and  his  council  were  there-  1685. 
fore  forced  to  determine  that  "the  inhabitants  of  East-^^^^"'- 
hampton  having  refused  to  sell  their  oil  and  commodities, 
unless  Boston  money  was  given  for  it,  or  pieces  of  eight 
equivalent  to  them,  and  several  abuses  committed  to  the 
prejudice  of  His  Majesty's  Customs'  revenue  being  inform- 
ed of.  Ordered  that  a  Proclamation  be  sent,  prohibiting  all 

*  Col.  Doc  ,  iii.,  S51,  352, 3S9,  412,  414 ;  iv.,  847 ;  Council  Min.,  v.,  47,  4S,  49,  8G,  142 ;  Col. 
MSS.,  xxxii.,  32 ;  xxxlii.,  77,  79,  216 ;  xxxiv.,  3, 12, 13,  14,  21 ;  Commissions,  i.,  61 ;  N.  Y. 
Surrogate's  Office,  Wills,  i.,  ii.  ;  Wood's  Long  Island,  90, 101, 102  ;  Whitehead's  E.  Jersey, 
99, 124. 125 ;  teaming  and  Spicer,  ir7 ;  Daly's  Sketch,  31,  32,  51,  52  ;  Revised  Laws,  1813, 
ii.,  App.  ix. ;  antr,  3SG,  332.  Judge  Daly,  in  his  Sketch,  p.  30,  51,  does  not  appear  to  have 
known  that  the  \ew  York  Courts  of  Admiralty  were  appointed  by  the  several  governors,  un- 
der their  separate  crmmissions  from  the  Duke  of  York  as  Lord  High  Admir.al  of  the  En- 
glish Pl.nntations  :  finfc,  319.  When  James  became  king,  he  gave  his  governor  a  larger 
commission :  Col.  Doc.,  liL,  380, 540 ;  po.-it^  452. 


410  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1685 

2  Febr'y. 


cu.  viii.  vessels  to  come  and  trade  at  any  port  but  the  City  of  New 

York."* 

The  Coi-poration  of  the  City  of  New  York  now  voted 
that  their  governor  should  be  "  treated  with,"  to  confirm  to 
it  all  the  vacant  land  in  and  about  the  metropolis,  as  far  as 
low-water-mark,  and  all  the  other  franchises  which  it  claim- 
23  March,  cd.     Dongau  and  his  comicil  soon  afterward  charged  the 
tu^aoT'    Mayor  of  New  York  "  not  to  give  freedom  to  any  but  such 
xew  lork  ^^  ^^,^  qualified  by  Act  of  Assembly,  and  will  give  security 
to  give  '  scott  and  lott'  for  three  years."     This  was  in  con- 
formity with  the  ancient  Dutch  practice,  which  maintained 
that  all  traders  must  keep  "  fire  and  light"  at  home,  and 
made  the  "hearth-stone"  the  only  test  of  a  multifarious 
citizenship,  t 

The  proprietors  of  East  Jersey,  relying  on  the  Duke  of 
York's  release  to  them  of  the  14th  of  March,  1683,  had 
meanwhile  revived  the  claim  to  Staten  Island,  which  Lady 
Carteret   had   made   in   1681.     Their   agents  "dispersed 
printed  papers"  to  the  disturbance  of  the  inhabitants  and 
staten      laudowucrs  there,  so  that  even  Judge  Palmer  thought  it 
prudent  to  secure  his  0"wn  title  by  obtaining  additional  pat- 
ents from  the  Jersey  proprietors.     Dongan  is  said  to  have 
done  the  same.     Yet  it  was  notorious  that,  after  that  island 
had  been  "  adjudged  to  belong  to  New  York"  in  1668,  it 
had  been  bought  for  the  duke  by  Lovelace  in  April,  1670 ; 
and  that  in  March,  1683,  the  East  Jersey  Assembly  had 
conceded  it  to  New  York,  by  not  including  the  island  in 
either  of  the  four  counties  then  established.     With  full 
knowledge  of  the  duke's  release,  Dongan  had  approved  the 
law  of  November,  1683,  which   declared  the  New  York 
County  of  Kichmond  to  contain  "  all  Staten  Island"  and 
the  adjoining  islands. 
1  pQA        Samuel  Winder;  the  former  prosecutor  of  Collector  Dy- 
9  Febr'y.'  BY,  was  accordiugly  commissioned  to  be  clerk  and  register 
of  that  county,  and  directed  to  collect  the  quit-rents  due 
23  Febr'y.  withiu  it ;  and  Philip  Wells,  the  surveyor  general  of  the 
dutiet^      province,  was  ordered  to  lay  out  all  the  lands  on  Staten 
Island,  according  to  each  owner's  patent.     Thomas  Love- 

*  Council  Min.,  v.,  100, 103, 108 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiii.,  81,  97,  103. 

t  Min.  of  Com.  Coun.,i..27-2;  Council  Min.,  v.,  107;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiii.,  104;  a?i<c,vol.  i., 
628,004,740;  ii.,  391.  Hoffman  docs  not  notice,  iu  his  Treatise,  tliis  application  of  tho 
Common  Council  of  the  cily. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  411 

lace,  the  sheriff  of  Staten  Island,  was  afterward  directed  ch.  viii. 
to  summon  all  persons  not  having  land  titles  before  the 
governor  and  council.*     The  metropolitan  memorial  iniDecem." 
March,  1684,  praying  the  duke  to  reannex  East  Jersey,  ap- 
pears to  have  brought  the  question  to  a  crisis.     "Because 
of  some  rumors  I  have  met  with,"  replied  James  to  Don-  20  August. 
gan, "  as  if  some  of  yom*  neighbors,  under  colour  of  grants  no  "inno- 
from  myself,  or  upon  some  other  groundless  pretences,  en-  the  uud- 
deavour  all  they  can  to  obstruct  the  trade  of  New  York  to  be  W- 
and  Albany,  I  think  it  fit  hereby  to  recommend  that  to  you 
in  an  especial  manner,  that  you  may  not  suffer  any  innova- 
tion within  that  river."     The  next  day,  Werden  added,  2:  August, 
with  reference  to  a  proposed  sale  of  Billop's  plantation  on 
Staten  Island,  opposite  Amboy,  that  Dongan  should  "  en- 
deavor to  procm'e  some  inhabitant  of  ISTew  York  rather  to 
buy  it,  than  suffer  any  of  those  of  New  Jersey  to  doe  it ; 
but  whosoever  buys  land  in  that  Island,  it  being  under 
yom*  government,  he  must  be  liable,  as  well  as  others,  to 
the  laws  thereof."     Not  long  afterward,  when  the  claim  of 
the  East  Jersey  proprietors  had  been  reported,  "Werden 
wrote  more  distinctly,  "  Staten  Island,  without  doubt,  be-  l^^'^J^^^^j 
longs  to  the  Duke;  for  if  Sir  George  Carteret  had  had  and  "with. 
right  to  it,  that  would  have  been  long  since  determined,  teioDgs  to 
and  those  who  broach  such  fancies  as  may  disturb  the 
quiet  of  possessions  in  that  Island  are  certainly  very  inju- 
rious to  the  Duke,  and  we  think  have  no  colour  for  such 
pretences."     This  was  written  by  the  duke's  secretary,  who 
witnessed  his  release  to  the  proprietors  of  East  New  Jersey, 
and  knew  its  true  intent,  f 

But  when  Perth,  and  Mackenzie,  and  Drummond — 
the  Scotch  proprietors  of  East  Jersey,  and  the  personal 
friends  of  the  duke — heard  that  Dongan  had  proposed  that 
their  colony  should  be  brought  again  under  the  govern- 
ment of  New  York,  they  spoke  to  James,  whom  they  found 
to  be  "  verie  just,  and  to  abhorr  the  thoughts  of  allowing 

*  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiii.,  69 ;  xxxiv.,  11.  On  2T  August,  1GS4,  Elizabeth,  widow  of  the  late 
Governor  Philip  Carteret,  petitioned  Dongan  for  some  meadow-land  on  the  island,  formerly 
granted  to  her  husband  by  the  Xew  York  governors  :  Col.  MS.S.,  xxxi.,  1G4 ;  Hist.  Mag.,  x., 
297-299 ;  ante,  150, 166,  350,  359,  369,  371,  3SG. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  348,  349,  350,  352,  354;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiii ,  69;  xxxiv.,  14;  Council  Min., 
v.,  102 ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  621,  628 ;  Learning  and  Spicer,  141-150, 229,  687;  Whitehead's 
East  Jersey,  124,  216,217;  Contributions,  94;  Eastern  Boundary,  30,  43,  44,49,  50;  Index 
N.  J.  Col.  Doc.,  115;  an'e,  392. 


412 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Cn.  VIII. 


1684. 


22  August. 
Perth's 
letter  to 
Dongan. 


1685. 

13  Feb'y. 
Uongiin's 
reply. 


18  Feb'5'. 
Dongan 
complains 
of  New 
Jersey. 


1684. 


8  May. 
26  Septem. 


10  October. 
Connecti- 
cut bound- 
ary ar- 
ranged. 


1685. 

23  Feb'y. 


any  thing  to  be  done  contrary  to  what  he  hath  past  under 
]iis  hand  and  seall."  They  also  discoursed  with  his  com- 
missioners at  London,  whom  they  supposed  they  had  con- 
vinced "  of  the  reasons  which  induce  us  not  to  yield  to  such 
a  proposall."  Accordingly,  they  wrote  fi-om  Edinburgh  "  a 
very  angry  letter"  to  Dongan,  in  which  they  desired  him  to 
"lay  aside  all  thoughts  of  attempting  what  may  reflect 
upon  the  justice  or  honour  of  your  master,  or  may  give  us 
just  reason  to  complain."  Dongan,  "  mightily  surprized"  at 
this  letter,  replied  that  he  had  only  done  his  duty  in  repre- 
senting to  the  duke  "  the  great  iuconveniencies  of  having 
two  distinct  governments  upon  one  River,  yours  having  the 
advantage  of  being  some  leagues  nearer  the  sea  than  we 
are.  Your  agents  have  dispersed  printed  papers,  to  the 
disturbance  of  the  inliabitants  of  Staten  Island.  It  hath 
been  in  the  possession  of  his  Koyal  Highness  above  twenty 
years  (except  the  little  time  the  Dutch  had  it),  purchased 
by  Governor  Lovelace  from  the  Indians  in  the  time  of  Sir 
George  Carteret,  without  any  pretences,  'till  your  agents 
made  claime  to  it."  At  the  same  time,  Dongan  wrote  to 
Werden,  that  if  vessels  were  allowed  to  come  to  Amboy 
without  entering  at  New  York,  it  would  be  impossible  to 
prevent  smugghng  into  Staten  Island.  "The  Quakers 
making  continual  pretences  to  Staten  Island  disturbs  the 
people.  More  than  two  hundred  families  are  settled  on  it. 
And  in  case  his  Royal  Highness  cannot  retrieve  East  Jer- 
sey, it  will  doe  well  to  secure  Hudson's  River,  and  take 
away  all  claim  to  Staten  Island."* 

If  New  York  was  troubled  about  New  Jersey,  she  was 
quieted  about  Connecticut.  Under  the  agreement  of  No- 
vember, 1683,  Dongan  appointed  commissioners  to  meet 
those  of  Connecticut,  to  lay  out  a  boundary-line  between 
the  two  colonies.  The  joint  commissioners  accordingly 
met  at  Stamford,  and  went  to  the  Byram  River.  From 
there  they  surveyed  the  proper  courses,  of  which  they  made 
a  map  and  i*eport.  These  having  been  approved  by  the 
council  of  New  York,  Dongan  met  Treat  at  Milford.  The 
two  go^■ernors  there  signed  a  ratification,  which  was  order- 

•  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  SiS,  353, 354,  3.'56 ;  Chalmers's  .\nn.,  i.,  C27,  C'2S,  629  ;  Whitehend's  K.  J., 
214-217;  Clarke's  James  11.,  i,  T31.  Chalmers  conjectures  Ih.at  Dongnn's  "•spirited  an- 
swer" to  Lord  Perth  "  probably  contributed  t<>  procure  his  recall"  in  IGSS.  This  may  be  .so  ; 
Lut  the  real  reason.s  will  be  afterward  explained;  pas',  501. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  413 

ed  to  be  recorded  in  botli  colonies,  and  which  was  confirm-  cn.  vni. 
ed  in  England  fifteen  years  afterward.* 

While  at  Milf ord,  Dongan  had  conferred  with  Treat  p^^jj^j  ^^l 
about  establishing  a  regular  post  between  New  York  and  ^'*^'■^• 
the  neighboring  British  colonies  as  far  eastward  as  Bos- 
ton.   The  project  had  been  started  by  Lovelace  in  1673,  but, 
owing  to  the  Dutch  war  and  other  causes,  it  fell  through, 
although  Massachusetts  afterward  appointed  a  local  post- 
master at  Boston.     Dongan  had  proposed  to  set  up  post- 
houses  along  the  coast  fi-om  Carolina  to  Nova  Scotia ;  and  1684. 
Werden  instructed  him  to  offer  the  privilege  for  a  term  of  ^f  August, 
years  to  any  one  Avho  would  farm  it  from  the  duke,  whose 
title  to  the  profits  of  the  English  post-office  was  held  to 
include  all  the  British  plantations.     The  governor,  on  his  1685. 
return  from  Connecticut,  accordingly  ordained  in  the  New  ^^o^'fJi' 
York  Council, "  that  for  the  better  correspondence  between  ^"^^i^^^ 
the  colonies  of  America,  a  post-office  be  established ;  and  ^y  New 
that  the  rates  for  riding  post  be  per  mile  three  pence ;  for 
every  single  letter,  not  above  one  hundred  miles,  three 
pence ;  if  more,  proportionably."t 

Although  the  eastern  boundary  of  New  York  was  now 
arranged  with  Connecticut,  her  frontier  toward  Massachu- 
setts remained  unsettled.     That  colony  had  insisted  that  Massachu- 
her  territory  extended  westward  beyond  the  Hudson  Kiver.  bonndaiy. 
The  second  grant  of  the  king  to  the  Duke  of  York  in  1674, 
by  which  he  again  gave  him  all  the  lands  between  the 
ECudson  and  the  Connecticut  Elvers,  was  disregarded  by 
Massachusetts ;  and  Dongan  notified  Werden  that  he  ex-  is  Feb-y. 
pected  a  dispute  with  that  colony  about  them,  it  "  pretend- 
ing all  along  to  the  south  sea,  as  Connecticut  did."     The 
governor  accordingly  commissioned  Clerk  West  to  claim,  ciaim?  of 
on  behalf  of  the  duke,  Westfield,  Northampton,  Deerfield,  on  tiie  cou. 
and  other  towns,  which  Massachusetts  had  organized  with-  Rher."' 
in  his  territory  of  New  York,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Connec- 
ticut Biver.     But  proceedings  under  this  commission  were 
made  unnecessary  by  what  had  just  been  done  in  England.:}; 

•  Council  Min.,  v.,  2i?.,  244;  Col.  Doc,  Hi.,  355;  iv.,C28-G30;  Col.  Ktc.  Conn.,  iii.,  142, 
1T6,  33T-339 ;  Trumbull,  i.,  365,  SCO,  401 ;  New  York  Boundary  Report,  Sen.  Doc,  1S5T,  No. 
165,  T,  9,  45, 113,  114  ;  Smith,  i.,  2ST;  ante,  3S9. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  340,  350,  355,  350 :  Council  Min.,  v.,  106;  Val.  Man.,  1S57,  542, 543;  Mass. 
Rec,  v.,  147, 148,  273 ;  P.ilfrey,  iii.,  306 ;  Rapin,  ii.,  635;  Anderson,  ii.,  475;  ante,  4, 196-198. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  112,  240,  856;  Ti.,50S;  vii.,  5G4,  508;  viii.,440;  Mass.  Rec,  iv.  (i.),  305, 
306 ;  (ii.),  54S,  558,  570 ;  C.  WoUey,  70,  nute ;  ante,  188. 


4:14  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


cn.  vni.       jjj  ^i^Q  mean  time,  political  convulsions,  which  quickly 
-J  poo    affected  the  British  colonies  in  America,  had  disturbed 
their  motherland.     A  conspiracy  against  the  lives  of  her 
sovereign  and  his  heir  was  detected;   which,  because  it 
had  been  hatched  at  a  small  farm  near  London,  of  that 
The  Rye-   name,  was  commonly  called  The  Rye-House  Plot.     Sever- 
'  al  Whigs — some  of  high  social  rank — were  implicated,  con- 
demned, and  executed.    Among  these  victims  were  the  pa- 
trician Lord  William  Russell,  and  the  nobler  Algernon  Sid- 
ney.    To  exliibit  its  subserviency,  the  University  of  Oxford 
siJuiy.     decreed  that  "the  badge  and  character"  of  the  Episcopal 
Church  of  England  was  absolute  "submission  and  obedi- 
ence" to  her  voluptuous  king.     Sir  George  Jeffreys,  a  bru- 
tal, impudent  lawyer,  who  had  been  the  Duke  of  York's 
solicitor  general,  was  paid  for  his  devotion  to  his  patron  by 
28  septem.  being  made  lord  chief  justice  of  the  "  Defender  of  the 
chief  jut.    faith"  of  Protestant  Englishmen.     The  "  Franchise"  of  the 
gland.     '  City  of  London  was  adjudged  to  be  "  seized  into  the  King's 
hands."     Almost  every  corporation  within  his  realm  was 
deprived  of  its  charter.     The  despotic  power  which  Charles 
the  Second  now  grasped  in  England  was  clearly  demon- 
strated. 

Yet  the  head  of  the  Episcopalian  English  Church  saw 
that  he  must  give  some  pledge  to  his  subjects  for  the  secu- 
rity of  their  Protestantism.     Charles  tlierefore  insisted  that 
his  brother's  only  remaining  legitimate  child,  the  Princess 
Anne — wlio,  hke  her  elder  sister  Mary,  had  been  nurtured 
a  Protestant — should  be  married,  like  her,  to  a  Protestant 
husband.     As  the  Prince  of  Orange  was  a  Calvinist,  it  was 
thought  desirable  that  the  next  son-in-law  should  be  a  Lu- 
theran.    The  Crown  Prince  of  Hanover — who  afterward 
became  King  George  the  First  of  England — was  discussed 
The  Piin-  as  a  fitting  match.     But,  on  farther  consideration.  Prince 
marriedTo  Gcorgc  of  Denmark — whose  recommendations  were  his 
GeOTge  of  dullness  and  his  Lutheranism — was  preferred.     The  Duke 
Denmark.  ^£  Yox\ — uot  yct  despairing  of  a  Roman  Catholic  male 
heir — ungraciously  agreed  to  liis   daughter's  marriage; 
23  July,     which  was  solemnized  to  the  satisfaction  of  most  British 
subjects. 
1CS4.       The  king  rewarded  his  brother's  submission  by  dispens- 
ing with  the  "  Test  Act"  in  his  favor,  and  by  restoring  to 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  415 

him  his  old  office  of  Lord  High  Admiral  of  England,  which  ch.  viii. 
that  law  had  forced  him  to  resign  in  1673,     Soon  after-  ^^^. 
ward,  Charles  called  the  duke  back  again  to  his  Privy  ^  -^^^  ' 
Council.     These   bold   steps    awoke  jealousy;  and  even ^^j^^^^^-^^ 
startled  Tories  balked  at  Oxford  as  they  questioned  the  ^^^^^^' 
right  of  their  anointed  sovereign  to  violate  a  statute  of  the  ^"^'  ^^'^ 

O  o  James  re- 

realm.     But  the  season  for  Revolution  had  not  come,  fto^^e^'o 

his  omces. 

God's  field  was  not  yet  harrowed  enough.  In  the  fallow 
meantime,  the  sycophants  of  absolutism  rejoiced.  "And 
now,"  wrote  James,  in  his  own  private  memoirs, "  the  King 
had  brought  his  affairs  to  a  more  happy  situation  than  ever 
they  had  been  since  the  Restoration : — He  saw  his  enemies 
at  his  feet,  and  the  Duke,  his  brother,  at  his  side,  whose  in- 
defatigableness  in  business  took  a  great  share  of  that  bur- 
then off  his  shoulders,  which  his  indolent  temper  made  un- 
easy to  him."* 

"Wliile  these  events  shook  England,  the  proceedings  of 
the  fii'st  Assembly  in  New  York  were  brought  over  by 
Talbot  to  "Werden.     The  duke's  commissioners  proposed  New  York 
several  amendments  to  the  revenue  part  of  the  charter;  ^^^^' 
and  "Werden  suggested  to  Dongan  that  they  had  better  be  lo  March. 
passed  at  the  next  meeting  of  the  Assembly.     This,  as  has 
been  seen,  was  done.f 

Several  months  afterward,  James  wrote  to  Dongan, "My  26  August. 

o       '  J  James's' 

commissioners  are  making  what  dispatch  they  can  with  letter  to 
those  Bills  that  you  have  sent  hither,  and  particularly  with 
that  which  contains  the  Franchises  and  Priviledges  to  the 
Colony  of  New  Yorke,  wherein  if  any  alterations  are  made 
(either  in  the  forme  or  matter  of  it)  they  will  be  such  as 
shall  be  equally  or  more  advantageous  to  the  people  there, 
and  better  adjusted  to  the^aw^s  of  England."     At  length, 
all  the  amendments  thought  necessary  were  completed,  and  4  October. 
the  duke  "  signed  and  sealed  the  Charter  of  Franchises  and  signs  the 
Priviledges  to  New  Yorke  in  America."     The  instrument  charter. 

•  Clarke's  James  II.,  i.,  T38-74G;  ii.,  81;  Dalrymple,  i.,  23-62;  Burnet,  i.,  53T-5S3 ; 
Eeresby,  163-183 ;  Eapin,  ii.,  725-134;  Tindal,  iv.,534;  Kennett,  iii.,  408-423;  Evelyn,  ii., 
186-206 ;  Narcissus  Luttrell,  i.,  272,  307 ;  Hume,  vii.,  153-172 ;  Lingard,  xiii.,  275-311 ;  xiv., 
89;  Macaulay,  i.,  268-271;  Kniglit,  iv.,  367-376;  Campbell's  Chancellors,  iii.,  509,  527; 
Martin's  Louis  XIV.,  ii.,  27;  Hargraves's  State  Trials,  iii.,  545-630, 706-824;  ante,  201, 341, 
373. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  340,  341,  355;  Chalmers,  l,  585;  CouncilJoum.,  i..  Int.,  xiii. ;  ante,  3S7, 
408.  It  was  rumored,  about  this  time,  at  Boston  and  Philadelphia,  that  the  duke  had  sold 
New  York  to  "one  Colonel  Thompson,"  prob.ably  Major  Robert  Thompson,  of  London,  the 
friend  of  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut :  see  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  355;  Mass.  Rec,  v.,  408,  409, 
420,  467 ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ii.,  344,  528;  Hutch.  Coll.,  473 ;  ante,  257,  286. 


416  HISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  KEW  YORK. 

ciL  viii.  was  ordered  to  be  registered  and  taken  to  New  York.     In 
■  the  mean  time, "  His  Royal  Hie-lmesses'  Charter"  was  con- 

1  Notem '  sidered  to  be  in  full  operation.  Indeed,  under  Dongan's 
instructions,  every  colonial  law  assented  to  by  him,  as  this 
had  been,  was  "  good  and  binding"  mitil  the  duke's  nega- 
tive should  be  signified.  But  before  the  amended  charter 
was  made  "complete  and  irrevocable"  by  being  sent  to 
New  York,  great  changes  happened.'"' 

Dudley  and  Richards,  the  agents  sent  by  Massachusetts 
to  England,  had  meanwhile  found  that  their  colony  must 
either  submit  to  her  king,  or  be  deprived  of  his  father's 
royal  charter,  as  the  City  of  London  had  been  of  hers. 
In  vain  did  they  try  to  obtain  a  pardon  for  "  all  passed 
offences"  from  their  licentious  sovereign  by  a  bribe  of  two 
thousand  guineas,  which  the  authorities  at  Boston  had  fru- 
gally authorized  them  to  contribute  "  for  his  Majesty's  pri- 
The  Massa- vate  scrvice."     But  the  Boston  agents  found  that  they  had 
agents  foil-  not  guiueas  enough  to  satisfy  the  Duchess  of  Portsmouth  ; 
ed  m  Lon-  ^^^^  ^|^g  t.i  dclicatc  transaction"  was  managed  so  awkward- 
ly, by  offering  a  Massachusetts  price  to  "  the  wrong  per- 
son," that  the  Puritanical  tempters  were  laughed  out  of 
Whitehall.     It  did  not  please  the  Almighty  "that  devo- 
tional prayers,  associated  with  such  unholy  exertions,  should 
prevail."! 
Charles  do-     The  king  now  determined  to  make  void  his  father's  pat- 
q^udi Mas" cut  to  the  Corporatiou  of  Massachusetts  Bay  by  a  writ  of 
sac  usetts.  q^^  Warvaiito,  as  advised  by  Jones  and  Winnington,  his  at- 
torney and  solicitor,  in  1678.     That  colony  was  in  a  dilem- 
ma.    She  was  either  an  independent  sovereignty,  or  else 
the  creature  of  her  king.     Yet,  while  Massachusetts  affect- 
ed independence,  she  insisted  Idiat,  as  an  English  corpora- 
tion, she  had  properly  used  the  delegated  authority  of  her 
sovereign.     On  the  other  hand,  Charles  thought  that  those 
subjects  who  controlled  his  colony  had  abused  their  corpo- 

♦  Col.  Doc.  iii.,  332,  34S,  351;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  5SS;  S.  P.  O.,  Board  of  Trade,  N.  Y. 
Entries,  No.  49,  p.  50;  ajifc, 3S3.  The  official  record  is  as  follows:  "MD:  That  this  day 
the  4'h  October  1G84  His  Royal  Highness  tiig7iccl  and  sealed  the  Charter  of  Franchises  and 
Privilcdgcs  to  Neio  Yorke  in  America ;  lohichieas  countersigned  by  Sir  John  ]Ye)-den  in  the 
^tsuall  formci  and  sent  the  same  evening  to  the  Auditor  (Mr.  Aldworth)  to  be  Registred  by 
him, and  then  to  he  delivered  to  Capt.  Talhotl  to  carry  to  New  Yoike."  Tliis  interesting 
document  was  iniblished  for  the  first  time  in  tlie  Historical  Magazine  for  August,  1S62,  vol. 
vi.,  page  233. 

t  Hutch.  JIass.,  i.,  ,337;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  413,  450-402;  Clarke's  James  II.,  i.,  730- 
738;  Kennett,  iii.,4n5,  403;  Macaulay,  i.,  2G4,  209;  Bancroft,  ii.,  123;  Darry,  i.,  474;  Gra- 
hamc,  i.,3J7;  Palfrey,  iii.,  350,  30S-370,  410, 411 ;  a)i/f,  3G0. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOE.  417 

rate  privileges.     If  they  had  done  so  by  excluding  from  cn.  vni. 
the  freedom  of  their  corporation  those  who  did  not  "  agree 
in  the  Congregational  way,"  or  by  other  methods,  it  was  his 
duty  to  resume  the  authority  of  the  crown.     The  king's 
idea  of  a  proper  charter  for  an  English  colony  in  America 
may  be  inferred  from  the  patent  which  he  had  just  before 
granted  to  William  Penn.     The  time  had  come  when  the 
government  of  Massachusetts  should  be  made  at  least  as 
liberal  as  that  of  Pennsylvania.     Randolph,  who  had  been 
ordered  home  from  Boston,  accordingly  charged  the  Cor- 13  June. 
poration  of  Massachusetts  with  assuming  unwarranted  pow- 
ers ;  evading  the  Navigation  Laws ;  opposing  the  Episco- 
pal Church  of  England ;  and  with  various  other  offenses 
against  British  sovereignty.     Sir  Robert  Sawyer,  the  attor- 
ney general,  thereuj)on  prosecuted  a  w^rit  of  '•'■Quo  War- 11  zym^. 
rantd'''  in  the  King's  Bench,  to  inquire  into  the  alleged  warranto 
abuses.     After  various  delays  the  proceedings  in  the  Com- 
mon-law com't  were  dropped,  and  a  more  searching  writ  1684:. 
of  '•'■Scire  Faciai''  in  Chancery  was  issued.     This  was  fol-  le  Apru. 
lowed  by  a  second,  or  "  alias'''  writ ;  upon  the  return  of  12  May. 
whicl],  the  defendant  not  appearing,  Lord  Keeper  Guilford, 
after  hearing  counsel,  decreed, "  ?^^s^',"  in  Trinity  Term,  that  21  June. 
the  Massachusetts  patent  "be  vacated,  cancelled  and  an-chusetts" 
nihilated,  and  into  the  said  court  restored,  there  to  be  can-  ceied. 
celled."     In  the  following  Michaelmas  Term  final  judg- 
ment was  entered  in  Chancery,  and  the  Cor23oratioii  of  23  October. 
Massachusetts  was  dead.* 

Thus,  by  the  decree  of  the  Keeper  of  the  English  Great 
Seal,  a  corporation,  to  which  his  official  predecessor  had 
given  technical  life,  was  annihilated.  The  separate  name 
of  Massachusetts  no  longer  existed  legally ;  and  that  part 
of  New  England  which  had  been  governed  under  the  pat- 
ent of  Charles  the  First  was  left  to  the  discretion  of  Charles 
the  Second.  The  only  English  power  that  could  review 
the  judgment  in  Chancery  was  the  House  of  Lords ;  and 
that  house  was  not  hkely  to  reverse  the  decree.     It  now 

*  Mass.  n.  S.  Coll.,  xxi.,  9C;  xxxii.,  24G-278,  2r3,  294,  295;  Mass.  Eec.,  v.,  382-468; 
Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  337-340  ;  ChalraeiB's  Ann.,  i.,  405, 414,  415,  440,  462 ;  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  133, 134, 
173  ;  Palmer's  Impartial  Account,  10-12  ;  Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  No.  9,  p.  4,  No.  71,  p.  5,  G;  N. 
I.uttrell,  1.,  274 ;  Barry,  i.,  474-478;  Bancroft,  il,  124-127 ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  371-394 ;  Col.  Doc, 
iii.,  3.50,  .578.  ,579;  ante,  316,  337,349.  In  the  same  Trinity  Term,  16S4,  judgment  was  given 
against  the  Bermuda's  corporation,  chiefly  because  the  inhabitants  of  those  islands  were  op- 
posed to  tlie  Church  of  Kngland  ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  336;  Anderson's  Col.  Ch.,  ii.,  87,  334, 335. 

IL— D  D 


418  IIISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  vni.  became  necessary  for  the  king  to  determine  how  his  siib- 
jects  in  Massachusetts  should  be  ruled.     The  point,  which 
Novem.      ^'^^  "  carcf ullv  investigated"  by  his  Privy  Council,  was, 
Sle^privy   whether  the  English  system  of  representation  in  Parlia- 
conncii.     ment  should  prevail  in  America,  or  whether  the  colonists  > 
should  be  governed  directly  by  the  Crown.     Sir  Wilham 
Jones,  the  deceased  attorney  general,  had  maintained  that 
Charles  could  no  more  levy  taxes  on  his  colonial  subjects 
"without  their  consent  by  an  Assembly,  than  they  could 
discharge  themselves  from  their  allegiance  to  the  English 
crown."     At  the  same  time,  Jones  maintained  that  the 
British  Parhament  "might  rightfully  impose  taxes  on  ev- 
ery dominion  of  the  crown." 

These  principles  had  been  adopted  by  the  king  in  his  re- 
cent charter  to  Pennsylvania  in  1681.  Under  the  Eoyal 
Instructions  to  Cranfield  in  1682,  New  Hampshire  enjoyed 
a  popular  Assembly.  In  August,  1683,  Charles  had  recog- 
nized such  an  Assembly  in  Virginia,  by  his  Instructions  to 
Lord  Howard  of  Effingham.  And  now,  in  council  at 
Arf^ment  Wliiteliall,  tho  Marouis  of  Halifax  arg-ued  that  the  laws  of 

ofllalifax.  t-iiii  •!•«  Tfi-i 

England  ought  to  prevail  m  "  a  country  composed  or  En- 
glishmen." He  urged  that  an  absolute  government  was 
neither  as  happy  nor  as  stable  as  one  in  which  the  authori- 
ty of  the  prince  was  limited ;  and  he  plainly  declared  that 
he  could  not  live  under  a  king  who  had  the  power  to  take 
at  pleasure  the  money  he  might  have  in  his  pocket.  But 
the  Lord  Privy  Seal  stood  alone.  James  and  all  the  other 
counselors  "  strongly  withstood"  Hahfax's  arguments,  and 
maintained  that  the  king  should  govern  such  distant 
countries  "  in  the  way  which  might  appear  to  him  the 
most  convenient  to  maintain  the  mother  country  in  the 
state  in  which  she  is,  and  to  augment  still  more  her  power 
Decision  and  wealth."  So  it  was  determined  that  the  governor  and 
England,  couucil  iu  Ncw  England  "  should  not  be  obliged  to  call 
Assemblies  of  the  whole  country  to  lay  taxes,  and  regulate 
other  important  matters,  but  that  they  should  do  what  they 
might  jndge  proper,  without  rendering  an  account  of  it, 
except  to  the  king."* 

*  Barillon's  dispatch  to  Louis  XIV.,  7  Dec.,  1CS4,  inFox'sJamesII.,59,  60,  App.vii.,  viii.; 
Chalmera's  Ann.,  i.,  n4r>,  340,  41C,  404,  4!J5,  403,  497,  CS6, 690 ;  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  173, 174,  309  ; 
Force's  Tracts,  iv.^  No.  9,  p.  45,  46 ;  Mather's  Magnnlia,  i.,  ITS  ;  nrahnme,  i.,  2r)5 ;  BiimPt, 
i.,  396,  532;  Lingard,  xiii.,  310;  Macaulay,  i.,  272 ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  395,  514;  ante,  340,  did. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR  419 

This  decision  of  the  English  Council  was  momentous,  cn.vin. 
The  period  of  royal  American  corporations  had  passed 
away.     It  was  now  settled  that,  in  all  colonies  where  it 
was  convenient,  the  king's  sovereignty  was  to  be  resumed, 
and  his  direct  government  established.     As  no  Parliament 
had  met  in  England  for  three  years,  its  power  to  interfere 
with  English  Plantations  was  disregarded.     To  carry  out 
Charles's  arbitrary  but  simple  policy,  it  was  necessary  for 
him  carefully  to  choose  his  colonial  officers.     Andros  was 
thought  of  as  the  first  royal  governor  of  Massachusetts. 
But,  as  Sir  Edmund  was  occupied  with  his  private  affairs 
in  the  Channel  Islands,  Colonel  Piercy  Kirke  was  chosen,  s  Novem. 
Kirke  had  just  returned  from  the  government  of  Tangier,  sektobe ' 
where  he  had  proved  himself  to  be  a  licentious  despot.  ffNew*En- 
But,  being  "  a  gentleman  of  very  good  resolution,"  it  was  ^^^^^' 
considered  that  he  would  not  fail  "  in  any  part  of  his  duty 
to  his  Majesty."     A  commission  and  Instructions  were  ac- 
cordingly ordered  for  Kirke,  as  "  his  Majesty's  Lieutenant  it  Novem. 
and  Governor   General"  of  "  Kew   England,"  including 
Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  Maine,  and  New  Plym- 
outh ;  while  for  the  present  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut 
were  excepted  from  his  authority.     It  was,  however,  in- 
tended to  form  a  royal  government  over  all  the  New  En- 
gland colonies,  of  which  the  king  appointed  Randolph  to 
be  his  secretary  and  register.     Charles  himself  directed  22  Kovcm. 
that  in  Kirke's  Commission  and  Instructions  "no  mention biy in Ne\v 
be  made  of  an  Assembly,  but  that  the  Governor  and  Coun- 
cil have  power  to  make  laws  and  to  perform  all  other 
acts  of  Government,  'till  his  Majesty's  pleasure  be  further 
known."* 

The  annihilation  of  the  Massachusetts  charter  relieved  Boundn.y 
New  York  from  her  anticipated  boundary  dispute  with  that  New  York 
colony,  and  confirmed  to  the  Duke  of  York  all  the  territo-  chusettr*^ 
rial  rights,  west  of  the  Connecticut  River,  which  he  claim-  ^^ 
ed  under  his  patent.f 

But  how  could  James  now  complete  the  Instrument  he 
had  executed  a  few  weeks  before ;  which,  nevertheless,  had 

*  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  416 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  341,  343,  344 ;  Coll.,  542, 543 ;  Narcissus  Lut- 
trell,  i.,  52, 160 ;  Anderson's  Col.  Church,  ii.,  282;  Douglas,  i.,  413;  Whitmore's  Androp, 
22;  Rapin,  ii.,  732,  T33;  Kennett,  iii.,  423;  Macaulay,  i.,  627,  628;  Palfrey,  iii.,  394,  395, 
396,  482,  483,  513 ;  ante,  357. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  £5G ;  vi.,508;  vii.,  564,  598;  vi;i.,440;  Smith,  i.,  297;  anle,4T.3. 


420  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cu. VIII.  not  been  perfected  by  delivery?     True,  the  Assembly  of 
New  York  bad  voted  a  Revenue  Bill,  in  consideration  of  liis 
■  anticipated  "bountiful  confirming"  of  their  charter.     Yet 
James  sus-  Jamcs  liesitatcd.     He  had  thought  of  obtaining  a  grant  of 
New  York  Ehode  Islaud  and  Connecticut.     The  transmission  of  his 
sealed  charter  was  therefore   suspended.     In   writing  to 
4  Decern.   Dougan,  Wcrdcu  enjoined  prudence  in  dealing  with  the  In- 
dians in  New  York  and  Pemaquid  ;  "  always  avoiding,  as 
much  as  possible,  any  proceedings  on  our  part  that  may 
run  us  into  disputes  with  the  French,  w^ho,  in  our  present 
circumstances,  are  not  to  be  made  enemies."* 

Yet  Halifax  remained  in  Charles's  comicil  despite  James's 
'  JL  Decern,  entreaties  for  his  dismissal.     Louis  wrote  to  Barillon,  at 
London,  that  "  the  reasonings  of  Lord  Halifax  on  the  man- 
ner of  governing  New  England  little  deserve  the   confi- 
dence which  the  Iving  of  England  has  in  him ;  and  I  am 
not  surprised  to  learn  tliat  the  Duke  of  York  has  called 
the   attention   of  the  King,  his   brother,  to   their  conse- 
Haiifax,     quences."     Halifax,  on  the  other  hand,  urged  the  king  to 
Charles,     Call  a  Parliament,  and  to  dismiss  James  from  his  councils, 
.  anics.  j^  ^^^^  thought  by  many  that  the  royal  brothers  would  soon 
be  estranged.     The  Princess  of  Orange  would  probably  be 
announced  as  the  heiress  presumptive  of  the  crown.     The 
illegitimate  Duke  of  Monmouth  might  even  be  declared 
Prince  of  Wales.    All  forfeited  charters  would  be  restored. 
But  Charles  was  weary  of  his  brother's  excessive  zeal :  per- 
haps he  foresaw  the  result  of  his  violent  designs.     Just  aft- 
er the  dissolution  of  his  last  Parliament  at  Oxford,  the 
The  king   king  told  the  Prince  of  Orange  that,  should  James  come 
duke.       to  the  crown,  he  "  could  not  hold  it  four  years  to  an  end." 
To  the  duke  himself  he  said,  "  Brother,  I  am  resolved  nev- 
er to  go  on  my  travels  again : — you  may,  if  you  will."f 
The  words  of  Charles  were  prophetic. 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  341,  34S,  351,  353,  CT7,  C7S ;  Hutch.  Coll.,  543 ;  Chalmer.=,  i.,  2T8,  416, 5SS; 
I!.  I.  Rec,  iii.,  147;  ante,  3S4,  401,  405,  403. 

t  Fox's  James  II.,  App.  viii.,  ix.  ;  Dalrj'mple,  i.,  63,  64;  Macpherson,  i.,  419  ;  Secret 
Hist,  of  Whitehall,  Lett.  Ixxii. ;  Burnet,  i.,  575,  604,  C05;  Echard,  53  ;  Eapin,  ii.,  T25,  7."4  ; 
Kennett,  iii.,  423;  Hum?,  vii.,175;  Lingard,  xiii.,  316;  Macaulay,  i.,  277,  278 ;  Mariiu,ii.,27. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  421 


CHAPTEE  IX. 

1685-1688. 

Chaeles  the  Second  had  now  reigned  for  nearly  a  qiiar-  chap.  ix. 
ter  of  a  century  since  his  restoration.     He  was  about  fifty-  "TT^T" 
five  years  old ;  and  his  strong  constitution,  helped  by  bodi- 
ly exercise  in  the  open  air,  promised  him  a  length  of  days. 
But,  early  in  the  February  of  1685,  Charles  was  strick- 
en by  a  disease  wliich  baffled  the  skill  of  his  physicians. 
After  suffering  a  short  and  sharp  illness,  the  head  of  En- 
glish Episcopalianism  mumbled  his  reconciliation  with  the  Decease  of 
Church  of  Rome ;  w^ished  the  Duke  of  York  a  long  and  the  second. 
prosperous  reign ;  and,  after  spending  the  life  of  an  Epicu- 
rean Protestant,  went  to  his  judgment  a  pusillanimous,  6  Febr-y. 
eleventh-horn-  Roman  Catholic. 

The   successor  of  Charles  was  a  very  different  man: 
colder,  more  honest,  more  decided — a  bigot  in  place  of  a 
shuffler.     A  quarter  of  an  hour  after  the  decease  of  his 
brother,  James  the  Second  of  England  and  the  Seventh  of 
Scotland,  came  out  of  the  closet  whither  he  had  retired  to 
give  "  full  scope  to  his  tears."     The  Privy  Counselors  of 
the  late  king  were  already  assembled,  and  their  new  mas-  c  FebrY. 
ter  hastily  told  them  that,  although  he  had  "  been  reported  ofj^mes 
to  be  a  man  for  arbitrary  power,"  he  would  endeavor  "  to  '^  ^'''"" ' 
preserve  the  government,  both  in  Church  and  State,  as  it  is 
now  by  law  established."     Immediately  afterward  James 
was  proclaimed  king  in  the  usual  form.    ISTo  opposition  was 
made  to  the  accession  of  a  sovereign  whom  the  Commons 
of  England  had  so  often  attempted  to  exclude  from  its 
throne.    The  new  ministry  was  arranged.    Sunderland  and  Mini.^ttrs 
Middleton  were  retained  as  secretaries  of  state.    Rochester,  ° 
the  brother-in-law  and  old  commissioner  of  James,  was 
made  the  head  of  his  treasury ;  Clarendon,  also  his  brother- 
in-law,  privy  seal ;  and  Halifax,  although  dishked,  became 
lord  president  of  his  comicil.     The  king,  who  loved  busi- 


422  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORIC 

Chap.  IX.  iiess,  took  again  the  Admiralty  into  his  own  hands,  and 
was  assisted  by  the  long  experience  of  Samuel  Pepys.* 
^'       Since  the  year  1675,  Charles  the  Second  had  intrusted 
all  matters  relating  to  the  Trade  and  Plantations  of  En- 
gland to  a  committee  of  his  Privy  Council.     Approving 
of  this  policy,  James  appointed  a  similar  committee,  which, 
included  the  great  officers  of  state.     As  the  Duke  of  York 
had  now  become  king,  his  rights  as  a  subject  proprietor 
were  merged  in  his  sovereignty ;  and  New  York,  with  her 
dependencies,  having  devolved  to  the  crown  of  England, 
became  a  royal  government,  under  the  supervision  of  the 
Plantation  Committee.     A  few  days  after  the  accession  of 
iTFeb'y.    Jamos,  the  records  belonging  to  the  province  were  ordered 
Records     to  bc  scut  to  the  Plantation  Office ;  and  Sir  John  Werden 
Plantation  delivered  all  that  were  thought  "material"  to  Secretary 
Blathwayt.     Among  these  were  thirteen  of  the  acts  passed 
at  the  first  session  of  the  New  York  Assembly,  which  had 
been  transmitted  for  confirmation,  and  were  readily  ap- 
proved.    Another,  and   the    most  important,  was  "  The 
The  Ne;7    Charter  of  Franchises  and  Privileges  to  New  York,"  which, 
terkept     although  it  had  been  signed  and  sealed  by  the  dulie,  and 
ordered  to  be  delivered,  had  been  kept  back,  and  was  "  not 
yet  perfected."! 

Thus  the  political  condition  of  New  York  was  again 
changed.  For  twenty  years — with  a  short  interruption — 
the  province  had  been  the  conquered  dukedom  of  a  royal 
English  subject.  At  length  her  subordinate  proprietor 
had  become  king;  and  New  York  —  following  his  for- 

•  Clarke's  James  II.,  i.,  T46-750;  ii.,  1-S;  Burnet,  i.,  606-621;  Kennett,  iii.,  423-428; 
Papin,ii.,  734-742;  Pari,  lliat.,  iv.,  1342;  Lingard,  xiii.,  317-321 ;  xiv.,l-S;  Macaulay,  i., 
426-437,440-446;  Proud,  i.,  290,  291;  Martin,  ii.,  28;  Fox's  James  IL,  73-81,  App.  xi.-xvi.; 
Dalrymple,  1.,  152-166 ;  ii.,  1-11 ;  ante,  201. 

t  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  229, 230,  354,  355,  357,  359,  363,  370 ;  viii.,  443 ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  584, 
585 ;  ante,  297,  416, 420.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  Werden,  the  Duke  of  York's  secretary, 
did  not  transfer  all  the  papers  relating  to  New  York  during  its  proprietary  period,  whether 
thought  "material"  or  not, to  the  Plantation  Committee;  in  the  archives  of  which  they 
would  have  been  carefully  preserved.  To  this  omission  we  probably  owe  much  of  the  dark- 
ness which  still  obscures  that  period.  Many  of  the  documents  relating  to  the  governments 
of  NicoUs,  Lovelace,  Andros,  and  Dongan— from  1664  to  16S5— are  now  missing  from  the 
Records  in  the  State  Paper  Office  in  London.  The  Duke  of  York,  after  he  became  James 
the  Second,  appears  to  have  kept  as  souvenirs,  in  his  own  possession,  much  of  the  corre- 
spondence which  his  deputies  had  addressed  to  him  as  Proprietor ;  and  it  may  be  that  these 
letters  shared  the  fate  of  his  otlier  private  papers,  which  were  sent  to  Paris  in  ICSS,  and 
were  afterward  destroyed  in  the  French  Revolution  :  Fox's  James  IL,  Introd.,  xvi.-xix. ; 
Clarke's  James  IL,  Preface,  xiv.-xviii.  In  1670  and  1671,  Evelyn  appears  to  have  been  fur- 
nished with  some  now  well-known  official  documents,  which  he  gave  back  to  the  Lord  Treas- 
urer Clifford,  who  took  them  with  him  to  Devonshire :  Evelyn,  ii.,  51,  55, 50,  50 ;  iii.,  221- 
223,  229-i;31,  23S-242,  260-263;  Pepys,  iv.,  221, 222;  ante,  IS,  187, 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  423 

tunes  —  became   an  American  province   of  the   Englisli  chap.  ix. 
crown.     Out  of  a  proprietorship  came  forth  a  royal  gov- 
emment.     Her  "Charter  of  Privileges,"  which  her  late j^,g^ york 
proprietor  had  sealed,  required  to  be  confirmed  by  lier  ^j»^°y^i.^*';°- 
present  king  before  that  instrument  could  be  "  complete  "''=•'• 
and  irrevocable."     But  James,  King  of  England,  was  a 
very  different  person  from  James,  Duke  of  York.     He 
presided  in  person  at  a  meeting  of  his  Plantation  Commit- 3  March, 
tee,  when  the  New  York  charter  was  considered.     A  series 
of  "  observations"  upon  several  of  its  clauses  w^as  read,  to 
which  it  was  objected  that  they  gave  more  privileges  than  s  March, 
had  been  "  granted  to  any  of  his  Majesty's  Plantations, 
where  the  Act  of  Habeas  Coi-pus,  and  all  such  other  Bills 
do  not  take  place;"  that  the  words, "TAe  Peojple,,  met  in 
a  General  Assemhly^^  were  "  not  used  in  any  other  Consti- 
tution in  America f^  in  short:  that  some  of  its  enact- 
ments were  inconvenient,  and  tended  too  much  to  restrain 
the  governor  and  "  abridge  the  King's  power."     Moreover, 
the  New  York  charter  expressly  recognized  a  "  Lord  Pro- 
prietor," who  had  now  become  sovereign.     This  was  a  fatal 
objection  to  that  Instrument,  as  it  had  been  sealed.     The 
kins;  therefore  declared  that  he  did  "  not  think  fit  to  con-  The  New 

York  cliflr- 

fii-m"  the  charter.     "And,  as  to  the  Government  of  New  ter  not  con- 
York,  his  Majesty  is  pleased  to  direct  that  it  be  assimilated  James  the 
to  the  Constitution  that  shall  be  agreed  on  for  New  En- 
gland, to  which  it  is  adjoining :  And,  in  the  mean  time, 
his  Majesty  orders  a  letter  to  be  prepared  for  his  Koyal  sig-  3  March. 
nature,  dh-ecting  Colonel  Dongan,  Governor  of  New  York, 
to  pursue  such  powers  and  instructions  as  he  shall  receive 
under  his  Majesty's  signet  and  sign  manual,  or  by  order  in 
Council,  until  further  order."* 

By  this  action  James  the  Second  did  not  repeal  the  char- 
ter of  New  York.  He  merely  dechned  to  confirm  it,  and 
thus  left  it  in  force  until  his  disapproval  should  be  notified 
to  Dongan.  As  the  "  Constitution"  for  New  England  had 
not  yet  been  settled,  the  government  of  New  York,  under 
its  late  proprietor's  Instructions,  was  not  disturbed.  So  s  March. 
James  wrote  to  Dongan :  "Whereas,  by  the  decease  of  the  second-sor- 

ders  to 

late  King,  our  most  dearly  beloved  brother,  and  om*  acces-  Dongan. 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  357-359 ;  Iv.,  264 ;  viii.,  443 ;  Chalmera's  Ann.,  i.,  56,  74, 5SS ;  ii.,  72, 113 ; 
Rev.  Col.,  J.,1S1;  N.  Y.CouncilJourn.,  l.,45;  anie,  33S,  416. 


424  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.ix.  sion  to  the  Imperial  Crown  of  this  Realm,  om*  Province  of 
New  York — the  Propriety  wliereof  was  by  the  letters  Pat- 
ents  of  his  said  Majesty  vested  in  ns— is  now  wholly  de- 
volved upon  our  royal  person,  and  annexed  to  our  other 
dominions,  We  do  hereby  signif}^  our  ^dll  and  pleasure  that 
you  publish  and  make  known  the  same  to  all  our  loving 
subjects  within  our  Province.  And  as  we  have  been 
pleased  by  our  Poyal  Proclamation  to  direct  that  all  men 
being  in  office  of  government  shall  so  continue  therein  un- 
til further  order,  so  we  do  hereby  charge  and  require  you 
to  pursue  such  powers  and  instructions  as  we  have  for- 
merly given  you,  and  such  further  powers  authority  and 
instructions  as  you  shall  at  any  time  hereafter  receive  un- 
der our  royal  signet  and  sign  manual,  or  by  our  order  in 
our  Privy  Council.  And  that  you  likewise  give  our  said 
loving  subjects  to  understand,  that,  having  committed  to 
our  said  Privy  Council  the  care  of  our  said  Province,  Avith 
the  consideration  of  the  several  Bills  and  Addresses  lately 
presented  unto  us  from  our  Assembly  there,  they  may 
shortly  expect  such  a  gracious  and  suitable  return,  by  the 
settlement  of  fitting  privileges  and  confirmation  of  their 
rights,  as  shall  be  found  most  expedient  for  our  serAdce  and 
tlie  welfare  of  our  said  Province."" 

This  letter  of  the  king  was  equivalent  to  a  new  royal 
commission  to  Dongan.  It  recognized  the  existing  Assem- 
bly of  New  York,  while  it  foreshadowed  such  changes  in 
the  provincial  government  as  might  be  "  found  most  expe- 

5  March,    dieut."     The  Privy  Council  at  the  same  time  instructed 

tii'e  Privy  Dongan  to  proclaim  the  new  king  "with  the  solemnities 
and  ceremonies  requisite  on  the  like  occasion,"  and  inclosed 
the  royal  proclamation  for  continuing  all  persons  in  office 
in  the  same  form  as  they  had  already  notified  the  other 

c  jiaich.  American  colonies.  Dongan  was  also  directed  by  Blath- 
wayt,  the  secretary  of  the  Plantation  Committee,  to  corre- 
spond hereafter  with  him  instead  of  Werden.f 

Although  James  the  Second  thus  recognized  a  royal  As- 

*  Col.  Poc,  iii.,  33'2,  "GO,  3G1.  The  effect  of  this  letter  seems  to  have  been  misapprehend- 
ed  in  16S0 :  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  677,  67S.  Hoffman,  in  hi3  recent  "TreatiBe,"  i.,  21,  22,  appears 
to  have  overlooked  it  altogether. 

t  Col.  Hoc,  iii.,  35T,  350,  300,  363 ;  Council  Min.,  v.,  109  ;  Col.  Eec  Conn.,  iii.,  339,  340; 
Mass.  r.ec,  v.,  473,  474 ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  346,  370, 417 ;  ante^  416.  Sir  John  Werden'a 
occupation,  as  secretary  of  the  Duke  of  York,  being  now  gone,  he  was  recompensed  by  being 
appointed  a  commissioner  of  customs:  Beatson,  i ,  443-451 ;  Col.  Doc,  v.,  41. 


Assemblies 
under 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  425 

sembly  in  New  York,  he  did  not  mean  it  to  last ;  for  he  cuap.  ix. 
had  directed  the  "  Constitution"  of  the  province  to  be  as- 
similated  to  that  of  New  England,  where  there  were  to  be  jj^  colonial 
no  Assemblies.     Home  affairs,  which  crowded  the  begin- 
ning of  his  reign,  prevented  prompt  action  on  colonial  J''™^^- 
business ;  and  the  government  of  Massachusetts  was  mean- 
while left  in  the  hands  of  its  late  magistrates.     Colonel 
Kirke,  whom  Charles  had  appointed  to  be  governor  of 
New  England,  was  confirmed  by  James ;  and,  after  some 
delay,  orders  were  given  to  complete  his  Instructions,  and  is  May. 
send  him  to  America,  with  two  frigates  to  maintain  his  au- 
thority.    But  the  insurrections  in  Scotland,  under  Argyll,  May. 
and  in  the  west  of  England,  under  Monmouth,  caused  June. 
Kirke  to  be  retained  at  home ;  and,  wliile  his  throne  was  "  ^" 
thus   actually   threatened,  the    king    could  bestow    little 
thought  on  his  distant  American  dominions.* 

The  first  dispatches  from  James  the  Second  were  brought 
to  America  by  Captain  Baxter,  whom  Dongan  had  sent  to 
England  in  the  previous  August.     The  acting  authorities 
of  the  late  Corporation  of  Massachusetts  hastened  to  pro- 
claim their  new  sovereign  "  with  all  due  solemnity."     Con-  20  April. 
necticut  did  the  same, "  with  great  solemnity  and  affection."  22  April. 
On  receiving  his  letters,  Dongan — now  the  royal  governor 
of  New  York — ordered  a  parade  of  the  metropolitan  miH-  21  April. 
tia  ;  and,  two  days  afterward,  James  the  Second  was  joy-  23  April. 
fully  proclaimed  sovereign  of  the  province  he  had  ruled  so  ciaTmed'in 
long  as  proprietor.     It  was  natural  that  " the  People"  of  ^^'"^ ^'"^' 
New  York  should  rejoice  that  their  duke  had  become  their 
king ;  for  they  hoped  that  the  interest  which  James  had 
shown  in  the  prosperity  of  the  province  when  it  was  his 
own  property,  would  continue  to  be  manifested  after  it  de- 
volved, as  a  colonial  appendage  of  England,  to  her  imperi- 
al crown.f 

Quickly  after  his  proclamation,  the  Corporation  of  the 
metropolis  drew  up  an  address  to  James,  congratulating  May. 
him  on  his  accession,  and  wishing  him  "  a  long,  peaceable, 

•  Burnet,  i.,  623-64G;  Kennett,  iii.,  431-438;  Rapin,  ii.,  743-740;  Lingard,  xiv.,  33-65  ; 
Macaulay,i.,  546-632;  Clarke,  ii.,  14-47;  Fox,  125-277;  Mackintosh,  13-36;  Hutch.  Mass., 
i.,  341,  342;  Coll.,  542;  Chalmers,  i.,  416;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxv.,  142;  Palfrey,  iii.,  4S0- 
4S2;  ante,4l9. 

+  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  351,  357,  360;  v.,  651;  viii.,  443;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiii.,  113-117;  Council 
Mln.,v.,109, 110;  Mass.  Rec,  v.,  473, 474;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  340;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  340; 
Chalmers,  i.,  417 ;  Penn.  Col.  Rec,  i.,  132, 133 ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  481 ;  ante,  401. 


426  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IX.  and  prosperous  reign,"  wliich,  at  Dongan's  suggestion,  they 
sent  to  his  late  Secretary  Werden,  for  presentation.     They 

13  May  '  ^^^'^  asked  Werden  to  acquaint  the  king  that  since  he  had 
wtk)a°o?°' "  ^^^^  pleased  to  separate  Delaware  and  the  two  Jersies 
Yo5;'s  ad-  ^^^  ^^^^j  ^^^  Government  of  New  York,  this  City  hath  ap- 
dre^^stotheparently  and  extremely  suffered  in  the  diminution  and  loss 

of  its  trade,  being  thereby  deprived  of  at  least  one  third 
part  thereof ;  and  hath  ever  since  much  lessened  and  de- 
cayed, both  in  number  of  inhabitants,  rents,  and  buildings ; 
and  his  Majesty  in  his  revenue  likewise  suffers  thereby. 
And  the  remaining  part  of  this  Province,  when  less  able 
the  more  burthened,  which  with  great  willingness  and  sub- 
mission they  bear ;  But  now  hope  that  this  appearing  to 
His  Majesty,  he  will  find  it  consistent  with  the  ease  and 
safety  of  his  subjects,  and  his  Majesty's  interest  and  service, 
to  reunite  those  parts  and  enlarge  this  government  East- 
ward, and  confirm  and  grant  to  this  his  City  such  privileges 
and  immmiities  as  may  again  make  it  flomish,  and  increase 
July.  his  Majesty's  revenue."  This  letter  "Werden  handed  to  the 
Plantation  Committee,  where  it  soon  produced  a  decided 
effect.* 

An  interesting  point  now  came  up  to  be  settled.     Saul 
Browne,  a  Jew,  formerly  of  Rhode  Island,  complained  that 
he  had  been  hindered  in  his  trade — apparently  under  the 
"scott  and  lott"  regulation  of  the  previous  March — and 
Dongan  having  referred  Bro^vne's  petition  to  the  metropol- 
is septem.  itan  authorities,  they  answered  that  "no  Jew  ought  to  sell 
by  retail  within  the  city,  but  may  by  wholesale,  if  the  Gov- 
jewsin     ^mor  think  fit  to  permit  the  same."     A  question  liaA'ing 
New  York.  ^Iso  ariscn,  under  the  Charter  of  Liberties  of  1683,  wheth- 
er others  than  those  "  which  profess  faith  in  God  by  Jesus 
Christ"  were  guaranteed  freedom  of  conscience,  the  Jews 
petitioned  the  governor  "  for  liberty  to  exercise  their  relig- 
ion,"    This  was  referred  to  the  mayor  and  aldermen,  who 

14  septem.  retmTied  their  opinion  "  that  no  public  worship  is  tolerated, 

by  act  of  Assembly,  but  to  those  that  profess  faith  in  Christ ; 
and  therefore  the  Jews'  worship  not  to  be  allowed."  This 
severe  constniction,  however,  was  contrary  to  the  duke's 
policy  in  regard  to  New  York,  after  he  became  a  Roman 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  361,  302 ;  Index  to  N.  J.  Col.  Doc,  11.     The  Corporation  of  the  City  of 
New  York  always  exercised  great  influence  in  provincial  affairs. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOE.  427 

Catholic ;  and  it  does  not  appear  to  have  been  adopted  by  cuap.  ix. 
its  provincial  government.* 

The  events  v^hich  had  occurred  in  Scotland  and  England   -'-"^'^• 
just  after  the  accession  of  James  were  communicated  to  26  June, 
the  several  American  governors  in  a  circular  letter  from 
Secretary  Sunderland.     Dongan  replied  that  "  the  people  is  septem. 
of  this  place  express  themselves  very  willing  to  obey  the  lettll'to'' 
King  in  any  thing  to  their  power :  when  the  Assembly  laJTd.^'" 
meets,  which  will  be  in  October  next,  your  Lordship's  letter 
shall  be  read  to  them.     It  came  very  seasonably  to  give  us 
a  true  account  of  the  rebellions  in  Scotland  and  the  west 
of  England ;  malicious  and  factious  reports  having  pester- 
ed this  place,  wliich  came  every  day  by  the  way  of  Bos- 
ton.    In  my  opinion,  the  King  cannot  do  better  than  with 
all  expedition  to  send  his  Governor  thither.     It  would 
certainly  alter  the  way  of  that  people  very  much  for  the 
better."  *  *  *  *  "This  place  is  composed  most  of  stran- 
gers ;  and  we  have  very  few  or  none   of  ill  principles 
among  us  that  I  know  of.     If  any  of  the  English  be  so, 
they  have  the  v/it  to  conceal  it.     A  new  seal  of  this  Prov-  a  new  seai 
ince  is  very  much  wanting,  and  the  people  extraordinary 
desirous  to  have  the  King's  seal  to  their  patents  and  other 
papers  that  concern  them."f 

The  Assembly  had  adjom*ned  in  October,  1684,  to  meet  Assembly. 
again  in  September,  1685.     But  the  question  arose  whether 
it  was  not  dissolved  by  the  demise  of  the  crown.     To  pre- 
vent future  trouble,  the  council,  of  which  Captain  Baxter 
had  been  sworn  a  member,  thought  that  it  was  expedient  s  jnne. 
to  dissolve  the  Assembly  and  to  call  a  new  one.     Dongan  5  August. 
accordingly,  by  proclamation,  dissolved  the  first  Assem-  is  August. 
bly;  and  writs  were  sent  out  for  the  election  of  new  rep- ir  Angust. 
resentatives,  to  meet  at  New  York  on  the  twentieth  of  20  October. 
October.     On  that  day  the  new  Assembly  met,  and  chose  ^^New"^ 
"William  Pinhorne,  formerly  an  alderman  of  the  city,  its^mwy.'" 
speaker,  and  Robert  Hammond  was  again  made   clerk. 

*  Min.  of  C.  C,  i.,  285,  2S7 ;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  cxxxiv. ;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  218 ;  R.  I.  Rec,  iii., 
160 ;  Shea's  note  to  Miller,  103 ;  ante.,  410.  The  Jews  were  then,  as  they  are  now,  classed 
with  Turks,  infidels,  and  heretics  by  the  Roman  Catholic,  the  Protestant  Episcopal,  and  the 
Reformed  Dutch  Churches.  In  his  Instructions  to  Dongan  of  16S2,  James  did  not  repeat 
the  clause  he  had  inserted  in  those  of  Andros  in  16T4 :  compare  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  218,  331-334; 
ante,  373.  But  he  renewed  it  in  1686:  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  373.  Saul  Browne,  the  petitioner, 
afterward  became  Reader  in  the  Jews'  Synagogue  in  New  York:  Shea's  note  to  Miller,  103. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  364,  365;  Council  Min.,  v.,  125;  Col.  Rec  Conn.,  iii.,  345,  346 ;  Mass.  H, 
S.  Coll.,  XXXV.,  139  ;  Hutch.  Coll.,  i.,  344 ;  Chalmers,  i.,  378,  379 ;  ante,  158,  note. 


428 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Chap.  IX. 


1685. 
3  Xovem. 


The  second 
New  York 
Assembly 
ended. 


20  Novem. 
Thanks- 
giving. 


20  Novem. 


7  Decern. 


10  Decern. 
IC  Decern. 


17  Decern. 


17  Decern. 
14  Decern. 
Court  of 
Excheq- 
uer. 


Six  laws  were  enacted.  ,  Three  bills  passed  the*  Assembly, 
but  did  not  receive  the  governor's  assent.  One  bill,  which 
made  a  single  witness  sufficient  in  revenue  cases,  passed 
the  council,  but  failed  to  receive  the  sanction  of  the  repre- 
sentatives. At  the  close  of  its  session  the  Assembly  ad- 
journed to  the  twenty-fifth  of  the  following  September. 
But,  before  that  time  came,  such  changes  happened  that  it 
never  met  again.* 

After  the  adjournment  of  the  Assembly,  a  day  of 
thanksgiving  was  proclaimed  by  the  governor,  according 
to  the  old  Dutch  custom,  for  the  king's  victory  over  the 
rebels  under  Ai-gyll  and  Monmouth.  Collector  Santen, 
who  had  not  given  a  satisf actoiy  account,  was  ordered  to 
produce  his  books  of  revenue  before  the  council.  Thomas 
Rudyard,  formerly  governor  of  East  Jersey,  whom  Dongan 
had  made  attorney  general  of  ISTew  York  the  year  before, 
now  made  his  will,  and  determined  to  emigrate  to  Barba- 
does ;  and  the  governor  commissioned  the  metropolitan  re- 
corder, James  Graham,  to  be  Rudyard's  successor.  This 
caused  other  official  changes.  Isaac  Swinton  was  made  a 
clerk  in  Chancery  in  Graham's  place,  and  was  installed, 
with  his  older  colleague,  John  Knight.  Nicholas  Bayard, 
who  had  succeeded  Minvielle  as  mayor  of  the  city,  was  now 
sworn  as  a  royal  counselor.  A  Court  of  Exchequer,  to  de- 
termine all  royal  revenue  cases — and  which  was  composed 
of  the  governor  and  council — was  also  appointed  to  be  held 
in  the  city  of  N^ew  York  on  the  first  Monday  of  each 
month.  This  tribunal  was  thought  necessary,  because  it 
was  found  that  when  the  king's  revenue  causes  were  tried 
in  the  "  settled  Courts,"  there  was  a  "  great  hazard  of  ven- 
turing the  matter  on  Country  Jurors ;  who,  over  and  above 
that  they  are  generally  ignorant  enough,  and  for  the  most 
part  linked  together  by  affinity,  are  too  much  swayed  by 
their  particular  humours  and  interests."t 

*MS.  Laws,  Secretary's  Office;  Council  Min.,  v.,123;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiii.,  152, 153  ;  Min. 
of  C.  C,  i.,  2S3  ;  Dunlap,  ii.,  App.  cxxxiv. ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  304,  716;  Council  Journ.,  i..  Int., 
xiii.-xv. ;  Wood's  L.  I.,  102;  Thompson,!.,  162;  ante,  408.  The  note  in  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll., 
iii.,  355,  that  there  is  "no  evidence  of  any  session  of  an  Assembly"  during  the  reign  of 
Jnmes  the  Second  is  erroneous. 

t  Council  Min.,  v.,  131,  13S-146;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiii.,  1S4,  1S5,  190,200,  21C;  xxxiv.,93; 
Col.  Doc,  iii.,  351,  390,  412,  657  ;  iv.,  847;  ix.,  293;  Daly's  Sketch,  32;  ante,  409.  Mr. 
Whitehead,  in  his  "  East  Jersey,"  99,  124, 125,  and  his  "  Contributions,"  81,  does  not  state 
that  Kudyard  became  attorney  general  of  Kew  York;  and  he  makes  him  die  "abroad  i;i 
1692,"  at  Jamaica. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  429 

In  his  first  letter  to  Secretary  Blathwayt,  Dongan  report-  chap.  ix. 
ed  that  the  French  were  "  now  quiet,"  and  that  the  Enghsh 
trade  would  be  "  much  better,  if  we  take  but  the  same  care  ^-^^  August, 
as  the  French,  by  putting  a  little  fort  on  this  side  of  the  J'gpoft^to' 
Great  Lake  [Ontario],  as  they  have  on  the  other.     It  is  in  Biathwayt. 
the  King's   dominions,  nearer  to  us  than  to  them,  and 
would  be  an  obligation  to  the  Indians  to  bring  their  beaver 
to  us,  which  would  be  six  for  one  at  present.     I  put  the 
arms  of  the  Duke,  now  his  Majesty,  upon  all  the  Indian 
Castles  near  the  Great  Lake,  and  that  by  their  own  consent 
who  have  submitted  to  this  government.     They  are  a  con- 
siderable people,  and  ought  to  be  encouraged,  because  they 
have  a  considerable  influence  over  most  of  the  Indians  in 
America.     The  French  quarrel  only  because  they  cannot 
obtain  them,  which,  if  they  should,  they  would  be  trouble- 
some to  most  of  the  King's  subjects  in  these  parts  of 
America."* 

Before  Dongan's  arrival,  Greenhalgh  and  his  comrade 
were  the  only  "  Christians"  under  the  New  York  govern- 
ment who  had  gone  as  far  as  the  Seneca  country.  To  car- 
ry out  his  policy  of  attracting  their  fur-trade  to  New  York, 
the  governor  licensed  a  Canadian  refugee,  Abel  Marion  la  i  Apru. 
Fontaine,  with  several  others,  to  hunt  beaver  in  the  woods 
amonsT  the  "Western  savae-es.     A  similar  pass  was  given  to  12  August. 

'p  °  X  o  Dongan 

Captain  Johannes  Eooseboom,  of  Albany,     These  ad ven- gives  pass- 

1  11'  1        /~v  ,  es  to  New 

turers  went  a  three  months  journey  to  the  Uttawas  and  Yorkers  to 
Miamis  country,  as  far  as  Michilimackinac,  whence  they  west, 
brought  back  many  beaver-skins.  They  were  very  well  re- 
ceived by  those  Indians,  whom  they  found  more  inclined 
to  trade  with  them  than  with  the  French ;  and  Rooseboom 
and  his  party  of  young  Dutchmen  were  "  invited  to  come 
every  year"  by  the  Western  savages,  who  desired  that  their 
enemies,  the  Senecas, "  would  open  a  path  for  them,  that 
they  might  come  to  Albany,"f 

Notwithstanding  the  treaty  made  the  last  year,  some  Cay- 
ugas  had  committed  outrages  on  the  frontiers  of  Virginia. 
Dongan,  however,  summoned  the  Five  Nations  to  meet 
"  Assarigoa"  at  Albany,  and  confirm  the  peace.     But  Lord 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  353,  363,  393-396  ;  ante,  398,  3"9,  420. 

t  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  250-252,  256,  395,  437,  438,  476;  v.,  76,  731 ;  ix  ,  275,  297,  302, 1023;  Doa 
Hist.,  i., 133;  Col.  MSS.,x.xxiii.,  106, 107, 142, 150;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  332;  La  Hontan,  i.,  97 ; 
ante,  310. 


430  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IX.  Effingham's  wife, "  Philadelphia,"  having  died  in  Yirginia, 
~  he  deputed  one  of  his  council,  Colonel  Bird,  and  his  attor- 

13  August  ^^^5  Edward  Jennings,  to  represent  him.  Accompanied 
by  chiefs  of  the  Pamimkeys,  Chickahominies,  Mataponys, 
and  Powhatans,  the  Virginia  agents  came  to  Albany ;  and 

September.  Bird  sharplv  reproved  the  New  York  savages  for  havinar 

Conference  J.    t/  i.  o  o 

with  the  broken  their  covenant.  The  Senecas  and  Mohawks  freed 
Albany,  thcmsclves  from  blame,  and  chid  the  other  nations.  The 
offending  cantons  apologized,  and  promised  satisfaction. 
The  •  orator  for  the  Mohawks  then  declared  that  the  path 
of  fi'iendship  led  to  Albany,  where  was  the  "  House  of 
Peace."  And  then  he  sang  "  all  the  covenant  chain  over ;" 
after  which  he  admonished  the  Oneidas,  Onondagas,  and 
Cayugas,  and  sang  another  song  in  honor  of  the  sachems 
who  had  come  from  Yirginia.  The  younger  Garakontie 
attended  this  conference  as  the  Onondaga  deputy.  By 
rc>  Sept.    him  Lamberville,  or  ^^  Teiorensere^  wrote  to  Donovan,  ura:- 

Lamber-       .  .  o       ^        O 

vine's  let-  ing  him,  as  well  by  his  "  zeal  for  the  public  peace,  and  es- 
gan.  pecially  for  the  Christians  of  this  America,"  as  by  his  devo- 
tion as  a  Romanist,  to  solicit  the  Senecas  to  be  friendly 
with  the  French ;  of  whose  faith  he  declared  the  "  sole  ob- 
ject" was,  "  that  the  blood  of  Jesus  Christ,  shed  for  all  men, 
may  be  useful  to  them."  Lamberville's  adroit  letter  did 
not  deceive  the  straightforward  Dongan.'^ 
Effect  of  De     After  Dc  la  Barre's  treaty  at  the  Salmon  River,  the  Iro- 

la  Barre's 

treaty  on    quois  bcgau  to  dcspiso  the  French,  whose  "  Onnontio"  had 

quois.       proved  liimself  a  poltroon ;  and  the  Mahicans  promised 

them  twelve  hundred  wari'iors  if  they  should  be  attacked 

by  the  Canadians.     Dongan  also  offered  them  all  needed 

aid  of  men  and  ammunition.     The  Senecas,  accordingly, 

instead  of  paying  the  beavers  which  they  had  promised  to 

De  la  Barre,  carried  more  than  ten  thousand  of  those  furs 

to  Albany.f 

Tjan'y.         Wlicu  Louis  heard  of  De  la  Barre's  submission  to  the 

moves  De  Iroquois,  and  abandonment  of  the  Illinois,  he  superseded 

andap-^'    liis  wcak  Canadian  representative,  and  appointed  in  his 

nonviue'to  placc  Jacqucs  Rene  de  Brisay,  Marquis  de  Denonville,  a 

Canada,     coloncl  of  his  dragoous,  and  a  French  nobleman,  "  equally 

estimable  for  his  valor,  his  integrity,  and  his  piety."     De- 

*  Col.  Doc.,iii.,  453,  4'54;  ix.,  259,  261,  2T4;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  121,  122;  Burk,  ii.,  291 ;  Col- 
Tins' a  Peerage,  v.,  25;  Golden,  i.,  4S,  59,  59,  first  ed.,  61,  68,  69;  aiitc^  39S,  402. 
t  Charlevoi.x,  ii.,  321,  322,  323;  ante,  405. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  431 

nonville  was  instructed  to  "  humble  the  pride  of  the  Iro-  chap.  ix. 
quois,"  and  to  sustain  the  Illinois  and  other  Western  tribes  T" 

who  had  been  abandoned  by  his  predecessor.     Notwith-  ^^  ^^^,^^\ 
standing  Dongan's  "unjust  pretensions,"  a  good  under- ^^°°^-.^_ 
standing  must  be  maintained  between  the  French  and  En-  stmctions. 
ghsh  colonists ;  yet  if  the  latter  should  "  excite  and  aid  the 
Indians,  they  must  be  treated  as  enemies,  when  found  on 
Indian  territory,  without  at  the  same  time  attempting  any 
thing  on  territory  under  the  obedience  of  the  King  of  En- 
gland."    Barillon  was  also  directed  to  complain  that  Don-  lo  March. 
gan  had  hoisted  English  flags  on  the  Iroquois  villages,  and 
to  demand  "  precise  orders"  from  James  to  "  confine  him- 
self within  the  limits  of  his  government,  and  to  observe  a 
different  hne  of  conduct  towards  Sieur  de  Denonville." 
It  does  not  appear  that  the  "  precise  orders"  which  Louis 
asked  of  James  were  given.* 

Early  in  August,  Denonville  landed  at  Quebec  with  a  August. 
large  re-enforcement  of  troops,  and  went  to  Fort  Fronte- 
nac,  where  he  estabhshed  a  garrison.     In  his  dispatches  to  20  August. 
Seig-nelay,  he  declared  that  a  war  with  the  Iroquois  was  in-  3  septem. 
evitable ;  that  Englishmen,  led  by  French  deserters,  were  13  NoveS.' 
trading  with  the  Ottawas;  and  that  it  was  necessary  tOto^se^e-^ 
subdue  the  Senecas,  and  establish  good  French  posts  at  M-  ^^^' 
agara  and  on  Lake  Erie,  so  as  to  check  both  the  English 
and  the  Indians.     The  French  king  should  make  himself 
"absolute  master"  of  Lake  Ontario,  which  the  English 
coveted ;  and  "  nothing,  save  the  power  alone  of  the  Iro- 
quois, prevents  them  having  posts  there,  inasmuch  as  it  is 
quite  easy  to  go  from  Manatte  and  Orange  to  Lake  Onta-  French 
rio  on  horseback  —  the  distance  being  only  one  hundred  llsel  ^^'^ 
leagues  through  a  beautiful  country."     Denonville  also  de- 
sired the  Jesuits  in  Canada  to  send  their  Father  Millet, 
lately  of  the  Oneida  mission  in  New  York,  to  Fort  Fronte- 
nac,  to  be  interpreter  there,  and  co-operate  with  Lamber- 
ville,  who  yet  lingered  among  the  Onondagas.     This  was 
accordingly  done.    But  Denonville,  adopting  the  suggestion 
of  Duchesnau  in  1681,  urged  that  "the  most  certain  safe- 

*  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  3G0-272,  801;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  323,  324;  Garneau,  i.,256;  La  Hontan,  i., 
6S ;  Doc.  Hist.,  L,  121.  The  French  government  was  so  mortified  with  De  la  Barre  that  the 
copy  of  his  treaty  at  La  Famine,  now  in  the  archives  of  the  Jlarine  .it  Paris,  is  indorsed  by 
Seignelay,  '■'■These  are  to  be  kept  secret:"  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  230;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  7T.  Aa  to  the 
orders  which  Louis  asked  James  to  give  to  Dongan,  nothing  appears  in  Dalrymple,  or  Fox, 
or  Clarke :  compare  Charlevoix,  ii.,  330, 336 ;  Col.  Doc,  v.,  731 ;  Colden,  i.,  44,  250. 


432  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IX.  guard  against  the  English  of  New  York  would  be  to  buy  it 

from  the  King  of  England,  who,  in  the  present  state  of  his 

■   affairs,  will  doubtless  stand  in  need  of  the  king's  money. 

We  should  thus  be  masters  of  the  Iroquois  without  a  war." 

In  the  light  of  Quebec,  Denonville  reasoned  well.* 

Denonville  quickly  notified  his  arrival  to  Dongan,  and 
complained  of  the  harboring  of  Canadian  deserters  in  Kew 
York — alluding  probably  to  La  Fontaine  and  others.  In 
13  October,  liis  reply,  Dongan  charged  De  la  Barre  with  having  "  med- 
and  d'"  died  in  an  affair  that  might  have  created  some  indifference 
between  the  two  crowns ;"  and  that,  as  to  the  fugitives 
from  Canada,  they  would  be  surrendered  to  the  proper  of- 
ficers of  that  government  whenever  sent  for.f 

New  Jersey  continued  to  prosper  at  the  expense  of  New 
York,  yet  not  to  the  degree  exjDected  by  its  proprietors. 
New  Jer-    To  arousc  morc  interest  in  Scotland,  George  Scot,  of  Pit- 
andscot.'   lochie,  following  John  Reid,  pubhshed   in  Edinburgh  a 
pamphlet  entitled  "  The  Model  of  the  Government  of  the 
Province  of  East  New  Jersey,  in  America,"  in  which  he  at- 
tractively set  forth  its  condition,  and  refuted  objections  to 
emigration.     With  a  ship-load  of  colonists — many  of  whom 
were  exiled  by  Perth  and  his  Pri\^  Council  for  having 
August,     taken  part  in  Argyll's  rebellion  —  Scot  embarked  for  the 
land  which  he  had  done  so  much  to  make  so  favorably 
known.     The  author  died  at  sea,  leaving  his  printed  work 
immortal.     Perth  Amboy  was  now  made  the  seat  of  gov- 
^prii.       eiTunent  instead  of  Elizabethtown.     Dyer,  who  had  been 
^y*^'-        appointed  surveyor  general  of  the  king's  customs  in  his 
American  Plantations,  was  admitted  by  Governor  Lawrie 
to  discharge  his  duties  in  New  Jersey.     But  he  soon  com- 
june.        plained  to  tlie  commissioners  of  the  customs  at  London, 
"that  when  he  prosecuted  vessels,  the  juries  found  their 
verdicts  against  the  most  undoubted  facts.":}: 

By  this  time  James  the  Second  had  settled  the  affairs  of 
his  kingdom  greatly  to  liis  own  satisfaction.  Domestic  re- 
bellions, which  menaced  his  throne,  had  been  crushed ;  and 

«  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  165,  C05-26S,  273-28G,  297;  Doc.  Hi?t.,  i.,  123-126;  La  Ilontan,  i.,  63; 
Charlevoix,  ii.,  323-326,  335 ;  Shea's  Missions,  309 ;  Quebec  MSS.,  iv.  (ii.),  420 ;  a7ite,  401.     . 

t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  275,  290-293 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  32S ;  ante,  429. 

t  Wodiow,  iv.,  216,  220-223,  332,  333;  Whitehead's  East  Jersey,  104-109,  115,  231-333  ; 
Contribution?,  23-40;  Leaminp;  and  Spioer,  175,  CS3  ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  621 ;  M.iss.  Rea, 
v.,  630;  Penn.  Col.  Rec.,  i.,  148, 197, 198,  209,  210,  211 ;  Hist.  Mag.  (ii.),  i.,  87-95;  N.  Y.  CoL 
Doc.,  iii.,  354,  392,  493 ;  ante,  309,  392,  412. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  433 

victims  of  the  Scotch  Privy  Council,  and  the  remnant  who  chap.  ix. 
escaped  the  tender  mercies  of  Kirke's  "  lambs"  in  the  south-  ~ 

west  of  England,  dangerously  crowded  the  ships  bound  to 
the  American  Plantations.     And  now  the  king  could  think 
of  the  deferred  affairs  of  his  colonies.     The  most  pressing  james 
of  these  seemed  to  be  the  establishment  of  a  government  in  coioniaf 
Massachusetts,  where,  for  more  than  nine  months  since  its  ^  ''^'^°' 
charter  had  been  canceled,  local  authority  had  been  admin- 
istered by  doubtfully  appointed  officials.     But  the  Planta- 
tion Committee  moved  slowly.     They  seem  to  have  been 
aroused  by  the  letters  of  the  Corporation  of  New  York,  and 
of  Dyer,  the  surveyor  of  the  king's  customs  in  East  Jersey, 
complaining  of  the  inconvenience  of  the  existing  arrange- 
ments there.     Accordingly,  they  recommended  that  writs  is  juiy. 
of  Quo  Warranto  should  be  prosecuted  against  the  proprie- 
tors of  East  and  "West  New  Jersey,  and  of  Delaware,  be- 
cause it  was  growing  prejudicial  "  that  such  independent 
governments  be  kept  up  and  maintained  without  a  nearer 
and  more  immediate  dependence"  on  the  crown.     Quakers 
and  Roman  Catholics — Penn,  and  Perth,  and  Baltimore — 
were  alike  involved.     They  were  all  now  the  subjects  of  a 
new  sovereign.    Pandolph  having  exhibited  articles  against 
the  charter  officers  of  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island,  the 
Plantation  Committee  also  recommended  that  similar  writs 
should  be  issued  against  those  corporations.     James  ap- 
proved these  recommendations,  and  directed  Sir  Robert  n  juiy. 
Sawyer,  his  attorney  general,  to  proceed  against  Connecti-  cut,  Rhode 
cut  and  Rhode  Island  "  forthwith,"  and  against  the  several  sey^and"" 
claimants  of  East  and  West  Jersey  and  of  Delaware,  "  if  ^^''''^*''^- 
he  shall  find  cause."* 

Randolph  now  urged  that  "  a  temporary  Government"  is  August, 
should  be  established  in  Massachusetts,  by  the  king's  com-  advice.^ 
mission, "  to  the  best  disposed  persons  upon  the  place,  until 
such  time  as  his  Majesty's  Governor  General  shall  be  dis- 
patched from  hence  to  take  upon  him  the  government  of 
all  the  Colonies  in  New  England."     He  even  named  candi-  2  septem. 
dates  for  offices,  and  suggested  a  joint  Assembly,  in  which 
the  people  of  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  Maine,  and  New 

*  Col.  Doc.  iii.,  nCl,  362,  3G3;  Chalmers,  i.,  278,  297,  301-304, 371,  621 ;  Arnold,  i.,  481 ; 
P.alfrey,  iii.,  482, 505,  .'JOS  ;  R.  I.  Rec,  iii.,  17.5-177;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  34-7-352  ;  Dalrymple, 
ii.,53;  Burnet,  i.,G47-G51;  ^Yodro^v>iv.,  216-223;  Mackintosh,  14;  Macaulay,  i.,  565,  628- 
630 ;  ante,  426,  432. 

II.— E  E 


434  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IX.  Hampshire  should  be  represented.  But,  in  spite  of  the 
opinions  of  Sawyer  and  Finch,  his  attorney  and  solicitor 

9Septem.'  general,  James  expressly  directed  "that  no  mention  of  an 
Assembly  be  made  in  the  Commission."  This,  however, 
was  only  following  out  the  order  of  the  late  king  in  No- 
vember, 1684.     Joseph  Dudley,  for  whose  loyalty  Dongan 

•27Septeni.  vouched,  was  accordingly  appointed  president,  and  seven- 

8  October,  teen  others  counselors,  of  that  part  of  New  Ensrland  in- 
New  En-  .  ^  '^ 

Riandreg-  cludiug  Massacliusctts,  New  Hampshire,  Maine,  and  the 
Narragansett  Country,  or  the  King's  Province,  to  govern- 
the  same  until  the  "chief  Governor"  should  arrive.  As 
his  special  reward,  Randolph  had  his  previous  appointment 

21  septem.  by  Cliarlcs  confirmed  by  James's  commission  to  be  "  Secre- 
tary and  sole  Register"  of  this  territory.  Moreover,  as  the 
Duke  of  York's  personal  interest  in  the  revenues  of  the 
post-office  was  now  vested  in  his  crown.  Lord  Treasurer 

19  Novem.  Rochcstcr  appointed  Randolph,  whose  attention  had  been 

Randolph  1  ,        V^  ^  i         ^ 

deputy      awakened  by  JJongan  s  movement,  to  be  deputy  postmaster 
in  North    of  New  England  —  apparently  the  first  instance  of  the 

kind  in  American  colonial  annals.* 
.^ptem.         Wliile  thus  arrangins:  a  temporary  government  in  New 

Baptism  of_,,,_  i  •       ^   •     -n,    -  /-. 

negroes  in  Jingland,  J  amcs  took  care  to  announce  m  Ins  rriyj  Coun- 
pianu-  °  cil  his  resolution  "  that  the  negroes  in  the  Plantations 
should  all  be  baptized ;  exceedingly  declaiming  against 
that  impiety  of  their  masters  prohibiting  it,  out  of  a  mis- 
taken opinion  that  they  would  be,  ipso  facto,  free."  This 
determination  of  the  king  was  afterward  practically  en- 
forced in  the  Instructions  to  his  colonial  governors.  It  ap- 
pears to  have  been  suggested  by  the  second  article  of  the 
famous  ''''Code  iV^oi/',"  which  Louis  had  just  published  at 
Versailles,  and  which  required  all  slaves  in  the  French  col- 
onies to  be  baptized  and  taught  in  the  Catholic  religion.f 
The  King  of  France  now  took  a  step  which  moved  both 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii  ,  S50, 304,  305,  5T9  ;  Chalmers,  i.,  41T,  418,  419, 403 ;  R.  I.  Rec,  iii.,  1T8, 105, 
190,  200 ;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  v.,  244;  xxvii.,  148,  149, 101, 102 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  341 ;  Coll., 
543,  XiX>1,  559,  500 ;  Belknap,  i.,  1S5,  ISO ;  Douglas,  i.,  413 ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  395, 482-485 ;  Force's 
Tract?,  iv..  No.  8,  p.  13,  14;  antf^  419. 

t  Evelyn,  ii.,245;  Anderson's  Col.  Ch.,  ii.,  303;  Long's  Hist,  of  Jamaica,  iii.,  Appendix; 
OIdmi.\-on,  ii.,130;  Buik,  ii.,  129, 130;  Martin's  Louis  XIV.,  i.,  4S9,  490;  Ilurd's  Law  of 
Freedom  and  Bondage,  i.,  105,  1S5,  ISO,  210,  281;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  374,  54T.  In  Valentine'rt 
Manual  for  1801,  C40-GC4,  are  numerous  instances  of  the  niarriag.s  of  negroes  with  negress- 
68  by  the  Dutch  ministers  in  New  York,  from  1042  to  10S3;  and  several  children  of  such 
marriages  appear  to  have  been  baptized  :  Val.  Man.,  1803,  738-834.  In  1067,  Virginia  en- 
acted that  baptism  did  not  free  slaves  from  bondage  :  Hening,  ii.,  260;  Iiurd,  i.,  232;  .An- 
derson's Col.  Church,  ii.,  344. 


TH01LA.S  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  435 

Europe  and  America.     His  grandfather,  Henry  the  Fourth,  chap.  ix. 

had  made  an  edict  at  Nantes  in  1598,  which  e-ranted  to  ~77Z'7~ 

•  •  1685 

Protestants  full  liberty  of  conscience,  and  many  privileges 

they  had  not  before  enjoyed  in  the  French  kingdom.  This 
edict  had  been  respected  by  Louis  the  Thirteenth,  by  Riche- 
lieu, and  by  Mazarin.  But,  after  the  death  of  Colbert,  and 
the  secret  marriage  of  Louis  the  Fourteenth  with  Frances 
de  Maintenon,  a  great  change  happened.  Roman  ideas 
took  the  place  of  Protestant  ideas.  Huguenots,  protected 
by  Henry,  were  persecuted  by  Louis,  who  sent  his  dragoons 
to  convert  them  to  the  Pomish  doctrine.  At  last  the  king  n  October 
revoked  his  predecessor's  Edict  of  Nantes.  The  conse- vokes  the 
quences  of  this  act  were  immediate  and  immense.  Brutal  Kante?. 
persecutions  drove  more  than  two  hundred  thousand  of  her 
million  and  a  half  of  Protestants  out  of  France.  The  ref- 
ugees sought  new  homes  in  England,  Holland,  Prussia,  and 
America,  where  they  introduced  unkno'wn  French  arts  and 
industry.  Scorning  thraldom,  genius  renounced  allegiance ; 
and  Schomberg,  Basnage,  Papin,  with  a  host  of  others,  un- 
der freer  skies,  gave  their  talents  and  their  gallantry  to 
help  the  retributive  humiliation  of  the  vainglorious  perse- 
cutor of  their  faith.* 

William  Penn  had  meanwhile  been  employed  in  helping  Penn  mc 
himself  at  Whitehall.     Penn  was  an  uncommonly  adroit  withjamcs 
and  selfish  Englishman.     He  knew  where,  when,  and  how  giand! 
to  touch  his  sovereign's  weaknesses.     And  he  had  the  luck 
to  touch  James,  to  his  own  great  gain.     Yet,  in  liis  contro- 
versy with  Lord  Baltimore  about  the  undefined  boundaries 
of  Maryland,  William  Penn  had  on  liis  side  the  advantage 
of  historical  truth.     When  the  case  was  brought  to  the  king 
for  decision,  the  rival  claimants  were  politically  equal. 
One  was  a  Romanist,  the  other  a  Quaker.      So  James 
took  up  the  question.     As  Duke  of  York  he  had,  since 
1669,  denied  Baltimore's  claim  to  the  Delaware  temtoiy ; 
and  in  1682  he  had  conveyed  it  to  Penn.     After  patient 
hearings,  the  Plantation  Committee  reported  that  Lord  s  Novem. 
Baltimore's  patent  granted  "  only  land  uncultivated  and  in- 
habited by  Savages ;"  whereas  the  territory  in  dispute  had 

*  Anderson  on  Commerce,  ii.,  56S-571 ;  Lavalloe,  iii.,  25T-263,  316  ;  Martin's  Louis  XIV., 
i., 534-55S;  ii., 30-56;  Anderson's  Col.  Ch.,ii., 329-331 ;  Wodrow, iv.,  349-351 ;  Burnet,!., 
C55;  Macaulay,  ii.,  13-17;  iii., 124;  Evelyn,  ii.,  253,  254;  Arnold,  i.,  496,497;  Palfrey,  iii., 
453  ;  N.  Y.  Col.  Uoc,  iii.,  399, 426,  450,  650 ;  ix.,  309,  312,  425, 509, 540,  549. 


436  HISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAp.  IX.  been  inhabited  and  planted  by  Christians  before  his  grant. 
~  Delaware,  therefore,  did  not  form   a  part  of  Maryland. 
'  But,  to  end  differences,  the  committee  recommended  that 
the  land  between  the  Chesapeake  and  the  Delaware  should 
be  divided  into  two  equal  parts,  of  which  the  half  nearest 
the  Delaware  should  belong  to  the  king  (or  to  Penn),  and 
that  nearest  the  Chesapeake  remain  to  Lord  Baltimore. 
13  Novem.  Thisrcport  was  approved  by  James  in  council,  who  order- 
about  the   ed  the  division  to  be  made  accordingly.     This  decision  es- 
tenltoiy.    tablislicd  the  original  title  of  the  Dutch  as  they  maintain- 
ed it  in  1659 ;  while  it  denied  the  rightfulness  of  the  Duke 
of  York's  patent  for  N^ew  ISTetherland  in  1664,  and  "  inval- 
idated the  reasonings  upon  which  England  had  always  con- 
tended for  American  sovereignty."* 

Perhaps  the  most  important  result  of  Penn's  visit  to  En- 
gland was  the  introduction  of  the  art  of  printing  into  the 
middle  colonies  of  British  America.  Up  to  this  time  the 
only  printing-press  in  the  English- American  Plantations 
had  been  the  one  in  Massachusetts,  which  had  always  been 
under  Pm-itan  censorship.  A  new  act  of  Parliament  had 
2  July,  iust  revived  the  censorship  of  the  English  press,  which  had 
soKhip  re- expired  in  1679.  Ereedom  of  printing  was  not  one  of 
England,  tlic  ideas  of  that  age.  But  the  necessity  of  the  printer's 
art  was  every  where  felt.  That  necessity  had  moved  the 
council  of  Pennsylvania,  when,  in  July,  1684,  they  "  left  to 
the  Governor's  discretion  to  have  the  laws  and  charter 
printed  at  London."  So  the  proprietor,  while  there,  en- 
gaged "  a  friend,"  William  Bradford,  to  set  up  a  printing- 
press  in  Philadelphia.  Bradford  was  then  twenty -two 
years  old,  born  in  Leicestershire,  and  said  to  have  gone,  as 
a  stripling,  to  Pennsylvania  with  Penn  in  1682.  Lie  was 
now  married  to  a  daughter  of  Andrew  Sowle,  a  distin- 
guished Quaker  printer,  of  Grace  Church  Street,  in  Lon- 
don, to  whom  he  had  been  an  apprentice.  George  Eox 
c  August,  therefore  wrote  to  several  eminent  Quakers  in  America, 
that  "  a  sober  young  man,  whose  name  is  William  Brad- 

•  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  SS-lOO;  iii.,  1S6,  339,  340,342-347,  302,  363;  Chalm.,  i.,  371,  C50,  651,  C63; 
Hazard's  Reg.  Penn.,  ii.,  202,  203,  225 ;  Proud,  i.,  290-295 ;  ii.,  20S-211 ;  Grahame,  i.,  327, 
328,521;  Bancroft,  ii.,  308,393,  394;  Dixon,  222-227 ;  Macaulay,  i.,  502-505,  C50;  an<e,  150, 
164,  367,  393  ;  vol.  i.,  666-669.  The  boundary  between  Pennsylvania  and  Slaryland  w.ia 
run  from  Delaware  westward,  between  1703  and  1768,  by  Charles  Mason  and  Jeremiah  Di.x- 
on,  and  is  now  popularly  known  as  "Mason  and  Dixon's  line:"  see  interesting  papers  on 
this  subject  in  Hist.  Mag.,  ii.,  37-42;  v.,  199-202. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOE.  .  437 

ford,  comes  to  Pennsylvania,  to  set  np  the  trade  of  print-  chap.  ix. 
ing  Friends'  books."     On  reaching  Philadelphia,  Bradford         ~ 
quickly  started  his  press ;  the  first  work  of  which  seems  to  B^adfo^' 
have  been  an  Almanac  for  the  year  1686,  compiled  by'^^P°^.^° 
Samuel  Atkyns.     This  almost  unique  curiosity  at  this  day  Phiiadei- 
was  sharply  censured  by  the  critics  of  Pennsylvania.     It 
stated,  as  a  chronological  fact,  that  at  a  certain  day  in 
1682  was  "  The  beginning  of  government  here  by  the  Lord 
Penn."     These  words  provoked  much  Quaker  wrath ;  and 
the  temporary  subordinate  of  the  absent  proprietor — with- 
out whose  active  friendship  many  probably  would  never  1686. 
have  seen  Philadelphia — ordered  Atkyns  "  to  blot  out  the  ^  '^*°'^- 
words  Lord  Penn^^  from  his  Almanac,  and  charged  Brad- 
ford "  not  to  print  any  thing  but  what  shall  have  license 
from  the  council.""'^" 

Meanwhile  an  order  of  the  New  York  Council  in  March, 
1684,  requiring  the  several  towns  in  the  province  to  renew 
their  patents,  had  caused  muoJi  anxiety.     Dongan  had  a 
double  motive  to  enforce  it;  for  the  king's  revenue  from 
the  new  quit-rents  would  be  increased,  and  he  would  him- 
self gain  a  harvest  of  fees.     The  towns  did  not  delay  when 
they  saw  they  must  act.     Hempstead  and  Flushing  made  Dongan 
large  grants  of  land  to  the  governor,  and  obtained  advan-  fa'nd  by 
tageous  patents.     Flatbush  also  got  a  new  charter.     After  SiTfu'^i^ 
a  long  negotiation  about  boundaries,  Newtown  likewise"^' 
procured  Attorney  General  Graham's  approbation  to  a  pat- 
ent, which  the  council  resolved  should  be  the  model  after  20  Febr'y. 
which  all  those   for  other  townships  should  be  drawn. enti for" 
Accordingly  Brooklyn,  and  all  the  other  towns  on  Long 
Island,  with  the  exception  of  Huntington,  in  the  course  of  May  to 
this  year  obtained  new  patents  fi-om  the  governor.     This 
result,  however,  was  not  gained  without  opposition.     East- 
hampton  was  especially  stubborn ;  and  Mulford  and  others 
riotously  protested  against  any  interference  with  their  old  e  October, 
patents.     James,  the  minister  of  the  town,  preached  a  stir-  it  October. 
ring  sermon  against  those  who  acted  mider  the  governor's 
order.      The   offenders   were   summoned  to  New  York,  19  Novcm. 
where  Attorney  General  Graham  filed  informations  against  ton.  ^^^^ 

*  Penn.  Col.  Rec,  i.,74,  82,  IIT,  165;  Historical  M.ng.,  iv.,  52;  vii.,  70,71;  viii., 274-276; 
Thomas's  Hist.  Print,  ii.,  7,  8,  91;  Dixon,  208;  Penn.  H.  S.  Mem.,  1.,  104, 105;  Wallace's 
Address,  1863,20-57;  Statute  1  James  II.,  cap.  17;  iMacaulay,  i.,  248,  579,  580;  Lingard, 
xiii.,  105,  iwte;  ante,  89, 145,  338. 


-1-38  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IX.  them.  They  came  accordingly,  and  humbly  asked  pardon 
for  what  they  had  done,  which  was  granted ;  and,  in  the 

9  Decern  ^^^^'  Easthampton  was  glad  to  take  out  "  a  more  full  and 
liberal"  patent  from  Dongan.* 

The  Corporation  of  New  York  had  for  some  time  de- 
su'ed  a  new  charter  from  the  king,  confirming  their  old 
privileges,  and  granting  to  them  all  the  vacant  land  in  and 
about  the  city.  As  Bayard,  its  mayor,  was  one  of  the 
council,  and  Graham,  its  recorder,  attorney  general  of  the 
province,  a  draft  of  the  desired  patent  was  quickly  submit- 

24  April,  ted  to  the  municipal  authorities,  who  agreed  to  give  Don- 
gan  three  hundred  pounds,  and  Secretary  Spragg  twenty- 
four  pounds,  as  their  official  fees.  The  engrossed  charter, 
having  been  read  and  allowed  in  council,  was  accordingly 

'2T  April,    signed  by  the  governor,  who  caused  it  to  be  sealed  with  the 

terfor  the  old  provincial  seal  which  the  Duke  of  York  had  sent  out  to 

York.  ^^^  Lovelace  in  1669,  and  which  was  yet  the  only  one  that 
could  be  used.  The  instrument  itself  is  too  familiar  to 
need  a  particular  description  here.f 

May.  Soon  after  signing  the  metropolitan  charter,  the  govern- 

or went  up  to  "  settle  his  Majesty's  business"  at  Albajiy, 
the  inhabitants  of  which  were  anxious  to  be  incorporated. 

Reiisse-     Douffan  had  granted  a  patent  for  Rensselaerwyck  on  the 

IneriTvck  cd  c?  i.  j 

patent.      4th  of  Novcmbcr,  1685,  to  its  Dutch  proprietors,  for  which 
they  paid  him  two  hundred  pounds.     But  after  their  pat- 
ent was  sealed  it  was  found  inconvenient,  because  it  in- 
cluded Albany,  which,  being  the  second  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment, should  not  "  be  in  the  hands  of  any  particular 
20  July,     men."     Through  the  influence  of  Graham,  Palmer,  and 
tife  Van"    Van  Cortlandt,  the  Yan  Rensselaers  now  released  "  their 
laew'^'     pretence  to  the  town,  and  sixteen  miles  into  the  country  for 
Commons  to  the  King.";}: 

The  governor  accordingly  executed  a  charter  agreed 
upon  between  himself  and  the  magistrates  at  Albany,  for 

•  Council  Min.,  V,  C3,  148,161, 1S3,1SS;  Col.MSS.,  xxxi.,  121;  xxxii.,2G;  xxxiii.,6&- 
80,99;  Doc  Hist,  iii.,  213-218;  Wood,  41,  103,  104;  Hedges'  Address,  20,  8S-95;  Thomp- 
son,!., 315, 330, 414, 408;  ii.,  14-17, 82, 105, 185,193, 223;  Riker'a  Newtown,  100-113;  Stiles's 
Brooklyn,  i.,  200-202;  Hoffman,  L,  95;  Patents,  vol.  v. ;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  333,  401,  412. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  360,  361,  365,  412,  425,  427,  495 ;  iv.,  812 ;  v.,  36^ ;  Council  Min.,  v.,  155 ; 
Min.  of  N.Y.  Common  Council,  i.,  272,  299,  300;  Val.  Man.,  1844,  318;  1858,13-24;  Diin- 
lap,  ii.,  App.  cxxxiv. ;  Hist.  Mag.,  vi.,  875;  Doc.  Hist.,  iv.,  1";  Patents,  v.,  381-406;  Hoff- 
man's Treatise,  i.,  20 ;  ante,  158,  note,  409,  427. 

t  Patents,  v.,  228-235 ;  Munsell's  Annals,  iv.,  145 ;  Barnard's  Sketch,  130-135 ;  Doc.  Hist., 
iii.,  552 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  553  ;  iii.,  224,  225,  209,  270,  351,  401,  410,  411,  455,  405 ;  ante,  vol.  i.. 
635;  ii.,  258,  287. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  439 

which  they  promised  him  three  hundred  pounds.     By  this  chap.  ix. 
instrument  Dongan  incorporated  the  "  ancient  town"  of 
Beverwyck,  or  Willemstadt,  or  Albany,  as  a  city,  with  large  ^  j^,y  * 
franchises,  including  the  management  of  the  Indian  trade ;  ^^'^'"^j.^j^- 
and  appointed  Peter  Schuyler  to  be  its  first  mayor;  Isaac ^^"'y- 
Swinton,  its  recorder ;  Robert  Livingston,  its  clerk ;  Dirck 
Wessels,  Jan  Jansen  Bleecker,  David  Schuyler,  Johannes 
WendeU,  Levinus  van  Schaick,  and  Adrian  Garritse,  its  al- 
dermen ;  Joachim  Staats,  Jolm  Lansing,  Isaac  Yerplanck, 
Lawrence  van  Ale,  Albert   Ryckman,  and  Melgert  Wi- 
nantse,  its  assistants ;  Jan  Becker,  its  chamberlain ;  Richard 
Pretty,  its  sheriff;  and  James  Parker,  its  marshal.     The 
mayor  and  the  sheriff  were  afterward  to  be  appointed  an- 
nually by  the  governor ;  the  recorder  and  the  town  clerk 
to  hold  office  during  his  pleasure ;  and  the  aldermen  and 
assistants  to  be  annually  elected  by  the  inhal)itants  on  the 
Feast  of  Saint  Michael,  or  the  twenty-ninth  day  of  Sep- 
tember.    The  charter,  being  brought  up  to  Albany, "  was  2g  juiy. 
pubhshed  with  all  the  joy  and  acclamations  imaginable ;"  bany  cha.-. 
and  the  officials  named  in  it  were  duly  sworn.*  ed.^" 

Dongan  also  appointed  Robert  Livingston  to  be  sub-col- 12  juiy. 
lector  and  receiver  of  the  king's  revenues  at  Albany,  which,  Livingston 
with  his  place  as  town  clerk, "  might  afford  him  a  compe-  fbnabi&™' 
tent  maintenance."     Appointed  by  Andros  to  be  secretary 
of  his  Indian  Commissioners  at  Albany  in  1675,  Livingston 
secured  colonial  position  by  marrying,  in  1683,  Ahda,  wid- 
ow of  Domine  Nicolaus  van  Rensselaer,  and  a  sister  of 
Peter  Schuyler.     Gifted  with  remarkable  acquisitiveness, 
and  enjoying  peculiar  official  advantages,  he  learned  that 
there  were  valuable  lands  on  the  east  side  of  the  Hudson, 
just  below  those  of  the  Yan  Rensselaers,  which  had  never 
been  granted  by  the  government  of  New  York.     So  Liv- 
ingston quietly  secured  the  Indian  title  to  all  the  territory 
from  Roeloff  Jansen's  Kill,  opposite  Catskill,  to  a  point  op- 
posite the  Saugerties  Kill,  with  all  the  lands  further  east- 

*  Patents,  v.,  44G-iT8;  MimseH's  Annals,  ii.,  G2-92;  viii.,  205-216;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  401, 
407,  411, 42G,  494.     As  to  the  families  of  BleecIcer,Van  Schaick,  and  Livingston,  see  Holgate,  . 

87-98, 141-200;  and  as  to  that  of  Schuyler,  see  Munsell,  ii.,  177;  O'Call.,  ii.,  177.  Denon- 
ville,  the  governor  of  Canada,  writing  to  Seignelay  from  Montreal,  in  August,  16S7,  report- 
ed that,  by  his  charter  to  the  city  of  Albany,  Dongan  had,  "  for  money,  divested  himself  of 
the  finest  right  he  possessed — that  of  nominating  the  magistrates  and  other  officers,  where- 
by he  was  enabled  to  execute  the  orders  of  the  King  of  England.  Thus  he  is  no  longer  mas- 
ter of  the  merchants:"  Col.  Dt-c,  ix.,  337. 


440  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOEK. 

Chap.  IX.  ward  towai'd  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  called  "  Tach- 

kanick."     He  then  got  Dongan  to  give  him  a  patent  for 

22 Jul       *^^^  ^'^®*  region,  with  manorial  privileges;  and  thus  the 

Living-     shrewd  Scotch  clerk  of  Albanv  became  one  of  the  largest 

ston's  pat-  ^  "  o 

cnt-         landowners  in  New  York.* 

s  May.  After  his  first  winter's  experience,  the  new  governor  of 

vinXca-  Canada  informed  Seignelay  of  Dongan's  enterprise  in  trad- 
imdianpoi- .^g  with  tho  Wcstcm  savages  by  Albany  parties,  led  by 
Canadian  deserters.  The  only  way  to  check  this  would  be 
to  establish  a  strong  French  post  at  Niagara.  Moreover, 
Fort  Frontenac,  at  Cataracouy,  should  be  made  a  magazine 
to  aid  an  attack  on  the  Senecas,  who  must  be  humbled. 
The  Iroquois,  he  declared, "maintain  themselves  only  by 
13  June,  the  assistance  of  the  English."  Again,  Denonville  insisted 
"  that  the  English  are  the  principal  f  omenters  of  the  inso- 
lence and  arrogance  of  the  Iroquois,  adroitly  using  them  to 
extend  their  sovereignty,"  which  they  pretended  covered 
Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie, "  and  the  whole  territoiy  towards 
the  Miscissippi."t 

To  counteract  Denonville's  policy,  and  to  maintain  his 

15  April,    own,  Dongan  summoned  the  Five  Nations  to  meet  him  at 

Natio^T    Albany.     A  new  order  had  been  made,  forbidding  all 

toAibany^  traffic  with  the  Indians,  unless  the  governor's  license  had 

been  obtained.     The  commissaries  there  represented  that 

its  trade  had  been  diminished  by  the  intrigues  of  the  French 

among  the  Indians,  and  asked  to  have  the  French  priests 

removed  from  their  castles,  and  to  have  them  replaced  by 

"English,  capable  to  instruct  and  continue  them  in  the 

knowledge  of  the  Christian  religion."     Dongan  according- 

May.        ly  promised  to  establish  a  church  at  "  Serachtague,"  or 

wiSfes°En-  Saratoga,  for  such  Iroquois  as  should  come  back  from  Can- 

fts*^  rf-"'  ad  a,  and  to  ask  King  James  to  send  over  English  priests  as 

French'*'    soon  as  possible.     He  also  warned  the  Five  Nations  of 

e^agls!^^  Denonville's  purpose  to  attack  them ;  and,  promising  his 

fi'iendship,  advised    retaliation.     Lamberville,   the   elder 

French  missionary  at  Onondaga,  had  endea^•ored  to  pre- 

10  May.    ••  vent  this  meeting  at  Albany,  and  appealed  to  Dongan's  re- 

•  Pat.,  v.,  401-409 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  367-435;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  401 ;  iv.,  251,  514,  791,  S22 ; 
Col.  MSS.,  xxxiii.,  206;  Council  Min.,  v.,  117;  Ord.,Wan-.,  etc.,  xxxii;^,  13,  14;  Sedg- 
wick's Liv.  ;  Hunt's  Liv. ;  ante,  287,  300. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  2S7-29C;  Quebec  MS?;,  (ii ),  v.,  1S9-252;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  12G-128;  Chaile- 
voix,  ii.,  327,  32S,  332 ;  ante,  405, 429,  432. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  441 

ligioiis  sympatliy.     The  governor  replied  that  he  would  cuap.  ix. 
protect  him  from  any  danger  he  might  apprehend  from  the 
Indians ;  the  question  as  to  the  dominion  over  whom  must  20  May 
be  left  to  tlie  kings  of  England  and  France.     At  the  same 
time  he  invited  the  younger  Lamberville  to  Albany,  and 
even  asked  the  Onondagas  to  send  him  there ;  but  the  mis- 
sionary staid  at  his  post.     Dongan  also  wrote  to  Denon-ssMay. 
ville  that  his  preparations  at  Cataracouy  had  alarmed  the  wl^S^ 
Iroquois ;  and  he  warned  Iiim  not  to  attack  "  the  King  of  viiie?°" 
England's  subjects,"  nor  to  build  his  intended  fort  "  at  a 
place  called  Ohniagero  [Niagara],  on  this  side  of  the  Lake; 
— witliin  my  master's  territories,  without  question."     War 
would  not  begin  on  the  side  of  JS'ew  York ;  and  the  gov- 
ernor of  Canada  should  "refer  all  questions  home,  as  I 
have  done."* 

Denonville  now  appealed  to  Dongan,  as  a  Eoman  Cath-  5  June. 
olic,  for  aid  in  converting  the  savages,  and  asked  him  to  J^Tongin. 
return  deserters  from  Canada ;  promising  reciprocity,  and 
alleging  that  he  had  done  all  he  could  to  find  and  send 
back  two  New  York  negroes,  whom  Tesschenmaeker,  the 
Dutch  clergyman  at  Schenectady,  supposed  to  be  harbored 
in  Canada.     A  few  days  afterward,  Denonville  asserted  20  June, 
that  the  supplies  sent  to  Cataracouy  should  give  no  um- 
brage ;  that  the  Iroquois  were  treacherous ;  and  that  the 
pretensions  of  the  English  to  their  country  were  not  as 
good  as  the  actual  possession  by  the  French,  who  had  long 
maintained  establishments  there,  in  regard  to  which  "  om- 
masters  will  easily  agree  among  themselves,  seeing  the 
union  and  good  understanding  tliat  obtain  between  them." 
Dongan,  in  reply,  complimented  Denonville  at  the  expense  2g  juiy. 
of  De  la  Barre,  and  promised  to  do  all  he  could  to  pre- Sfto' 
vent  the  Iroquois  harming  the  French  missionaries^  and^uie?''' 
also  to  surrender  all  refugees  from  Canada.f 

Informed  by  the  Minisinks  of  the  designs  of  the  French,  7  August. 
Dongan  summoned  the  Five  Nations  to  send  delegates  to 

*  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiii.,  234;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  394,  3r5, 41S,  419,  454,  455,  45G,  464 ;  ix.,  296,  207,  * 
211,  802;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  12S,  129  ;  Chailevoix,  ii.,  329,  330,  331,  332;  Shea's  Missions,  314. 
Colden  does  not  mention  this  meeting  at  Albany.  The  date  of  Dongan's  reply  to  Lamber- 
ville's  letter,  in  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  4G4,  and  Doc.  Histoi-y,  i.,  143,  144,  is  wrongly  given  as  16S7 
instead  of  ICSS :  compare  Col.  Doc.,  ix.,  311.  Dongan  was  not  at  Albany  in  May,  1CS7 :  Col. 
MSS.,  XXXV.,  C4. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  456-461 ;  ix.,  297,  312 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  129,  130, 131 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  329- 
334;  Shea's  Missions,  S14;  Warburton,  i.,  406;  «7!fe,  380,  432. 


442  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1686 

30  August 


Chap.  IX.  jSTew  Yoi'k.     A  conf ereiiCG  was  accordingly  held  at  Fort 

James,  wlien  the  governor  told  the  Iroquois  that  the  King 

of  England  would  be  their  "loving  father;"  that  they 

Dongan'3   ghould  not  incot  the  French  at  Cataracouy  :  that  no  Euro- 
conference  •'  ' 

with  the    peans  would  be  allowed  to  e-o  to  the  Susquehanna  River 

Iroquois        ■•-  ox 

ntioit      and  trade  there  without  Corlaers  consent;  that  he  was 

J  nines. 

about  sending  other  expeditions  to  the  Western  savages, 
and  wished  some  from  each  Iroquois  nation,  especially  the 
Senecas,  to  accompany  them ;  that  he  would  provide  good 
land  and  an  English  Jesuit  priest  for  all  the  Iroquois  Chris- 
tians at  the  Sault  Saint  Louis  who  would  return  to  New 
English  in-  York ;  that  he  would  also  establish  English  Jesuits  among 
Frenchjes-the  Fivo  Natious,  who,  he   wished,  would  dismiss  their 
""*■         French  missionaries;  that  they  should  send  to  him  all 
Frenchmen  who  should  visit  their  country ;  and  finally  he 
said  that  if  they  were  attacked  by  the  Governor  of  Canada, 
"  Let  me  know ;  I  will  come ;  it  will  be  with  me  he  shall 
1  septera.  liavc  to  Settle."     The  next  day  the  several  nations  answer- 
th?Five     ed  in  their  turns.     Although  Albany  was  the  "appointed 
Nations,     pi^ce"  to  tallc,  they  had  cheerfully  come  to  New  York ;  and 
tliey  were  glad  that  they  were  to  be  "  no  more  Brothers, 
but  looked  upon  as  children."     As  to  trading  on  the  Sus- 
quehanna, they  avoided  committing  themselves;  but  the 
AnEngiish  Mohawks — froiu  whom  most  of  the  proselytes  at  the  Sault 
wanted  at  Saint  Louis  had  gone — earnestly  desired  that  Dongan  would 
•  •■"■»  oga.    ^£  QY^QY  ^1^^^  j^^^(j  g^j^(j  ^  Priest  may  be  at  Saraghtoge."* 

October.        Detecting  this  movement,  Lamberville  liastened  to  De- 
vnie  de'     nonville,  who  sent  him  back,  with  instructions  "  to  assem- 
n^non-"^^  ble  all  the  Iroquois  nations,  next  spring,  at  Cataracouy,  to 
'^'"'''        talk  over  our  affairs;"  and  also  to  dispatch  his  younger 
brother  James  to  Canada,  while  he  remained  alone  among 
the  Onondagas.     "  The  poor  father  knows  nothing  of  our 
8  Novem.    dcsigus,"  wroto  Deuonville  to  Seignelay, "  and  I  am  sorry 
to  see  him  exposed."     And  well  might  the  marquis-gov- 
ernor feel  "  sorry ;"  for  his  purpose  Avas  to  use  the  adroit 
but  sincere  missionary  as  the  instrument  to  accomplish  one 
of  the  vilest  stratagems  which  ever  marked  the  policy  of 
France  in  North  America.f 

•  Council  Min.,  v.,  163,  165-170;  Charlevoix,  li.,  333,  334;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  305,  4S9  ;  ix., 
302,  308,  310,  320,  802 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  130, 141,  142,  2C5,  266.  Colden  Ooes  not  give  any  ac- 
count of  this  interview  at  New  York. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  463;  i.\.,  20S;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  134;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  334,  335;  Shea,  315. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  443 

Denonville  sent  Dongan  a  caustic  reply,  charging  liim  chap.ix. 
with  duplicity  in  iiis  transactions  with  the  Iroquois ;  wrong- 
fulness  in  sending  English  parties  to  Michilimackinac ;  and  ^  October. 
want  of  religion  in  furnishing  the  savages  with  "  Eau  de  ^''Dongaa 
vie,"  which  converted  them  into  demons,  and  their  cabins 
"  into  counterparts  and  theatres  of  hell."     With  Irish  wit, 
Dongan  retorted  that  he  had  "  only  permitted  several  of  i  oecem.  • 
Albany  to  trade  among  the  remotest  Indians,"  and  hoped  retofu"  * 
that  they  would  be  civilly  treated  by  the  French,  among 
whom  they  intruded ;  while  as  to  furnishing  liquors  to 
the  savages, "  certainly  our  Rum  doth  as  little  hurt  as  your 
Brandy ;  and  in  the  opinion  of  Christians,  is  much  more 
wholesome."* 

Dongan  did  not  fail  to  show  that  he  was  as  bold  as  his 
French  rival.     The  expedition  he  had  sent  from  Albany 
the  last  year  having  been  so  successful,  he  again  commis-  is  septem. 
sioned  Captain  Eooseboom  to  go  with  another  party  andand'oth^S 
trade  with  the  Ottawas.     Rooseboom's  company  was  made  ?o  th"^^"^ 
up  of  active  young  men,  chiefly  Albanians,  among  whom    ®''' 
were  the  sons  of  Arent  Schuyler,  and  Jan  Jansen  Bleecker. 
The  refugee  La  Fontaine  accompanied  them.     From  Sche- 
nectady they  traveled  westward  in  canoes,  twenty  of  which, 
"  freighted  principally  with  rum,"  were  reported  by  James  October.  ,. 
de  Lamberville  as  having  passed  "  Galkonthiage,"  near  the 
head  of  Oneida  Lake.     This  party  was  to  winter  among  the 
Senecas,  and  go  on  to  Michilimackinac  in  the  spring.     It 
was  accompanied  by  two  savages  from  each  of  the  Iro- 
quois tribes,  as  Dongan  had  desired.f 

Another  party  was  organized  to  start  from  Albany  ear- 
ly in  the  spring,  under  the  command  of  Major  Patrick 
MacGregorie,  a  Scotch  officer,  who  had  served  in  France, 
and  whom  Dongan  had  made  ranger  general  of  Staten  Isl-  lo  septiin. 
and,  and  muster  master  general  of  the  militia  of  the  prov-      ^'"^'°* 
ince.     MacGregorie  was  commissioned  by  the  governor  to  4  Decern. 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  4C1-4C3 ;  ix.,  298,  312,  979, 10T3 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  IDl,  132,  139, 140 ;  Wol- 
ley's  Two  Years,  etc.,  35,  47;  ante,  146,  332. 

+  Col.  Documents,  iii.,  436,  437,  463,  476,  4S9,  513 ;  ix.,  302, 303,  S02,  816 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i., 
167 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiii.,  286,  292 ;  ante,  409,  429,  432, 442.  Johannes,  the  eldest  son  of  Cap- 
tain Jan  Jansen  Bleecker,  was  eighteen  years  old  when  he  left  Albany  with  Captain  Koose- 
boom  on  the  eleventh  of  September,  1686.  He  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Canadians  in  the 
following  May,  and  did  not  return  to  Albany  until  "after  the  second  sermon,"  on  Sunday, 
the  23d  of  October,  1087.  Johannes  Bleecker  became  recorder  of  Albany  in  1700,  and  mayor 
in  1701 ;  and  was  member  of  the  Provincial  Assembly  in  1701  and  1702:  Uolgate,  91 ;  Mun- 
sell,  iv.,  119, 122, 142, 145, 153 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  625,  nute. 


444  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAr.ix.  be  commander-in-chief  not  only  of  his  own  party,  but  of 
~  that  of  Kooseboom,  which  he  was  to  overtake,  and  lead 
MacGrego-  ^^^^^  ^"^  ^^®  Ottawas  country  and  back  again  to  Albany, 
aitosen"''  ^i^lc,  the  interpreter,  accompanied MacGregorie,  who  was 
westward,  ordered  "  not  to  disturb  or  meddle  with  the  French."* 
13  October.      In  liis  dispatchcs  home,  Denonville  complained  of  Don- 
lONovem.  gan's  procccdings,  and  insisted  that  Canada  would  be  lost 
i6Noveni!  to  France  if  war  were  not  made  against  the  Iroquois  the 
Population  next  year.     The  population  of  the  colony  was  now  a  little 
■  over  twelve  thousand,  and  its  military  strength  only  eight 
himdred  men.     Troops  must  be  sent  from  France,  and  the 
post  at  Chambly  be  strengthened,  so  as  to  hold  the  Mo- 
hawks in  check,  while  the  main  attack  should  be  made  on 
the  Senecas.     A  strong  fort  should  be  established  at  Niag- 
ara, and  that  at  Detroit  be  maintained,  so  as  to  command 
Hiigiic-     the  Western  lakes.     Fiftv  or  sixty  Huguenots  from  the 

nets  shel-  *^  */  o 

tered  in     Frcuch  Wcst  ludics  had  lately  settled  themselves  in  l^ew 

and  Boa-    York,  and  some  had  come  to  Boston  from  France.     These 

were  "  fresh  material  for  banditti."     Exasperated  at  Don- 

Denonviiie  gan's  tradiug-partics  to  the  West,  Denonville  asked  the  min- 

wishea  to      r 

bum  Ai-    ister  to  send  him  specific  orders, "  for  I  am  disposed  to  go 
^°^"        straight  to  Orange,  storm  their  fort,  and  bum  the  whole 

concern."! 
Pemaquid.      Tlic  affairs  of  Pemaquid  had  meanwhile  fallen  into  con- 
fusion ;  but  as  Dongan  was  unable  to  go  there,  it  was  de- 
10  June,     termined  in  council  to  send  Judge  Palmer  thither  with 
19  June,    large  powers.     West  was  likewise  deputed  by  Spragg  to 
act  for  him  as  secretary  at  "  Pemaquid,  in  the  County  of 
Cornwall."     Dongan  also  licensed  Spragg,  Graham,  and 
others  to  take  up  parcels  of  land  in  that  country.     On 
reacliing  Pemaquid,  Palmer  and  West  tore  "  all  in  pieces" 
spptember.  tlic  old  grants  and  settlements  of  Andros.     "  They  placed 
.indwest  and  displaced  at  pleasure,  and  were  as  arbitrary  as  the 
as"th7    Great  Turke."     Extravao-ant  o-rants  of  land  were  made, 
Tmke"  in  chicfly  to  Dougau's  favorites.     As  they  liad  been  directed 
to  claim  all  the  territory  eastward  to  the  Saint  Croix  as 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  395,  431,  43T,  442,  473,  4TC,  4S3  ;  ix.,  308,  318;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  100;  Col. 
MSS.,  xxxiii.,  137, 138,  236,  298 ;  Council  Min.,  v.,  175;  License?,  etc.,  v. 

t  Col.  Doc,  Ix.,  296-318,  801,  802 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiii.,  219-298 ;  Quebec  MSS.  (ii.),  v.,  25D- 
345;  Doc  Hist.,  i.,  132-139  ;  Chailevoi.x-,  ii.,  333-336;  Garneau,  i.,  259,  260.  Dongan  re- 
ported that  tlie  population  of  Canada,  in  1685,  was  17,000:  Col.  Doc,  ill,  396;  Chalmers, 
5.,  609.  This  is  an  error  of  5000  ct7  for  12),  as  in  1086  Denonville  reported  a  census  of  12,373: 
Col.  Doc,  ix.,  310. 


Maine. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  MS 

belonging  to  Xew  York,  the   commissioners  seized  from  chap.  ix. 
Saint  Castin,  at  Penobscot,  a  quantity  of  wine  and  brandy 
belonging  to  John  Nelson,  of  Piscataqua.     This  seizure  23  juiy. ' 
was  at  first  thought  good ;  but,  at  the  instance  of  Louis's  ^n-g^iqf ' 
ambassador  at  London,  James  ordered  the  "  chearing  como-  "ors  seized, 
dity"  to  be  restored.     In  the  autumn  Palmer  and  West  re-  Novem. 
tm-ned  to  ]^ew  York,  and  reported  their  proceedings   at 
Pemaquid.     Disgusted  with  the  trouble  and  costliness  of  Dongin 
that  distant  dependency,  Dongan  prayed  the  king  to  an-wmTpem- 
nex  it  to  Massachusetts,  and,  in  its  place,  to  add  Connecti-  '"^"' 
cut  and  Rhode  Island  to  the  government  of  New  York.* 

Randolph  had  meanwhile  returned  to  Massachusetts  in  14  May. 
the   Rose  frigate,  accompanied  by  Robert  Ratcliffe,  an  again  at 
Episcopal  clergyman  recommended  by  the  Bishop  of  Lon-  and  the 
don.     For  the  first  time   the  Protestant   ser'vdce   of  the  chLch 
Church  of  England  was  celebrated  in  the  Boston  To^\ti  celebrated. 
Hall,  with  Bibles  and  Prayer-books  provided  by  James  the 
Second.     The  king's  commission  was  published ;  and  Pres-  26  May. 
ident  Dudley,  with  his   associate   counselors,  quietly  re- stalled  a\"" 
placed  the  magistrates  of  the  late  corporation.     Instead  of 
Sewall,  who  had  controlled  the  Puritan  colonial  press.  Ran-  Randolph 
dolph  was  made  its  censor ;  and  Massachusetts  sullenly  its  press 
sunk  into  her  condition  as  a  part  of  her  sovereign's  territo-  sewaii.  °  ' 
ry  of  New  England.     ^Vhile  a  bafiled  ohgarcliy  mourned 
its  loss  of  power,  James's  new  govermnent  of  his  colonies 
assumed  its  duties, "  with  the  generall  consent  and  applause 
of  the  people."! 

Although  sectarian  tyi'anny  was  quelled  in  Massachu- 
setts, the  older  colony  of  Plymouth  had  departed  from  the 
liberal  maxims  of  its  founders.     Quakers  were  taxed  for  22  June, 
the  support  of  its  Puritan  ministers.     Randolph  expressed  unjlist[r 
to  Governor  Hinckley  his  regret  that,  while  their  king  had  piymoulh. 
made  conscience  free  in  Massachusetts,  it  was  restrained  in  ' 
Plymouth, ''  without  any  particular  directions  from  White- 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,3ST,  391,  402;  ix.,919;  Council  Min.,  v.,  15",  ISG,  IS",  ISS;  Col.  MSS., 
xxxi.,16G;  xxxiii.,4T,  48,249-253;  Patents,  vi. ;  Quebec  MSS.  (iii.),  i.,  134;  Hutch.  Mass., 
i.,370;  CoU.,54T,  548,  5G3-5G5;  Mather's  Magnalia,  ii.,  5SG,5S9  ;  Force's  Tracts,  i v.  (9),  3T; 
Maine  H.  S.  Coll.,  v.,  S9-91,  107-130;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iil,  3G6,  3GT;  AVmiamson,  i.,5Sl- 
5S4;  Palfrey,  iii.,  533;  an/p,  394, 40T. 

t  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  368;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  3.51,  352:  Hutch.  Mass.,  L,  341-343,  350-353, 
355,  356;  Coll.,  544-550;  Mass.  Rec,  v.,  452,  515-617;  Andereon's  Col.  Church,  ii.,  454,  455; 
Coit's  Puritanism,  203 ;  Dixon's  Penn.,  241;  Palfrey's  N.  E.,  iii.,  484-495,500,519;  ante, 
434  Why  should  Mr.  Palfrey  (iii.,  519)  say  that  Randolph  ^^ assumed  to  be  censor  of  the 
press"  in  Massachusetts,  when  he  only  took  the  place  of  Se\yall,  who  formerly  controlled 
that  press?    S^e  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  355;  Mass.  Rec,  v.,  452. 


446  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IX.  liall."     With  CEustic  logic  he  added :  "  It  will  be  as  reason- 
able  to  move  that  your  colony  should  be  rated  to  pay  our 
■  minister  of  the  Church  of  England,  who  now  preaches  in 
Boston,  and  you  hear  him  not,  as  to  make  the  Quakers  pay 
in  your  Colony."* 
27  May.         Without  loss  of  time,  Randolph  wrote  to  Governor  Treat, 
cut  claim-  of  Connecticut,  that  "his  Majesty  intends  to  bring  all  New 
James.      England  under  One  Government,  and  nothing  is  now  re- 
maining on  your  part  but  to  tliink  of  an  humble  submis- 
sion and  a  dutiful  resignation  of  your  Charter,  which  if 
you  are  so  hardy  as  to  offer  to  defend  at  law,  whilst  you 
are  contending  for  a  shadow  you  will  in  the  first  place  lose 
all  that  part  of  j^our  Colony  from  Connecticut  to  New 
York,  and  have  it  annexed  to  that  Government ;  a  thing 
you  are  too  certainly  informed  of  already."     In  tribula- 
14  June,    tion,  Treat  besought  Dongan  to  recommend  Connecticut  to 
peah  to"'    the  king's  favor ;  suggesting  that,  if  that  colony  must  fall,  it 
ongai-     jYiigiit  be  as  easy  to  slide  westward  to  New  York  as  east- 
ward to  Boston ;  and  that  nothing  said  by  Randolph  had 
"at  all  prejudiced  us  against  your  Honor  or  your  Govern- 
3  July.      ment."     Again    Treat   asked  Dongan's   "  good    advice." 
cjiiiy.      The  General  Court  at  Hartford  also  begged  the  king  to 
allow  his  colony  to  retain  its  charter,  which  would  "  be 
most  for  the  profit"  of  the  inhabitants ;  while  the  contrary 
would  "be  very  prejudiciall  to  them."     The  Massachu- 
1  June,      setts  rulers  had  meanwhile  prayed  James's  Plantation  Com- 
mittee that  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut  might  be  annex- 
21  July,     ed  to  the  old  "  Bay"  colony.     Jealous  of  Dongan,  Dudley 
an'd  Treat  iuf oi'mcd  Treat  that  "  the  consideration  of  the  new  model- 
ijongan.    ling  and  perfect  settlement  of  all  his  Majesty's  Provinces, 
from  Pemaquid  to  New  York,  is  now  lying  before  his 
Majesty,  and  probable  to  have  a  sudden  and  lasting  dis- 
patch ;  and  that  your  parts,  as  lying  between  the  two  seats 
of  government,  may  be  the  more  easily  poised  either  way, 
if  early  solicited."     Pynchon  and  Winthrop,  of  the  Massa- 
27  July,     chusetts  couucil,  were  dispatched  to  Hartford  to  urge  this 
^s  July.     view.     But  Connecticut  instructed  an  agent  at  London  to 
24 August,  (jgfgi^^  i\^Q  colony  against  her  king's  Quo  Warranto;  and 
put  off  Dudley  with  a  sarcasm,  while  she  sent  a  special  mes- 

•  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  35G,  357 ;  R.  I.  Rec,  iii.,  109;  Arnold's  R.  I.,  i.,  464,  4S5, 501, 502  ;  Pal- 
frey, iii.,  504,  522. 


THOMAS  DOKGAN,  GOVERNOR.  44  < 

seiiger  to  New  York  to  ask  Bongan's  "favorable  aspect."  cuap.  ix. 

The  metropolitan  governor  replied,  that  "  for  subjects  to ~ 

stand  upon  terms  with  Princes,  is  not  very  proper ;"  that  the  4]^^^,;, 
best  policy  of  Connecticut  would  be  "a  downright  humble  J,^^"^","*- 
Bubnnssion ;     and  that  if  that  colony  thought  it  convenient  "P'y- 
to  be  annexed  to  New  York,  every  thing  would  be  made 
pleasant.     Quit-rents  would  be  lightened  ;  ports  would  be 
continued  where  they  now  were ;  there  would  be  "  no  neces- 
sity of  entering  at  New  York,  or  coming  hither  for  any,  ex- 
cept such  as  shall  be  named  to  be  of  the  Council  and  As- 
sembly :  and  the  Judges  in  their  circuits  shall  bring  the 
laws  to  your  doors.     I  shall  say  nothing  of  Boston,  or  any 
other  place.     You  know  what  this  is ;  and  I  am  sure  we 
live  as  happily  as  any  in  America— if  we  did  but  know  it. 
The  condition  of  some  of  our  neighbors  will  best  commend 
»us."     Dongan  wTote  truly.     He  might  have  said  more.* 

While  James's  colony  of  Connecticut  was  thus  coquet- 
ting with  her  wooers  in  Boston  and  New  York,  her  sover- 
eign at  Whitehall  was  arranging  her  affairs  to  suit  him- 
self. In  the  previous  November  James  had  prorogued  his 
Parliament,  and  then  virtually  annulled  the  Test  Act  of  jan'y. 
1673  by  stretching  his  prerogative  so  as  to  dispense  with  aactTonat 
statute  of  his  realm.f  And  now  he  thought  of  New  En-  '^^''"'^'•''"• 
gland,  which  Dudley  and  his  council  were  temporarily 
governing.  The  king's  attention  had  been  drawn  to  the 
encroachments  of  the  French  upon  the  territory  claimed 
by  England  in  North  America,  and  especially  to  their  in- 
terference with  the  New  England  fisheries,  of  which  Pres- 
ton, his  ambassador  at  Paris,  had  complained,  but  had 
gotten  no  satisfaction.  It  was  therefore  determined  in 
the  Privy  Council  that  Connecticut,  New  Pl;yTnouth,  and 
Ehode  Island  should  be  imited  with  Massachusetts,  New 
Hampshire,  Maine,  and  the  Narragansett  country,  and  be 
made  "  one  entire  government,  the  better  to  defend  them- 
selves against  invasion."     Tliis  was  good  policy  for  En- 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  368,  385-3ST;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  207-213,  352-3T5;  Hutch  Coll  514- 
543 ;  Chalmers,  i.,  419 ;  Palfrey,  ilL,  494-511.  ' 

t  Burnet,  i.,667-C71;  Rapin,  ii.,  753,  755;  Macaulay,.ii.,  35, 70,80-84, 146,  209  no  •  Har- 
gnives's  State  Trials,  vii.,  611-646  ;  ante,  201.  It  may  interest  Americans  to  know  that  Sir 
Edward  Hales— whom  James  used  as  his  instrument  to  procure  a  judicial  decision  that  he 
could  dispense  with  statutes— was  appointed  governor  of  Barbadoes  in  Marcli,  16S6,  which 
office  Hales  exercised  through  his  Lieutenant  Stede,  preferring  to  Ptay  in  England  :'  Ellis's 
Co'Tc.spondence,  i.,  S5, 122,  297 ;  Oldmixon,  ii.,  42, 


448  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK.       ' 

Chap.  IX.  gland.     It  was  the  despotic  idea  of  consolidation.     It  was 
opposed  to  the  republican  system  of  confederation,  as  ex- 
consoiida-  Guiplified  bj  the  Helvetians  and  Batavians  of  Europe,  and 
idea  o'r     ^y  ^^^^  British  colonists  of  New  England.     It  was  the  an- 
james.      tagouism  of  Sovereignty  and  subordination.     Consolidation 
was  indeed  the  best  mode  of  establishing  in  his  colonies 
the  king's  direct  government  which  Charles  had  adopted 
in  November,  1684,  and  which  James  was  now  to  enforce. 
It  was  charged,  and  it  appeared  to  be  true,  that  in  some  of 
the  New  England  colonies  there  was  less  real  popular  lib- 
erty than  there  was  in  Old  England.     There  certainly  was 
less  religious  freedom  in  most  of  them.     The  reasoning  of 
James  was,  that  if  the  people  of  New  England  were  not  to 
govern  themselves  on  democratic  principles  of  general  rej)- 
resentation,  they  would  be  more  equitably  governed  direct- 
ly by  the  crown  than  by  subordinate  corporations,  which  ^ 
justified  their  local  tyranny  by  appealing  to  the  grants  of 
the  crown.     If  there  must  be  despotism,  that  of  the  sover- 
Royai  in    eign  of  all  Englishmen  would  be  better  than  that  of  colo- 
coioniai     nial  oligarchies  which,  under  English  charters,  claimed  to 
e.po  icm.  ^^^-j^  .^  their  own  way  all  their  fellow-subjects  within  their 
corporate  bounds.     In  spite  of  the  opinions  of  the  crown 
lawyers, "  that  the  right  did  yet  remain  in  the  inhabitants 
to  consent  to  such  laws  and  taxes  as  should  be  made  or  im- 
posed on  them,"  James  had  directed  that  there  should  be 
no  mention  of  an  Assembly  in  Dudley's  commission.     Pie 
now  went  a  step  further,  and  determined  that  the  legisla- 
tive and  executive   authority  throughout  Ne^v  England 
should  be  conjoined  in  the  same  persons ;  "  whereby  a  tyr- 
anny was  established."* 

Who  should  be  James's  governor  general  to  "  regulate" 
New  England  was  already  settled.     As  Kirke  could  not  be 
spared  from  comnfanding  his  "lambs"  at  home,  the  king 
Sir  Ed-      chose  Sir  Edmund  Andros  as  a  more  fitting  instrument  to 
ciros  np-     do  his  will  in  America.     This  arrangement  seems  to  have 
goveinorof  bccu  kuowu  to  Randolph  when  he  brought  over  Dudley's 
Kiand  ij"y    temporary  commission.     There  was  every  reason  why  An- 
dros should  be  selected.     James  had  chosen  him,  in  1674, 
to  govern  New  York ;  and  in  1678,  as  the  duke's  deputj^, 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  5T9,  5S1  ;  La  Potheric,  i.,  145;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  302;  Arnold,  i.,  404; 
Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  410  ;  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  ITS;  Macaiilay,  ii.,  12;  Palfrey,  iii.,  4S3,4S5,  5G3; 
mitc,  vol.  i.,  301,  302 ;  ii.,  419,  434, 445. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVEKNOK.  449 

he  liad  recommended  a  strong  royal  government  should  be  chap.ix. 
established  in  New  England.  Although  "  misrepresented  ^ 
as  a  Papist,  because  he  was  fond  of  prelacy,"  Andros — 
from  his  long  American  experience,  his  administrative 
ability,  his  irreproachable  private  character,  and,  above  all, 
his  soldierly  notions  of  prompt  obedience  to  orders — was 
just  the  agent  to  execute  his  king's  arbitrary  designs.  Sir 
Edmund's  worst  enemies  said  that  he  had  "large  indow- 
ments  of  mind."  Since  his  recall  from  New  York,  Andros 
had  lived  quietly  in  Guernsey.  Yet  his  faitliful  service 
had  not  been  forgotten  by  James,  who,  soon  after  his  ac- 
cession, promoted  him  to  be  the  colonel  of  his  daughter's 
(the  Princess  Anne's)  regunent  of  horse.* 

For  more  than  twenty  years  James  had  been  trying  his 
"  'prentice  hand"  upon  New  York.  The  time  had  now 
come  when  he  was  to  use  his  master  hand  on  New  England. 
The  best  English  lawyers  concurred  in  the  opinion  that 
the  only  way  in  which  English  authority  could  be  exercised 
in  English  unchartered  colonies  was  by  their  king's  com- 
mission under  his  great  seal.  Indeed,  there  was  no  other 
mode  of  securing  English  supremacy  beyond  "  the  four  American 
seas."  Without  the  king's  great  seal  no  English  patent  Jame^  the 
had  life.  With  it  came  power.  If  that  "  mysterious"  seal 
could  quicken  a  royal  charter,  why  could  it  not  quicken  a 
royal  commission  ?  If  the  king  could  delegate  any  of  his 
prerogatives  to  any  of  his  subjects,  so  as  to  make  them  pro- 
prietors or  corporations,  by  charters  under  his  great  seal, 
he  certainly  could  delegate  similar  authority  to  his  govern- 
or by  a  commission  under  the  same  waxen  symbol  of  his 
sovereignty.  This  logic  seemed  to  be  indisputable.  So,  by 
the  advice  of  Sunderland,  James  commissioned  Colonel  Sir  3  June. 
Edmund  Andros  to  be  captain  general  and  governor-in- 
chief  over  his  "  Territory  and  Dominion  of  New  England 
in  America,"  which  meant  Massachusetts  Bay,  New  Plym- 
outh, New  Hampshire,  Maine,  and  the  Narragansett  coun- 
try, or  the  King's  Province.  Andres's  commission  was 
drawn  in  the  traditional  form,  settled  by  tlie  Plantation 
Board  for  tliose  of  other  royal  governors  in  Virginia,  Ja- 

•  Chalmers,  i.,  419,  423 ;  Douglas,  u.,  247 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  343,  353,  354;  Coll.,  542,  54T, 
548:  Palfrey,  iii.,  490,  517;  Burnet,  i.,  647,  64S;  Mackintosh,  14;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,741;  iii., 
2C3 ;  Hist.  Mas-,  viii.,  247 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (ISGS),  306 ;  Whitmore's  Andros,  22,  23  ;  ante, 
316,  370,  419,  433,  434. 

II.— F  F 


Andros's 
commis- 
sioD. 


450  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IX.  maica,  and  New  Hampshire.  Its  substance,  however,  was 
much  more  despotic.  Andros  was  authorized,  with  the 
*  consent  of  a  council  appointed  by  the  crown,  to  make 
laws  and  levy  taxes,  and  to  govern  the  territoiy  of  New 
England  in  obedience  to  its  sovereign's  Instructions,  and 
according  to  the  laws  then  in  force,  or  afterward  to  be  es- 
tablished. Yice  was  to  be  discountenanced  and  virtue  en- 
couraged. "  And  for  the  greater  ease  and  satisfaction  of 
our  loving  subjects  in  matters  of  religion,"  added  the  king, 

Liberty  of  "  We  do  hcrebv  will,  require,  and  command  that  Hberty  of 

C0IlSCi6IlC6  «/  -^  i  ■'  V 

to  "all  ^_    conscience  be  allowed  to  all  persons,  and  that  such  espe- 
person..     ^^^^  ^^  shall  bc  Conformable  to  the  rites  of  the  Church  of 

England  be  particularly  countenanced  and  encouraged."* 
James's  In-     The  kiug's  iustructious  to  Andros,  which  were  also  pre- 
toTndios.  pared  by  the  Plantation  Committee,  followed  the  form  of 
those  given  by  the  crown  to  its  American  governors :  to 
Berkeley,  of  Virginia,  in  1661 ;  Culpepper,  in  1679 ;  and 
Howard  of  Effingham,  in   1683  ;   to   Cranfield,  of  New 
Hampshire,  in  1682;  and  to  Sir  Thomas  L}Tich,  and  Sir 
Philip  Howard,  of  Jamaica,  in  1681  and  1685.     But  An- 
dros's  orders  differed  fi*om  those  models  in  important  de- 
tails.f     They  exhibit  a  singular  picture  of  the  mind  of 
James : — "  humane  and  severe,  tyrannous  and  conciliatory ; 
affecting  an  attention  to  the  rights  of  the  governed,  while. 
No  Assem-  by  the  same  stroke,  he  removed  the  fence  which  secured 
elin-slw  them."     This  "fence"  was  a  popular,  a  democratic  "As- 
J^ngian  .    ggj^j^jy  "     Yet  Jamcs  should  not  be  charged  with  having 
"  removed"  that  which  never  existed.     "  The  people"  of 
Massachusetts,  before  the  abrogation  of  the  charter  which 
a  sectarian  oligarchy  misused,  never  had  the  share  in  local 
government  which  their  fellow-English  subjects  in  Jamai- 
ca, Virginia,  Maryland,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jerse}^,  and 

'  Macaulay,  ii.,  523 ;  Chalmers,  i.,  141, 142,  345,  419,  420,  464,  405,  4P3 ;  Col.  Doc,  ii.,  4SS ; 
vii.,  363  ;  Force's  Tracts,  iv..  No.  S,  1-14;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxvii.,  139-140 ;  R.  I.  Kec,  iii., 
212-218  ;  Narrative  of  the  Miseries  of  New  England,  33;  Mather's  Magnalia,  i.,  175;  Pal- 
frey, iii.,  512,  516. 

t  Tlie  Instructions  of  James  the  Second  to  Andros,  in  1686,  among  the  New  England 
"  Entries"  in  tlie  British  State  Paper  Office,  have  never  been  published.  A  synopsis  of 
them  is  given  in  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  420,  421,  463.  Mr.  Palfrey,  in  his  third  volume,  page 
515,  erroneously  states  that  they  are  in  what  he  calls  '■'■O^Callaghan  Documents"  (appar- 
ently intending  to  refer  to  the  "  New  York  Colonial  Documents"  procured  in  Europe — 1S41- 
1S44 — by  the  agent  of  the  state,  and  afterward  printed  by  its  order),  iii.,  543.  Thi.s  is  too 
gross  a  blunder  to  be  passed  by.  The  instructions  thus  cited  are  dated  16  April,  16S8,  and 
are  Andres's  second,  not  his  first  general  orders  from  the  king,  which  Mr.  Palfrey  refers  to  in 
a  note  on  page  562  of  his  third  volume. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVEENOR.  461 

New  York  actually  enjoyed.     Although  arbitrary  in  form,  chap.  ix. 
the  Instructions  of  Andros  were  equitable  in  substance. 
Among  other  things,  the  governor  was  directed  to  allow  pj.ggg  ggn'. 
no  printing-press  without  his  special  license.     But  this  was  ^0^^/!°^ 
only  extending  to  America  the  restrictive  policy  of  the  ^^^^=g^''<=^"- 
late  act  of  Parliament.     It  was  no  colonial  novelty;  for 
the  royal  governors  of  Virginia  had  been  similarly  instruct- 
ed— and  the  press  in  Massachusetts  had  almost  always  been 
under  the  restraint  of  spontaneous  Pm'itan  censorship.* 

A  salary  of  twelve  hundred  pounds  sterling  was  assign- 
ed to  Andros ;  and  a  peculiar  local  flag  was  devised  for  the 
territory  under  his  government.     At  the  same  time,  a  great 
seal  for  New  England  was  delivered  to  the  governor,  which  29  septem. 
bore  "a  remarkable  motto"  abstracted  from  Claudian:ofNewEn- 
"  NuNQUAM  LiBERTAs  GEATioE  EXTAT."     The  phrase  was,  ^ "''  ■ 
just  then, "  the  theme  of  every  song,  and,  by  the  help  of 
some  perversion  of  Scripture,  the  text  of  every  sermon"  in 
England ;  and  it  has  always  been  familiar  to  the  friends  of 
despotism — ^^ Liberty  is  never  more  agreeable  than  tender  a 
jpious  king}''\ 

To  secure  Andros  in  his  government,  two  companies  of  soldiers 
regular  soldiers,  chiefly  Irish  Papists,  were  raised  in  Lon-  Boston. 
don,  and  placed  under  his  orders.     One  of  these  companies 
was  commanded  by  Captain  Francis  Nicholson,  who,  al- 
though a  Protestant,  had  not  hesitated  to  gratify  the  king 
by  kneeling  during  the  celebration  of  the  mass  in  the  royal 
tent  at  the  camp  on  Hounslow  Heath.     At  the  suggestion  20  June. 
of  the  Plantation  Committee,  James  also  ordered  that  the  annexed  to 
fort  and  country  of  Pemaquid, "  in  regard  of  its  distance  gilnd.  °" 
from  New  York,  be  for  the  future  annexed  to  and  con- 

*  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  244,  245,  340,  345,  392,  420,  421,  463,  493;  Eev.  Col.,  i.,  179;  Col. 
Doc,  vii.,  362,  363 ;  Anderson's  Col.  Ch.,  ii.,  281,  288,  289,  341,  375,  380 ;  Belknap,  i.,  139- 
187;  Mass.  Rec,  iv.  (ii.),  62, 73, 141,  211,  509 ;  v.,  4,  32,  323,  452 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  248,  257, 
258,  355 ;  Palfrey,  ii.,  530 ;  iii.,  519 ;  Thomas,  i.,  207,  246,  247,  270,  278 ;  Penn.  Col.  Bee,  i., 
165,  278;  iii.,  145;  ante^  89, 145, 146,  338,  436,  445.  The  names  of  Andros's  counselors  are 
given  in  Palfrey,  iii.,  604. 

t  Chalmers,  i.,  463,  465 ;  New  England  Entries  (S.  P.  O.),  iv.,  223, 267,  282,  311 ;  Hutch., 
i.,  362;  Arnold,  i.,  495, 496;  Palfrey,  iii.,  516;  Claudian,  Stilic.,lii.,  114;  Gibbon,  iii.,  Ill; 
Fox's  James  II.,  57.  An  engraved  copy  of  this  great  seal,  of  which  original  impressions  are 
now  very  rare,  is  published  in  Valentine's  Manual  for  1862,  738,  739:  see  also  Hist.  Mag., 
vi.,  105, 106  ;  Index  to  New  Jersey  Doc,  13 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Proceedings  for  1862, 79-81.  The 
lines  of  Claudian — 

******  '^Nunquam  libertas  gratior  extat, 
Quam  sub  rege  pio."  ********** 
are  thus  translated  by  Hawkins : 

"Ne'er  liberty  displays  a  higher  grace, 
Than  under  one  where  piety  we  trace." 


452  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

chajp.  IX.  tiimecl  under  the  government  of  ISTew  England,"     Dongan, 

who  felt  the  inconvenience  of  that  far-off  dependency,  was 

about  recommending  this  measure,  so  obviously  proper. 

wseptem.  The  Idug  accordingly  directed  him  to  surrender  to  the 

dererti""^'  governor  general  of  New  England  the  "  Fort  and  Country 

Biirrender  ^^  Pemaquid."     Andros  was  at  the  same  time  instructed 

isseptem.  to  demand  the  surrender  of  the  charter  of  Rhode  Island, 

and  to  receive  a  surrender  of  that  of  Connecticut,  against 

which  writs  of  Quo  Warranto  had  been  issued,  and  to  take 

both  these  colonies  under  his  government.* 

According  to  the  declared  intention  of  James,  just  after 
his  accession,  the  government  of  IS^ew  York  was  now  "  as- 
similated" to  that  which  had  been  agreed  on  for  New  En- 
10  June,     gland.     A  royal  commission,  very  like  that  to  Andros,  was 

Dongan'a     ?-  -^•^  i-iiiii  i 

loyal  com-  issucd  to  iJongan,  which,  although  he  was  an  avowed 
Roman  Catholic,  appointed  him  to  be  the  king's  captain 
general  and  governor-in-chief  over  his  "  Province  of  New 
York,  and  the  territories  depending  thereon,  in  North 
America."  The  Test  Act,  as  we  have  seen,  did  not  of  its 
own  force  extend  to  the  English  Plantations ;  and,  more- 
over, James  had  dispensed  with  it  in  England.  Dongan 
was  authorized  by  the  king,  like  Andros,  to  suspend  coun- 
selors and  nominate  others  for  approval,  so  that  there 
should  be  always  seven  at  least.  With  the  advice  of  his 
makriaw"  <^'0^iiicil  the  govcmor  could  make  laws  as  near  as  might  be 
to  those  of  England,  which  were  to  be  approved  or  reject- 
ed by  the  king ;  and  le^y  taxes,  continue  those  already  im- 
posed, and  erect  courts  of  justice.  He  was  also  empower- 
other  ed  to  appoint  judges,  pardon  offenders, "  collate  any  person 
or  persons  in  any  churches"  which  might  be  vacant,  levy 
and  command  the  military  force  of  the  province,  execute 
martial  law,  build  forts,  act  as  vice-admiral,  grant  lands, 
appoint  fairs,  and  regulate  ports,  harbors,  and  custom- 
houses ;  and  he  was  required  "  to  take  all  possible  care  for 
the  discountenance  of  vice,  and  encouragement  of  virtue 
and  good  living,  that  by  such  example  the  infidels  may  be 
invited  and  desire  to  partake  of  the  Christian  Religion."t 

*  Chalmers,  i.,  421 ;  Clarke's  Jaraea  II.,  ii.,  71 ;  Secret  Services  Ch.  II.  and  Jac.  II.,  130 ; 
Dalrymple,  il.,  55,  65, 103;  Col.  Doc.,iii.,391;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  17;  Deeds,  viii.,  75;  Maine  II. 
S.  Cnll.,v.,131,  2C5;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxvii.,  100, 1C2, 163;  xxxii.,  295,  296;  R.  I.  Col.  Eec, 
iii.,21S;  Col.  Kec.  Conn.,  iii.,  877,  3S0 ;  Arnold,  i.,  495;  Palfrey,  iii.,  516,  517;  a?i?e,  445. 

•  t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  357,  300,  377-3S2 ;  Col.MSS.,  xxxiv.  (ii.),  6;  Chalmers,  i.,5SS;  ao^e,  423. 
447.    The  clause  in  Andros's  commission  relative  to  liberty  of  conscience  and  tlie  encour- 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  453 

The  Instructions  of  James  to  Dongan  resembled  those  cuap.  ix. 
to  Andros,  and  to  his  other  governors  in  America.     Don- 
gan  was  directed  to  administer  oaths  of  allegiance  and  29  May. 
of  office,  but  not  the  Test  oath,  to  Anthony  BrockhoUs,  fZf^V 
Frederick  Phillipse,  Stephanus  van  Cortlandt,  Lucas  San- 1'°^^- 
ten,  John  Spragg,  Jervis  Baxter,  and  John  Younge,  whom 
the  kine:  named  as  counselors  of  New  Tork,  and  who  were  counsei- 

'-'  ore 

to  enjoy  "  freedom  of  debate  and  vote  in  all  things  to  be 
debated  of  in  council."  The  governor  was  to 'nominate 
proper  persons  to  be  appointed  counselors,  and  to  take  care 
that  all  civil  officers  were  "  men  of  estate  and  abilities,  and 
not  necessitous  people  or  much  in  debt,"  and  that  they 
should  all  be  "well  affected"  to  the  royal  government. 
"  And  whereas,"  added  the  king, "  we  have  been  presented 
with  a  Bill  or  Charter  passed  in  the  late  Assembly  of  New 
York,  containing  several  franchises,  privileges  and  immuni- 
ties mentioned  to  be  granted  to  the  Inhabitants  of  our  said 
Province,  You  are  to  declare  our  will  and  pleasure  that  the 
said  Bill  or  Charter  of  Franchises  be  forthwith  repealed  The  char- 
and  disallowed,  as  the  same  is  hereby  repealed,  determined  erties  re- 
and  made  void : — But  you  are  nevertheless,  with  our  said 
Council,  to  continue  the  duties  and  impositions  therein 
mentioned  to  be  raised,  until  you  shall,  with  the  consent  of 
the  Council,  settle  such  taxes  and  impositions  as  shall  be 
sufficient  for  the  support  of  our  Government  of  New  Y^ork. 
And  our  further  will  and  pleasure  is  that  all  other  laws.  Taxes  and 
statutes  and  ordinances  already  made  within  our  said  Prov-  tinued. 
ince  of  New  York,  shall  continue  and  be  in  full  force  and 
vigor,  so  far  forth  as  they  doe  not  in  any  wise  contradict, 
impeach,  or  derogate  from  this  Commission,  or  the  orders 
and  instructions  herewith  given  you,  till  you  shall,  with  the 
ad^dce  of  our  Council,  pass  other  laws  in  our  name  for  the 
good  Government  of  our  said  Province,  which  you  are  to 
doe  with  all  convenient  speed."*  The  style  of  all  laws  was 
to  be  "  By  the  Governor  and  Council,"  and  not  otherwise ; 
and  transcripts  of  them  and  of  the  Council  Jom-nal  were  to 

agement  of  Episcopalians  (ante,  450),  was  not  inserted  in  Dongan's,  because  there  was  no  ne- 
cessity for  it  in  New  York,  where  conscience  had  always  been  free,  and  where  Episcopacy 
was  not  opposed.  Religious  freedom,  however,  was  enjoined  in  his  Instructions  :  Col.  Doc, 
iii.,3T5. 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  357-359,  309,  370;  Council  Jouni.,  i.,  45.  It  will  be  observed  that,  al- 
though the  king  declined  to  confirm  the  New  York  Charter  in  March,  1C85,  he  did  not  re- 
peal it  until  May,  1GS6:  ante,  3S3,  384,  423,  449,  450. 


454  HISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOEK. 

cuAP.  IX.  be  regularly  sent  to  England.     "  Tou  shall  take  especial 
care,"  was  the  king's  further  direction, "  that  God  Almighty 
be  devoutly  and  duly  served  throughout  your  Government; 
Church  of  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  as  it  is  now  established,  read 
se^ice'es-  cach  Suuday  and  holiday ;  and  the  blessed  sacrament  ad- 
ministered according  to  the  rites  of  the  Church  of  En- 
church  of  gland ;"  and  "  that  no  minister  be  preferred  by  you  to  any 
prefer-  ^  ecclcsiastical  benefice  in  that  our  Province,  without  a  cer- 
tificate from  the  most  Peverend  the  Lord  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  of  his  being  conformable  to  the  doctrine  and 
discipline  of  the  Church  of  England,  and  of  a  good  life 
and  conversation."*     The  ecclesiastical  jm*isdiction  of  the 
English  primate  was  ordered  to  prevail  throughout  New 
York  in  every  thing  but  collating  to  benefices,  granting  li- 
censes for  marriage,  and  the  probate  of  wills,  which  pow- 
ers were  reserved  to  the  governor.     James  f  m-ther  direct- 
schooi-      ed  "  that  no  schoolmaster  be  henceforth  pennitted  to  come 
from  En-    from  England  and  to  keep  school  within  om*  Province  of 
ficCTised.  ^  Xew  York,  without  the  license  of  the  said  Ai'chbishop  of 
Canterbury ;  and  that  noe  other  person  now  there,  or  that 
shall  come  from  other  parts,  bee  admitted  to  keep  school, 
witliout  your  license  first  had."t    And  then  James  the 
Second — in  the  very  words  he  had  addressed  to  Andros  in 
1674,  and  which  the  ISTew  York  charter  of  1683  had  limit- 
Liberty  of  ed  to  Christians — directed  Dongan  to  "  permit  all  persons, ' 
in  Ne'r*^^  of  what  religion  soever,  quietly  to  inliabit  within  your  gov- 
ernment, without  giving  them  any  distm'bance  or  disquiet 
whatsoever,  for  or  by  reason  of  their  differing  opinions  in 
matters  of  religion ;  Provided  they  give  noe  disturbance  to 
the  public  peace,  nor  doe  molest  or  disquiet  others  in  the 
fi'ee  exercise  of  their  religion.":}:     The  orders  of  August, 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  36, 372  :  compare  the  Instructions  to  Berkeley  and  Culpepper,  of  Virginia, 
and  Lynch  and  Howard,  of  Jamaica :  Col.  Doc,  vii.,  3G2,  363 ;  Anderson's  Col.  Ch.,  ii.,  2S9, 
S41,  342;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxxvii.,  153  ;  Hist.  Mag.,  v.,  153.  The  "ministere"  to  be  pre- 
ferred to  benefices  here  referred  to  were  those  of  the  "orthodox,"  or  Episcopalian  Church 
of  England.  Dongan  was  not  instructed  to  interfere  with  those  of  the  Dutch,  or  Lutheran, 
or  other  churches  in  New  York.  Why  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  rather  than  the  Bish- 
op of  Loudon,  was  to  have  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  in  the  province,  will  be  explained : 
poat^  455. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  3T2.  This  Instruction  was  the  policy  of  the  Church  of  England  influ- 
encing the  Plantation  Committee,  and  not  that  of  James  the  Second,  who  had  never  before 
interfered  with  school-masters  in  New  York,  of  all  denominations.  The  restriction  seems 
to  have  been  adopted  by  the  committee,  at  the  request  of  Bishop  Compton,  of  London,  on  15 
April,  1GS5,  and  to  have  been  first  inserted  in  the  Instructions  to  Sir  Philip  Howard,  as  gov- 
ernor of  Jiimaicft,  on  27  April,  16S5:  Col.  Doc,  vii.,  3G2,  36.B;  KIlis  (:orre?pondencp,  i.,  36, 
99, 105, 109 ;  Hist.  Mag.,  vii.,  330.  t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  21S,  350,  373 ;  ante,  264,  3S3. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  455 

1684,  prohibiting  "  any  innovation"  on  the  trade  of  "  the  chap.  ix. 
Kiver  of  New  York"  by  East  Jerseymen  or  others,  under "" 
"  groundless  pretences,"  were  renewed ;  and  all  goods  pass-  ^^^  inno^'a. 
ing  up  the  Hudson  River  were  required  to  pay  duties  at  Hu°dson"'^ 
New  York.*     Dongan  was  also  instructed  to  encourage  ^iver. 
"the  Indians,  upon   all  occasions,  that  they  may  apply 
themselves  to  English  trade  and  nation,  rather  than  to  any 
others  of  Europe.     But  you  are  alsoe  to  act  soe  prudently, 
in  respect  to  your  European  neighbors,  as  to  give  them  noe 
just  cause  for  complaint  against  you."  *  *  *  "  You  are  to 
give  all  due  encouragement  and  invitation  to  merchants 
and  others  who  shall  bring  trade  into  our  said  Province,  or 
any  way  contribute  to  the  advantage  thereof ;  and  in  par- 
ticular to  the  Royal  African  Company  of  England.     And 
you  are  to  take  care  that  there  be  no  trading  from  the 
Province  of  New  York  to  any  place  in  Africa,  within  the 
charter  of  the  Royal  African  Company.     And  you  are  not  Royai  Af- 
to  suffer  any  ships  to  be  sent  thither  without  their  leave  or  pany. 
authority."f     Treaties  with  foreign  powers  were  to  be  care- 
fully observed ;  and  New  York  was  required  to  pass  a  law 
against  pirates,  according  to  a  transmitted  formula.     "  In- 
human severities,"  which  bad  masters  might  use  against 
their  Christian  servants  or  slaves,  were  to  be  restrained  by 
law,  and  the  willful  killing  of  Indians  and  negroes  made 
punishable  by  death.     The  conversion  of  negroes  and  In-  conversion 
dians  to  Christianity  was  to  be  encouraged.     The  govern-  and  in-  ° 
or's  salary  was  iixed  at  six  hundred  pounds  sterling  a  year,  Ne\7Vork. 
to  be  paid  out  of  the  provincial  revenue.     "  And  forasmuch 
as  great  inconvenience  may  arise  by  the  liberty  of  printing 
within  our  Province  of  New  York,  you  are  to  provide  by 
all  necessary  orders,  that  no  person  keep  any  press  forNounu- 
printing,  nor  that  any  book,  pamphlet,  or  other  matters  printing, 
whatsoever,  bee  printed,  without  your  especial  leave  and 
license  first  obtained.":};     Such  were  the  main  features  of 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  248,  240,  3T3 ;  ante,  411. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  245,  365,  3T4;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxv.,  77.  Of  this  Eoyal  African  Company- 
one  of  the  purposes  of  which  was  to  bring  negro  slaves  to  America — James,  while  Duke  of 
York,  had  been  governor;  ante,  6.  In  September,  1681,  Governor  Lynch,  of  Jamaica,  was 
instructed  to  encourage  this  Eoyal  English  Company's  trade  in  "  merchantable  negroes :" 
Anderson's  Col.  Ch.,  li.,  281. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  374,  375.  This  restriction  of  the  press  in  New  York  was  according  to  the 
precedents  of  the  Plantation  Committee,  in  their  Instructions  to  the  several  colonial  gov- 
ernors. As  proprietor,  James  had  given  no  such  orders  to  Nicolls,  or  Lovelace,  or  Andros, 
or  Dongan  :  see  flw/c,  S9, 145, 140,  3C8,  434,  436, 445,  451. 


456         mSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1686. 


cnAP.  IX.  the  Instructions  of  James  the  Second  to  Dongan.  Thus 
"  a  real  tyranny,"  like  that  in  New  England,  was  establish- 
ed in  New  York,  which,  deprived  of  its  popular  Assembly, 
was  "reduced  once  more  to  the  condition  of  a  conquered 
Province."* 
3  June.  The  Plantation  Committee  likewise  ordered  Dongan  to 

the  puinta- send  them,  every  quarter,  a  particular  account  of  all  im- 
m^ttee?"*  portaut  matters  concerning  the  province,  mth  his  opinion 
how  its  government  might  be  improved.     Secretary  Spragg 
10  June,     was  also  directed  to  transmit  official  transcripts  promptly 
and  faithfully.f 

By  James  the  Second's  Instructions  to  Dongan,  the  Epis- 
copal Church  of  England  was,  for  the  first  time,  directed 
to  be  especially  fostered,  and  the  "  ecclesiastical  jurisdic- 
james  the  tiou"  of  its  primate  to  be  established,  "  as  far  as  conven- 
tabiishea    icutly  may  be,"  in  New  York.     Some   episcopal  power 
Episcopal' '  in  his  colonies  appears  to  have  been  delegated  by  Charles 
New  York,  the  Sccoud  to  the  Bishop  of  London.    But,  as  late  as  1675, 
the  Plantation  Committee  were  doubtful  of  its  extent ;  and 
the  prelate  himself  considered  his  duties  as  merely  ministe- 
rial, "  the  Plantations  being  no  part  of  his  diocese,  nor  had 
he  any  authority  to  act  there."     After  the  accession  of 
compton.   James  the  Second  in  April,  1685,  Bishop  Compton,  of  Lon- 
don, was,  at  his  own  special  request,  authorized  by  the  king 
to  exercise  "all  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction"  in  the  Planta- 
tions, including  the  licensing  of  school-masters  going  thith- 
er f  rpm  England.     The  bishop's  power  was  accordingly  de- 
clared in  colonial  Instructions.     But  Compton,  having  of- 
fended James  by  opposing  his  abrogation  of  the  Test  Act, 
januaiy.    ^vas  rcmovcd  from  the  Privy  Council  early  in  1686.     For 
this  reason  the  king,  in  his  Instructions  to  Dongan,  ordered 
^ncroft!°^  that  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and  not  the  Bishop  of 
London,  should  have   ecclesiastical  jurisdiction   in  New 
York.t 

*  Col.  Doc.,iii.,3C9-375;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  5SS;  Rev.  Col.,  i.,lSl. 

t  Col.  Doc,  lii.,  375,  376 ;  Council  Min.,  v.,  241. 

t  Col.  Doc,  lii.,  253,872;  vii.,  3C2,  363;  Anderson's  Col.  Cli.,  i.,  411,  412;  ii.,  2S4-291 ; 
Hist.  Mag.,  v.,  153;  Miller's  N.  Y.,  108  ;Hazard,  i.,  844;  Burnet,  1.,  665;  Reresby,  220; 
Evelyn,  ii.,  258;  Mackintosh,  55;  Macaulay,  ii.,  32,  35;  Ellis  Corr.,i.,0;  an^f,  vol.  i.,  257, 
26S.  The  authority  under  which  Bishops  Compton,  Robinson,  and  Gibson,  of  London,  suc- 
cessively exercised  episcopal  power  in  the  Plantations,  was  the  instructions  of  the  English 
sovereign.  But,  as  that  sovereign  could  delegate  his  supreme  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  over 
the  British  colonies  only  by  his  patent  under  the  great  seal,  the  attorney  and  solicitor  general 
reported  tlicir  opinion,  in  1725,  "  that  the  authority  by  which  the  Dinhnps  of  London  had  act- 
ed in  the  Plantations  loas  insufficient."     A  patent  was  accoidingly  granted  to  Bishop  Gib- 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  45^ 

Curiously  enough,  the  "  Defender  of  the  Faith"  of  En-  chap.  ix. 
glish  Episcopalians  was  a  notorious  Roman  Catholic.     This  ~ 

was  very  queer  to  honest  Protestants.     James  openly  re- 
jected the  English  communion,  and  partook  of  the  Roman 
mass  in  his  palace.     Encouraged,  perhaps,  by  the  former 
subserviency  of  Oxford,  the  king  resolved  to  maintain  his 
ecclesiastical  supremacy.     Accordingly,  in  defiance  of  pre- 
cedents, he  commissioned  Chancellor  Jeffreys,  with  Arch- 14  juiy.    • 
bishop  Bancroft  and  others,  to  pmiish  summarily  all  who  3  August. 
should  oppose  his  will  in  religious  matters.     This  arbitrary 
commission  suspended  Compton  from  his  episcopal  f unc-  e  septem. 
tion.    James  then  appointed  the  Bishops  of  Durham,  Roch-  cie^iasticti' 
ester,  and  Peterborough  to  manage  the  diocese  of  London  tiZlui^ 
during  the   suspension   of  Compton.     But  Sancroft,  the  bishop 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  although  a  weak  man,  was^°"'P'°°" 
honest  enough  not  to  approve  these  illegal  acts  of  his  sover- 
eign.    The  king  therefore  ordered  in  council  "  that  the  ec-  27  October. 
clesiastical  jurisdiction  in  the  Plantations"  should  thence-  ciefiasti^T 
forth  be  exercised  by  the  commissioners  whom  he  had  ap-uonin^he 
pointed  in  place  of  the  Bishop  of  London.     Thus  the  colo-  ^°'°°''^^- 
nial  episcopacy  of  the  English  primate,  Sancroft,  under 
James  the  Second,  was  even  more  short-lived  than  that  of 
his  subordinate,  Bishop  Compton.* 

Yet  English  Episcopalianism  did  not  gain  much  foot- 
hold in  New  York.     The  Reverend  Alexander  Innis  was  20  April, 
commissioned  by  James  to  succeed  Josias  Clarke  as  the  chapiata" 
"  orthodox"  chaplain  of  his  garrison  at  Fort  James.     But  F°ort^  ^' 
while  the  King  of  England  was  a  Roman  Catholic, "  the '^*"^^' 
Church,"  of  which  he  was  the  lawful  head,  could  scarcely 
thrive  among  honest  colonial  Protestants  outside  of  the 
citadel,  t 

Dongan's   royal  commission  and  Instructions  reached 
him  on  the  fourteenth  of  September,  1686,  when  "his  Ex-i4Septera. 
cellency  did  take  an  oath  duly  to  execute  the  Office  and  J^ivfs^hia^' 
trust  of  His  Majesty's  Captain  General  and  Governor-in- mfssion""' 

Eon  by  George  the  First,  in  February,  1727,  and  another  by  George  the  Second  in  April, 
1728:  Col.  Doc,  v.,  849-854;  vii.,  3G3. 

•Clarlie's  James II., ii., 88-93;  Dahymple, ii., 77-79 ;  Burn^.,  "-74-678;  Evelyn, ii., 207; 
Kennett,  iii.,  454-460  ;  Rapin,  ii.,  755,  756 ;  Lingard,  xiv.,  92-95 ;  Mackintosh,  68-70 ;  Ellis's 
Corr.,  i.,  144-148, 160, 187;  Hargraves's  State  Trials, iv.,  247-254;  Macaulay,  ii ,  92-97;  Col. 
Doc,  iii.,  388 ;  ante,  414. 

t  Deeds,  viii.,  13,  SI,  39;  Col.  Mass.,  xxxiii.,  804;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  415;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii., 
245,265;  ante.m. 


458  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  IX.  Chief  in  and  over  the  Province  of  New  York  and  the  ter- 

~  ritories  depending  thereon."      BrockhoUs,  Phillipse,  Yan 

Dongan'3    Cortlandt,  Spragg,  Baxter,  and  Younge,  whom  the  king 

counselors  j^^d  named  as  his  counselors,  were  also  sworn ;  but  San- 

8wom.  '  ' 

ten's  oath  was  deferred,  because  he  was  a  hypochondriac, 
subject  to  fits,  and  "  wholly  unfit  for  business."* 
Population      At  tliis  time  the  population  of  IsTew  York  was  about 
York.        eighteen  thousand;  although  it  was  "not  possible  to  give 
an  exact  account."    The  provincial  Assembly  had  adjourn- 
ed to  meet  on  the  twenty-fifth  of  September,  1686.     Don- 
4  septem.   gau,  howcvcr,  had  meanwhile  thought  fit, "  for  weighty  and 
Assembly  important  reasons,"  to  prorogue  it  until  the  twenty-fifth  of 
p'orogue  .  ]jj;g^j.^jjj^  1687.     This  he  did,  just  ten  days  before  he  received 
his  new  commission  and  Instructions  from  James  the  Sec- 
ond, which  abolished  an  Assembly  in  New  York,  and  vest- 
ed all  legislative  power  in  the  governor  and  council  of  the 
province.     After  pondering  this  grave  matter,  Dongan  and 
9  Decern,    his  couiicil  at  length  "  ordered  that  all  the  branches  of  the 
and  hi^     revenue,  and  all  other  laws  that  have  been  made  since  the 
take  order,  year  1683,  cxccpt  sucli  as  His  Majesty  has  repealed,  re- 
maine  and  continue  as  they  now  are,  till  further  considera- 
13  Decern,  tiou."     Thcy  also  directed  that "  every  Monday  be  council- 
dry?"'     day  for  the  consideration  of  the  King's  affairs,  and  every 
Thursday  for  the  hearing  of  public  business."     The  next 
1687.  month  Dongan  issued  his  proclamation  that  the  General 
The  nIw    Assembly  of  the  Province  of  New  York  was  "  dissolved." 
^embi^dis.  By  this  formality  all  the  legislative  authority  which  the 
eoived.      jjjjjg  (.o^^(j  vest  iu  them,  as  his  provmcial  subordinates,  and 
which  Judge  Palmer  and  Attorney  General  Graham  pro- 
is  Decern,  nounced  to  be  "  sufl3cient,"  remained  in  the  hands  of  Don- 
gan and  his  council.     It  was  an  awful  trust ;  yet  it  was  not 
the  less  a  legal  delegation  of  the  sovereign's  power.    It  was 
the  forerunner  of  revolution.     In  the  fullness  of  God's 
time,  English  subjects  in  America  were  to  maintain  the 
truth  that  "only  a  State  can  tax  itself,"  which  Hollanders 
had  taught  to  Europe  in  1572,  when  they  perilled  every 
thing  to  stop  the  exaction  of  an  arbitrary  tithe.f 

Dongan  and  his  council  did  their  first  legislative  duty, 

*  Council  Min.,  v.,  172, 173 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  369,  404, 416 ;  ante,  453. 

t  Council  Min.,  v.,164, 172, 173,  ISS,  1S9;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiii.,  291;  xxxiv.,  81,  S3;  xxxv., 
16;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  398;  CoimcilJourn.,  i.,Introd.,  xv.,xvii. ;  Min.ofN.Y.  Common  Coun- 
cil, i.,  303 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  442 ;  ii.,  42S,  449. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  459 

under  their  new  instructions  from  King  James  the  Second,  chap.  ix. 
by  re-enacting  the  former  revenue  law  passed  by  the  New 
York  Assembly  in  October,  1683,  in  consideration  of  his24Febr'y 
expected  "  confirming"  of  their  charter ;  and  another  against  ^^csedT* 
privateers,  according  to  the  model  which  had  been  furnish-  f°^^^ 
ed  from  England.     During  the  following  summer  and  an-  counciu 
tumn,  other  laws  of  more  or  less  importance  were  enacted. 
Among  them  was  one  to  prevent  Boston  merchants,  who 
refused  to  pay  New  York  duties,  shipping  oil  from  the  east 
end  of  Long  Island ;  they  must  now  export  from  the  me- 
tropolis, and  pay  honestly,  as  others  did,  and  as  the  law  re- 
quired.    A  patent,  with  the  usual  privileges,  was  also  grant-  lo  May. 
ed  to  the  town  of  Kingston,  formerly  known  as  Esopus,  in  pateit"" 
Ulster  County.* 

The  Quakers  in  New  York  now  raised  an  interesting 
question.     By  the  militia  law,  persons  who  refused  to  train 
were  liable  to  have  their  goods  seized  if  they  did  not  pay 
their  fines.     This  the  Quakers  did  not  like,  because  they 
scrupled  to  bear  arms.     Accordingly,  they  presented  an24Febi'y. 
address  to  Dongan,  claiming  that,  by  the  Charter  of  Liber-  Quakers  in 
ties,  all  peaceable  persons  professing  faith  in  Christ  should  not^ex- 
enjoy  freedom  of  conscience  in  New  York,  and  that  the  fr™m  miii- 
seizure  of  the  property  of  Quakers  for  not  training  was  "  an  ice7  ^^'^" 
infringement  upon  the  liberty  granted  in  the  f orecited  act." 
The  absurdity  of  this  position  was  evident.     The  council 
accordingly,  on  examining  the  mihtia  law, "  unanimously 
gave  it  for  their  opinion  that  no  man  can  be  exempted 
from  that  obligation,  and  that  such  as  make  failure  therein, 
let  their  pretents  be  what  they  will,  must  submit  to  the  un- 
dergoing such  penalties  as  by  the  said  Act  is  provided."f 

Anxious  to  have  the  northern  boundary  between  New  Northern 
York  and  New  Jersey  settled,  Dongan  had  agreed  with  between^ 
Lawrie  in  April,  1684,  to  appoint  surveyors  to  run  the  lineandTNew 
from  the  Hudson  Biver  to  the  forks  of  the  Delaware,  now  ^^^^^' 
known  as  Port  Jervis.     George  Keith  was   accordingly 
named  surveyor  for  East  Jersey,  Andrew  Bobinson  for 
West  Jersey,  and  Philip  "Wells,  the  New  York  surveyor 
general,  who  had  been  Andros's  steward,  and  one  of  the 
surveyors  of  the  Connecticut  boundary  in  1684,  on  the  part 

•  Col.  MSS.,  XXXV.,  32-115;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  429  ;  Patents,  vi.,  300-308,-  Council  Journ.,  i., 
Introd.,  xvii.-xxi. ;  ante,  157,  384,415,  420. 
t  Col.  MSS.,xxxv.,35,  3G,  1G9;  Doc.  Hist,  iii.,  007,  GOS,  009  :  ante,5SS. 


4,60  HIsTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  IX.  of  New  York.     The  K^ew  Jersey  boundary-line,  liowever, 
~  was  not  run  for  several  years.* 

1  AQ'7  •' 

'  •       Perth  Amboy  having  been  made  the  capital  of  East  Jer- 
sey, its  nearness  to  the  sea  attracted  commerce,  w^hich  Don- 
gan  thought  illicit.     So  he  reported  to  the  English  Planta- 
Febr'y.      tion  Committee :  "  As  for  East  Jersey,  it  being  situate  on 
complains  the  othcr  side  of  Hudson's  E.iver,  and  between  us  and 
Jersey.      where  the  river  disembogues  itself  into  the  sea ;  paying  noe 
Custom  and  having  likewise,  the  advantage  of  having  bet- 
ter land  and  most  of  the  Settlers  there  out  of  this  Govern- 
ment, Wee  are  like  to  be  deserted  by  a  great  many  of  our 
Merchants  whoe  intend  to  settle  there  if  not  annexed  to 
this  Government.     Last  year  two  or  three  ships  came  in 
there  with  goods  and  I  am  sure  that  that  Country  caimot, 
noe  not  with  the  help  of  West  Jersey  consume  one  thou- 
sand Lb.  in  goods  in  two  years,  soe  that  the  rest  of  these 
Smuggling.  Goods  must  havc  been  run  into  this  Government  M'ithout 
paying  his  Majesty's  Customs,  and  indeed  there's  no  possi- 
Beavcrs     bility  of  preventing  it.     And  as  for  Beaver  and  Peltry,  it 
takerto'^  is  impossiblc  to  hinder  its  being  carried  thither; — the  Li- 
tey.   ^^'    dians  value  not  the  length  of  their  journey  soe  as  they  can 
come  to  a  good  Market  which  those  people  can  better  af- 
ford them  than  wee,  they  paying  noe  Custom  nor  Excise  in- 
wards or  outwards.     An  other  inconveniency  by  the  Gov- 
ernments remaining  as  it  does  is  that  privateers  and  others 
can  come  within  Sandy  Hook  and  take  what  Provisions 
and  Goods  they  please  from  that  Side.     Alsoe  veiy  often 
shipps  bound  to  this  place  break  bulk  there  and  run  their 
Goods  into  that  Colony  with  intent  afterwards  to  import 
the  same  privately  and  at  more  leisure  into  this  Province 
notwithstanding  their  Oath,  they  salving  themselves  with 
this  evasion  that  that  place  is  not  in  this  Government — To- 
inteviopera  day  au  Interloper  landed  five  Tun  and  one  half  of  teeth 
in^New°^  there.     To  prevent  all  which  inconveniences  and  for  the 
'''^^^'      securing  of  this  place  from  enemy s,  I  desire  to  have  an  or- 
Dongan     dcr  to  jnakc  up  a  small  Fort  with  twelve  guns  upon  Sandy 
b.uidlfoit  Hook,  the  Channell  there  being  soe  near  the  shore  that  noe' 
Hoot"  ^   vessel  can  goe  in  nor  out  but  she  must  come  soe  near  the 
Point  that  from  on  board  one  might  toss  a  biscuit  Cake  on 

•  Council  Min.,  v.,  65,  159, 170,  171 ;  X.  Y.  Assembly  Journ.,  ii.,  52S--,'>35;  Col.  Doo.,  iii., 
302,  350,  4nr>;  iv.,  CP.n ;  (;„i.  MSS.,  xxxii.,  Sa ;  xxxiii.,  4;  N.J.  11.  S.  Troc,  viii.,  1U2,  103; 
anU,  389,332,  41",  412. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVEKNOR.  461 

Shore.     If  the  Proprietors  would  rightly  consider  it,  they  chap.  ix. 
would  find  it  their  own  Interest  that  that  place  should  bee 
annexed  to  this  Government  for  they  are  at  a  greater  j^g^^^^:^' 
charge  for  maintaining  the  present  Government  than  the  ^g°^]j'^^'% 
whole  Profits  of  the  Province  (-vyhich  is  by  quit  Rents)  *?  ^^«"" 
will  amount  unto ;  for  they  are  at  the  whole  Charge,  the 
Country  allowing  nothing  towards  its  support  soe  that  had 
they  not  the  charge  of  the  Government  they  might  put  that 
Money  into  their  own  pockets.     And  indeed  to  make  Am- 
boy  a  port,  will  be  no  less  inconvenient  for  the  reasons  afore 
mentioned,  neighboring  Colonys  being  not  come  to  that 
perfection  but  that  one  Port  may  sufiiciently  serve  us  all. 
We  in  this  Government  look  upon  that  Bay  that  runs  into 
the  Sea  at  Sandy  Hook  to  bee  Hudson's  Hiver ;  therefore  The  month 
there  being  a  clause  in  my  Instructions  directing  mee  that  son  Rive"  ' 
I  cause  all  vessels  that  come  into  Hudson's  Piver  to  enter  Hook!'  ^ 
at  'Neyv  York,  I  desire  to  know  whether  his  Majesty  in- 
tends thereby  those  Vessels  that  come  within  Sandy-Hook, 
the  people  of  East  Jersey  pretending  a  right  to  the  River 
soe  farr  as  their  Province  extends  which  is  eighteen  miles 
up  the  River  to  the  Northward  of  this  Place.     "West  Jer- 
sey remaining  as  it  does  will  be  noe  less  inconvenient  to  this 
Government  for  the  same  reasons  as  East  Jersey,  they  both  inconven- 
making  but  one  neck  of  Land  and  that  soe  near  situate  to  J^^un  ** 
us,  that  its  more  for  their  convenience  to  have  commerce  ^ey^  ^^'" 
here  than  any  where  else,  and  under  those  circumstances 
that  if  there  were  a  Warr,  either  with  Christians  or  Indians 
they  would  not  be  able  to  defend  themselves  without  the 
assistance  of  this  Government.     To  bee  short,  there  is  an 
absolute  necessity  those  Provinces  and  that  of  Connecticut 
be  annexed."* 

Collector  Santen  had  meanwhile  been  admonished  to  be-  1686. 
have  better,  but  still  continued  to  talk  "  scandalously  and  septem. 
incivilly."     Charges  were  then  filed  against  him,  and  proofs  santen"^ 
made  out.     On  his  side,  Santen  prepared  counter  charges  Novem. 
against  Dongan.     At  length  the  governor  and  council  sus-   1687. 
pended  the  collector,  and  ordered  his  arrest  by  the  sheriff.  i3^j^n-'lf'^' 
Thinking  him  "fitter  for  a  retired  life  than  to  be  the^"^'' ""J, 

O  and  sent  to 

King's  Collector,"  Dongan  ordered  him  to  be  sent  a  prison-  Engi-'^ad. 

*  Col.  noc  ,iii.,3C3,  392,  408.  416,  493;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,95-llS;  Learning  and  Spicer,  28S. 
295 ;  Wbitsliead'3  E.  J.,  109-118 ;  Chalmers,  i. ,  621,  022 ;  ante^  333, 369,  433,  452,  455. 


462  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cnAP.  IX.  er  to  England,  in  the  ship  which  conveyed  Secretary  Spragg 
and  Major  Baxter  with  imj)ortant  dispatches  to  the  home 

27  jan'y.'  govemuient.  During  Santen's  suspension,  Counselor  Van 
Van  c'orfc.*  Cortlaudt  and  Attorney  General  Graham  were  appointed  to 
Graham*^  manage  the  king's  revenue.  As  Younge  lived  one  hun- 
joint  col-    (Jred  and  fifty  miles  away  from  Fort  James,  at  the  east 

lectors.  "L  "^  ' 

end  of  Long  Island,  was  now  very  old,  and  had  no  estate 
of  his  own,  and  as  the  absence  of  Spragg  and  Baxter  in 
England  would  leave  the  council  without  a  sufficient  quo- 

28  Febr'y.  rum,  the  govcmor  swore  Judge  John  Palmer  and  Mayor 
Bay™rd^°  Nicholas  Bayard  to  serve  as  counselors  until  the  royal 
cM™eiors.  pleasure  should  be  made  known ;  and  he  also  nominated  six 

others  "  of  the  fittest"  in  the  province  to  supply  vacancies. 

2  March.  Dougau  also  asked  the  king  to  allow  him  to  name  a  col- 
lector who  lived  in  New  York,  as  those  who  came  from  En- 
gland expected  "  to  run  suddenly  into  a  great  estate,  which 
this  small  place  cannot  afford  them."* 

Dongan's       By  Sprag-ff  and  Baxter  the  governor  sent  to  the  Planta- 

report  on        . 

New  York  tiou  Committce  his  replies  to  their  official  "  Heads  of  In- 

spraggand  quiry,"  with  a  map  of  New  York  and  the  adjoining  govern- 
ments, showing  "  the  extent  and  inequality  of  them,  and  of 
Canada  alsoe ;"  which  was  accomplished  "  with  much  labor 
and  charge."  Dongan's  report,  although  encumbered  by 
details  very  interesting  to  himself,  but  of  little  present  im- 
portance, is  one  of  the  most  careful,  as  well  as  most  honest 
pictures  of  his  provincial  government  which  an  American 
subordinate  ever  sent  home  to  his  English  sovereign. 
The  several  courts  and  the  laws  of  New  York  in  force 

Militia,  were  described.  There  were  about  four  thousand  foot  and 
three  hundred  horse,  besides  one  company  of  dragoons. 
Fort  James  had  been  repaired,  covering  two  acres,  and 
"  though  this  fortification  be  inconsiderable,  I  could  wish," 
said  Dongan, "  that  the  king  had  several  of  them  in  these 

Pioiific  parts — In  this  Country  there  is  a  Woman  yet  alive  from 
whose  Loyns  there  are  upwards  of  three  hundred  and  sixty 
persons  now  living.  The  men  that  are  here  have  generally 
lusty  strong  bodies.     At  Albany  there  is  a  Fort  made  of 

»  Council  Min.,  v.,  173,  174,  ISO,  181,  186-189,  192-104;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiii.,  283 ;  xxxv., 
10-15,  18-24,  32,  83,  37,  74;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  401-414,  416,  417,  420-424,  493-500;  iv.,  418; 
Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  104-118 ;  ante,  428,  458.  Dongan's  nominees  for  counselors  were  Judge  Mat- 
thias NicoUs,  Attorney  General  Graham,  William  Smith,  Gabriel  Minvielle,  Francis  Kom- 
bouts,  and  Nicholas  de  Meyer:  Col.  Doc,  iii,  417. 


Fort 
Jamsi 


woman. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOK.  463 

Pine  Trees  fifteen  foot  high  and  foot  over  with  Batterys  chap.  ix 
and  conveniences  made  for  men  to  walk  about,  where  are 
nine  guns,  small  arms  for  forty  men  four  Barils  of  Powder  p^rt  ai-  ' 
with  great  and  small  shott  in  proportion.  The  Timber  ^*°y- 
and  Boards  being  rotten  were  renewed  this  year.  In  my 
opinion  it  were  better  that  Fort  were  built  up  of  Stone 
and  Lime  which  will  not  be  double  the  charge  of  this  years 
repair  which  yet  will  not  last  above  six  or  seven  years  be- 
fore it  will  require  the  like  again  whereas  on  the  contrary 
were  it  built  of  Lime  and  Stone  it  may  be  far  more  easily 
maintained.  And  truly  its  very  necessary  to  have  a  Port 
there,  it  being  a  frontier  place  both  of  the  Indians  and 
French.  At  Pemaquid  there  is  another  Fort  built  after  Pemaquid, 
the  same  manner,  as  I  am  informed ;  A  particular  descrip- 
tion whereof  I  am  not  capable  of  giving  having  never  been 
there,  however  its  a  great  charge  to  this  Government  with- 
out being  anything  of  advantage  to  it,  having  officers  there 
with  twenty  men  always  in  pay.  And  which  makes  it  yet 
more  chargeable  I  am  forced  to  send  from  time  to  time 
provisions  and  Stores  thither  altho'  its  near  four  hundred 
miles  from  this  place.  If  his  Majesty  were  pleased  that  I 
might  draw  off  the  men  and  arms  from  that  place  with  the 
Guns  being  of  light  carriage  and  that  I  might  have  leave 
to  put  them  further  into  the  Country,  I  would  place  them 
where  I  will  give  your  Lordships  an  account  hereafter. 
And  then  if  his  Maiesty  were  further  pleased  to  annex  that  Dongan 

fl.(lvls63  tllG 

place  to  Boston,  being  very  convenient  for  them  in  regard  annexation 
of  its  vicinity  affording  great  Store  of  Fishery  and  Islands  quid  to 
fit  for  that  purpose  lying  all  along  to  the  eastward  of  them  sefts,  and' 
— And  in  lieu  of  that  to  add  to  this  Government  Connecti-  ticut°°r*'' 
cut  and  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut  being  so  conveniently   ^^''^'^^  " 
situate  in  its  adjacing  to  us  and  soe  inconvenient  for  the 
people  of  Boston  by  reason  of  its  being  upwards  of  two 
hundred  miles  distance  from  thence.     Besides,  Connecti- 
cut, as' it  now  is,  takes  away  from  us  almost  all  the  land  of 
Value  that  lyes  adjojming  to  Hudson's  River,  and  the  best 
part  of  the  River  itself.     Besides,  as  wee  find  by  experience 
if  that  place  bee  not  annexed  to  that  Government  it  will  bee 
impossible  to  make  any  thing  considerable  of  his  Majesty's 
Customs  and  Revenue  in  Long  Island;  they  carry  away 
without  entering  all  our  Gyles  which  is  the  greatest  part  of 


464:  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cnAP.  IX.  M-hat  wee  have  to  make  returns  from  this  place :  And  from 
Albany  and  that  way  up  the  river  our  Beaver  and  Peltry. 
Right  of  *  "^^^^^  Government  too  has  an  undoubted  right  to  it  by  Char- 
t^oTonne?-  ^^^'  ^hich  his  late  Majesty  of  blessed  Memory  granted  to 
ticut.        our  present  King.     And  indeed  if  the  form  of  the  Govern- 
ment bee  altered,  their  people  will  rather  choose  to  come 
under  this  than  that  Government  of  Boston,  as  your  Lord- 
ships will  perceive  by  their  present  Governor's  lettei*s  di- 
rected to  mee."  -  *  *  "  I  believe  for  these  seven  years  last 
past,  tliere  has  not  come  over  into  this  Province  twenty  En- 
Engiisii,    glish,  Scotch  or  Irish  families.     But  on  the  contrary,  on 
Irish  im-    Long  Island  the  people  increase  soe  fast  that  they  com- 
migrants.   p|^|j-^  £qj.  ^y^ut  of  land,  and  many  remove  from  thence  into 
French,     the  neighbouring  province.     But  of  French,  there  have, 
since  my  coming  here,  several  f amihes  come  both  fi-om  St. 
Christophers  and  England,  and  a  great  many  more  are  ex- 
Dutch,      pected ;  as  alsoe  from  Holland  are  come  several  Dutch  fam- 
ilies, which  is  another  great  argument  of  the  necessity  of 
adding  to  this  government  the  neighbouring  English  Colo- 
nies, that  a  more  equal  ballance  may  bee  kept  here  between 
his  Majesty's  naturall  born  subjects  and  Foreigners,  which 
latter  are  the  most  prevailing  part  of  this  government." 
Petition  of  The  govemor  at  the  same  time  forwarded  a  petition  of 
protest-     "  the  new-come  natm-alized  French"  Protestants,  thanking 
the  king  for  the  privileges  he  had  granted  them,  and  ask- 
ing that  they  and  those  who  followed  them  might  be 
allowed  to  trade  with  all  the  British  American  colonies. 
In  reply  to  the  inquiry  about  religious  persuasions  in  New 
York,  Dongan  reported :  "  Every  town  ought  to  have  a 
minister.     New  York  has,  first,  a  Chaplain  belonging  to  the 
Religious   Fort,  of  the  Church  of  England ;  secondly,  a  Dutch  Cal- 
atoi^""      vinist ;  thirdly,  a  French  Cahdnist ;  fourthly,  a  Dutch  Lu- 
theran.    Here  bee  not  many  of  the  Church  of  England ; 
few  Roman  Catholicks;  abundance  of  Quakers  preachers 
men  and  Women  especially ;  Singing  Quakers ;  UUnting 
Quakers ;   Sabbatarians ;  Anti  Sabbatarians ;   some  Ana- 
baptists ;  some  Independents ;  some  Jews :  in  short,  of  all 
sorts  of  opinions  there  are  some,  and  the  most  part  of  none 
The  Putch  at  all.     The  Great  Church  which  serves  both  the  English 
NertYoik.  and  the  Dutch,  is  within  the  Fort,  which  is  found  to  bee 
very  inconvenient.     Therefore,  I  desire  that  there  may  bee 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  465 

an  order  for  their  building  another ;  ground  being  already  cuap.  ix. 
layd  out  for  that  purpose,  and  they  not  wanting  money  in 
store  wherewithal!  to  build  it.  The  most  prevailing  opin- 
ion is  that  of  the  Dutch  Calvinists.  It  is  the  endeavor  of 
all  persons  here  to  bring  up  their  children  and  servants  in 
that  opinion  which  themselves  profess ;  but  this  I  observe, 
that  they  take  no  care,  of  the  conversion  of  tlieir  slaves. 
Every  town  and  county  are  obliged  to  maintain  their  own  nq  beggars 

nJ  J  n  nor  idlers. 

poor,  which  makes  them  bee  soe  careful  that  noe  vaga- 
bonds, beggars,  nor  idle  persons  are  suffered  to  live  here. 
But  as  for  the  King's  natural-born  subjects  that  live  on 
Long  Island  and  other  parts  of  Government,  I  find  it  a 
hard  task  to  make  them  pay  their  ministers."* 

The  Corporation  of  the  metropolis,  wishing  a  confirm  a-  is  Jan-y. 
tion  of  their  charter  from  Dongan  under  his  royal  commis- 
sion, authorized  Mayor  Bayard  and  Eecorder  Graham  "  to 
■procure  the  same."     They  also  addressed  the  king,  defend-  Address  of 
mg  their  charter,  which  no  one  was  displeased  with  except  ration  of 

"  '  j:  J.      fjg,,r  York 

Collector  Santen,  "  the  author  of  those  clamors ;"  and  urged  t6  the  king. 
"the  absolute  necessity  there  is  that  those  adjacent  parts 
of  Connecticut,  East  and  West  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  or  at 
least  soe  far  of  Pennsylvania  as  extends  from  the  Falls  of 
Susquehannah  should  bee  united  to  this  your  Majesty's  Prov- 
ince ;  the  effect  whereof  will  not  only  secure  your  Majesty's 
Government,  but  will  lil?:ewise  make  it  formidable  against 
all  that  may  become  your  Majesty's  enemies,  ease  your 
Majesty  of  the  charge,  and  alsoe  bring  in  considerable 
profit  unto  your  Majesty's  coffers."f 

Among  the  domestic  incidents  was  the  case  of  Francis 
Stepney,  a  dancing-master,  who,  having  been  forced  to 
leave  Boston,  and  having  no  visible  estate,  was  ordered  not  s  j.in-y. 

r  .  .  Case  of 

to  teach,  dancing  in  New  York,  and  to  give  security  that  he  stepney,  a 
would  not  become  a  public  charge,  or  else  to  quit  the  prov-  mTsterf' 
ince.     But,  upon  Stepney's  petition,  he  was  allowed  an  ap-  c  jan-y. 
peal  to  the  king  in  person.:}: 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  3S9-41T,  419,  420  ;  ix.,  309,  312  ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  95-llS ;  Val.  Man.,  1850, 
456-486 ;  Col.  Eec.  Conn.,  iii.,  292-204 ;  ante,  310,  331,  435,  445-44T.  The  T,ev.  Alexander 
Innis  succeeded  Josias  Clarke  as  chaplain  to  the  garrison  in  October,  1G80  ;  Domine  Hen- 
ricus  Selyns  was  the  Dutch  minister  in  New  York,  Daille  was  pastor  of  the  French  Calvin- 
ists, and  Arensius  of  the  German  Lutherans  :  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  415,  651,  749 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii., 
247 ;  iii.,  289,  707  ;  Secret  Sen,  Ch.  II.  and  Jac.  II.,  130 ;  ante,  174,  273,  329,  380,  407,  457. 

t  Min.of  C.  C,  i.,  308;  Val.  Man.,  lSi4-5,  318;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  412, 424,425;  ante,  426,  438. 

t  Council  Min.,  v.,  101 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xx.xv.,  3,  7,  8. 

II.— G  G 


466  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.ix.      As  the   colonial  post-office,  established  by  Dongaii  in 

1685,  had  been  modified  by  the  appointment  of  Randolph 

4A  rn  *^  ^^  deputy  postmaster  of  New  England  under  Lord 
New  York  Trcasurcr  Rochester,  the  governor  appointed  William 
ter.  Uogardus   to    be   postmaster  tor  the   provmce  or   JNew 

York.* 

In  place  of  Graham,  who  was  now  joint  collector  with 
n  April.     Van  -Cortlandt,  Dongan  appointed  William  Nicolls,  a  son 
NicouT     of  Judge  Mattliias  NicoUs,  and  a  regularly  educated  law- 
KenewTof  ycr,  to  bc  attomcy  general  of  the  province.f 
xewYork.      l^'otwithstaudiug  all  the  laws  passed  against  pirates  by 
order  of  James,  the  American  waters  were  infested  by 
June.        freebooters.     The  pink  Good  Hope,  or  Hopewell;  Captain 
yoaTiiip  George  Heathcote,  on  her  way  from  New  York  to  En- 
an^irah^''  gkud,  was  stoppcd  between  Long  Island  and  Nantucket  by 
^"'''**'"      a  pirate  from  Youghal,  in  Ireland,  who  pillaged  money 
from  the  master  and  men,  and  a  sail,  provisions,  and  a  boat 
from  the  pink.     By  their  speech,  the  pirates  seemed  to  be 
•   "  North  countrjanen.":}: 
The  iro-        In  his  rcport,  Dongan  described  the  Iroquois  as  the  "  bul- 
"  bulwark"  wark"  of  New  York  against  Canada.     The  metaphor  was 
York"^      admirable.     The  Five  Nations  were  the  "  most  warlike" 
canrL.     savages  in  North  America ;  and  Dongan,  following  the  ex- 
ample of  Andros,  suffered  "  no  Christians  to  converse  with 
them  any  where,  but  at  Albany,"  and  then  only  with  his  li- 
cense.    His  policy  was  "  to  keep  them  peaceable  and  an- 
nexed to  this  Government,"  so  that  upon  any  occasion  he 
could  have  three  or  four  thousand  of  their  warriors  at  a 
call  to  aid  New  York.     Dongan  accordingly  recommended 
that  the  boundary  with  Pennsylvania  be  run  westward  from 
latitude  41°  40^  on  the  Delaware  River;  that  forts  be  built 
Dongan'a    ou  that  liuc,  and  also  at  Niagara ;  and  that,  to  counteract 
thrking"    the  French  Jesuits,  the  English  priests, whom  he  had  prom- 
ised the  savages,  should  be  sent  over  as  soon  as  possible. 
Above  all,  it  was  ''  very  necessary  for  us  to  encourage  our 
young  men  to  go  a  beaver-hunting  as  the  French  do."    But, 
wliile  the  king's  governor  of  "the  centre  of  all  his  Domin- 

•  Council  Min.,  v.,  106 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxv.,  52 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  349, 350,  35G ;  ante,  41.'5,  4.^54. 

t  Licenses,  Warr.,  etc.,  v.  ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiv.  (ii.),  59 ;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  412,  424,  429,  709  ; 
Wood,  144;  Thompifon,  ii.,  391  j  anfc,  312, 462. 

t  Ellis  Corr.,  i.,  330 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  2SS,  374,  3S7,  490,  496 ;  C.  Wolley,  61,  97;  ante,  2SG, 
287, 469. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  467 

ions  in  America"  was  giving  this  good  advice,  James  the  cuap.  ix. 
Second  was  meditating  other  arrangements.*  -iRQa 

Colonel  Sir*  Edmund  Andros,  governor  general  of  the  ^^  Deceni. 
king's  "Territory  and  Dominion  of  New  England,"  had^pdr^^B^t 
meanwhile  reached  Boston  in  the  frigate  Kingfisher,  ac- 
companied by  Francis  Nicholson,  his  lieutenant  governor, 
and  the  Irish  soldiers  who  were  to  maintain  his  authority. 
The  next  day  Andros  landed ;  and,  after  being  received  20  Decem. 
with  "suitable  demonstrations,"  quietly  assimaed  the  power  assumes 
which  Dudley  and  his  associates  had  temporarily  adminis-  ment  of 
tered.     It  is  remarkable  that  this  event  happened  about  gilnd. 
the  very  day  on  which  "  the  Pilgrims"  fi'om  Leyden  and 
England  landed  on  Plymouth  beach,  sixty-six  years  before. 
But  the  anniversaiy,  now  so  ostentatiously  celebrated,  was 
then  passed  by  in  Massachusetts  without  observance.     A 
comicil  was  held  a  few  days  afterward  at  Boston,  which  30  Dcccm. 
was  attended  by  members  from  Plymouth  and  Rhode  Isl- 
and.    The  Records  of  Massachusetts,  obtained  with  difii- 
culty  from  Rawson,  were- intrusted  to  Secretary  Randolph,  1687. 
in  whose  place  Dudley  was  appointed  licenser  of  the  press,  Du<u°y  u- 
"  according  to  previous  colonial  custom."     Among  the  first  the^ree^. 
of  his  acts,  Andros  was  obliged  to  reprove  Hinckley,  the  s  ^arcn. 
late  governor  of  Plymouth,  for  his  intolerance  in  distrain- 
ing the  property  of  Quakers  to  pay  compulsory  rates  for 
the  support  of  other  sectarian  ministers.     The  governor 
soon  afterward  organized  the  Royal  New  England  judi- 
ciary, by  appointing  Dudley  chief  justice,  and  William  25  Apni. 
Stoughton  and  Peter  Bulkley  associate  judges  of  the  Supe-  xew  En- 
rior  Court ;  while  George  Farewell,  a  lawyer  who  had  just  ^^''^^' 
come  from  New  York  with  West,  was  made  attorney  gen- 
eral of  the  dominion.f 

The  assumption  by  Andros  of  the  government  of  New 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  391-396,  402,  415,  416,  418,  423  ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  96-101;  Val.  Man.,  1350, 
458-464;  ante,  306,  30T,  309,  395,  429,  440,  442,  44T,  452. 

t  Chalmers,  L,  421,  422;  Col.  Kec.  Conn.,  iii.,  376;  R.  I.  Eec,  iii,  218-224,257;  Douglas, 
i.,  413,  478;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxvii.,  138, 1.56, 162, 166, 171 ;  xxxv.,  149, 190;  Hutch.  Mass., 
L,  353,  354,  355,  357,  359 ;  Coll.,  555,  557 ;  Arnold,  i.,  499-502 ;  Barry,  i.,  486-488 ;  Palfrey, 
iiL,  486,  511,  515, 517-522, 526 ;  Force's  Tracts,  iv..  No.  9,  p.  16 ;  Palmer's  Impartial  Account, 
22 ;  Adlard's  Sutton  Dudleys,  77 ;  Val.  Man.,  1862, 741 ;  Col.  Doc,  iiL,  657,  663 ;  Col.  MSS., 
xxxiii.,  308,  342;  ante,  i.,  133 ;  ii.,  445,  446,  451.  The  Records  of  the  Royal  Government  of 
New  England,  which  Hutchinson,  i.,  354,  states  were  "  secreted  or  destroyed,"  are  preserved. 
in  the  hand-writing  of  Secretary  Randolph,  or  his  clerk,  in  the  British  State  Paper  Office, 
and  the  Library  of  tlie  Worcester  Antiquarian  Society :  Chalmers,  i.,  463 ;  Palfrey,  iii. ,  437, 
493,518;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxix.,  187.  The  private  papers  of  Andros  were  probably  "buiTt, 
or  otherwise  made  away  with,"  iu  1689 :  Hutch.  Coll.,  575 ;  j^oat,  553. 


4:QS  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1687. 


Chap.  IX.  England  concerned  New  York  botli  directly  and  incident- 
ally. He  had  been  her  governor,  and  many  of  her  people 
esteemed  him  as  their  friend  or  patron.  Aniong  these  was 
John  "West,  the  clerk  of  the  New  York  Common  Council, 
who  resigned  that  office  and  went  to  Boston,  where,  through 
3  May.  the  influence  of  Andros,  he  hired  from  Randolph  his  place 
to  Boston   of  secretary  of  New  Eng-land.    As  soon  as  Dons^an  received 

and  be-  .  ® 

comes  sec-  the  king's  orders  of  19  September,  1686,  he  surrendered 
24  Feb'y.    Pcmaquid  to  Andros,  who  sent  thither  Ensign  Joshua  Pi- 
Dongan     pou,  witli  somc  of  the  newly-come  soldiers,  to  recei^•e  pos- 
"pemlquld,  scsslou  and  o-arrison  Fort  Charles.    The  transfer  from  New 
waii,"°t?'  York  of  its  distant  county  of  "  Cornwall"  to  the  govern- 
Andros.     j-j^gQ^-  ^f  j^^ew  England  was  cheerfully  made  by  Dongan, 
who  had  recoimnended  it  as  expedient.    But  James  the  Sec- 
ond did  not  see  fit  to  annex  Connecticut  to  his  own  old 
province,  as  the  desired  equivalent." 
1(5S0.       -A-s  soon  as  he  could,  Andros  notified  Governor  Treat,  of 

22  Decern.  Conuecticut,  that  the  king  had  authorized  him  to  receive 

the  surrender  of  the  charter  of  that  colony,  if  tendered, 
and  to  take  charge  of  its  government,  as  a  part  of  New  En- 

23  Decern,  gland.      A  fcw  days  afterward  Randolph  served  another 

writ  of  Quo  Warranto  upon  Treat,  suggesting  that  the  peo- 
ple of  Connecticut  had  "  no  way  to  make  themselves  hap- 
py" but  by  an  early  application  to  Andros.     In  this  crisis 
1687.   a  General  Court  was  convened  at  Hartford,  which  left  the 
Aitt\a  i^t-  business  of  the  charter  in  the  hands  of  Treat  and  his  coun- 
n"cticut°to"  oil.     An  evasive  answer  was  returned  by  them  to  Andros. 
dwilnd.'^'  But  a  very  artful  letter  was  sent  to  Lord  Sunderland,  stat- 
ing that  they  were  unable  to  make  a  "  suitable  return"  to 
the  Quo  AYarranto,  and  adding:  "We  are  liis  Majesty's 
loyal  subjects,  and  we  are  heartily  desirous  that  we  may 
continue  in  the  same  station  that  we  are  in,  if  it  may  con- 
sist with  his  princely  msdom  to  continue  us  so.     But  if  his 
Majesty's  royal  purposes  be  otherwise  to  dispose  of  us,  we 
shall,  as  in  duty  bound,  submit  to  his  royal  commands ;  and 
if  it  be  to  conjoin  us  with  the  other  Colonies  and  Provinces 
under  Sir  Edmmid  Andros,  his  Majesty's  present  Govera- 

•  Maine  H.  S.  Coll.,  v.,.  110, 130, 131, 264,  265,  266 ;  Williamson,  i.,  5S2-5S6 ;  R.  I.  Kec,  iii., 
223,224;  N.  Y.  Deed.^,  viii.,75;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  391,  41 T,  513,  515,  05T  ;  ix.,910;  Col.  MSS., 
XXXV.,  36  ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  358,  359 ;  Coll.,  555,  55T;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxvii.,  ITS,  ISO, 
XXXV.,  156,  176;  Palfrey,  iii.,  523,  531 ;  ante,  310,  445,452,  463.  On  the  25th  of  July,  16S7, 
Slicriff  John  Knight  (anfr,  42S)  was  appointed  olerk  of  the  New  York  Common  Council  in 
place  of  West,  resigned  :  Min,  of  C.  C,  i.,  313. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOE.  469 

or,  ii  will  be  more  pleasing  than  to  be  joined  Avitli  any  otli-  cuap.ix. 
er  province."*  '  ~1fiS7~ 

A  curious  intercolonial  intrigue  now  followed.     Andros, 
who  had  just  come  from  London,  and  was  fully  acqiiainted 
with  the  king's  policy  about  JSTew  England,  did  all  he  could  * 
to  induce  Treat  and  the  other  chief  men  of  Connecticut  to 
submit  with  a  good  grace  to  his  government.     But  Dongan 
was  not  equally  well  aware  of  the  intentions  of  James  in 
regard  to  that  colony ;  at  all  events,  he  was  not  informed 
by  Andros,  who  regarded  his  royal  fellow-servant  and  suc- 
cessor in  the  government  of  New  York  with  personal  jeal-  Andros 
OTisy,  and  always  acted  toward  liim  with  extreme  official  re-  Don°g"  n? 
sers'e.    Both  governors  coveted  Connecticut.    Andros,  who, 
as  the  Duke  of  York's  deputy,  had  thought  it  a  part  of  New 
York,  was  how  anxious  that  it  should  be  a  part  of  New  En- 
gland ;  while  Dongan  sturdily  maintained  that  what  would 
have  been  advantageous  to  James  as  duke,  would  be  more 
advantageous  to  James  as  king.     Accordingly,  Dongan, 
with  less  light  than  Andros,  sent  Palmer  and  Graham  as  is  Aprii. 
commissioners  to  induce  the  people  of  Connecticut  to  sub-  senda*^ 
mit  to  the  government  of  New  York,  and  to  insure  them  of  and'o'ra- 
the  enjoyment  of  their  estates,  offices,  and  other  advan- oonnecti- 
tages.     Dongan  also  wrote  earnestly  to  Treat  in  the  same  21  Apiu. 
strain.  •  But  the  New  York  effort  did  not  succeed.    Palmer 
and  Graham,  although  commissioned  by  Dongan  to  repre- 
sent Ills  views,  appear  to  have  s}TTipathized  with  the  present 
designs  of  their  earlier  patron,  Andros.    They  wrote  to  him  5  May. 
from  New  Haven  that  they  found  the  leading  men  in  Con-  York  ^^ 
necticut  "  all  united  in  one  mind  that  it  was  their  only  in-  wh^  to 
•terest  to  be  joined  to  York,  and  they  did  expect  that  his  '^°'^''°^- 
Majesty  would  accordingly  dispose  of  them  that  way;  but 
they  were  so  foolishly  fond  of  their  charter  that  they  unan- 
imously agreed  to  be  passive  and  not  active  in  the  case; 
that  is,  they  would  never  surrender,  but  if  it  were  his  Maj- 
esty's pleasure  to  take  their  charter  from  them,  they  would 
submit  thereto."     And  then  the  New  York  agents  told  the 
governor  of  New  England  that  Treat  and  most  of  his  coun- 
cil were  on  his  side,  but  that  the  king  would  be  obliged  to 

•  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  222-22G,  375-3T0;  Mass.  H.  S.  Qoll.,  xviii.,  1S2,  23T,  23S ;  xxvii., 
163,  165,  166  ;  XXXV.,  14T;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  339;  Chalm;rs's  Ann.,  i.,  279,  29S,  306,  307; 
Palfrey,  ui. ,  537,  538 ;  anle,  452. 


470  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cnAp.  IX.  proceed  to  judgment  against  the  Connecticut  cliarter;  and 
~  that  as  "Whiting,  the  agent  of  the  colony  at  London,  had . 
Duplicity  3^^*  written  "  that  it  was  the  discourse  at  Wliitehall  that  all 
Hnd  Gra"   *^  *^^®  Westward  of  Connecticut"  [probably  meaning  the 
ham.       'Connecticut  Hiver]  "■v's-ill  be  joined  to  New  York,"  and  as 
"  the  rest  is  not  w'orth  desiring,"  it  w^ould  be  Andros's  "  in- 
terest to  make  Court  at  home  for  accomplishing  the  mat- 
ter."    This  "  matter"  was  the  annexation  of  Connecticut  to 
ISTew  England  rather  than  to  New  York,  which  the  trusted 
agents  of  Dongan  thus  furtively  advised  Andros  to  "ac- 
12  May.     complish."     The  Connecticut  Court  left  its  "  emergent  oc- 
casions" in  the  hands  of  Treat  and  six  others.     Treat  ac- 

12  May.     cordiugly  replied  to  Dongan  "  that  the  matter  is  in  his 
reply  to     Majcsty's  liaiids ;"  but  that,  if  a  new  disposition  was  to  be 

ongan.    j^g^^g^  a  ^^  ^^  earnestly  request  that  bur  whole  Colony  or 
Province  may  together  be  annexed  to  such  government  as 
his  Majesty  shall  see  fit ;  for  a  dividing  of  it  will  be  very 
23  May.     prejudicial."     On  their  returii  to  New  York,  Palmer  and 
nnd"Gra-    Graham  reported  to  the  council  "that  the  people  of  Con- 
port'to"^^'   necticut  are  obstinate  not  to  surrender  to  the  king."     Don- 
2T°aiT^"     g^'Ji)  however,  informed  Lord  Sunderland  that  Palmer  and 
Sport  to*    Graham  had  told  him  that  they  had  prevailed  on  the  Con- 
necticut Assembly  to  write  him  a  letter,  in  which  "  they 
signified  their  submission,"  and  asked  him  to  g&t  them 
"  firmly  annexed"  to  the  government  of  New  York ;  and 
that  this  letter  was  "  ready  to  be  signed,  having  the  unani- 
mous approbation  of  the  whole.     But  before  that  Could  be 
done,  some  of  their  clergy  came  among  them,  and  quite 
overthrew  all  they  had  done ;  telling  them  that  to  whatev- 
er government  they  should  be  joined  it  would  be  a  grievous 
affliction.  '^'  *  *  With  these,  and  such-  like  contrary  ex- 
pressions, the  Assembly  was  wrought  npon  to  let  sending 
that  letter  alone."* 

13  June.        Andros,  on  his  side,  again  urged  Connecticut  to  surren- 

der its  charter  as  a  "  duty  to  his  Majesty."     John  Saffin, 

the  last  speaker  of  the  late  General  Court  of  Massachusetts, 

n  June,     also  wa'ote  to  Secretary  AUyn  that  all  British  America  be- 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  235,  236,  396,  415,  416;  Col.  MSS.,  xx.^v.,  5S,  61,  64,  73 ;  Hutch.  Coll.,  55G; 
R.  I.  Rec,  iii,,  223,  224;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  227-236,  368-370,  379-381,  384;  Palfrey,  iii., 
639,  540,  541 ;  ante^  280,  285,  4(54.  The  Connecticut  Records  do  not  allude  to  thi.s  mission  of 
Palmer  and  Graham  from  Ne\r  York.  Mr.  Pnlfrcy  (iii.,  539)  wondrously  muddle.^  lii.-tory  by 
intimating  that  DonganVs  .igcnta  were  salt  by  A  iidivs  from  Boston  ! 


Lord  f?un 
derland 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  471 

tween  Carolina  and  Canada  Would  soon  "  be  brought  under  a  chap.  ix. 
more  immediate  dependency  and  subjection  to  his  Majesty"       ^ 
by  the  abrogation  of  all  charters ;  that,  whatever  might  hap-  connecti- 
pen  in  England,  "matters  will  never  be  againe  iii  statu  quo  to*ubmu 
here,  in  each  respective  colony ;"  and  that  if  Connecticut  *"  ^'"^'■°~'- 
adhered  "  to  the  West,"  or  New  York, "  you  are  an  undone 
people,  for  there  you  part  with  your  best  friends."     But 
AUyn  cautiously  wrote  back  to  Andros  that  the  Connecti-  is  June, 
cut  Court  had  "  resolved  to  continue  in  the  Station  they 
are  in,  'till  his  Majesty's  pleasure  be  made  known  to  them 
for  a  change,"  which  would  "  readily  be  submitted  unto."* 

By  a  cm'ious  coincidence.  Lord  Sunderland,  that  same 
day,  laid  before  the  king  a  report  of  his  Plantation  Com-  is  June. 
mittee  on  the  Connecticut  letter  of  the  26th  of  January. 
This  report — incautiously  assuming  that  letter  to  express,  Error  of 
by  its  promise  to  "  submit"  to  the  royal  commands  a  sur-  giuh  gov- 
render  of  the  charter,  and  also  a  desire  to  be  annexed  to  ab^™tThe 
New  England  rather  than  to  New  York  —  recommended  slon"™*' 
that  Andros  should  be  instructed  to  signify  his  majesty's  cut!°"''' 
acceptance  of  the  "  dutiful  submission"  of  Connecticut ;  to 
take  the  colony  under  his  government ;  and  to  swear  Treat 
and  Allyn  in  the  council  of  New  England.     James  at  once 
approved  his  committee's  I'eport ;  and  Lord  Sunderland  was 
ordered  to  give  the  proper  directions  to  Andros.     This  ac- 
tion was  taken  in  too  great  confidence.     All  fm-ther  pro- 
ceedings on  the  Quo  Warranto  were  dropped,  in  spite  of 
Randolph's  advice  that  a  legal  judgment  on  the  writ  was  Randoiph'3 
"  absolutely  necessary,"  as  much  in  the  case  of  Connecti-  heeded. 
cut  as  it  had  been  in  that  of  Massachusetts.     It  was  an  er- 
ror—like that  into  which  gentlemen  sometimes  fall  when 
dealing  with  shai'pers.f 

Ignorant  of  this  action  at  Whitehall,  Dongan  again  urged  s  septem. 
Lord  Sunderland  to  have  Connecticut  and  the  Jerseys  join-  ag^n*" 
ed  to  New  York,  because  he  thought  that  the  addition  of  any  suider- 
part  of  Connecticut  to  Massachusetts  would  be  "  the  most  co'lmectr 
unproportionable  thing  in  the  world,  they  having  already  a  '^"'* 
hundred  times  more  land,  riches  and  people  than  this  Prov- 
ince, and  yet  the  charge  of  this  government  more  than  that," 

•  Col.  Eec.  Conn.,  iii.,  237,  3S1-383;  Mass.  Eec,  v.,  514;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxviL,  177; 
Hutch.  Coll.,  55(3 ;  Dalrj-mple,  ii.,  90. 

t  Ma88.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxii.,  297,  29S;  Chnlmera's  Ann.,  i.,  29S,  305-310;  CoL  Kec.  Conn., 
ill,  377, 37S,  3Si,  3S5,  470 ;  Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  No.  9,  p.  47 ;  wUe,  468. 


472  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cnAp.  IX.  which  had  "  a  vast  advantage"  by  the  recent  annexation  of 
Pemaquid.     The  next  month,  on  hearing  that  Treat  and 
IbbY.  jtjiy^  i^ad  written  to  London  their  wish  that  Connecticut 
4 October,  "might  be  added  to  Boston,"  Dongan  bluntly  expressed  to 
piwrthe'  the  Hartford  Court  his  "  great  surprise"  at  the  weak  or  the 
Trearan°d  dcccltful  couduct  of  tlicir  governor  and  their  secretary ; 
^"^°'       and — yet  in  the-  dark  about  what  had  been  done  in  En- 
gland— pressed  the  Connecticut  legislatoi-s  to  join  their  col- 
ony to  New  York.     When,  at  length,  the  whole  truth  was 
revealed,  Dongan,  with  Celtic  impulsiveness,  told  Lord  Sun- 
derland that  Connecticut  had  been  taken  from  "  the  bul- 
wark to  Boston,"  and  been  added  to  New  England,  "  by  the 
fraud"  of  Treat  and  Allyn, "  unknown  to  the  rest  of  the 
The  people  General  Court ;  and,  for  one  that  wishes  it  as  it  is,  there  is 
ticut"Jf8h  a  hundred  in  that  colony  that  desires  it  were  annexed  to 
nexed  to""'  the  Govemmeut  of  N.  Yorke."     Dongan  wrote  lionestly ; 
New  York.  ^^^^  j^^  ^.^  ^^^  £^^ll^  kuow  the  uiiud  of  his  sovereign  in 

England.* 

As  soon  as  he  received  his  "  effectual  orders"  from  James, 
22  octoiber.  Audros  left  Boston  with  several  of  his  council,  and  some 
uartford.   sixty  grcuadicrs  as  his  guard ;  and,  traveling  by  way  of 
Providence,  New  London,  and  Wethersfield,  reached  Hart- 
ford, "  where  he  was  received  with  all  respect  and  welcome 
congratulation,"  and  was  "greeted  and  caressed"  by  the 
governor  and  assistants  qf  Connecticut,     A  General  Court 
31  October,  of  the  colouy.  Specially  summoned  by  Treat,  was  in  session, 
and  there  was  "  some  treaty  between  his  Excellency  and 
them  that  evening."     It  is  related,  upon  "  tradition,"  that 
Treat  remonstrated  against  the  surrender  of  the  charter; 
Andros  se-  aiid  it  is  Said  that  after  Andros  had  secured  one  of  the 
cinMctf.   copies  of  the  instrument,  the  lights  were  "  blown  out,"  and 
tei' anT    that  Lieutcuant  Joseph  Wadsworth  secretly  carried  off "  the 
^rth"it8    dupHcate"  from  the  table,  and  hid  it  in  a  large  hollow  oak 
cMe."''     tree.     No  contemporary  writing,  liowever,  mentions  this 
alleged  occurrence.     Andros  himself  does  not  appear  to 
have  observed  it ;  and  Secretary  Allyn,  in  his  own  hand- 
writing, closed  the  old  records  of  the  colony  with  the  fol- 
lowing entry :  "  His  Excellency  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  Kniglit, 
Captain  General  and  Governor  of  His  Majesty's  Territory 

•  C;ol.  Doc,  iii.,  429,  511 ;  Col.  Kec.  Conn.,  iii.,  3S6,  .^8".     New  England  writers  seem  to 
have  ehtinned  or  obscured  this  detail :  Eee  Palfrey,  iii.,  541, 542. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  473 

and  Dominion  in. New  England,  by  order  from  his  Majesty  cqap.ix. 

James  the  Second,  Kinsr  of  Eno-land,  Scotland,  France  and  ~~~ 

1  fiS7 
Ireland,  the  31st  of  October,  1687,  took  into  his  hands  the  31  October. 

Government  of  this  Colony  of  Connecticut,  it  being  by  his  ^^esThe 

Maiesty  annexed  to  the  Massachusetts  and  other  Colony s  govem- 

J        ■/  J     ment  of 

under  His  Excellency's  Government.     FINIS."     Thus  did  connecti- 
Andros — according  to  Puritan  notions — "commit  a  rape  hands, 
on  a  whole  colony."* 

The  next  morning  Andros  was  conducted  by  the  offi-iNovem. 
cers  of  the  late  Corporation  of  Connecticut  to  its  "  public 
Court-house"  at  Hartford,  attended  by  the  royal  counselors 
Stoughton,  Mason,  "Winthrop,  Usher,  Pynchon,  Gedney,  and 
Tyng,  who  had  accompanied  him  from  Boston.     Suspect- 
ing no  duplicity  respecting  the  actual  surrender  of  the  Andros-a 
Connecticut  charter,  the  governor  general  had  his  commis-  mfssion°™' 
sion  publicly  read,  and  then  swore  the  complacent  Treat  [Sy  Fn  " 
and  AUyn  into  office  as  royal  counselors  of  New  England.  ^X  a^nd " 
After  establishing  royal  courts  in  Connecticut  without  any  sekTrl*^"""' 
opposition,  Andros  crossed  from  New  London  to  Newport,  ^^°™' 
where  the  old  seal  of  Rhode  Island  was  broken,  and  his 
unquestioned  authority  was  acknowledged.     At  last  the 
dominion  of  James  the  Second  was  supreme  throughout 
New  England.     A  post-route — which  had  been  originally  23  Novem. 
suggested  by  Lovelace  and  urged  by  Dongan — was  soon  in  New  ko- 
afterward  arranged  by  Andros  between  Boston  and  Stam-  ^  '"^ 

*  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  24S,  249,  3ST-390,  450;  Trumbull,  i.,  371,  372;  Holmes,  i.,  421; 
Bancroft,  ii.,  430;  Arnold,  i.,  504,  506;  Palfrey,  ia,  541-543, 545;  Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  No.  9, 
p.  47, 43.  Chalmers  (writing  in  1780,  eleven  years  before  Trmnbull)  states  that  the  Con- 
necticut charter  was  carefully  concealed  "in  a  venerable  elm,"  at  the  time  that  the  "s?<6- 
mission"  letter  of  26  January,  1GS7,  ivas  written :  Annals,  i.,  298,  306;  ante,  463.  The  tree 
in  which  Trumbull  (L,  371)  says  that  Wadsworth  hid  the  charter  on  31  October,  16S7,  stood 
in  front  of  the  house  of  Samuel  Willys,  and  was  long  known  as  "  The  Charter  Oak,"  until 
it  was  blown  down,  in  a  great  storm,  on  the  morning  of  21  August,  1S56 :  Holmes,  i.,  422 ; 
Hist.  JIag.,  i.,  4,  5 ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  542.  In  May,  1715,  the  Connecticut  Court  granted  Wade- 
worth  "  the  sum  of  Twenty  shillings,"  in  consideration  of  his  gbod  service,  "especially  in  se- 
curing the  duplicate  charter,  in  a  veiy  troublesome  season,  when  our  constitution  was  struck 
at,  aiul  in  safely  keejnng  a7jd  2ireserving  the  same  ever  since,  unto  this  day:"  JIS.  Conn.  Rec, 
quoted  by  Palfrey,  iii.,  543.  According  to  Doctor  Stiles,  Nathaniel  Stanley  took  one  copy 
of  the  charter,  and  John  Talcot  the  other,  when  the  lights  were  "blown  out"  in  the  Hart- 
ford Meeting-house.  One  of  these  documents  is  now  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State 
of  Connecticut ;  and  a  fragment  of  the  other  is  in  the  Library  of  the  Historical  Society  at 
Hartford,  "  having  been  obtained  from  a  tailor  to  whom  it  had  been  given,  or  sold  :"  Pal- 
frey, iii.,  543.  Considering  that  Wadsworth  appears  to  have  safely  kept  '■'■the  duplicate" 
in  his  possession  until  1715,  it  looks  as  if  he  secured  it  in  January,  1687  (at  the  time  stated 
by  Chalmers),  and  that  the  original,  which  was  so  ostentatiously  "  brought  into  the  Court" 
on  15  June,  1687  (after  Wadsworth  had  "secured"  the  duplicate),  was  the  one  of  which  it  is 
supposed  that  Andros  "  obtained  possession"  in  October  of  the  same  year :  compare  Col. 
Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  23S;  Palfrey,  iii.,  539,  545.  Chalmers  and  Palfrey— the  earliest  and  the 
latest  printed  authorities — make  me  skeptical  about  the  traditionary  stories  of  Stiles  or 
Trumbull,  so  rii-iterated  in  New  England  Common  School  books. 


4:74  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IX.  ford,  Oil  tlie  border  of  Kew  York,  upon  which  John  Perry 
was  appointed  to  carry  a  monthly  mail  as  the  deputy  of  the 
''  provincial  postmaster  Randolph.* 
Dongan  a       Of  ^11  the  British  colonial  governors  of  New  York,  Don- 
vorker/^^^  gan  was  perhaps  most  truly  a  "  New  Yorker."     He  seemed . 
to  have  identified  himself  with  her  hereditary  catholicity 
in  religion,  and  her  comprehensiveness  in  secular  affairs. 
Learning  that  Lamberville  had  urged  the  Onondagas  to 
meet  the  governor  of  Canada  at  Cataracouy,  he  forbade 
T  April,     them  to  go  there,  and  ordered  the  Jesuit  to  come  to  New 
0  June.      York.     Not  long  afterward,  it  was  further  ordered  in  coun- 
cil that  the  French  should  not  be  allowed  to  hunt  "  toward 
Schuylkill  and  the  Susquehanna."     "When  it  was  ascertain- 
ed that  Denonville  really  meant  to  attack  the  New  York  Iro- 
The  sene-  quois,  the  Seiiccas,  warned  by  Dongan,  recalled  their  war- 
the  protec-  parties  fi'om  Ohio  and  Yirginia,  and  sent  delegates  to  Alba- 
''"coriaer."  ny  to  ask  help  from  "  Corlaer."     The  Indian  commissioners 
there  made  the  savages  large  presents  of  ammunition,  but 
declined  to  send  European  soldiers  to  aid  them  in  repuls- 
ing the  Canadians.     As  they  went  sadly  home,  the  Seneca 
ambassadors  replied, "  Since  we  are  to  expect  no  other  as- 
sistance from  our  Brethren,  we  must  recommend  our  wives 
and  our  children  to  you,  who  will  fly  to  you  if  any  misfor- 
tune shall  happen  to  us."t 

But  while  Dongan  was  thus  striving  to  hinder  the  French 
from  interfering  with  the  Iroquois,  whom  he  graphically 
described  as  "  the  bulwark"  between  New  York  and  Cana- 
da, his  sovereign  at  Whitehall  was  paralyzing  his  well- 
meant  zeal.  The  politics  of  Europe  again  swayed  the  in- 
janieaand  tercsts  of  America.  Louis,  troubled  by  the  condition  of 
affairs  in  Canada,  sent  the  Count  D'xYvaux  to  London  "  on 
purpose"  to  settle  the  boundaries  between  it  and  Hudson's 

*  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  390,  391,  393,  397,  398,  438,  439, 44G ;  Arnold,  i.,  505,  506 ;  Palfrey, 
iii.,  536,  543-548 ;  Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  ix.,  47,  48;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxvii.,  178;  Col.  MSS., 
xxxiii.,  261;  Chalmers,  i.,  298,  463;  an/e,  196-198,  413,  434.  There  is  much  curious  and 
Hovel  Information  about  Boston  and  its  neighborhood,  in  the  autumn  and  winter  of  16S7,  in 
a  pamphlet  entitled  "  Report  of  a  French  Protestant  Refugee,"  privately  printed  by  Mr.  J. 
Carson  Brevoort,  of  Brooklyn,  L.  I.,  in  1S68.  Among  other  things,  the  writer  says, "  You 
may  also  own  Negroes  and  Negresses ;  there  is  not  a  house  in  Boston,  however  small  may 
be  its  means,  that  has  not  one  or  two."  *  *  "■  Negroes  cost  from  twenty  to  forty  Pistoles,  ac- 
cording as  they  are  skillful  or  robust :"  Report,  etc.,  p.  20 ;  compare  aiite,  337.  A  list  of 
the  inhabitants  of  Boston  in  16S7  has  recently  been  published  by  the  Prince  Society  as  an 
appendix  to  John  Dunton's  Letters. 

t  Col.  MSS.,  XXXV.,  54,  55,  60,  60  ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  393,  440;  ix.,  325 ;  Golden,  i.,  78,  86; 
Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  144;  Chailevoix,  ii.,  34S;  Penn.  Col.  Rec,  i.,  202;  aji(«,  442. 


THOMAS  DOKGAN,  GOVERNOR.  475 

Bay  on  the  north,  and  New  York  on  the  south.  But  this  chap.  ix. 
was  found  to  be  "  a  thing  which  it  was  not  possible  to  de- 
cide."  Yet,  to  make  the  union  of  James  with  Louis  "  more 
perfect,"  the  British  ministers  proposed  a  Treaty  of  Neu- 
trality, which  should  be  observed  by  the  subjects  of  both 
crowns  in  America.  James  therefore  empowered  his 
Chancellor  Jeffreys  and  others  to  arrange  the  details  with 
Barillon,  the  representative  of  Louis.  A  treaty  was  ac-  1686. 
cordino;ly  sio-ned  at  Wliitehall,  by  wliixih  it  was  agreed  that  M  No^em. 

O  J        &  5     ./  &  WhitehiiU 

there  should  be  peace  and  good  correspondence  between  Treaty  of 

Neutrality 

the  subjects  of  both  kings  in  America;  that  those  subjects  in  North 
should  not  assist  the  "wild  Lidians"  with  whom  either 
king  might  be  at  war;  that  those  of  the  one  should  not 
fish  or  trade  in  the  territories  of  the  other ;  that  unlicensed 
privateers  should  be  punished  as  pirates ;  and  that,  notwith- 
standing any  breach  between  their  sovereigns  in  Europe,  a 
firm  peace  and  neutrality  should  be  maintained  between 
English  and  French  subjects  in  America.     The  ministers 
of  Louis  foresaw  "  that  if  the  King  of  England  should  arm 
and  commission  his  subjects  in  New  England,  the  French- 
men in  those  parts  could  not  stand  before  them."     It  was 
not  pretended,  on  tlie  part  of  James,  that  the  L'oquois  were 
his  subjects, "  and  not  a  single  word  was  said  about  it." 
In  this  remarkable  treaty  the  French  king  gained  a  great  Effect  of 
advantage  over  his  English  brother,  who  thus  sacrificed  to  of  NeJitrau 
his  "  mistaken  politics"  those  noblest  of  native  American  *'^' 
tribes  who  had  so  long  been  "  a  mighty  wall  against  the 
irruptions  of  the  Canadians."     Copies  of  it,  in  English  and 
Latin,  were  sent  to  Dongan  by  the  Privy  Council,  with  or- 
ders to  cause  it  to  be  "  duly  observed  and  executed."* 

As  soon  as  it  was  received  at  New  York  the  Neutrality  1687. 
Treaty  was  published.     Dongan  also  dispatched  Anthony  s  June. 
L'Espinard,  of  Albany,  with  a  copy  of  it  to  Denonville,  M  J""^- 
whom  he  requested  to  avoid  any  correspondence  with  the  notifies 
New  York  Indians  "  of  this  side  of  the  Great  Lake ;"  and  viue.  ' 
that,  as  he  was  "  daily  expecting  religious  men  from  En- 
gland," whom  he  intended  to  put  among  the  Five  Na- 

*  Clarke's  James  U.,  ii.,  93,  94;  Charlevoix,  iii.,  340,341;  Shea's  Charlevoix,  iii.,  273; 
Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,6S9;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,3SS,  393,  4T6,50S;  iv., 109,  210;  ix.,  322,  330, 914, 
915;  Sylvius,  xxiv.,  4;  Corps  Dip.,  vii.  (ii.),  141;  Anderson  on  Commerce,  ii.,  575,  576, 
577;  Hohnes,  i.,4iS;  Grahame,  i.,  435;  Bancroft,  ii.,  425;  Force's  Tracts,  iv..  No.  11,  p.  9; 
ante,  460.  Smith,  i.,  7S,  nnfc,  errs  In  stating  that  this  treaty  made  the  Indian  trade  in 
America  ^'■free  to  the  English  and  Erencli."    It  did  just  the  reverse:  Garneau,  i.,  262. 


476  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

cnAp.  IX.  tions,  he  asked  tliat  Lamberville  should  be  ordered,  as  long 
~77Zir  as  he  staid  with  those  Indians,  to  "  meddle  only  with  the 
'  •  affairs  belonging  to  his  function."* 

Louis  had  meanwhile  sent  a  copy  of  the  Whitehall  Neu- 
5Febv.  trality  Treaty  to  Denonville,  with  orders  to  "execute  it  ex- 
actly." He  also  approved  the  proposed  expedition  against 
Louu '^'''''  ^^®  Iroquois,  and  directed  that  all  prisoners  who  might  be 
.^gain  or-  taken  from  them,  in  obedience  to  his  order  to  De  la  Barre 
quois  cap-  of  31  July,  1684,  should  be  sent  to  France,  to  serve  "  in  the 

tives  to  be  -,,  ,,       rr\i         -r-i       t   i 

sent  to  hjs  galleys."  I  he  English  were  not  to  be  attacked;  but  if 
Dongan  should  not  obey  his  instructions  to  execute  "the 
Treaty  of  Neutrality,"  his  conduct  was  to  be  reported,  so 
that  "his  Majesty  may  demand  his  recall  from  the  King 
of  England."! 

May  With  these  dispatches  came  a  re-enforcement  of  eie-ht 

Vaudfeuil    -i  -,       -,  -r^  •,  -,  ,,  ^ 

in  Canada,  liundrcd  1  rcuch  regulars,  under  the  command  of  Philippe 
de  Kigaud,  Chevalier  de  Yaudreuil,  an  accomplished  sol- 
dier, wlio  had  distinguished  himself  at  Yalenciennes.     A 
8  June,      camp  had  meanwhile  been  formed  near  Montreal,  in  which 
were  assembled  eighteen  hundred  regular  soldiers  and  mi- 
litia, one  hundred  voyageurs,  and  three  hundred  domiciled 
Iroquois,  among  whom  were  the  Oneida  Garonhiague,  and 
Denon-  •  Kryu, "  the  Great  Mohawk."     Denonville  took  the  chief 
pedition     command,  assisted  by  Callieres  and  Yaudreuil.     The  army, 
>feTYoi-k^  accompanied  by  the  Jesuit  fathers  Bruyas  and  Yaillant, 
went  up  to  Cataracouy,  where  Millet  was  now  stationed  as 
chaplain  and  interpreter.     In  the  mean  time  a  number  of 
Iroquois  chiefs  had  come  there,  at  the  invitation  of  Lam- 
irpqtiois    berville,  to  confer  with  the  governor  of  Canada.     These 
catara-      wcrc  scizcd  by  Champigny,  the  intendant,  and  bound  fast 
llnlto^     to  stakes  in  the  fort ;  whence,  with  some  others  captured 
on  the  Saint  Lawrence,  making  in  all  fifty  "able-bodied 
men,"  they  were  sent  down' to  Quebec  and  quickly  era- 
barked  for  France,  in  obedience  to  the  king's  reiterated  or- 
ders.    Among  these  American  prisoners  was  Oreouate  or 
Tawerahet,  the  Cayuga  chief  who  had  driven  the  Father 
Carheil  out  of  that  canton  three  years  before.     The  capture 

*Col.  MSS.,xxxiii.,U2;  xxxy.,67;  Col.  Doc, iii.,  405, 4GT-472, 487 ;  ix.,3S0;  Doc.  Hist., 
i.,14.'');  Munsell's  Alb.  Ann.,  ii.,  100;  ante,  442.  By  L'Espinard,  Dongan  sent  to  Denon- 
ville "•some  oranges,  hearing  they  are  a  rarity  in  your  partes;"  but  the  marquis  replied 
that  "  it  was  a  great  pity  that  they  should  have  been  all  rotten"  before  they  reached  Mon- 
treal :  Col.  Doc,  iii..  4G5,  472. 

t  CoL  Doc,  iii.,  4S7 ;  ix.,  233,  313-323,  330;  Charlevobc,  ii.,  320,  240, 341 ;  ante,  .070,406. 


THOMAS  DOXGAN,  GOVERNOR.  477 

of  these  lavages  was  the  weakest  treachery  ever  ventured  chap.  ix. 
by  a  governor  of  Canada.     Its  first  effect  was  to  jeopard         ^ 
the  life  of  Lamberville,  who  remained  at  his  post,  uncon-j^^^gj..' 
scions  of  Denonville's  perfidy.     When  the  news  from  Cata-  ^^nger. 
racony  reached  Onondaga,  its  "  Ancients"  summoned  their 
"  Dawning  of  the  day"  into  their  council,  and,  full  of  just 
indignation,  told  him  what  "  Onnontio"  had  done.      But, 
while  "  Tieorensere"  awaited  his  death-stroke,  which  ap- 
peared inevitable,  an  old  Onondaga,  through  the  influence 
of  Garakontie,  thus  addressed  him :  "  We  have  every  right 
to  treat  thee  as  an  enemy ;  but  we  cannot  resolve  to  do  so. 
We  know  thee  too  well  not  to  be  assured  that  thy  heart 
hath  had  no  part  in  the  treason  thou  hast  done  against  us ; 
and  we  are  not  unjust  enough  to  punish  thee  for  a  crime 
of  which  we  believe  thee  to  be  innocent,  which  thou  dost, 
no  doubt,  detest  as  much  as  we,  and  for  having  been  the  in- 
strument of  which,  we  are  convinced  that  thou  art  in  de- 
spair.    Yet  it  is  not  proper  for  thee  to  remain  here.     Oth- 
ers would  not,  perhaps,  do  thee  the  justice  which  we  do : 
-=-and  when  once  our  young  men  shall  have  sung  the  war 
song,  they  will  see  in  thee  only  a  traitor,  who  hath  betray- 
ed our  chiefs  into  a  harsh  and  degrading  slavery,  and  they 
will  listen  only  to  their  fury,  from  which  we  shall  not  be 
able  to  save  thee."     With  these  words  the  great-hearted 
sachems  of  Onondaga  dismissed  the  trembling  Jesuit,  andxiiejesm* 
ordered  trusty  guides  to  conduct  him  "  through  by-paths"  dSssed 
toward  Cataracouy ;  who  never  quit  "  Tieorensere"  until  he  quoisf  ^^ 
was  beyond  all  danger.     Thus  the  French  missions  among 
the  Iroquois  were  closed  by  an  act  of  the  Canadian  gov- 
ernor, the  insanity  of  which  was  hardly  relieved  by  the 
self-denying  virtues  of  those  faithful  devotees  who  had 
labored  so  long  to  spread  Christianity  through  Western 
K'ewYork.* 

Denonville,  on  reaching  Cataracouy,  where  he  was  in-  f  §  Jane.  ; 
formed  by  Lamberville  of  the  result  of  his  folly,  sent  back 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  431,  433,  453;  ix.,  2S4,  298,  324-334,  35S-363,  402,  925;  La  Potherie,i., 
332  ;  iii.,  57,  62;  La  Hontan,  1,  90-95;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  342-346,  3.50,  424;  Shea's  Charle- 
voix, iii.,  2T5-27S,  2S2,  283;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.  (ii.),  153,  154,  165-1T2;  Pinkerton,  xiii., 
'  290,291;  Colden,  i.,  78,  T9;  Shea'3  Colden,  97, 13S ;  Garaeau,i.,  261 ;  She.Vs  Missions,  309, 
315,  317;  Bancroft,  ii.,  423 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  134, 146  ;  ante,  236,  377,  403,  442,  474.  There  is 
an  interesting  account  of  the  galleys  to  which  Louis  condemned  the  Iroquois  in  the  London 
Quarterly  Review  of  July,  1S66,  p.  39-04,  and  another  in  the  Edinburgh  Review  of  July, 
1863,  p.  86-120. 


478  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  IX.  to  Onondaga  the  imprisoned  son  and  the  brother  of  Grande- 
~  Gueule,  or  "  Hotre-houati,"  whom  it  was  important  to  con- 
24  June     ciliatc.     The  French  expedition  then  proceeded  along  the 
Tju^.      south  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  so  as  to  keep  the  Iroquois 
doubtful  which  of  their  nations  was  to  be  attacked.     Aft- 
30  June,    er  a  week's  coasting  it  landed  at "  Ganniag-atorontagouat," 
TheFrench-^^*  what  is  uow  Called  "  Irondequoit  Bay,"  in  Monroe  Coun- 
''*oiMn^'  *3^'  ^^^  literal  meaning  of  which,  in  English,  appears  to  be 
New  York.  "  an  opening  from  the  Lake."     There  Denonville  was  join- 
ed by  the  French  and  Indian  auxiliaries  under  Tonty,  La, 
Durantaye,  and  Du  Lhut,  who  had  been  ordered  thither 
from  the  West.*     While  coming  from  Lake  Huron,  early 
in  May,  about  twenty  leagues  below  Michilimackinac,  La 
Durantaye  met  Dongan's  trading  party,  which  had  set  out 
from  Allbany  the  previous  September,  mider  the  command 
of  Captain  Rooseboom.     It  consisted  of  twenty-nine  Chris- 
Kngiiah     tians,  three  Mohawks,  and  two  Mahicans,  who  were  at 
teken  pris-  oucc  made  prisoners,  and  their  goods,  which  would  have 
theFrench.  bouglit  eight  tliousaud  beavcrs,  were  pillaged.    Below  Fort 
Saint  Joseph,  at  "  the  Detroit  of  Lake  Erie,"  Du  Lhut,  who 
had  been  joined  by  Tonty,  soon  afterward  seized  MacGrego- 
rie  and  his  later  company  of  twenty-nine  Christians,  six  In- 
dians, and  eight  prisoners.    Both  these  captured  New  York 
expeditions  were  brought  to  Niagara,  and  then  to  Ironde- 
quoit Bay,  where  they  were  delivered  to  the  French  gov- 
Jj-  July,    ernor.     By  Denonville's  order,  the  young  La  Fontaine  Ma- 
ti1ne°Ma-   riou,  wlio  had  accompanied  Captain  Rooseboom's  troop, 
"y°rde°rof  was  shot  to  death  as  a  Canadian  deserter,  in  conformity 
vml^'      with  the  edicts  of  Louis,  notwithstanding  he  had  a  pass 
from  Dongan.     The  rest  of  the  prisoners  were  sent  to  Ca- 
taracouy,  and  thence  to  Montreal.! 

•  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  255,  2C1,  32T,  362-364,  402;  Barber  and  Howe's  Coll.,  265;  N.  Y.  H.  S. 
Coll.  (ii.),  ii.,  176.  After  being  appointed  governor  of  Louisiana  (ante^  40G),  La  Salle  sailed 
from  Rochelle  for  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  on  24  July,  16S4,  and  on  20  March,  16ST,  was 
murdered  by  some  of  his  followers  not  far  from  the  present  town  of  Washington,  in  Texas. 
In  February,  1686,  Tonty  went  "down  the  Mississippi  in  search  of  La  Salle;  and,  on  his  re- 
turn to  Montreal  in  July,  was  sent  by  Denonville  to  bring  down  the  Illinois  in  the  rear  of 
the  Iroquois,  which  he  did :  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  300,  301, 315,  316,  323, 327,  331, 332,  339,  303, 364; 
Hist.  Coll.  Louisiana,  i.,  67-70,  85-144,  214-220;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  2S8-333;  Charlevoix, 
ii.,  347,  348;  La  Potherie,  ii.,  1!13-198;  Sparks's  La  Salle,  119-159,  204;  Shea's  Discovery, 
185-213 ;  Shea's  Cliarlevoix,  iii.,  270-281 ;  Bancroft,  iii.,  16S-1T3. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  430,  431, 484, 436,  437,  438,  4T6,  483,  489 ;  v.,  731 ;  ix.,  224,  275,  300,  336, 
337,  339, 348, 362-364,  3S3, 1023 ;  Hist.  Coll.  Lou.,  i.,  69 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.  (ii.),  172-176, 
190 ;  La  Potherie,  ii.,  200-207 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  352,  ,353 ;  Shea's  Charlevoix,  iii.,  284,  286 ;  La 
Hontan,  i.,  95,  90, 97  ;  Pinkerton,  xiii,  2!l2,  293;  Coldcn,  i.,  80;  Smith,  i.,  79;  Garneau,  i., 
262 ;  Holgate,  91 ;  anir,  121,  40Q,  429, 4.12,  443,  444. 


THOMAS  DON^GAN,  GOVERNOR.  479 

Having  palisaded  their  encampment — which  was  appro-  chat,  ix. 
priatelj  named  "  The  Fort  of  the  Sands,"  and  garrisoned 
by -four  hundred  men  under  D'OrviUiers  —  the  French  ^j^^^' 
pushed  southward  along  the  east  shore  of  Irondequoit  Bay,  penonviiia 
through  the  superb'"  oak  openings"  of  Monroe  and  Ontario  theseneca 
Counties,  which  allowed  them  to  march  in  three  columns.  Ne^7York. 
"Wood-rangers  and  savages  formed  the  van  and  rear  guards, 
while  the  regulars  and  the  Canadian  militia  were  in  the 
centre.     After  passing  two  defiles  the  expedition  reached  fa  J"'y- 
a  third,  near  the  Seneca  village  of  "  Kohoseraghe,"  or  Gan- 
nagaro,  or  Saint  James,  not  far  from  what  is  now  Vic- 
tor, in  Ontario  County.     The  Senecas  had  meanwhile  sent 
away  their  women,  children,  and  old  men  to  Cayuga,  and 
to  a  lake — probably  the  Canandaigua — "  to  the  southward 
of  their  castles."     About  five  hundred — among  whom  were 
several  women  who  would  not  leave  their  husbands — re- 
mained in  an  ambuscade  near  Gannagaro,  and,  as  the  Battle  near 
French  came  confidently  on,  received  them  with  a  war-ro!    "^" 
whoop  and  a  fire  of  musketry.     The  European  regulars, 
unused  to  warfare  with  the  American  savages,  were  thrown 
into  disorder  mitil  their  Ottawa  auxiliaries  repulsed  the 
Senecas,  who  left  nearly  thirty  dead  on  the  field.     The  in- 
vaders had  eleven  killed  and  as  many  wounded,  among 
whom  was  the  Father  John  Enjalran,  who  had  come  down 
from   his   Ottawa   mission  with   La  Durantaye's   party.     . 
Among  the  slain  was  the  famous  Oneida  chief  Garonhi- 
ague,  or  La  Cendre  Chaude,  who  had  led  the  first  Iroquois     • 
emigration  to  Canada,  and  became  a  catechist  at  tlie  Sault 
Saint  Louis.     Instead  of  pushing  on,  as  their  Indian  allies 
advased,  the  French  halted  on  the  battle-field.     The  next 
day  they  marched  triumphantly  into  the  deserted  and  burn-  ^^  j„iy. 
ed  village  of  Gannagaro.     Two  old  Senecas,  who  had  been 
left  behind,  were  shrived  by  the  Father  Bruyas,  and  then 
cooked  and  eaten  by  the  French  savages.     All  the  maize 
that  could  be  found  was  destroyed.     Gandagarae,  or  Saint  Gandaga- 
Michael,  was  next  visited  in  the  same  manner.     The  in-  '^'"'' 
vaders  then  moved  their  camp  to  the  great  Seneca  village 
of  "  Theodehacto,"  or  Totiakto,  or  Conception,  on  a  bend  Totiakto. 
of  the  Honeyoye  Creek,  near  what  is  now  West  Mendon, 
in  Monroe  County.     Here  a  pompous  "  Act  of  possession" 
of  all  the  Senecas'  lands  "  conquered  in  the  name  of  Iiis 


480  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IX.  Majestj"  was  attested  by  the  chief  officers  of  the  French 

expedition ;  while  ever}^  body  shouted  "  Yive  le  Koy."    At 

}  the  ffate  of  the  small  village  of  Gannounata,  or  Gannon- 

9  July,  ^  o  ' 

The         data,  near  East  Avon,  in  Livingston  County,  were  found 
take  po3-    the  English  arms,  which  Dongan  had  caused  to  be  placed 
tiTe'seneca  there  in  1684,  "  ante-dated  as  of  the  year  1683."     This 
ii  Ju^.    gi'eatly  disgusted  the  French,  who  thought  it  "  beyond  ques- 
tion that  they  first  discovered  and  took  possession  of  that 
country,  and  for  twenty  consecutive  years  have  had  the 
Fathers  Fremin,  Garnier,  etc.,  as  stationary  missionaries  in 
all  these  villages."     After  destroying  all  the  Indian  corn 
they  could  find,  being  more  than  a  million  of  bushels,  and 
1%  July,    a  "  vast  quantity"  of  hogs,  Denonville's  expedition  return- 
ed to  Irondequoit  without  meeting  any  more  Iroquois  war- 
riors.*    And  so,  having  destroyed  the  stored  grain,  and  the 
acorn-fed  swine,  and  the  frail  bark  cabins  of  the  thrifty 
native  New  Yorkers  whose  territory  he  invaded,  the  French 
marquis  stopped.    He  was  but  a  weak  imitation  of  Louvois. 
Penonviue  Tlius  far  Denonvillc  had  only  irritated  the  Senecas.    He  had 
tates  the"   uot  liumblcd  tlic  bravc  red  Americans  who  had  fatally  dis- 
loquois.    Qj.(;jgpg(j  j^jg  disciplined  European  troops ;  w^hose  wooden  vil- 
lages could  soon  be  rebuilt ;  and  whose  yellow  maize  would 
spring  again  in  quick  abundance  throughout  the  beautiful 
and  fertile  valley  of  the  Genesee.     If  he  had  been  a  gener- 
al, Denonville  would  have  pursued  the  retreating  Senecas 
eastward  among  the  Cayugas  and  the  Onondagas,  whereby 
.     he  might  have  crushed  the  power  of  the  Iroquois.     Instead 
^^-Juiy.    of  this,  he  sent  back  a  part -of  his  force  to  Cataracouy,  and 
went  with  the  rest  to  the  east  bank  of  the  Niagara  River, 
Denonville  whcro  he  built  a  palisaded  fort  on  the  sj)ot  which  La  Salle 
fort  at  Ni-  liad  appropriated  in  the  winter  of  1678,  and  had  named  the 
"g'"'''*-       a  p'qp^  ^q  Conty."     It  was  "  the  most  beautiful,  most  pleas- 
ing, and  most  advantageous  site  on  the  whole  of  Lake  On- 
tario."    La  Salle  had  chosen  it  nine  years  before,  to  the 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  251, 252,  431-435, 446,  447,  4T0 ;  ix.,  334,  337-339,  364-3GS;  Doc.  Hist.,  i., 
149, 151-154;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxv.,  IGO;  Hist.  Coll.  Lou.,  i.,  70;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.  (ii.),  157- 
163,  176-1S-2,  1S9-191;  La  Potherie,  ii.,  207,  208;  La  Ilontan,  i.,  98-101;  Chailevoi.x,  ii., 
353-355;  Shea's  Charlevoix,  iii.,  285-290;  Golden,  i.,  SO,  81 ;  Shea's  Missions,  298,  318,  371, 
375 ;  Pinkei-ton,  xiii.,  293,  294 ;  aiite,  179,  236,  324,  398,  400.  1  think  that  La  Hontan  ex- 
aggerated when  he  wrote,  "We  found  in  all  these  villages  horses^  cattle,  poultry,  and  an 
abundance  of  hogs."  At  all  events,  Denonville  speaks  only  of  the  "vast  quantity  of  hogs" 
which  the  French  destroyed :  compare  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  338,  367 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  355 ;  La  lion- 
tan,  i.,  101 ;  Tinkerton,  xiii.,  294;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.,  ii.  (ii.),  191;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  432,  "in 
one  village  they  got  some  hogs  and  fowle.' ' 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  481 

great  disgust  of  Andros  ;  and  now  Denonville  occupied  it  cnAp.  ix. 
again  to  "  circumvent"  Dongan.      A  formal  "  Act"  was 
drawn  up,  declaring  that  La  Salle's  previous  possession  was  21  j^, 
"reiterated  anew,"  in  the  name  of  Louis  the  Fourteenth."*^ 
The  Fort  at  Niagara  was  mounted  with  some  small  can-  24  juiy. 


non,  and  the  Che-'alier  de  la  Troye,  who  had  led  the  expe-  ^^1^"' 
dition  to  Hudson's  Bay  the  year  before,  was  left  in  com-  gl°^^'^^i 
mand  of  the  garrison  of  one  hundred  men,  with  the  Sieur  ^^"'^t'"'j[5. 
des  Bergeres  as  his  lieutenant ;  and  Lamberville  was  ap-  ^s*™. 
pointed  chaplain.     Denonville  then  returned  to  Montreal 
by  way  of  CataracouyJ  where  he  left  another  garrison  of 
one  hundred  men  in  charge  of  D'Orvilliers.* 

The  Mohawks  and  Oneidas  had  meanwhile  advised  Don- 12  June. 
gan  of  Denonville's  invasion  of  the  Senecas.     The  New 
York  Council  determined  at  once  to  protect  the  Five  Na-  24  June, 
tions ;  and  the  governor,  witli  Counselors  BrockhoUs  and  precau- 
Palmer,  hastened  to  ^Albany.     Under  the  late  Treaty  of  ag^hist  the 
Neutrahty,  Dongan  assumed  that  the  Iroquois  were  British  '"^^'^  ' 
subjects,  although  they  had  not  yet  been  distinctly  claimed 
as  such  by  his  king.     It  was  thought,  too,  that  the  French 
might  push  on  eastward;  and  Brockholls  was  therefore 
sent  down  to  New  York,  with  orders  to  Colonel  Bayard  19  juiy. 
there,  and  to  Major  "Willett  in  Queen's  County,  to  send  up 
the  river  militiamen  for  the  defense  of  the  frontier  of  the 
province  at  Albany  and  Schenectady.f 

Soon  afterward  Dongan  talked  with  the  Iroquois,  whom  5  August, 
he  had  convened  at  Albany.    He  congratulated  his  "  Breth-  con°frence 
ren"  that  the  French  had  done  them  so  little  harm,  and  Troquois^at 
told  them  that  he  would  send  Palmer  to  report  to  the  King  ^^^^^' 
of  England  all  that  had  happened.     In  the  mean  time  he 
advised  the  Five  Nations  not  to  kill  any  Frenchmen  whom 
they  might  take  prisoners ;  to  manage  their  own  affairs  by 
a  secret  council ;  to  make  peace  with  the  Ottawas,  Miamis, 
and  further  Indians,  as  well  as  with  the  Mahicans ;  and 
to  draw  home  those  Iroquois  who  had  been  Christianized 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  396,  432,  435,  416;  ix.,  335,  336,  339,  349,  36S,  369,  386,  3SS;  Doc.  Hist., 
i.,  149,  150,  15S;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxv.,  160;  La  Potherie,  ii.,  20S;  La  Hont.^n,  i.,  101,  102; 
Pinkerton,  xiii.,  294,  295 ;  Charlevoix,  iL,  33T,  356,  366,  369  ;  Colden,  i.,  81,  82 ;  Shea's  Lou. 
H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  TO ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  182,  185;  Shea's  Charlevoix,  iii.,  290,  291 ;  Shea's 
Jfigsions,  318 ;  Gameau,  i.,  264.  I  have  already  noticed  the  misdate  in  Denonville's  "Act 
of  Possession  :"  a7ite,  1G3, 164,  325. 

t  Col.  MSS.,xxxv.,  70,  Tl;  Council  M  in.,  v.,  195,  200;  Doc.  Hist.,  i,  150, 157;  Col.  Doc., 
iii.,  475;  ante.  475. 

IL— II  u 


482  HISTORY  or  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IX.  in  Canada ;  to  name  the  "  most  convenient"  place  on  Lake 
Ontario  wliere  the  English  might  build  a  fort ;  to  refuse  to 
No  French,  ^'^^®i^'®  LambcrviUe  or  any  other  French  priests, "  having 
Engush'    ^^^^  ^'^^  English  priests,  whom  you  can  be  supplied  with, 
be'aiiowed  ^^^  ^^  coutcut  f  and  to  be  on  their  guard,  and  make  no 
iro°Sfis*^^  treaties  without  Corlaer's  means,  nor  do  any  thing  with  the 
Erench  without  his  knowledge;  "for  then  you  will  be 
looked  upon  as  the  King  of  England's  subjects."     Dongan 
then  referred  to  the  recent  outrages  of  the  Oneidas,  who 
had  "  killed  a  fine  gentleman,  with  some  others,"  at  the 
head  of  the  James  River.     These  outra2;es  had  oblio;ed 
Lord  How-  Lord  Howard  of  Effingham  to  come  with  Sir  Robert  Park- 
Robert      er  from  Virginia  to  New  York,  where,  while  lamentino-  the 

Parker  of  ~ 

Virginia,  govomor's  abscuce  at  Albany,  the  citizen-peer  was  other- 
York,  wise  "  satisfied  with  his  entertainment."  The  Eive  Nations 
were  chidden  for  their  breach  of  the  treaty  of  1684,  and 
told  that,  if  they  did  so  again,  New  York  and  Yirginia 
would  dig  up  the  biu-ied  axes,  and  "totally  ruin"  the 
breakers  of  the  covenant  chains.  But  the  Senecas,  who 
had  never  done  any  thing  against  Corlaer's  orders,  were 
freed  from  blame,  "  except  the  making  of  that  unlucky 
peace  with  the  French  three  years  ago,  which  has  been  the 
cause  of  all  these  troubles.""^ 
0  August.  The  next  day,  Sindacksegie,  a  Mohawk  sacliem,  ans"\ver- 
the^'Five  ed  for  the  Five  Nations  that  the  French  had  attacked 
bongan.  them  only  because,  "  about  six  years  ago,"  the  Senecas  had 
troubled  La  Salle  at  Niagara  during  the  government  of 
Andros,  who  had  forbidden  those  French  to  trade  there ; 
and  because  those  New  York  L'oquois  had  "  submitted 
themselves  to  the  King  of  England,"  when  Lord  Howard, 
of  Yirginia,  was  with  Dongan  at  Albany  in  1684.  As  to 
hunting  beavers  in  the  great  West  of  America,  what,  asked 
the  Mohawk,  had  "  the  Christians  to  do  with  that,"  to  the 
prejudice  of  its  aborigines?  "O,  Brethren!"  he  added, 
with  the  serene  logic  of  truth, "  you  tell  us  the  King  of 
England  is  a  very  great  King: — why  should  you  not  join 
with  us  in  a  just  cause,  when  the  French  join  with,  our  en- 
emies in  an  unjust  cause  ?     O,  Brethren,  we  see  the  reason 

•  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  420,428,  438-441,475;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  151;  iii.,73;  Colden,  i.,  53,  S2-S7; 
Smith,  i.,  80-S5 ;  ante,  396,  393.  Neither  Beverley  nor  Burk  mention  this  second  visit  of 
Lord  Effingham  to  New  York  in  July,  16S7. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  483 

of  this.     The  French  would  fain  kill  us  all ;  and  when  that  chat.  ix. 
is  done,  they  would  carry  all  the  beaver  trade  to  Canada, 
and  the  Great  King  of  England  would  lose  the  land  like-  rj,^^  ^^ ' 
wise.   Awake,  therefore,  O,  Great  Sachem  beyond  the  Great  ^eai'to^" 
Lake  [the  Atlantic],  and  suffer  not  those  poor  Indians  who  Jr^e^Jon, 
have  given  themselves  and  their  lands  under  thy  protection, 
to  be  destroyed  by  the  French,  without  cause !"     After  this 
pathetic  appeal  the  Iroquois  agreed  to  Dongan's  proposi- 
tions, and  promised  not  to  receive  Lamberville  or  any  oth- 
er French  Jesuit ;  and,  if  possible,  would  draw  the  Chris- 
tian Indians  back  from  Canada.     They  suggested  the  Sal- 
mon River,  in  Oswego  County,  as  the  best  place  for  an  En- 
glish fort ;  and  engaged  that  they  would  do  every  thing  to 
prevent  further  mischief  toward  Virginia,  and  also  that 
they  would  make  no  peace  with  the  French  without  per- 
mission of  the  Governor  of  "New  York.     Several  Seneca 
sachems,  who  had  been  in  the  engagement  near  Ganna,- 
garo  on  the  third  of  July,  then  gave  an  account  of  what 
the  French  had  done  in  their  canton.     Uj)on  this,  Dongan  c  August. 
felt  justified  in  interpreting  the  Treaty  of  Neutrahty  so  supplies 
that  he  might  supply  the  Senecas  with  arms  and  ammuni-  quoia  with 
tion,  which  he  did;  although  he  declined  to  assist  themammuni- 
with  soldiers,  as  the  farmers  in  New  York  were  then  all 
busy  with  their  harvest* 

On  his  return  to  Montreal,  Denonville,  having  received 
the  letter  which  Dongan  had  sent  him  by  L'Espinard  the 
previous  June,  charged  him  with  duplicity  in  sending  New  ^  Aug. 
York  traders  to  Michilimackinac, "  where  no  Englishman  vine's  re- 

If 

had  ever  put  a  foot,  and  where  our  Frenchmen  haVe  been  Dong°an. 
established  over  sixty  years ;"   and  reproached  him  for 
breaking  the  Treaty  of  Neutrality,  by  advising  and  pro- 
tecting the  Iroquois,  and  causing  the  French  missionaries 
to  leave  the  cantons.     MacGregorie  and  the  other  prison- 
ers would  be  retained  until  the  Neutrality  Treaty  should 
be  executed.     In  a  later  letter  Denonville  rejected  the  i|  Aug. 
claim  of  the  English,  and  maintained  the  right  of  the  The 
French  to  sovereignty  over  the  Iroquois ;  adding, "  I  am  sovereign- 
astonished  that  you  should  be  ignorant  that  before  Manate  iroquoL 
belonged  to  the  King,  your  master — being  in  possession  of  "i"^  ^'"' 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  42S,  441-447,  474;  v..  76;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  151,  152,  157,  164;  CoL  MSS., 
XXXV.,  90, 91 ;  Shea's  Charlevoix,  iii.,  2SQ  ;  ante^  326,  307,  479. 


484  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IX  the  heretic  Dutch,  as  you  are  aware — our  missionaries,  per- 
secuted  and  martyred,  found  there  an  asylmn  and  protec- 
^^^^'  tion!"* 

August.         As  Denonville  wished  to  know  what  was  going  on  in  the 
^'G^t^t  ^  Mohawk  country,  Kryn, "  the  Great  Mohawk"  chief  at  the 
meeu^  '    Sault  Saiut  Louis,  offered  to  go  with  five  others  and  bring 
stockfng"  his  countrymen  in  New  York  to  treat  with  Onnontio.    Most 
chMi^.^     of  tlie  party  were  dressed  by  the  French  in  "  very  nigh 
plain.       Christian  habits."     On  reaching  Lake  Champlain  by  way 
of   Chambly,  they  met  sixty  Mohawks,  commanded  by 
"  Blue  Stocking,"  who,  with  Dongan's  assent,  were  going 
to  make  prisoners  in  Canada.     Kryn  addressed  his  old 
companions  so  eloquently  that  he  persuaded  four  of  them 
to  go  back  with  him  to  Canada.     Instead  of  capturing  the 
Canadian  proselyte  and  his  followers,  the  Mohawks  return- 
ed to  their  country,  accompanied  only  by  Kakariall  and 
Adandidaghko,  whom  they  sent  from  Albany  to  New  York 
31  August,  as  prisoners,  and  who  were  examined  before  Counselor  Yan 
Cortlandt.     They  had  both  been  wdth  the  French  expedi- 
tion against  the  Senecas,  of  which  they  gave  interesting  ac- 
Theiro-    counts.     Both  exprcsscd  their  shame  at  having  left  their 
an  En-      owu  couutry,  but  declared  that  "  if  a  priest  would  settle  at 
It'sarato!  Saragtoga,"  many  would  return ;  "  for  they  have  waited  a 
^*  long  time  for  it."t 

18  August.      Upon  returning  to  the  metropolis,  Dongan  and  his  coun- 

19  August.      ...  jr  7  o 

20  August!  cil,  considering  the  expenses  caused  by  the  French,  enacted 
levied  by  the  Icvy  of  au  additional  penny  in  the  pound  upon  the  fi'ee- 
and  w^  holders  and  inhabitants  of  Kings,  Queens,  Dukes,  Dutchess, 
New  Yo'il.  Richmond,  Orange,  Westchester,  and  Suffolk  Counties.  But 
2  septem.   Only  a  halfpenny  in  the  pound  was  levied  on  New  York, 

Albany,  and  Ulster, "  these  three  places  being  the  only  sup- 
8 Septem.   port  of  tlic  Government.":}; 

instiuc-  As  Palmer  was  now  going  to  England,  Dongan  gave 
Palmer      him  full  instructlous  to  lay  before  James  the  condition  of 


going  to 
England. 


•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  466-472,  4ST ;  ix.,  33G ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  159-162;  ante,  vol.  i.,  346,  373, 374, 
402,428;  ii.,  119, 121,  466. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  431-438, 483,487,  488,512,514, 530;  ix.,  352,  353;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxv.,95; 
Charlevoix,  ii. ,  357,  358 ;  Shea's  Charlevoix,  iii.,  292 ;  Shea's  Missions,  299,  319,  320 ;  ante, 
442,  476.  Isaac  Swinton,  the  deputy  secretary  under  Spragg,  having  died  while  Dongan 
was  at  Albany,  the  council  ordered,  on  6  July,  1687,  that  Counselor  Van  Cortlandt  should 
take  charge  of  the  seal,  and  John  Knight  act  as  deputy  secretary:  Council  Min.,  v.,  195; 
Col.  Doc,  iii.,  407,  426 ;  Col.  M?S.,  xxxv.,  162. 

t  Council  Min.,  v.,  198,  199,  200 ;  Council  Journ.,  i.,  Int.,  xx. ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  4T6,  477  ; 
Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  154, 155, 158. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOE.  485 

New  York,  and  the  conduct  of  the  French  in  Canada.     In  cuap.  ix. 
this  interesting  paper  the  governor  again  urged  that  Con- 
necticut  and  New  Jersey  should  be  joined  to  New  York,   -'■"° '  • 
which  could  not  alone  "  help  our  Indians,"  as  its  revenue 
had  fallen  off  from  some  thirty-five  thousand  beavers  ex- 
ported every  year,  to  about  nine  thousand.     Forts  should  Forts  pro- 
be built  on  Lake  Champlain,  at  Salmon  River,  and  at  Ni-  ^oToniai" 
agara  on  Lake  Ontario;  and  smaller  posts  between  themiy^uhcala- 
and  Schenectady.     The  boundary  with  Canada  should  be  adjusted, 
adjusted  in  England;  but  not  until  the  country  had  been 
better  explored  by  the  English,  in  which  matter  "the 
French  at  present  have  much  the   advantage."     Priests 
should  also  be  sent  fi'om  England  to  live  among  the  In- 
dians.    Dongan  likewise   asked  Sunderland  that   people  s  septem. 
should  be  sent  to  New  York  from  Ireland, "  who  had  pre-  wfsuir 
tences  to  estates  there,  and  are  of  no  advantage  to  thcpieto'te' 
countiy,  and  may  live  here  very  happy."     A  few  days  aft-  n^u- York. 
erward  he  informed  the  lord  president  that  news  from  Al- 12  septem. 
bany  would  oblige  him  to  spend  the  winter  there ;  and  that 
"  it  is  a  great  misfortune  for  this  government  that  there  are 
so  few  of  his  Majesty's  natural-born  subjects ; — the  greater 
part  being  Dutch,  w^ho,  if  occasion  were,  I  fear  would  not 
be  very  fitt  for  service."* 

On  recei^dng  the  information  brought  by  L'Espinard  t  septem. 
from  Canada,  it  was  ordered  in  council  that  Albany  and  by  advice 
Schenectady  should  be  strengthened  with  palisades,  a  watch  cu,  re-''""' 
kept,  and  Indian  scouts  stationed  near  Lake  Champlain.  winter  L 
"Word  soon  came  that  the  French  had  provided  fifteen '^^''*°^" 
hundred  pairs  of  snow  shoes,  with  the  intention  of  destroy- 
ing Albany  during  the  winter,  and  threatened  to  send  its 
inhabitants  to  Spain,  Portugal,  and  the  West  Indies.     The 
council  therefore  ordered  that  the  Five  Nations  should  ?septem 

.  New  York 

send  all  their  old  men,  women,  and  children  to  the  neigh-  precautions 

in  favor  of 

borhood  of  Catskill,  "  Livinsrston's  land,"  and  elsewhere  the  iro- 

'  O  7  _  _      quois 

along  the  Hudson  River,  where  they  could  be  assisted  in  against  tue 
case  of  need.     It  was  also  determined  that  Dongan  should 
spend  the  winter  at  Albany,  which  was  in  great  conster- 
nation ;  and  that  every  tenth  militiaman  in  the  province  n  septem. 
should  be  drafted  to  go  thither, "  except  those  that  were  out 

•  Council  Min.,  v.,  200 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  421, 42S-430, 4T6-47S ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  15T-153, 165 ; 
ante,  471. 


486  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IX.  the  last  year  a  whaling."*     This  exception  affected  only 

~~  the  east  end  of  Long  Island. 
IbbT.       ijij^g  mayor  and  aldermen  of  Albany  also  conferred  with 
the  Mohawks,  who  gave  up  a  French  prisoner  to  the  fami- 
ly of  Viele,  still  held  a  captive  in  Canada, "  to  wash  the 
tears  of  his  wife  and  children."     Their  war-chief,  Tahaja- 
doris,  lamented  that  their  party  who  had  met  Kryn  on  Lake 
Champlain  had  not  seized  him ;  but  they  would  at  once 
send  out  expeditions  to  attack  the  French.     The  Ononda- 
i4Septera.  gas  also  askcd  succor  for  the  Senecas  and  Cayugas,  and 
the  Albany  suggested  that  Oswego  would  be  a  better  place  than  Sal- 
i?septem.  Hiou  Rivcr  for  the  proposed  fort.     They  were  told  that 
Dongan  would  spend  the  winter  at  Albany  with  a  large 
force,  and  expected  them  to  send  him  re-enforcements; 
upon  which  they  joyfully  promised  to  "  acquaint  all  the 
nations."t 
saseptem.      Bcforo  going  to  Albany',  the  governor  appointed  and 
Dongan"'  sworc  Stophauus  vau  Cortlandt  mayor  of  the  City  of  New 
mlnta^for  York,  as  succcssor  to  Nicholas  Bayard.     John  Younge, 
ernment  of  wlio  was  uow  "  a  vcry  old"  man,  and  lived  at  the  east  end 
incer"""'    of  Long  Island,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from  Fort 
s  October.  Jamcs,  was  removed  from  the  council  because  he  detailed 
"many  aged  and  sickly  men,  and  others  without  arms  or 
cloths,"  to  make  up  the  quota  of  Suffolk  County  for  the 
expedition  to  Albany.     In  his  stead,  James  Graham  was 
appointed  and  sworn  as  a  counselor.     Peter  Schuyler  was 
11  October,  reappointed  mayor  of  Albany.     It  was  also  ordered  in 
indfan^     council  that  certain  Spanish  Indians  who  had  been  brought 


slaves 
again 
free  in 


again  set    froiii  Campcacliy,  in  Mexico,  and  sold  as  slaves,  should  be 


New  York,  sct  frcc.  This  was  only  confirming  previous  legislation  in 
1680,  The  New  England  Puritans  ruthlessly  enslaved 
both  the  long-haired  native  red  American,  and  the  curly- 
haired  imported  black  African.  But  New  York  was  more 
just  toward  the  superior  aboriginal  races,  who  occupied 
North  America  ages  before  Europeans  usurped  their  lands.:}: 
Dongan's  uncle,  Tyrconnell,  the  lord  lieutenant  of  Ire- 

«  Council  Min.,  v.,  202-205 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  155, 150, 102, 103,  ICC ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  47T-1S2, 
4ST  ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiv.,  120. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  4S3-4SS;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxv.,99  ;  Council  Min.,  v.,  20G;  Col.  Kec  Conn., 
iii.,  3S7;  a?i?^,  4S3. 

t  Council  Min.,  v.,  207,  20.\  210;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  41C;  iv.,  72C,  S47;  Val.  Man.,  1S53,  3SG, 
389 ;  Dunl.ap,  ii.,  App.  cxx.-tv. ;  Min.  of  Com.  Council,  i.,  319  ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxix.,  SG ;  xxxiv., 
77, 7S;  XXXV.,  ICO  ;  ante,  290,  331,  4G2. 


THOMAS  DOXGAN,  GOVERNOR.  487 

land,  now  informed  liim  that  it  was  "  requisite"  for  the  cn.vp.  ix. 

king's  service  that  he  should  go  home.     The  governor  at — 

once  wrote  to  James  that  he  would  cheerfully  obey  hiSg/Q^^J^; 
commands ;  but  that  he  was  larajely  in  debt  on  his  maies-  congan 

,  1//1  Tc.  /.  "^         writes  to 

ty  s  account, "  and  no  ways  left  to  paying  it  if  Connecticut  J^^^es 
be  not  joyned  to  this  govermnent,  which  your  Majesty  will  expected 
otherwise  be  continually  out  of  purse  to  maintain,  and 
whoever  comes  after  me  will  certainly  run  your  Majesty 
more  in  debt."* 

The  governor  being  now  ready  to  winter  in  Albany,  it  ssoctober. 
was  ordered  in  council  "that  Major  Brockliolls  sign  all fnTom-""' 
warrants,  papers,  and  licenses,  usually  signed  by  his  Excel-  Ne^Vork 
lency,  and  that  all  other  public  business  be  managed  by  DongL's 
him  and  the  council,  as  if  his  Excellency  were  present."!     Mh^uy.''^ 

Had  Dongan's  advice  been  adopted  by  Iiis  sovereign, 
English  Jesuits  might  have  replaced  French  missionaries  English 
in  English  New  Tork.     But  the  English  disciples  of  Loy-  Slt's  in 
ola  do  not  seem  to  have  had  the  manly  spirit  of  adventure  unler^"'*' 
among  the   savages   which  distinguished  their  order  iu^°°s«"- 
France.     At  this  time  there  were  three  Jesuit  fathers  in 
New  York :  Thomas  Harvey,  of  London,  who  had  accom- 
panied tlic  governor  from  England;  Henry  Harrison,  of 
Ireland;  and  Charles  Gage,  of  Norwich.     One  of  them 
seems  to  have  taken  charge  of  the  Latin  school  which  Ja-  Latin 
mison  had  relinquished ;  and  Dongan  asked  James  to  en-  couege'in 
dow  it  witli  the  "King's  farm."     To  this  school  Graham, nnlJ""'' 
Palmer,  and  Tudor  "  did  contribute  their  sones  for  some 
time ;  but  nobody  imitating  them,  the  college  vanished," 
although  the  Dutch  Church  bell  was  tolled  every  morning 
at  eight  o'clock  to  summon  the  students.     The  Father  Har- 
rison appears  to  have  assisted  Harvey  as  Dongan's  chap- 
lain ;  and  one  of  them  seems  to  have  taken  the  name  of 
John  Smith.     He  had  a  small  chapel  adorned  with  images, 
which  the  governor   arranged  in  Fort  James;  and  this 
Smith  was  a  very  "  good-humored"  man.:]: 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii ,  400,  422,  423,  4-23,  475,  47S,  487,412 ;  Burnet,  L,  246;  CouncilJoui-n.,  i., 
Int.,  xxiii. ;  Secret  Services  Charles  II.  and  James  II.,  105. 

t  Council  Min.,  v.,  211.  On  the  20th  of  October,  16S7,  before  he  left  New  York,  Dongan 
chartered  the  manor  of  Pelham  :  Patents,  vi.,  30G;  Bolton,  i.,  530-539. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  394,  405,  527,  013,  T47;  iv.,  39S,  490;  v.,  478;  ix.,  266;  Doc  Hist.,  i., 
145;  ii.,14,147;  iii.,  73;  Smith,  i.,  90;  N.  Y.  II.  8.  Coll.  (1S68),  SOS;  Bayley's  Sketch,'l9] 
22;  Shea's  Charlevoix,  iii.,  26!i;  Shea's  Missions,  314 ;  anfc,  374,  40S,  431,  440, 442.  Sixty 
jiounds  a  year  were  paid  to  "  two  Komish  priests  that  attended  on  Govenior  Dongan :"  Coun. 
Min.,  vi.,  17;  Col.  MSS.,  xx.wii  ,  103;  post,  641. 


Dongan. 


488  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


^°^-  ^^-      On  reaching  Albany,  where  he  was  attended  by  Chap- 

-tcgfr    lain  Innis  and  Father  Harrison,  Dongan  asked  from  Gov- 

Novem.     cmor  Treat,  of  Connecticut,  the  assistance  of  some  of  her 

Andros's    infantry  and  cavalry.     Bnt  Andros,  having  now  supei'seded 

jealousy  of,^  .,  ,,,•  i-x  ^     rr  •  •         11 

Dongan.     Ircat,  paiQ  no  attention  to  Dongan  s  "  very  inconvenient 

request.'^' 
9  septem.       Mcanwhilc  Don2:an  had  protested  to  Denonville  against 
protests     his  invasion  of  English  territory,  and  demanded  the  release 
if^non-      of  MacGregorie  and  the  other  New  York  traders  whom  he 
vasfon  oT   had  scizod  for  going  to  the  Ottawas,  who,  with  "  the  In- 
dians who  wear  pipes  through  their  noses,  traded  with  Al- 
bany long  before  the  French  settled  at  Montreal."    De- 
nonville soon  afterward  returned  them  safely  to  Albany, 
12  October,  and  asked  that  the  Canadian  prisoners  whom  the  Senecas 
Yorkpris-  had  scnt  to  Albany  should  be  given  up;  praising  the  En- 
turned,^'    glish  king, "  whose  rare  virtues  have  attached  him  to  the 
hearts  of  all  the  French."f 

24  October.  Exaspcratcd  against  the  Canadians,  a  party  of  Mohawks 
1^"^^™'  and  Mahicans  besieged  Fort  Chambly,  burned  houses,  and 
tesi^ed^  took  several  prisoners.  Another  band,  led  by  an  Onon- 
hlwks'and  <iaga  chief,  captured,  near  Fort  Frontenac,  Mademoiselle 
Au^JTsr^'  D'Allonne,  and  three  soldiers  of  its  garrison.  Lamber- 
French      villc,  wlio  was  thcii  there,  came  out  with  a  white  flag,  and 

captured  '  '  ~' 

atcatara-  gave  two  wampum  belts  to  the  savages  to  prevent  them 
from  injuring  their  prisoners,  and  from  taking  part  with 
the  Senecas,  against  which  nation  only  the  French  were  at 
war.     The  prisoners  were  carried  to  Onondaga,  and  thence 

Lamber-    to  Albany :  and  Lamberville's  belts  were  faithfully  handed 

ville's  belts 

sent  to  Ai-  to  Dougau.     The  governor  dispatched  MacGregorie  with 

25  October.  Icttcrs,  demanding  Denonville's  explanations  of  these  belts ; 
31  October,  maintaining  that  the  Iroquois  had  been  in  "  brotherly  cor- 
i^  Novem.  respondcuce"  since  the  first  settlement  of  Albany ;  had 
?emfnd3  "  Submitted  themselves,  their  Country,  and  Conquests  to  the 
tioM.""'    Dutch  in  their  time,  and  to  the  King  of  England  since  this 

Colony  came  under  his  Majesty's  obedience ;"  and  suggest- 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  527,  579  ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  39S,  399,  400;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxiii.,  167- 
169 ;  ante,  457,  469.  Colonel  Talcot,  writing  from  Hartford  on  5  December,  16S7,  to  Andros 
at  Boston,  about  Dongan's  call  for  aid  from  Connecticut,  says  that  in  King  Philip's  War 
"Your  Excellency  did  very  honourably  and  wisely  prevent  the  barbarous  heathen  from 
drawing  the  sword  against  His  Majesty's  subjects  in  tlie  territory  of  New  York,  and  then 
under  your  government :"  ante,  286-296. 

t  Council  Min.,  v.,  202,  204 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  4:^6,  437,  472-475,  510, 512,  513 ;  ix.,  330,  348, 
355,356;  Doc  Hist.,  i.,  163-167;  Holgate,  91;  Shea's  Charlevoi.x,  291;  «n<?,  443, 478. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVEENOR.  489 

ing  that  a  French  agent  should  be  sent  to  arrange  all  dif-  chap.  ix. 
ferences  with  the  English  governor  at  Albany.*  ~ 

Denonville  accordingly  sent  the  Jesuit,  Francis  Yaillant,  ^g  Decem 
who  had  been  the  last  French  missionary  to  the  Mohawks  Senonvnie 
in  1683,  as  his  representative  to  Albany,  with  the  Father  lant  and 
Elambert  Dumont,  who  could  speak  English.    Yaillant  was  Albany, 
instructed  to  make  no  propositions,  but  only  to  receive  any 
that  Dongan  might  offer.     On  his  return  to  Canada  the 
father  was  to  visit  his  old  Mohawk  flock.     So,  on  the  last 
day  of  the  year,  the  Canadian  agents  began  their  dreary  f  J  Decem. 
journey  from  Montreal.f 

In  writmg  to  Paris,  Denonville  put  as  good  a  face  as  he 
could  on  his  miserable  Seneca  expedition ;  blamed  Dongan  hi  Aug. 
heartily,  and  advised  a  new  French  campaign  the  next  year 
against  the  Onondagas  and  Cayugas.     But  the  best  thing 
for  France  would  be  to  get  the  Iroquois  country  from  the 
English, "  either  by  exchange  or  otherwise."     Dongan  had 
not  asserted  Enghsh  sovereignty  over  these  savages  until 
1684,  and  would  never  faithfully  execute  the  Wliitehall  ^  oct. 
Treaty  of  Neutrality.     The  forts  at  Niagara  and  Detroit  complains ' 
must  be   maintained  by  the  French;  and  more   soldiers  to louS^° 
should  be  sent  to  Canada.     If  Louis  could  gain  from  En-  vLs'th'e 
gland  "  the  entire  coast  of  Manate,  it  would  be  a  great  ad-  lew  York. 
vantage  for  religion  and  our  country,  which  will,  sooner  or 
later,  suffer  from  the  vicinity  of  the  English."     This  idea, 
broached  by  Duchesnau  in  1681,  Denonville  now  enforced. 
Calli^res  also  urged  that  Dongan  should  be  recalled,  as  the  Novemuei: 
surest  means  of  ending  the  French  and  English  strife  about 
the  Iroquois.    The  acquisition  by  Louis  of  New  York,  with 
its  beautiful  harbor  of  Manhattan, "  would  render  his  Maj- 
esty master  of  all  North  America.":|; 

English  domestic  affairs  had  meanwhile  grown  more  crit- 
ical. Having  dispensed  with  the  Test  Act  of  1673,  James 
determined  to  take  another  step,  which,  he  thought,  would 
put  the  Church  of  Rome  in  place  of  the  Protestant  denom- 
ination which  had  been  established  by  law  in  England.  By 
his  commissions  and  instructions  to  Andros  and  to  Dongan, 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  479,  480,  513-517,  52T,  529,  535;  ix.,  362,  389,  390;  Quebec  MSS.,t.  (ii.), 
427;  Doc.  Hist.,  5.,  266 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  365,  366, 367 ;  Gameau,i.,  267;  Warburton,  i.,411 ; 
Smith,  i.,  85, 86 :  ante,  441, 481,  483, 4S4. 

t  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  517-519,  521;  ix.,  383,  762;  Quebec  MS3.,  v.  (ii.),  429  ;  Charlevoix,  iL, 
867;  Smith,  i.,  86;  of;ite,  377, 476. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  105, 286, 33C-354, 357-371, 873, 919, 920 ;  ante,  864, 401, 431. 


490  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IX.  the  king  had  already  ordained  liberty  of  conscience  to  all 
his  subjects  in  New  England  and  New  York.     He  now 
adopted  the  same  policy  in  regard  to  those  in  Great  Brit- 
ain.    Among  his  motives,  as  stated  by  himself,  were  "  the 
example  of  several  foreign  countries,  where  trade  flourish- 
ed most,  that  nothing  could  be  more  beneficial  to  it  than 
liberty  of  conscience ;  that  it  was  the  support  of  Holland ; 
and  that  the  want  of  it  in  England  had  not  only  crampt  its 
trade,  but  had  furnished  the   seeds  of  several  rebellions, 
which  had  no  other  origin  than  one  religion's  lording  it 
4  April,     over  the  rest."     James  accordingly  issued  his  royal  dec- 
tion  onlb-  laration — w^hich  Penn  is  said  to  have  helped  to  draft — that 
conscience  all  laws  agaiust  non-conformity  to  the  English  formula  of 
by  James.  j-gj^g^Qj^  should  bc  suspcudcd,  and  that  all  British  subjects 
should  have  free  leave  "  to  meet  and  serve  God  after  their 
own  way  and  manner."     This  declaration  was  ordered  to 
be  published  throughout  the  kingdom,  and  in  the  Planta- 
tions of  England.'^ 

The  Protestants,  who  had  been  driven  from  France  after 
the  revocation  of  tlie  Edict  of  Nantes,  were  now  openly  f a- 
21  April,    vored  in  England ;  the  liberality  of  the  nation  was  again 


French 


Protestant  appealed  to  in  their  favor,  and  they  were  chartered  to  build 

favored  by  a  new  church  in  London.     In  answer  to  a  petition  of  sev- 

James.      ^^,^1  ^£  them"  in  New  York,  Dongan  w^as  directed  to  give 

such  French  Protestants  as  might  settle  in  the  province 

"  all  fitting  encouragement,  so  far  forth  as  may  be  consist- 

19  July,     ent  with  His  Majesty's  service ;"  and  letters  of  denization 

promised,   w^erc  promised, "  whereby  they  may  become  qualified  to 

trade."t 

At  the  same  time,  James  resolved  to  carry  out  his  pur- 
wi^t7of  pose  of  making  the  Plantations  more  immediately  depend- 
ranto  OT-"  Gut  ou  the  crowu.  Hc  accordingly  ordered  writs  of  Quo 
aga'inst  Warrauto  "  to  forfeit  all  the  Charters  of  the  Proprietors 
and  coi'po.  and  Corporations  in  America."     New  Jersey,  Maryland, 

rations  in 
America. 


and  Carolina  were  the  special  objects  of  this  fresh  attack; 
S'ex-  fo^'  Connecticut  was  understood  to  have  surrendered  her 
cepted.      charter.     Pennsylvania  was  excepted  by  tlie  express  com- 

•  Cl.irke's  James  II.,  ii.,  102-115;  Ellis  Corr.,  i.,  2C9  ;  Evelyn,  ii.,  2T3,  27G;  Dalrymple, 
ii.,  S5-SS ;  Rcresby,  243 ;  Wodrow,  iv.,  424-420 ;  Pari.  Hist., iv.,  138S ;  Kennett,  iii.,  463-465; 
Kapin,  ii.,7r)7,  758;  Burnet,  i,  714 ;  Lingard,xiv.,  121-124;  Macaulay,ii., 204-213;  Palfrey, 
iii.,  460,  548 ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  393 ;  N.  Y.  Council  Minutes,  v.,  214;  ante,  452^155. 

t  Col.  Poc,  419,  4i;0,  426,  427  ;  Evelyn,  ii.,  253,  262,  277,  2<2,  2St;  Ellis  Corr.,  ii.,  157  ; 
Kennett,  iii.,  472;  Macaulay,  ii.,  76-80,215,  216;  an^f,  464. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERXOR.  491 

mand  of  James,  as  her  proprietor  had  purchased  immunity  chap.  ix. 
by  becoming  "  a  tool  of  the  King  and  the  Jesuits."* 

East  Jersey,  however,  obtained  a  temporary  boon.     Her 
capital  and  sea-port  was  Perth  Amboy,  which  was  consider- 
ed to  be  "  within  the  Kiver  of  !N"ew  York,"  up  which  Don- 
gan  had  been  instructed  to  allow  no  goods  to  pass,  unless 
the  duties  on  them  should  have  been  paid  at  the  metropol- 
itan custom-house.    This  regulation  ha\'ing  been  enforced, 
the  ISTew  Jersey  proprietors  complained  to  the  king,  and 
asked  that  "  an  officer  might  be  appointed  at  Perth  Am-  so  Mny. 
boy  to  collect  the  Customs,  [and]  to  cause  the  acts  of  Nav- 
igation to  be  executed."    Dongan  was  accordingly  instruct- 14  August. 
ed  to  permit  all  vessels  bound  to  New  Perth,  in  East  Jer-  boy  mad^" 
sey,  to  go  thither  directly,  without  touching  at  New  York ;  subject  to  a 
provided  that  the  person  whom  he  or  the  receiver  general  officer. " 
at  New  York  might  appoint  should  be  suffered  by  the  East 
Jersey  government  "  peaceably  and  quietly  to  receive  and 
collect  for  His  Majesty's  use  the  same  customs  and  im- 
posts as  are  usually  paid  at  New  York  for  such  ships  and^  . 
their  lading  as  are  entered  there."f 

James  at  the  same  time  ordered  that  a  new  seal,  which  1-1  Augui-t.. 
had  been  so  long  desired,  should  be  sent  to  the  governor  of  seaiTfor^" 
New  York.    It  was  made  of  silver,  engraved  on  both  sides, 
and  bore  the  significant  motto,  "  Alius  q  :  et  Idem" — oth- 
er, yet  the  same.     This  seal  was  to  be  "  of  the  same  force 
and  validity  as  any  former  seal"  within  the  province.:}: 

These  dispatches  reached  New  York  while  Dongan  was  19  Noven. 
at  Albany.  Andrew  Hamilton,  the  acting  governor  of 
East  Jersey,  having  produced  before  the  council  a  dupli-  21  xovem. 
cate  of  James's  letter  regarding  Perth  Amboy,  measures  to  25  Novem- 
give  it  effect  were  ordered.  The  king's  declaration  of  the  New  yo'i'L. 
previous  April  for  liberty  of  conscience  was  also  read  and 
published  in  the  metropolis.§  L^^en  re- 

Collector  Santen's  case  having  been  considered  in  Lon-  moved  and 
don,  his  commission  was  revoked.     Although  Dongan  had  appointed 
recommended  Graham,  Matthew  Plowman,  an  English  Eo-  New  York. 

•  Dalrymple,  ii.,  S3,  nn ;  Annual  Reg.,  1771,  24";  Chalmers,  i.,  298,  371,425,  549,  C22,C54; 
Grahame,  i.,  4S5;  Whitehead,  111,  112;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  37S,  3S4 ;  Proud,  i.,  309-314; 
Dixon,  239,  259 ;  Kennett,iii.,  469;  Macaulay,ii.,  292,  29.'5-297;  niifc,  433,  471. 

t  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  349,  373,  392,  42S,  502 ;  Chalmers,  i.,  622  ;  Whitehead's  E.  J.,  Ill ;  In^e.x 
to  N.  J.  Col.  Doc,  12, 18  ;  N.  Y.  Council  Min.,  v.,  180, 212,  213 ;  ante,  455, 4C0. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  300,36.'),  378,  427;  iv..S12;  v.,  369;  Doc  Hist.,  iv.,  1,*;  fl:?i?c,  427, 43S. 

§  Council  .Minutes,  v.,  212,  213, 214 ;  Whitehead's  E.  J.,  IIS,  153. 


4:92  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  IX.  man  Catholic,  was  appointed  collector  and  receiver  of  New 
York,  at  a  cost  of  five  hundred  pounds.     Plowman's  in- 
'  •  structions  were  fuller  than  Santen's  in  1683.     Among  oth- 
13  Decern,  cr  things,  he  was  directed  to  permit  all  vessels  bound  to 
East  Jersey  to  go  directly  to  Perth  Amboy.     At  Dongan's 
lONovem.  rcquest,  Counselor  Stephanus  van  Cortlandt  was  commis- 
sioned by  Auditor  General  Blathwayt  to  be  liis  deputy  in 
New  York.* 
18  May.         Negotiations  for  the  settlement  of  all  differences  in  Amer- 
tion°ar'    ica  between  the  French  and  English  governments  had  been 
about°  New  goiug  ou  iu  the  mean  time  at  London.     Louis  sent  Bonre- 
^"■^^       pos  to  assist  his  ambassador  Barillon,  and  ordered  them  to 
represent  to  James  that  Dongan  continued  to  "  thwart"  the 
French  in  Canada ;  had  supplied  the  Iroquois  with  arms ; 
and  had  broken  the  Treaty  of  Neutrality  of  November, 
28  Oct.      1686.    The  French  ambassadors  accordingly  requested  the 
7  Novem.   j^j^^g  ^^  order  Dongan  "  to  put  an  end  to  the  troubles"  he 
had  caused ;  and  also  to  direct  Andros  not  to  disturb  the 
French  established  in  Acadia  by  virtue  of  the  Treaty  of 
'  Breda.f 

At  this  moment  Palmer  reached  London  with  Dongan's 
September  dispatches.     It  was  now  perceived  at  Whitehall 
that  "  a  treaty  of  neutrality  in  America  was  not  for  the  in- 
terest of  England."     Denonville's  invasion  of  the  Seneca 
country,  and  the  appeal  of  the  Five  Nations  to  their  "  Great 
sachem  beyond  the  great  Lake,"  brought  to  a  crisis  the  ques- 
tion of  European  sovereignty  over  the  Iroquois.     As  that 
sovereignty  must  be  either  French  or  English,  James  de- 
•    termined  to  maintain  the  claim  asserted  by  Andros  and 
Dongan,  that  the  Five  Nations  were  British  subjects.    Ac- 
loNorera.  cordingly,  he  instructed  Dongan  that  those  savages  had, 
suuctions"  "from  all  times,"  submitted  themselves  to  English  govern- 
.ibourthr  ment,  and, "  by  their  acknowledgments,"  had  become  his 
Iroquois.    g^|3jggj-g .  Qj^^  i^Q  directed  his  governor  of  New  York  to  de- 
mand from  the  Governor  of  Canada  the  release  of  all  Brit- 
ish prisoners, "  as  well  Indians  as  others,"  with  the  restitution 
of  their  goods.    "  And  as  we  are  sensible,"  continued  James, 
"  of  what  great  prejudice  it  may  be  to  us  and  our  subjects, 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  335,  336,  407-414,  420^24,  429,  403-503,  641,  650,  71S,  719 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i., 
110-116 ;  Commissions,  i.,  7S ;  Council  Min.,  v.,  223 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (1S6S),  290;  ante, 462. 
t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  506  ;  ix.,  314, 330,  345;  Ellis  Corr.,  i.,  224,  2S9,  305 ;  ante,  475. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  493 

if  any  incroaclimeiit  be  allowed  on  our  Dominions,  or  the  chap.  ix. 
Trench  permitted  to  invade  our  Territories  or  to  annoy 
our  subjects  without  a  due  care  in  us  to  preserve  the  peace 
of  our  government,  and  to  give  all  due  protection  to  such 
as  have  brought  themselves  under  our  subjection;  "We 
do,  therefore,  hereby  charge  and  require  you  to  give  no- 
tice, at  the  same  time,  to  the  said  Governor  of  Canada,  that 
upon  mature  consideration  "We  have  thought  fit  to  own  the 
Five  Nations  or  Cantons  of  Indians,  namely,  the  Maquaes, 
Senecas,  Cayougas,  Oneydes,  and  Onondagues,  as  Our  Sub- 
jects, and  resolve  to  protect  them  as  such."  To  make  good 
this  assertion,  James  farther  ordered  Dongan  "  to  defend 
and  protect"  those  Indians  from  the  Canadians ;  to  build 
necessary  forts ;  to  employ  the  militia  of  New  York ;  and 
to  call  on  all  the  neighboring  English  colonies  for  assist- 
ance.   Eoyal  orders  were,  at  the  same  time,  sent  to  Andros  lo  Novem. 

•      -K-r        1      i  '         J.         •        Orders  to 

and  the  other  English  governors  m  JN  orth  America  to  give  other  royai 

,,-,,,  •    1  ,  •       -v-        governors. 

New  York  "such  help"  as  her  governor  might  require.-' 

"Yery  much  sm*prized"  at  the   complaints   of  Louis  i|  xovem. 
against  Dongan,  James  answered  that  it  was  "  well  known"  jamla'to 
that  the  Five  Nations  of  New  York  had  been  British  sub-  l^^l  the 
jects,  as  proved,  since  the  first  settlement  of  their  country  ^"^''°''- 
by  Europeans, "  and  now  lately  by  their  voluntary  submis- 
sion, made  and  confirmed  by  them  in  writing  to  the  Crown 
of  England,  on  the  Thirtieth  of  July,  1684,  before  His  Maj- 
esty's Governors  of  Yirginia  and  New  York."    The  Enghsh 
king  was  therefore  obliged  to  protect  those  Indians, "  as 
other  his  subjects ;"  but  he  would  not  suffer  them  to  annoy 
the  French  Canadians  if  the  latter  did  not  injure  them ; 
and  the  limits  between  the  dominions  of  France  and  En- 
gland in  North  America  might  be  adjusted  by  a  treaty  be- 
tween the  two  European  crowns.    The  French  commission- 
ers, not  prepared  to  make  such  a  treaty  at  once,  signed  an  rx^^^"^- 
agreement  that  until  the  first  day  of  Januaiy,  1689,  and  to^revent 
afterward,  no  English  or  French  commander  in  America  hos'tmties. 
should  "  commit  any  act  of  hostility  against,"  or  invade  the 
territories  of  either  king ;  and  that  the  necessary  orders 
should  be  given  by  each  sovereign.    At  the  same  time,  the  f^  necem. 
agents  of  Louis,  in  answer  to  the  "  entirely  novel"  preten- 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  428,  438,  475,  503,  504 ;  Chalmers,  i.,  425,  466,  590;  Col.  Rec.  Coan.,  iil., 
438,442;  Penn.  Arch.,!.,  104, 105;  Burk,u.,  301,302;  anfe,  4S3, 4S5. 


494  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  IX.  sion  of  James,  insisted  that  tlie  Iroquois  had  acknowledged 
French  sovereignty  since  Champlain  "  took  possession"  of 
lDb7.  ii^Qiy.  country;  that,  in  1665  and  1666,  they  had  by  treaty 
vieuch      declared  themselves  French  subjects ;  that  in  October,  1666, 
English     Tracy  had  again  taken  possession  of  their  country,  and  that 
their  oVn  tlicir  alleged  acknowledgment  of  British  sovereignty  in 
sovweign-  1684  "  cannot  be  admitted,  to  the  prejudice  of  the  ancient 
iroquds!  ^  right  and  actual  possession  of  the  French."     Moreover, 
when  the  NeutraUty  Treaty  was  made  in  November,  1686, 
the  English  had  not  pretended  that  "  the  Iroquois  were  sub- 
jects of  His  Brittanic  Majesty;  and  not  a  word  was  said 
about  it."     Here  the  negotiations  at  London  ended. 
1688.       In  communicating  their  result  to  Dongan,  James  direct- 
james'3     ©d  him  to  avoid  "  all  occasions  of  misimderstanding"  with 
Don-ln°    t^6  Canadians;  "entertain  a  good  correspondence"  with 
them,  and  take  care  that  no  just  complaints  should  be  made 
ao-ainst  him.     Similar  letters  were  sent  to  Andros  and  to 
Fenn.* 
vaiiiant         Meauwliilc  Yaillant  and  Dmnont,  whom  Denonville  had 
niont  at     scut  to  Dougau,  had  reached  Albany,  under  the  escort  of 
'^°^"     MacGregorie,  after  maltreatment  on  theu*  winter's  journey 
by  a  party  of  drunken  Mahicans.     Dongan  promptly  re- 
stored their  effects  and  punished  the  offenders.    A  long  ne- 
February.  gotiatiou  f  ollowcd  bctwcen  the  representatives  of  New  York 
t^ons  wuii  and  Canada,  chiefly  upon  the  proper  construction  of  the 
^°"^"°-    Treaty  of  Neutrality.     The'  king's  letter  of  November  hav- 
ing been  sent  to  him  by  Andros  at  Boston,  Dongan  an- 
nounced that  he  "  must  protect"  the  Five  Nations  as  En- 
glish subjects,  and  required  the  French  to  demolish  the  fort 
at  Niagara,  and  restore  all  goods  and  prisoners  they  had 
taken.     At  the  request  of  the  Iroquois,  he  also  demanded 
that  the  forts  at  Cataracouy  and  Tircksarondie,  or  Detroit, 
should  be  demolished.     The  French  agents  demurred,  and 
l^t  Feb.     were  sent  back  directly  to  Canada  with  a  letter  to  Denon- 
ville, under  the  escort  of  Dirck  Wessels,  of  Albany,  and 
some  savages,  who  did  not  allow  them  to  visit  the  Mohawk 
country.f 
j8g  Feb.         Dongan  also  had  an  inter\dew  witli  "  the  wisest  men  of 

•  Col.  MSS.,  XXXV.,  1S7 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  121-12T,  135,  417,  41S,  .504-510,  549 ;  ix.,  371 ;  Chal- 
mere's  Ann.,  i.,  406,590;  Penn.  Arch.,  i.,  103, 104;  on^c  397, 475, 4S1. 

t  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  .519-532, 536 ;  i.x.,  3S9, 702 ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  43S,  442 ;  Charlevoix,  ii., 
307, 30S,  370 ;  Quebec  MSS.,  v.  (ii.),  441 ;  Council  Min.,  v.,  21S ;  Smith,  i.,  SO ;  ante,  47S, 4S9. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOB.  495 

the  Five  Kations"  at  Albany,  and  told  his  "  Bretliren"  that  chap.  ix. 
the  King  of  England  had  adopted,  and  wonld  protect  them 
as  his  own  "  Children."     The  sachems  expressed  joy  that  ^3  ^^^  ' 
James  had  taken  them  under  his  protection,  and  said  that  ^""san'a 
instead  of  the  French  having  any  right  to  their  country,  the 
the  Iroquois  could  better  claim  all  Canada.     Dongan  re- 
phed  that  his  king  was  "  the  greatest  man  that  the  sun 
shines  upon : — he  never  told  a  lie  in  his  life,"  and  he  would 
surely  protect  them.     He  therefore  wished  them  to  promise 
not  to  make  peace  or  war  without  the  consent  of  all.     The 
sachems  answered  that  they  would  refer  themselves  wholly  i|  Feb. 
to  Dongan,  who  represented  their  "  great  King,"  and  hoped 
that  he  would  remove  the  French  from  Niagara,  Catara- 
couy,  and  Detroit.* 

In  writina;  from  Albany  to  Sunderland,  Dongan  reported  19  Feb. 
ins  domgs  with  the  Canadian  agents  and  ^vitn  the  delegates  report  to 
of  the  Iroquois,  who  must  be  kept  "  fast"  to  tlie  English,  laad. 
"  for  if  they  were  otherwise,  they  are  able  to  ruin  all  the 
King's  Colonies  in  these  parts  of  America."  And,  he  add- 
ed, "  we  must  build  forts  in  the  country  upon  the  Great 
Lake,  as  the  French  do,  otherwise  we  lose  the  country,  the 
beaver  trade,  and  our  Indians ;  and  also  there  must  be  Mis- 
sionaries sent  amongst  them ;  the  French  Priest  [Yaillant] 
desired  of  me  leave  for  their  Missionaries  to  go  and  live 
amongst  them  again,  by  which  I  find  they  make  religion  a 
stalking-horse  to  their  pretence."  Again  he  urged  that  the 
Jerseys  would  be  a  "  very  convenient"  addition  to  New 
York,  which,  in  case  of  war  with  the  French  or  Indians, 
"  must  be  the  bulwark  to  Boston,  which  is  not  at  the  fourth 
part  the  charge  New  York  is,  and  has  ten  times  the  reve- 
nue." Connecticut  should  also  be  annexed  to  the  govern- 
ment of  New  York.f 

Baxter  now  came  down  to  New  York  with  instructions  is  March. 
from  the  governor  for  the  Council  to  consider  ways  ancf  senfdown 
means  to  defi*ay  the  extraordinary  charges  which  the  French  vork.^ 
movements  had  caused  the  province.     These  charges  were 
more  than  eight  thousand  pounds ;  and  the  Council,  finding 

•  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  510,  533-536,  579.  A  different  account  of  this  interview  is  given  in  Col. 
Doc.,  ix.,  339, 390,  upon  the  report  of  an  escaped  Caghnawaga  prisoner,  from  which  Charle- 
voix (ii.,  36S)  compiled  his  statement  about  Dongan's  advising  the  Iroquois  only  to  cover  the 
hatchet "  under  the  grass." 

t  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  510,  511, 512  ;  Col.  Eec,  Conn.,  iii.,  3ST,  442 ;  ante,  472, 4S2. 


496  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IX.  that  New  York  "  alone  is  no  way  able  to  bear  so  great  a 

burthen,"  advised  that  the  "  neighboring  colonies"  should 

be  invited  to  contribute.  A  few  days  afterward  Dongan 
28  March,  retumcd  to  the  capital,  and  gave  the  Council  a  full  account 
of  his  doings  at  Albany.  Under  the  authority  of  the  king's 
30  March.  Icttcr  of  Novembcr,  1687,  he  also  called  on  the  governments 
JInTon  the  of  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  New  Jersey  to  aid 
hfg^OT^o-'  that  of  New  York  with  money ;  as  New  England, "  being 
heip.^""^  to  help  us  with  six  hundred  men,  any  other  assistance  can- 
not be  proposed  from  them."* 

To  fortify  Dongan's  appeal  to  Sunderland  from  Albany, 
23 March,  it  was  also  rcsolvcd  in  Council  to  address  the  king  "that 
alirealto^  tliis  govemmcnt  has  been  much  diminished  by  taking  away 
the  king.    Pgj-Qaquid,  the  Jerseys,  Pennsylvania,  and  the  lower  coun- 
ties of  Delaware ;  that  this  is  the  bulwark  of  all  these  parts 
of  America ;  that  the  revenue  is  but  small,  yet  the  charges 
very  great ;  that  Connecticut  in  his  Majesty's  patent  from 
Charles  the  Second,  is  added  to  Boston  by  the  contrivance 
of  the  Governor  of  it  and  the  Clerk  of  the  Colony,  and  un- 
Imown  to  the  major  part  of  the  Colony ;  that  the  French 
war  has  stop't  the  beaver  trade;  so  that,  without  some 
speedy  help,  this  place  will  be  ruined."t 

*  Council  Min.,  v.,  220,221,222;  Col.  Doc,  503,  504;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  167;  Pcnn.  Arch.,  i  , 
104,105;  Col.  Rec.,i.,217;  Chalmers,!.,  4GC;  a?!<c,  493. 
t  Council  Min.,  v.,  221, 222;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  511 ;  Maine  H,  S.  Coll.,  v.,  132;  an^e,  472, 482. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVEBXOS.  497 


CHAPTER  X. 

1688-1689. 


While  Dongan  and  liis  counselors,  in  the  citadel  of  Man-  chap.  x. 
hattan,  were  thus  urging  their  trans- Atlantic  monarch  to 


restore  to  New  York  some  of  her  ancient  territoiy,  as  a  '^^^^ 
means  of  protecting  her  frontier  against  colonial  enemies, 
King  James  the  Second  of  England,  near  the  Whitehall 
banqueting-house,  where  his  father  lost  his  head,  was  ar- 
ranging American  provincial  affairs  to  suit  his  own  rojal 
purposes. 

Of  all  the  sovereigns  of  England,  James  the  Second 
knew  most  about  her  colonies.  Soon  after  the  restoration 
of  his  brother  he  was  made  the  proprietor  of  a  large  rojal 
English-American  province.  In  the  details  of  its  admmis- 
tration  he  took  a  lively  persojial  interest,  because  the  rev- 
enue of  that  province  affected  his  pocket.  So,  with  his  own 
hand,  the  hard-working  Stuart  prince  wrote  many  letters  to 
his  deputies  in  Kew  York.  Certainly  his  dispatches  had 
the  merit  of  directness  and  precision.  Unconstrained  by 
the  conventional  plirases  which  often  beguile  mere  secre- 
taries, the  terse  holographs  of  the  Duke  of  York  uttered  his 
own  imperious  will. 

Witli  this  long  proprietary  experience,  James  became  the 
sovereign  of  England  and  her  dependencies.     Yet,  while 
as  king  he  could  no  longer  correspond  directly  with  his  co- 
lonial subordinates,  he  retained  some  tranquil  pleasure  in  coioniai 
guiding  the  action  of  his  Plantation  Committee.     The  dil-  tr^aTi^n'^f 
igent  business  habits  of  the  Duke  of  York  infused  order  ^^"^^'d!^^ 
and  economy  into  every  department  of  the  government  of 
James  the  Second.    As  far  as  mere  administration  was  con- 
cerned, his  short  reign  seems  to  have  been  more  effective 
than  that  of  any  other  English  sovereign. 

But  with  orderly  and  frugal  administration.  Englishmen 
got  a  more  despotic  system  of  government.     The  personal 

II-I I  .  .  . 


498  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  X.  character  of  their  industrious  king  was  stamped  on  all  his 

measm*es.     James  was  too  active  to  drift :  he  always  want- 

Govern-*  ^^  ^^  ^'^^  ^^^  ^^  stccr.     His  ministers  were  less  his  ad- 

mentof     yigers  than  his  instruments.     Governins;  at  last  without  a 

James.  o 

Parliament,  James  of  England  became  almost  like  Louis 
of  France,  himself  "  The  State." 

Yet  James  was  more  a  bigot  than  a  tyrant.     His  chief 
object  was  to  establish  in  England  the  Roman  Catholic  re- 
ligion in  place  of  the  Protestant.     To  this  end  he  claimed 
sovereign  power  to  dispense  with  statutes,  forfeited  char- 
ters of  corporations,  and  delayed  summoning  a  Parliament 
until  he  felt  sure  that  it  would  meekly  obey  him.    The  king 
did  not  attempt,  and  probably  did  not  desire,  to  abolish 
what  popular  representation  there  was  in  England,  but  he 
James       wishcd  to  make  the  English  Lords  and  Commons  as  sub- 
^"than^'a^'  scrviont  as  were  his  temporary  ministers.     He  would  have 
tyrant,      pejoiccd  to  soc  Parliament  in  London  resemble  the  docile 
"  Bed  of  Justice"  which  affirmed  the  decrees  of  his  kingly 
brother  in  Paris.     If  his  English  subjects  would  but  think 
as  he  did,  James  would  have  liked  their  representatives  to 
gather  about  him  at  "Westminster  and  sanction  the  laws  he 
desired.     So  they  would  maintain  his  supremacy  by  be- 
coming a  breakwater  to  defend  the  crown's  hoary  preroga- 
tive against  the  advancing  surges  of  democracy. 
Popular         Thus  shuuning  popular  representation  in  England,  James 
Hon'norLt  denied  it  to  the  English  colonies  in  America.    These  he  in- 
t?ilaigush  sisted  on  governing  by  his  royal  prerogative  as  "  depend- 
coiomes.     gj^^ies"  of  the  British  crown,  and  not  as  constituencies  of 
the  British  empire.     So  had  his  predecessors  determined ; 
so  had  English  courts  awarded ;  so  were  most  Englishmen 
wilhng  that  those  colonies  should  be  treated.     As  its  pro- 
prietor, James  had  conceded  to  New  York  a  popular  As- 
sembly, which,  as  its  sovereign,  he  had  abolished.    Dongan, 
with  his  Council  in  New  York,  and  Andros,  with  his  Coun- 
cil in  New  England,  were  now  the  only  English  makers, 
and  the  only  English  enforcers  of  laws  throughout  the  ter- 
ritory between  the  Hudson  and  the  Saint  Croix.     In  New 
York,  Dongan  represented  that  imperial  crown  which  first 
had  delegated,  and  then  had  recalled  British  authority.    So 
Andros,  in  New  England,  I'epresented  the  same  sovereign 
whose  delegations  of  colonial  power  had  been  abused  by 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERXOR.  499 

his  trans- Atlantic  subjects  near  Cape  Cod.     James  had  al-  chap.x. 
ready  resolved  that  the  vigor  of  direct  monarchy  would  be 
better  for  them  than  the  discords  of  substituted  oligarchies, 
which  damaged  his  American  realm.     At  the  worst,  An- 
dros  was  but  one  English  ruler  instead  of  several.     Gov- 
ernor or  oligarchs — commissioned  by  the  crown  or  char- 
tered— all  were  creatures  of  their  British  king.    "  The  Peo- 
ple" in  New  England  had  not  given,  and  could  not  give,  any 
authority  to  their  colonial  ralers.     In  truth,  the  American 
government  of  James  the  Second  was  more  tolerant  and  James  the 
just  than  that  which  it  superseded.     Certainly  it  provided  coioTiai'' 
for  the  prosperity  and  happiness  of  all  classes  of  inhabit-  ^anTanV 
ants,  who,  while  not  allowed  colonial  assemblies,  were  guar-  ^^^^ 
anteed  equal  rights  in  America,  and  as  large  religious  lib- 
erty asEnghshmen  in  England. 

Bigot  and  tyrant,  James  had  one  characteristic  which 
shone  in  vivid  contrast.  He  was  a  more  patriotic  English- 
man than  his  faithless  brother.  Anxious  for  the  support 
of  Louis,  James  scorned  to  betray  England  to  France.  Yet 
he  had  stretched  courtesy  by  his  treaty  of  colonial  neutral- 
ity in  the  autumn  of  1686.  Scarcely  had  he  remedied  that 
error  by  his  next  year's  agreement  and  his  orders  to  pre-  22  Jan. 
vent  hostiUties  in  North  America,  when  James  saw  that  fouwni  to  ■ 
Louis  had  gained  an  advantage.  The  American  British  ^"s^^"*^ 
colonies  were  at  stake.  New  France,  with  its  undefined 
territory,  was  governed  by  a  viceroy,  who  executed  his 
French  king's  orders.  The  neighboring  British  posses- 
sions had  discordant  local  administrations  of  English  au- 
thority. To  the  savages,  Louis  seemed  a  greater  monarch 
than  James.  As  long  as  Canada  had  the  energy  of  imion, 
while  New  England,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylva-* 
nia  were  distinct  and  inharmonious,  so  long  France  would 
be  stronger  in  America  than  England. 

Dongan's  warnings  now  impressed  Whitehall.  James's 
recent  arrangement  with  Louis  about  colonial  hostilities 
offered  British  statesmanship  a  grand  ohance  to  establish 
the  supremacy  of  England  in  the  trans-Atlantic  world. 
And  so  the  king  did  the  best  thing  he  could,  which  was  to 
unite,  as  far  as  convenient,  all  the  North  American  British 
poseessions  under  one  vice-regal  government.  Seeing  that 
Andros  had  brought  the  New  England  colonies  into  de- 


500  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cn.vp.x.  pendence  on  the  crown,  James  resolved  to  carry  out  his 
policy  of  union  or  fusion.     By  this  means  he  hoped  to  se- 
Poiicy  of'  ^^^^'®  ^^^  ^^^^  American  territories  against  their  neighboring 
drtin°g"the  Canadian  adversary,  and,  at  the  same  time,  strengthen  his 
M°fnS  in  ^^'^}  arbitrary  rule  over  them.     For  colonial  reasons,  Don- 
America,    gan  had  urged  that  Connecticut  and  the  Jerseys  should  be 
annexed  to  New  York.     The  matter  of  the  Jerseys  had 
been  already  decided.     Finding  that  the  king  had  expe- 
March.      ditcd  writs  of  scire  facias  against  them,  Perth,  with  his  co- 
Aprii.       proprietors,  surrendered  their  powers  of  government  to  him. 
Connecticut,  however,  had  just  been  quietly  joined  to  the 
other  Kew  England  colonies  under  the  government  of  An- 
dros.     So,  instead  of  annexing  Connecticut  to  New  York, 
as  Dongan  had  asked,  James  resolved  to  add  New  York  and 
the  Jerseys  to  his  "  Dominion  of  New  England."    Thus  all 
the  territory  which  his  grandfather's  patent  of  1620  had 
named  "  New  England  in  America"  would  be  brought,  for 
the  first  time,  under  one  royal  Enghsh  governor.     Hither- 
to, New  York  had  never  really  been  a  part  of  the  titular 
Peculiar    "  Ncw  England"  of  James  the  First.     Her  central  geo- 
of  New°°   graphical  position,  her  vast  territory,  her  extraordinary  va- 
riety of  interests,  and  her  peculiar  relations  to  Canada  and 
the  Iroquois,  had  demonstrated  that  a  separate  government 
was  a  necessity  for  her.     These  considerations  did  not  de- 
ter James  the  Second  from  his  purpose  of  consolidating  all 
his  American  colonies  north  of  the  fortieth  degree  of  lati- 
tude.    Yet  he  made  one  solitary  exception : — it  was  Penn- 
sylvania,    Her  Quaker  proprietor  had  long  enjoyed  the  fa- 
vor of  James,  who  at  this  moment  found  him  too  useful  an 
instrument  to  be  offended.     Protected  by  her  astute  own- 
er's "interest"  at  court,  Pennsylvania,  alone  in  her  immuni- 
ty, escaped  the  forfeiture  of  her  charter.     But  all  the  rest 
of  British  North  America,  between  Delaware  Bay  and  Pas- 
samaquoddy,  and  stretching  across  the  continent  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  was  now  to  be  made  a  political 
whole,  under  one  colonial  governor  chosen  by  the  king,  to 
rule  his  "  Dominion  of  New  England."* 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  3G3,  391,  392,  397,  415,  416,  425,  429,  492 ;  Hutch.  Coll.,  559 ;  Learning  and 
Spicer,  604, 605 ;  S.  Smith,  204,  206,  211,  56S ;  Gordon,  53;  Grahame,  ii. ,  299 ;  Bancroft,  ii., 
46,  47 ;  Whitehead's  K.  J.,  112, 113 ;  Index  to  N.  J.  Col.  Doc,  13 ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  j^  590, 
622;  Hev.  Col.,i.,lS3;  Troud,  i.,  322, 341 ;  D.aliymple,  ii., 89,90 ;  Narcissus  Luttrell,  i.,  401; 
Macaulay,  ii.,292,  205;  aji^c,  vol.  i.,  90 ;  ii.,  445,490. 


York. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  501 

Whom  that  viceroy  should  be  was  already  determined,  cn^r.  x. ' 

Either  Dongan  or  Andros  must  be  displaced.     Both  had :; — 

been  twice  commissioned  by  James,  first  when  duke,  and  ^^^^• 
afterward  as  king.     Andros  had  the  largest  experience  in  Andros. 
government,  and,  perhaps,  the  best  executive  talent.     He 
had  ah-eady  governed  New  York,  and  was  now  vigorously 
ruling  New  England  to  the  satisfaction  of  his  arbitrary  sov- 
ereign.    Although  "  fond  of  prelacy,"  Sir  Edmund  was  not 
a  Koman  Catholic.     But  he  had  proved  himself  an  uncom- 
promising executer  of  all  the  royal  commands.    A  thorough 
soldier,  Andros  made  quick  obedience  his  canon  of  duty. 
On  the  other  hand,  Dongan,  also  a  soldier,  yet  more  a  pa-  Dongan. 
trician,  was  an  Msh  Koman  Catholic,  a  nephew  of  Tyrcon- 
nell,  and  the  presumptive  heir  of  the  intensely  loyal  Earl 
of  Limerick.     But,  with  equal  affection  and  fidelity  to  his 
king,  I)ongan  had  more  independence  of  character  than 
Andros.     He  had  not  hesitated  to  foil  and  embitter  Penn, 
nor  to  anger  Perth  and  Melfort  in  his  own  master's  serv- 
ice.    He  had  been  sharply  censured  by  the  King  of  France 
for  maintaining  the  American  interests  of  the  King  of  En- 
gland.   In  a  word,  Dongan  had  shown  more  official  "  zeal" 
than  a  cunning  politician  might  think  expedient  in  a  subor- 
dinate.   So  the  Eoman  Catholic  governor  of  New  York  was  23  March, 
superseded,  and  offered  the  command  of  a  regiment,  with  made°vice. 
the  rank  of  major  general  of  artillery  in  the  British  army,  ZeSdn 
and  a  new  commission  was  ordered,  making  the  Protestant  io??™f  °" 
Sir  Edmund  Andros  governor  general  of  James  the  Sec-  '^''™^'- 
ond's  whole  "  Territory  and  Dominion  of  New  England  in 
America."" 

By  this  step  James  appeared  to  have  made  a  graceful 
concession  to  Louis.     Seignelay  hastened  to  notify  Denon-  s  March. 
ville  that  Dongan  had  been  recalled,  and  that  liis  successor 
was  to  live  in  harmony  with  the  Canadian  authorities.    "  His 
Majesty,"  it  was  triumphantly  added,  "could  not  believe  Louis de- 
that  the  King  of  England  would  countenance  the  chimeri-  ''^'^^^' 
cal  pretension  which  that  Colonel  would  fain  claim  for  him 
over  the  Country  of  the  L-oquois."    But  in  this  Louis  erred. 
While  James  recalled  Dongan,  he  adopted  Dongan's  Indian 
policy ;  and  the  "  speculative  wisdom"  which  directed  colo- 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  348, 354,  422, 423,  4ST,  492 ;  ix.,  314,  322 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxii.,  298 ;  N.  '  ' 
y.  Council  Journals,  i,  Int,  x.tiii. ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i,  425,  028 ;  UTite,  449-456. 


502  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOEK. 

Chap.  X,  iiial  uiiion  in  British  North  America  anticipated  that  it 
would  "  be  terrible  to  the  French,  and  make  them  proceed 
io  M    h  with  more  caution  than  they  have  lately  done."     At  the 
'*"'  same  time  that  Andros  was  instructed  to  "  entertain  a  good 

correspondence"  with  the  French  Canadian  authorities,  he 
was  enjoined  to  "protect"  the  Five  Nations  of  JSTew  York 
as  British  subjects.     So  far  was  James  fi*om  giving  up  what 
Louis   called  the  "chimerical  pretension"  of  Dongan,  or 
from  surrenderino;  an  acre  of  his  claimed  American  do- 
James       miuion  to  France,  that  he  aiSrmed  his  sovereignty  over  the 
sovereign-  whole  region  lying  between  the  Saint  Croix,  the  Saint  Law- 
America,    rence,  and  the  great  lakes  on  the  north,  and  the  fortieth  de- 
gree of  latitude  on  the  south,  and  stretching  across  the  con- 
tinent from  sea  to  sea.* 
T  April.  ^       The  new  commission  which  James  now  sent  to  Andros 
ne^com-   was  similar  to  that  which  he  had  given  him  in  16S6,  with 
Andlos.  °  an  additional  clause  annexing  to  his  government  the  neigh- 
boring colonies  of  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut,  the  prov- 
ince of  New  York,  and  East  and  "West  Jersey, "  with  the  ter- 
ritories thereunto  belonging."     By  this  instrument  Andros 
was  made  King  James's  captain  general  and  governor-in- 
chief  of  "  all  that  tract  of  land,  circuit,  continent,  precincts, 
"  and  limits  in  America,  lying  and  being  in  breadth  from 
"  forty  degrees  of  northern  latitude  from  the  Equinoctial 
Extent  of  "  liuc,  to  the  Eivcr  of  St.  Croix  eastward,  and  from  thence 
seS*s  ^  "  directly  northward  to  the  Eiver  of  Canada,  and  in  length 
alavT^  "  and  longitude,  by  all  the  breadth  aforesaid,  throughout 
New  En-^  "  the  main  land,  from  the  Atlantick  or  Western  Sea  or 
America."  "  Occau  ou  the  East  part,  to  the  South  Sea  on  the  "West 
"  part ;  with  all  the  Islands,  seas,  Bivers,  waters,  rights,  mem- 
"  bers  and  appurtenances  thereunto  belonging : — (our  Prov- 
"  ince  of  Pennsylvania  and  Country  of  Delaware  only  ex- 
"  cepted,)  To  be  called  and  known,  as  formerly,  by  the  name 
"  and  title  of  our  Territory  and  Dominion  of  New  England 
"  in  America."     Thus,  after  sixty-eight  years  full  of  mar- 
velous vicissitudes,  nearly  all  the  nominal  "  New  England" 
of  James  the  First  was  brought,  by  his  grandson,  under  the 
rule  of  a  sole  vice-regal  representative  of  the  British  crown.f 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  504,  543,  548,  549 ;  ix.,  203,  3T2 ;  Hutch.  Mags.  Coll.,  i.,  3T1,  559 ;  Chal- 
mers's  Ann.,  i.,  425,590;  Eev.  Col.,i.,lS4;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  376;  nnte,  405. 
.   t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  537-542;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  425, 426, 590;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxvii.,  130 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOK.  50^ 


CUAP.  X. 


James's  instructions  to  Andros,  like  those  he  gave  to  him 
and  to  Dongan?  two  jears  before,  were  minute  and  specific,   -taoo 
Forty-two'^''  of  the  principal  inhabitants  of  his  several  colo-ie  April.' 
nies  and  provinces  were  named  by  th^  king  to  be  members  ^strac°^  ^ 
of  the  Council  of  his  "  Dominion  of  ISTew  England  in  Amer-  Androa  as 
ica,"  to  w^hom  his  governor  general  was  to  communicate  kl'New"*'^ 
such  of  the  royal  instructions  as  he  shovild  "  find  conven-  ^"siand. 
lent."     These  counselors  were  to  have  freedom  of  debate, 
and  seven  of  them  were  necessary  to  act  as  a  quorum,  except 
on  "  extraordinary  emergencies."   By  the  advice  and  consent 
of  a  majority  of  these  counselors  laws  could  be  made  and 
taxes  imposed.     The  governor  "was  authorized  to  suspend 
any  counselor  "  for  good  and  sufiicient  cause ;"  and  he  was 
required  to. nominate  to  the  Plantation  Committee  "persons 
fit"  to  supply  vacancies.     In  nominating  counselors,  as  well 
as  in  choosing  judges,  sheriffs,  and  other  legal  ofiicers,  he 
was  "  alwa^'S  to  take  especial  care  that  they  be  men  of  es-     • 
tate  and  abilities,  and  not  necessitous  people,  or  much  in 
debt,  and  that  they  be  persons  well  affected  to  the  govern- 
ment."    All  laws  within  the  "  Dominion"  were  to  remain 
in  force  until  the  governor  and  his  Council  should  make 
others.     The  "new  seal,"  which  had  been  devised  in  1686 
for  the  king's  "  Colonies  of  New  England,"  was  now  to  be 
alone  used  throughout  his  present  "  Territory  and  Domin- 
ion in  its  largest  extent."    As  a  consequence,  it  was  direct- 
ed that  the  seal  of  the  province  of  New  York,  which  had 
been  ordered  in  August,  1687,  should  be  "broken  and  de-Theseaiof 
faced."     Liberty  of  conscience  in  matters  of  religion  was  toTe  de^ 
to  be  allowed  "  to  all  persons,  so  they  be  contented  with  a  ^"■°^®'^- 
quiet  and  peaceable  enjoyment  of  it,"  pursuant  to  the  king's 
declaration  of  the  fourth  of  April,  1687,  which  was  "  to  be 

-149;  xxxii.,  298  ;  Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  No.  8;  Rhode  Island  Col.  Rec,  iiL,  212-218;  ante, 
vol.  i.,  9G ;  vol.  ii.,  449, 450. 

*  The  persons  composing  Andros's  council  were  now  Joseph  Dudley,  William  Stoughton, 
John  Pynchon,  Peter  Bulkley,  Richard  Wharton,  John  Usher,  Bartholomew  Gedney,  Jona- 
than Tyng,  Edward  Tyng,  Barnaby  Lathrop,  Samuel  Shrimpton,  Simon  Lynde,  and  Wil- 
liam Brown,  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine  ;  Robert  Mason  and  John  Hincks,  of  New  Hamp. 
shire;  Thomas  Hinckley,  William  Bradford,  Daniel  Smith,  John  Walley,  and  Nathaniel 
Clark,  of  Plymouth ;  Walter  Clarke,  John  Sandford,  John  Coggeshall  [Coxhill],  Walter  New- 
berry, John  Greene,  Richard  Arnold,  John  Alborough,  and  Richard  Smith,  of  Rhode  Island ; 
Robert  Treat,  Fitz  John  Winthrop,  Wait  Winthrop,  and  John  AUyn,  of  Connecticut;  An- 
thony Brockholls,  Frederick  Phfllipse,  Jervis  Baxter,  Stephen  van  Cortlandt,  John  Spragg, 
John  Younge,  Nicholas  Bayard,  and  John  Palmer,  of  New  York ;  Francis  Nicholson  and  Ed- 
ward Randolph,  at  this  time  of  Boston.  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  543;  R.  I.  Rec,  iii.,  255;  Hutch. 
Mass.,  i.,  .=554;  Mass.H.  S.  Coll.,  xviii.,  182  ;  Williamson,  i.,  534;  Arnold,  i.,508;  Palfrey,  iii., 
553, 5C2,  604;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  441, 442, 447. 


o04  HISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1688. 


ch.vp.x.  duly  observed  and  put  in  execution."     But  nothiug  was 
said  about  the  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  of  the  Bishop  of 
London  or  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  the  English 
American  possession^.     This  had  been  provided  for  in  the 
The         king's  Instructions  of  June,  1686 ;  but  James,  her  "  Defend- 
Engiand    cr  of  tlic  Faith,"  now  thought  chiefly  of  subverting  the  En- 
ed'inTn- "  glisli  Churcli  establishment.     Neither  did  he  require  any 
struVtions.  schoolinaster  to  be  licensed  by  the  Bishop  of  London  or  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  as  formerly.     The  injunction, 
however,  was  renewed,  that  no  press  be  used,  nor  book  be 
printed,  without  the  governor's  license.     The  English  Roy- 
al African  Company  was  to  be  encouraged,  and  "  ill  mas- 
Negroes     ters"  were  to  be  restrained  from  inhuman  severity  toward 
mansTo  be  their  slaves,  while  the  conversion  of  negroes  and  Indians 
converted.  ^^  Christianity  was  to  be  promoted.     The  recent  Instruc- 
tions to  Dongan  respecting  the  Iroquois  were  reiterated, 
and  Andros  was  directed  to  inform  the  Governor  of  Cana- 
The  iro-    da  that  the  King  of  England  had  resolved  to  own  the  Five 
protected    JSTatious  as  his  subjects,  and  "  to  protect  them  as  such."    At 
subjeas'.'    the  same  time,  he  was  to  observe  the  agreement  for  pre- 
venting hostilities  in  America,  and  "  entertain  a  good  cor- 
respondence" with  the  French  officers  there.'^ 

Such  were  the  prominent  directions  of  James  for  the  gov- 
ernment of  his  ISTew  England  dominion.     As  its  territory 
was  now  so  vast,  it  was  necessary  that  some  one  should  be 
appointed  to  act  as  chief  executive  officer  under  Andros  in 
case  of  his  absence,  and  to  take  his  place  in  case  of  his 
20  April,    death.     Captain  Francis  Nicholson,  who  commanded  one 
N'lchoi'sra  of  the  companies  of  regular  soldiers  at  Boston,  was  accord- 
goveinon  i^gly  commissioucd  to  be  the  king's  "Lieutenant  Governor 
of  New  England,  with  directions  to  observe  such  orders  as 
he  shall  receive"  from  its  chief  governor.     To  Andros's 
present  salary  of  twelve  hundred  pounds,  two  hundred 
were  added  out  of  the  six  hundred  allowed  to  Dongan,  of 
which  the  remaining  four  hundred  were  assigned  to  Nich- 
The  New    olsou  as  licutcnant  governor.     No  place  was  fixed  by  the 
Kat  oTgov-  king  as  the  "  Seat  of  Government"  of  his  dominion.    It 
Avas  necessarily  transitory.     It  might  be  at  Boston,  or  New 
York,  or  elsewhere,  at  the  discretion  of  Andros,  who,  witli 

*  Col.  Poc,  iii.,  372,  375,  427,  503,  504,  543-540 ;  Mass.  11.  S.  Coll.,  x.wii.,  US;  antr,  450, 
451,  453-460, 490-4?4. 


ernment 
transitory. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVEEXOR.  505 

a  majority  of  liis  counselors,  could  make  laws  whenever  chap.x. 
and  wherever  they  pleased.*  . 

These  arrangements  were  notified  to  Dongan  by  James,  22  Apni.' 
who  signified  his  pleasure  that,  on  the  arrival  of  Andros  at^^'[?g^^"s 
New  York,  the  seal  and  the  records  of  that  province  must  dongan. 
be  delivered  to  him,  and  that  its  colonial  governor  should 
return  to  England,  and  expect  marks  of  royal  "  entire  satis- 
faction" about  his  services  in  the  most  important  British 
possession  in  America.f  • 

Ignoi'ant  of  these  sweeping  changes  which  his  sovereign  ' 
was  directing  at  Whitehall,  Dongan  had  pledged  his  per-  congan 
sonal  credit,  and  even  mortgaged  his  farm  on  Staten  Isl-  esutlTfor*' 
and,  to  secure  upward  of  two  thousand  pounds  which  j^q^'^^^"''^ 
had  borrowed  from  Robert  Livingston  to  meet  the  expenses 
of  the  Albany  expedition.     The  provincial  debt  was  so 
heavy  that  the  governor  had  been  obliged  to  call  on  Penn-  so  March. 
sylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  New  Jersey  to  assist  New 
York  with  ready  money.:}; 

But  little  aid  came  fi'om  abroad.    Andros  was  required 
by  the  king  to  assist  New  York  with  the  men,  but  not  the 
money,  of  New  England.     In  answer  to  Dongan's  appeal, 
Pennsylvania  withheld  and  Maryland  refused  any  help.  Little  aid 
Virginia  was  not  disposed  to  contribute ;  but  Lord  Howard,  YorkTrom 
of  Effingham,  her  governor,  who  had  witnessed  Dongan's  cofonieT 
zeal  in  Indian  affairs,  sent  him  five  hundred  pounds.    New 
Jersey,  anxious  to  stand  well  with  the  king,  voted  a  tax  for  14  May. 
the  benefit  of  New  York,  which,  however,  does  not  appear 
to  have  been  paid.§ 

Wlien  the  accounts  of  the  Albany  expedition  were  at  last   . 
made  up,  it  was  found  that  the  province  was  so  much  in  3  May. 
debt  that  a  new  levy  of  money  was  necessarj'.    Dongan  and 
his  Council  accordingly  passed  an  act  to  raise  two  thousand  it  May. 
five  hundred  and  fifty-six  pounds  and  four  shillings  in  the  ietk!d*by 
several  counties,  according  to  a  fixed  rate.     This  tax  was  and  hl^ 
directed  to  be  paid  to  Matthew  Plowman,  the  king's  new  *'°"°'^''" 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  374, 537,  512;  iv.,  263 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  362,  Coll.,  559  ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  561, 
5C2;  a?!??,  451. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  550 ;  Council  Min.,  v.,  237 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  iii.,  353  ;  Hutch.  Coll.,  5G4 ; 
Chalmers,  i.,  590. 

tCol.  Doc,  iii.,511;  iv.,  133,134,137;  Hist.Mag.,  v.,  184;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  167, 168;  Coun- 
cil Min.,  v.,  222, 229 ;  Secret  Services  Ch.  II.  and  James  II.,  195 ;  ante,  487, 496. 

5  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  566,  619,  620;  Doc  Hist.,  i.,  167;  ii.,  25;  Penn.  Arch.,  i.,  104, 105;  Col. 
Roc,  i.,  217;  Proud,  i.,33S;  Burk,  ii.,  301,  302,  303;  Learning  and  Spicer,  306-300 ;  White- 
head, 113, 120, 121;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  406,  629 ;  a7itf,  396. 


506 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Chap.  X. 

1688. 

4  April. 


The  New 
York  Re- 
formed 
Dutch 
Church 
nsks  to  be 
incorpo- 
rated. 


30  April. 
6  May. 
19  May. 
30  May. 

Dongan 
goes  again 
to  Albany. 


11  June. 
Dongan'a 
corre- 
spondence 
with  De- 
nonville. 


JlJuly. 


collector,  at  the  custom-lioiise  in  New  York  before  the  next 
■  November.* 

Interesting  local  events  had  meanwhile  occurred.  The 
minister,  elders,  and  deacons  of  the  metropolitan  ancient 
Dutch  Church  prayed  Dongan  that,  as  they  wished  to  build 
their  new  church  outside  the  fort,  as  had  been  contem- 
plated in  1680,  the  governor  would  establish  them  as  "  a 
body  corporate  and  ecclesiastic,  and  thereby  qualified  per- 
sons, capable  in  law  to  have,  hold,  and  enjoy  lands  and  ten- 
ements, &c.,  under  the  name  and  style  of  the  Minister  or 
Ministers^  Elders  and  Deacons  of  the  Dutch  Reformed 
Church  in  New  YorTcP  But  years  rolled  on  before  a  suc- 
cessor of  Dongan  granted  the  desired  patent  to  this  ven- 
erable church  of  Dutch  Eeformed  Christians  in  North 
America.f 

Word  having  come  from  Albany  that  the  French  were 
again  troublesome,  the  Council  resolved  that  the  governor 
should  hasten  there  again,  and  soldiers  be  sent  up  the  river 
to  observe  their  enemy.  Dongan  accordingly  commission- 
ed his  comiselors,  Yan  Cortlandt,  Phillij)se,  and  Bayard,  to 
manage  provincial  affairs  during  his  absence  from  the  me- 
tropolis, and  gave  them  full  instructions  how  to  act  as  his 
temporary  representatives.  % 

Intelligence  of  the  negotiations  at  London  reached  Don- 
gan at  Albany,  who  informed  Denonville  that  the  King  of 
England's  letter  to  him  of  22d  January  ought  to  end  their 
disputes.  A  pleasant  correspondence  followed.  The  Iro- 
quois were  directed  by  the  Governor  of  New  York  to  with- 
draw from  Canada,  and  Mademoiselle  D'Allonne,  who  had 
been  taken  prisoner  at  Cataracouy,  was  sent,  with  several 

*  Council  Min.,  v.,  229,  230,  234 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  16T,  IGS ;  Council  Journals,  i.,  Int.,  xxi., 
xxii. ;  ante^  492. 

t  On  the  12th  of  December,  16S6,  Domine  Selyns  and  the  elders  and  deacons  of  the  Dutch 
Church  of  the  city  of  New  York  represented  to  the  mayor  and  aldermen  that  they  were 
willing  to  build  their  new  church  as  soon  as  a  convenient  place  and  necessary  materials 
should  be  provided,  and  prayed  that  their  worsliips  would  grant  them  "a  certain  vacant 
piece  of  ground,  formerly  designated  for  that  purpose,  lying  within  this  city,  or  any  other 
convenient  place,"  and  also  intercede  with  the  governor  to  give  them  "  a  parcel  of  clipstone 
from  the  old  fortifications."  The  Dutch  Church  was  built  in  Garden  Street  in  1693,  and  its 
ofificers  were  made  the  first  religious  corporation  in  New  York  by  Governor  Fletcher  in  1696. 
Ante^  331, 464,  465 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  315, 415, 71T ;  Doc.  Hist.,  iii.,  240,  265,  305 ;  Records  of  N. 
Y.  R.  D.  C,  Liber  A.,  40,  161,  169,  199 ;  Patents,  vii.,  27-36  ;  Smith,  i.,  301, 302 ;  Murphy's 
Anthology,  125, 126;  Note  F.,  Appendix,  p.  661,  662,  post. 

t  Council  Min.,  v.,  229,  281,  235;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxv.,  14S-163,  171;  Commissions,  i.,  76; 
anle^  4S7.  In  June,  after  Dopgan  went  to  Albany,  John  Knigbt,  who  was  .about  to  return  to 
England,  delivered  the  New  York  records  in  his  posses-sion,  as  deputy  secretary,  to  Van  Cort- 
landt, Phillipae,  and  Bayard.    Col.  Doc,  iii.,  407 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxv.,  162  ;  ante^  468, 4S4. 


1688. 

Niagara. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVEENOR.  507 

others,  from  Albany  to  Montreal.     But  the  French  were  chap.x. 
desired  to  evacuate  Niagara.* 

The  French  did  eyacuate  Niagara  not  long  afterward 
Louis  would  not  admit  the  pretension  of  James  that  the  Iro 
quois  were  British  subjects.  Denonville  was  therefore  di- 8  March, 
rected  to  send  all  the  information  he  could  to  Paris  respect- 
ing the  French  claim  to  Hudson's  Bay,  the  Ii'oquois  coun- 
try, and  "  the  Southern  portion  of  Acadia,  from  Penobscot 
to  the  River  Kinnebec ;"  and  Louis  declared  his  intention 
.of  appropriating  all  the  unoccupied  American  territory  nec- 
essary for  the  maintenance  of  Canadian  trade.  Seignelay 
also  wrote  that  the  exchano-e  or  ffaininsi;  of  New  Tork  was  s  March. 

.,  1  .       .    1     ,  .       °  ,  ^    New  York, 

not  possible  at  present,  yet  its  inhabitants  must  be  prevent-  Canada, 
ed  from  "  thwarting  the  trade  of  the  French."  As  the  king  i^oquoL 
must  "  chastise  the  Iroquois,"  he  would  send  fresh  Euro- 
pean soldiers  to  attack  the  Mohawks  and  Onondagas  who 
should  winter  in  their  country.  Forts  Niagara  and  Fron- 
tenac  must  be  maintained,  and  new  posts  established  at  So- 
dus  Bay  and  Salmon  River,  on  Lake  Ontario,  as  well  as  at 
the  southern  end  of  Lake  Champlain, "  towards  the  Mo- 
hawks," which  would  be  "  at  the  head  of  the  whole."  More 
Iroquois  prisoners  should  be  sent  to  France, "  as  it  is  cer- 
tain that  those  Indians,  who  are  vigorous  and  accustomed  to 
hardship,  can  serve  usefully  on  board  his  Majesty's  galleys." t 
This  masterly  European  scheme  of  Louis  was  not  to  be 
accomplished.  Irritated  at  the  deportation  of  their  breth- 
ren-to  France,  the  Iroquois  harassed  the  Canadians  all  the 
winter.  Denonville  sent  re-enforcements  to  Niagara,  where 
Millet  had  succeeded  Lamberville  as  chaplain,  which  were 
attacked  by  the  New  York  Indians,  who  then  besieged  Fort 
Chambly.  Some  Onondaga  captives  were  restored;  and 
Lamberville,  at  Cataracouy,  persuaded  the  Oneidas,  Ononda- 
gas, and  Cayugas  to  send  deputies  to  Montreal.  Six  hundred  The  iro- 
warriors,  headed  by  Haaskouan,  or  Outreouati,  the  Ononda-  ace  m^- 
ga  whom  the  French  called"  Grande-gueule,''  then  descend-  '^^ ' 
ed  the  Saint  Lawrence  to  the  Lake  Saint  Francis,  where 
they  were  joined  by  six  hundred  more.  There  the  savage 
force  halted,  while  Grande-gueule,  with  a  few  others,  went 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  556, 563, 564;  ix.,  391 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxv.,  IGO ;  Quebec  MSS.  (iL),  v.,  445, 
452,455,459,460,464,502;  Charlevoix,  u.,  3T4 ;  Ganieau,i.,  267,268;  anfe,  4SS,  494. 
t  Col.  Doc. ,  ix. ,  371-377 ;  ante^  501.  * 


50S  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cn.vr.x.  down  to  Montreal.     Denonville  gave  tliem  instant  andi- 

ence.    Speaking  for  the  Cayugas,  Onondagas,  and  Oneidas, 

Grande  *  ^^^^'^^  orator  Set  forth  the  weakness  of  the  French,  and  the 

Denon  ^^^  ^^^®  ^^^^  which  the  Iroqnois  could  drive  theni  out  of  Can- 

'^iue.        ada.     Learning,  he  said, "  that  our  warriors  had  resolved  to 

come  and  burn  your  forts,  and  houses,  and  granges,  and 

corn,  so  that  after  famishing  you,  they  could  have  you  an 

easy  prey,  I  begged  so  strongly  in  your  favor,  that  I  have 

got  leave  to  warn  Onnontio  that  he  can  escape  this  evil  by 

acceptirig  peace  on  the  terms  proposed  by  Corlaer."* 

These  haughty  w^ords  from  the  glib  Onondaga  who  had 
humbled  De  la  Barre  at  La  Famine  four  years  before,  and 
the  twelve  hundred  Iroquois  warriors  at  the  Lake  Saint 
Montreal    Fraucis,  dismayed  all  hearts  at  Montreal.    Kews  had  mean- 
™^^^  '  while  come  that  nearly  all  the  French  left  at  Niagara  the 
yiear  before  had  died.     Fort  Frontenac  w^as  invested  by  the. 
Iroquois,  while  from  the  Sorel  River  to  Montreal  scarcely 
a  Canadian  could  venture  out  of  doors.     So  Denonville 
8  June,      agreed  to  a  peace,  including  the  Western  savages,  and  the 
makes  '    Moliawks  and  Senecas,  provided  he  could  send  supplies  to 
theYro-'     Cataracouy.    He  also  promised  to  solicit  the  return  of  their 
quois.       brethren  now  in  the  galleys  at  Marseilles.     The  truce  was 
concluded  "  on  the  spot,"  and  the  Iroquois  deputies  left  hos- 
tages to  ratify  it  "  at  the  wane  of  the  August  moon."f 

At  Montreal,  the  Oneidas,  Onondagas,  and  Cayugas  re- 
jected Dongan's  assumption  that  they  were  British  subjects. 
15  June.     They  declared  that  his  claim  "  was  not  true;  that  they 'had 
quois  "as-    always  resisted  his  pretensions,  and  wished  only  to  be  friends 
indlpend-  of  tlio  Frcncli  and  English  equally,  without  either  the  one 
FrancLnd  or  the  otlicr  being  their  masters ;  because  they  held  their 
Kngiand.    (jouutry  du'cctly  of  God,  and  had  never  been  conquered  in 
war,  neither  by  the  French  nor  the  English ;  and  that  their 
intention  was  only  to  observe  a  perfect  neutrality."    Thus, 
while  Louis  and  James  were  wrangling  about  American  sov- 
ereignty, the  Iroquois  asserted  their  independence  of  both, 
and  preserved  Northern  New  York,  as  their  own  native  land, 
from  annexation  to  Canada.:}: 

•  La  Potherie,  ii.,  221-227 ;  iii.,  58 ;  Col. Doc,  iv.,  343 ;  ix,,  243,  247, 380,  387,  388, 390, 402 ; 
Charlevoix,  369-371,373;  Bancroft,  ii. ,  424 ;  Garneau,  i.,  268 ;  nnic,  403, 404, 481. 

t  Col.  Doc.,ix.,  339,  391,  395,  390;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  364,  372-374;  Coldcn,  i.,S8;  Garneau, 
i.,268;  ante,  405,  481.     With  truly  British  contempt  for  even  French  idioms,  Smith,  i.,  87, 
twists  the  "  sur  le  champ"  of  Charlevoix  into  "  iu  the  field !" 
•  t  Col.Doc.,ix.,3S4-3SC;  Bancroft,  ii.,  424. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOR.  509 

Soon  afterward,  the  French  captives  whom  Dongan  had  cuap.  x. 
sent  from  Albany  reached  Montreal.     In  acknowledging 
his  courtesy,  Denon\dlle  said  that,  as  soon  as  he  could,  he  j„,y 
would  withdraw  the  garrison  at  IS^iagara, "  in  order  to  con-  M  ^^s- 
tribute  to  a  permanent  peace." 

.  When  Denonville's  orders  tardily  reached  Des  Berg^res  e  juiy. 
at  Niagara,  he  assembled  the  officers  and  made  a  formal  French  fort 
record  of  the  condition  of  the  fort.    A  large  wooden  cross,  demoufh-* 
eighteen  feet  high,  with  an  appropriate  inscription,  which  ^^' 
Millet  had  solemnly  blessed  on  the  last  Good  Friday,  was 
left  standing  in  the  middle  of  the  square.    The  cabins  and 
quarters  were  also  preserved  entire, "  for  the  purpose  of 
maintaining  the  possession  his  Majesty  and  the  French  have 
for  a  long  time  had  in  this  Niagara  district."     The  garri- 
son then  evacuated  the  fort,  and  came  down  Lake  Ontario  j%  sept. 
to  Cataracouy  in  the  bark  "  la  Generale."* 

Tliis  abandonment  of  Niagara  by  the  French  was  chiefly 
owing  to  the  policy  and  the  firmness  of  Dongan. f    But  be- 
fore the  event  was  accomplished,  his  own  authority  over 
New  York  had  ceased.     On  his  return  from  Albany,  Don- 
gan received  the  king's  letter  of  the  22d.of  April,  requiring 
him  to  surrender  the  government  of  New  York  to  Andros 
on  his  arrival  there.     The  unwelcome  missive  was  read  in  2s  juiy. 
Council,  and  "  ordered  to  be  recorded  amongst  the  records  preplres  to 
of  the  Province  of  New  York,"     And  now  all  was  agog,  fovera-'"^ 
The  Long  Island  Quakers  set  forth  to  the  expiring  govern-  Andro*? 
ment  all  the  losses  they  had  suffered  for  not  training  and  ^'**^^'^- 
not  paying  town-rates  according  to  law ;  but  they  got  no 
redress.     The  act  w^hich,  in  obedience  to  the  king's  desire, 
had  been  ordered  to  be  engrossed  in  May,  for  the  education 
of  Indian  slaves  and  negroes  in  the  Christian  faith,  was  ei-  Negroes. 
ther  forgotten  or  dropped.     But  it  was  resolved  in  Council  Juiy  so. 
"  that  all  Indian  Slaves  within  this  Province,  subjects  to  the  siavss. 
King  of  Spain,  that  can  give  an  account  of  their  Christian 
faith,  and  say  the  Lord's  prayer,  be  forthwith  set  at  liberty, 
and  sent  home  by  the  first  conveyance,  and  likewise  them 
that  shall  hereafter  come  to  the  Province."     This  was  only 
confirming  the  Council's  action  in  the  previous  October. 

•Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  556;  ix.,3S6-3SS,  391,  396;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  16S,  169;  Col.  MSS., -xxxr.,  160; 
Quebec  MSS.,  v.  (ii.),  460, 464,  502 ;  La  Hontan,  i.,  131, 132 ;  Charlevoix, ii., 357,  364,  3T2, 374. 

t  Palmer,  in  his  Impartial  Account,  p.  21,  erroneously  attributes  the  demolition  of  Niaga- 
ra  to  the  action  of  Andros  under  his  new  commission.    Compare  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  556, 557.  , 


610  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  X.  Eobei't  Allison,  who  had.  purchased  an  Indian  slave  at  Hon- 
duras,  and  brought  hun  to  New  York,  asked  that  he  might 

30  jiiy  I'^t^i^  1^^^^  i^  bondage  there ;  but  his  petition  was  rejected. 
As  the  administration  was  soon  to  be  in  other  hands,  Don- 
gan  and  his  Council, "  for  the  ease  of  this,  his  Majesty's 
Province,  which  it  is  his  Majesty's  pleasure  should  be  an- 

30  July,     nexed  to  his  Government  of  New  England,  Ordered  that  all 


Tax  law 


fe^""^? 


suspended,  further  proceedings  towards  the  levying  the  late  tax  and  im- 
position of  £2555,  6,  to  be  paid  by  the  first  day  of  Novem- 
ber next,  do  cease,  and  it  is  hereby  suspended  'till  further 
order,  and  that  the  sheriffs  of  the  respective  counties  have 
notice  given  them  accordingly."     The  last  law  passed  by 

2 August.   Dongan  was  "to  prohibit  shoemakers  from  using  the  mys- 

Shoemak-  o  jl  o  •/ 

ers  not  to   tcrv  of  tauuiug  hidcs,"  when  Counselors  Brockholls,  Bax- 

tan  bides  •/  o  ^  / 

ter,  Phillipse,yan  Cortlandt,  and  Bayard  were  present.   The 
Hunting,   same  day  the  last  New  York  patent  under  her  recent  pro- 
"  viucial  seal  from  James  the  Second  was  issued  by  Dongan 
to  the  town  of  Huntington.* 

In  the  mean  time  Andros  had  been  aiflicted  by  the  death 
22  Jan.      of  his  wif 0  at  Boston,  where  she  was  buried  with  great 
10  Feb.      pomp.     Soon  afterward  he  went  to  New  Hampshire  and 
Andros  at  -^^^^^^  whcro  his  presence  was  required.     At  Pemaquid  he 
Pemaquid.  refreshed  himself  "  with  sheep  and  soles,"  and  then  went, 
in  the  Rose  frigate,  to  the  French  settlement  at  Penobscot. 
Learning  his  approach,  Castin  retired,  leaving  his  house 
shut.     Andros  respected  the  baron's  altar  and  emblems  of 
his  Eoman  faith,  but  he  seized  his  other  property,  and  sent 
it  to  Pemaquid  for  condemnation,  on  the  charge  of  illegal 
trading  within  the  British  dominions,  which  were  claimed 
to  extend  as  far  east  as  the  Saint  Croix  Biver.     On  his  re- 
turn to  Pemaquid,  Andros  was  joined  by  Secretary  Ean- 
dolph,  and  a  conference  was  held  with  the  neighboring  In- 
dian sachems,  who  were  told  not  to  fear  the  French,  and 
promised  the  protection  of  the  English.     The  conduct  of 
Palmer  and  West  in  1686  was  thouglit  by  Randolph  to  be 
"as  arbitrary  as  the  Great  Turke."     Perhaps  Randolph's 
criticism  was  deserved,  yet  not  so  much  because  Dongan's 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  3T4,  42T,  550 ;  iv.,  510,  511 ;  Council  Min.,  v.,  222,  224,  237,  23S,  239 ;  Col. 
MSS.,xxxiv.,  TT,7S;  xxxv.,16S,  169  ;  Doc.  Hist,  i.,  1C7, 168  ;  iii.,  608,609;  Council  Jour., 
i.,  Int.,xxi.,xxli.,xxiii.;  N.Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  iii,  353  ;  Patents,  v.,  338-349 ;  Anderson's  Col. 
Ch.,  ii.,  303,  344 ;  Evelyn,  ii.,  245 ;  AVood's  Long  Island,  103, 104;  Thompson,  i.,  468 ;  ante, 
330,  331, 434, 455,  486.  There  are  no  regular  New  York  Council  Minutes  in  the  secretary's 
office  at  Albany  between  2  August,  lOSS,  and  19  March,  1091. 


THOMAS  DONGAN,  GOVERNOE.      •       511 

late  agents  had  been  "  arbitrary,"  as  because  they  had  yen-  cuap.  x. 
tured  "  to  tear  all  in  pieces  that  was  settled  and  granted  at 
Pemaquid  by  Sir  Edmund"  in  1677,  when  he  was  Govern- 
or of  New  York.     But  the  jealousy  of  Dongan,  which  An- 
dros  continually  manifested,  was  soon  appeased.     News 
came  fi'om  Boston  that  the  king  had  determined  to  add  lo  March. 
New  York  and  New  Jersey  to  Andros's  present  government. 
Fort  Charles,  at  Pemaquid,  was  ordered  to  be  repaired,  and 
its  command  was  intrusted  to  Ensign  Joshua  Pipon.     An- 
dros  then  hastened  back  to  Boston  to  receive  his  new  com-  21  june. 
mission,  for  the  arrival  of  which  he  waited  "  in  great  ex-  tuvZ^lo  ' 
pectation."     Meanwhile  James  Graham,  who  had  been  his 
fellow-passenger  from  England  in  1678,  and  seems  to  have 
preferred  him  to  Dongan,  had  resigned  his  New  York  ap- 
pointments and  hurried  eastward,  where  he  was  made  At- 
torney General  of  New  England  in  place  of  Farewell.   Gra- 
ham appears  to  have  been  assisted  in  his  new  office  by  Da-  Graham 
vid  Jamison,  the  Scotch  "  sweet  singer,"  who  had  given  up  sonffivOTed 
his  Latin  school  in  New  York,  and  desired  advancement  ^^  ^'^'^^■''^• 
under  the  rising  sun.     John  West  was  already  at  Boston 
as  Randolph's  deputy.     John  Palmer,  one  of  the  judges  of 
New  York,  whom  Dongan  had  sent  to  London  with  his  dis- 
patches in  September,  1687,  now  returned  to  New  England, 
of  which  he  had  been  named  a  counselor  by  the  king.     As 
the  dominion  was  enlarged  by  the  annexation  of  New  York, 
Andros  appointed  Palmer  to  be  one  of  the  judges  of  its  Su-  paimer 
perior  Court,  along  with  Dudley,  Stoughton,  and  Bulkley.  New  En- 
And  now  the  governor  was  "safe  in  his  New  York  confi-j^'dga. 
dents,  all  others  being  strangers  to  his  Councill."     Yet  so 
far  from  being,  as  stigmatized  by  coarse  Boston  partisans, 
"a  crew  of  abject  persons,"  the  gentlemen  who  came  from 
New  York  were  "  well  known  to  have  lived  there  for  a  long 
time  in  esteem  and  reputation — enough  to  merit  a  better 
Epethite  of  all  good  and  honest  men."* 

"When  Andros's  vice-regal  commission  reached  Boston,  it 
was  proclaimed  from  the  town-house  balcony,  and  Captain  lo.juiy. 

-  Col. Doc,  iii.,  428,  423, 430, 450, 513,  515, 551, 6GT,  571, 65T,  662, 663;  iv.,2S2, 4T6;  v.,  47S; 
ix.,  263,  265,  380, 396 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  360,  38T ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  ili.,  437-446 ;  Hutch.  Mass., 
L,  364, 370,  371,  381 ;  Coll.,  557-565;  Adiard's  Sutton  Dudleys,  77 ;  Palmer's  Impartial  Ac- 
count, 22 ;  Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  No.  9,  p.  8, 9, 16, 18, 21, 22, 37, 40, 53, 58 ;  No.  10,  p.  8 ;  Mather, 
Mag.,  ii.,  586 ;  Williamson,  i.,  5S6-5S8  ;  Belknap,  i.,  196 ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  526, 533, 549,  552,  55S 
-560,  562;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxvii.,  180  ;  xxxv.,  190 ;  R.  I.  Rec,  iii.,  257  ;  Andros  Tracts 
(Prince  Soc.)  i.,  13, 43, 114 ;  ante,  310,  318, 407,  444,  445, 467,  468, 469, 4S4. 


1688 

31  July. 
Andro3 
goea  to 


512  •  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  X.  Francis  Nicholson  was  installed  as  Lieutenant  Governor  of 
the  dominion.    A  fortnight  afterward  the  governor  general 
set  out  for  New  York,  attended  by  Mason,  Dudley,  Usher, 
Randolph,  and  Walley,  of  his  Council,  and  deputy  Secretaiy 
New  York.  "VYest.     Nicliolsou  accompanied  his  chief  as  far  as  New 
London,  whence  he  was  sent  back  to  Boston,  because  the 
Indians  were  making  trouble  near  Springfield.     On  his 
way  Andros  was  joined  by  Counselors  Clarke,  Ilj^ewberry, 
Smith,  Winthrop,  and  Allyn.* 
n  August.      On  Saturday,  the  eleventh  of  August,  the  governor  gen- 
tiieme-     cral  rcaclied  the  metropolis,  where  he  was  received  by  Col- 
lopo  13.     ^^^^  Bayard's  regiment  of  foot  and  a  troop  of  horse.    The 
king's  new  commission  was  read  in  Fort  James,  and  then 
published  at  the  City  Hall.     Immediately  afterward,  An- 
dros sent  for  and  received  from  Dongan  the  almost  virgin 
seal  of  the  late  government  of  New  York, "  which  was  de- 
The  seal  of  faced  and  broaken  in  Council,"  according  to  the  king's  In- 
broken.""^    structious.    In  its  stead,  the  great  seal  of  New  England  was 
11  August,  thenceforth  to  be  used.    A  proclamation  was  at  once  issued 
continuing  all  persons  not  removed  by  order  of  .the  king  in 
their  offices,  and  directing  taxes  to  be  continued.     Thus 
Andros  began  his  second  government  of  New  York.     He 
had  left  it  seven  years  before  to  be  justified  with  the  Duke 
of  York.     In  the  interval,  the  province  had  gained  and 
.  had  lost  a  popular  assembly.     Her  old  governor  now  revis- 
ited familiar  scenes  to  assume  almost  imperial  authority  as 
the  viceroy  of  James  the  Second.f 

A  few  days  afterward  the  governor  general  went  over  to 
New  Jersey,  with  several  of  his  Council,  and  at  Elizabeth- 
is  August,  town  published  his  commission,  as  well  as  the  proclamation 
for  continuino;  officers  and  the  revenue.     Similar  ceremo- 
IS  August,  nies  were  observed  at  Burlington.     Andrew  Hamilton  and 
C5 'August,  others  were  appointed  justices  of  the  peace  by  Andros  un- 
der the  great  seal  of  the  dominion.     It  was  remarked  that 
New  jer-    the  "  out  placcs"  of  both  East  and  West  Jersey  were  "  very 
duced.' .     thinly  inhabited,"  but  that  "  all  shewed  their  great  satisfac- 
tion in  being  under  his  Majestie's  immediate  government.":}: 

*  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  550,  557,  567,  56S;  ix.,392;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  371;  CoIl.,5GC;  Col.  Rec. 
Conn.,  iii.,  447;  Barry,  i.,  496;  Bancroft,  il.,  431 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  3S2. 

+  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  2S3,  2S6, 316,  427,  f)4G,  550,  554,  567,  722 ;  Min.  of  C.  C,  i.,  329,  330 ;  Dun- 
lap,  ii.,  App.  cxxxv ;  ante,  345,  451,  401,  503. 
.     t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  553,-554,  507 ;  Chalmers,  i.,  590,  022  ;  Smith's  N.  J.,  204,  206,  5GS ;  Gor- 


SIR  EDJIUND  ANDEOS,  GOVERKOR  GENERAL.  513 

• 

If  the  people  of  liiew  Jersey  were  satisfied  with  the  chap.x. 
change  which  brought  them  directly  under  the  government 
of  their  king,  the  people  of  New  York  were  not  generally 
pleased  that  their  province  should  lose  its  individuality,  and 
be  consolidated  with  New  England.  It  was  true  that  their 
old  governor,  Andros,  whom  many  preferred  to  Dongan,  ■ 
had  come  back  to  them.  But  Andros's  return  was  acgom- 
panied  with  disagreeable  circumstances.  Geographically, 
politically,  and  socially,  New  York  was  unlike  any  other 
British  possession  in  North  America.  For  half  a  century  situation 
before  her  conquest  she  had  remained  a  distinct  territory  yoiiT^ 
of  the  Dutch  Kepublic,  lying  between  the  J*uritan  colonies 
of  England  at  the  east,  and  the  Episcopalian  and  Koman 
Catholic  colonies  of  England  at  the  south.  For  more  than 
that  period  her  relations  with  the  French  in  Canada  and 
"the  savages  within  her  own  borders  had  required  peculiar 
skill  in  their  management.  Up  to  this  time  New  York  had 
always  been  differently  governed  from  any  other  British 
American  colony.  She  had  never  been  a  chartered  or  a 
corporate  government  under  Dutch  or  English  authoi-ity. 
H*er  eclectic  people  never  wished  to  be  ruled  by  incorpo- 
rated oligarchies  like  those  in  New  England,  Wliat  they 
desired,  and  what,  for  a  season,  they  had  enjoyed,  was  a 
"  Charter  of  Liberties,"  securing  to  every  inhabitant  a  share 
in  local  legislation,  freedom  of  conscience,  and  equality  of 
all  modes  of  Christianity.  While  a  Dutch  province.  New  Ne^r  vork 
York,  with  the  comprehensive  liberality  of  her  fatherland,  neVatfon  °o 
had  invited  strangers  of  every  race  and  creed  to  nestle  gitndi°' 
among  her  own  early  colonists.  The  invitation  had  been 
greedily  accepted.  For  these  and  other  reasons,  her  peo- 
ple— especially  those  of  Bat&,vian  origin — cherished  a  mag- 
nanimous "  State  pride,"  not  surpassed  by  that  professed  in 
any  of  the  colonies  by  which  she  was  siuTounded.  She  had 
desired  the  annexation  of  Connecticut  and  the  Jerseys  be- 
cause'they  had  belonged  to  her  ancient  territory,  and  be- 
cause their  restoration  would  only  make  her  what  she  was 
intended  to  be  by  the  patent  which  Charles  the  Second  had 
granted  to  the  Duke  of  York.    But  New  York  did  not  wish 

don,  53 ;  Bancroft,  ii.,  413,  431 ;  Whitehead's  E.  J.,  113, 121.  The  original  great  seal  to  Ham- 
ilton's commission  still  exists ;  Index  N.  J.  Col.  Doc.,  13.  It  is  difficult  to  understand  what 
Palfrey,  iii.,  562,  means  by  saying  that  "  Xew  York  and  New  Jersey  had  never  be/ore  had 
what  viight  seem  a  stable  government  of  any  Mnd," 

II.— K  K 


514  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 

* 

,  ciiAr.  X.  to  be  united  with  Massachusetts,  which — although  inchaded 
~        within  the  Dutch  "  New  Netherland"  of  1614,  six  years  be- 
lbb8.  £^j,g  ^j^g  a  j^.Qy^  England"  of  James  the  First — had  never 
been  in  her  actual  possession,  and,  if  now  joined  to  her, 
might  be  "  ruinous  and  destructive."     It  is  not  surprising 
New  York-  that,  under  these  circumstances,  the  people  of  New  York 
nanr  '^'   fclt  .tliemsclves  to  be  in  an  "unmerited  state  of  degrada- 
tion," which  they  contemplated  with  "  just  dissatisfaction." 
Their  metropolitan  city,  knowing  that  it  had  become  ".the 
envy  of  its  adjacent  neighbors,  who  did  not  cease  by  all 
their  little  artifices  to  interrupt  its  trade,"  especially  la- 
mented "  that  unliappy  annexation  to  New  England."* 
Peculiar        Bcsidcs  tlicsc  political  considerations  were  some  of  an- 
Lgalnst  the  otlicr  cliaractcr.     The  colonists  at  the  eastern  end  of  Long 
of  Ne"^ '°°  Island,  who  had  chiefly  come  from  New  England,  and  who 
New  En-    wislicd  to  barter  their  oil  and  other  commodities  at  Boston 
gland.       rather  than  New  York,  were  perhaps  gratified  at  the  change 
which  brought  them- back  to  old  sympathies.     But  the  an- 
cient Dutch  possessors  of  New  Netherland  and  their  de- 
scendants had  no  reason  to  like  most  of  the  New  England 
colonists  or  their  characteristics.     If  they  liked  any,  they 
preferred  the  people  .of  tolerant  Rhode  Island,  whom  al- 
•  ,  most  all  other  New  Englanders  disliked.     The  genial  Ejjis- 
copalians  of  Virginia  and  the  liberal  Roman  Catholics  of 
Maryland  were  nearer  the  hearts  of  the  New  York  Dutch- 
English  Calvinists  than  were  the  sour  Puritans  of  Massa- 
chusetts, whose  predecessors  would  not  be  comforted  in 
Holland  by  the  calm  pleasures  of  a  Ley  den  Sunday.     On 
the  American  side  of  the  Atlantic  these  antipathies  deep- 
ened.    Rivals  and  antagonists  from  the  start,  New  York 
Kewyork  and  Massachusetts  could  not  be' sympathetic.    The  two  col- 
,».°chusett3  onies  differed  essentiall}'.     The  oldest,  Dutch  one,  was  al- 
entT  '  ^'^'  ways  grand,  inviting,  and  magnanimous : — the  later,  English 
one,  was  ever  sectional,  narrow,  and  selfish.     The  cardinal 
principle  of  New  York  was  comprehensive  liberality : — that 
of  Massachusetts,  Procrustean  rigor.     Both  erred  in  perse- 
cuting noisy  Quakers.     But  the  history  of  the  old  Dutch 
province  in  North  America  is  not  marred  by  the  despotic 
self-righteousness  which  deforms  tlie  annals  of  the  "  Bay 

•Col.  Doc,  iii.,  576,  722,795,  799;  Chalmers's  Pol.  Ann.,  i.,  590;  ii.,  29;  Rev.  Col,  i.,  212; 
Min.  of  N.  V.  C.  C.,ii.,93  OCf  Dunlap,ii.,  App.  cxli.  ;  au^c,  vol.  i.,  62-66, 95, 90 ;  ii.,50a. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.       515 

State."  So  it  was  natural  that  genial  New  York  did  not  chap.  x. 
like  too  intimate  an  association  with  her  surly  and  grasp- 
ing  eastern  neighbor.  She  had  acquiesced  in  the  conquest 
which  reduced  her,  in  1664,  under  the  dominion  of  Charles 
the  Second  and  the  Duke  of  York,  but  she  could  never 
have  submitted  to  the  selfish  and  arrogant  colonists  who  so 
long  and  so  vainly  coveted  her  territory.  It  was  inevitable 
that  New  York  should  consider  her  compulsory  union  with 
Massachusetts,  by  order  of  their  common  sovereign, "  an 
abhorred  connection."* 

Yet,  if  the  people  of  New  York  generally  felt  it  a  "  deg- 
,  radation"  for  their  province  to  be  annexed  to  New  England, 
there  were  some  who  at  first  enjoyed  a  vainglory.  The 
resident  counselors  Brockholls,  Phillipse,  Bayard,  and  Van 
Cortlandt  found  their  ofiicial  importance  rather  increased 
than  diminished  by  the  change.  If  the  New  England  coun- 
selors could  now  vote  on  the  affairs  gf  New  York,  the  New 
York  counselor  could  likewise  vote  on  the  affairs  of  New 
England;  This  they  were  soon  called  upon  to  do.  At  a 
Council  held  at  New  York,  a  law  to  regulate  the  carrying  29  August. 
of  passengers  in  ships  and  vessels,  -which  Andros  could  not  edit  New' 
pass-  at  Boston  because  so  many  counselors  there  "  strenu- 
ously opposed"  it,  was  readily  enacted.  It  was  also  order- '29  Augu:;t. 
ed  that  the  New  York  revenue  act  of  the  seventh  of  May, 
which  Dongan  and  his  Council  had  suspended  on  the  thir- 
tieth of  July,  should  "  be  fully-  and  duly  executed."t 

Some  of  the  Protestants  in  New  York,  who  had  been 
troubled  at  observing  Papists  settling  themselves  in  the 
pro^-ince  "  under  the  smiles"  of  Dongan,  appear  to  have  re- 
joiced in  the  return  of  their  old  governor,  Andros.     The 
Dutch  Domine  Selyns  informed  the  classis  of  Amsterdam  10  oct. 
that "  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  Governor  at  Boston  and  the  like,  ^^ns-g  . 
and  now  stepped  into  this  Government  of  New  York  and  Andros.  "^ 
Jersey— »-as  such  having  charge  from  Canada  to  Pennsylva- 
nia— is  of  the  Chm-ch  of  England,;  and  understanding  and 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  391,  402, 57G,  797,  793 ;  Chalmers's  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  212. 

t  Col.  Rec  Conn.,  iii.,  447,  448 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii  ,  45  ;  CoL  Doc,  iii.,  5G7,  56S ;  R&v.  in  N.  E.. 
Just,  in  Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  No.  9, 13,  55;  Palfrey,  iii.,  551, 562 ;  an<e,MO.  The  counselors 
present  on  this  occasion  were  Dudley,  Usher,  and  Randolph,  of  Massachusetts  ;  Mason,  of 
New  Hampshire ;  Walley,  of  Plymouth ;  Clarke,  Newberry,  and  Smith,  of-  Rhode  Island  ; 
Winthrop  and  AUyn,  of  Connecticut ;  Brockholls,  Phillipse,  Baxter,  Van  Cortlandt,  Younge, 
and  Bayard,  of  New  York ;  in  all  si.xteen,  besides  the  governor.  John  West  acted  as  depu- 
ty Eecretary. 


516  HISTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  X.  speakiiig  the  Low  Dutcli  and  French,  he  attends  mine  and 
~~  Mr.  Daille's  preaching."     Yet  no  danger  could  arise  from 
the  few  Roman  Cathohcs  who  assembled  to  worship  their 
creator  with  Dongan  and  others  in  a  small  chamber  in  Fort 
Hinckley's  Jamcs.     Evcn  the  Puritan  Hinckley,  of  Plymouth,  testified 
Bongan.°   that  the  late  Governor  of  New  York  showed  "  himself  of  a 
noble,  praiseworthy  mind  and  spirit ;  taking  care  that  all 
the  people  in  each  town  do  their  duty  in  maintaining  the 
minister  of  the  place,  though  himself  of  a  differing,  opin- 
ion from  their  way."* 

An  avent  had  occurred,  however,  which  gave  uneasiness 
to  the  Dutch  people  of  New  York,     For  almost  half  a  gen-  , 
eration  they  had  looked  with  hope  to  the  time  when  the 
wife  of  the  Prince  of  Orange — the  stadtholder  of  their  fa- 
therland,  and  their  own  chief  magistrate  fourteen  years 
before — would  become  the-  Queen  of  England.     Joyfully 
would  they  have  mingled  cries  of  "  Okanje  Boven"  with 
"  Long  live  the  QueenP     But  divine  Providence  bid  them 
wait.     James  the  Second  had  married  a  Roman  Catholic 
second  wife,  who,  after  due  proclamation  of  her  condition, 
10  June,    bore  him  a  son  on  the  tenth  of  June,  1688.     That  son  was 
Prince" of '^  at  oucc  dcclarcd  Prince  of  "Wales,  and,  if  all  went  regular- 
waies.      2y  ^^^  |_^g  would  bccomc  King  of  England  on  the  death  of 
liis  father.    The  news  came  from  the  Privy  Council  to  Bos- 
ton, with  directions  for  Andros  "  to  appoint  such  days,  as 
well  for  a  solemn  thanksgiving  to  Almighty  God  for  this 
inestimable  blessing,  as  for  such  other  expressions  of  public 
rejoicings  suitable  to  this  great  occasion,"  as  he  should  judge 
fit.     Nicholson  sent  "the  happy  news"  by  express  to  his 
23  AuKust.  chief  at  New  York,  where,  the  same  evening,  it  "  was  sol- 
in  New"°^  emnized,  with  all  demonstrations  of  joy  and  gladness  for  so 
great  a  blessing."    The  hilarity  waxed  so  boisterous  that  the 
Dutch  Mayor  Yan  Cortlandt"  sacrificed  his  hat,  peruke,  &c." 
This  exuberant  manifestation  of  loyalty  was  afterward  ob- 
jected against  the  genial  magistrate  when  the  reminiscence 
2d  August,  was  very  inconvenient.    The  next  day,  Andros,  with  the  ad- 
vice of  his  Council,  issued  his  proclamation  for  a  general 
thanksgiving, "  to  be  observed  within  tlie  City  of  New  York 

*  Chalmers's  Ann., i., 590 ;  Smith,!., 90;  Council  Min.,vi.,  17;  Doc.  IIist.,ii.,  14, 17;  iii., 
73 ;  Bayley's  Sketch,  19-22 ;  Mass.  U.  S.  Coll.,  x.xxv.,  101,  ISO;  MSS.  letter  of  Selyns  to  Claa- 
&is,  10  October,  ICSS ;  ante,  4ST. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.       517 

and  dependencies  on  Sunday  tlie  Second  day  of  September  chap.x. 
next  coming,  and  fourteen  days  after  in  all  other  parts  of  "TTT^ 
this  Dominion."     At  tliis  time  New  York  was  undoubted-   ■'■"'^^• 
ly  the  "  seat  of  Government"  of  James  the  Second's  "  Do- 
minion of  New  Eno-land."* 

Indian  affairs  now  required  the  governor's  careful  atten- 
tion.   Tlie  day  he  reached  New  York,  he  announced  his  ar-  n  Aug. 
rival  to  Denonville,  and  claiming  the  Five  Nations  as  Brit- 
ish subjects,  in  obedience  to  his  Instructions,  requested  that 
they  should  not  be  injured  by  the  French.    Word  soon  aft- 
erward came  "  that  all  was  not  well"  with  the  L-oquois,  and 
it  was  resolved  that  Andros  should  go  to  Albany.     This  he 
did^  accompanied  by  Counselors  Baxter,  Mason,  Yan  Cort-  so  August 
landt,  and  others,  in  a  sloop,  which  also  conveyed  fifty  sol-  Albany. 
diers  and  ammunition  to  supply  the  fort.     At  Albany  he 
was  joined  by  Nicholson,  whom  he  had  summoned  from  Bos- 
ton, and  who  came  overland  by  way  of  Springfield.f 

l^he  Five  Nations,  .warned  by  "  Arie,"  or  Yiele,  sent  del- 
egates, who  had  a  stately  interview  with  Andros  in  the  town-  is  Sept. . 
house  of  Albany.  Sindacksegie,  the  Moliawk  orator,  in  the 
name  of  the  Five  Nations,  welcomed  their  "  Brother  Cor- 
ker" as  "  the  same  person  which  did  us  the  kindness  to  be 
called  Corlaer  when  you  was  Governor  foitnerly."  The 
next  day  Andros  named  the  Iroquois  "  Children,"  as  Dongan  19  scpt- 
had,  and  told  them  that  they  "  need  have  no  other  regard  4°u7ho 
to  the  French,  nor  hearken  to  them,  than,  as  they  are  our 
friends,  to  do  them  no  harm."  But  they  should  be  on  their 
guard,  and  call  back  those  of  their  nations  who  had  gone 
to  settle  near  Montreal ;  and  "  'twill  be  your  own  faults  if 
you  do  not  eat,  drink,  and  sleep  in  safety."  Another  con- 
ference followed,  when  the  Mohawks,  dropping  the  "  Broth-  20  sept 
er,"  said, "  Corlaer,  we  are  exceeding  glad  to  see  you  here, 
who  was  formerly  in  Tionondoge,  om-  third  Castle ;  and  are 
assured  of  yom*  good  inclinations  towards  us,  because  we 
have  experienced  your  goodness  heretofore.  For*  you  was 
pleased  to  accept  the  name  of  a  man  that  was  of  good  dis- 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,554,  G55;  Council  Min.,  v.,  223;  Min.  of  N.Y.  Com.  Council,  1,330;  Dun- 
lap,  ii.,  App.  exxxvi. ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  iii.,  353  (1S6S),  390  ;  Penn.  Arcli/,  i.,  100 ;  CoL  Rec. 
Conn.,  iii.,  443;  Palfrey,  iii.,  SGI,  5G2  ;  Kennett,iii.,  4S4;  aji^c,  203,  24S,  315, 504. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  548,  553,  554,  555,  556,  562,  56S,  569,  722 ;  ix.,  394 ;  Quebec  MSS.  (ii.),  v., 
.5n2.  Andros's  letter  of  11  August  was  carried  to  Canada  by  John  Smith, "  the  quaker  froA 
Albany."  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  566;  Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  No.  9,  p.  59;  Andros  Tracts,  i.,  146-  La 
llontan,  i.  125 ;  Charlevoix,  i.,  3S6. 


Iroquois 
'  Chil- 
dren." 


;i8 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Chap.  X. 


1688. 

The  old 
Corlaer. 


Salmon 
Mver. 


Ticondero- 


The  Mo- 
hawks wish 
to  remain 
"Breth- 
ren.'' 


The  West- 
ern Iro- 
quois ac- 
cept the 
name  of 
''Chil- 
dren." . 


Andros's 
answer. 


21  Sept. 
if  Sept. 


positions  and  esteemed  deare  amongst  ns,  to  wit,  The  old 
CorlaerP  They  promised  to  have  no  correspondence  with 
the  French,  but  would  treat  them  a,s  friends,  as  Andros  had 
proposed.  Dongan  had  asked  them  about  places  for  forts, 
and  they  had  named  Salmon  River,  or  the  Oswego,  and  they 
understood  that  he  would  build  a  fort  "  at  the  end  of  Cor- 
ker's Lake  [Champlain]  at  a  place 'called  Onjadarakte,  [Ti- 
conderoga]  and  put  great  guns  in  the  same."  But  they  did 
not  insist  on  this  being  done.  "  Let  the  old  covenant  that 
was  made  with  our  ancestors  be  kept  firm.  Then  w-e  w^ere 
called^  Brethren,  and  that  was  also  well  kept ;  therefore  let 
that  of  Brethren  continue,  without  any  alteration."  Some 
of  the  Iroquois  warriors, "  whose  names  are  known  like  the 
Sun,"  had  not  yet  been  sent  back  from  France ;  neverthe- 
less, "  we  keep  to  that  which  was  done  by  the*  two  great 
Kings  beyond  the  Seas."  But  a  Cayuga,  speaking  for  that 
nation  and  the  Oneidas,  Onondagas,  and  Senecas,  address- 
ed Andros  as  "  Father  Corlaer,"  and  accepted  "  the  name 
of  Children."  -  Only  they  desired  the  return  of  their  twen- 
ty-eight countrymen,  prisoners  in  France.  "  The  Governor 
of  Canada,"  they  said, "  is  pleasant  with  his  eye,  and  speaks 
fair  with  his  lips ;  but  his  heart  is  corrupt,  and  we  find  that 
the  old  covenant  made  with  this  government  has  been  kept 
inviolated."  Andros  answered  these  several  speeches  adroit- 
ly : — "  You  take  notice  of  the  word  Brethren,  and  Children ; 
— But  leave  it  to  me : — They  are  both  words  of  relation  and 
friendship;  but  Children  the  nearer."  On  the  following 
day,  the  conference  with  the  Five  Kations  was  ended  by 
Andros  promising  them  to  do  all  he  could  to  get  back  their 
"  people  that  w^ere  carried  beyond  sea."  He  also  wrote  to 
Denonville,  charo-ino;  him  with  beino;  the  author  of  the  late 
murders  by  the  Canadian  savages  near  Springfield  and 
Northfield,  and  hoping  that  the  French  had  evacuated  Ni- 
agara. This  last  mentioned  step,  as  has  been  seen,  had  al- 
ready been  taken,  chiefly  at  Dongan's  solicitation.* 

•  La  Hontan,  i.,  125;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  3S6;  Col.  Doc.iii.,  443,  475,  4S5,  535,  557-552,  56S, 
775;  ix.,  392,  393,  402 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxv.,  172-lSl ;  Coldtn,  i.,  105, 106, 132 ;  Quebec  MSS. 
(ii.),  v.,  507 ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  428 ;  Col.  Kec.  Conn.,  iii.,  448, 449  ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  IS,  42, 55, 
67, 88, 422 ;  vol.  ii.,  287,  4S3, 496, 509.  Some  of  the  Massachusetts  Puritans  objected  against 
Andros  in  1C91  that  he  did  not  keep  the  Iroquois  in  liostility  to  the  French,  because  "it 
was  very  advantageous  to  the  English  interest  to  Iiave  it  so;"  and  they  charged  that  the 
^eace  wliicli  he  made  those  savages  promise  at  Albany  strengthened  the  French  and.  weak- 
ened the  English :  Rev.  in  N.  E.  Justiiiod,  in  Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  No.  9,  40,  41  ;  Andrea 
Tracts,!.,  118;  ii.,207,21S;_  Col.  Doc,  iii., 650,  G51. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENEKAL.       519 


1688. 


Leaving  Baxter  in  command  of  Fort  Albany,  witli  Thorn-  chap.  x. 
as  Sliarpe  as  his  lieutenant,  and  a  company  of  soldiers,  An- 
dros  returned  to  ]S"ew  York.  On  his  way  down  the  Hud- 
son he  had  an  interview  with  the  Esopus  and  other  savages, 
whom  he  admonished  to  be  at  peace  with  the  neighboring 
Christians.  At  Kingston,  Colonel  Kobert  Mason,  of -New 
Hampshire,  one  of  the  Council  who  had  accompanied  An-  . 
dros,  died,  and  was  buried,  in  his  fifty-ninth  year.* 

Denonville  had  meanwhile  waited  in  vain  at  Montreal 
mitil  after  tlie  August  moon  had  waned  for  the  promised 
return  of  the  Iroquois  delegates.     These  had  been  chosen 
at  Onondaga,  and  were  about  setting  out,  when  Yiele  sum- 
moned the  Five  Nations  to  meet  Andros  at  Albany.     This 
they  did,  as  has  been  seen.     But  Dekanesora,  or  Teganis-  Dekane^o- 
soren,  the  Onondaga  chief,  who  seemed  to  have  succeeded  way  to 
Garakontie  as  the  most  unwavering  Iroquois  friend  of  the 
French,  went  on  with  a  small  party  to  meet  Denonville,  ac- 
cording to  promise,  at  Montreal.     When  they  reached  La 
Famine,  or  Salmon  River,  on  Lake  Ontario,  they  were  sur- 
prised and  captured  by  a  band  of  Hurons,  led  by  their  chief 
Adario,  or  Kondiaronk,  whom  the  French  called  "The 
Eat."     He  was  the  bravest,  most  subtile,  and  most  accom-  The  nat. 
plished  savage  they  had  ever  known  in  Canada,  and  well 
deserved  to  be  called  "  The  Machiavel  of  the  Forests."    He 
had  come  down  from  Michilimackinac  to  join  the  French  ' 
in  their  war  against  the  Iroquois,  upon  condition  that  these 
common  enemies  should  be  exterminated.     At  Fort  Fron- 
tenac  Adario  learned  that  Denonville  had  just  made  a  peace 
with  them,  and  was  awaiting  at  Montreal  the  return  of  their 
ratifying  deputies.     Seeing  that  his  own  nation  had  been 
betrayed,  the  wily  Huron  coricealed  his  chagrin,  and  pre- 
tended to  return  home.     But  from  Cataracouy  he  quietly 
went  across  Lake  Ontario  to  La  Famine,  by  which  route  he 
knew  that  the  Onondagas  must  go  to  Montreal.     After  ly- 
ing in  wait  for  several  days,  the  Rat  captured  the  aston-  The iio- 
ished  Iroquois  ambassadors,  and  told  them' that  he  had  done  gates  cap- 
so  by  order  of  Denonville.     The  artifice  was  worthy  of  the  Adario.^ 
most  refined  European  policy  in  wickedness.     Both  parties 
protested  against  the  supposed  double  treachery  of  Onnon- 

*  Col.  Doc.,iu.,5CS,  503,  040;  iv.,202;  Doc.  Uist.,  ii.,  5T,  244 ;  Hutch.,  i.,  3C5;  Belknnp, 
L,  19L 


520  HISTORY  OF- THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  X.  tio.  Adclressing  Dekanesora  and  his  companions,  Adario 
said, "  Go,  my  brethren ;  I  untie  your  hands,  and  send  you 
Ibbb.  i-^Q^y^Q  again,  although  our  nation  is  at  war  with  yours.  It 
is  the  French  governor  who  has  made  me  commit  an  act 
so  black  that  I  shall  never  be  consoled  until  the  Five  Na- 
tions- have  taken  a  just  vengeance."  The  false  Huron's 
words  were  uttered  on  the  very  spot  where  the  Onondaga 
Grande-gueule  had  humbled  De  la  Barre  four  years  before. 

Denonviue  Like  liis  then,  they  served  their  turn  now.  Each  savage 
party  returned  to  its  own  home ;  and,  full  of  anxiety  at  the 
mysterious  absence  of  the  delegates  he  had  chafed  for  so 

ji;  Oct.  vainly,  Denonville  went  down  the  chillj'  Saint  Lawrence  to 
Quebec* 

i|  Oct.  From  Quebec  the  Canadian  governor  wrote  to  Andros, 
in  reply  to  his  letters  from  New  York  and  Albany,  alluding 
spitefully  to  Dongan ;  announcing  the  withdrawal  of  the 
French  garrison  at  Niagara,  and  complaining  of  the  recent 
violence  offered  by  the  English  to  Castin  at  Penobscot,  for 
which  satisfaction  was  required.  But  the  tirth  of  the 
Prince  of  "Wales  had  been  the  signal  for  rejoicing  through- 

10 August,  out  "the  whole  country  of  Canada."  In  his  dispatches  to 
Seignelay,  Denonville  attributed  the  safety  of  New  France 

Ciuicies    "to  God  alone."     He  therefore  sent  Callieres  to  France, 

France,  that  lie  might  explain  matters  more  fully.  A  treaty  should 
'  be  made  between  England  and  France,  by  which  the  Iro- 
quois should  be  "  ceded"  to  one  or  the  other  European  pow- 
er. "  But,"  Denonville  added, "  in  order  to  make  peace,  it 
"will  be  necessary  to  return  to  Canada  the  Iroquois  who 
have  been  sent  to  the  galleys;"  and  proposed  that  they 
should  "  be  dressed  somewhat  decently."t 

On  his  return  from  Albany  and  Kingston,  Andros  learh- 

indian  cd  that  tlic  savagcs  in  Maine  had  been  disorderly  near  Cas- 
co  Bay,  and  that  men  had  been  raised  in  Boston  and  sent 

•Col.  Doc,  ix.,  ITS,  181, 183,180,192,  £27,  391,  393,  394,402,404,405;  La  Hontan,  i. ,  1 17, 
125,189-192;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  383-380;  Colden,  i.,  88, 89, 90 ;  Smith,  i.,  87, 88;  Kaynal,  viii., 
81, 82 ;  Garnean,  i.,  2G0, 270 ;  Shea's  Missions,  326,  332 ;  ante,  364, 508.  La  Hontan— whom 
Colden  follows  and  Smith  repeats,  instead  of  trusting  the  more  accurate  Charlevoix — errs 
in  placing  the  scene  of  Adario's  exploit  on  the  cascades  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  instead  of  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Salmon  River.     Compare  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  391 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  384. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  555, 557, 569-571 ;  ix.,  393-39S,  401 ;  Quebec  MSS.  (ii.),  v.,  511-5G0;  Chal- 
mers's Ann.,  i.,  423.  Charlevoi.K,  ii.,  391, 392  (who  is  followed  by  Garneau,  i.,  271),  supixj^es 
that  Galli^res  went  to  Taris  with'  a  scheme  of  his  own  for  the  conquest  of  New  Yoi-k  by  the 
French.  But  it  seems  to  me  that  this  idea  did  not  occur  to  him  until  hejeiich^d  France, 
and  found  that  a  revolution  had  happened  in  Kngland.     See  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  401-404. 


troubles. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.  521 

thither  without  his  orders.     This  intelligence  obliged  the  cnAP.x, 


governor  to  decide  on  an  immediate  overland  journey  to 
Boston,  by  way  of  Hartford  and  Springfield, "  to  prevent  a  ^  October, 
second  Indian  war."* 

Nicholson  was  accordingly  directed  to  remain  in  New  Nicholson 
York,  at  the  head  of  its  affairs,  to  be  assisted  by  the  local  New  York, 
counselors  Phillipse,  Bayard,  Van  Cortlandt,  Younge,  and   ' 
Baxter,  the  latter  of  whom  was  stationed  in  command  of  * 
the  fort  at  Albany.    As  it  was  most  convenient  for  the  gov- 
ernor general  to  make  Boston"  his  head-quartei*s  for  the  pres- 
ent, such  of  the  New  York  records  as  w^ere  thought -neces- 
sary to  have  at  hand  were  taken  there.     Accompanied  by 
Broqkholls,  Randolph,  West,  and  others,  Andros  hastened  o  October, 
eastward  from  New  York,  supposing  that  the  revenue  for  turns  to 
the  support  of  his  government  amounted  to  about  twelve  with°New 
thousand  pounds  a  year,  and  that "  all  places  were  well  and  ords.  "''* 
quietly,  settled,  and  in  good  posture."t 

After  the  departure  of  Andros  from  New  York,  Dongan 
retired  to  his  farm  at  Hempstead,  on  Long  Island.  Nich- 
olson, with  Van  Cortlandt,  Bayai'd,  Plowman,  Beekman,  and 
Minvielle,  under  the  governor's  own  warrant,  made  an  ex- 
amination of  the  city  fortifications,  and  drew  up  a  detailed  isNovem. 
report  of  their  condition.  The  fort  was  found  to  be  "  ex-  of  Fort 
traordinarily  out  of  repair,"  and  carpenters  were  employed  New  York.- 
.to  make  the  barracks  weather-tight  until  the  spring,  when 
every  thing  was  intended  to  be  put  in  good  order.  A  dep- 
osition of  one  of  these  workmen,  afterward  taken,  declared 
that  there  was  "  great  joy"  among  some  at  New  York  when 
Andros  came  from  Boston,  because  they  were  delivered 
from  a  "Papist  Governor,"  and  had  Nicholson -as  deputy 
in  the  fort, "  who  would  defend  and  establish  the  true  re- 
ligion." It  was  thought  that  all  images  erected  by  Dongan 
in.  Fort  James  would  be  taken  awaf ;  but  Nicholson  order- 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii., 5G8, 560 ;  Col.  Kec.  Conn.,  iii.,  449 ;  Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  No.  9,  p.  35, 58 ;  No. 
10,  p.  10;  Palmer's  Impartial  Account,  33, 34 ;  Chalmers,  Ann.,  ii.,  50;  Andros  Tra*cts,i., 54. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  50S,  569,  590,  GliS,  656,  711,  722,  723, 701, 709 ;  v.,  83 ;  Col.  Rec  Conn.,  iii., 
449-452 ;  Doc  Hist.,  ii.,  3, 15, 23, 103, 128,  244 ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  427,  590 ;  Palfrey,  iii., 
563,564.  In  N.  Y.  Pass  Book,  iv.,  there  is  a  memorandum  of  the  records  taken  to  Boston 
by  Randolph,  some  of  which  do  not  appear  to  have  been  restored.  In  1785,  Judge  Samuel 
Jones,  of  New  York,  saw  at  Boston,  "  on  the  floor  in  an  upper  room  of  a  public  building, 
among  a  parcel  ef  loose  papers,  several  parchment  rolls,  cont.aining  copies  of  acts  of  the  Leg- 
islature of  New  Yolk,"  supposed  to  have  been  taken  away  by  order  of  Andros,  who  was  "a 
great  lover  of  method  and  dispatch  in  all  sorts  of  business."  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  iii.,  362; 
Burk,  ii.,  316;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  354,-  Coll.,  575. 


522         .  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK, 

Chap.  X.  ed  the  workmen  to  assist  the  priest  John  Smith  to  remove 

„        to  "  a  better  room  in  the  fort,"  and  arrange  every  thing  for 

Priest  John  ^"^  "  according  to  his  will."     This  gave  great  offense  to 

Smith,      ii^Q  Protestants,  and  no  donbt  helped  to  injure  Nicholson. 

During  the  winter  the  lieutenant  governor  directed  Mayor 

Yan  Cortlandt  to  send  orders  to  every  county  to  exercise 

•    the  militia  and  see  them  well  equipped,  which  was  gener- 

'  ally  done.     In  the  city  of  New  York  "  he  did  the  same, 

and  was  well  beloved  amongst  the  people."* 

On  returning  to  -  Boston  after  an   absence   of  eleven 
Acuon'^or'  ^^^^^^5  Andros,  disapproving  what  his  subordinates  there 
Andros  at  had  doue,  issued  his  proclamation  requiring  the  Indians  to 
release  their  captives,  and  surrender  the  murderers  of  the 
colonists.    But  this  was'uot  heeded  by  the  savages ;  and  the 
governor  sent  eastward  most  of  the  regular  soldiers  in  gar- 
rison, with  necessary  stores  and  vessels  to  secure  the  coast. 
1  xovem.    It  was  also  ordered  in  Council  that  a  considerable  force  of 
militia  should  be  raised  out  of  the  several  colonies,  and  An- 
dros  offered  the  command  of  'the  expedition, "  upon  very 
good  terms,"  to  Fitz  John  Winthrop,  of  Connecticut,  one  of 
winthrop  his  counselors.  But  Winthrop,  pleading  illness,  declined  the 
decline      duty,  and  the  governor's  offer  was  repeated  to  others,  who 


service  in 


Maine.       "  absolutcly  rcf  uscd  the  service."     Indeed,  the  Connecticut 
and  Massachusetts  colonists  did  not  wish  to  do  hardy  work 
in  the  wilds  of  Maine  during  the  cold  winter ;  and  many  of 
them,  asserting  that  Brockholls  Avas  a  "  Popish  command- 
■  er,"  imagined  that  the  expedition  was  a  plot "  to  bring  them . 
low,"  and  made  it  a  pretext  for  poltroonery.     Seeing  that 
none  in  New  England  were  willing  to  take  the  command, 
Andros,  by  the  advice  of  his  Council,  determined  to  do  it 
himself.     "The  Governor's  proposal  to  the  Council  about 
his.  going  to  the  eastward  met  with  no  opposition,  lest  some 
of  the  military  men  there  should  have  been  bound  in  hon- 
our to  have  taken  that  imployment  upon  themselves."    Aft- 
Androa      BY  dispatcliiug  MacGrcgoric  with  another  message  to  De- 
M:.ine  him.  uonville  at  Quebec,  Andros,  at  the  head  of  some  eight  hun- 
eraL^^  gen-  ^^.^ ^  ^^^^  levicd  iu  tlic  Ncw  England  colonies,t  according- 

•  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  390,  301,  500,  591,  C13,  G55,  716;  iv.,  197,  213;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  14, 17, 147; 
iii.,  73 ;  Bayley's  Sketch,  19,  22 ;  Smith,  i.,  90 ;  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.  (1S6S),  87,  SS ;  Col.  Rec. 
Conn.,  iii.,  454, 455;  N.Y.  Surrogate's  Kec.,Will8,  iv.,  1-16;  Valentine's  Manual,  1865,  SSI- 
OSS  ;  ante,  40S,  note,  4S7. 

t  According  to  the  return  in  New  England  Paper.?,  v.,  202,  quoted  by  Chalmer;",  Ann.,  ii., 
68 ;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.,  1808,  the  militia  force  of  Massachteetfs,  New  Hampshire,  Maine,  Plym- 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.      523 

ly  went  to  Maine,  in  the  depth  of  winter,  sharing  all  the  c-hap.  x. 
hardships  of  the  troops.  Many  of  them  died  from  fatigue 
•  and  exposure  in  marches  "  above  one  hundred  miles  into 
the  desart,  beyond  any  Christian  Settlement."  But  the  at- 
tempt to  capture  the  savages  was  like  a  pi'oject  to  "  hedge 
in  the  cuckoo,"  Many  canoes  were  destroyed,  and  two  In- 
dian forts  were  burnt.  The  savages  ^vere  driven  into  re- 
mote retreats,  where  they  were  reduced  to  great  straits,  and 
"were  ready  to  submit  at  mercy,"  had  not  "some  mer- Traitorous 

1  .      -T-.  Ml.  1  11  ^  Boston 

chants  in  i3oston,'  during  the  governor  s  absence,  sent  a  ves-  merchants, 
sel,  meanly  cleared  for  Bermuda,  with  supplies  of  ammuni- 
tion and  provisions,  to  trade  with  them  and  the  French  be- 
tween ?ort  Royal  and  Penobscot. 

As  he  could  not  capture  nor  destroy  its  natives,  Andros 
established  -some  eleven  garrisons  for  the  protection  of 
Maine.     At  Fort  Charles,  in  Pemaquid,  thirty-six  regulars  Garrisons 
and  sixty  militia  were  placed  under  the  command  of  Cap-  ta  Maine 
tain  Brockliolls  and  Lieutenant  Weems.    MacGregorie  and  ^^  ^°  '"°^' 
Lockliart,  of  New  York,  were  stationed  at  other  forts.    By 
presents  and  good  treatment,  the  governor  endeavored  to. 
wiTi  the  chiefs  of  the  savages.     But  all  he  did  was  miscon- 
strued at  Boston,' where  it  was  reported  that  he  had  en- 
gaged the  Mohawks  to  attack  New  England  in  concert  with 
the  French,  with  other  equally  absurd  stories.     During  the 
winter  he  caused  a  sloop  to  be  built  at  Pemaquid  for  gov- 
ernment service ;  but  before  it  was  completed,  miexpected 
events  happened.* 

Among  James's  instructions  to  Andros  and  to  Dongan 
was  one  to  suppress  "  all  Pirates  and  Sea  rovers."  These 
depredators  had  become  so  bold  that  Sir  Robert  Holmes 
was  sent  with  an  English  squadron  to  the  West  Indies,  in 
the  autumn  of  1687,  to  quench  them  effectually.  From  the 
time  of  Cicero,  all  civilized  nations  had  denounced  pirates 
as  "  enemies  of  the  human  race."  In  1630,  these  outlaws 
took  possession  of  the  island  of  Tortuga,  near  Hispaniola ; 
and  many  of  them  having  been  originally  engaged  in  the 

outh,  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut  was  13,529.    Tliat  of  New  York  was  probably  2000. 
Col.  Doc,  iv.,  29, 1S5, 197, 213 ;  Chalmers,  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  228 ;  Arnold,  i.,  520. 

•  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  449-453 ;  Hutch.,  i  ,  365,  3T0,  3T1 ;  Coll.,  5CG  ;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  551, 
.581,711,  723,  T24,  709;  Chalmers's  Annals,  i,  428, 429  ;  ii.,  20,  50,  51 ;  Force's  Tracts,  iv., 
No.  9,  28-31, 3."),  5S,  59.;  No.  10, 11;  Palmer's  Impartial  Ace,  34,  35;  Andros  Tracts,  i.,  .54, 
55;  ii.,  193,  216  ;  .Mather's  Mag.,  i.,  178, 179 ;  ii.,  5S8  ;  Maine  II.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  19.5,  li'C  ;  v.,  30, 
268,269,271;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxi.,S5-S7;  Williamson,  i.,  533,590;  Palfrey,  iii.,  567-563. 


524  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  X.  lioiiest  busincss  of  "  boiicaning,"  or  smoking  fish  and  meat, 
after  the  manner  of  the  Carib  savages,  they  and  their  pirat- 
Buccaneers  ^^^^  comrades  Were  generally  kno^vn  in  Europe  as  "  Buc-  • 
or  pirates,  canecrs."  By  the  Hollanders  they  were  named  "  Zee  Rov- 
ers ;"  by  the  Fronch  and  Spaniards, "  Flibustiers" — which 
word  modern  usage  has  corrupted  into  "Filibusters" — • 
while  the  English-  generally  called  them  "Adventurers" 
and  "  Free-bboters."  The  sack  of  Panama  by  the  "Welsh 
Henry  Morgan,  in  1671,  gave  the  command  of  the  Pacific 
to  the  buccaneers,  who  enriched  themselves  with  the  spoils 
of  captured  Spanish  towns  and  galleons.  Charles  the  Sec- 
ond had  vainly  attempted  to  repress  the  outrages  of  these 
bold  scoundrels.  Unlawful  private  expeditions  were  con- 
tinually fitted  out  in  the  British  American  plantations, 
where  many  buccaneers  found  refuge  and  encouragement. 
The  Carolinas,  Virginia,  New  York,  Rhode  Island,  and  Mas- 
sachusetts all  share  the  odium  of  the  scandalous  renown ; 
and  the  peremptory  commands  of  James  were  not  issued 
too  soon.* 

In  obedience  to  these  orders,  Nicholson  imprisoned  at 
31  August.  Boston  several  supposed  pirates  in  the  summer  of  16 88. 
prisoned  by  They  had  been  commanded  by  "one  Petersen;"  and  they 
at  Boston,  remained  in  the  common  jail- of  Boston  until  the  next 
spring,  when  they  were  liberated  by  another  authorit}^  The 
efforts  of  Andros  and  his  ofiicers  to  suppress  piracy  met 
with  little  sympathy  among  the  chief  men  of  Massachu- 
setts. "  Since  the  vacating  their  charter,"  wrote  Randolph 
from  Boston,  "  they  have  been  kept  from  the  breach  of 
the  Acts  for  Trade  and  Navigation,  encouraged  by  their 
former  government ;"  and  "  they  are  restrained  from  set- 
ting out  privateers  who,  for  many  years  together,  robbed 
the  Spanish  West  Indies  and  brought  great  booties  to  Bos- 
ton ;  and  also,  they  durst  not,  during  the  Governor's  time, 
harbour  pirates.  This  place  was  the  common  receptacle 
of  pirates  of  all  nations."  Palmer  also — in  answer  to  com- 
plaints that  Andros  had  taken  measures  to  "damp  and 
spoil"  the  commerce  of  Massachusetts — declared  that "  their 
constant  and  profitable  correspondence  with  Foreigners  and 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  374,  400,  401,  547,  5S2;  ix.,  120,  793;  Chalmers's  Annals,  i.,  540, 547;  Cic. 
in  Verr.,  v. ;  Coke's  Institutes,  iii.,  113 ;  Hunt's  Merchant's  Magazine,  xiv.,  39,  4) ;  Valen- 
tine's Manual,  1S57,  455-401. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.  525 

Pij-ates"  had  been  "  diligently  obstructed"  by  the  governor,  chap.  x. 
"  which  was  very  disagreeable  to  many  persons  who  had 
even  grown  old  in  that  way  of  trade."     The  chief  attrac-  ^"^^• 
tion  of  the  freebooters  to  Boston  seems  to  have  been  the 
colonial  mint,  established  in  1652,  of  which  Samuel  Sewall 
had  been  the  last  master.     This  "encouraged  pirates  tOTUeoid 
bring  their  plate  hither,  because  it  could  be  coined  and  con-  m'lnt'coind 
veyed  in  great  parcells,  undiscovered  to  be  such."     If  the  plate!'"'' 
abrogation  of  the  Massachusetts  charter  had  so  .fatally  af- 
fected these  illicit  commercial  interests,  it  had  still  more  Restora- 
gravely  concerned  the  ministers  of  Puritanism  and  their  ligfous  ou- 
sectarian  flocks ;  and  it  is  not  surprising  that  all  these  com-  dred*b/^' 
bined  interests  should  have  earnestly  worked  together  to  M™sachu. 
obtain  the  restoration  of  an  oligarchy  .under  which  they  ^^"^' 
had  enjoyed  such  valuable  privileges.* 

The  charter  which  Charles  the  First  had  granted  to  Mas- 
sachusetts in  1629  had  made  a  corporation  "which  knew  no 
representative  body."  Almost  its  first  act  was  to  form  a 
religious  aristocracy.  By  its  laws  of  1631  and  1664,  no 
person  could  be  a  "  freeman"  of  the  Massachusetts  corpora- 
tion unless  he  was  a  Puritan  Church  member,  or  was  cer- 
tified to  be  "  orthodox  in  religion"  by  a  Puritan  minister.  . 
Most  of  the  inhabitants  of  Massachusetts  in  1684,  when  its 
charter  was  canceled,  were  not  Puritanical  communicants ; 
yet  this  popular  majority  was  utterly  disfranchised.  Tlius 
the  Bay  corporation  was  perverted  into  a  mere  sectarian 
ohgarchy.  The  majority  of  her  inhabitants  were  not  rep- 
resented in  her  General  Court ;  they  could  not  act  as  mag- 
istrates ;  they  were  taxed  without  their  consent  and  against 
their  will ;  they  were  forced  to  pay  rates  to  support  Puri- 
tan ministers  whose  preaching  they  did  not  desire ;  they 
.  could  not  worship  their  Creator  in  any  other  way  than  that 
which  the  "  freemen"  of  the  corporation  dictated ;  and  they 
were  thus  the  victims  of  a  hideous  spiritual  despotism. 
Class-government  can  not  be  democracy.  Before  the  Mas-  ciass.gor- 
sachusetts  charter  was  canceled  the  majority  of  inhabitants  nonem«:. 
had  no  real  political  equality;  and  not  until  the  abrogation 
of  that  charter  did  exclusive  pri\dlege  give  way  to  equal 


racy. 


•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  552, 553,  571,531,552;  ix.,120;  Hntch. Mass.,  i.,  17T,  ITS;  Coll.,  573,574; 
Val.  MivJ.,  1S57,  461,  402;  Chalmers's  Annals,  i.,  421;  Palmer's  Impaitial  Account,  20; ' 
Mather's  Masnalia,ii., 399;  Barry,  i.,344;  Palfrey, ii., 403, 404;  Andros  Tracts, i.,4l!  " 


526  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  X.  rights,  nor  was  any  genuine  democracy  known  in  the  boast- 
——ful  colony,* 

When  the  English  crown  resumed  the  power  which  had 

ruled  Massachusetts  indirectly  by  the  perversion  of  a  royal 

charter,  it  was  natural  that  her  Puritan  preachers  should 

have  keenly  felt  their  altered  condition,  and  have  bitterly 

vented  their  griefs.     They  could  no  longer  control  their 

flocks  in  choosing  officers  of  the  corporation,  who  would 

make  law§  to  suit  them.     Their  political  supremacy  was 

gone.     There  was  now  popular  equality  near  Boston,  where 

sectarian  privilege  had  flourished  of  old.     The. cry  soon 

TiieMassa-went  forth  that  "wild  beasts   of  the  field"  had  entered 

"'hedge"    through  the  broken  "  hedge,"  and  were  ravaging  that  sheep- 

i^^copaf  fold  of  which  Puritanism  had  so  long  enjoyed  the  exclu- 

l^ls...     sive  pasture. 

There  was  truth  in  this  metaphor  of  Cotton  Mather. 

Most   composers    of  American  history  have    denounced 

Andros,  as  Governor  of  New  England,  in  terms  of  coarse 

invective.     They  generally  describe  him  as  a  mere  bigot, 

and  minion,  and  tyrant,  with  hardly  a  redeeming  trait. 

xevr  En-    The  chicf  authority  for  such  representations  are  early  New 

represen-  England  writcrs,  whose  partisan  statements  have  been  reit- 

Andros.     cratcd  without  question,  to  the  exclusicHi  of  almost  every 

thing  recorded  by  others.     Whether  James  the  Second's 

commission  and  instructions  to  his  governor  were  more 

or  less  "  arbitrary"  or  "  illegal"  than  the  canceled  charter 

which  Charles  "  the  martjT-"  had  granted  to  Massachusetts, 

was  certainly  not  a  question  for  Andros  to  answer.     He 

was  not  to  blame  because  James  had  directed  Xew  England 

to  be  governed  without  an  Assembly,  by  himself  and  "iii* 

counselors.     Andros's  duty  was  to  execute  his  sovereigp's 

commands ;  and  this  he  did  with  characteristic  energy —  • 

faithfully,  fearlessly,  and  sometimes  harshly.    In  doing  this 

Andros's    duty,  he  greatly  offended  the  "perverse  people"  with  whom 

traTiOT  not  lic  had  to  dcal,  and  who  had  so  long  been  accustomed  to 

Matsachu-  ordcr  every  thing  in  their  own  way.     So  they  thought  it  a 

^^"''        great  wrong  that  deponents  should  be  required  to  touch 

•  Hutch.  Mass.,i.,25,  26,  231,423;  ii,,l-5;  Coll.,  1-23.  418,  4S4;  Mass.  Eec,  i.,ST:  iv.(ii.), 
117,  118;  Chalmers's  Annals,  i.,  136-154;  Rev.  C"l.,  i..  41,  42;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  87,  111,  5S2; 
Mather's  M»gnalia,  i.,  200;  Story's  Misc. Writ.,  64, 66 ;  Bancroft,  i.,  342-345,  360';  ii.,  75-S3; 
,  iii.,  74;  Harry,  i.,  159-162,  392;  Hist.  Map.,  Jan  ,  18G7,  p.  6  ;   Boston  Transcript,  51  Feb., 

1S67;   Palfrey,  i.,2?0,  291,  345-343,  353,  373-378,  3SS,  432-434;  IL, 557,610;  iii.,  369-560; 
anfc,  vol.  L,  189,208. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR.  GENERAL.  527 

the  Bible  instead  of  holding  up  their  hands ;  a  grievance  chap.  x. 
that  Quakers  should  be  allowed  "  freedom  to  worship  God" 
in  their  own  fashion,  and  be  excused  from  paying  forced 
rates  to  support  Puritan  clergymen;  an  offense  that  the 
Episcopal  Church  service  should  be  celebrated  in  Boston 
by  Kector  Samuel  Myles.  They  liked  their  own  censorship 
of  the  press,  but  they  did  not  like  that  press  to  be  muzzled 
by  an  agent  of  their  royal  governor.  It  was  "especially 
g-allino;  that  West,  and  Farewell,  and  Graham,  and  Palmer,  The  New 

CO'  York  con- 

the  chief  subordinates  and  "confidents"  of  Andros,  hadfidentsof 
come  from  New  York.     Many  of  the  apts  of  these  experi-  ernol  ' 
enced  officials  were  selfish  and  oppressive.    Land  titles  were 
questioned,  perhaps  that  fees  might  be  exacted  for  new  pat-  ^ 
ents.     Otlier  official  charges  were  avariciously  increased. 
The  judges  administered  the  law  strictly;  and  they  were 
stupidly  blamed  for  not  allowing  writs  of  habeas  corpus 
under  the  English  statute  of  1679,  which  did  not  extend  to 
the  British  colonies.     For  every  thing  done  by  each  of  his 
subordinates,  the  governor  was  held  responsible.    Most  of   . 
his  own  acts  were  able  and  statesmanlike,  while  some  of 
them  were  arbitrary  and  provoking.     The  real  fault  of  An- 
dros was  that  he  administered  his  government  too  loyally 
to  his  sovereign,  and  too  much  like  a  brave  soldier.     What 
is  called  loyalty  often  depends  on  fashion  or  accident.    In- 
stead of  conciliating,  Andros  wounded ;  and  James,  seeing 
the  injury  his  viceroy  was  doing  him  in  New  England,  was 
obliged  to  rebuke  his  excessive  zeal.* 
.    The  king's  declaration  for  liberty  of  conscience  of  April, 
1687,  which  had  been  proclaimed  at  Boston  and  in  New 
York  the  following  November,  was  at  first  received  with 
joy  by  the  most  sanguine  of  his  New  England  subjects. 
Puritans  thought  it  a  deliverance  from  English  prelacy ;  Liberty  of 
Quakers  and  Anabaptists  felt  that  they  could  at  last  share  in  Maesn- 
in  the  liberty  which  Congregationalists  had  monopolized ; 
and  the  small  b^nd  of  Episcopalians  gathered  in  Boston  re- 

•  Force's  Tract?,  iv  ,  No.  9,  No.  10;  Mather's  Magnalia,  i.,  175-178;  Historical  Magazine, 
vi.,  10, 11, 13 ;  i.  (ii.),  7 ;  Holmes's  Annals,  i.,  403,  -120,  421 ;  Chalmers's  Annals,  i.,  74, 142, 
421-429, 464-468 ;  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  179-185 ;  Palmer's  Impartial  Account,  13,  21, 25 ;  Col.  Doc, 
iii.,  357,  582,  722 :  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  353-363 ;  Coll.,  555,  557;  Bancroft,  ii.,  425-432  ;  Gra- 
hame,  i.,  357-387;  Barry,  i.,  486-498;  Arnold,  i.,  485,  499,  501,  514-517;  Palfrey,  iii.,  518- 
555 ;  R.  I.  Rec,  iii.,  199,  223 ;  Anderson's  Col.  Church,  ii.,  456 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxv.,  149 ; 
ante,  338,  511.  The  first  Episcopal  service  in  Boston  was  in  the  South  Meeting-house,  on 
Good  Friday,  1687.  An  Episcopal  Church  was  soon  afterward  built,  of  which  Samuel  Myles 
became  the  rector :  Palmer,  33 ;  Andros  Tracts,  i.,  53  ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxvii.,  192-195. 


528  HISTORY^  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cnj.r.x.  joiced  that  they  might  now  freely  hear  the  beautiful  litur- 
gy  of  their  denomination  read  by  a  surpliceji  clergyman. 
What  in  modern. times  has  been  called  "Broad  Church" 
seemed  now  to  be  establislied  by  James  throughout  British 
North  America.     But  the  Puritan  clergymen  of  Massachu- 
setts quickly  caught  an  alarm.     They  were  vexed  because 
"  a  licentious  people  take  the  advantage  of  a  liberty  to  with- 
hold maintenance  from  them,"  and  because  Andros  would 
not  allow  distresses  to  be  levied  for  the  compulsory  taxes 
by  which  they  had  been  comforted  of  old.     Puritanism 
waxed  wroth  around  Boston  when  it  discovered  that  its  own 
Puritan     hatred  of  Protestant  Episcopacy  was  sui*passed  by  that  of 
Ep^copa-   the  Roman  Catholic  head  of  the  Church  of  England ;  and 
^^'  the  most  discerning  politicians,  of  Massachusetts*  began  to 

dread  a  royal  toleration  more  than  the  enforcement  of  the 
suspended  penal  laws  about  religion  —  "the  only  wall 
against  Popery."  Addresses  of  thanks  to  James  were  nev- 
ertheless adopted  by  several  congregations ;  but,  at  the  same 
time,  petitions  were  signed  for  relief  from  the  imperious 
administration  of  Andros.  These  were  intrusted  to  In- 
7  April,  crease  Mather,  the  most  eminent  Puritan  minister  of  Bos- 
goM  to  ton,  who,  escaping  the  vigilance  of  Kandolph,  by  whom  he 
had  been  sued  for  a  libel,  sailed  for  London,  apparently 
hoping  to  obtain  from  the  king  a  restoration  of  the  can- 
celed Massachusetts  charter.* 

But  the  determination  of  James  to  maintain  thp  govern- 
•     ment  he  had  established  in  New  England  could  not  be  shak- 
en.   Personal  favorites,  successful  in  other  points,  were  foil- 
ed in  this.     William  Phipps,  a  native  of  Pemaquid,  where 
he  had  spent  his  youth  in  honest  toil,  had  won  the  king's 
special  regard,  in  1687,  by  his  success  in  recovering  a  large 
treasm-e  from  a  Spanish  wreck  near  Hispaniola.    The  hum- 
ble* ship-carpenter  of  Maine  was  made  an  English  knight ; 
and  his  sovereign,  who  claimed  half  the  riches  taken  from 
the  sea,  offered  him  an  opportunity  to  ask  what  he  pleased. 
Sir  wii-     Sir  WilHam  prayed  "  that  New  England  might  have  its  lost 
riiippa.      privileges  restored."     But  James  replied, "  Any  thing  but 

•  Eapin,  ii.,  759 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  75,  7G,  357,  353,  3C6  ;  Coll.,  55,5,  564,  565  ;  Chalmers's 
Annals,  i.,  170,  423,  424,  426,  464-468 ;  Mather's  Magnalia,  i.,  197 ;  €ol.  Doc,  iii.,  57S ;  CoL 
Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  392, 393 ;  Force' .s  Tracts,  iv.,  No.  10,  p.  10;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxxv.,  153-1S6 ; 
Palmer's  Account,  32 ;  Andros  Tracts,  ii.,  x.,  xj. ;  Bancroft,  ii.,  426-432 ;  Bany,  i.,  49S,  499 ; 
Palfrey,  iii.,  460, 548-558;  mite,  490, 491. 


sill  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.       529 

that."    Phipps  then,  at  a  large  expense  for  fees,  obtained  a  chap.x. 
royal  patent  making  him  high  sheriff  of  New  England,  hop- 
ing  that  he  might  thereby  be  able  to  supply  it  with  "  con- 
sciencious  jm'ies."     Thus  appointed.  Sir  William  came  to 
Boston,  by  way  of  the  West  Indies,  in  the  summer  of  1688, 
some  months  after  Mather  had  gone  to  England.    But  An- 
dros,  who  w^as  then  "  in  the  western  parts"  of  the  dominion,  August. 
or  in  New  York,  having  already  commissioned  James  Sher- 
lock to  be  sheriff  of  Massachusetts, "  found  a  way  wholly 
to  put  by  the  execution"  of  Phipps's  costly  patent  from  the 
king,  and  "  a  few  weeks"  afterward  Sir  William  returned  September. 
in  his  ship  to  London,  with  some  merchandise  obtained 
from  the  imprisoned  pirates  in  the  Boston  jail,  and  "  with 
some  further  designs  then  in  his  mind."* 

In  the  mean  time,  Mather  had  been  kindly  received  by  so  May. 
James,  to  whom  he  presented  the  addresses  of  thanks  he  cefved' 
had  brought  from  New  England,  and  afterward  submitted  jamel  ^^ 
complaints  of  the  "  enslaved  and  perishing  estate"  of  the  ^  ''"'^®' 
inhabitants,  by  reason  of  the  misgovernment  of  Andros. 
In  concert  with  No  well  and  Hutchinson,  former  magistrates 
of  Massachusetts,  Mather  also  presented  memorials  for  lib- 
erty of  conscience,  and  for  favor  to  the  college  at  Cam- 
bridge.    But  these  spoke  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  such 
"very  indecent  language"  that  they  disgusted  the  king's 
ministers,  and  the  agents  having  been  summoned  before 
the  Plantation  Committee,  "  they  withdrew  their  petition  i9  June. 
and  did  not  appear."     Having  gained  the  favor  of  Father 
Edward  Petre,  the  king's  Jesuit  confessor  and  counselor, 
the  agents  then  petitioned  for  a  confirmation  of  estates  in 
New  England, "  and  that  no  laws  might  be  made,  or  mon- 
ies raised,  without  an  Assembly ;  with  sundry  other  par- 
ticulars."    James  referred  this  petition  to  his  Plantation  lo  August. 
Committee,  who  directed  Sir  Thomas  Powis,  the  attorney 
general,  to  make  them  a  report.     But  in  the  copy  of  the 
petition  sent  to  Powis, "  the  essential  proposal  of  an  Assem- 
bly was  wholly  left  out"  by  Lord  President  Sunderland,  sunder- 
who  told  "  Mr.  Brent,  of  the  Temple,"  the  solicitor  of  the 

•  Mather's  Magnalia,  1,167-176,178;  Douglas,  i ,  475 ;  Kennett,  iii.,470  ;  Hutch.  Mass., 
i.,  306,  397 ;  Coll.,  55S,  573;  574 ;  Force's  Tracts,  iv..  No.  9,  p.  23 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii,  491, 55?,  5S2, 
720;  01dmi.xon,i.,  129-132, 134, 138;  Evelyn,  ii.,  278  ;  Ellis  Corr.,i.,  295-297,  325;  ii.,30; 
Palfrey,  ill.,  390,  590,  591 ;  ante,  524.  Mr.  Palfrey  errs  in  supposing  that  Mather  found 
Phipps  in  London  when  he  reached  there.  In  the  summer  of  16SS  Phipps  was  in  Boston, 
after  a  second  visit  to  the  Spanish  wreck  in  the  West  Indies. 

II.— Ll 


530 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Chap.  X. 


1688. 


Powis. 


October. 


petitioners,  "  that  it  was  by  his  ad^^[ce  that  the  King  had 
■  given  a  commission  to  Sir  Edmund  Andros  to  raise  mon- 
eys without  an  Assembly,  and  that  he  knew  the  king  would 
never  consent  to  an  alteration,  nor  would  he  propose  it  to 
his  Majesty."  Powis,  however,  was  "  dexterously  gained," 
and  by  the  assistance  of  Brent,  a  report  was  obtained  from 
him  that  the  charter  of  Massachusetts  had  been  "  illegally 
vacated."  A  copy  of  Powis's  opinion  was  dispatched  to 
Boston,  where  it  was  used  to  excite  hopes  of  a  new  char- 
ter "  with  larger  power."  Hinckley,  of  New  Plymouth,  had 
also  asked  relief  for  that  colony  through  Richard  "Wharton, 
one  of  the  royal  counselors  then  in  London.  During  the 
summer,  in  spite  of  the  declared  opinion  of  the  king,  the 
Massachusetts  agents  still  hoped  to  be  allowed  an  Assembly 
elected  by  the  inhabitants,  without  which  their  condition 
was  "  little  inferior  to  absolute  slaver}',"  and  the  mere 
change  of  the  governor  would  not  "  ease  any  thing."  See- 
ing at  length  that  they  could  not  obtain  their  desire,  they 
asked  the  Plantation  Committee  to  report  "  that  until  his 
Majesty  shall  be  graciously  pleased  to  grant  an  Assembly, 
the  Council  should  consist  of  such  persons  as  shall  be  con- 
siderable proprietors  of  lands  within  his  Majesty's  domin- 
ions ;  and  that,  the  counties  being  continued  as  at  present, 
each  county  may  have  one  at  least,  of  such  of  the  inhabit- 
ants of  the  same,  to  be  members  thereof ;  and  that  no 
acts  may  pass  for  law  but  such  as  have  or  shall  be  voted 
by  the  manifest  consent  of  the  major  part  of  the  Council." 
The  agents  of  Massachusetts  at  last  perceived  that  they 
could  expect  neither  a  restoration  of  its  old  charter  nor  a 
separate  colonial  government.  Looking  upon  the  "  Domin- 
ion of  New  England"  as  permanently  established,  they  now 
TheMassa-  askcd  that  cach  county  should  have  a  counselor  who  must 
agents  Lk  he  a  large  landowner,  and  that  no  laws  should  be  passed 
jamls  to  without  the  consent  of  a  majority  of  these  counselors.  This 
fanded'ar^  detcstable  proposition,  if  accepted  by  the  Iving,  would  have 
In  thd7  placed  English  colonial  government  in  the  hands  of  a  local 
colony,  aristocracy  of  lando^\^lers.  Yet  such  was  the  deliberate 
supplication  of  Massachusetts  to  James  the  Second.* 

•  Narcissus  Luttrell,  i.,  443 ;  Narrative  of  the  Miseries,  etc.,  32,  33 ;  Andros  Tracts,  ii.,  xi. 
-XV.,  3-14,  206 ;  Mather's  Magnalia,  i.,  19T ;  Parentator,  109, 110 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Collections, 
XXXV.,  109-189;  Hutchinson's  Massachusetts,  i,  362,  3C6-.369;  Coll.,  505,  571 ;  Chalmers's 
Ann,,  i.,  424-42T,  406-463 ;  Kev.  Col.,  i.,  179, 1S5;  Colonial  Documents,  iii.,  578;  Historical 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.       531 

"Whether  James  would  have  -adopted  the  policy  thus  so-  cuap.  x. 
licited  is  a  problem.     Extraordinary  events  were  culmina- 
ting  in  England  which  postponed  definite  action  in  colonial 
affairs.     Yet  William  Penn  retained  the  favor  of  his  sov- 
ereign, who  made  him  "  Supervisor  of  Excise  and  hearth-  it  septem. 
money,"  and  promised  to  enlarge  Pennsylvania  by  "  a  grant  vored  tj 
under  the  Great  Seal  for  the  three  counties  on  the  Dela- 
ware."    If  this  promise  had  been  executed,  there  would 
have  been  one  less  North  American  State,  and  New  York 
w^ould  now  have  had  a  rival  sister,  no  less  powerful  in  com- 
merce than  in  agriculture.     Yet,  while  James  especially 
favored  Penn,  he  promised  Mather  a  "  speedy  redress"  of 
many  grievances  in  New  England ;  and  that,  in  the  mean 
time,  Andros  "  should  be  written  unto,  to  forbear  the  meas-  so  septem. 
ures  that  he  was  upon."     No  "  such  thing,"  however,  was 
done.     "Without  consulting  his  ministers,  the  king  never- 
theless declared  in  writing  that  lie  would  grant  his  subjects  icoctoter. 
there  "  a  full  and  free  liberty  of  conscience  and  exercise  promLs. 
of  religion,  and  their  several  properties  and  possessions  of 
houses  and  lands,  according  to  their  ancient  records;  and 
also  their  college  of  Cambridge,  to  be  governed  by  a  Presi- 
dent and  Fellows,  as  formerly.     All  to  be  confirmed  to 
them  under  the  great  seal  of  England."* 

But  none  of  these  promises  were  performed  by  James. 
AVhile  he  was  making  them,  as  he  afterward  informed  Pope 
Innocent  the  Eleventh,  "  it  was  his  full  purpose  to  have 
set  up  [the]  Poman  Catholic  Peligion  in  the  English  Plan-  James's 
tations  of  America."  This  idea  seems  to  have  been  medi-  '^^*  ^^'^°' 
tated  as  early  as  1671,  when  it  was  suggested  to  Charles  the 
Second  that  Irish  Eoman  Catholics  "  may  transport  them- 
selves into  America,  possibly  near  New  England,  to  check 
the  growing  Independents  of  that  country ."f 

A  revolution  in  England  prevented  any  attempt  to  exe- 
cute such  a  design.  The  rasH  bigotry  of  James  precipi- 
tated the  event  which  observing  men  had  foreseen.  It 
alarmed  the  penetrating  judgment  of  the  Vatican.     "We 

ifagazine,  vi.,  13 ;  Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  No.  9,  p.  10 ;  London  Gazette,  IS  June,  16SS ;  Palfrey, 
iii.,  504-566. 

*  Narcissus  Luttrell,  i.,  461 ;  EUia  Corr.,  ii.,  211 ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  427,  46S ;  Parenta- 
tor,  114, 115  ;  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  299  ;  Dixon,  325 ;  Historical  Mag.,  vi.,  13 ;  i.  (ii.),  8,  9 ;  Force's 
Tracts,  iv..  No.  9,  p.  10;  Palmer,  32;  Andros  Tracts,  i.,  52 ;  ii.,  xv.,xvi.,  274;  ante,  366. 

t  King's  "  State  of  the  Protestants  of  Ireland,"  292  ;  Mather's  Magnalia,  i.,  179 ;  Paren- 
tator,  116 ;  aiUe,  1S4, 185. 


532  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  X.  must,"  Said  the  thoughtful  cardinals  of  Innocent, "  excom- 
municate  this  king,  who  will  destroy  the  little  of  Catholi- 
•  cism  which  remains  in  England."     But  before  Rome  could 
apply  her  "  brake,"  the  English  king  had  accomplished  his 
fate.     A  few  days  after  James  commissioned  Andros  to  be 
the  governor  general  of  his  enlarged  "  Dominion  of  Xew 
2T  April.    England,"  he  issued'a  second  declaration  for  liberty  of  con- 
se"nddec.  sciencc,  in  which  he  renewed  his  abrogation  of  all  test- 
ifberty°of'''^  oaths  aud  laws  against  dissenters,  and  announced  that  none 
conscience.  gjjQ^^|(;[  scrvc  him  but  such  as  would  aid  him  in  his  own  de- 
signs.    To  give  this  unconstitutional  declaration  greater 
4  May.      effcct,  Jauics  Ordered  it  to  be  read  in  every  church  in  his 
kingdom.     But  Archbishop  Bancroft,  of  Canterbury,  and 
IS  May.     six  Other  bishoi>s,  in  a  petition,  refused  to  obey  the  king's 
s  June,      command.     This  petition  James  pronounced  to  be  "  a  sedi- 
29  June,     tious  libcl,"  and  the  seven  prelates  were  committed  to  the 
Trial  of  the  Towcr,  and  arraigned  before  the  Court  of  King's  Bench. 
TheTac-   Eminent  counsel,  among  whom  was  John  Somers,  defended 
quittai.      ^i^g  prisoners,  whom,  after  full  trial,  the  jury  acquitted. 
The  verdict  was  joyfully  received  by  most  Englishmen  as 
a  fatal  blow  to  the  arrogated  prerogative  of  their  sovereign. 
The  only  consolation  which  James  had  now  left  him  was 
10  June,    the  hope  that  the  son  whom  his  Italian  queen  had  mean- 
the  Prince  wliile  produced  would  succeed  him  as  a  Koman  Catholic 
king  of  England,  to  the  exclusion  of  both  his  Protestant 
daughters  by  Anne  Hyde. 

But  no  Prince  of  Wales  was  to  succeed  James  the  Sec- 
'  ond  on  the  English  throne.     God's  field  in  Britain  had  now 
been  "harrowed  enough.     The  crisis  had  come.     English 
Protestants — Episcopal  and  dissenting — were  aroused.    Ox- 
ford Tories  now  adopted  the  Whig  doctrine  of  resistance. 
Even  the  insular  antipathies  of  Englishmen  were  subdued. 
Feeling  that  their  sovereign  should  be  a  Protestant,  many 
who  had  never  before  looked  for  good  from  Holland  saw 
that  their  only  "  Deliverer"  could  be  the  husband  of  their 
Princess  Mary,  the  Stadtholder  of  the  Dutch  Eepublic,  the 
Calvinistic  William  of  Orange.     The  very  day  that  the 
The  princ  ^^ishops  wcrc  acquitted,  a  secret  invitation  was  sent  to  the 
of  Orange  Dutcli  princc,  implonn2:  him  to  come  over  to  Eno^land, 

invited  to  ^  J  lO  O  ^ 

England,    whcrc  hc  was  assured  multitudes  would  hasten  to  Ins  stand- 
ard. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDEOS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.       533 

If  no  Prince  of  Wales  had  been  born,  the  Princess  Mary  cuap.  x. 
of  England  and  of  Orange  would,  of  course,  as  heiress, 
have  succeeded  to  the  British  throne  on  the  death  or  the 
abdication  of  her  father.     But  the  event  which  gave  so 
much  joy  to  James  compelled  William  to  become  a  party 
to  measures  which  involved  a  fundamental  change  in  the 
British  Constitution.    By  that  Constitution  Mary  of  Orange 
could  not  take  the  crown  of  England  as  its  presumptive 
heiress  as  long  as  her  new-born  half-brother  lived.     While 
a  rebellion  might  drive  her  father  from  his  throne,  nothing 
but  a  revolution  could  prevent  the  succession  of  his  son. 
But  such  a  revolution  could  only  be  the  work  of  English- 
men.    The  Dutch  Stadtholder's  position  was  embarrassing,  wnuam's 
Yet  his  capacity  and  prudence  surmounted  complicated  ^° ''^^' 
difficulties.     Quietly,  but  skillfully,  he  organized  in  Hol- 
land a  military  and  naval  expedition.     For  a  time,  both 
Louis  and  James  were  ignorant  of  its  object.     A  declara- 
tion explaining  William's  purposes  in  going  over  to  En-  io  o<='- 
gland  was  at  length  printed  at  the  Hague,  and  published 
in  London.     The  prince  tlien  took  leave  of  the  States  Gen- 
eral, and  embarked  at  Helvoetsluys.     Cornelis  Evertsen,  Evertsea. 
of  Zealand,  who  had  led  an  avenging  Dutch  fleet  up  to 
Manhattan  in  1673,  now  assisted  in  conveying  the  Prince 
of  Orange  to  England.     William's  expedition  landed  at 
Torbay  on  the  day  after  his  own  birthday,  and  on  the  5  Nov. 
eighty-third  anniversary  of  the  "  Gunpowder  Plot"  of  Guy  landr^t 
Eawkes  in  1605.     "  Je  MAmTiENDEAi" — /  will  maintain  ^°'''^^' 
— was  the  ancient  legend  of  the  house  of  Nassau.     As 
William  stepped  on  shore  in  Devonshire,  his  banner  dis-  5  Nov. 
played  his  own  Batavian  arms,  quartered  with  those  of  his 
English  wife,  and  his  unambiguous  motto  now  read, "  I  will  ms  motto. 

MALNTAIN  THE  PkOTESTANT  KeLIGION  AKD  THE  LIBEETIES  OF 

•England."* 

The  reception  which  William  met  at  first  in  England 
was  cooler  than  had  been  promised  him.  Indeed,  if  James 
had  acted  with  judgment,  he  might  even  now  have  saved 
his  crown  and  prevented  the  coming  revolution.     When, 

•  Lavallee,  iii.,  272-276 ;  Kennett,  iii.,  470-495;  Burnet,  i.,  736-7SS;  Clarke's  James  H., 
ii.,  151-214;  Pari.  Hist.,  v  ,  1-15:  Echard's Revolution,  15S;  Dali7mple,ii.,  189;  Eapin,ii., 
762-776;  Mackintosh,  239-3.'58 ;  Macaulay,  ii.,  340-479 ;  Sylvius,  xivi.,  44,  45, 144-147,  1G5, 
166;  Wagenaar,  XV.,  394-479;  Davies,  iii ,  190-212;  Campbell's  Chancellors,  i.,  357;  Iii., 
5G0-5C6  ;  Hargrave'6  State  Trials,  iv.,  303-325 ;  ante,  205, 203,  4r0,  516. 


534 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Vaxv.  X. 


1688. 

23  Sept. 
James's 
proclama- 
tioa. 


■2  October. 
IT  Oct. 


16  Oct. 
The  king's 
letters  to 
the  Amer- 
ican colo- 
nies. 


English- 
men flock 
to  WU- 
liam. 


C'oote, 

Lovelace, 

Wharton, 

Cornbury, 

Kirke, 

George  of 

Denmark. 


25  Novem. 


at  length,  the  daft  king  was  convinced  of  his  danger,  he  is- 
sued liis  proclamation  "  that  a  great  and  sndden  invasion 
from  Holland  with  an  armed  force  of  foreigners  and 
strangers"  would  speedily  be  made  upon  his  kingdom,  and 
warned  his  subjects  to  be  prej)ared  to  defend  their  coun- 
try. To  conciliate  them,  he  took  off  the  suspension  of 
Bishop  Compton,  restored  the  charter  of  the  city  of  Lon- 
don, and  gave  back  the  franchises  of  all  English  corpora- 
tions which  had  been  forfeited.  As  a  farther  precaution, 
he  -^Tote  to  Andros  and  his  other  colonial  governors,  warn- 
ing them  "  to  take  care  that  upon  the  approach  of  any  fleet 
or  foreign  force,  the  militia  of  that  our  Plantation  be  in 
such  readiness  as  to  hinder  any  landing  or  invasion  that 
may  be  intended  to  be  made  within  the  same."* 

A  few  days  after  the  dispatch  of  this  last  colonial  in- 
struction of  James,  he  removed  Sunderland,  the  wily  min- 
ister who  countersigned  it,  for  treasonable  correspondence 
with  the  enemy.  But  these  time-serving  measm-es  of  James 
were  accompanied  by  so  many  acts  which  proved  his  big- 
otry that  his  subjects  would  trust  him  no  longer.  And  so 
the  last  male  Stuart  British  sovereign  became  his  own  de- 
stroyer. Englishmen  of  rank  and  influence  now  hastened 
to  the  Prince  of  Orange,  who  was  attended  from  Holland  by 
the  historians  Gilbert  Burnet  and  Rapin  de  Thoyras,  and  by 
John  Balfour  of  Burley,  and  "  other  Oliverians."  Eichard, 
Lord  Coote,  afterward  Earl  of  Bellomont,  was  already  one 
of  William's  household.  John,  Lord  Lovelace  of  Hurley, 
the  nephew  of  the  former  Governor  of  I^ew  York — in  the 
vaults  under  whose  old  mansion  of  Lady  Place  many  mach- 
inations of  the  revolution  had  been  arranged — rose  in  arms 
for  the  Dutch  prince.  Edward,  Lord  Cornbury,  the  king's 
own  blood  nephew,  with  PhilijD,  Lord  Wharton,  and  his  tur- 
bulent son  Thomas,  who  wrote  "  Lillibullero,"  the  venal 
Churchill,  and  the  cruel  Protestant  Kirke,  and  others,  went 
to  the  invader  at  Exeter.     A  few  days  afterward.  Prince 


*  Kennett,  iii.,  4S9-492,  490 ;  Kapin,  ii.,7T2;  Sylvius,  xxvi.,  154;  Clarke's  James  IT.,  ii., 
185;  Ellis  Correspondence,  ii.,  218,  22S-291 ;  Virginia  Entries,  iv.,  229;  New  England  Pa- 
pers, v.,  34 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (1SC8),  20,  33,  34 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxviii.,  713 ;  Force's 
Tracts,  iv..  No.  9,  p.  10;  Valentine's  Manual,  1S59,  452;  Historical  Magazine,  x.,  144,  suj). 
The  king's  letter  of  16  October,  16SS,  was  sent  to  Andros  by  a  vessel  wliich  reached  Boston 
in  the  beginning  of  January,  16S9,  while  the  governor  was  in  Maine.  By  the  same  convey- 
ance Mather  and  tlie  other  New  England  agents  warned  their  friends  to  prepare  "  for  an  in- 
teresting change :"  Chalmers's  Annals,  i.,  409 ;  ii.,  20, 33,  34;  Palfrey,  iii.,  5T1,  note. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.      535 

George  of  Denmark  joined  his  brotlier-in-law ;  and  the  chap.x. 
Princess  Anne,  escaping  from  Whitehall,  abandoned  her 
father,  to  follow  her  husband  and  William.  ^ 

James's  cause  was  now  desperate.     He  tried  to  negotiate 
with  William,  and  meanwhile  he  secretly  sent  the  queen  lo  Decem. 

-.      -1        T-v    •  />   11 ,    1  -n  A  1  The  queen 

and  the  Prince  of  Wales  to  1  ranee.  As  soon  as  he  was  sent  to 
assured  of  their  safety,  he  arranged  his  own  escape.  The 
time  had  now  come  which  Charles  had  predicted,  and  James 
prepared  to  go  a  second  time  "  on  his  travels."  '  His  last 
orders  were  to  disband  the  royal  army.  A  little  after  mid- 
night on  the  eleventh  of  December,  he  left  his  palace  in  dis-  n  Decem. 

The  si'6at 

guise,  threw  his  great  seal  into  the  Thames,  and  went  down  seaithrown 
the  river  to  follow  his  queen  to  Prance.     Thus  James  ab-  Thames. 
dicated  his  crown.    Arrested  in  his  flight,  he  returned  to  tion."''*' 
London  and  once  more  attempted  to  play  monarch,  while 
the  Prince  of  Orange's  Dutch  soldiers  were  mounting  guard 
at  Wliitehall.     Again  James  left  the  splendid  apartments 
he  was  never  more  to  see,  and  fled  unquestioned  to  France.  23  oecem. 
A  mimic  British  court  was  established  at  the  airy  and  beau-  to  France. 
tiful  heights  of  Saint  Germains,  which  Louis  munificently 
assigned  to  his  fugitive  royal  guest.     But  the   reign  of 
James  the  Second  over  England  and  her  dependencies  was 
ended.* 

•  Kennett,  iii.,  491-505 ;  Clarke's  James  H.,  ii.,  215-2S3 ;  Burnet,  i.,  684,  765,  TS9-S04 ; 
Rapin,  il.,  7T2-783;  Echard,  161-193;  Ellis  Correspondence,  ii.,  28S-37C;  Dalrymple,  ii., 
172;  Col.  Doc,  iv.,  851;  Narcissus  Luttrell,i.,  435, 461;  Sylvius,  xxvi.,  154-190;  Macaulay, 
ii.,  428-5S8,  597-599  ;  Knight,  iv.,  431 ;  Martin's  Louis  XIV.,  ii.,  85-ST ;  ante.,  143,  420,  435, 
449. 


536  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


CHAPTER  XI. 

1688-1689. 

Chap.  XI.  At  the  English  Christmas  of  sixteen  hundred  and  eighty- 
eight  there  was  no  king  nor  regent  in  England.  James  the 
*  Second  had  fled  from  Whitehall  to  France,  pitched  his  great 
seal  into  the  river,  disbanded  his  army,  and  left  no  force 
in  his  realm  to  oppose  the  advancing  battalions  of  the 
Dutch  Prince  Stadtholder. 

Sensible  Englishmen  considered  such  poltroonery  of  their 
anointed  sovereign  an  abdication  of  his  crown.  And  so  it 
was.  With  James  and  his"  "  essential"  great  seal  had  van- 
ished the  machinery  by  which  Englishmen  allowed  them- 
selves to  be  governed.  Prompt  action  was  necessary  to 
prevent  anarchy  in  the  deserted  kingdom.  In  this  crisis, 
the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury  and  York,  with  other  Brit- 

11  Decern,  isli  pccrs,  met  at  the  London  Guildhall,  assumed  provisional 
direction  of  English  affairs,  and  declared  for  the  Prince  of 

William  in  Orange.     William  soon  afterward  came  from  Windsor  to 

IS  Decern.  Saint  Jamcs's,  where  a  great  multitude  of  Protestant  En- 
glishmen, wearing  Orange  ribands — "  the  emblem  of  civil 
and  religious  freedom" — assembled  to  welcome  their  Dutch 
"Dehverer."* 

Some  of  William's  advisers  now  urged  him  to  seize  the 
English  cro"\\Ti,  as  Henry  the  Seventh  had  done,  by  right 
of  conquest.  But  this  William  refused  to  do.  He  had 
come  to  England  as  her  deliverer  from  evil :  if  Englishmen 
wished  him  to  become  their  king,  they  must  themselves  in- 
vest him  with  the  royal  office,  and  place  its  diadem  on  his 
brow.  The  peers  of  the  realm,  the  members  of  the  House 
of  Commons  during  the  reign  of  Charles  the  Second,  and 

23  Decern,  the  Corporation  of  the  city  of  London  were  therefore  sum- 
moned to  meet  the  Dutch  Stadtholder  at  Saint  James's. 

26  Decern.  They  assembled  accordingly,  and  requested  William  to  take 

*  Ellis  Correspondence,  ii.,  346-C60 ;  Kennett,  iii.,  500-604;  Macaulay,  530,  549-5S1. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.  537 

on  himself  the  provisional  government  of  England,  and  in-  ciiap.  xi. 
vite  the  Protestant  peers,  and  the  several  constituencies  of 
the  kingdom,  by  their  representatives,  to  assemble  in  a  Con- 
vention at  Westminster.     In  obedience  to  this  request,  the 
third  William  of  Orange  assumed  the  direction  of  English  wuiiam  at 
affairs.     Ilavine:  received  the  communion  according  to  tlie  England. 

o  .    .      30  Decena. 

Episcopal  ritual  of  England,  as  his  "  first  act"  of  adminis- 
tration the  Dutch  prince  published  a  declaration  author-  3i  oecem. 
izing  all  civil  officers  in  the  kingdom, "  not  being  Papists," 
to  act  in  their  several  places  until  further  orders.* 

The  prince's  attention  was  soon  called  to  the  English  1689. 
North  American  colonies, "  for  the  happy  state  of  which  he 
professed  a  particular  care."     Mather  was  promptly  intro- 
duced to  him  by  the  Cromwellian  Philip  Lord  Wharton,  9  January. 

n  1        n      1  •  -t  ^   •    ■]    William's 

and  he  was  fully  informed  of  the  warning  letter  whicli  first  coio- 
King  James  had  dispatched  to  his  American  governors  the 
previous  October.  William  thought  "it  proper  to  commu- 
nicate to  them  at  once  his  own  directions.  Accordingly, 
he  wrote  an  adroit  circular  letter  to  the  various  colonial  12  Jan. 
governors,  directing  that  all  persons, "  not  being  Papists," 
who  lawfully  held  any  offices  in  the  several  English  plan- 
tations, should  continue  to  execute  their  duties  as  formerly, 
and  that  "  all  orders  and  directions  lately  made  or  given 
by  any  legal  authority  shall  be  obeyed  and  performed  by 
all  persons,"  until  further  commands  from  England.  This 
letter,  countersigned  by  the  prince's  secretary ,William  Jeph- 
son,  a  cousin  of  Wharton,  was  dispatched  to  Virginia,  and 
it  was  directed  to  be  sent  to  New  England  and  the  other 
colonies.  But  the  Massachusetts  agents  in  London  saw  that 
if  it  should  be  received  by  Andros  it  would  be  "  fatal  to  The 
their  schemes,"  by  reducing  their  constituents  to  the  dilem-  circular 

•  •/»■!      letter 

ma  of  submission  to  his  authority  under  the  direction  of  the 
prince,  or  of  rebellion.  Accordingly,  Mather,  with  Phipps, 
who  had  just  returned  from  New  England,  made  such  ef- 
fectual "application"  to  Jephson  that  William's  letter  to 
Andros  "  was  stopped,  and  ordered  not  to  be  sent."     From  not  sent 

,.,,,      .11  •         ,  to  Boston, 

this  Massachusetts  "  trick"  with  the  prince's  secretary  sprang 
much  future  embarrassment.f 

*  Ellis  Correspondence,  il,  370-376;  Kennett,  iii.,505,506,607;  Eapin,  ii.,  7S2,  7S3,  7S4; 
Macaulay,  ii.,5Sl-503. 

t  Macaulay,  ii.,6S9;  Virginia  Entries  (S.  P.  O.),  iv.,  233;  New  England  Entries,  Hi.,  43; 
Chalmers's  Annals,  ii.,  12,  21,  23,  35,  36,  39  ;  Hutch.  Mass...  i.,  377,  note,  389;  Mass.  II.  S. 


538  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XI.      The  Convention  called  by  William  declared  that  the 

throne  was  vacant  by  the  abdication  of  James.     It  was 

2-2  Jan      ^^^^  considd'cd  how  the  vacancy  should  be  filled.     The 

conven-     Commons  resolved  that  the  "  relisrion,  laws,  and  liberties" 

tion.  o        7  7 

29  Jan.      of  England  should  be  first  secured.     Somers  accordingly 
7  Feb.       submitted  a  report,  reciting  the  causes  of  the  revolution, 
and  contemplating,  among  other  things,  that  the  forfeited 
soinersand  Or  Surrendered  charters  of  the  Plantations  should  be  re- 
stored.    But  the  clause  respecting  the  restoration  of  colo- 
12  Feb.     nial  charters  was  omitted  from  the  Instrument-  adopted  by 
the  Convention.     That  famous  state  paper — chiefly  the 
work  of  Somers — set  forth  the  errors  and  crimes  of  James; 
reviewed  his  administration;  asserted  the  rights  of  sub- 
jects and  of  Parliament ;  defined  the  authority  of  the  sov- 
ereign, and  then  settled  the  English  crown  on  "William, 
Prince,  and  Mary,  Princess  of  Orange,  during  their  lives, 
and  the  life  of  the 'survivor  of  them,  with  the  executive 
power  in  the  prince ;  after  them,  on  the  posterity  of  Mary ; 
then  on  the  Princess  Anne  and  her  posterity;  and  then  on 
the  posterity  of  William.     New  oaths  of  allegiance  and  ab- 
juration were  ordained  in  place  of  the  abrogated  oaths  of 
The  pec-   allegiance  and  supremacy.     This  instrument — the  most 
Rig^t."^     important  in  English  annals  next  to  Magna  Chaeta — is 
known  as  the  "  Declakation  of  Right."* 

More  than  a  hundred  years  before,  in  1581,  the  States 
General  of  the  United  Provinces  had  declared  their  inde- 
pendence of  Spain  in  a  manifesto  which,  the  more  it  has 
Copied      been  studied,  the  more  it  has  been  admired  for  its  bold  as- 
Dutch,      sertion  of  the  rights  of  the  people,  and  its  clear  exposition 

Coll.,  ix.,  245;  xxxviii.,  25S,  364,  T05 ;  Parentator,  IIS,  119 ;  Mather's  Magnalia,!.,  176,  ITS; 
Palfrey,  ili.,  591,  593;  ante,  p.  534.  It  waa  about  this  time  that  Increase  Mather  drew  up 
and  published  in  London  the  "  Narrative  of  the  Miseries  of  New  England,"  etc.,  which  makes 
the  tenth  number  in  the  "Sixth  Collection  of  Papers,"  1689.  The  first  paragraph  of  the 
narrative  infoi-ms  the  British  public  and  William  "that  he  that  is  Sovereign  of  New  En- 
gland may,  by  means  thereof  (when  he  pleaseth),  be  Emperor  of  America ;"  and  the  last  par- 
agraph expressed  the  "hope  that  England  will  send  them  speedy  relief;  especially  consid- 
ering that  through  the  ill  conduct  of  their  present  rulers,  the  French  Indians  are  (as  the  last 
vessels  from  thence  inform)  beginning  their  cruel  butcheries  amongst  the  English  in  those 
parts  ;  and  many  have  fears  that  there  is  a  design  to  deliver  that  country  into  the  hands  of 
the  French  king,  except  his  Highness  the  Prince  of  Orange,  whom  a  divine  hand  has  raised 
up  to  deliver  the  oppressed,  shall  happily  and  speedily  prevent  it."  This  "Narrative," 
which  doubtless  influenced  events  aflfecting  New  England  in  the  spring  of  16S9,  is  reprinted 
by  the  Prince  Society  in  1S69  :  Andros  Tracts,  ii.,  xvii.,  xviii.,  274. 

*  Commons'  Journal,  x.,  17,  22,  23,  2S  ;  Pari.  Hist.,  v.,  23-113 ;  Kennett,  iii.,  507-514 ;  Ra- 
pin,ii. ,784-794;  Burnet,  i.,797-S26 ;  Sylvius,  xxviii.,  19,  20;  Chalmers's  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  231; 
Macaulay,  ii.,  016-652 ;  Campbell's  Chancellors,  iv.,  94-97 ;  Martin's  Louis  XIV.,  ii.,  SS,  89; 
Clarke's  James  IL,  ii.,  2S5-307. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.      539 


1689. 


of  tlie  principles  of  political  liberty.     This  venerable  Ba-  chap.xi. 
tavian  declaration  must  have  been   carefully  studied  by 
Somers — for  an  English  translation  of  it  is  in  the  printed 
collection  of  his  papers — and  internal  evidence  demon- 
strates that  it  was  the  model  of  the  later  English  manifesto. 
The  first  William  of  Orange,  under  their  marvelous  declar- 
ation of  national  rights,  and  by  the  spontaneous  act  of  his 
countrymen,  became  the  chief  of  the  Dutch  Republic.     A 
century  afterward,  his  great-grandson — called  out  of  Hol- 
land by  the  voice  of  Protestant  Englishmen — cordially  af- 
fii-med  tlie  instrument  of  which  his  own  fatherland  had 
furnished  the  pattern ;  and  William  and  Maey  of  Orange,  is  Feb. 
accepting  the  offered  diadem,  were  proclaimed  King  and  and  Mary 
Queen  of  England  and  of  "  all  the  dominions  and  territo-  qiela.^ 
ries  thereunto  belonging."* 

Thus  was  the  English  "  Revolution"  accomplished.    The 
first  act  of  the  new  sovereigns  was  a  proclamation  confli-m-  u  Feb. 
ing  all  local  oflicers,  "  being  Protestants,"  in  the  places  estants  * 
which  they  respectively  held  within  the  kingdom  of  En-i'noffiM^n 
gland,  on  the  1st  of  December,  1688.     This  did  not  affect  '°=^°  • 
the  English   colonies.     The  same  day  William   chose   a 
new  Privy  Council,  which  was  wholly  composed  of  Enghsh 
"Wliigs."     Two  days  afterward,  the  king  named  a  Com-i6Feb.  _ 
mittee   of  the  Council  "for  Trade  and  Foreign  Planta- piantatloa 
tions."     This   committee  was :  the  Earl  of  Danby,  Lord  tee"""''" 
President ;  the  Marquis  of  Halifax,  Lord  Privy  Seal ;  the 
Earl  of  Devonshire,  Lord  Steward ;  the  Earls  of  Shi-ews- 
bury  and  of  Nottingham,  Secretaries  of  State ;  the  Earl  of 
Bath,  Yiscoiints  Fauconberg  and  Mordant,  Bishop  Henry 
Compton,  of  London,  Sir  Henry  Capel,  Mr.  Henry  Powle, 
and  Mr.  Edward  Russell, "  or  any  three  of  them."     The 
committee  was  directed  to  meet  on  the  next  Monday,  the 
18th  of  February,  and  "  prepare  the  drafts  of  Proclama- 
tions for  Proclaiming  their  Majesties  in  the  several  Planta- 
tions, and  also  for  continuing  all  persons  in  their  employ- 
ments and  offices  'tih  further  order."     Proclamations  were 
accordingly  prepared,  and  letters  forwarding  them  to  the 
several  colonial  governors  were  signed  by  enough  privy  lo  Feb. 

•  Lord  Somer3'3  Tracts,  xiv.,  417-424  (Sir  Walter  Scott,  ed.  i.,  323);  Kennett,  iii.,  514; 
.Eapin,  ii.,795;  Tindal,  iii.,30,  31,  99;  Clarke's  James  11.,  307,  SOS,  309;  Sylvius,  xxvii.,  27; 
Macaulay,  iL,  654, 655 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  446,  761. 


540 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


cbap.xi.  counselors.     These   letters    signified  to   those    governors 


1689. 

William's 
first  royal 
orders  to 
the  En- 
glish colo- 
nies. 


How  the 
English 
revolution 
affected 
the  colo- 
nies. 


23  Fub. 


5  ilarch. 


16  March. 
English 
Corpora- 
tion Bill 


their  majesties  pleasure  "  that  all  men  being  in  offices  of 
Government  shall  so  continue  until  their  Majesties  further 
pleasure  be  known,"  and  that  the  new  oaths  of  allegiance 
and  abjuration  should  be  taken  by  each  of  them.  Tlie  dif- 
ference between  the  original  proclamation  of  William  and 
Mary  continuing  in  their  places  the  local  officers  in  En- 
gland and  that  sent  to  the  Plantations,  is  significantly  clear. 
In  England  only  "  Protestants"  were  to  be  kept  in  office. 
But  in  the  Plantations,  "  all  men  being  in  offices  of  Gov^- 
ernment"  were  to  remain  undisturbed.* 

The  revolution  in  England  was  thus  held  by  her  states- 
men as  in  no  way  affecting  her  colonies  otherwise  than  in 
transferring,  without  their  consent,  their  allegiance  from 
one  English  sovereign  to  another,  by  the  act  of  an  irregular 
English  Convention.  It  was  certain  that  the  Protestant  re- 
ligion could  not  be  jeoparded  in  the  English  colonies  as  it 
had  been  in  the  mother  country.  The  Test  Act  of  1673 
had  never  been  in  force  in  those  colonies,  where  Brock- 
holls,  and  Dongan,  and  other  avowed  Eoman  Catholics  had 
acted  under  undeniably  legal  commissions.  The  Prince  of 
Orange's  Convention  of  January,  1689,  therefore,  did  not 
extend  that  Test  Act  to  the  English  colonies.  It  merely 
required  "  all  persons"  in  office  to  take  its  own  ordained 
oaths  of  allegiance  to  William  and  Mary,  and  of  abjuration 
of  the  Pope's  "  authority,  ecclesiastical  or  spiritual,  within 
this  Realm"  of  England.f 

This  convention,  however,  was  transformed  into  an  En- 
glish Parliament,  which  went  on  to  make  laws  as  if  it 
had  unimpeachable  authority.  The  House  of  Commons 
tried  to  repair  the  significant  omission  in  the  Declaration 
of  Piglit  by  resolving  that  the  forfeiting  of  the  charters  of 
the  Plantations  was  "  illegal  and  a  grievance."  A  bill  was 
accordingly  brought  in  to  restore  all  corporations,  at  home 
and  in  New  England,  to  the  condition  they  were  at  the  Res- 
toration of  King  Charles  the  Second  in  1660.  This  crude 
measure  passed  the  House  of  Commons  through  the  active 

•  Kennett,  iii.,  514,  515 ;  Tindal,  iii.,  3S-41 ;  Sylvius,  xxvii.,  29,  31 ;  Smollett,  i.,  4;  Pari. 
Hist.,  v.,  113;  Macaulay,  iii.,  1-27;  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  572,  596,  641;  Board  Journals,  vi., 
195;  Virginia  Entries,  iv.,  236 ;  Chalmers's  Annals,  i.,  373,  431,  469 ;  ii.,  12, 22, 37,  8S ;  Rev. 
Col.,  i.,  201 ;  Penn.  Col.  Rec.,  i.,  341 ;  Appendix,  Note  G.,  p.  662, post. 

t  Kennott,  iii.,  514 ;  Chalmers's  Annals,  ii.,  in  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.  (ISCS),  13,  37;  ante,  202; 
2C4, 447,  452. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.      541 

exertions  of  Mather,  Pliipps,  and  Sir  Henrj  Ashurst.     But  chap.  xr. 

William  detected  the  embarrassment  it  would  cause  to  his ' 

prerogative ;  and  his  courtiers  delayed  it  in  the  Lords  until   •^^^^• 
the  Convention  Parhament  was  dissolved.     Thus  "  the  Sis- 
yphsean  labom-  of  a  whole  year  came  to  nothing."* 

The  key-note  thus  sounded  in  the  English  House  of  Com- 
mons was  meant  to  influence  the  colonial  policy  of  their 
Dutch  sovereign  and  his  wife.     A  few  days  before  Mary  ^^J'^"- 
left  the  Hague  for  London,  she  was  " dexterously  gained"  Marygam- 
to  favor  New  England  by  the  "eminent"  Abraham  I^ck, ^Er' 
of  Amsterdam,  who  had  long  been  a  correspondent  of  Ma-  ^'^°'^' 
ther,  and  at  whose  house  Shaftesbury  had  died.     Thus  en- 
couraged, Phipps  and  Mather  petitioned  Wilham  that  An- is  Feb. 
dros  should  be  removed  from  his  government  of  New  Eii-MatK""* 
gland;  that  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  Khode  Island,  and^viluam!' 
Connecticut  might  be  "restored  to  their  ancient  privileges," 
and  that  their  former  governors  might  be  reinstated.     The 
king  referred  this  petition  to  his  Plantation  Committee,  and 
ordered  the  letter  of  the  Privy  Council  to  Andros,  of  19th20Feu 
February,  to  be  "postponed  'till  the  business  of  taking  away 
the  charters  should  be  considered."     The  committee,  hav- 
ing heard  Phipps's  and  Mather's  counsel,  as  well  as  Sir  22  tc\ 
Eobert  Sawyer,  the  late  attorney  general— who  reported 
the  reasons  for  canceling  the  Massachusetts  patent— agreed 
to  report  "that  his  Majesty  be  pleased  to  send  forthwith  a 
Governor  to  New  England  in  the  place  of  Sir  Edmund  An- 
dros, with  a  Provisional  Commission,  and  with  Instructions 
to  proclaim  his  Majesty  in  those  colonies,  and  to  take  the  Queer 
present  administration  of  the  Government  in  those  parts  wniia._  _ 
until  further  order;  in  which  Commission  and  Instructions  com^r" 
it  may  be  expressed  that  no  money  shall  be  raised  by  the  *"' 
Governor  and  Council  only.    And  their  Lordships  will  like- 
wise propose  that  His  Majesty  do  thereupon  give  further 
order  for  preparing,  as  soon  as  may  be,  such  a  further  es- 
tablishment as  may  be  lasting,  and  preserve  the  rights  and 

«  Commons  Jour.,  x.,  IT,  41,49,  51 ;  Pari.  Hist.,  v.,  159,  50S-516,  53T;  Kennett,iii  51C- 
Tindal,  iii.,  119  ;  Macaulay,  iii.,  393, 498,  517, 522, 532, 534 ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  415-  ii  6l' 
62, 90 ;  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  231 ;  Douglas,  i.,  465 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  3S9,  390 ;  Barry,  i.,  509;  Mass' 
II.  S.  Coll.,  ix.,  246,  247  ;  xxxviii.,  6S0 ;  Mather's  Magnalia,  i.,  197, 19S ;  Parentator,  122  123 ' 
Andros  Tracts,  ii.,  xx.,  276.  If  the  bill  passed  by  the  House  of  Commons  had  become  a  law' 
important  questions  must  have  come  up  about  the  condition  of  New  York,  New  Jersey! 
Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  and  other  American  colonies,  to  which  Charles  and  James  bad 
granted  patents  after  May,  1660. 


port  of 
iam's 


542  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XI.  privileges  of  the  people  of  New  England,  and  yet  reserve 
such  a  dependence  on  the  Crown  of  England  as  shall  be 
'  thought  requisite."  But  the  sending  another  royal  govern- 
or to  New  England  in  place  of  Andros  was  not  what  Phipps 
and  Mather  asked ;  and  William  was  prevailed  upon  to  dis- 
regard "  the  salutary  advice  of  his  ministers."  According- 
ly, when  the  report  of  his  Plantation  Committee  was  con- 
26 Feb.  sidered  by  the  king  in  Council,  he>  ordered  "that  it  be  re- 
dubious,  ferred  back  to  the  Committee  to  consider  of  and  prepare 
the  draught  of  a  New  Charter  to  bo  granted  to  the  inhab- 
itants of  New  England,  and  [which?]  may  preserve  the 
rights  and  properties  of  those  colonies,  and  reserve  such  a 
dependence  on  the  Cro^vn  according  to  the  Eeport;  and 
that,  instead  of  a  Governor  to  be  sent  in  the  room  of  Sir 
Edmund  Andros,  there  be  appointed  two  Commissioners  to 
take  upon  them  the  administration  of  the  Government 
there,  with  directions  immediately  to  proclaim  the  King 
and  Queen."* 

This  order  of  William,  while  it  settled  the  fate  of  An- 
dros, showed  that  the  king  meant  to  give  a  new  charter  "  to 
the  inhabitants  of  New  England"  which  would  allow  them 
a  Colonial  Assembly,  and  yet  preserve  their  "  dependence 
on  the  Crown"  of  England,  first,  through  two  royal  English 
commissioners,  and  afterward  by  a  royal  governor.     Wil- 
wiiiiam    liam  at  once  adopted  James's  policy  of  consolidation,  so  as 
preserve"    to  kcop  tlic  "  Domiuiou  of  Now  England"  an  entirety,  under 
ion  of°NeT  a  royal  governor;  but  he  wished  to  modify  that  policy  so  as  to 
wh^lr*^     allow  "  the  inhabitants"  to  choose  their  o-\vn  Assembly.   This 
scheme  may  have  suited  Phipps,  whose  enmity  to  Andros 
was  personal ;  but  it  was  fatal  to  the  views  of  Mather,  who 
desired  the  restoration  of  Puritan  oligarchy  in  Massachu- 
setts, of  which  he  was  a  chief  preacher.     Mather  therefore 
-J  4  March,  got  Lord  Wliartou  to  present  him  again  to  the  king,  whom 
.nga\n"ee3  ho  Implorcd  "  to  favour  New  England."     This  William 
the  king.    j,gj^(-^-^y  promised,  but  he  cautiously  remarked, "  there  have 
been  irregularities  in  their  government."     Being  farther 
pressed,  lie  added, "  I  will  forthwith  give  order  that  Sir  Ed- 

•  Plantation  Journals,  vi.,  19T,  198,  200-204;  New  England  Entries,  iii.,  200,  201 ;  Privy 
Council  Min.,  Will,  and  Maiy,  i.,'21 ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  ii.,  22,  23,  25,  39 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll., 
xxxii.,298;  xxxviii.,  101,105, 107, 528,  598,  T05;  Force's  Tracts,  iv..  No.  11, 11-14;  Andros 
Tracts,  ii.,  xvi.,  xviii.,  149-170;  Palfrey,  iii.,  592,  593.  Kick,  who  wrote  to  Maiy  at  the 
Hague,  was  made  English  consul  at  Kotterdam  in  ICOO  :  AVagenaar,  xv.,  G05. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.       543 

mund  Andros  shall  be  removed  from  the  government  of  chap.  xi. 

Few  England,  and  be  called  unto  an  account  for  his  mal- ; — 

administration.     And  I  will  direct  that  the  present  King  wimfm-; 
and  Queen  shall  be  proclaimed  by  their  former  Mao-is- o^^'^^^^- 
trates."     What  William  really  meant  by  "their  former 
magistrates"  is  not  clear.     But  he  certainly  did  not  intend 
to  sever  or  disunite  his  royal  dominion  of  New  England 
into  its  former  several  colonies.     In  this  Whitehall  uncer- 
tainty, Phipps,  thinking  that  "  the  best  stage  of  action  for 
him  would  now  be  New  England  itself,"  hastened  thith- 
er. ^  But, "  before  he  left  London,  a  messenger  from  the 
abdicated  King  tendered  him  the  government  of  New  En- james  of. 
gland,  if  he  would  accept  it."    James,  who  had  now  come  go've™! 
from  France  to  Dublin,  seems  to  have  thought-that  by  re-  New  En- 
moving  Andros  and  ajDpointing  Phipps,  he  might  retain  IhTppf 
his  authority  over  New  England.     Phipps  of  course  de- 
clined this  Irish  ofPer  by  "  the  abdicated  King"  of  a  colo- 
nial "government  without  an  Assembly;"  and  he  soon  aft- 
erward embarked  for  Boston,  carrying  the  Council's  delay-  Apra. 
ed  letters  to  Andros, "  with  certain  instructions  from  none 
of  the  least  considerable  persons  at  Whitehall,"  that  if  the 
people  of  New  England  gave  them  "  the  trouble  to  hang 
Sir  Edmund,  they  deserved  noe  friends."* 

After  Phipps  left,  the  Privy  Council  directed  Secretary  is  Aprii 
Shrewsbury, "  upon  inquiry  from  those  who  ha^-e  the  most 
considerable  interest  in  New  England,  New  York,  and  the 
Jerseys,  to  present  to  the  King  the  names  of  such  as  may 
be  thought  fit  at  this  time  to  be  Governor  and  Lieutenant 
Governor  of  those  parts."    A  few  days  afterward,  the  Plan- 
tation Committee,  seeing  that  a  war  with  France  was  at 
hand,  suggested  to  the  king  "  the  speedy  settling  of  such  a  26  Apm 
government  in  New  England,  New  York,  and  the  Jerseys,  SS1!°' 
as,  upon  recalling  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  may  enable  your  Son?" 
Majesty's  subjects,  who  are  very  numerous  in  those  parts, 
not  only  to  oppose  by  their  united  forces  the  French  of 
Canada  and  Nova  Scotia,  but  to  carry  on  such  further  de- 
signs as  your  majesty  may  find  requisite  for  your  service ; 

fhI/\?  "•  r  ^-"Vif'^nf  ;^"'^'  ^'^-^"•'  ^'^'  ^•^^^"'•'  ^05'  ^"d^°«  Tracts,  ii.,  xix;  Ma- 
ther sMagnaha,  l,  ITS,  197,198;  Parentator,  120, 121 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  377,  3S9  3^0  397- 
Oldmixon,  1.,  138 ;  Chalmers,  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  201,  207, 208,  231 ;  Pol.  Ann.,  i.,  373  431  469  •  ii ' 
f'^^.:.^;,r^''''-^«=-''"'5^8, 583,  557,588;  Bancroft,  iii.,  78,79;  Barry,  i.,  508, 509:  Wl- 
frey,  111.,  5'J2, 533;  Clarke's  James  II.,  ii.,  327-330.  /.    ,       ,       ,  x-ai 


544  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAi'.  XI.  without  wliicli  union  and  government  the  Frencli  may  easi- 
ly  possess  themselves  of  that  Dominion,  and  trade  of  those 
parts  wliich  are  so  considerable  to  the  crown."     The  com- 
mittee also  proposed  "  that,  as  Maryland,  Pennsylvania,  and 
CaroHna  are  Proprieties  of  great  extent  in  America,  which 
do  not  hold  themselves  subjects  to  your  Majesty's  immedi- 
ate government,  nor  render  any  account  to  your  Majesty  of 
their  proceedings,  your  Majesty  would  please,  in  this  con- 
juncture, to  give  such  directions  as  may  better  secure  your 
Majesty's  interests  in  those  parts,  and  put  them  in  a  condi- 
tion of  defence  against  the  enemy."     This  advice  pleased 
2  May.      William,  who  ordered  the  Plantation  Committee  to  consult 
the  Admiralty  about  sending  ships  to  America,  and  also  to 
propose  "  the  names  of  fit  persons  to  be  sent  as  Governors 
to  the  Plantations,  and  what  may  be  fit  to  be  done  for  his 
Majesty's  service  in  the  present  conjuncture,  as  well  for  set- 
tling the  government  of  New  England,  New  York,  and  the 
Jerseys,  as  for  securing  His  Majesty's  interest  in  the  several 
proprieties  in  America."    The  committee  shortly  afterward 
18  May.     represented  that  "  the  present  circumstances  and  relations 
tationsto   they  stand  in  to  the  government  of  England  is  a  matter 
jiK™''de-    worthy  of  the  consideration  of  Parliament  for  the  bringing 
thetrown°  of  thosc  Proprieties  and  Dominions  under  a  nearer  depend- 
giand!       ence  on  the  Crown,  as  his  Majesty's  revenue  in  the  Plan- 
tations is  very  much  Concerned  herein."     Thus  the  Dutch 
king  who  had  succeeded  James  the  Second  was  advised  by 
his  "Whig  English  counselors,  in  the  third  month  of  his  reign, 
to  carry  into  vigorous  effect  some  of  the  most  decided  co- 
lonial measures  of  his  predecessor,  because  they  were  now 
selfishly  considered  to  benefit  England.''^ 

12  MarcK       Meanwliilc,  James  had  come  over  to  Ireland  at  the  head 
Ireland,     of  a  large  French  expedition,  hoping  to  recover  his  desert- 
ed throne.     By  William's  command.  Secretary  Shrewsbury 

13  April,    wrote  a  circular  letter  to  the  British  American  governors, 

informing  them  that,  by  reason  of.  the  assistance  which 
Louis  had  given  to  the  king's  enemies  in  Ireland, "  and  by 
the  invading  His  Majesty's  territories  in  America,  and  dis- 
turbing the  trade  of  his  subjects  in  those  parts  for  several 
years  past,"  preparations  were  to  be  made  for  a  speedy  war 

•  Mas?.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxii.,  208 ;  N.  Y. Col.  Doc,  iii.,  573, 574 ;  Chalmers's  Rev. Col.,  i.,  223 ; 
Dixon's  Penn,  209. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.  545 

with  France,  and  ordering  them,  with  all  diligence,  to  "  take  chap.  xi. 

effectual  care  for  the  opposing  and  resisting  any  attempt  of 

the  French."     The  king  and  queen  also  issued  their  proc-  wliual^; 
lamation  granting  an  asylum  in  England,  with  their  royal  coiontaTor- 
protection,  to  the  Protestants  who  had  been  driven  from  25  Aprii. 
France  after  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.     This  Sees  p^'.*"" 
was  followed  by  a  declaration  of  war  against  France,  drawn  Tmy 
by  Solicitor  General  Somers,  which  set  forth,  among  other  ^''^  ^^- 
causes  of  hostility,  the  invasion  of  the  territory  of  New  t^'een  En"- 
York  by  the  Canadians  as  an  act  "not  becomino-  even  an^^T^e"'^ 
enemy."     The  necessity  of  promptly  securing  the  English- 
American  colonies  was  obvious,  for  it  was  reported  in  Lon-  27  Aprii. 
don  that  Louis  had  ordered  their  seizure  before  news  of  the 
revolution  in  England  could  cross  the  Atlantic.     But  the 
embarrassments  of  William's  situation,  and  the  folly  of  his 
Whig  ministers,  caused  him  to  neglect  the  best  opportunity  Error  of 
which  England  ever  had  to  crush  the  power  of  France  inSJoiT." 
North  America.     Thus  Whitehall  placemen,  sacrificing  the  '^• 
interests  of  their  mother  country,  inflicted  present  miseries 
on  her  Plantations,  and  left  them  victims  to  domestic  dis- 
cords and  protracted  border  wars.* 

The  policy  of  Louis  the  Fourteenth  glittered  in  contrast 
with  that  of  William  the  Third.  Tlie  French  king  had 
around  him  at  Versailles  devoted  and  accomplished  men, 
who  did  not  hesitate  to  give  him,  when  he  demanded  it, 
their  best  advice.  Louvois,  his  ablest  minister  next  to  the 
dead  Colbert,  was  yet  savagely  vigorous ;  Seignelay  was  la- 
borious to  please ;  and  about  Canada,  the  displaced  Fronte- 
nac  was  at  hand  to  personally  relate  all  his  o^\^l  experience 
there.  And  now  Callieres  reached  Paris  with  Denonville's  Januaiy. 
dispatches  of  the  previous  autumn.  These  were  promptly  potcy  "f 
considered.  Louis  was  of  opinion  that  if  James  had  re-  ^°"^' 
niained  King  of  England,  he  "  would  no  doubt  have  recog- 
nized" the  French  right  of  sovereignty  over  the  Iroquois. 
But,  however  this  might  have  been,  the  condition  of  Euro- 
pean politics  was  greatly  changed.  A  Dutch  Protestant 
prince— the   unrelenting  enemy  of  France— was   now  a 

•  Clarke's  James  11.,  ii.,  319-331 ;  Dalrymple,  ii.,  311-342;  iii., 45-53;  Macpherson,  i ,  174 
-186 ;  Kennett,  iii.,  526,  527 ;  Tindal,  iii.,  80,  89,  90, 91 ;  Sylvius,  xxvii.,  US;  Narcissus  Lut- 


an!e,  435. 

IL— M  M 


546  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  XI.  chosen  sovereign  of  England.  Her  Jesuitical  old  king  was 
a  refugee  in  France,  encouraged  to  attempt  the  regaining 
looy.  ^£  i^'g  abdicated  royalty.  Notmthstanding  all  his  faults, 
Louis  was  a  cliivabic  gentleman.  "With  James  on  his 
throne  in  London,  he  might  have  negotiated  about  sover- 
eignty over  the  North  American  Iroquois.  With  James 
his  own  guest  at  Saint  Germains,  Louis  could  not  chaffer. 
Louis  therefore  gave  James  French  soldiers,  with  which  the 

March.  "  abdicated  king"  went  to  Ireland  to  regain  the  crown  he 
had  so  foolishly  thrown  away.  What  the  result  of  this 
Irish  campaign  might  be  was  uncertain ;  but,  at  all  events, 
Louis  could  have  no  friendly  dealings  with  the  Dutch 
Prince  of  Orange,  who,  he  considered,  had  usurped  the  Brit- 
ish throne.  While  James  was  thus  in  Ireland,  and  while 
William  in  London  was  declaring  war  against  France, 
Louis  resolved  to  make  peace  with  the  New  York  savages 

1  May.      at  any  rate ;  and  to  render  this  more  easy,  he  ordered  that 

prisoners  all  the  Iroquois  prisoners  which  Denonville  had  sent  over 
ome.  ^^  ggpye  jjj  ^}jg  royal  galleys  at  Marseilles  should  be  re- 
turned to  Canada,  and  supplied  with  gaudy  clothes  from 
the  shops  of  Paris.* 

jannaiy.^       But  Calli^rcs,  iu  au  able  memorial  to  Seignelay,  expound- 

pr^oject.'  ed  the  advantage,  and  even  the  necessity,  of  now  seizing 
New  York,  where  Andros,  who  was  a  Protestant,  would  cer- 
tainly acknowledge  the  Prince  of  Orange,  and  be  sustained 
in  doing  so  by  the  inhabitants,  who  were  mostly  Dutch,  and 
generally  Protestants.f  In  a  separate  memoir,  Callieres 
detailed  his  plan,  which  was  to  advance  with  two  thousand 
men,  in  canoes  and  bateaux,  from  Montreal,  through  the 
Pichelieu  Piver,  Lake  Champlain,  Wood  Creek,  and  the 
Hudson  River,  to  Albany,  and  thence  to  New  York ;  while 
two  ships  of  war  were  to  blockade  the  metropolis,  the  con- 
dition of  which  was  described  with  tolerable  accuracy. 

February.  Louis,  liowcver,  hcsitatcd ;  and  Callieres  as-ain  and  a2;ain 

May.  J  J  5  &  & 

urged  prompt  action,  arguing  in  favor  of  the  conquest  of 
New  York  that,  even  if  James  should  continue  to  be  recog- 
nized as  king  there, "  we  can  make  use  of  the  plausible  pre- 

•  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  303-39S,  41C-418 ;  ante,  520. 

+  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  403, 404,  422.  It  ia  clear  that  the  French  did  not  expect  Andres  to  be- 
tray his  government  to  them,  as  suggested  in  Mather's  "Narrative,"  and  aftenvard  charged 
by  the  Puritans  of  Boston :  Force's  Tracts,  iy.,  No.  9,  p.  41 ;  No.  10,  p.  11 ;  compare  Palmer's 
Impartial  Account,  p.  30 ;  Andros  Tracts,  L 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.       54,7 

text  of  having  seized  it  with,  a  view  to  preserve  it  for  him-  chap.  xi. 
self  against  the  attacks  of  the  rebels,  and  to  give  it  back 
to  him  after  his  restoration,  or  treat  with  him  for  it." 
Wliile  the  king  "  thought  well"  of  Callieres's  project,  he  put 
off  its  execution,  and  ordered  Denonville  to  send  a  full  re- 1  May. 
port  on  the  subject.     The  English  declaration  of  war,  how-  /^  May. 
ever,  forced  Louis  to  act  promptly.    Disregarding  the  treaty 
of  colonial  neutrality,  he  approved  the  project  of  Callieres ;  Louis  ap- 
but  he  confided  its  execution  to  an  abler  general  than  him  project  of 
whose  ineffectual  campaign  against  the  Senecas  was  esteem- 
ed only  valuable  "  as  material  to  be  put  in  history,  as  if  it 
were  some  glorious  achievement."    Denonville  was  accord-  Denonviiie 
ingly  recalled  to  serve  in  Europe,  and  the  veteran  Fronte-  and  Fron- 
nac,  who  had  been  living  in  poverty  at  Paris  since  1682,  po'inted!^^ 
was  again  appointed  Governor  General  of  Canada.*  ^  ^^'^^' 

Erontenac's  instructions,  prepared  with  great  care  by  7  June. 
Louvois,  after  conferences  with  the  new  governor  himself  nacs  in- 
and  La  Motte  Cadillac,  of  Acadia,  were  more  complex  than 
the  original  plan  submitted  by  Callieres.     It  was  now  de- 
termined that  the  English  were  to  be  simultaneously  attack- 
ed at  Hudson's  Bay  and  in  New  York.    The  expedition  was 
to  embark  at  Eochelle,  and  after  Erontenac  had  reached 
Quebec  and  organized  his  forces,  he  was  to  direct  Caffiniere, 
the  admiral  commanding,  to  coast  southward  to  Sandy  Hook, 
and  then  co-operate  with  him  as  soon  as  he  should  have 
passed  victoriously  down  the  Hudson.     After  the  conquest 
of  New  York,  its  Roman  Catholic  inhabitants  might  be  suf- 
fered to  remain ;  but  all  Erench  refugees,  especially  those  what  was 
of  the  "  Pretended  Reformed  Religion,"  were  to  be  sent  to  in  Ne^^" 
France.    Mechanics  and  laborers  might  be  retained  as  pris-  ^°^^ 
oners  to  work  and  build ;  but  all  the  other  inhabitants  were 
to  be  sent  to  New  England,  Pennsylvania,  and  elsewhere. 
These  instructions  certainly  did  not  suggest  any  anticipated 
co-operation  of  the  Protestant  Andros,  or  any  purpose  of 
Louis  to  acquire  New  England,  for  wdiich  he  did  not  care. 
What  he  desired  was  to  obtain  New  York,  and  New  York 
only.     After  its  conquest,  Callieres  was  to  remain  Govern- 
or of  New  York,  under  the  command  of  Erontenac,  and 
"  all  the  English  settlements  adjoining  Manatte,  and  further 

*  Col.  Doc,  iy.,  47S;  ix.,  401-408,  411-422,  427,  S03;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  392,  393,  394,  395; 
Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  179-1S2 ;  Garneau,  i.,  271,  301, 355-357 ;  La  Hoatan,  i.,  196, 197 ;  ante,  4S0, 499. 


548  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XI.  off  if  iiGcessaiy,"  were  to  be  destroyed.  These  savage  in- 
structions  were  worthy  of  the  iron-hearted  Louvois,  who 
had  just  before  directed  the  devastation  of  the  Palatinate. 
French  frigates,  the  "  Embnscade,"  the  "  Fom*gon,"  and  the 
"  Saint  Francis  Xavier,"  were  ordered  to  be  prepared  at 
Rochelle  to  convey  and  co-operate  with  the  expedition 
meant  to  lay  waste  New  York.  But  while  Maintenon  could 
plead  with  Louis  against  the  inhuman  atrocities  he  had  au- 
thorized on  the  Rhine,  she  felt  no  sympathy  for  his  medi- 
tated victims  on  the  far  off  Hudson.  The  providence  of 
God  alone  was  their  almighty  protector.* 

In  those  colonial  days  news  from  Europe  came  tardily 
and  uncertainly  across  the  Atlantic.     James's  monitory  let- 
ter to  Andros  of  October,  1688,  did  not  reach  Boston  until 
1  January,  the  beginning  of  January,  1689.    By  the  same  vessel  wliicli 
bore  it,  Mather  and  his  fellow-workers  in  London  conveyed 
to  their  friends  in  Massachusetts  the  result  of  their  "  sohci- 
tations"  with  the  king,  and  "  warned  them  to  prepare  the 
minds  of  the  people  for  an  interesting  change."     James's 
James's  let-  letter  was  sent  by  express  to  Maine,  where  Andros  then  was, 
ber  sent  to  bravcly  guarding  the  New  England  frontier  against  the  sav- 
Maine.^  ^"^  agcs.     lu  loyal  obedience  to  liis  orders,  the  governor  gener- 
10  Jan.      al  promptly  issued  his  proclamation,  dated  "  at  Fort  Charles 

Andrea's  i.  jl      •/  i  ■' 

prociama-  at  Pcmaquid,"  charging  "  all  officers  civil  and  military,  and 
Pemaquid.  all  othcr,  his  Majcsty's  loving  subjects  within  this  his  Terri- 
tory and  Dominion  aforesaid,  to  be  vigilant  and  careful,  in 
their  respective  places  and  stations;  and  that,  upon  the  ap- 
proach of  any  Fleet  or  Forreign  force,  they  be  in  readiness, 
and  use  their  utmost  endeavour  to  hinder  any  landing  or  in- 
vasion that  may  be  intended  to  be  made  within  the  same."f 
Soon  afterward,  while  Nicholson  was  busily  putting  New 
York  in  a  better  condition  of  defense  against  a  "  foreign 
force,"  news  of  the  landing  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  at  Tor- 

•  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  422-431,  446,  659,  660,  671;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  1S3-1S5;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  S95- 
401 ;  Garneaii,  i.,  302  ;  Macaulay,  Hi.,  122-126  ;  Martin's  Louis  XIV. ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,ii., 
OS.  In  the  light  of  Frontenac's  instructions,  it  is  amusing  to  read  the  hearsay  twaddle 
about  Andros  which  its  compiler  has  stuffed  into  the  "Revolution  in  New  England  Justi- 
fied:"' Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  No.  9,  p.  31-43;  compare  Falmer's  "  Impartial  Account,"  p.  36  ; 
Andros  Tracts,  i. 

t  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  469;  ii.,  20, 21,  23,  39 ;  Force's  Tracts,  iv..  No.  9,  p.  10 ;  Mather's 
Mag.,i.,179;  Hutch. Mass., i.,  373;  Coll.,  571;  Barry, i., 504;  Palfrey, iii., 569, 570,  571,579; 
New  England  Papers,  v.,  34-94 ;  ante,  534.  An  original  of  Andres's  Prcclamation  of  10  Jan- 
nary,  1CS8-9,  printed  by  Richard  Pierce,  "  at  Boston  in  New  England,"  is  in  the  New  York 
Society  Library,  and  a  lithograph  fac-simile  of  it  is  in  Valentine's  Manual  for  1S50,  p.  452, 
and  a  copy  in  Hist.  Mag.,  x.,  144,  sup. :  see  als)  a  copy  post.  Note  II.,  p.  602,  603. 


SIR  ed:,iund  andros,  governor  general.  549 

bay  reached  Yirginia.     A  coasting  vessel  from  there  came  chap.  xi. 
to  New  York,  and  Andries  Greveraet,  her  master,  called  on 
the  lieutenant  governor  in  Fort  James.    Astonished  to  hear  5  p^^,    ' 
of  William's  invasion  of  England,  Nicholson  compared  him  ^m-a^-g 
to  Monmouth,  and  prophesied  that "  the  very  'prentice  boyes  |.gjgfj°^  ^^ 
of  London  will  drive  him  out  againe ;"  and  he  strictly  for-  New  York. 
bid  Greveraet  to  divulge  the  news.     A  week  afterward, 
Jacob  Leisler,  then  engaged  in  importing  liquors,  and  com- 
missioned a  captain  in  Colonel  Bayard's  city  regiment,  re- 
ceived a  confirmation  of  the  intelligence  by  way  of  Mary- 
land.    The  news,  which, "  to  hinder  any  tumult,"  was  kept  t  March. 
private  at  first,  was  dispatched  by  Nicholson  to  Andros  in  dispatched 
Maine  by  two  separate  expresses,  on  land  and  water.*         ^miJ^' 

Having  put  the  garrisons  in  good  condition,  and  placed 
Brockholls  in  command  at  Fort  Charles,  the  governor,  as 
soon  as  he  received  the  intelligence,  left  Maine,  accompa-  ig  Marcii. 
nied  by  West,  Graham,  and  Palmer,  and  hastened  to  Bos-  tums°tV^ 
ton,  which  he  reached  "  about  the  latter  end  of  March."    A 
few  days  afterward  a  sliip  came  to  Boston  from  Nevis  in  4  April, 
the  West  Indies,  which  brought  as  a  passenger  John  Wins- 
low,  who  had  copies  of  the  Prince  of  Orange's  declaration 
of  the  previous  October,  and  also  confirmatory  intelligence 
of  "  his  happy  proceedings  in  England,  with  his  entrance 
there."     Instead  of  promptly  calling  on  the  governor,  as 
Greveraet  had  called  on  his  subordinate  in  Fort  James, 
Winslow  sullenly  remained  at  home,  and  Andros,  hearing 
that  he  had  important  intelligence,  required  his  attendance. 
Being  asked  for  the  prince's  declarations,  Winslow  refused 
to  produce  them,  telling  the  governor  that  he  was  "  afraid 
to  let  him  have  them,  because  he  would  not  let  the  people 
know  an}^  news."     Winslow  was  then  sent  before  a  justice  winsiow 
'of  the  peace,  and,  remaining  obstinately  contumacious,  heaTBoston^ 
was  committed  to  prison  for  not  imparting  to  the  Govern-  macyT''' 
or  of  New  England  important  and  unique  public  documents 
from  the  mother  country,  which,  in  default  of  their  open 
production,  were  supposed  to  be  "traiterous  and  treasona- 
ble libels."t 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  591, 6G0 ;  Hutch.  Slass.,  i.,  3V2 ;  Penn.  Col.  Kec,  i.,  240 ;  N.  Y.  U.  S.  Coll., 
21  (186S),  241-243, 359;  Chalmers's  Annals,  ii.,  21;  ante,  533.  Mr.  Palfrey  does  not  refer 
to  this  New  York  intelligence. 

t  Palmer's  Narrative,  35 ;  Rev.  in  N.  E.  Justified,  in  Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  No.  9, 10-12, 18 ; 
N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  5S1,  723 ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  ii.,  21 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  373 ;  Palfrey,  iii., 
570-575;  Mather's  Magnalia,i.,  179;  Andros  Tracts,  i.,  ii. ;  anle,5Z3. 


550  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  xi.      Mather's  intrigue  in  London,  which  prevented  the  trans- 

mission  to  Andros  of  the  Prince  of  Orange's  confirmatory 

Mather's    letter  of  the  12th  of  January,  now  produced  its  intended 

intrigue     result.     That  wandering  divine  had  written  from  Ensrland 

ripens.  o  o 

that  a  "  charter  with  larger  power"  for  Massachusetts  would 
be  obtained  from  James  the  Second.  It  was  plausibly  ar- 
gued by  Bradstreet  and  other  correspondents,  whom  Mather 
had  encouraged,  that  if  favor  was  to  be  expected  from 
James,  much  more  would  surely  come  from  William.  The 
Dutch  invading  prince — although  the  stadtholder  of  that 
large-minded  Continental  nation  of  which  insular  English- 
men were  always  jealous — was  nevertheless  a  Protestant 
and  a  disciple  of  Calvin,  whom  the  English  Puritans  also 
followed.  The  success  of  William  of  Orange  over  their 
bigoted  popish  king  was  now  the  earnest  prayer  of  most 
British  subjects  in  Old  and  New  England.  Although  it 
was  well  understood  in  France  that  Andros  would  declare 
for  the  Dutch  prince  if  he  should  become  the  sovereign  of 
England,  the  chief  leaders  of  opinion  in  Massachusetts  pro- 
Faisehoods  nouucod  otlicrwise.  It  was  accordingly  rumored  that,  by 
Boston,  his  proclamation  from  Pemaquid  to  hinder  the  landing  of 
any  "  foreign  force"  in  New  England,  its  governor  general 
meant  to  oppose  the  la^vf  ul  commands  of  the  British  so^'er- 
eign,  whoever  that  sovereign  might  be.  Of  such  a  political 
solecism,  Andros  was  too  good  an  English  soldier  and  too 
faithful  a  colonial  officer  to  be  guilty.  In  truth,  few  En- 
glish-American governors  were  more  thoroughly  "loyal" 
than  the  slandered,  domineering,  and  exacting  Sir  Edmund. 
He  was  only  a  prototj^pe  of  meaner  pretenders.  But  by 
this  time  an  unusual  excitement  prevailed  in  and  around 
16  April.  Boston.  Hearing  of  it,  the  governor  wrote  to  BrockhoUs 
letter  to  at  Pcmaquid  that  "  there's  a  general  buzzing  among  the 
people,  great  with  expectation  of  their  old  charter,  or  they 
know  not  what ;"  and  he  cautioned  all  officers  there  to  be 
faithful  in  their  trusts,  and  careful "  to  avoid  surprise."  By 
this  order,  Andros  meant  to  guard  his  subordinates  in  fron- 
tier Pemaquid — not  from  any  imaginary  "  surprise"  by  Wil- 
liam or  the  Dutch,  who,  if  they  hadany  longings  for  Amer- 
ican dominion,  would  surely  not  have  made  their  first  dem- 
onstration there,  but — from  the  French  savages,  to  whom 
"  some  merchants  in  Boston"  had,  as  has  been  seen,  traitor- 


BrockhoUs. 


SIR  EDMUND  AJ!IDE0S,  GOVEKNOR  GENERAL.  551 

ously,  but  very  characteristically,  conveyed  supplies  of  am-  chap.  xi. 
munition  while  their  own  governor  was  absent  fighting 
those  savage  enemies  in  Maine.* 

Andros  sent  BrockhoUs  an  expressive  metaphor.  The 
"buzzing"  people  were  stirred  up  by  their  ministers  to  "bcizz. 
swarm  on  the  "  old  charter"  granted  by  "  King  Charles  the  Boston. 
Martyr,"  under  which  Congregational  clergymen  had  long 
been  used  to  control  their  flocks  in  Massachusetts.  But  the 
most  discerning  colonial  minds  saw  that  the  fate  of  the 
British  Plantations  must  follow  that  of  the  mother  country, 
and  they  wished  to  await  in  quiet  the  event  in  England, 
about  which  a  few  more  days  Avould  bring  those  authorita- 
tive orders  that  no  Enghsh  subject  in  America  could  loyal- 
ly question.  So  the  "  principal  gentlemen  in  Boston,"  aft- 
er consultation,  agreed  that  they  would,  if  they  could, "  ex- 
tinguish all  essays  in  the  people  towards  an  insurrection." 
Yet,  if  an  "  ungoverned  mohlle'''  should  push  matters  to  an 
extremity,  those  "  principal  gentlemen"  would  themselves 
head  the  movement,  and  secure  any  official  rewards  that 
might  follow  the  contemplated  stroke  of  state.  Cotton  Ma- 
ther accordingly  prepared  a  prolix  "  Declaration  of  the  Gen-  Politics  of 
tlemen,  merchants  and  inhabitants  of  Boston  and  the  Coun-  "genue"'^ 
try  adjacent,"  giving  their  reasons  for  a  revolt  against  the  ™'^"' 
government  of  Andros,  and  announciug  their  resolution  to 
secure  him  and  his  officers, "for  what  justice  Ordei-s  from 
his  Highness  with  the  English  Parliament  shall  direct,  lest, 
ere  we  are  aware,  we  find  (what  we  may  fear,  being  on  all 
sides  in  danger)  ourselves  to  be  by  them  given  away  to  a 
Forreign  power,  before  such  orders  can  reach  unto  us." 
This  "Declaration"  was  just  such  a  writing  as  its  penman, 
who  was  "  more  a  clergyman  than  a  lawyer,"  was  likely  to 
draft.t 

The  mine,  thus  carefully  prepared,  was  adroitly  exploded. 
It  was  rumored  that  Boston  and  its  inhabitants  were  to  be  Liea  circu- 
destroyed  by  the  New  York  Mohawks,  and  by  undermining  * 
the  town ;  that  the  soldiers  in  Maine  were  poisoned  with 
rum ;  and  that  there  was  a  French  fleet  on  the  coast.    These 

*  Col.Doe.,iii.,57S,  5S1;  Lx.,  403, 404;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  469:  ii.,20,21;  Hutch. Mass., 
i.,  372,373;  Williamson,  i.,  5S9, 590,  606-610 ;  Bancroft,  ii.,  445;  Palfrey,  lii.,  571-577;  An- 
dros Tracts,  i.,  54, 55 ;  ii.,  193,216;  aTiie,  522, 523, 537,  546. 

t  Palmer's  Impartial  Account,  13 ;  Mather's  Magnalia,  i.,  179, 180;  ii,  588,559;  Hutch. 
Mass.,  i.,  373,  3S1;  Palfrey,  lii.,  570,  57S,  579 ;  Byfield,  in  Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  No.  10,  6-12; 
CoLDoc.,iii.,5S2;  Historical  Magazine,  vi.,  10-14;  Andros  Tracts,  i.,  u. 


552  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK, 

Chap.  XI.  and  otliei'  absurd  stories  were  so  generally  believed  as  to 
provoke  insurrection.  On  Thursday  morning,  the  eight- 
is  April  eenth  of  April, "  a  sudden  irruption  of  the  people  from  all 
tfon'of^'^iie  P^^'ts"  awaked  Boston,  and  the  town  rose  in  arms,  "  without 
pop^ace  in  t};ie  privity"  of  her  most "  substantial  men."  Captain  George, 
of  the  royal  frigate  Rose,  was  seized  as  he  came  on  shore ; 
and  with  him  Sherlock,  Randolph,  Farewell,  and  other 
obnoxious  officials,  were  imprisoned.  About  noon.  Brad- 
street,  the  last  Governor  of  Massachusetts  under  its  cancel- 
ed charter,  with  several  clergymen  and  other  prominent  cit- 
izens of  Boston,  had  assembled  at  the  Council  Chamber  in 
the  Town  House,  in  front  of  which  "  all  the  companies  were 
Cotton  Ma-  soou  rallied."  Mather's  verbose  "  Declaration"  was  read 
"  Deciara-  f roui  the  balcouy,  and  a  message  from  the  "  gentlemen"  in 
tion-'read.  ^|^^  Qouucil  Chamber,  for  themselves  and  "many  others," 
who  were  "surprised  with  the  people's  sudden  taking  of 
arms,"  was  sent  to  their  governor  at  the  fort.  It  urged  him 
to  "forthwith  surrender  and  deliver  up  the  Government 
and  Fortification,  to  be  preserved  and  disposed  according 
to  order  and  direction  from  the  crown  of  England,  which 
suddenly  is  expected  may  arrive ;  promising  all  security 
from  violence  to  yourself  or  any  of  your  gentlemen  or  sol- 
diers, in  person  and  estate."  If  the  signers  of  this  sum- 
mons were  "  surprised"  by  the  insurrection,  the  "  strange 
and  sudden"  movement  was,  as  he  himself  deliberately 
wrote,  "wholly  a  surprise"  to  Andros,  who  knew  "noe 
cause  or  occasion  for  the  same."  He  sarcastically  "  ad- 
mired" whence  so  many  armed  men  came  now,  because 
when  he  wanted  them  "  to  go  to  the  eastward,  he  found  it 
difficult  to  have  them  procured."  But  the  lieutenant  of  the 
Rose  frigate,  hearing  that  her  captain  had  been  seized,  had 
meanwhile  prepared  the  ship  for  action,  and  had  sent  a  boat 
ashore  to  bring  off  the  governor.  As  Andros  and  his  at- 
tendants were  going  down  to  embark,  they  were  met  by  an 
armed  party,  headed  by  John  ]N"elson,  which,  having  over- 
powered the  boat's  crew,  delivered  the  summons  from  the 
Town  House.  Seeing  that  it  was  signed  by  "  several  of  the 
Council,"  some  of  whom  he  had  particularly  "  sent  for  from 
distant  parts,"  the  governor  and  those  with  him  went  at 
once  to  the  Council  Chamber.  As  they  passed  thither, "  the 
streets  were  full  of  armed  men,  yett  none  offered  him,  or 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.       553 

those  that  were  with  him,  the  least  rudeness  or  incivility,  chap.  xi. 
but,  on  the  contrary,  usual  respect."    In  his  Council  Cham- 
ber,  Andros  was  ordered  by  those  present,  "who  had  no  ^n^ros  im- 
suitable  regard  to  him  nor  the  peace  and  quiet  of  the  coun-  ^y  thTfn- 
try,"  to  be  imprisoned,  as  were  also  Graham,  Palmer,  West,  3"^^°'^  '"^ 
and  other  subordinate  officers  of  the  "Dominion."     The 
insurgents  broke  open  the  secretary's  office,  and  took  away 
all  the  records ;  but  they  missed  finding  "  Sir  Edmund's 
papers,"  which  they  were  especially  anxious  to  secure ;  and 
the  great  seal  of  New  England  seems  to  have  disappeared.* 

A  more  unjustifiable  rebellion  of  colonists,  who  profess- 
ed allegiance  to  their  mother  country,  never  happened.  Yet 
it  has  been  praised  as  patriotism  by  many  writers  of  Amer- 
ican history.  If  Massachusetts  had  been  an  independent  soiecism  of 
state  at  that  time,  she  might  have  well  done.  But  Massa-  sstts. 
chusetts  was  only  a  subordinate  colony  of  England,  and  a 
part  of  its  royal  "  Dominion  of  New  England  in  America." 
The  colony  at  that  very  moment  was  beseeching  royal  favor. 
Loyalty  should  have  kept  her  quiet.  There  was  no  reason 
why  she  should  vex  William.  Yet,  with  the  headstrong 
audacity  which  always  marked  her  pretensions,  she  set  her- 
self up  as  superior  to  other  English  colonies  in  America, 
and  demanded  privileges  greater  than  those  of  her  coequals. 

The  governor  being  safely  in  prison,  the  question  arose 
how  the  government  of  the  royal  dominion  of  New  England 
was  to  be  lawfully  administered  ?  If  Andros  had  embark- 
ed in  the  Rose  frigate,  as  he  intended,  he  would  probably 
have  transferred  his  seat  of  government  to  New  York,  and 
thus  have  maintained  his  authority.  This  is  the  main  rea- 
son why  the  insurgents  were  so  anxious  to  secure  his  per- 
son. Under  the  king's  commission,  Lieutenant  Governor 
Nicholson  was  to  succeed  his  chief  only  in  case  of  his 
death  or  absence  from  the  territory.  Forced  incapacity  of 
the  governor  had  not  been  contemplated.  Whether  the  im- 
prisonment of  Andros  entitled  Nicholson  to  assume  the  gov-  was  Nich- 
emment  of  New  England  under  a  strict  construction  of  the  govern  ia 
king's  commission,  is  doubtful;  yet  no  maladministration  Andros? 

•  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxvi.,  205,  20G ;  xxxv.,  190_19S ;  Conn.  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  7T,  78 ;  N.Y.  Col. 
Doc,  iii.,  5TS,  723,  T24;  R.  I.  Eec,  lii.,  2S1-2S5;  Palmer's  Impartial  Account,  p.  9,  34-37 ; 
Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  No.  9,  p.  30-39,  40-43  ;  No.  10,  p.  3-5;  Hiitcli.  Mass.,  i.,  374-3S1 ;  Coll., 
507-571,  575;  Chalmers'.s  Ann.,  i.,  429,  430,  4G0, 470 ;  il.,  23,  24;  Barry,  i.,  502-504  ;  Arnold, 
i.,515;  Palfrey,  iii ,  677-5S7  ;  A ndroa  Tracts. 


554  HISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  KEW  YORK, 

Chap.  XL  could  be  alleged  against  liim,  as  it  had  been  cliarged  against 
~  his  immediate  superior.  It  was  certain  that,  next  to  An- 
'  dros,  the  only  chief  representative  of  the  English  crown  in 
the  dominion  was  its  Lieutenant  Governor  Nicholson.  But 
this  was  disregarded  by  the  Boston  mutineers,  whose  object 
was  to  break  that  dominion  into  its  old  pieces.  Their  im- 
prisonment of  Andros  was  really  only  a  cloak  for  "  Seces- 
sion." Massachusetts  did  not  like  union,  imless  she  could 
control  that  union,  as  she  had  done  for  many  years  after 
the  old  colonial  confederacy  of  1643.  She  pined  for  a  sep- 
arate local  government,  like  that  which  she  had  enjoyed  un- 

Massacha-  dcr  her  perverted  and  abrogated  charter.     It  was  very  eall- 

setta  the  •'   o 

author  of  ing  to  her  that,  in  common  with  other  British  American  col- 
sion."       onies,  she  should  be  subjected  by  her  king  to  the  authority 
of  a  governor  general.    Although  but  a  subordinate  English 
colony,  not  claiming  sovereignty,  but  imploring  royal  char- 
ity, she  determined  to  revolt : — and  so  she  seceded. 
20  April.        A  "  Council  of  Safety"  assumed  the  government  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  hastened  to  cashier  the  officers  of  the  king's 
2T  April,    regular  companies,  and  to  withdraw  the  garrisons  which 
Andros  had  estabhshed  in  Maine.     Major  Brockholls, Lieu- 
tenant Colonel  MacGregorie,  and  Captain  George  Lock- 
hart  were  sent  to  Boston  from  the  Maine  garrisons.    They 
were  all  New  York  officers ;  and  Peter  Schuyler  served  as 
lieutenant  of  Captain  Lockhart's  troop  of  horse  on  duty  at 
Albany  the  previous  winter.*     The  Boston  notion  of  "  se- 
cession" quickly  spread  throughout  the  dominion  of  New 
pij-mouth  England.     Plymouth — as  Wiswall  wrote  to  Hinckley — did 
like  "to     not  like  "  to  trot  after  the  Bay  horse."     Rhode  Island  cer- 
the  Bay     taiuly  had  no  sympathy  with  the  persecutors  of  Anne  Hutch- 
inson and  Roger  Williams.     Connecticut  —  which  had  so 
adroitly  coquetted  with  Massachusetts  and  New  York — did 
not  wish  to  be  joined  with  either.     New  York,  always  im- 
perial, abhorred  a  political  connection  with  the  New  En- 
gland colonies.    New  Jersey  followed  placidly  in  the  wake 
of  New  York.     And  so,  in  the  spring  of  1689,  all  the  con- 
stituent colonies  which  formed  their  sovereign's  dominion 
Secession   of  Ncw  England  were  rij^e  to  adopt  the  "  most  sanctified" 
"•^"P  •  Massachusetts  idea  of  "  secession." 

•Williamson,!.,  500,  593;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  CIS,  724;  Maine  H.  S.  Coll.,  v.,  394,395;  N.Y.H. 
S.  Coll.  (ISGS),  200 ;  Col.  MS3.,  xlvui.,  120, 121, 122 ;  Andros  Tracts,  i.,  140-173. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.  555 

Plymouth  boldly  reinstated  her  former  Governor  Ilinck-  chap,  xi. 
ley,  and  went  on  in  her  old  system  of  administration.   Chief  ^^^^ 
Justice  Dudley,  on  his  return  from  holding  court  at  South-  22  April.* 
old,  on  Long  Island,  was  arrested  at  Narragansett  and  tak-  zi^ApnL  ^^ 
en  a  prisoner  to  Boston.     The  freemen  of  Khode  Island  rested. 
resumed  their  old  charter  government,  and  replaced  their  1  May. 
former  magistrates.     One  of  the  copies  of  the  charter  of  connecti- 
Connecticut  was  brought  out  of  the  hollow  tree  at  Hart-  boidened, 
ford,  and  Eobert  Treat,  the  former  governor,  with  his  asso- 
ciates, resumed  the  functions  they  had  surrendered  eighteen  9  May. 
months  before.     A  few  weeks  afterward  a  Convention  met 
at  Boston,  which,  instead  of  entering  on  "  the  full  exercise" 
of  the  old  charter  government,  merely  reinstated  the  mag-  24  May. 
istrates  chosen  in  1686,  provisionally,  until  orders  should 
come  from  England.     A  vessel  now  reached  Boston  with  20  May. 
news  of  the  accession  of  William  and  Mary ;  yet  the  Brit- 
ish sovereigns  were  not  proclaimed  in  Massachusetts.  Three 
days  afterward  Sir  William  Phipps  arrived  with  the  delay-  29  May. 
ed  dispatches  from  Whitehall  directed  to  Andros.    Finding 
that  the  governor,  whom  he  had  intended  to  "  secure,"  was 
already  in  custody,  Phipps,  instead  of  sending  them  to  Nich-  p^pp^'^^^ 
olson,  feloniously  opened  the  letters  addressed  to  Andros  Boston. 
and  to  Secretary  Kandolph  on  public  business,  which,  among 
other  things,  contained  the  official  proclamations.   The  same 
afternoon  William  and  Mary  were  proclaimed  at  Boston 
king  and  queen,  "  with  greater  ceremony  than  had  been 
known."     Emboldened  by  the  advice  of  Phipps,  the  usurp- 
ino-  authorities  of  Massachusetts  determined  that  Andros,  21  juae. 
with  Dudley,  Kandolph,  Palmer,  West,  Graham,  Farewell, 
and  Sherlock,  his  most  obnoxious  subordinates,  should  be 
kept  close  prisoners  without  bail.     But  Brockholls,  Mac- 
Gregorie,  Jamison,  and  others,  who  were  at  first  impris- 
oned, appear  to  have  been  discharged.* 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  574, 5T5,  5T8, 5S1, 5S2,  583, 5ST,  5S8,  CIS,  724 ;  Col. Eec.  Conn.,  iii.,  248, 250, 
255, 4'55-459, 463-4G6 ;  R.  I.  Eec,  iii.,  257, 26G-269 ;  Arnold,  i.,  512,  513 ;  Plymouth  Rec,  vi., 
203, 209 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (186S) ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxv.,  190-202,  301 ;  Maine  H.  S.  Coll., 
i.,196;  v.,  271;  Williamson,!.,  593;  Mather,  Mag.,  i.,  ISO;  ii.,58S;  Force's  Tracts,  No.  9,  p. 
9-12,18;  No.  10,  p.  3,4;  Hist.  Mag.,  vi., 9-14;  Hutch.  Mass.,!,  371-388,413;  Coll.,  568, 571, 
575;  Chalmers's  Annals,  i.,  429-431, 409, 470 ;  ii.,  24-23,  51 ;  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  209;  Grahame,i., 
3S8,'390;  Bancroft,  ii.,  447-450;  iii.,  71,  72,  78;  Barry,  i.,  501-507;  Trumbull,  i.,  376,  377; 
Palfrey,  iii.,  581-598 ;  ante,  543.  It  is  remarkable  that  Mr.  Palfrey  suppresses  the  accounts 
given  by  Randolph  and  French  (Col.  Doc.,iii.,582,5S3,5S7,.588)  of  the  behavior  of  Phipps 
on  board  the  "  Prudent  Sarah,"  in  which  he  came  from  England,  and  afterward  on  shore  iu 
Boston. 


556  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XI.  Thus,  witliout  the  knowledge,  and  against  tlie  purpose  of 
Kino-  "William,  his  "  Dominion  of  New  Ens-land"  was  "  dis- 
united."  That  dominion  had  lasted  just  eight  months  aft- 
er the  annexation  of  New  York  and  the  Jerseys  to  New  En- 
gland. By  the  "secession"  of  Massachusetts,  a  loyal  but 
perhaps  reluctant  union  was  dissolved,  and  the  most  preten- 
tious English  colony  became  the  first  practical  exponent  in 
North  America  of  that  doctrine  of  "  State  Rights"  w^hich 
inconsist-  af tcrward  produced  so  much  national  disorder.  Yet,  in  all 
Boston  re-^  the  insurrcctiouary  movements  in  New  England,  there  was 
^°""  no  intent  to  revolt  from  the  mother  country.  The  colonial 
subjects  who  deposed  Andros  did  not  claim  the  right  to 
frame  their  own  local  governments.  On  the  contrary,  ve- 
hemently protesting  their  loyalty  to  the  crown,  they  sought 
to  obtain  from  their  actual  sovereign  a  restoration  of  the 
charters  which  former  English  kings  had  granted  to  them. 
Local  corporate  privilege  under  royal  authority,  and  not 
miiversal  popular  freedom,  was  the  object  desired,  and  in 
the  mutiny  to  regain  it,  the  selfish  lust  of  oligarchy  was 
more  apparent  than  devotion  to  the  genuine  principles  of 
civil  liberty.* 

The  insurrection  in  Boston  was  wholly  owing  to  Pliipps 
and  Mather's  intrigue  in  London,  which  prevented  the  dis- 
patch to  Andros  of  William's  orders  in  January.     Had 
rhe  whole  tliosc  ordcrs  been  sent  to  him  at  once,  as  intended,  there 
mean.^^'^^  would  liave  bccu  uo  rcvolt  in  Massachusetts.     The  Prot- 
estant Governor  of  New  England  was  too  loyal  a  colonial 
officer  to  hesitate  in  obeying  the  directions  of  the  head  of 
his  home  authority.     William  and  Mary  would  have  been 
dutifully  proclaimed  as  soon  as  the  English  royal  Council's 
dispatches  reached  Andros,  and  the  dominion  of  New  En- 
gland would  not  have  been  broken  up  by  rebellious  seces- 
sion.    The  orders  of  the  Privy  Council  were  duly  forward- 
20  April,    ed  to  Virginia,  where  William  and  Mary  were  promptly 
I'ginia.    pj.QQ]g^jj-|^g(j  Q^^  Jamestown.     The  case  of  Maryland  some- 
what resembled  that  of  New  England.   Lord  Baltimore,  be- 
ing in  London,  received  the  Council's  orders  there,  and  in- 
structed his  deputies  in  Maryland  to  proclaim  the  new  sov- 
ereigns.    But  his  directions  were  delayed  by  accident  or 
design,  and  in  April  John  Coode  headed  a  Protestant  asso- 

•  Col.  Doc,  in.,  .'.SI,  725 ;  Chalmers,  Kev.  Col.,  1.,  Int.,  x.,  xi,  209  ;  Annals,  ii.,  25. 


SIR  EDMUND  ANDROS,  GOVERNOR  GENERAL.      557 

elation,  wliicli  soon  overthrew  the  proprietor's  government,  cuap.  xi. 
and  carried  on  a  usurped  authority  for  some  time  with 
"  predatory  tyranny."     Penn,  who  was  also  in  England,  re-  j^j^ 
ceived  similar  orders,  which,  like  Baltimore's,  were  not  for-  ^^^^"f*^^ 
warded,  and  the  government  of  Pennsylvania  was  admin-  ^^^  Pe°H- 

'  o  «  .  Bylrania. 

istered  in  the  name  of  King  James  until  the  following  No- 
vember, when  William  and  Mary  were  proclaimed.* 

When  the  first  news  of  the  revolution  in  England  reach-  February. 
ed  ISTew  York,  its  provincial  affairs  were  administered  un- 
der Andros  by  Nicholson,  the  lieutenant  governor,  and  the 
three  royal  resident  counselors,  Phillipse,  Yan  Cortlandt, 
and  Bayard,  The  other  New  York  members  of  the  Coun- 
cil were  absent  from  the  metropolis — Brockholls  in  Maine, 
Baxter  in  Albany,  Younge  at  Southold,  on  Long  Island,  and 
Palmer  near  his  chief  in  Massachusetts.  Nicholson,  the  Nicholson. 
lieutenant  governor  of  the  dominion  of  New  England,  was 
a  soldier  and  a  martinet,  quick  and  irascible,  a  good  subor- 
dinate, but  hardly  equal  to  responsible  command ;  natural- 
ly a  sycophant ;  professing  to  be  a  Protestant  English  Epis- 
copalian, yet  not  troubled  by  inconvenient  sectarian  scru- 
ples ;  cheerfully  kneeling  among  a  Roman  Catholic  crowd 
while  the  popish  mass  was  celebrated  in  the  tent  of  King 
James,  in  his  camp  on  Ilounslow  Heath,  in  the  summer  of 
1686.  This  outward  conformity  to  a  ritual,  which  no  gen- 
tleman accidentally  present  would  refuse  to  accord,  did  not 
prove  Nicholson  to  be  a  Poman  Catholic.  But  it  showed 
him  to  be  a  courtly  English  Episcopalian ;  and  his  timely 
genuflection  told  against  him  now,  when  the  most  trivial 
circumstances  were  distorted  by  popular  credulity.  Over 
many  a  Delft- ware-teacup  in  the  little  society  of  New  York 
the  rumor  went  from  mouth  to  mouth ;  and  the  verdict  of 
the  burghers  and  their  wives,  who  compared  notes  every 
Sunday  after  hearing  Domine  Selyns  expound  the  Heidel- 
burg  Catechism  in  the  Dutch  church,  was  very  damaging 
to  the  lieutenant  governor's  reputation  as  a  good  Protestant. 

Frederick  Phillipse,  one  of  the  royal  counselors,  with  piuinpse. 
fourteen  years'  experience  in  the  oflEice,  was  only  remarka- 

*  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  3T3,  374,  3S1-3S4,  431,  C54,  G67 ;  ii.,  13-20,  37,  3S ;  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  202 
-206;  Burk,  ii.,306,  307;  Anderson's  Col.  Church,  ii.,  SSI,  3S2,  410,  401 ;  Doc.  Hist.  N.Y., 
ii.,  19,  25, 126, 140, 150 ;  Davis's  Day  Star,  S7-105 ;  Penn.  Col.  Rec,  i.,  301-305,  341 ;  Proud, 
i.,  347;  Dixon,  263,  266 ;  Grahams,  ii.,  50,  51,  36S-370 ;  Bancroft,  ii.,  245 ;  iii.,30,31;  An- 
dros Tracts,  ii.,  275 ;  ante,  537. 


558  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAr.  XI.  ble  for  being  the  richest  and  the  dullest  man  in  New  York. 
Stephen  van  Cortlandt,  another  counselor,  was  the  mayor 
Van  cort'-  ^^  ^^^®  motropolis,  and  a  brother-in-law  of  Peter  Schuyler, 
landt.       tbe  mayor  of  Albany.    Being  a  gentleman,  he  was  reputed 
to  be  an  aristocrat,  and  his  genial  sacrifice  of  hat  and  wig 
the  last  August  at  the  city  carouse  for  the  birth  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales  marked  him  as  a  very  loyal  Conservative. 
Bayard.     Nicholas  Bayard,  the  third  resident  royal  counselor,  was  a 
nephew  of  Stuyvesant,  and,  like  Phillipse  and  Van  Cort- 
landt, was  an  opulent  man,  according  to  the  modest  stand- 
ard of  those  days.     He  had  long  official  experience,  and, 
having  served  as  mayor,  was  now  colonel  of  the  city  regi- 
Bayard's    mcut  of  traiu-bauds,  of  which  the  captains  were  Abraham 
captains.    ^^  Peystcr,  Johannes  de  Bruyn,  Gabriel  Minvielle,  Charles 
Lodwyck,  Nicholas  W.  Stuyvesant,  and  Jacob  Leisler.    For 
more  than  twenty  years  Bayard  and  Van  Cortlandt  had 
been  elders  and  deacons  of  the  Eeformed  Dutch  Church, 
of  which  their  more  quiet  colleague  Phillipse  was  also  a 
communicant.     With  Nicholson,  these  were  the  tlu-ee  Prot- 
estant citizens  who  governed  New  York  in  subordination  to 
tlie  governor  general  of  the  dominion  of  New  England.* 

Seeing  that  the  news  of  the  landing  of  the  Prince  of  Or- 
ange in  England  "  troubled  the  Paj)ists  very  much,"  Nich- 
olson and  his  council,  being  "  jealous"  of  Plowman,  the  Eo- 
Actionof   man  Catholic  collector,  ordered  him  to  bring  the  public 
and  hif°  moneys  in  his  hands,  amounting  to  nearly  twelve  hundred 
counselors,  p^^^j^^g^  ^j^j-q  ^|^q  fort,  "in  a  strong  chest  made  on  purpose." 
26  ApiiL    The  next  month  "  the  surprising  news"  of  the  insurrection 
at  Boston,  and  the  imprisonment  of  Andros,  reached  New 
York  by  Ensign  Vesey,  of  Braintree.     Had  the  governor 
succeeded  in  his  attempt  to  embark  in  the  Eose  frigate, 
and  come  in  her  to  the  metropolis,  the  course  of  events 
would  have  been  veiy  different.     His  vigor  and  experience 
would  certainly  have  prevented  what  followed  in  New  York. 
But  Nicholson  and  his  three  counselors,  without  instructions 
from  their  imprisoned  chief,  in  great  consternation  direct- 
ed Mayor  Van  Cortlandt  to  convene  the  Aldermen  and 
Common  Council  of  the  city, "  to  advise  together  what  best 
is  to  be  done  for  his  Majesty's  service,  and  the  quieting  of 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  .'>S4,  5S8,  C4'5,  670 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  4,  IT,  244;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  3S5;  N.  Y. 
H.  S.  Coll.  ( 1S08),  295;  aufc,  451, 510, 549. 


FRANCIS  NICHOLSON,  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOK.  559 

the  inhabitants  of  this  place,  in  this  dangerous  conjuncture  chap.  xr. 
and  troublesome  time."     The  next  day  it  was  reported  that 
France  was  at  war  with  England  and  Holland,  and  the  mi- 
litia officers  were  called  into  council.     By  this  "  General  27  Aprii. 
Convention  for  the  Province  of  New  York,"  it  was  resolved  tiorof°offi- 
that  the  city  should  be  fortified.     As  half  the  regular  sol- '""'  ''"""• 
diers  in  the  garrison  had  been  sent  to  Maine,  Nicholson, "  to 
prevent  all  manner  of  doubt  and  jealousies,"  himself  pro- 
posed that  a  part  of  the  city  militia  should  mount  guard  in 
the  fort.     The  inhabitants  accordingly  took  their  turns  in  2s  April, 
watching,  under  the  command  of  Colonel  Bayard.   As  there 
was  no  time  to  lay  taxes,  and  as  the  merchants  began  "  to 
dispute  the  customs,"  Nicholson  also  proposed  that  the  rev- 
enue from  the  first  of  May  should  be  applied  to  the  city  29  Apiu. 
fortifications ;  and  this  "  was  thankfully  accepted  of."    The  tiolis,  ''^' 
person  who  showed  the  greatest  dislike  to  this  arrangement 
was  Captain  Leisler,  who,  having  a  cargo  of  wine  on  board 
a  ship,  the  customs  on  wliicli  amounted  to  a  hundred  pounds, 
refused  to  pay  any  duty,  alleging  that  Collector  Plowman, 
"  being  a  papist,  was  not  qualified  to  receive  it,  denying  the 
then  power  to  be  legal."    The  justices  and  military  officers  Justices 
of  Kings,  Queens,"Westchester,  Richmond,  and  Bergen  coun-  g'™'"""" 
ties,  and  Colonel  Andrew  Hamilton,  of  New  Jersey,  having 
been  summoned,  all  appeared,  and  "  promised  to  do  their 
endeavour  to  keep  the  people  in  peace."     A  watchman  was 
stationed  at  Coney  Island,  to  give  an  alarm  if  more  than 
three  ships  together  should  come  within  Sandy  Hook.  .Let- 
ters were  also  written  to  Albany  and  Ulster,  recommending  30  April. 
the  officers  there  to  keep  the  people  in  peace  and  exercise 
the  militia.     The  nearest  royal  counselors  of  the  dominion, 
Winthrop,  Treat,  Allyn,  Younge,  Pynchon,  and  others,  were  Eoyai 
invited  to  come  to  New  York  and  assist  with  their  advice.  dTnotcomo 
But  none  came ;  and  none  wrote  answers  except  Smith,  cd^ies!!^'^ 
Clarke,  and  Newberry,  of  Rhode  Island.* 

Nicholson  and  his  three  associate  counselors  now  dis- 
patched a  letter  of  condolence  to  Andros  at  Boston,  and  1  May. 
asked  him  to  send  back  the  New  York  records.     They  also  letter tothe 
wrote  to  the  "Gentlemen"  in  power  there,  hoping  "that  his  Ssf""''^' 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  575,  5T6, 591, 592, 636, 637,  639,  640, 667,  6CS,  725 ;  iv.,  200  ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii, 
17, 18, 229, 244,  245 ;  Whitehead's  East  Jersey,  122 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  1.,  384,  note;  N.  Y.  H.  S. 
Coll.  (1868),  243-248 ;  ante,  552. 


560  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ciiAv.  XI.  Excellency  and  the  rest  of  the  officers  may  be  restored  to 
~  their  former  stations,  or  at  least  have  liberty  to  come  liith- 

er.     For  this  part  of  the  Government,  we  find  the  people 
in  general  inclined  to  peace  and  quietness,  and  doubt  not 
the  people  will  remain  in  their  duties."     This  was  certain- 
ly a  reasonable  request  of  the  lieutenant  governor.     Al- 
though Massachusetts  insurgents  had  overthrown  the  gov- 
ernment of  Andros  within  the  old  borders  of  that  colony, 
they  had  no  right  to  prevent  him  from  exercising  his  com- 
mission within  the  rest  of  the  dominion  of  New  England, 
and  especially  in  New  York,  which  desired  his  presence. 
But  those  insurgents  well  knew  that  if  the  governor  gener- 
al should  resume  his  authority  in  Fort  James,  there  would 
be  an  end  to  New  England  "  secession."     So  Bradstreet 
and  Winthrop,  in  behalf  of  the  Massachusetts  "  Committee. 
11  May.     of  Safety,"  wrote  back  to  Lieutenant  Governor  Nicholson 
eirtruc'u- '  and  his  New  York  counselors  that  Sir  Edmund  would  not 
^''^*"        be  released,  and  they  inclosed  a  printed  copy  of  Mather's 
declaration  of  18  April  as  the  justification  of  their  action.* 
This  Boston  "  Declaration"  had  already  excited  the  New 
York  people  at  the  eastern  end  of  Long  Island.    The  coun- 
ty of  Suffolk  displaced  their  civil  and  military  officers  and 
chose  others.   Queens  and  Westchester  did  the  same.   Word 
now  came  to  them  from  Leisler  that  Nicholson  meant  to 
betray  the  fort  at  New  York  "  to  a  foreign  power."     So 
delegates  from  Southampton,  Easthampton,  and  Ilunting- 
8  May.      tou  Were  sent  to  New  York, "  to  demand  the  Fort  to  be  de- 
anduou'b-  livered  into  the  hands  of  such  persons  as  the  country  shall 
led  by  Bos-  ^^j^^^g^  »    rpj^^  Loug  Islaud  militia  who  had  been  with  Don- 
gan  at  Albany  now  became  clamorous  for  their  pay,  and 
some  eighty  of  them  met  in  arms  at  Jamaica.     The  New 
York  city  men  who  had  been  drafted  did  the  same,  and  the 
8  May.       Couucil  ordcrcd  all  to  be  paid  off,  which  quieted  the  up- 
Mc-houon.  roar.    The  delegates  from  Suffolk  were  told  that  each  coun- 
ty might  send  a  man  or  two  to  join  with  the  authorities  in 
11  May.     New  York,  and  letters  were  accordingly  dispatched  to  in- 
vite them ;  "  but  none  came."t 

The  lieutenant  governor  and  his  associate  counselors  now 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  502,  640 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  383-3S6 ;  Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  No.  10,  6-13 ;  N. 
Y.  II.  S.  Coll.  (18CS),  250, 251 ;  Hist.  Mag.,  vi.,  10-14;  ante,  551. 

•  +  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  5T.5,  57T,  502.  COS  ;  Doc  Hist.,  ii.,  22T;  Wood,  100, 110;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i., 
385,jiofe.-  N.Y.H.  S.  Coll.  (ISGS),  252,230;  (ISCO),  24T,  243. 


FRANCIS  NICHOLSON,  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  561 

wrote  to  the  British  secretary  of  state  and  the  Plantation  chap.  xi. 
Committee,  regretting  the  want  of  intelligence  from  En- 
gland;  describing  the  rebellious  secession  of  Massachusetts,  ^snay. ' 
Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut  from  the  king's  dominion ;  ^pon  t^'^ 
and  declarino;  that,  althouo-h  "  the  seed  of  sedition  had  been  wuiiam. 
blown  from  thence  to  some  of  the  outward  skirts  of  this 
Province,"  and  that  "  libels  and  falsehoods"  had  been  prop- 
agated from  Boston  against  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  which 
would  excite  the  Canadians  to  ruin  "  all  the  English  settle- 
ments on  this  continent,"  yet  that  New  York,  although  de- 
prived of  "its  free  course  of  justice"  by  the  imprisonment 
of  Judge  Palmer  at  Boston,  and  deploring  its  fatal  annex- 
ation to  I^ew  England,  was  "  inclined  to  rest  at  peace  and 
quiet  'till  orders  do  arrive."     These  letters  were  intrusted 
to  John  Biggs, "  a  servant  of  Sir  Edmund  Andros,"  who, 
coming  from  Boston  to  Xew  York,  was  persuaded  by  Nich- 
olson to  convey  them  at  once  to  England.     Biggs  was  ac-  Riggs  and 
companied  thither  by  the  Jesuit  Father  John  Smith,  who  Engiald. 
had  performed  the  service  of  his  church  under  Dongan. 
But  funis,  the  Episcopalian  chaplain  at  Fort  James,  not 
instructed  by  his  bishop,  continued  to  read  the  authorized 
prayers  of  his  religious  "  denomination"  for  the  Prince  of 
AYales  ;  and  that  the  dethroned  King  of  England  might  be 
victorious  over  his  enemies.* 

George  "Wedderborne  now  came  from  Boston  to  New  is  May. 
York,  with  verbal  instructions  from  the  imprisoned  govern-  verbaror- 
or  general  of  New  England,  directing  Lieutenant  Governor  Nicholson. 
Nicholson  to  intimate  to  the  Council  "the  unjust  proceed- 
ings of  the  people  in  Boston,  by  keeping  his  Excellency  pris- 
oner, and  the  other  gentlemen,  upon  frivolous  pretences  of 
their  own,  without  any  shadow  of  reason ;"  and  desiring 
that  Councilors  Hamilton,  of  New  Jersey,  and  Smith,  of 
Long  Island,  should  be  sent  "  to  Boston,  with  commission 
to  demand  his  Excellency  and  the  other  gentlemen,  to  be  at 
liberty,  that  they  may  come  amongst  you."     But  Hamilton 
and  Smith  both  excused  themselves  from  going  to  Boston  22  May. 
on  a  fruitless  journey,  because  "  they  did  think  it  not  ad- 
visable in  these  dangerous  times  to  act  any  further,  for  fear 
it  would  bring"  New  York  "  in  actual  rebellion."    So  Nich- 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  5T4-5T6, 5S5,  593, 655,  747 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  244;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (ISCS),  27, 
29,  253-266  ;  Andros  Tracts ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  591 ;  ii. ,  27, 29 ;  Palfrey,  iii.,  535, 5SG. 

II.— Nn 


562  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XI.  olsoii  and  liis  coimcil, "  seeing  the  nproars  in  all  parts  of 
the  Government,"  thought  it  "  most  safe  to  forbear  acting 
in  the  premises  till  they  see  the  minds  of  the  people  better 
satisfied  and  quieted."     The  citizens  of  New  York  contin- 
ued meanwhile  to  work  on  her  fortifications,  under  the  di- 
rection  of  Colonel  Bayard,  imtil  one  Joost  Stoll,  an  ensign 
22  May.     of  Captain  Leisler's  company,  and  some  others,  presented 
to  their  commanding  oflicer  an  "  unsigned  and  ill  penned" 
petition  demanding  that  all  papists  should  be  disarmed.    It 
Needless    was  also  noiscd  about  that  Staten  Island  was  full  of  roam- 
New^York.  iug  papists,  who  threatened  to  burn  the  metropolis ;  that 
discharged  Irish  soldiers  were  coming  from  Boston  to 
garrison  Fort  James ;  and  that  Dongan  had  fitted  out  an 
armed  brigantine  "  for  some  warlike  design."     No  explana- 
tions would  satisfy  the  aroused  populace  of  New  York. 
There  were  ridiculously  few  Roman  Catholics  living  in  the 
province ;  and  only  seven  disbanded  soldiers  came  from 
Boston,  who,  with  the  others  in  the  citadel,  made  twenty- 
two  in  all,  among  whom  were  some  "  old  cripples."     But, 
to  avoid  all  jealousies,"  Ensign  Russell,  of  Fort  James,  and 
Major  Baxter,  who  had  come  down  from  Albany,  being 
27  May.     avowcd  Romau  Catholics,  were  suspended  from  their  com- 
Russeii"''  mands  and  allowed  to  leave  the  province.     Baxter  went  at 
Buspen  e  .  ^^^^  ^^  joiu  Dongau,  wlio  was  staying  in  the  "  Neversincks," 
at  the  house  of  Captain  Andrew  Bowne,  of  Monmouth,  in 
East  New  Jersey,  preparing  to  sail  for  England  in  his  brig- 
antine."" 

The  crisis  was  at  hand  in  New  York.     Hitherto  there 

had  been  little  or  no  sectarian  intolerance  within  the  prov- 

Protest-     ince.     Certainly  its  preponderating  Protestantism  was  in 

jeop^dcd  no  danger  from  the  sparse  Roman  Catholics  who  shared 

York.'''      with  others  its  long-cherished  freedom  of  conscience.    Yet 

their  presence  in  New  York  was  made  the  excuse  for  the 

events  which  followed.     The  example  of  Massachusetts,  in 

seceding  from  the  royal  government  of  New  England,  had 

doubtless  some  influence.     But  the  leading  idea  in  New 

York  was  intense  devotion  to  its  old  stadtholder,  the  Prince 

of  Orange,  who  had  delivered  England  from  her  Roman 

Catholic  king.    There  was  no  suggestion  of  misgovernment 

•  Col.  Doc,  lii.,  6»3, 632,  C37, 040 ;  Doc.  llist.,  ii.,  4, 16, 17,  IS,  244 ;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.  (1S5S), 
2C3-2C7, 2S4-2S7 ;  Col.  r.cc.  Conn.,  iii.,  401;  Whitehead's  E.  J.,  133;  antr,6'>7. 


FRANCIS  NICHOLSON,  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  563 

against  Nicliolson  and  his  counselors  in  ISTew  Tork,  as  there  chap.  xi. 
had  been  as-ainst  Andros  and  his  counselors  at  Boston.  New  ~~~ 
York  did  not  want  a  sectarian  oligarchy,  as  did  Massachu- 
setts.    But  her  Dutch  people  were  so  honestly  attached  to 
William  that  they  doubted  the  sincerity  of  the  officials  of 
the  dethroned  James,  although  those  officials  were  all  Prot- 
estants —  Mcholson  an  Episcopalian,  and  Phillipse,  Bay-  Excess  of 
ard,  and  Yan  Cortlandt  members  of  the  Dutch  Church.       fleiSg?^ 

In  popular  movements  trifles  become  momentous.  Hen- 
ry Cuyler,  the  lieutenant  of  Captain  De  Peyster's  militia 
company,  whose  turn  it  was  to  do  duty  at  Fort  James,  or- 
dered one  of  his  men  to  stand  as  a  sentinel  at  tlie  sally-  so  May. 
port.  The  sergeant  of  the  regular  soldiers  in  garrison  ob- 
jected that  the  lieutenant  governor  had  given  no  such  direc- 
tions. Upon  Nicholson's  return,  late  at  night,  the  incident 
was  reported,  and  Cuyler  was  summoned  to  attend  him  in 
his  bedchamber.  Irritated  at  this  breach  of  military  disci- 
phne,  the  lieutenant  governor  demanded,  "  Who  is  com-  Nicholson 
mander  in  this  Fort,  you  or  I  ?"  Cuyler  answered  tliat  he  ^"^"^  ^ ' 
had  acted  under  Captain  De  Peyster's  orders.  In  a  pas- 
sion, Nicholson  replied, "  I  would  rather  see  the  town  on 
fire  than  be  commanded  by  you,"  and — seeing  in  his  cham- 
ber a  stalwart  corporal,  Henry  Jacobsen,  who  had  accom- 
panied his  lieutenant  thither  as  interpreter,  with  a  drawn 
sword — he  seized  a  pistol,  and  ordered  them  both  out.  The 
next  morning  the  story  was  buzzed  all  over  town,  with  the  si  jiay. 
usual  vulgar  exaggeration.  It  was  reported  and  generally  mis^rep?? 
believed  that  the  lieutenant  governor  had  threatened  toN^wYwk. 
burn  New  York,  and  it  was  added  that  he  meant  to  mas- 
sacre those  of  its  inhabitants  who  should  come  to  worship 
in  the  Dutch  church  in  the  fort  the  next  Sunday.  The  ab- 
surdity of  this  rumor  seemed  to  give  it  greater  currency. 
No  contradiction  could  satisfy  the  people.  They  would 
have  it  that  Nicholson  and  his  Dutch  counselors  were  all 
"  Papists."  The  flight  of  James  from  England,  it  was  ar- 
gued, had  destroyed  "  all  manner  of  Government"  in  New 
York,  and  there  were  not  wanting  noisy  demagogues  to 
work  up  popular  credulity  with  the  scoundrel  industry  of 
political  adventm'ers  of  their  class,* 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  593,  504,  640,  GGS ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  8,  232,  2J5;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  SS5,  note; 
N.  Y.  II,  S.  Coll.  (ISSS),  292, 


564  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XI.      Of  tliG  Gveiits  wliicli  HOW  strodc  Oil  in  New  York,  Jacob 

Leisler  must  be  considered  the  chief  mover.     Although 

j.Do».  commonly  called  a  Dutchman,  Leisler  was  no  Hollander 

Jacob  Leia-  •/  ' 

ler.  except  by  association.     He  was  a  German,  born  at  Frank- 

A  German  i.         ./  j 

-not  a  fort-on-the-Maine,  and  h§  had  first  come  to  New  Netherland 
as  a  stipendiary  soldier  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company. 
For  nearly  thirty  years  he  had  lived  in  New  York,  where, 
from  his  first  condition  as  a  mercenary  private,  he  had 
grown  to  be  a  prosperous  merchant.  By  marriage  he  had 
become  connected  with  both  Bayard  and  Van  Cortlandt ; 
but  he  had  been  involved  in  lawsuits  with  them  and  others 
whom  he  felt  to  be  his  superiors  in  education  and  in  social 
position.  A  rankling  envy  of  these  New  York  gentlemen 
moved  Leisler,  as  it  always  moves  those  brutal  natures 
which  count  elbows  and  impudence  better  than  refinement. 
Leisler  was  a  fair  sample  of  his  class.  His  nature  was 
coarse  and  vulgar ;  his  mind  vigorous,  but  narrow ;  his  tem- 
per hot,  stubborn,  and  vindictive ;  his  prejudices  ungovern- 
able ;  his  vanity  inordinate ;  his  education  very  defective ; 
his  deportment  presumptuous  and  overbearing ;  his  person- 

Leisiei's     al  integrity  as  unquestionable  as  was  his  active  benevolence 

character.  ^Q-^.r^j.(j  pgor  Protostauts,  and  his  blazing  zeal  against  popery. 
Wanting  judgment  and  discretion,  but  supercharged  with 
unscrupulous  boldness  and  low  cunning,  Leisler  had  many 
of  the  characteristics  of  a  successful  demagogue,  but  few 
of  the  qualifications  of  a  statesman. 

Peculiar         The  peculiar  position  of  New  York  offered  Leisler  an  ad- 

situation  of       •      i  i  ,         -v  mi  •  it  ti       t   • 

New  York.  mirabJc  opportunity,  llie  province  had  never  liked  its  an- 
nexation to  New  England,  yet  its  form  of  government  had 
not  been  changed  by  James's  arbitrary  measure  which  de- 
stroyed its  old  identity.  It  had  no  charter,  as  had  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut.  Its  people 
were  glad  when  the  New  England  colonies  seceded  from 
the  dominion  established  by  their  king,  although  they  would 
never  have  revolted  themselves.  Every  one  of  them  felt 
that  New  York  must  follow  the  fate  of  England,  and  that 
the  sovereign  of  that  country  must  be  their  sovereign,  un- 
less the  province  was  independent.  But  the  absence  of  di- 
rections from  England,  and  the  imprisonment  of  Andros  in 
Boston,  could  not  fail  to  produce  disorder  in  New  York. 
Tlie  only  wish  of  Nicholson  and  his  counselors  was  to  keep 


FRANCIS  NICHOLSON,  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  565 

the  old  province  in  peace  until  orders  should  come  fi-om  chap.  xi. 
the  actual  sovereign  of  England.  Such  orders  they  would 
gladly  ha^■e  obeyed.  But  they  Y\'ere  sworn  royal  officers, 
and  they  could  not  act  without  their  sovereign's  instruc- 
tions, which  of  course  would  be  communicated — as  in  fact 
they  had  been — to  his  imprisoned  governor  general  at  Bos- 
ton. Their  situation  was  certainly  trying.  If  Nicholson 
was  an  English  Episcopalian,  Phillipse,  Yan  Cortlandt,  and 
Bayard,  his  counselors,  were  eminent  Dutch  Calvinists, 
and  these  New  York  gentlemen  all  had  strong  sympatliies 
with  William  of  Orange.  Yet,  as  royal  counselors,  they 
could  not  recognize  an  English  sovereign  whose  accession 
had  not  been  officially  uotilied  to  them.  But  there  was  al-  Dutch  in- 
wsLjs  a  powerful  Dutch  under-current  in  New  York,  which  x"^ York. 
now  ran  very  strong.  William  of  Orange  was  known  to  be 
the  actual  King  of  England ;  why  should  he  not  be  proclaim- 
ed king  in  New  York  ?  But  if  official  f  oi'ms  restrained  Nich- 
olson and  his  Dutch  counselors,  no  such  reserve  affected 
the  people  of  New  York.  Of  these,  the  G-erman  Leisler 
now  took  the  lead.  Leisler  had  nexer  been  in  the  royal 
council,  nor  had  he  ever  held  any  important  provincial  of- 
fice; but  he  supposed  that  if  he  should  exhibit  headlong 
zeal  for  the  Prince  of  Orange,  it  would  help  him  with  Wil- 
liam as  king.  His  narrow  logic  argued  that  if  the  prompt 
adherence  of  Lovelace,  and  Cornbury,  and  others  in  Devon- 
shire contributed  to  the  success  of  William  the  Third  in  En- 
gland, so  the  prompt  adherence  of  Jacob  Leisler  to  William 
in  New  York  would,  in  some  degree,  affect  the  great  result. 
And  so  Leisler  forgot  that  a  towed  yawl  must  follow  the 
tacking  of  her  ship.* 

Near  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  there  is  a  growth  of  prick- 
ly briers  which  sorely  trouble  incautious  visitors.  Long 
before  Portuguese  or  Dutch  saw  these  ugly  brambles,  the 
natives  of  Africa  carefully  avoided  them.  When  the  Hol- 
landers first  encountered  these  thorns,  and  found  that  they 
hindered  the  bold  wayfarer  who  would  dash  through,  they 
gave  them  an  expressive  name,  "AYacht  een  beetje,"  which  "wacht 
in  English  means  Wait  a  little  hit.  The  Dutch  were  a  pro- je." 
verbially  cautious  people.  If  Leisler  and  his  confederates 
had  profited  by  this  suggestive  hint  from  the  Cape  of  Good 

*  Chalmers's  Annal?,ii.,  35;  Palfrey,  iii.,  4S";  Col.  MSS.;  aji?<',534,  540,  513. 


566  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XL  Hope,  tliey  would  have  slio^vn  wisdom,  and  have  avoided 

much  misery  which  their  precipitate  folly  inflicted  on  New 
1689.  Y^j.1^ 

The  design  imputed  to  Nicholson,  of  making  the  next 
Sunday  another  Saint  Bartholomew's  Day  in  New  York, 
was  so  generally  reported  by  Leisler's  friends,  and  so  read- 
ily believed  by  the  people,  that  on  Friday,  the  last  day  of 
May,  the  metropolis  was  in  a  great  commotion.  The  lieu- 
si  May.  tenant  governor  came  from  Fort  James  to  meet  the  Coun- 
cil and  the  militia  captains,  who  were  all  present  at  the 
City  Hall  except  Leisler.  All  were  "  Protestants  and  prin- 
cipal freeholders."  Nicholson  explained  to  them  what  had 
occurred  at  Fort  James  the  night  before,  and  denied  the 
truth  of  Cuyler's  story.  But  Cuyler  maintaining  his  ver- 
sion, Nicholson  told  him,  "  Go,  fetch  your  commission ;  1 
discharge  you  from  being  Lieutenant  any  more."  Upon 
this.  Captain  De  Peyster  took  his  lieutenant's  part,  and  re- 
tired m  anger.  The  drums  were  soon  beat,  and  groups  of 
citizens  appeared  in  arms.  The  fii'st  among  them  M-ere 
those  of  Leisler's  company,  who  mustered  tumultuously  be- 
fore their  captains  door.  Leisler,  however,  declining  to 
Mutiny  in  licad  them,  left  the  command  to  his  sergeant,  Joost  Stoll, 
the  keeper  of  a  dram-shop,  who  quickly  led  them  into  Fort 
James,  shouting  "  we  are  sold,  betrayed,  and  to  be  murder- 
ed ;  it  is  time  to  look  for  ourselves  1"  Leisler  now  girt  on 
his  sword,  and  joined  his  company  in  the  fort.  Colonel 
Bayard,  his  superior  ofiicer,  at  tlie  desire  of  the  Convention 
sitting  at  the  Town  Hall,  went  there  to  bring  Leisler's  mu- 
tineers to  reason,  but  their  drmiken  Sergeant  Stoll  answer- 
ed that  they  "disowned  all  the  authority  of  the  govern- 
ment." As  the  evening  came  on.  Captain  Lodwyck's  com- 
pany took  its  turn  in  mounting  guard,  and  the  people  in- 
sisted on  having  the  keys  of  the  fort,  which  Nicholson  kept 
with  him  at  the  City  Hall.  Sergeant  William  Churcher, 
of  Leisler's  company,  was  sent  with  an  armed  force  to  de- 
mand them,  and  the  lieutenant  governor  was  obliged  to  give 
them  up,  which  he  did  to  Captain  Lodwyck.  The  six  cap- 
tains now  agreed  that  each  would  take  his  daily  turn  in 
commandinc  the  fort  until  orders  should  come  from  En- 

rjl  May  . 

Leisler's     gland.     A  "  Declaration,"  drafted  by  Leisler,  was  also  sign- 
tion!''  *"'  ed  by  some  of  those  who  had  seized  the  fort,  in  whicli,  aft- 


FRANCIS  NICHOLSON,  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  567 

er  referring  to  Dongan's  "  Popisli"  government,  and  charg-  chap.  xi. 
ing  Nicholson  witli  having  threatened  to  "  set  the  city  on 
fire,"  they  announced  that  they  were  "  entirely  and  openly 
opposed  to  Papists  and  their  religion,  and  therefore,  expect- 
ing orders  from  England,  we  shall  keep  and  guard,  surely 
and  faithfully,  the  said  Fort,  in  behalf  of  the  power  that 
now  governeth  in  England,  to  surrender  to  the  person  of 
the  Protestant  Keligion  t]iat  shall  be  nominated  or  sent  by 
the  power  aforesaid."'^ 

The  next  day  there  was  a  reaction,  and  Bayard  was  asked  i  June. 
to  take  the  "sole  command"  against  the  lieutenant  gov- 
ernor.    Leisler,  seeing  that  he  was  being  deserted,  started 
fresh  rumors  that  Nicholson  and  his  Dutch  counselors  were 
papists,  rogues,  and  traitors,  who  intended  to  secure  the  gov- 
ernment for  the  late  King  James.     These  and  other  "  fal- 
ceties"  were  circulated  verbally,  and  by  "Pamphlets  in 
writing,"  throughout  the  city,  which  then  enjoyed  no  print- 
ing-press.    The  following  day  was  Sunday,  on  which  it  was  2  June. 
Leisler's  turn  to  guard  the  fort,  and  he  determined  "  not  to  Fort 
leave  it  until  he  had  brought  all  the  train-band  fully  to  join 
with  him."     He  caused  to  be  noised  around  that  the  Prot- 
estant religion  and  the  government  were  in  immediate  dan- 
ger, and  that  the  inhabitants  would  meet "  to  sign  and  pre- 
vent the  same."     The  militia  companies  were  warned  to 
come  to  the  fort  the  next  morning  at  a  certain  signal,  and 
not  to  obey  their  officers  if  they  should  attempt  to  prevent 
them.     Accordingly,  on  Monday  morning,  a  sloop  from  3  June. 
Barbadoes  arrived  near  Coney  Island,  and  a  rumor  was 
spread  over  New  York  that  French  ships  were  inside  of 
Sandy  Hook.     Leisler  gave  the  concerted  signal  from  Fort  False 
James,  and  the  parade-ground  in  front  of  it  was  quickly  fill-  about  the 
ed  with  train-bands.     The  falsity  of  the  alarm  being  soon 
discovered.  Colonel  Bayard  ordered  the  captain  whose  turn 
it  was  to  go  with  his  company  to  work  on  the  city  fortifi- 
cations, and  the  others,  to  dismiss  their  men.     Instead  of 
obeying  their  colonel,  the  train-bands,  instigated  by  Ser- 
geants Stoll  and  Churcher,  of  Leisler's  company,  pressed 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  5S5,  593,  594,  C29,  634,  637,  639,  CG8,  669,  763 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  3,  7,  8,  245; 
Chalmew,  i.,  591,  610 ;  Smith,  i.,  91 ;  Hutch.,  i.,  385, 7iote ;  Hist.  Mag.,  v.,  154 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S. 
Coll.  (1863),  268, 288,  345,  346.  This  declaration  was  printed  several  weeks  afterward  by 
Samuel  Greene,  at  Boston.  Bayard,  in  saying  that  it  was  "  antedated,"  confounds  it  with 
a  second  paper,  signed  on  the  3d  of  June  :  Thomas,  Hist.  Print.,  ii.,  286;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  629, 
C30, 639 ;  pos\  p.  538. 


568  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XI.  into  the  fort,  reluctantly  followed  by  their  captains,  who 
'""~~~~  were  told  that,  unless  they  also  went  in,  their  houses  would 
'  be  pulled  down,  and  their  lives  jeoparded.    Shouts  and  huz- 
Fort  James  zas  welcomcd  them  within  the  gates,  and  a  paper  which  Leis- 
3  June,      ler  had  prepared  w^as  offered  for  their  signature.     It  was  a 
proclamation,  declaring  that  they  held  the  fort "  till  the  safe 
arrival  of  the  ships  that  we  expect  every  day  from  his  lioy- 
al  Highness  the  Prince  of  Orange,  with  orders  for  the  gov- 
ernment of  this  countiy,  in  the  behalf  of  such  person  as  the 
said  Koyal  Highness  had  chosen   and  honored  w^ith  the 
charge  of  a  Governor,  that  as  soon  as  the  bearer  of  the 
said  orders  shall  have  let  us  see  his  power,  then,  and  with- 
out any  delay,  we  shall  execute  the  said  orders  punctual- 
Leisier'3     ly."     This  ill-worded  document  was  quickly  signed  by  all 
procama-  ^j^^  ^.^  New  York  captaius,  and  by  four  hundred  of  their 
men.     Few  of  them  really  knew  that  they  had  actually 
signed  a  declaration  that  they  would  obey  only  the  orders 
of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  and  not  those  of  the  crown  of  En- 
gland.    It  was,  in  truth,  a  thoroughly  Dutch  movement. 
Most  of  the  signers  were  Hollanders, "  a  notion  being  put 
in  many  of  tlieir  heads  that,  by  a  vote  of  Parliament,  all 
charters  and  Privileges  were  to  be  restored  to  all  places  of 
the  Dominions,  and  they  be  put  in  the  same  state  as  they 
were  in  the  year  1660.     And  by  consequence  this  govern- 
ment to  be  restored  to  the  Dutch ;  and  therefore  no  orders 
from  the  authority  or  crown  of  England,  but  only  from  his 
Poyal  Highness  the  Prince  of  Orange,  w^ould  serve  their 
terms."     This  absurd  idea  grew  out  of  the  inconsequential 
resolution  of  tlie  English  House  of  Commons  in  the  pre- 
vious March,  of  which  some  inkling  had  reached  America.* 
3  June.  If  this  idea  existed,  it  was  quickly  corrected.     The  same 

afternoon,  copies  of  the  London  Gazette  containing  the 
proclamations  of  William  and  Mary  of  14  February,  for 
continuing  all  "  Protestants"  in  office  in  England,  was  re- 
ceived in  New  York.  It  was  not  yet  known  there  that,  in 
obedience  to  the  dispatches  brouglit  over  by  Phipps  and 
addressed  to  Andros,  those  sovereigns  had  been  proclaimed 
at  Boston,  and  that  the  English  Privy  Council  had  directed 

•  Col.Doc.,iii.,.'')S4,5SC,594,59e,C30,f)3T-630,GGa,  670;  Doc.  Hist., ii.,  3,  4,9,  66;  Col.  Rec. 
Conn.,  iii.,  466;  Hutch.,!.,  385,  note;  N.  V.  U.  S.  Coll.  (186S),  269,  2S8 ;  Smilh,  i.,  92,  389; 
ante,  541. 


FRANCIS  NICHOLSON,  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  569 

that  "all  persons"  in  the  colonies  should  retain  their  offices,  chap-xi. 
Two  days  afterward,  Philip  French,  who  had  come  from 
England  in  the  same  ship  -with.  Phipps,  reached  New  York,  5  j^^^^  ' 
and  Leisler,  who  was  now  really  at  the  head  of  affairs,  ^effJI  ^ 
"  made  bold"  to  open  and  read  publicly  in  the  fort  all  the  Leisier. 
letters  w^hich  he  had  brought  addressed  to  Nicholson,  Bay- 
ard, and  Van  Cortlandt.* 

Had  Nicholson  been  equal  to  his  position,  he  might  have 
saved  New  York  and  her  Dutch  king  from  much  trouble. 
But  the  lieutenant  governor  was  a  regular  parade  soldier.  Nicholson's 
Without  the  directing  mind  of  Andros,  he  shrunk  into  in- 
significance. His  resident  counselors  were  provincial  gen- 
tlemen, conservative,  and  disliking  public  broils.  Such  con- 
troversies generally  benefit  impudent  oflicials,  who,  if  their 
schemes  turn  out  well,  make  fortunes  out  of  the  plunder 
of  their  fellow-citizens.  Such  antagonism  Nicholson  and 
his  advisers  wished  to  avoid ;  but  they  had  not  the  energy 
and  skill  to  cope  with  the  occasion,  and  so,  by  mere  imbe- 
cility, they  lost  their  opportunity,  and  left  a  \T.ilgar,  vigor- 
ous, and  despotic  usurper  master  of  the  field. 

Leisler's  proceedings  at  New  York  were  quickly  commu- 
.nicated  to  the  leading  insurgents  in  Connecticut,  her  next 
colonial  neighbor.     The  German  captain  now  in  command  t  June. 
of  Fort  James  wrote  to  Major  Nathan  Gold,  at  Fairfield,  cut  appii- 
that  he  wanted  to  have  "  one  trusted  man  sent  to  procure  ^ 
in  England  some  privileges,"  and,  assuming  to  speak  for 
New  York,  he  added, "  I  wish  we  may  have  part  in  your 
charter,  being,  as  I  understand,  in  the  latitude."     This  was 
just  such  a  display  of  folly  as  an  ignorant  demagogue  would 
exliibit.    It  w^as  followed  by  an  address  of  "  the  militia  and  Leisier-s 
other  inhabitants"  of  New  York  to  William  and  Mary,  which  wiiifam." 
gave  "  a  tedious,  incorrect,  ill-drawn"  narrative  of  recent 
provincial  events,  and  promised  entire  submission  to  their 
majesties'  pleasure.     The  address  was  signed  by  Captains 
Leisler,  De  Peyster,  Lodwyck,  De  Bruyn,  and  Stuyvesant, 
their  colleague  Min\'ielle  having  declined  to  act  further 
with  them,  and  obtained  his  discharge  from  Nicholson, 
Copies  of  the  address  and  other  papers  were  sent  to  some  11  June. 

•  Col.  Doc,  Hi ,  5S3,  5S4,  5S6-5SS,  595,  T20 ;  iv.,  396 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  4 ;  Chalmers's  Ann., 
i..  4r.o :  ii.,  28, 37;  N.  Y.  U.  S.  Coll.  (186S;,  20, 3T, 269 ;  Hutch., i.,  3ST,  397 ;  Wood,  110;  ante, 
539,555. 


570  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  KEW  YORK 

cuAr.  XI.  Dutch  mercliants  in  London,  who  were  asked  to  deliver  it 
to  the  king,  and  put  in  "  a  seasonable  word"  if  they  could.* 
loo  J.  After  Leisler  and  his  adherents  took  possession  of  Fort 
James,  the  lieutenant  governor  lodged  at  the  house  of  Coun- 
selor Phillipse,  and  kept  up  the  show  of  his  authority,  whicli 
a  little  timely  vigor  would  have  secured.  If,  wlien  he  re- 
ceived the  London  Gazette  announcing  the  accession  of 
"William  and  Mary,  IS^icholson  had  at  once  proclaimed  them 
king  and  queen  in  New  York,  official  forms  might  have 
been  violated,  but  much  provincial  trouble  would  have  been 
avoided.  He  knew  that  those  sovereigns  had  been  pro- 
claimed at  Boston  on  the  arrival  of  Phipps  with  the  Pri\-y 
Council's  dispatches  for  Andros.  But  Nicholson  was  a  fair 
example  of  a  straightforward  English  official  bomid  by 
"red  tape."  He  had  no  instructions  fi'om  his  immediate 
chief,  and  would  not  act  without  them.  Subordinate  to  the 
imprisoned  Andros,  and  hampered,  perhaps,  by  his  conserv- 
ative provincial  advisers,  Nicholson  did  not  dare  to  take  the 
bold  steps  which  the  unfettered  Leisler  trod.  Upon  these 
steps  the  fortunes  of  New  York  were  for  some  time  to  de- 

6  June.      pend.     The  lieutenant  governor  unwisely  determined  to  go 

res'oiveTto  to  England, "  to  render  an  account  of  the  present  deplor-. 

York.^^"^  able  state  of  affairs  here."  In  the  mean  time,  he  deputed 
Counselors  PhilHpse,  Van  Cortlandt,  and  Bayard  "  to  pre- 
serve the  peace  during  his  absence,  and  until  his  Majesty's 

10  June,     pleasure  should  be  known."     These  three  counselors  wrote 

I  ettcr  of 

the  New     by  him  to  Secretary  Shrewsbury  that  news  had  come  to 
cu  to  th^'  New  York  from  Barbadoes  and  Boston  of  the  proclamation 
goTera-     of  William  and  Mary  in  England,  and  that  they  "  were  in 
™^'*''        daily  hopes  to  be  so  happy  as  to  receive  the  suitable  orders 
for  to  observe  the  same  solemnities  here.     But  before  we 
could  be  made  partakers  of  those  our  happy  desires,  it  has 
come  to  pass  that,  by  the  means  and  ill  contrivances  of  some 
disaffected  and  dangerous  persons,  all  manner  of  govern- 
ment is  totally  overthrown  here,  in  like  manner  as  to  tliat 
of  Boston."    And  they  expressed  their  belief  "  that  although 
orders  from  his  now  Majesty  should  arrive  for  the  contin- 
umg  of  the  persons  formerly  entrusted  in  the  Government, 
that  no  such  orders  would  be  obeyed."     Several  confirma- 

•  Col.  Doc.,  Hi.,  5S3, 5S4,  .W.";,  COO,  670;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  3, 4, 0  ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  406, 467 ; 
Smith,  i.,  92 ;  N.  Y.  U.  S.  Coll.  (ISGS),  270, 271, 290,  291. 


FRANCIS  NICHOLSON,  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  571 

toiy  documents  accompanied  this  letter,  among  others  a  chap.xi, 
Latin  certificate  by  Domine  Selyns  and  his  Consistory,  of 
the  good  standing  of  Counselors  Yan  Cortlandt  and  Bay-  j^  j^^^  ' 
ard  in  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church.     Innis,  the  Episcopa-  innia. 
lian  chaplain  at  Fort  James,  also  provided  himself  with  the 
attestation  of  the  Dutch  and  French  ministers  at  New  York 
of  his  being  a  good  Protestant,  and  accompanied  Nicholson 
to  England.     But  feeling  ran  so  strong  that  they  were  re- 
fused a  passage  by  the  captains  of  the  ships  which  carried 
out  the  papers  sent  by  Leisler,    Nicholson  therefore  bought 
a  share  in  Dongan's  brigantine,  in  which  he  had  returned 
from  sea,  and  after  some  delay  set  sail  for  London.     Don-  24  June, 
gan,  however,  having  suffered  from  sea-sickness,  determined 
to  remain  for  the  present  in  New  York.* 

Nicholson's  desertion  of  his  post  gave  Leisler  an  unex- 
pected advantage.     Assuming  the  lead,  the  bold  German  12  june. 
captain  invited  each  of  the  counties  and  neighboring  towns  sumerthe 
to  send  two  delegates  to  New  York  on  the  26th  of  June, '°'^'"'''"^' 
to  form  "  a  Committee  of  Safety,"  as  well  as  two  men  from 
each  to  guard  the  fort,  the  name  of  which  was  now  changed 
again  from  "  James"  to  "  William,"  which  it  had  borne  in 
1673.     Leisler  also  tried  to  put  out  of  office  the  Roman 
Catholic  collector  Plowman,  to  whom  he  was  obliged  to 
pay  duties  on  his  imported  liquors,  but  his  colleague-cap- 
tains would  not  help  him  in  this  personal  spite.     Finding  le  June, 
that  Leisler  answered  all  objections  with  "  What,  do  you 
talk  of  law  ?  the  sword  must  now  rule,"  and  declared  that 
all  commissions  under  the  authority  of  James  the  Second 
"  were  utterly  void,"  the  city  magistrates  prudently  "  re- 
solved to  be  passive."! 

Connecticut  having  now  proclaimed  William  and  Marj-,  13  june. 
appointed  Gold  and  Fitch  to  go  to  New  York  and  give  such  ofconnX 
advice  and  promise  such  assistance  as  might  be  necessary.  *"'"'• 
Secretary  Allyn  also  advised  that  no  Roman  Catholic  be 
allowed  to  enter  the  fort,  or  keep  arms  within  the  city  or 
government  of  New  York.     Learning  that  the  Connecticut 
messengers  were  expected,yan  Cortlandt  and  Bayard,  with 
others,  went  to  meet  them  at  Colonel  Morris's  house,  in  20  June. 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  3S3,  542,  585,  5S6,  5SS,  505,  599,  013,  615,  616,  61S,  630,  60T,  649,  655,  669, 
675,  T31 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  3, 18, 3S ;  Hutch.,  i.,  38T ;  Chalmers,  i.,  431 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (1S6S), 
270-2T2,  2SS-292 ;  Smith,  i.,  93 ;  Wood,  105 ;  ante,  555. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  600,  614, 641, 6T1 ;  Doc  Hist.,  ii.,  3, 4 ;  Wood,  105, 110  ;  ante,  559. 


572  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cnxp.  XI.  "Westchester ;  but  Gold  and  Fitch  went  directly  on  to  the 
fort,  and  gave  Leisler  a  copy  of  the  printed  English  proc- 
"ijunT'  l^ni^tion  of  the  accession  of  William  and  Mary.     The  next 
22  June,     moming,  Mayor  Van  Cortlandt  and  his  fellow-counselors 
asked  the  Connecticut  delegates  for  their  papers,  so  that  the 
king  and  queen  might  be  proclaimed  in  the  city  "with  such 
honor  and  splendor  as  the  occasion  required."     But  Gold 
and  Fitch  replied  that  they  had  come  "  to  the  persons  that 
had  the  fort  in  custody,"  and  that  they  had  already  confer- 
wiiiiam     red  with  Leisler.     A  little  while  afterward  the  drum  was 
proclaimed  bcatcn,  aud  the  king  and  queen  were  proclaimed  by  the  Ger- 
York.^      uian  captain  in  the  fort  "in  the  most  meanest  manner." 
In  the  afternoon,  Leisler,  with  Lodwyck,  De  Bruyn,  and  Do 
Peyster,  and  their  companies,  marched  from  the  fort  to  the 
City  Hall,  where  the  proclamation  was  repeated  "  with  all 
the  demonstrations  of  joy  and  affection  they  were  capable 
of."     Mayor  Van'  Cortlandt,  and  his  associate  counselors 
Bayard  and  Phillipse,  all  of  them  Dutch  gentlemen  of  New 
York,  and  well  disposed  toward  William  and  Mary  of  Or- 
ange, were  thus  made  to  appear  more  lukewarm  than  Leis- 
ler's  followers.     A  fire,  timely  discovered  in  the  turret  of 
the  church  in  the  fort,  under  which  the  powder  was  stored, 
was  charged  by  Leisler  as  "  a  papistical  design,"  and  added 
to  the  excitement  of  the  eventful  day.* 

And  so  Leisler  prevented  the  royal  counselors  in  New 
York,  who  represented  English  sovereignty,  from  proclaim- 
ing William  and  Mary  as  they  desired.  Yet  he  failed  in 
Leisier'a  ouc  important  point.  Lie  did  not  publish  the  royal  procla- 
mation of  the  fourteenth  of  February,  which  confirmed  all 
Protestant  English  ofiicers  in  their  places.  It  was  not  then 
known  in -New  York  that  on  the  nineteenth  of  February 
all  persons  were  confirmed  in  their  offices  in  the  English 
colonies ;  but  Mayor  Van  Cortlandt,  having  received  a  copy, 
24  June,  couveued  the  municipal  authorities  at  the  City  Hall,  and 
published  the  royal  proclamation  continuing  "  all  Protest- 
ants" in  office.  This  made  Leisler  very  angry,  for.it  con- 
firmed the  authority  of  Phillipse,  Van  Cortlandt,  and  Bay- 
ard, all  of  whom  were  members  and  some  of  them  officers 
of  the  Reformed  Protestant  Dutch  Church.    So  he  charged 

•  Col.  Doe.,  iii.,  5Sn,  .505,  COl,  014-61",  641,  6T1,  73S,  704 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  10, 19,  245;  CoL 
Kec.  Conn.,  iii.,  253,  255, 467, 46S ;  TrunabuU,  i.,  377, 37S. 


FRANCIS  NICHOLSON,  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  573 

that  all  magistrates  who  would  not  join  with  him  were  "  Po-  odap.  xi. 
pishly  affected."  On  the  other  hand,  the  Dutch  royal  coun- 
selors  and  their  friends  likened  the  German  Leisler  to  the 
Italian  Masaniello,  and  declared  that  "  not  one  Papist,  or 
popishly  affected,  throughout  tliis  their  Majesty's  Province, 
were  in  commission  of  the  Peace,  and  that  many  whom  he 
hath  thus  wickedly  scandalized  have  always  been  of  far 
greater  reputation  both  in  Church  and  State  than  himself." 
The  next  day  the  acting  counselors  removed  the  Roman  25  June. 
Catholic  collector  Plowman,  and  appointed  Counselor  Bay- 
ard, Alderman  Richards,  with  Thomas  Wenham  and  John 
Haynes,  merchants,  to  act  in  his  stead  as  "  Commissioners 
of  the  Customs"  until  other  orders  from  England.  Leisler,  Leisier's 
however,  came  with  armed  men  and  forcibly  drove  them 
out  of  the  custom-house,  in  which  he  installed  Peter  de  la 
Noy  as  collector.  Bayard,  the  especial  object  of  Leisier's 
rage,  was  obliged  to  escape  secretly  to  Albany.'^  23  June. 

In  the  mean  time,  some  of  the  counties  and  towns,  in  Leisier 
compliance  with  Leisier's  invitation,  had  chosen  delegates  convea- 
to  a  Convention.    Brooklyn,  Flatbush,  Flushing,  Newtown, 
Staten  Island,  Orange,  Westchester,  and  Essex  in  New  Jer- 
sey, each  sent  two,  while  New  York  was  represented  by  Pe- 
ter de  la  Noy  and  Samuel  Edsall.    The  delegates  were  "  the 
greatest  Oliverians  in  the  Government,"  some  of  whom 
openly  declared  that "  there  had  been  no  legal  king  in  En- 
gland since  Oliver's  days."     Not  a  third  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  province  "'condescended"  to  vote.     Most  of  the 
towns  in  Queens  and  New  Jersey,  and  all  in  Suffolk,  Ul- 20  June. 
ster,  and  Albany,  would  "  not  meddle  themselves."     The  ster°Lnd^'' 
people  of  Suffolk  county  not  only  refused,  but  asked  Con-  wilfnot 
necticut  to  take  them  under  her  jurisdiction,  because,  after  ™^'^*^'^; 
observing  Leisier's  conduct  in  seizing  the  fort,  they  "  dis- 
trusted the  purity  of  his  motives."     Connecticut,  however, 
resolved  to  keep  safely  within  her  cliarter  boundary,  and 
declined  to  exercise  authority  in  Long  Island.f 

At  the  appointed  day,  Leisier's  Convention  met  at  the  26  June. 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  596,  .598,  602, 603, 604,  608, 609, 617,  641,  642,  061, 668,  671,  672;  Doc. Hist., 
ii.,  245, 246;  Sylvius,  xxvii.,  29;  a»i<e,  539, 540. 

t  Col.  Doc.,  Hi.,  537,  617;  Wood's  Long  IsL^nd,  105, 106, 110 ;  Thompson,  i.,  164;  Smith, 
i.,  42, 6S,  95.  The  towns  in  Sufifollc  county  sent  a  "  representation"  to  Connecticut  at  thia 
time,  of  which  Smith  speaks  with  personal  knowledge.  I  have  endeavored  to  recover  it, 
but  neither  Mr.  Trumbull  nor  Mr.  Hoadley,  of  Connecticut,  to  whom  I  applied,  have  been 
able  to  find  a  copy.     Compare  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (1S6'0,  241-243. 


574  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.xr.  fort  ill  New  York.     It  had  not,  and  could  not  have,  any 

proper  authority.    The  Connecticut  agents,  Gold  and  Fitch, 

Lci«ier'8     ^^  ^  pompous  letter,  offered  their  advice,  and  promised  that 

Convention  i]^q  orovemment  at  Hartford  would  assist  Leisler  and  his 

meets.  o 

friends,  if  necessary.  Two  of  the  delegates,  of  "  a  clearer 
discerning  than  the  rest,  perceiving  that  the  main  drift  was 
to  set  up  Leisler  and  make  liim  commander  in  chief,"  with- 
drew after  the  first  meeting.  The  remaining  ten,  Richard 
Denton,  Tennis  Roelofse,  Jean  de  Marest,  Daniel  de  Klercke, 
Johannes  Yermilye,  Samuel  Edsall,  Peter  de  Lanoy,  Mathias 

27  June.  Harvoy,  Thomas  AVilliams,  and  William  Lawrence,  formed 
teT-Gou-  themselves  into  a  "  Committee  of  Safety."  Abraham  Gou- 
Iiert:!"'  "^  verneur  was  chosen  to  be  its  clerk,  and  a  record  of  its  pro- 

28  June,  ccediugs  was  begun.  The  next  day  the  ten  members  of 
tain  of  the  the  committce  signed  a  commission  appointing  Leisler  to 

be  "  Captain  of  the  Fort  at  New  York  'till  orders  shall  come 
from  their  Majesties,  and  that  the  said  Captain  Jacob  Leis- 
ler shall  have  all  aid  and  assistance,  if  need  be  and  demand- 
ed by  him,  from  city  and  county,  to  suppress  any  foreign 
enemy  and  prevent  all  disorders  which  evidently  may  ap- 
pear." 

The  parentage  of  this  document  is  obvious.     It  is  said 
to  have  been  signed  under  a  threat  of  Leisler  that, "  unless 
they  had  made  him  soo,  he  would  have  departed  the  place 
in  one  of  his  vessels,  and  turned  privateering."     Yet  it 
served  as  a  pretext  for  the  fraudulent  authority  which  Leis- 
i-eisier      ler  uow  usurpcd.     He  cleared  vessels  *  as  "  Captain  of  the 
thority.   '  Fort."     He  seized  the  public  money  and  organized  a  com- 
pany of  soldiers,  of  which  he  made  Churcher  lieutenant, 
and  Stoll,  the  "  Dram-man,"  ensign  and  commissary.     To 
this  band  Connecticut  contributed  ten  men ;  and  she  also 
sent  two  camion  from  New  Haven  to  strengthen  the  fort 
at  New  York.     A  new  semicircular  battery,  for  some  time 
Half  Moon,  kuowu  as  "  Lcislcr's  Half  Moon,"  was  soon  aftei-ward  built 
"  behind  the  Fort,  upon  the  flat  rock  to  tlie  westward."* 

Thus  passed  away  a  summer's  month  in  tolerable  quiet 
at  New  York.  The  city  was  now  under  a  military  despot- 
ism, "  the  people  being  overawed  by  the  strength  of  the 

•  Col.  Doc.,  ill.,  5S9,  590,  50G-59S,  604,  COS,  609,'615,  61T,  620,  630,  643,  6W,  670;  iv.,  C21 ; 
Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  5,  7, 10, 11, 13. 15, 18, 230, 246  ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  iii.,  255, 467,  463 ;  Conn.  Min- 
utec,  i.x.,  171, 174 ;  Wood,  105,  100,  110 ;  Thompson,  i.,  164 ;  Smith,  i.,  42,  68,  95 ;  Miller's 
Map,  1695 ;  Riker's  Newtown,  117 ;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  CoU.  (1S6S),  293, 294. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  COMMANDER.  575 

Fort."     An  actual  dictator,  Leislcr  sent  out  his  Sergeant  chap.  xi. 
StoU  "  to  disarm  the  papists ;"  and  all  were  counted  as  "  Pa- 
pists"  who  would  not  recognize  the  German  captain.    Fear- 
ing that  the  populace  "  would  hale  the  magistrates  by  the 
leggs  from  the  Town  Hall,"  the  Mayor's  Court  of  New 
York  adjourned  for  a  month.     Bayard  had  already  retired  2  juiy.^ 
to  Albany,  and  his  two  colleagues,  Phillipse  and  Van  Cort-  dlspousm. 
landt,  could  do  no  more  as  royal  counselors  than  to  write  5  August. 
to  Blathwayte,  the  secretary  of  the  Plantation  Committee, 
that  "  all  is  in  a  confusion."     As  none  of  the  city  magis- 
trates would  administer  the  oaths  of  allegiance  in  the  fort, 
Leisler  was  obliged  to  send  for  Gerardus  Beekman,  a  Long 
Island  justice,  to  perform  that  service.     Word  now  came 
that  Andros  had  escaped  from  his  prison  at  Boston  to  Phode  2  August. 
Island,  and  that  Dongan  had  landed  at  New  London  to  join 
him  there, "  with  a  design  to  sell  Martin's  Vineyard."    Tliis 
made  Leisler  jealous  of  "  a  bad  design,"  and  MacGregorie, 
who  had  just  returned  to  New  York,  "to  requite  Dongan 
for  his  favors,"  offered  to  go  with  a  guard  and  bring  him  a 
prisoner  to  the  fort.     Andros,  however,  was  soon  retaken, 
and  carried  back  to  his  prison  near  Boston.     Meanwhile 
four  Cambridge  "  scholars"  came  with  Perry,  the  postman, 
across  the  Brooklyn  ferry,  and  knowing  only  BrockhoUs  and 
Lockhart,  who  had  served  in  Maine,  Leisler  chose  to  sus- 
pect them  as  "  Papists."     They  were  accordingly  arrested ;  ic  August. 
their  letters  were  seized  and  examined ;  the  drums  beat  an  "°chXi=« 
alarm,  and  in  a  short  time  over  four  hundred  of  Leisler's  ^"^'  ^ 
adherents  appeared  "  courageously  in  arms."    Several  prom- 
inent citizens,  disaffected  toward  Leisler,  were  arrested  and 
imprisoned  without  warrant ;  but  the  traveling  students  from 
Boston,  being  soon  found  to  be  "honest  men,"  were  re- 
leased, and  the  train-bands  were  dismissed.    The  ten  mem- 
bers of  Leisler's  "  Committee  of  Safety,"  under  his  inspira- 
tion, seized  the  opportunity  to  take  a  bold  step.    They  sign-  le  August. 
ed  and  sealed  a  commission  declaring  that, "  it  being  un-  commis- 
certain  whether  the  orders  shall  come  from  their  Majesties,  mander-inl 
that  Captain  Jacob  Leisler  is  hereby  appointed  to  exercise  toofs.  ^  "^ 
and  use  the  power  and  authority  of  a  Commander  in  Chief 
of  the  said  Province,  to  administer  such  oaths  to  the  peo- 
ple, to  issue  out  such  warrants,  and  order  such  matters  as 
shall  be  necessary  and  requisite  to  be  done  for  the  preser- 


576  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


16S9. 


Chap.  XI.  vation  and  protection  of  the  peace  of  the  inhabitants,  tak- 
ing always  seasonable  advice  with  militia  and  civil  author- 
ity, as  occasion  shall  require." ^^" 

A  more  impudent  document  it  would  be  difficult  to  find 
in  the  colonial  annals  of  North  America.  By  ten  persons, 
assuming  to  represent  a  few  of  the  tow^l3  near  the  metrop- 
olis, Leisler  was  invested  with  dictatorial  power  over  the 
province  of  Kew  York.  This  appointment  has  been  pro- 
nounced to  be  "  in  its  form  open  to  censure."  It  was  much 
more :  it  was  totally  unjustifiable.  No  adequate  power  had 
given  authority  to  Leisler's  "  Committee  of  Safety,"  which 
assumed  to  make  him  the  military  dictator  of  New  York. 
20  August.  But  Leisler  now  wrote  his  own  story  of  affairs  to  the  king 
xvriteTto  and  queen,  which,  while  stating  that  he  had  been  chosen  in 
^^  '""""■  June  to  be  "  Captain  of  the  Fort"  in  the  metropolis,  avoid- 
ed any  allusion  to  his  absurd  commission  as  "  Commander 
in  Chief"  of  the  whole  province  of  New  York.  This  letter, 
with  other  papers,  was  sent  to  London  by  Leisler's  dram- 
shop ensign,  Stoll,  whom  Matthew  Clarkson,  a  brother-in- 
law  of  the  German  demagogue's  former  colleague.  Captain 
Lodwyck,  accompanied  thither.f 
25  August.  A  few  days  afterward  Jacob  Milborne  returned  to  Man- 
borae.' ' "  hattan  from  Holland,  where  he  had  been  recently  staj'ing. 
Milborne  had  already  been  notorious  in  New  York  affairs, 
and  in  1687  he  had  become  a  partner  with  the  Catholic 
Brockholls  in  commercial  ventures,  which  had  obliged  him 
to  go  back  again  to  Europe.  Milborne's  elder  brother,  Wil- 
liam, was  a  noisy  Anabaptist  minister  in  Boston,  who  had 
taken  an  active  part  in  overthrowing  the  government  of 
Andros.  Milborne  had  an  "  affected,  ambiguous  way  of  ex- 
pressing himself,"  and  seeing  that  his  old  friend  Leisler  was 
now  at  the  head  of  affairs  in  New  York,  Milborne  at  once 
Miiiiorne'a  entered  cordially  into  his  views.  The  English  Revolution, 
Milborne  suggested,  was  a  full  justification  of  all  that  had 
been  done  in  New  York.  To  all  objectors  it  was  now 
answered, "  By  what  law,  warrant  or  cbmmission,  did  the 
Prince  of  Orange  go  into  England,  and  act  as  he  hath  done  ? 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  69G,  COS-CIO,  013-618,  C'20,  G72,  fiT3,  T64 ;  iv.,  213,  214 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  6, 
14,15,  IC,  19;  Hutch.,!.,  392, 393;  Barry,  i., 519;  Bancroft,  Hi., 52  ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (ISGS), 
295,  296. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  G09-61S,  629,  630  ;  iv.,  213,  214;  Doc  Hist.,  ii.,  16,  230;  Smith,  i.,  92; 
Chalmcra'd  P.ev.  Col.,  i.,  213 ;  Bancroft,  iii.,  52 ;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.  (ISGS  ,  29T,  29S. 


bad  advice. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  COMMANDER.  577 

And  how  do  you  think  King  "William  can  take  that  amiss  chap.  xl 
in  ns,  who  have  only  followed  his  example  ?"     Abraham  " 

Gouverneur,  the  youthful  clerk  of  the  Committee  of  Safe-   -'■"'^*^* 
ty,  not  to  be  outdone,  declared  that  "Leisler  had  carried  the 
Government  of  New  York  by  the  Sword,  and  had  the  same 
right  to  it  as  King  William  had  to  the  Crown."* 

If  New  York  had  then  been  an  independent  sovereignty, 
as  England  was,  the  comparison  would  have  been  fair.  But 
colonial  New  York  did  not  resemble  sovereign  England ; 
nor  was  the  German  captain,  Jacob  Leisler,  the  counterpart  Fallacy  of 
of  the  Dutch  William  of  Orange.  Orders  from  England, 
which  had  been  sent  to,  but  witliheld  from,  Andros  at  Bos- 
ton, were  anxiously  expected  in  New  York ;  and  the  ab- 
sence of  those  orders  gave  a  rare  opportunity  to  a  political 
mountebank,  of  which  Leisler  did  not  fail  to  take  advan- 
tage. 

Under  the  inspiration  of  Milborne — and  ignorant  that 
William  had  confirmed  "  all"  colonial  officials,  Protestant 
or  Catholic,  in  their  places — Leisler  now  ordered  the  sever-  September. 
al  counties  in  the  province  to  elect  civil  and  military  offi- 
cers. "  Some  counties  accordingly  did,  by  the  appearance 
of  small  numbers,  turn  out  the  Justices  of  the  Peace,  and 
military  officers,  and  chose  new ;  a  method  never  formerly 
allowed  of."  Most  of  the  counties  disregarded  Leisler'a 
order ;  and  in  those  in  which  elections  were  held,  none  but 
his  own  partisans  were  chosen.  A  faction  was  thus  repre- 
sented— not  the  people  of  New  York,  It  was  indispensa- 
ble to  Leisler's  success  that  the  metropolitan  city  should  be 
under  his  control.  Dongan's  charter  had  appointed  the 
Eeast  of  Saint  Michael  the  Archangel,  or  Michael-mas,  as 
the  time  to  choose  its  aldermen  and  Common  Council.  On 
that  day  the  city  wards  all  voted,  and  Leisler  succeeded,  29  sept. 
"  right  or  wrong,"  in  returning  his  son-in-law,  Kobert  Wal-  m^sin' 
ters,  as  an  alderman.  The  charter,  however,  required  that  ^^"^^^^^ 
the  mayor  and  sheriff  of  the  city  should  be  annually  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor  and  council,  and  the  clerk  by  the 
governor,  and  that  they  were  to  remain  in  office  until  oth- 
ers should  be  duly  appointed  in  their  places.     The  Com- 

•  Col.MSS.,  XXXV.,  170,100-207 ;  xxxvi.,  2S  ;  Col.Doc.,  iii.,  301,  5S2,  621, 674, 6S0, 727, 755; 
iv.,  621 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  iL,  42  ;  iii.,  527-5n0 ;  Dunlap,  i.,  156 ;  ante,  196,  iiote,  300, 321, 356.  Mil- 
borne  was  not  at  this  time  "  Leisler'a  son-in-law."  He  was  not  married  to  Mary  Leisler 
until  3  February,  1G31 :  Pass  Book,  iv. ,  71 ;  post,  625,  note, 

IL— O  o 


578  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XI.  niittee  of  Safety,  however,  ordered  "  all  the  Protestant  free- 
holders"  in  the  city  to  elect  these  oflScers.    An  election  was 
October. '  accordingly  held,  at  which  "  none  but  about  70  or  80"  per- 
fhJrtS^    sons  voted ;  and  Peter  de  la  Noy  was  returned  as  mayor, 
New  Yor^  Jolianncs  Johnson  sheriff,  and  Abraham  Gouverneur  clerk 
— all  devoted  to  Leisler.     If  the  fi'anchise  had  not  been  re- 
stricted to  "  Protestant  freeholders,"  this  election  by  a  very 
small  minority  might  be  said  to  have  been  the  first  choice 
of  a  mayor  of  the  city  of  New  York  by  its  people.     But 
14  October.  Lcislcr's  farcG  was  not  a  popular  election.     On  the  birth- 
day of  James  the  Second,  as  required  by  Dongan's  charter, 
Leisler  issued  a  proclamation  confirming  the  persons  so 
elected  in  their  several  offices.     It  was  a  curious  inconsis- 
tency that  he  should  thus  have  scrupulously  observed  that 
charter  in  regard  to  its  two  marked  days — the  Catholic 
feast  of  Michaelmas  and  the  birthday  of  James  the  Sec- 
ond— while  he  violated  it  otherwise.     But  Leisler's  los^ic 
was  veiy  peculiar.     His  object  was  to  gain  power  by  any 
means.     Accordingly,  he  endeavored  to  imprison  Mayor 
16  October.  Yan  Cortlandt,  who  was  obliged  to  fly  privately  out  of  the 
city,  while  his  wife, "  the  Mayoress,"  was  insulted  in  her 
own  house  by  Leisler's  rude  followers,  who  came  to  demand 
the  municipal  records  and  seal.* 

Feeling  himself  secure  in  the  metropolis,  where  he  had 
strengthened  Fort  "William  with  supplies  of  powder  from 
Burlington  and  Philadelphia,  Leisler  burned  to  extend  his 
sway  over  the  other  counties  which  had  refused  to  recog- 
Leisier  at-  nizc  liis  assumcd  authority.  Albany,  the  only  other  city  in 
ba"y!^  "  the  province,  and  its  neighborhood,  had  long  been  controlled 
by  a  few  prominent  persons  who  now  held  office  under  Don- 
gan's charter  of  1G86.  Schuyler,  the  mayor  of  Albany,  and 
his  brother-in-law,  Livingston,  its  clerk,  and  Wessels,  its  re- 
corder, Avere  appointed  by  the  governor ;  while  its  alder- 
men,'Wendell,Bleecker,Yan  Schaick,  and  others,  were  elect- 
ed by  the  citizens,  as  in  Kew  York.  Most  of  the  Albany 
officers  were  Hollanders;  Livingston,  the  clerk,  was  a 
Scotchman,  and  Pretty,  the  sheriff,  an  Englishman.  They 
were  all  Protestants,  and  most  of  them  were  members  of 

•  Col.  Doc.  iii.,  620, 645, 655, 65T,  674,  675,  684 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  21 ;  Minutes  of  N.  Y.  Com- 
mon Council,  i.,  .S36,  344-347 ;  V.nl.  Man.,  1S50,  201,  239,  486 ;  1S5S,  19,  20;  Dunlap,  i.,  156, 
157 ;  ante,  438,  540.  Cornelius  W.  Lawrence  was  the  first  citizen  who  was  elected  mayor  of 
the  metropolis  by  its  people  in  1S34. 


JACOB  LEISLEE,  ACTING  COMMANDER.  579 

tlie  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  of  which  Schaats  and  Del-  chap.  xi. 

lius  were  the  colleoriate  domines.     None  of  them  were  at  ~7777~ 

•        1689 
all  "  popishly  inclined."     When  the  news  of  the  landing  ^p^.^ 

of  the  Prince  of  Orange  reached  Albany,  the  inhabitants, 
being  generally  Dutch,  were  overjoyed  at  the  prospect  of 
his  becoming  king.  But  Livingston,  who  owed  much  of 
his  estate  to  ojfficial  emoluments,  dreaded  the  idea  of  a 
change,  and,  lilve  Nicholson  at  New  York,  openly  declared 
that  the  prince  was  at  the  head  of  "  a  parcell  of  rebells," 
and  would  "come  to  the  same  end  as  Monmouth  did."* 

Connecticut  now  sent  Captain  Jonathan  Bull,  of  Hart-  is  May. 
ford, "  to  enquire  how  matters  stand  between  them  of  Al-  conAecti- 
bany  and  the  Indians."     Bull  was  invited  to  meet  the  offi- 
cers and  magistrates,  who  were  all "  inquisitive  for  news ;" 
but  as  he  did  not  wish  to  speak  freely  before  Baxter,  the 
commandant  of  the  fort,  who  was  an  avowed  papist,  he 
showed  his  "  printed  papers,"  containing  the  prince's  dec- 
larations, first  to  Captain  Bleecker,  who  did  not  agree  with  Bieecker 
Mayor  Schuyler  in  keeping  "  all  intelligence  from  the  peo-  \er.  ''^"^' 
pie."     The  next  day  being  Sunday,  the  news  was  generally  lo  May. 
known,  and  Baxter  went  down  to  New  York,  leaving  the 
fort  in  charge  of  the  Albany  city  officers.     Bull  then  visit- 
ed Schenectady,  where  the  people  were  "much  rejoiced 
with  the  news."     A  few  days  afterward  he  was  present  in  24  May.  • 
the  Albany  Court-house,  at  a  conference  with  the  Mohawks, 
who  renewed  the  old  covenant  chain,  and,  on  hearing  the 
news  of  the  revolution  in  England,  promised  "  neither  to 
speak  with  the  French,  nor  hear  the  French  speak  to  them." 
At  the  same  time,  they  showed  their  preference  for  the 
Dutch  over  the  English.     Addressing  the  Albany  officers, 
they  said, "  We  hear  a  Dutch  prince  reigns  now  in  En- 
gland ;  why  do  you  suffer  the  English  soldiers  to  remain  in 
the  Fort  ?    Put  all  the  English  out  of  the  town.    When  the 
Dutch  held  this  country  long  ago,  we  lay  in  their  houses ; 
but  the  English  have  always  made  us  lie  without  doors." 
The  next  month  the  Senecas,  Cayugas,  Onondagas,  and  2t  June. 
Oneidas  came  to  Albany  and  renewed  the  "  old  cov^enant" 
which  was  first  made  many  years  ago  with  Jaques  Eelkens, 
"  who  came  with  a  ship  into  their  river.     Then  we  first  be- 

*  Doc.  Hi3t.,ii.,23,  35, 114, 115, 116;  Col.  Doc.,iii.,T4T;  MunselI,iL,72,92, 100;  N.Y.H. 
S.  Proc. ,  1846, 104 ;  Dunlap,  i. ,  1 G4 ;  ante,  619. 


5 so  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  KEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XL  came  Brethren,"  they  said, "  and  continued  so  'till  last  fall, 

that  Sir  Edmund  Andros  came  and  made  a  new  chain,  by 

Theoid     calling  US  Children.     But  let  us  stick  to  the  old  chain, 

Dutch       -which  has  continued  from  the  first  time  it  was  made,  by 

'••  cove-  _  "      •' 

nant"  with  which  we  became  Brethren,  and  have  ever  since  always  be- 
qiiois.  havedassuch.  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  New  England  have 
been  taken  into  this  silver  chain,  with  which  our  friendship 
is  locked  fast.  "We  are  now  come  to  make  the  chain  clear 
and  bright."* 
The  city  of  At  tliis  time  the  city  of  Albany  was  not  much  more  than 
a  large  stockaded  village,  of  which  the  two  chief  streets 
crossed  each  other  at  right  angles.  The  one, "  Handelaer's 
Straat,"  or  Market  Street,  ran  nearly  north  and  south,  skirt- 
ing the  river,  proverbially  apt  to  overflow  its  banks  in  times 
of  great  flood.  The  other,  running  about  east  and  west,  a 
little  way  up  a  steep  hill,  was  called  "Yonkheer's  Straat," 
now  known  as  State  Street.  About  half  way  up  tlie  hill 
stood  the  fort,  just  outside  one  of  the  city  gates,  of  which 
there  were  six.  Albany  had  no  large  foreign  commerce 
like  New  York,  but  she  was  the  centre  of  the  great  internal 
trafiic  of  the  province  with  the  native  savages.  Her  im- 
portance was  only  second  to  that  of  the  metropolis,  and  her 
magistrates  always  maintained  their  ofiicial  dignity.  As 
1  July.  soon  as  they  received  from  New  York  a  copy  of  the  proc- 
lamation, they  formed  the  citizens  in  a  procession  and 
marched  np  to  the  fort,  where  "William  and  Mary  "  were 
proclaimed  in  solemn  manner  in  English  and  Dutch,"  and 
the  guns  were  joyfully  fired.  The  ceremony  was  repeated 
at  the  City  Hall,  and  "  the  night  concluded  with  the  ring- 
ing of  the  bell,  bon  fires,  fire  works,  and  all  other  demon- 
strations of  joy."t 
5  July.  A  few  days  afterward  Bayard  arrived  at  Albany,  and 

A^ny."'  "  found  most  part  of  the  inhabitants  inclined  to  peace  and 
quietness,  and  to  maintain  their  civil  government  'till  or- 
ders do  arrive  from  their  Majesties."  Leisler  had  endeav- 
ored to  gain  over  the  people  of  Albany  and  Ulster,  and 
threatened  to  bring  some  of  their  magistrates  prisoners  to 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  55!),  5G0,  592,  593,  599,  G45,  775;  iv.,  902;  Golden,  i..  100, 10],  105,  l.',2 ; 
Col. RccConn.,  iii.,  460-463 ;  Munsell,  ii.,  106, 107 ;  ante,  vol.  i.,  IS,  42,  .55,  6T,  SI,  SS,  146, 152, 
229-231, 246  ;  vol.  ii.,  61S,  562.  Colden,  being  an  inveterate  Scotchman,  could  never  get  rid 
of  acrimony  when  speakinp;  of  the  Albany  Dutch. 

t  Doc.  Ili3t.,ii.,5;  Munsell, ii.,  63,108;  iii.,  39;  iv.,200. 


1689. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  COMMANDER.  581 

"New  York.  But  those  counties  disapproved  of  the  "  mu-  cuap.  xi. 
tinous  proceedings"  at  New  York,  and  agreed  to  remain 
steady,  and  maintain  their  local  governments  pursuant  to 
the  king's  proclamation  of  14  February.  The  Albany  mag- 
istrates declared  "  that  they  were  not  in  any  wise  subordi- 
nate to  the  city  of  New  York,  nor  the  power  then  exercised 
therein."* 

A  convention  of  civil  and  military  officers  was  now  held  i  August. 
at  Albany,  at  which  it  was  "  Resolved  that  all  public  affairs  conveu- 
for  the  preservation  of  their  Majesties  interest  in  this  city 
be  managed  by  the  Mayor,  Aldermen,  Justices  of  the  Peace, 
Commission  Officers  and  Assistants  of  this  city  and  county, 
until  orders  shall  come  from  their  most  Sacred  Majesties." 
In  taking  this  position,  Albany,  under  her  regular  officers, 
was  surely  as  justifiable  as  was  the  metropolis  under  Leis- 
ler.  It  was  also  resolved  that,  as  there  was  news  of  a  war 
between  England  and  France, "  the  gentlemen  now  met  at 
this  Convention  do  each  bring  a  gim,  with  half  a  pound  of 
powder,  and  ball  equivalent,  to  be  hung  up  in  the  Church, 
in  the  space  of  three  days ;  and  that  the  traders  and  other 
inhabitants  be  persuaded  to  do  the  same,  to  make  up  the 
number  of  Fifty,  to  be  made  use  of  upon  occasion."  As 
some  of  the  citizens,  alarmed  at  the  rumor  of  a  French  at- 
tack, were  preparing  to  leave  Albany,  by  which  "  bad  ex- 
ample of  such  timorous  and  cowardly  people,  others  will  be 
discouraged  to  stay  and  defend  their  Majesties  interests  in 
this  frontier  part  of  the  Province,  and  forasmuch  as  there 
is  no  settled  government  for  the  present  in  this  Province," 
the  Convention  ordered  that  no  able-bodied  inhabitant t August. 
should  leave  the  county  for  the  next  three  months  without 
a  pass  from  a  justice  of  the  peace.  News  of  what  the 
French  and  Indians  had  just  done  in  Pemaquid  was  now 
published,  so  that  all  might  "  be  upon  their  guard."  The  21  August. 
Onondagas  having  sent  an  ambassador  with  an  account  of  soothedf '^'' 
what  had  lately  happened  in  Canada,  the  Convention  ad- 
vised their  "  Brethren"  not  to  be  "  imposed  on  by  the  idle  23  August, 
and  nonsensical  speeches  of  the  Governor  of  Canada,"  and 
desired  them  to  send  to  Albany  some  Iroquois  sachems  and 
warriors, "  whose  feet  shall  be  well  greased."t 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  500, 508, 509, 604, 620,  645, 748 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  38. 
+  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  11-13, 46-50;  Dunlap,l,15S;  Munsell,ii.,108,109. 


582  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chat.  XI.      The  news  from  New  England  and  Canada  was,  indeed, 
'  startling-  enouo-h.     Instio-ated  by  Denonville,  the  Abena- 

"1  ACQ  o  o  o  c/  7 

quis,  or  Onoganques,  and  the  Panococks,  or  Ouragees,  had 
surprised  Dover,  in  New  Hampshire,  and  afterward  Pema- 
quid,  in  Maine,  whence  the  garrisons  established  by  the  mil- 
itary prudence  of  Andros  had  been  withdrawn  by  the  self- 
ish jealousy  of  Massachusetts  insurgents.     The  New  En- 
gland colonies  were  filled  with  apprehension,  which  was  in- 
The  Abe-    crcascd  whcn  they  learned  that  the  Abenaquis  had  tried  to 
iTew  Yolk  persuade  the  New  York  Iroquois  and  Schagtacooks  to  "  take 
Indians.     ^^  ^-^^  ^^^  ^^^j^  them  agaiust  all  the  Christians  on  this  Con- 
tinent."   It  was  the  unconquerable  desire  of  the  native  red 
American  to  avenge  the  injustice  of  white  European  in- 
vaders of  his  territory.    Of  this  injustice  New  England  was 
peculiarly  guilty.     New  York  had  always  treated  her  abo- 
sympa-     rigines  kindly.     The  Iroquois  naturally  swung  toward  their 
Iroquois.  *^  genial  friends.     By  the  same  impulse  they  became  the  bit- 
ter enemies  of  the  French  Canadians,  whose  governor  had 
sent  some  of  their  most  stalwart  warriors  in  chains  to  row 
with  felons  and  long-suffering  Huguenots  in  the  galleys  of 
Marseilles.     And  so  they  besieged  Fort  Frontenac,  where 
Denonville  had  treacherously  seized  their  countrymen.   Fa- 
ther Millet,  who  had  been  recalled  from  Niagara,  was  chap- 
lain of  the  French  post.     Lured  outside  of  its  walls,  he  was 
taken  prisoner  and  carried  to  Oneida,  where  he  had  former- 
ly ministered.     Saved  from  death  by  a  Christian  squaw,  he 
was  named  Genherontatie,  or  "  the  dead  who  walks,"  and 
adopted  as  a  brother  by  Gannasatrion,  or  Tareha.     Soon 
Millet  an    afterward  Millet  was  naturalized  as  an  Oneida  Iroquois, 
chem."  ^^'  and  made  a  sachem  in  place  of  their  deceased  Otassetd.* 
These  events  were  followed  by  tlie  severest  blow  that 
Canada  had  yet  felt.     During  the  spring  and  summer  De- 
nonville had  remained  ignorant  of  the  purposes  of  the  Iro- 
quois, as  well  as  of  those  of  his  king.     Callitires  was  in 
France,  and  there  was  a  general  want  of  vigilance  and  sub- 
ordination  among  the  Canadians,     Unconscious  of  dan- 
ger, Denonville  had  gone,  with  his  wife,  from  Quebec  to 
Montreal.     In  the  gray  of  a  summer  morning,  after  a  tem- 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  610, 611, 621, 714, 724, 783 ;  iv.,  349 ;  ix.,  3ST,  440, 665 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  345, 
415-410  ;  Hutch.,  i.,  396 ;  Belknap,  i.,  19S-206 ;  La  Potherie,  iii.,  24S  ;  Colden,  i.,  60, 101,  110, 
119,1S,S;  .'^hea'.f  Mission?,  277,  319,  325;  Garnc.iu,  i.,  305;  Bell,  i.,  322;  Williamson,  i., 590- 
695 ;  Millet's  letter  of  6  July,  1691, 9-49 ;  antc^  -!01, 442. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  COMMANDER.  583 

pest  of  hail  and  rain,  fifteen  hundred  Iroquois  warriors,  who  chap.  xi. 
had  quietly  traversed  Lake  Saint  Francis,  suddenly  landed 
from  their  canoes  at  Lachine,  the  upper  end  of  Montreal  ^^  j^j    ' 
Island.     Most  of  the  inhabi^nts  were  asleep;  the  men 5 August. 
were  killed  at  once,  the  women  and  children  with  greater  quois  rav- 
deliberation  and  cruelty.     In  an  hour  two  hundred  French  cfLef " 
colonists  perished,  and  all  the  houses  in  Lachine  were  burn- 
ed.   Montreal,  only  three  leagues  off,  in  consternation  await- 
ed an  attack.     French  parties  were  sent  out,  and  defeated 
or  captured.     At  length  the  Iroquois  retired,  after  losing 
only  thirteen  warriors,  and  ravaging  nearly  all  the  island  of 
Montreal,  and  killing  a  thousand  French  Canadians."-' 

Denonville  was  almost  stupefied  by  this  terrible  calami- 
ty.    Most  of  the  "  praying  Iroquois"  at  the  Falls  of  Saint 
Louis  and  the  Prairie  de  la  Madeleine  retreated  to  Mon- 
treal.    The  victorious  warriors  sent  "  very  insolent  proposi- 
tions" to  Denonville  for  the  demolition  of  Fort  Frontenac, 
and  he  accordingly  ordered  it  to  be  evacuated  and  blown  Denonviiie 
up.     The  order  was  obeyed ;  a  slow  match  was  put  in  a  Frontenac  < 
mine  under  the  bastions ;  three  French  barks  on  Lake  On-  moiTsife^d. 
tario  were  burned ;  and  Yalrennes,  with  his  garrison,  went 
down  the  rapids  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  to  Montreal.     But 
the  match  in  the  mine  went  out,  and  the  Iroquois  soon  took 
possession  of  the  deserted  fort,  where  they  found  a  great 
quantit}'  of  powder  and  other  French  property  worth  twen- 
ty thousand  crowns.-f- 

Tlie  news  from  Canada  caused  great  anxiety  in  Albany, 
where  every  effort  was  made  to  keep  the  Iroquois  friendly. 
The  near  Mohawks  asked  and  were  granted  assistance  of  2  sept.     ■ 
men  and  horses  to  draw  the  heaviest  logs  for  stockading 
their  "  new  castle-  of  Tionondage,  which  they  removed  an 
English  mile  higher  up."    An  express  was  also  "  sent  down  4  sept. 
to  Captain  Leisler  and  the  rest  of  the  militia  oflScers  of  the  and«ie 
City  and  County  of  New  York"  for  help  of  men,  money,  ^'°'^"°^- 
and  ammunition  "for  the  securing  of  their  Majesty's  fort 

*  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  429,  431, 432,  434,  435 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxv.,  212 ;  La  Hontan,  i.,  193, 
194;  La  Potherie,  ii.,  229 ;  iil.,  53 ;  Gameau,  i.,  2T2-2T4 ;  Bell,  i.,  295-297 ;  ante,  520.  Char- 
levoix, ii. ,  403,  errs  in  stating  this  attack  on  Lachine  to  have  been  made  on  the  25th  (in- 
stead of  the  5th)  of  August;  and  Golden,  i.,  91  (whom  Smith  follows,  i.,  88),  blunders  still 
more,  antedating  it  in  1688. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  436-438, 441,  441,  454;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  406-409;  La  Hontan,  i.,  105;  Que- 
bec Slss.  (ii. ),  v.,  28 ;  Golden,  i.,  92 ;  Documentary  History,  ii.,  77,  78 ;  Millet's  letter  of  6 
July,  1631,  p.  45. 


5S4 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


CiiAr.  XI. 

1689. 

IT  Sept, 


Leisler, 
Wendell, 
and 
Bleecker. 


23  Sept. 


4  Sept. 
New  En- 
gland 
agents  at 
Albany. 


23  Sept. 


24  Sept. 


25  Sept. 
The  action 
of  the  Iro- 
quois. 


and  the  out  plantations  of  this  County."  But  the  German 
captain  in  New  York  would  not  recognize  the  Albany  Con- 
vention. The  messenger  reported  that  Leisler  said  "  he  had 
nothing  to  do  with  the  civil  power ;  he  was  a  soldier,  and 
would  write  to  a  soldier."  Accordingly,  he  addressed  a  let- 
ter to  Captains  Wendell  and  Bleecker,  declining  to  send 
men  or  money  to  Albany,  and  desiring  them  to  "  induce  the 
common  people  to  send  two  men  to  assist  them  in  their 
Committee."  Finding  that  Leisler  was  playing  demagogue, 
and  would  not  assist  them,  the  Albany  Convention  raised 
money,  sent  down  to  the  Esopus  Indians  on  the  river,  and 
also  wrote  to  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  asking  each 
to  send  one  hundred  men  "  to  be  in  garrison  here  this  win- 
ter, to  secure  their  Majesties  Fort  and  the  frontiers  of  this 
Coimty  against  the  French  or  their  Praying  Indians."* 

Meanwhile  Pynchon,  with  Savage,  Belcher,  and  Bull,  had 
visited  Albany  as  agents  of  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  and 
Connecticut,  to  engage  the  Iroquois  against  the  Eastern  sav- 
ages, and  were  "  kindly  treated  by  the  gentlemen  there," 
who  quickly  summoned  the  Five  Nations  to  a  conference. 
But  the  New  England  agents  failed  in  their  endeavor  to 
commit  the  Iroquois  delegates  to  a  war  with  the  Abenaquis 
and  Panococks.  The  Mohawk  orator  Tahajadoris,  in  an 
adroit  speech,  declined  to  attack  the  Eastern  savages,  who 
had  done  the  Five  Nations  no  harm,  and  desired  their 
"  Brethren  of  the  three  colonies"  to  send  men  for  the  se- 
curity of  Albany  against  the  French,  where  "  the  Christians 
have  victuals  enough  for  their  entertainment."  The  next 
day,  at  a  private  conference,  the  Iroquois  delegates  assured 
the  Albany  officers  that, "  if  the  French  shall  attempt  any 
thing  this  way,  all  the  five  nations  will  come  to  your  as- 
sistance ;  for  our  Brethren  and  we  are  but  one,  and  we  will 
live  and  die  together.  We  have  desired  a  hundred  men  of 
our  Brethren  of  Boston  to  assist  us  here,  because  this  place 
is  most  exposed."  And  they  all  joined  in  singing,  and  cry- 
ing out  "  Courage !  courage  !"t 

On  the  return  of  the  New  England  agents,  Secretary  Al- 

•  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  19,  20,  50-55,  88;  Munaell,  ii.,  IDS;  Dunlap,  i.,  15S;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll., 
XXXV.,  212,217,218;  anfc,  287, 517. 

t  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  19,  51;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  Cll,  621;  Coldcn,  I.,  106-111 ;  Smith,  i.,  90, 100; 
Plymouth  Records,  vl.,  213 ;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxxv.,  205, 212, 217,  218.  Millet's  letter  of  6 
July,  ICOl,  40-45,  gives  an  interesting  account  of  what  happened  at  Oneida  when  the  Albany 
mcBsengers  came  to  eummon  that  nation  to  the  conference. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  COMMANDER.  585  • 

lyn,  of  Connecticut,  notified  Leisler  that  the  ten  soldiers  of  cuap.  xi. 
that  colony  doing  duty  in  New  York  would  be  transferred  to  • 

Albany.    Governor  Treat  also  wrote  to  the  Albany  Conven-  j^  October. 
tion  that  eighty  Connecticut  soldiers  would  be  sent  there,  ^^  0*='°^^^- 
under  Captain  BuU,  if  the  Convention  would  pay  the  wages 
of  the  commissioned  officers.     This  was  agreed  to, "  Pro-  24  October. 
vided  they  be  under  the  command  and  obey  such  orders  cut  in  favor 
and  instructions  as  they  shall  receive  from  time  to  time  **      ^°^" 
from  the  Convention  of  this  City  and  County ;"  and  Cap- 
tains Yan  Eensselaer  and  Teunise  were  sent  to  return  25  October. 
"  hearty  thanks"  to  Connecticut.    But  Massachusetts,  plead- 
ing "  their  present  circumstances  of  things,"  declined  to  as- 
sist Albany.* 

On  the  day  appointed  in  its  charter,  the  city  of  Albany 
duly  installed  its  aldermen  and  other  municipal  officers,  at  14  October. 

Albany  of- 

least  as  regularly  as  New  York  had  done.     Lieutenant  ficers  in- 
Thomas  Sharpe,  the  commandant  of  the  fort,  and  all  his 
soldiers,  also  took  oaths  of  fidelity  to  William  and  Mary.  19  October. 
To  stop  the  "  false  aspersions"  of  Leisler  and  his  friends, 
who  called  them  "  Jacobites,"  the  civil  and  miUtary  officers 
and  citizens  of  Albany  also  swore  allegiance  to  their  new  25  October. 
sovereigns.     Three  out  of  the  four  militia  captains  at  Eso-  Esopas. 
pus  declared  that  they  would  help  Albany  in  case  of  need.f 

There  were  now  two  rival  local  governments  within  the  Eivai  gov: 
province  of  New  York.     The  one  was  as  rightful  as  the  f™New  * 
other.     But  the  independent  attitude  of  Albany  galled  the 
ambitious  German  captain,  whose  few  subservient  instru- 
ments had  undertaken,  in  August,  to  declare  him  "  com- 
mander in  chief"  of  the  w^hole  province.    Leisler  therefore 
prepared  a  force  of  fifty-one  men,  under  the  command  of 
Milbome,  to  go  to  Albany  and  take  possession  of  its  fort 
for  himself.     Hearing  of  this,  the  Albany  Convention, 
through  Alderman  Levinus  van  Schaick,  notified  him  that  26  October. 
they  would  willingly  accept  any  re-enforcements  he  might  ny Ideas!" 
send  for  the  defense  of  the  country,  "  Provided  they  be 
obedient  to,  and  obey  such  orders  and  commands  as.  they 
shall  from  time  to  time  receive  from  the  Convention ;  and 
that  by  no  means  will  they  be  admitted  to  have  the  com- 

•  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  20,  21, 55,  50 ;  Trumbull,  i.,  379 ;  Mass.  U.  S.  Coll.,  xxxv.,  217, 21S ;  N.  Y. 
II.  S.  Coll.  (18CS),  28, 29, 68. 
+  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  56, 57, 5S ;  Munsell,  ii.,  100, 110 ;  Dunlap,  i.,  159 ;  otUc,  439. 


•586  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XI.  mand  of  their  Majesties'  Fort  in  this  city,  which  we  intend, 
by  God's  assistance,  to  keep  and  preserve  for  the  behoof 
^^^^-  of  their  Majesties  William  and  Mary."  The  logic  of  this 
paper  was  conclusive.  By  the  same  right  that  the  "  Com- 
mittee of  Safety"  exercised  local  power  in  New  York, 
the  "  Convention"  exercised  it  in  Albany.  As  to  formal 
regularity,  Albany  was  perhaps  more  rightful  than  New 
York.     But  this  made  no  impression  on  the  infatuated 

2s  October.  Leislcr  and  his  followers.  They  wrote  letters  to  Albany^ 
Kinderhook,  and  Schenectady,  urging  submission  to  the 
captain  in  New  York;  and  some  of  them  were  stupid 

2  Novcm.  enough  to  try  to  persuade  the  Dutch  freeholders  that  "  all 
lands,  plantations,  houses  and  lots,  which  were  escheated 
since  the  year  1660,  are  again  restored,  by  act  of  Parlia- 

20  October,  meut."     Lcislcr  himself  declared  "  that  they  of  Albany 

nbaurd  dea-  sliould  bring  their  charter  here,  if  they  have  one ;"  and 

po  ism.  ^j^^^  Lieutenant  Sharpe  and  Sergeant  Rodgers,  of  its  gar- 
rison, who  had  sworn  allegiance  to  William  and  Mary, 
"  were  Papists."  Milborne,  who  was  well  "  acquainted 
with  the  place  and  people,"  where  he  had  formerly  lived, 
was  accordingly  dispatched  to  Albany  with  three  sloops 
full  of  armed  men  and  ammunition.'" 

4Noveni.  Wlicu  the  Albany  Convention  learned  from  Alderman 
Van  Schaick  that  the  German  demagogue  at  New  York 
meant  to  turn  the  government  of  their  city  "up -side 
down,"  and  get  possession  of  their  fort,  they  acted.  The 
citizens  of  Albany  were  summoned  "  by  bell-ringing,"  and 

5  Novem.   a  declaration  was  signed  that  they  would  not,  in  this  con- 

Albany         .  o  ./  7 

acta.  junctm*e,  suffer  "  them  of  New  York,  or  any  person  else," 
to  rule  over  Albany,  of  which  the  Convention  was  the 
"  only  lawfull  authority."  "  To  prevent  all  jealousies  and 
animosities,"  Mayor  Peter  Schuyler — as  thorough  a  Dutch- 

sNovera.  man  as  he  was  a  gentleman — was  appointed  to  the  chief 
command  of  the  fort,  with  the  loyal  Lieutenant  Sharpe  un- 
der him ;  and  the  principal  burghers  of  Albany  with  great 
pomp  led  Schuyler  up  the  hill  to  the  little  fortress,  where 
he  was  "  with  all  cheerfulness  received  by  the  officers  and 
soldiers  of  their  Majesties'  garrison."! 

•  r>oc,  Ili^t.,  ii.,  14, 15,  o.'i,  5T,  50,  CO,  C3-G7  ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  MO,  G4G,  C55,  C75 ;   Smith,  i., 
05,90,97;  Diinlap,  i.,  159,  IGl;  a7i«c,  300,  575,  576. 

t  Doc  l!i3t.,ii.,  CO,  01,  G2,  03;  Smith,  i.,  00  ;.  Dunlap,  i.,  159, 160. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  COMMANDER.  587 

The  next  morning  the  three  sloops  sent  up  from  New  cuap.xi. 
York,  under  the  command  of  Milborne,  were  descried  at 
Albany,  anchored  near  "  Martin  Gerritsen's  Island,"  a  little  9  ^wem ' 
below  the  city.  Leisler's  emissary  demanded,  and  was  re-  i^''^i^an 
fused,  admission  into  the  fort,  of  which  Mayor  Schuyler  was 
in  command.  Milborne  then  came  to  the  City  Hall,  where 
he  harangued  the  people  "  in  a  long  oration,  with  a  high 
style  and  language,"  telling  them  that  all  that  had  been 
done  in  the  reign  of  King  James  the  Second  was  illegal — 
"  yea,  the  charter  of  Albany  was  null  and  void."  This  ex- 
position was  characteristic  of  the  demagogues  who  had  just 
gained  local  power  in  the  city  of  Kew  York  by  a  pretend- 
ed observance  of  a  similar  charter  granted  by  the  same 
governor.  Wessels,  the  recorder  of  Albany,  quietly  an- 
swered that  "  there  was  no  arbitrary  power  here."  The 
next  day,  which  was  Sunday, "  after  the  second  sermon"  in  10  Novcm. 
the  old  Dutch  church,  Milborne  appeared  before  the  Con- 
vention and  produced  his  commission,  signed  by  Leisler  and 
his  Committee  of  Safety.  Recorder  Wessels  replied  "  that 
such  a  commission  granted  by  a  company  of  private  men" 
in  New  York  was  of  no  force  in  Albanj^,  "  but  that  if  he 
could  show  a  commission  from  his  Majesty  King  William," 
he  would  be  willingly  obeyed.  Milborne  then  "  made  a 
long  oration  to  the  common  people  which  Avere  got  togeth- 
er in  the  City  Hall,"  condemning  all  things  which  had  been 
done  in  the  reign  of  King  James,  especially  Dongan's  char- 
ter to  Albany.  He  was  answered  "  that  if  all  things  were  Good  ren- 
null  and  void  which  were  passed  in  King  James's  time,  then  Albany? 
the  inhabitants  were  in  a  desolate  condition,"  and  their 
land  titles  good  for  nothing ;  that  there  had  been  "  a  free 
election  according  to  the  charter ;"  that  his  only  aim  was 
"  to  raise  mutiny  and  sedition ;"  and  that  if  things  were  car- 
ried on  as  he  would  have  them, "  all  would  run  into  confu- 
sion with  the  Indians,  and  all  authority  be  turned  upside 
down,  as  in  many  parts  of  the  government  was  done,  to 
which  the  Convention  by  no  means  could  condescend." 
Milborne  was  therefore  told  "  to  desist  from  such  discourse, 
for  that  they  would  dispute  no  more  with  him  about  it, 
leaving  all  'till  a  lawful  power  came,  not  acknowledging 
him  to  have  any."''^ 

•  Doc.  Uiat.,  ii.,  63-GS,  T2;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  C46,  G4T;  Smith,  i.,  OS;  Dunlap,  i.,  Id,  161. 


588 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Ca-vp.  XL 

1689. 

11  Novera. 
Milborne 
attempts  a 
mob  at 
Albany. 


12  Xovem. 


14  Xovem. 
Bleecker 
and  Schuy- 
ler oppose 
Milborne. 


15  Novem. 


LeiFler's 
etnisHary 
hafflpd  at 
Albany. 


Defeated  in  the  Convention,  Milborne  plied  the  people 
out  of  dooi-s,  about  one  hundi'ed  of  whom,  chiefly  youths 
and  not  freeholders,  met  tumultuously  at  the  City  Hall  and 
chose  Jochim  Staats,  a  lieutenant  in  Captain  Wendell's  Al- 
bany company,  to  command  the  men  whom  Leisler  had 
sent  from  New  York.  Milborne  also  wrote  to  the  Conven- 
tion that  Leisler's  ISTew  York  committee  had  authorized  him 
to  "  order  the  affairs  at  Albany."  The  next  day  the  Con- 
vention met  at  Captain  Jan  Jansen  Bleecker's  house,  and 
refused  to  accept  the  men  from  New  York  unless  they 
should  be  under  the  command  of  the  Convention.  Mayor 
Schuyler  also  explained  to  the  burghers  at  the  City  Hall 
tlie  reasons  why  he  had  seized  the  fort,  which  were  to  de- 
feat Leisler's  design  "  to  make  an  absolute  change  of  gov- 
ernment, to  carry  some  persons  prisoners  to  New  York,  and 
so  to  make  a  general  disturbance  among  the  people,  and 
force  us  to  comply  with  their  new-fashioned  government." 
These  reasons  were  satisfactory  to  the  burghers,  who  thought 
that  their  Convention  had  done  rightly. 

Milborne  now  resolved  on  a  bold  step  to  get  the  mastery. 
Assembling  his  company  in  arms,  he  marched  out  of  the 
city  gate  up  to  the  fort,  of  which  he  demanded  possession. 
Schuyler  answered  that  he  held  it  for  their  majesties,  and 
ordered  him  away  "with  his  seditious  company."  Mil- 
borne attempted  to  enter,  and, "  having  one  foot  in,  was 
thrust  out."  He  then  withdi*ew  his  company  inside  of  the 
city  gate,  before  which  he  put  np  the  king's  Jack,  ordered 
his  men  to  load,  and  then  "  read  a  paper."  Upon  this,  a 
protest  by  Schuyler,  on  behalf  of  the  Convention,  was  read 
"  off  one  of  the  mounts"  of  the  fort,  directing  Milborne  and 
liis  seditious  troops  to  withdraw  at  once.  These  move- 
ments were  watched  by  a  company  of  Mohawks  standing 
on  the  hill  near  the  fort,  who  charged  their  guns,  and  sent 
word  to  Schuyler  that  if  the  New  York  soldiers  came  out 
of  the  city  gates  "in  a  hostile  manner  to  disturb  their 
Brethren  in  the  Fort,"  they  would  fire  on  them.  At  Schuy- 
ler's request,  Domine  Dellius  and  Recorder  "VVessels  went 
to  pacify  the  savages ;  but  they  insisted  on  sending  the  dom- 
ine to  tell  Milborne  that  if  he  came  out  of  the  city  gates 

"Martin  Gcrritsen's  Island," or  the  old  "Castle  Island, "just  bclnw  Albany,  was  so  named 
after  Martin  Gerritsen  van  Borgen,  to  whom  it  was  leased  in  16C3. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  COMMANDER,  589 

they  would  fire  on  him.     Upon  this,  Leisler's  baffled  emis-  cuap.  xi. 
sary  "  marched  down  the  town  and  dismissed  his  men."*    

Finding  that  he  could  do  nothing  at  Albany,  Milborne,   J-"°9- 
after  signing  a  contract  with  some  "private  but  extreme 
active  men"  for  the  support  of  his  soldiers,  prevailed  on 
them  to  accept  Staats  as  their  captain,  and  went  back  to  ic  Novem, 
New  York,  leaving  his  company  in  great  confusion.     On 
his  way  down  the  river  he  stopped  at  Esopus ;  but  the  peo-  MUborne 
pie  of  Ulster  county,  being  informed  of  his  defeat  at  Al-  *    ^°^"^* 
bany,  dispatched  him  quickly  from  there  "  for  to  give  an 
account  of  his  misfortune  to  his  commander  Leisler  and 
the  committee  that  sent  him."t 

A  few  days  afterward  Captain  Bull  reached  Albany  with  25  xovem. 
eighty-seven  men  from  Connecticut,  who  were  "  extremely  banyf 
well  accepted."     As  it  was  necessary  to  garrison  Schenec- 
tady, Lieutenant  Enos  Talraage,  of  Captain  Bull's  company, 
was  sent  there  with  twenty-four  men.     Staats  refused  to29Kovein. 
assist  with  any  of  his  New  York  soldiers,  but  went  to  Sche- 
nectady himself,  to  create  faction.     Considering  "  the  lam- 
entable condition"  of  Albany,  the  Convention  ordered  tliat  2t  Novem. 
Wednesday,  the  fourth  of  December,  should  be  observed  as  at^AibaZy. 
"  a  day  extraordinary  for  fasting  and  prayer.":}; 

Anxious  to  visit  New  York,  where  his  only  son  was  very 
ill.  Bayard  had  meanwhile  written  to  the  justices  of  the 
peace  there,  offering  to  answer  any  complaint  against  him. 
They  replied  that "  the  sword  now  ruled  in  their  city,"  and 
that  they  could  not  protect  him  against  Leisler.  Upon  this, 
Bayard,  as  their  colonel,  wrote  to  De  Peyster  and  De  Bruyn,  20  oct. 
two  of  the  captains  in  his  regiment,  declaring  that  Leisler  \euevdl 
and  his  associates,  without  "  any  the  least  shadow  of  Au-  Ser?^ 
thority"  from  William  and  Mary,  having  "  subverted  all 
manner  of  Government  by  law  established"  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  it  was  his  duty,  as  a  royal  counselor  and  their 
own  colonel,  to  require  them  to  "  desist  from  any  ways 
counselling,  aiding,  assisting,  or  abetting  the  illegal  pro- 
ceedings of  the  said  Jacob  Leisler  and  his  associates,"  be- 
cause the  commissions  issued  by  Andros,  who  represented 
the  crown  of  England,  were  "  in  full  force,  notwithstanding 

•  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  69-73 ;  Smith,  i.,9S;  DunIap,L,162. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  647,  675 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  74 ;  Dunlap,  i.,  163. 

t  Doc.  Hist  ,ii.,  74, 75, 76;  Col.  Kec.  Conn.,  iii.,  463;  Dunlap,  i.,  163. 


590  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  XI.  the  imprisonment,  yea  death,  of  any  Governor  that  granted 
the  same,  he  being  only  an  inferior  officer  of  the  crown, 
and  the  commissions  being  matters  of  record."* 

This  was  certainly  a  true  exposition  of  English  law.  It 
was  just  what  William  himself  had  declared  to  be  his  will 
when  he  directed  all  English  colonial  officers  in  America 
to  remain  in  the  places  which  they  held  under  James.  But 
Leisier  can  the  German  demagogue  in  New  York,  to  whom  Bayard's 
°°and  Bay-  letter  was  shown,  saw  at  once  that  its  logic,  if  followed, 
"SIC.  ^Q^|i(j  (defeat  his  own  personal  ambition.  Leisier  therefore 
assembled  his  adherents  in  New  York,  Bergen,  and  Kings 
counties,  armed,  in  the  fort,  where  he  told  them^  with  im- 
pudent falsehood,  that  their  Lieutenant  Governor  Nichol- 
son, who  had  been  some  time  in  London,  was  a  "  Popish 
dog,"  and  "  was  turned  a  Privateer,  and  would  never  show 
his  face  in  England ;  and  that  he  [Leisier]  had  discovered 
Leisier's  a  plot,  in  wliich  Bayard,  with  about  three  hundred  men, 
would  attempt  to  retake  the  Fort  for  the  late  King  James." 
Bayard's  Albany  letter  had  clearly  asserted  the  supremacy 
of  William  and  Mary.  So  Leisier  caused  his  partisans  "  to 
make  a  new  subscription,  in  substance  for  to  be  true  and 
faithful  to  King  William  and  Queen  Mary,  and  to  be  obe- 
dient to  the  Committee  of  Safety,  as  the  supreme  authori- 
ty, and  to  himself  as  their  commander  in  chief."  Dongan, 
who  was  now  living  quietly  on  his  farm  at  Hempstead,  was 
charged  with  holding  "  cabals  at  his  house  and  other  places 
adjacent,  to  make  an  attempt  on  the  Fort ;"  and  this  in- 
duced many  to  subscribe  Leisier's  new  association.  Such 
as  scrupled  were  denounced  as  creatures  of  King  James ; 
and  as  Captains  De  Peyster,  Lodwyck,  and  Stuyvesant  were 
dissatisfied,  more  pliant  officers  were  put  in  their  places. 
Phiiupge  Phillipse,  who  quietly  submitted  to  Leisier,  was  not  disturb- 
uisTer!  °  ed ;  but  his  colleagues,  Bayard  and  Yan  Cortlandt,  were 
roughly  searched  for  in  their  own  houses,  as  well  as  in  those 
of  their  friends,  including  that  of  Domine  Selyns,  and  the 
two  royal  counselors  were  obliged  to  hide  themselves  from 
Leisier's  rage  "  till  relief  from  England."  These  violent 
doings  caused  many  of  the  inhabitants  of  New  York  to  fly 
to  East  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  where  the  German  cap- 
tain charged  that  the  Quakers  encouraged  his  opponents. 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  G46,  C47, 658 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  22;  Dunlap,  i.,163. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  COMIHANDER.  591 

Yet,  amid  all  their  troubles,  the  people  of  jSTew  York  joy-  chap.  xi. 
ously  kept  two  new  holidays.     The  birthday  of  King  Wil- 
liam  was  heartily  observed  in  the  metropolis  with  bonfires  ^  j-o^em," 
and  the  roasting  of  an  ox.     The  next  day — ^which  doubly  ^rthdS'^ 
commemorated  the  "  gunpowder  treason"  of  Gruy  Fawkes  s  Novem. 
and  the  landing  of  William  at  Torbay — was  as  earnestly  Fawkes, 
celebrated  "  with  bonfires  and  burning  the  Pope."* 

•  Col.  Doc,  ui.,  634, 646, 647, 648, 655, 656 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  24,  25, 3S,  246 ;  ante^  533. 


592  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

16S9-1691. 

CiiAr.  xir.      When  the  reports  which  Kicholson  and  his  counselors 

had  dispatched  from  New  York  in  May,  and  the  other  co- 

1689,  lonial  intelligence  brought  by  Riggs  reached  Whitehall, 
Trouble  in  tlicy  sliowcd  that  William  and  his  ministers  had  been  duped 
about  the  by  Mather  and  Phipps  into  committing  a  great  mistake  in 
CO  oQies.  jjQ^Qjjj^;^  administration.  The  intrigue  which  had  withheld 
from  Andros  the  directed  notification  of  the  accession  of 
William  and  Mary,  and  of  the  continuance  in  their  several 
places  under  them  of  all  English  colonial  ofiicers,  had  re- 
sulted in  a  mutiny  in  Massachusetts,  the  disruption  of  the 
royal "  Dominion  of  Kew  England,"  and  great  confusion  in 
New  York  by  reason  of  "  secession."  After  the  departure 
of  Phipps  to  Boston  in  April,  the  mopt  active  notice  which 
William's  embarrassed  government  took  of  his  American 
colonies  was  to  send  a  packet-boat  in  June  with  orders  to 
the  colonial  authorities  in  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania announcing  his  war  witli  France,  and  promising  that 
a  squadron  would  be  sent  to  protect  the  English  Plantations. 

3  July.      By  a  letter  of  Kandolph  from  "  the  common  gaol"  of  Bos- 

ton, the  king's  Plantation  Committee  learned  that  the  re- 
volt in  Massachusetts  was  not  so  much  against  Andros  as 
for  restoring  the  old  charter  of  that  colony,  under  which 
its  Puritan  ministers  might  regain  power,  and  gainful  pri- 

4  July,      vateering  and  illicit  trade  be  encouraged.     The  next  day 

Mather  hurried  to  Hampton  Court,  where  he  was  received 
by  the  king  in  his  bedchamber,  who  did  "  kindly  accept" 
of  what  tlie  Boston  insurgents  had  done.  Sir  Henry  Ash- 
urst  also  presented  the  Plymouth  address  to  the  king,  who 
assiu-ed  him  "  that  he  would  take  care  of  the  good  of  his 
colonies  in  New  England."  But  William  saw  that  an  un- 
expected colonial  mutiny  had  broken  up  his  "  dominion" 
there,  and  that  it  was  necessary  for  him  to  re-establish  his 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  COMMANDER.  593 

direct  authority  in  the  several  colonies  and  provinces  into  cuap.  xn. 
which  that  dominion  had  been  reduced  against  his  will. 
Mather's  adroit  suggestion  that  "  by  means  of  New  En-   ■^"°"' 
gland"  he  might  become  "  the  Emperor  of  America,"  had  wuiiam 
no  weight  with  the  new  British  sovereign,  whose  mind  was  European^ 
occupied  with  Europe.    A  few  days  afterward,  when  Riggs  le  juiy. 
told  the  Plantation  Committee  his  story  of  what  he  had  wit-  22  juiy. 
nessed  at  Boston,  the  whole  truth  came  out.     It  was  clear 
that  Andros  had  been  imprisoned  because  he  had  executed 
the  orders  of  his  lawful  English  sovereign.     Such  orders  it 
was  not  William's  colonial  policy  to  undervalue.     A  peti- 
tion from  Andros  having  been  read  before  the  king  in  coun-  25  juiy. 
cil,  it  was  ordered  that  Sir  Edmund,  and  his  fellow  English 
subjects,  "  seized  by  some  people  in  Boston,  and  detained 
under  close  confinement  there,"  should  be  sent  at  once  to 
London  "  to  answer  before  his  Majesty  what  may  be  ob- 
jected against  them."     A  royal  letter  was  accordingly  writ-  30  juiy. 
ten  to  the  acting  authorities  in  Massachusetts,  requiring  E^o"' 
them  to  send  Andros,  Randolph,  Dudley,  Palmer, West,  Gra-  s'^tT'^"" 
ham.  Farewell,  Trefrey,  and  Sherlock  by  the  first  ship  to 
England.    The  existing  government  of  the  colony  was  also  12  August. 
authorized  by  William  to  continue  in  administration  until 
further  directions.* 

A  letter  was  at  the  same  time  addressed  to  Nicholson  by  29  juiy 
the  Privy  Council,  directing  him,  as  lieutenant  governor,  ^^"^"'' 
"with  the  assistance  of  the  principal  freeholders  and  in- 
habitants, of  their  Majesties'  Province  of  New  York,"  to  pro- 
claim William  and  Mary  according  to  a  form  which  was  in- 
closed.   The  king  also  authorized  Nicholson  to  take  on  him-  so  juiy. 
self  the  government  of  the  province,  calling  to  his  assistance  i^terTo' 
such  of  "  the  principal  fi-eeholders  and  inhabitants"  as  he  ^'*'^°^'°°- 
should  think  fit ;  and  requiring  him,  until  further  ordei", 
"  to  do  and  perform  all  things  which  to  the  place  and  ofiice 
of  our  Lieutenant  Governor  and  Commander  in  Chief  of 
our  Province  of  New  York  doth  or  may  appertain."    Wil- 
liam's letter,  like  that  of  his  Privy  Council,  was  addressed 
to  "  Francis  Nicholson,  Esquire,  Our  Lieutenant  Governor 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,5T4-5T6,  578-583,593,664;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  26;  Penn.  Col.  Rec,  i.,  301,  302 ; 
Burk,ii.,30T;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ix.,  246,241;  xxvii.,  191;  xxxii.,299;  xxxv.,  199-202,  206,' 
209,210;  Paventator,  122;  R.  I.  Rec.,iii.,256,257;  Hutch. Mass.,!., 388, 390, 891;  Narcissus 
Luttrell,  i.,'55T ;  Macartay,  iii.,  379^14  ;  Chalmers's  Annals,  ii.,  26, 27, 29  ;  Sixth  Collection 
of  Papers,  29;  Davis's  Morton,  472 ;  Bancroft,  iii.,  79 ;  Barry,  i.,  509, 610;  Palfrey,  iii.,  585, 
586 ;  Andros  Tracts ;  ante^  543, 561. 

II.— P  P 


594:  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap,  xil  and  Commander  in  Chief  of  om-  Province  of  New  York  in 
America,  and  in  his  absence,  to  sucli  as  for  the  time  beino^ 
take  care  for  preserving  the  peace  and  administering  the 
laws  in  our  said  Province  of  New  York  in  America.''* 

20  August.  The  rojal  dispatches  for  Massachusetts  were  delivered  to 
Increase  Mather,  who,  after  losing  the  Corporation  Bill  by 
the  adjournment  of  Parliament,  embarked  for  Boston.  But 
Mather  was  obliged  to  give  them  to  another  passenger,  aft- 

12  Sept.  er  landing  at  Deal,  where  his  son  Samuel  had  "  fallen  sick 
with  the  small-pox."     Those  for  New  York  were  intrusted 

Riggs  re-    to  Johu  Risrsrs,  who  had  broug-ht  over  the  letter  of  Nichol- 

turns  to  oo   ^  o 

New  York  son  and  his  council  of  the  previous  May.  Nicholson,  how- 
royai  dia-  Bvcr,  rcaclicd  London  before  Riggs  set  out ;  but  as  it  was 
^*  '^  ^'  supposed  that  the  dispatches  to  him  as  lieutenant  governor 
would  be  opened  and  acted  upon  by  Phillipse,  Bayard,  and 
Van  Cortlandt,  the  royal  counselors  whom  he  had  left  in 
charge,  no  alteration  was  made,  and  the  messenger  went  on 
with  his  letters  to  New  York.f 

Informed  by  Nicholson  in  person  of  the  actual  condition 
31  August  of  the  pro%-ince,  the  Plantation  Committee  moved  the  king 
"  that  a  Governor  be  forthwith  sent  to  New  York,  with  such 
a  Commission  and  Instructions  as  are  intended  for  the  oth- 
er Plantations,  and  that  a  ship  of  strength  be  appointed  to 
carry  the  Governor ;"  also  that  presents  be  sent  to  the  five 
Iroquois  nations,  who  "  may  be  very  useful  to  the  English 
against  the  French ;"  and  that  two  new  foot  companies  be 
sent  to  the  province,  in  place  of  those  dispersed  "  by  the 
2  Sept.      late  disorder."     The  king,  in  Council,  approved  these  rec- 
sioushter  ommendatious,  and  declared  Colonel  Henry  Sloughter  to  be 
G^o^eraor   liis  Govcmor  of  Ncw  York.     Nicholson  strove  to  obtain 
York.''      the  post, "  but  had  not  interest  to  carry  it."     The  appoint- 
ment of  Sloughter  was  probably  secured  by  some  of  the  cor- 
rupt courtiers  of  William ;  for  the  colonel,  although  praised 
by  London  merchants  trading  to  New  York  for  his  "  integ- 
rity, courage,  and  conduct,"  has  been   deliberately  pro- 
nounced "  utterly  destitute  of  every  qualification  for  gov- 
ernment, licentious  in  his  morals,  avaricious,  and  poor.":j: 

*  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  605,  COG,  64S,  675;  Smith,  i.,  94;  Dunlap,  i.,  1C6;  Chalmers's  Annals,  ii., 
•29, 30,  35 ;  Palfrey,  iii. ,  480,  note. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  63n,  635,  648,  654,  656,  664,  6T5 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  38,  246 ;  N.  Y,  H.  S.  Coll. 
(ISeS), 230-299;  Andros  Tracts ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxv.,  200, 210;  IIutch.,i.,  392;  Macau- 
lay,  iii. ,  414 ;  ante,  5T5. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  OlS,  619, 633, 051 ;  Smith,  i.,  103 ;  Coldcn,  i.,  128;  Hutch.,  i.,  395;  Duolap, 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  COMMANDER.  595 

To  strengthen  his  government,  Sloiighter  proposed  that  chap.  xii. 
New  York, "  so  advantageously  situate  between  the  colony 
of  New-England  and  Virginia,"  should  include  Connecticut, 
the  Jerseys,  and  Pennsylvania ;  but,  as  the  Connecticut  char- 
ter had  not  been  legally  surrendered  or  adjudged  void,  that 
colony  escaped  annexation.     It  was  then  proposed  to  add 
Plymouth  to  New  York,  and  Secretary  Blathwayt  actually 
included  it  in  the  draft  of  Sloughter's  commission.     But 
Mather,  who  had  returned  to  London,  with  "  industry  and 
discretion"  persuaded  the  governor  that  the  addition  of 
Plymouth  would  be  of  "  little  service"  and  rather  an  "  in- 
convenience" to  New  York,  and  so  it  was   stricken  out 
again.     The  providential  illness  of  young  Samuel  Mather 
thus  prevented  the  annexation  of  Plymouth  to  New  York. 
At  length  the  revised  draft  of  Sloughter's  commission  was 
approved  by  the  king  and  ordered  to  pass  the  great  seal.  14  xovem. 
The  same  day  Nicholson  was  consoled  by  being  appointed  Nicholson 
lieutenant  governor  of  Virginia,  under  Lord  Howard  of  Ef-  goverSo?* 
iingham,  who  had  returned  to  London,     Phipps,  who  knew  °^'^"°"'''^ 
the  ways  at  Whitehall,  afterward  asserted  that  Nicholson 
"  was  recommended  by  some  that  were  about  their  Majes- 
ties, who  for  money  got  in  many  that  were  not  for  the 
King's  interest ;"  but  his  appointment  by  William  to  such 
an  important  colonial  office  was  certainly  an  emphatic  ap- 
proval of  his  administration  in  New  York.* 

There  was  every  reason  why  Sloughter  should  go  at  once 
to  his  government.  It  was  known  that  the  French  had  a 
design  upon  New  York,  and,  if  successful,  would  "  put  to 
the  torture"  some  two  hundred  Huguenot  families  then  in 
the  province.  The  Bishop  of  London  was  appealed  to  in  so  Decem. 
their  behalf,  and  urged  to  procure  from  the  king  authority 
for  Leisler  to  secure  New  York  until  Sloughter  should  come, 
who  would  not  be  ready  until  the  spring.  But  no  such  au- 
thority was  given  to  Leisler.  A  number  of  London  mer- 
chants trading  to  the  American  colonies  earnestly  petition- 

i.,19G;  Chalmers's  Annals,!., 594;  ii.,C8;  Kev.  Col.,i.,242;  Tindal,ili., 92-99;  Macaulay, 
iii.,  60-62. 

•Col.  Doc,  iii.,  622-629, 651, 719;  iv., 8,9,10;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,12T;  N.  Y.H.  S.  Proc.,1849, 
106;  Coll.,  186S,  298 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxv., 210,  211,  226,229,  231,248,  276;  Magnalia,i., 
198;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  392,  395,405-407;  ii.,4Sl;  Coll.,  576;  Davis's  Morton,  472-476 ;  Plym- 
outh  Rec,  vi.,  259 ;  Burk's  Virginia,  ii.,  310 ;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  i.,  298, 347, 359 ;  ii.,  44, 90 ; 
Rev.  Col.,  211,  243,  261 ;  Trumbull,  i.,  386,  387,  537-540;  Grahame,  i.,  108,  271 ;  Bancroft, 
iii.,  66;  Andros  Tr.icts.  Sloughter's  commission  did  not  pass  the  great  seal  until  4  Jan- 
uary, 1690 :  Commissions,  ii.,  3 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  623 ;  Smith,  i.,  109 ;  post,  p.  627. 


596 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


GuAP.  XII, 

1689. 

William 
urged  to 
protect 
New  York. 


9  Novem. 
StoU  in 
LondoQ. 


IC  Novem. 


C  Decern. 

(Jlarkson 

appointed 

Secretary 

of  New 

York. 


S  Decern. 
Rigg3  re- 
turns to 
New  York. 


ed  the  king  to  dispatch  a  large  force  at  once  to  protect 
New  York,  which  was  "  the  center  of  all  English  Planta- 
tions in  North  America,  and  if  lost,  it  will  become  a  nest 
of  French  pirates."  The  campaign  in  Ireland,  however, 
and  the  wretched  condition  of  the  English  navy,  prevented 
due  attention  being  given  to  the  situation  of  New  York, 
which,  of.  all  William's  American  Plantations,  most  needed 
his  promptest  action.* 

While  Sloughter's  commission  and  instructions  were  yet 
under  consideration.  Ensign  Jacob  Stoll  reached  London 
and  presented  Leisler's  dispatches  of  August  to  the  king, 
who  referred  them  to  Secretary  Shrewsbury.  In  a  pomp- 
ous memorial  Stoll  burlesqued  his  own  great  services,  while 
he  asked  the  approval  of  all  Leisler's  proceedings  and  a 
suspension  of  the  governor's  commission.  Stoll's  exertions, 
however,  were  of  no  avail.  The  boastful  New  York  "  dram- 
man"  was  foiled  by  the  presence  in  London  of  Nicholson 
and  Innis,  who  exposed  the  true  character  of  Leisler's  trans- 
actions ;  and,  as  Sloughter  was  appointed  governor,  the  af- 
fairs of  the  province  must  thenceforth  pass  through  his 
liands.  But  Matthew  Clarkson,  who  had  come  over  with 
Stoll,  fared  much  better.  By  a  patent  under  the  privy  seal, 
the  office  of  "  Secretary  of  New  York  in  America"  was  cre- 
ated and  granted  to  Clarkson  during  the  royal  pleasure  and 
his  own  residence  in  the  province,  with  power  to  appoint 
deputies.! 

After  a  long  voyage  Eiggs  arrived  in  Boston,  and  hasten- 
ed with  his  important  dispatches  to  New  York.  On  reach- 
ing there  late  on  Sunday  night,  he  called  at  Baj'ard's  house, 
where  Phillipse  having  come,  Kiggs  exhibited  his  packets 
to  them,  and  declared  that,  as  in  Nicholson's  absence,  they 
belonged  to  his  council,  being  in  answer  to  their  letters  of 
May,  he  would  deliver  them  to  the  three  counselors  when- 
ever Van  Cortlandt  should  join  his  colleagues  in  town;  add- 
ing that  he  did  not  believe  that  Leisler  would  receive  and 

*  Col.  Doc,  lii.,  C50-653  ;  Macaulay,  iil.,  432-435;  Chalmera's  Anna!?,  ii.,  6S,  91 ;  Hist. 
Mag.,  xi.,  333. 

+  CoLDoc.,iii.,  597,614,  616,  629-633,731;  viii.,  324;  Comtniasions,  ii.,  17,  IS ;  Smith,  1., 
93 ;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.  (1S6S),  298 ;  ante,  576.  Secretary  Clarkson  came  out  to  New  York,  as 
a  young  man,  in  1686,  probably  at  the  suggestion  of  his  brother-in-law,  Captain  Lodwyck. 
He  was  a  son  of  the  Keverend  David  Clarkson,  of  Yorkshire,  England,  an  eminent  noncon- 
formist divine  (Neal's  Puritans,  ii.,  332).  In  January,  1692,  Matthew  Clarkson  was  married 
to  Catherina,  daughter  of  Captain  Goosen  Gerritsen  van  Schaick,  deceased,  of  Albany,  and 
became  the  nncegtor  of  the  very  respectable  New  York  family  now  bearing  his  name. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  COMMANDER.  597 

open  them  if  they  should  be  tendered  to  him.     But  before  chap.  xn. 
the  three  counselors  could  meet  together  the  next  morning, 
Leisler  sent  a  lieutenant  and  two  sergeants  to  convey  Riggs  9  cecem.' 
to  the  fort.     At  Riggs's  request,  Yan  Cortlandt  and  Phil- 
lipse  attended  him  thither.     Leisler  peremptorily  demand- 
ed the  English  packets.     Phillipse  and  Van  Cortlandt,  on 
the  other  hand,  claimed  them  as  addressed  to  them,  being 
royal  counselors  deputed  by  the  lieutenant  governor  "to 
preserve  the  peace  during  his  absence  and  until  his  Majes- 
ty's pleasure  should  be  known."     Leisler  then  told  Riggs 
that  they  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  government,  that  they 
were  papists,  and  that  the  packets  belonged  to  and  were  di- 
rected to  him,  who  was  commander-in-chief  under  the  com- 
mission of  the  Council  of  Safety,  which  he  exhibited.    Upon 
this  Riggs  surrendered  his  dispatches  to  Leisler,  who  gave  The  dis. 
him  a  receipt,  and,  turning  to  the  two  counselors,  called  given  to 
them  "Popishly  affected,  Dogs  and  Rogues,"  and,  with 
"  many  opprobrious  words,"  ordered  them  out  of  the  fort, 
"  for  they  had  no  business  there."* 

These  dispatches  from  England  which  Leisler  thus  seized 
were  certainly  intended  for  Nicholson,  or,  in  his  absence,  intention 
for  the  three  counselors  whom  he  had  left  in  charge  of  the 
province.  William's  letter  of  30  July  meant  Francis  Nich- 
olson, and  no  one  else,  as  his  "  Lieutenant  Governor  and 
commander  in  chief"  of  New  York,  and  authorized  him  to 
perform  the  duties  of  that  office.  In  Nicholson's  absence, 
those  duties  were  to  be  executed  by  "  such  as  for  the  time 
being  take  care  for  preserving  the  peace,"  etc.,  in  the  prov- 
ince ;  and  this  duty  William  expected  would  be  done  by 
his  resident  counselors  Phillipse,  Yan  Cortlandt,  and  Bay- 
ard, of  whom  the  first  named  was  to  act  as  "  president,"  ac- 
cording to  the  commissions  given  by  his  predecessor  to  Don- 
gan  and  Andros,  the  words  of  which  were  followed  in  that 
w^hich  he  himself  gave  to  Sloughter.  The  king's  letter, 
therefore,  was  intended  for,  and  ought  to  have  been  deliv- 
ered to,  the  oldest  counselor,  Frederick  Phillipse,  who 
should  then  have  acted  as  President  of  New  York.f 

•  Col. Doc,  iii.,  633-635, 64S,  649, 654,  656,  664, 675, 676, 759 ;  Doc. Hist.,  11., 28, 3S,  228, 232, 
246 ;  Smith,  1.,  94 ;  Dunlap,  i.,  166, 167 ;  Wood,  106  ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (1S6S),  299,  326,  360, 
378. 

t  Col.  Doc,  ill.,  3S2, 542, 595, 606,  628,  633, 649, 675, 685, 759 ;  iv.,  1018 ;  ante,  570.  Dun- 
iap, i,  166,  alters  the  address  on  the  king's  letter  from  such  as  '■'•take  care^"  etc.,  to  such 
as  '■'■takes  care  "  ani  argues  that  '■'thus  the  person  at  the  head  of  the  Government"  mean- 


598  '         HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chat.  xii.  But  Leislei*  had  now  gotten  the  king's  letter  in  his  hands. 
It  was  the  first  royal  letter  he  had  seen.  It  was  a  sort  of 
Godsend,  and  he  determined  to  use  it  for  his  own  advan- 
tage. The  train-band  captain  was  in  possession  of  the  fort 
of  New  York ;  and  in  August,  ten  of  his  tools,  calling  them- 
selves a  "  Committee  of  Safety,"  had  signed  a  commission 
appointing  him  to  be  "  commander  in  chief"  of  the  whole 

Leisier'3  proviucc.  This  impudent  assumption  of  authority  had  been 
rejected  by  all  the  counties  of  the  province  except  those 
near  the  gmis  of  Fort  William.  But  the  German  dema- 
gogue, who  had  hitherto  pretended  that  "  the  people"  of 
New  York  had  given  him  power,  now  changed  his  tactics. 
Leisler  saw  that  the  time  had  come  when  he  might,  with 
equal  right,  pretend  that  he  was  the  royal  instead  of  the 
democratic  chief  of  New  York,  and  he  acted  boldly,  yet 
cunningly.  He  carefully  concealed  William's  letter  to 
Nicholson  from  all  except  his  own  adherents,  because  he 
knew  that  it  had  not  been  meant  for  him ;  but  he  auda- 
ciously declared  that "  he  had  received  a  commission  to  be 
their  Majesties'  Lieutenant  Governor,  and  that  all  their  ac- 
tions were  well  approved  of."*  Finding  that  this  false- 
hood was  believed,  Leisler  unwarrantably  "  esteemed  his 
own  authority  to  have  received  the  royal  sanction."  He 
at  once  assumed  the  station  and  the  title  of  "  Lieutenant 

10  Decern.  Govcmor"  of  New  York,  and  he  caused  William  and  Mary 
to  be  proclaimed  anew,  according  to  the  form  which  the 
English  Pri\'y  Council  had  directed  Nicholson,  or  his  coun- 

n  Decern,  sclors,  to  follow.  The  next  day  Leisler  called  together  De 
la  Noy,  Edsall,  Beekman,  and  others  of  his  friends,  to  ad- 
vise who  should  be  his  council.  The  king's  directions  to 
Nicholson  were  that  tliese  counselors  should  be  "  the  prin- 
cipal freeholders  and  inhabitants."  Among  these  were  as- 
suredly Phillipse,  Yan  Cortlandt,  Bayard,  and  Minvielle,  of 
New  York ;  Smith,  Nicolls,  and  Younge,  of  Long  Island ; 
Schuyler,  Wessels,  Bleecker,  Yan  Schaick,Yan  Bensselaer, 
and  Li^^ngston,  of  Albany — all  of  them  good  Protestants. 
But  the  devotees  to  himself  whom  Leisler  selected  as  his 
advisers  were  Peter  de  la  Noy,  Samuel  Staats,  Hendrick 

ing  Leisler,  "was  empowered  to  take  the  chief  command"  of  the  province,  which  was  not 
the  case.     C.  F.  Hoffman  reiterates  Dunlap  :  Sparks'a  Am.  Biog.,  xiii.,  210. 

*  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  COG,  670,764.     William'ri  letter  to  Nicholson  "  was  not  openly  communi- 
cated" to  the  people  during  Leisler'a  rule :  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  209, 221. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  599 

Jansen,  and  Johannes  Yermilye,.for  New  York ;  Gerardus  cuap.xil 
Beekman,  for  Kings ;  Samuel  Edsall,  for  Queens ;  Thomas 
Williams,  for  Westchester ;  and  William  Lawrence,  for  Or-  Leiaier-s " 
ange.     Most  of  these  had  been  members  of  the  late  "  Com-  counselors.. 
mittee  of  Safety,"  and  all  of  them  were  now  chosen  by 
Leisler  to  be  his  royal  counselors,  because  he  knew  they 
were  "  for  his  turn."     Jacob  Milborne  was  appointed  sec- 
retary of  the  province  and  clerk  of  the  Council,  and  he, 
with  De  la  l^oy,  Staats,  and  Edsall,  formed  Leisler's  "  root," 
or  cabinet.     On  Sunday  the  German  usurper  took  his  seat 
in  the  governor's  pew  in  the  old  Dutch  church,  "with  a 
large  carpet  before  liim,"  while  his  new  advisers  sat  in  the 
Council's  pew ;  and  thus  a  vulgar  vanity  was  gratified.* 

As  the  king's  provincial  seal  for  New  York  of  1687  had 
been  broken  by  Andros  in  1688,  another  was  manufactured  Leisier 
by  altering  the  Duke  of  York's  coronet  in  his  old  seal  of  seai  for 
1669,  and  placing  the  crown  of  England  in  its  stead.    Thus 
a  royal  prerogative  was  boldly,  perhaps  igiiorantly,  usurped 
by  Leisler.     It  was  also  ordered  and  proclaimed  that  the  ic  Decom. 
customs  and  excise  duties  settled  by  the  colonial  act  of 
1683  remained  in  force,  and  should  be  collected.     The  act  Duties  to 
had  been  disallowed  by  King  James,  but  the  duties  it  levied  ed.*"" 
had  been  continued  by  order  of  Dongan  and  his  Council. 
Leisler  himself  had  refused  to  pay  duties  under  that  order ; 
but  now  he  attempted  to  enforce,  by  his  own  arbitrary  de- 
cree, an  act  of  a  "  Popish  Governor,"  which  his  inconsistent 
logic  had,  up  to  this  time,  argued  to  be  "  null  and  void."t 

The  people,  however,  objected  to  Leisler's  proclamation, 
wliich  was  torn  down  from  the  door  of  the  custom-house, 
and  another  paper  affixed  in  its  place  showing  its  illegality. 
Upon  this  Leisler  issued  another  proclamation,  forbidding  20  Decem. 
any  person  to  deface  or  take  away  any  paper  aflSxed  "  by  objea!°^'* 
the  authority  of  this  Province  or  city."     Several  persons 
were  soon  arrested  under  this  order,  and  imprisoned  in  the  23  Decern, 
fort  during  Leisler's  will  and  pleasure.    Others  were  arrest- 
ed, and  bail  was  refused  until  they- would  petition  the  usurp- 
ing captain  for  release  under  the  title  of  "  Lieutenant  Gov- 
ernor.":}: 

'  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  605,600,636,656,676,764;  iv.,1111;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  26, 27,  28,  246;  Chal- 
mers's Ann.,!.,  592;  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  213;  Smith,  i.,  94;  Bancroft,  iii.,  52 ;  Dunlap,  i.,  166, 16S. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  357,  370, 676,  6T7,  673  ;  Iv.,  lOlS  ;  Doc  Hist.,  ii..  29, 30;  iv.,  1*,  2* ;  ante, 
157, 512, 559.  X  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  30 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  678-6S1. 


30  Decern. 


11  Jan 
IS  Jan, 


600  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.  xn.     New  commissions  were  quickly  issued  by  Leisler,  making 
his  friends  justices,  sheriffs,  and  military  officers  in  the  va- 

1689.  J        counties  of  New  York.     But  as  those  issued  by  Don- 

Decemoer.  ,      or 

Leisier's     pran  aud  Andros  were  generally  esteemed  to  be  in  full  force, 

new  com-     o  •>  -    •  ^^  iiti 

missions,  au  ordcr  was  issued  requiring  all  persons  holding  them  to 
surrender  them  to  the  nearest  magistrate,  and  all  who  re- 
fused were  "  to  be  deemed  and  esteemed  as  persons  ill-af- 
fected to  this  government,  and  unfit  for  bearing  office,  or 
having  any  trust  reposed  in  them  whatsoever,  and  to  be  re- 
garded as  the  case  shall  require."* 

1690.  Com-ts  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  were  also  commissioned 
for  New  York  and  Queens  county.  Finding  that  the  peo- 
ple would  not  obey  his  order  establishing  custom  and  ex- 

20  Jan.      cise  dutics,  Leisler  erected  a  Com-t  of  Exchequer.    This  tri- 
©Turte!*    bunal  quickly  summoned  the  recusants,  and  compelled  pay- 
ment by  distresses,  notwithstanding  Thomas  Clarke,  in  be- 
half of  the  defendants,  objected  that  no  member  of  the  pre- 
tended court  had  a  commission  from  King  William  to  be  a 
baron  of  his  exchequer.! 
7  Jan.  ^         Leisler  now  wrote  to  the  king  that  he  had  acted  on  the 
letrersM)    royal  letter  addressed  to  Nicholson, "  although  two  of  Sir 
Ind  Bkhop  Edmund  Andros's  Council  pretended  thereunto ;"  and  he 
Burnet,     ^^ggjared  that  his  conduct  was  "to  the  great  satisfaction  of 
the  generality"  of  his  majesty's  liege  subjects  in  the  gov- 
ernment.    Another  letter,  signed  by  Leisler  and  some  of 
his  Council,  was  addressed  to  Bishop  Burnet,  of  Salisbury, 
setting  forth  in  greater  detail  what  had  just  been  done  in 
New  York.     Both  these  letters  were  sent  by  way  of  Bos- 
ton, and  were  evidently  drawn  up  by  Jacob  Milborne,  the 
secretary  of  the  province  under  Leisier's  appointment.":}: 

As  it  was  known  that  the  king  had  ordered  that  Andros, 
Randolph,  West,  Farewell,  and  the  others  whom  the  Boston 
insm-gents  had  imprisoned  should  be  sent  to  London,  letters 
to  some  of  them  were  written  by  Bayard,  Yan  Cortlandt, 
Nicolls,  and  others,  which  were  given  by  Colonel  Lewis  Mor- 
ris to  the  post-rider,  John  Perr}^,  as  he  passed  his  house  in 
Westchester.    Fearing  that  the  truth  would  be  made  known 

*  Doc. Hist., ii., 32, 196-199. 

+  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  613,  673, 683 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxvi.,  142 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  36.  The  members 
of  Leisier's  Court  of  Exchequer  were  Samuel  Edsall,  Benjamin  Blagge,  Johannis  Provoost, 
Uendriclc  Jansen,  and  John  Couwenhoven. 

t  Col.  Doc., iiL, 653-657,  700,731;  Doc.  Hist.,  u.,  36, 247. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  601 

in  England,  Leisler  declared  that  he  had  "  detected  a  hell-  chap.  xii. 
ish  conspiracy"  to  subvert  the  king's  government  in  New 
York,  and  ordered  Lieutenant  Daniel  Terneure  to  arrest  3  j^^^    ' 
the  postman  to  Boston,  and  bring  him,  with  his  papers,  to 
the  fort.     Perry  was  accordingly  brought  before  Leisler, 
who  opened  and  read  the  letters  he  carried,  and  put  him  in  is  jan. 
prison.     As  they  reflected  on  him  very  severely,  Leisler  or-  ters  seized! 
dered  their  writers,  Bayard,yan  Cortlandt,  Brockholls,  Mor-  Their°writ- 
ris,  Mcolls,  and  Reed,  to  be  apprehended  and  brought  be-  apprehend- 
fore  him  for  "  writing  execrable  lies  and  pernicious  false-  ^^ 
hoods."     Private  correspondence,  proverbially  sacred,  was 
thus  violated  to  serve  a  partisan  despotic  power.     Leisler 
now  declared  '*'  that  he  was  invested  with  such  a  power  as 
in  a  little  time  he  could  command  the  head  of  any  man  in 
the  Province,  and  it  would  be  forthwith  brought  him." 
Bayard  and  Nicolls  were  soon  arrested  and  imprisoned  in  Bayardand 
the  fort ;  but  Van  Cortlandt  escaped.     The  low  spite  of  the  prS'one™' 
German  demagogue  was  chiefly  manifested  against  his  old 
colonel,  Bayard,  whom,  with  brutal  triumph,  he  caused  to 
be  carried  in  chains  around  the  ramparts  of  Fort  William. 
Ill  in  body,  and  dejected  in  spirit.  Bayard  was  obliged  to24jan.^ 
ask  freedom  from  his  upstart  persecutor  under  his  assumed 
style  of  "  Lieutenant  Governor"  of  New  York.     Even  this 
submission  produced  no  effect.    Abundant  bail  was  offered 
and  refused,  and  for  thirteen  months  Bayard  and  Nicolls 
were  kept  in  close  confinement,  while  their  houses  were  pil- 
laged to  gratify  the  vulgar  malice  of  Leisler  and  his  fol- 
lowers.* 

The  usurper  at  New  York  had  meanwhile  been  greatly  1689, 
troubled  that  Albany  would  not  submit  to  him.    Acquaint- 
ed by  Milborne  with  the  characters  of  the  principal  men 
there,  Leisler  acted  with  prompt  decision.     He  issued  hisssDecem. 
ovni  commission  to  Captain  Jochim  Staats  to  take  posses-  letters  to 
sion  of  "  the  fort  Orange,"  and  command  it  until  farther     *°^* 

•  Doc.  Hist.,  it,  32,  35, 36,  3T,  3S,  39, 101,  246,  247 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (1SC8),  379 ;  Col.  Doc., 
iiL,  657,  661-663,  682-684,  709,  T16,  721 ;  Dunlap,  i.,  168, 169, 171,  172 ;  ante,  593.  An  ac- 
count of  Leisler's  proceedings  to  the  2l8t  of  January,  1690,  was  drawn  up — prohably  by  Bay- 
ard and  Nicolls,  and  their  friends — which  they  meant  to  have  presented  to  the  Mayor's 
Court  of  New  York  on  the  25th  of  January.  But  the  "fury  and  rage"  of  Leisler  prevent- 
ed this,  and  their  paper,  under  the  title  of  "A  modest  and  Impartial  Narrative,"  etc.,  was 
printed  at  Boston,  and  afterward  reprinted  at  London:  CoL  Doc.,iii.,665-6S4;  Dunlap,!., 
167, 169.  It  is  written  with  acrimony,  and  perhaps  is  somewhat  unjust ;  yet,  without  its  help, 
a  fair  account  of  New  York  affairs  at  that  time  could  not  now  be  given.  This  pamphlet 
was  not  printed  at  New  York,  as  its  title-pags  states,  for  there  was  no  press  there  in  1690. 


602 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


cuAP.  xrr. 


1689. 


1690. 

11  Jan. 

Convention 

assembled. 


12  Jan. 


Schuyler 

opposeg 

Leisler'3 

preten- 

siona. 


Wendell 
nnd 

Bleecker 
do  tiot 
"  compre- 
hend." 


13  Jan. 
Albany 
Declara 
tion. 


orders.  Leisler  also  wrote  to  the  Albany  magistrates  and 
to  Staats,  directing  "  a  free  election"  to  be  made  for  a  may- 
or and  aldermen ;  but  he  carefully  named  the  persons  he 
was  "  willing  to  have  chosen,  if  the  people  will  elect  them."* 

When  these  letters  reached  Albany,  Schuyler  assembled 
the  Convention,  which  called  on  Staats  to  produce  his  or- 
ders, and  show  that  Leisler  had  been  made  lieutenant  gov- 
ernor by  the  king,  in  which  case  they  would  cheerfully  obey. 
Staats,  however,  only  exhibited  the  orders  sent  him  by  Leis- 
ler, but  not  the  king's  letter  to  Nicholson.  The  next  day 
the  officers  of  the  county  of  Albany  were  convened  to  give 
their  opinions  whether  Leisler  should  be  acknowledged  as 
lieutenant  governor.  Schuyler,  the  mayor,  voted  "  that  he 
can  not  acknowledge  the  said  Captain  Leisler  to  be  Lieu- 
tenant Governor  and  Commander  in  Chief  of  this  Prov- 
ince, nor  obey  his  orders,  'till  he  hath  shown  that  he  hath 
lawful  authority  from  his  most  sacred  majesty.  King  Wil- 
liam, so  to  be."  This  was  plain  good  sense.  The  other 
officers  were  "  of  the  same  opinion  with  the  mayor,"  except 
Captains  Wendell  and  Bleecker,  who  could  not  "  compre- 
hend" the  matter.  The  opinions  of  Captain  Bull  and  En- 
sign Bennet,  of  the  Connecticut  forces,  being  asked,  they 
said  that  for  any  thing  that  yet  had  been  seen  or  heard, 
they  had  "  no  reason  to  conclude  that  Captain  Jacob  Leis- 
ler is  either  Lieutenant  Governor  or  Commander  in  Chief 
of  the  Province  of  Kew  York."  Leisler's  cunning  in  "  not 
openly  communicating"  the  king's  letter  to  ISTicholson  thus 
served  "  his  turn,"  but  it  was  a  sad  calamity  to  the  prov- 
ince.f 

The  Albany  Convention  now  issued  the  ablest  document 
which  had  been  written  in  New  York  since  the  imprison- 
ment of  Andros.  It  declared  that  "  Jacob  Leisler,  of  the 
City  of  New  York,  merchant,"  with  "restless  and  ambitious 
spirit,"  had  assumed  unlawful  power  and  the  title  of  lieu- 
tenant governor  of  the  province,  "  without  the  least  shadow 
of  orders  or  authority  so  to  do  from  his  most  sacred  maj- 
esty King  William,"  and  that  the  king's  letter  to  Nicholson 
was  as  much  directed  to  them  in  Albany  as  it  was  to  Leis- 
ler in  New  York.     Moreover,  in  this  juncture  Leisler  had 


*  Doc.lIi3t  ,il.,nO,31,8I. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  COG,  070,  704 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  S2,  S3, 202,  221 ;  Dunlap,  i.,  103, 170. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  603 

made  "  new  confusion  when  peace  and  unity  is  most  requi-  cuap.  xii. 
site,"  by  sending  his  commissions  and  seditious  letters, "  so 
that  great  part  of  the  time  must  be  spent  to  defeat  the  said 
Leisler's  pernicious  and  malicious  designs  which  otherwise 
could  be  employed  to  resist  upon  all  occasions  the  common 
enemy."  Staats  was  therefore  prohibited  from  disturbing 
the  peace,  under  Leisler's  pretended  authority, "  upon  pain 
of  rebellion."  This  protest  was  published  with  great  for- 
mality "  in  English  and  Dutch"  before  the  churcli  and  at 
the  fort.  It  was  signed  and  sealed  by  all  the  county  offi- 
cers except  Captains  Wendell  and  Bleecker,  who  would 
"  have  nothing  to  doe  with  the  Protest,  when  they  heard  it 
read." 

The  logic  of  this  manifesto  could  not  be  confuted ;  but 
events  were  now  at  hand  which  subordinated  all  provincial 
jealousies.  Suspecting  that  the  French  intended  to  invade 
New  York,  the  Convention  employed  the  Mohawks  to  keep  20  jan.    -, 

Moliawk 

scouts  on  Lake  Champlain,  and  report  any  hostile  move- scouts. 
ment  at  once.     This  they  faithfully  promised  to  do;  but2ijan.    ] 
they  were  not  vigilant  enough.-' 

Upon  receiving  his  instructions,  Frontenac,  accompanied  1689. 
by  Calli^res,  had  set  out  from  Paris  full  of  hope,  anticipat-  ''"°^' 
ing  a  rapid  conquest  of  New  York.     But,  owing  to  various 
mischances,  it  was  not  until  the  middle  of  September  that  September. 
he  reached  Acadia,  whence  he  went  on  to  Quebec,  after  at  Quebec 
ordering  Caffiniere,  who  commanded  the  ships,  to  cruise  be- 
fore New  York  until  the  tenth  of  December,  when  lie  was 
to  return  to  France  if  no  news  reached  him  from  the  land 
side.     Crowds  welcomed  "  the  Pedeemer  of  Canada"  as  he  i'j  oct.    i 
landed  at  Quebec.     The  news  of  the  late  irruption  of  the 
Iroquois  at  Montreal  obliged  him  to  hasten  thither,  where  M  o*'*- 
he  found-  Denonville  in  great  embarrassment.     Frontenac  quest  of 
at  once  saw  that  the  projected  conquest  of  New  York  must  abandoned. 
be  abandoned.     The  Iroquois  and  the  English  were  both 
on  their  guard,  and  the  Canadians  reduced  to  the  defensive. 
Even  his  favorite  fort  at  Cataracouy,  whicli  bore  liis  own 
name,  had  been  evacuated.    Frontenac  had  reached  Canada 
fully  three  months  too  late.f 

•  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  83-87;  Dnnlap,  ii.,  170. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  621 ;  ix.,419,  429,  430,435-43S,462;  LaPotherie,ii.,233;  Hi., 59;  La  Hon- 
tan,  i.,  198-202 ;  Charlevoix,  ii.,  400-409 ;  Golden,  i.,  102, 103 ;  Smith,  i.,  101 ;  Ga-.Tieau,  L, 
274,804;  Bell,  i.,  297, 320-322;  Force'a  Tracts,  iv.,ix.,  41-43;  onf?,  547, 533. 


604  HISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.rxii,      To  conciliate  the  Iroquois,  Frontenac  dispatched  a  mes- 
^        sage  to  Onondaga  inviting  them  to  meet  again  at  Catara- 
French      ^ouj  their  "  old  Father,"  who  was  as  much  their  friend  as 
[hl^iro-  *°  6ver.     This  was  conveyed  by  three  of  the  savage  prisoners 
quois.       -^iio  had  been  brought  back  from  France,  while  Oreouate, 
or  Tawerahet,  the  Cayuga  chief,  in  whose  name  it  was  sent, 
remained  sumptuously  entertained  in  the  Castle  of  Saint 
Louis  at  Quebec.    Lamberville  also  wrote  to  Millet  at  Onei- 
da, and  Le  Moyne  and  Hertel  sent  wampum  belts.    When 
26  Decern,  the  messcugers  from  Canada  reached  Onondaga,  a  general 
council  was  summoned,  and  a  request  was  sent  to  Albany 
that  Schuyler  and  others  might  be  present  and  give  their 
advice.     The  Convention,  not  thinking  it  "convenient  at 
2T Decern,  this  juucture  to  scud  Christians,"  dispatched  three  "of  the 
most  prudent  Mohawks"  to  Onondaga,  to  recommend  the 
Iroquois  Council  not  to  hearken  to  the  French ;  to  inform 
them  that  a  governor  of  New  York  was  daily  expected  from 
England,  who,  it  was  hoped,  would  bring  orders  "  that  the 
English  may  unanimously  go  and  root  out  Canada ;"  and 
to  desire  them  to  hold  Millet  as  a  hostage  for  their  captured 
brethren,  and  send  to  Albany  the  letters  he  had  received 
1G90.  from  Canada.     A  few  days  afterward,  Tahajadoris,  one  of 
*  "^*°'       the  chief  Mohawk  sachems,  who  was  going  to  Onondaga, 
came  to  ask  "the  Brethren's  advice  how  to  act  there." 
5  Jan.       Upon  this,  the  Albany  officers  directed  Arnold  Cornelissen 
New  York.  Viclo,  the  interpreter,  to  go  thither,  with  Robert  Sanders, 
c  Jan.       and  fully  explain  their  message.     Its  purport  was,  that  the 
Iroquois  were  "  subjects  of  the  great  King  of  England,"  and 
should  not  hearken  to  the  French,  but  send  warriors  to  aid 
in  protecting  New  York  against  their  hostile  designs, "  since 
they  have  called  all  their  garrisons  together  to  Montreal."* 
22  Jan.  A  grand  Iroquois  council  now  assembled  at  Onondaga, 

quois  where  eighty  sachems  were  present.  The  Albany  messen- 
onondagL  gcrs  wcrc  addrcsscd  by  the  Onondaga  sachem  Sadekanac- 
tie,  who  told  them  what  the  French  had  sent  from  Canada. 
Adarahta,  the  chief  sachem  of  the  "  Praying  Indians"  near 
Montreal,  then  delivered  the  Canadian  wampum  belts.  Ta- 
hajadoris, the  Mohawk  sachem,  then  gave  the  message  he 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  733,  734;  ix.,  435, 430,465;  La  Potherie,  i.,  333;  iii.,  C3, 63,  70 ;  Charle- 
voix, ii.,  424,  425;  Colden,  i.,104,112, 113, 114;  Garneau,  i.,304;  BelI,i.,32S;  Smith,  i.,  102; 
Shea,32G,332;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  76-80;  Chalmers's  Ann.,  ii.,  69.  Colden  and  Smith,  ignorant 
of  the  real  reasons  why  its  officers  could  not  leave  Albany,  unjustly  reflect  on  their  conduct. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  605 

liad  received  at  Albany  "  word  for  word."  A  Seneca  sa-  cuap.  xir- 
chem,  Cannehoot,  followed  in  a  harangue  about  the  peace 
his  nation  had  made  with  the  Western  savages  against  the 
French,  and  gave  the  Council  a  calumet,  and  "a  red-marble 
sun  as  large  as  a  plate,"  as  tokens  of  friendship.  The  wam- 
pum belts  from  Albany  were  hung  up  in  the  Council  lodge, 
along  with  "  the  model  of  a  fish,"  sent  on  behalf  of  "  Kin- 
shon,"  or  New  England, "  as  a  token  of  their  adhering  to 
the  general  covenant."  The  superb  salmon  of  Maine  prob- 
ably furnished  the  image ;  yet  it  may  have  been  a  Massa- 
chusetts cod.* 

The  Onondao-a  Sadekanactie  then  said, "  Brethren,  we  stick  to 

o  _  '  '     ^     ''Quider. 

must  stick  to  our  Brother  Quider,  and  look  upon  Onnontio 
as  our  enemy,  for  he  is  a  cheat."t  All  this  passed  in  the 
presence  of  Millet,  as  an  adopted  sachem  of  the  Oneidas. 
The  letters  to  him  from  Canada  were  given  to  Yiele,  the 
Albany  interpreter,  who  urged  the  Council  not  to  hearken 
to  the  French.  The  Iroquois  orator  then  announced  the 
Albany  message :  "  Brethren,  our  fire  bm-ns  at  Albany ;  we 
will  not  send  Dekanesora  to  Cataracouy.  "We  adhere  to  our 
old  chain  with  Corlaer ;  we  will  prosecute  the  war  with  On- 
nontio, and  will  follow  your  advice  in  drawing  off  our  men 
from  Cataracouy.  Brother  Kinshon,  we  hear  you  design  to  Kinsiion, 
send  soldiers  to  the  eastward,  against  the  Indians  there ;  but 
we  advise  you,  now  so  many  are  united  against  the  French, 
to  fall  immediately  on  them.  Strike  at  the  root :— when 
the  trunk  shall  be  cut  down,  the  branches  fall  of  course. 
Corlaer  and  Kinshon,  courage !  courage !  In  the  spring  to  ^^^^^^to^ 
Quebec ;  take  that  place,  and  you  will  have  your  feet  on  bee. 
the  necks  of  the  French  and  all  their  friends  in  America." 
In  their  reply  to  Frontenac,  the  Council  refused  to  meet 
him  at  Cataracouy,  and  insisted  on  his  sending  back  all  tlie 
prisoners  that  had  been  taken  to  France.  The  Five  Nations, 
however,  were  not  unanimous.  Millet's  influence  was  strong 
enough  to  prevent  the  Oneidas  and  Cayugas  from  engaging 
themselves  against  the  French.  The  two  sachems  who  were 
sent  to  Albany  to  report  the  reply  of  the  Council  to  On- 

♦  Golden,  i.,  113-116,  ISO;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  79,  80.  The  Iroquois  allegorically  called  New- 
England  '■^Kinshon,"  after  Pynchon,  who  had  first  covenanted  with  them  in  167T:  ante, 
303 ;  MUlet's  letter  of  6  July,  1691,  p.  48. 

t  "By  Qrdder  they  meant  Peter  Schuyler,ihe  Mayor  of  Albany,  who  had  gained  a  con- 
siderable esteem  among  them ;  as  they  have  no  labeals  in  their  language,  they  pronounce 
Peter  by  the  sound  of  Quider :"  Golden,  i.,  16, 116 ;  ante,  309, 582. 


G06  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  XII.  nontio,  delivered  a  belt  to  Quide?',  or  Peter  Schuyler,  in 

"7"        which  only  three  axes  were  represented.* 

But  Frontenac  had  meanwhile  seen  that  the  only  way  in 
which  the  French  could  regain  the  respect  of  the  Iroquois 
was  to  strike  audacious  blows  against  the  English.  After 
sending  off  his  dispatches  to  France — among  which  was  a 
fresh  plan  of  Calli^res  for  the  conquest  of  New  York — the 

Frontenac  vigorous  old  govemor  organized  three  several  expeditions 

ttKeelx^-  against  the  English  neighboring  colonies — one  at  Montreal, 
to  invade  New  York ;  another  at  Three  Kivers,  to  attack 

28  Jan.  JSTcw  England,  between  Albany  and  Boston ;  and  a  third  at 
Quebec,  to  ravage  Maine.     The  party  from  Three  Rivers, 

27  March,  commandcd  by  Hertel,  destroyed  the  village  of  "  Semen- 
fels,"  or  Salmon  Falls,  now  Berwick,  in  New  Hampshire, 
and  joined  that  sent  from  Quebec  under  the  command  of 

Maiue.  Portneuf .  The  combined  expedition  then  burnt "  Kaskebe," 
or  Casco  Bay,  now  Portland,  and  alarmed  the  whole  eastern 
frontier  of  New  England.f 

Expedition     Frontcuac's  most  important  party  fi-om  Montreal  was 

sfhene*cta-  directed  against  New  York.     It  was  composed  of  two  hun- 

'^^'  dred  and  ten  men,  of  whom  eighty  were  "  Praying  Indians" 

from  Caghnawaga,  opposite  Montreal,  on  the  Saint  Law- 
rence, under  their  "  Great  Mohawk"  chief  Kryn ;  sixteen 
Algonquins,  and  the  remainder  Canadian  traders,  or  "  bush 
rangers."  The  expedition  was  commanded  by  Sainte  He- 
15ne  and  Mantel,  Canadian  lieutenants,  under  whom  were 
Iberville,  Repentigny,  Bonrepos,  La  Brosse,  Montigny,  and 

February,  othcr  oificcrs,  as  voluutccrs.  Early  in  February  the  party 
set  out  from  Montreal,  and,  after  marching  several  days, 
held  a  council  to  determine  which  was  the  best  point  to  at- 
tack. The  French  officers  wished  to  go  directly  to  Albany ; 
but  the  converted  Mohawks,  who  knew  the  country  well, 
opposed  this,  and  it  was  decided  to  march  on  Schenectady. 
After  a  severe  tramp  over  an  intensely  cold  desert  covered 

Nearsche-  with  suow,  tlic  expedition  halted  within  two  leagues  of 

^SgFtb.     Schenectady  about  four  o'clock  on  a  Saturday  afternoon. 

*  Colden,  i.,  116-110, 18S ;  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  465,  466 ;  La  Potherie,  iii.,  63-6T ;  Ch-irlevoix,  ii., 
425-427 ;  Smith,  i.,  102, 103 ;  Chalmers,  ii.,  69 ;  Millet's  letter  of  6  July,  1691, 41-46, 51 ;  aiUc, 
582,584.    The  French  wrote  Schuyler's  Indian  name  of  Quider^  "Kouiter." 

t  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  70S,  720;  ix.,  42S-439,  464,  471-473;  La  Potherie,  iii.,  61,  76-79;  Charle- 
voix, ii.,  409, 410 ;  iii.,  63, 72-79  ;  Maine  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  201-205 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxvi.,  210 
-218;  XXXV.,  253;  Belknap,  i.,  207,203;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  146;  Garneau,  i.,  306,  30T,  308;  Bell, 
i.,  325. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  607 

Tlie  great  Mohawk,  Kryn,  harangued  his  "  praying"  coun-  chap.  xii. 

trymen,  and  exhorted  them  to  aveno;e  the  massacre  of  the  ~~ 
-n  •  1690 

French  at  Lachine.     A  reconnoitring  party  was  sent  out,  ^^.^^  j, J 

which  reported  that  Schenectady  was  unprepared  for  at- '''^"sues. 

tack ;  and  a  little  before  midnight  the  exhausted  Canadians, 

benumbed  with  cold,  and  ready  to  surrender  themselves  if 

they  had  been  summoned,  advanced  on  the  devoted  village. 

Schenectady  was  indeed  lamentably  unready.     Reliance  condition 
had  been  placed  on  the  vigilance  of  the  Mohawk  scouts  tad/.  **" 
whom  the  Albany  authorities  had  dispatched  toward  Lake 
Champlain,  but  who  had  not  seen  the  French  expedition. 
Leisler's  recent  letters  had  excited  bitter  party  spirit  in  the 
village ;  neighbor  was  set  against  neighbor,  and  no  watch 
was  kept,  "  notwithstanding  several  gentlemen  of  Albany, 
no  longer  than  three  days  before,  were  up  there  to  persuade 
them  to  it."    The  villagers  thought  that  in  that  bitter  weath- 
er no  foe  could  march  on  them  from  Canada,  forgetting 
that  exactly  twenty-four  yeai-s  before  Courcelles  had  gal- 
lantly demonstrated  the   endurance   of  his  countrymen.* 
Disregarding  the  warnings  of  Talmage  and  his  guard,  they  careless- 
gayly  spent  their  Saturday  evening  within  their  warm  houses,  fihlm-  ^ 
leaving  open  both  the  gates  of  their  stockade,  and,  instead  '^°*^" 
of  living  sentinels,  placing  in  mockery  images  of  snow. 

The  village  of  Schenectady,  at  that  time  the  western  fi'on- 
tier  post  of  ISTew  York,  contained  upward  of  eighty  well- 
built  and  well-furnished  houses,  and  formed  an  oblong,  sur- 
rounded by  a  palisade,  which  could  be  entered  by  only  two 
gates.  One  of  these,  on  the  west  side,  commanded  the  road 
to  the  Mohawk  country ;  the  other,  on  the  east  side,  that  to 
Albany,  and  both  were  now  left  "wide  open."  At  mid- 
night the  French,  under  Sainte  Hel^ne  and  Mantel,  entered  ThePrench 
by  the  Mohawk  gate  through  a  driving  snow.  The  vil- bum  sche- 
lagers  were  all  asleep  in  their  houses,  after  their  evening's  ^^^th^ 
revelry.  The  "  small  fort"  where  Talmage  and  his  garri- 
son kept  watch  was  the  only  place  "under  arms."  This 
was  at  once  attacked  by  Mantel ;  "  the  gate  was  burst  in 
after  a  good  deal  of  difficulty,  the  whole  set  on  fire,  and  all 
who  defended  the  place  slaughtered."  The  sack  of  the  ^dl- 
lage  at  the  same  time  began  with  a  war-whoop  "  given  In- 
dian fashion."     Few  houses  made  any  resistance.     Adam 

•  Oa  the  9tli  of  February,  IGGG ;  see  anie,  103. 


608  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XII.  Vrooman  secured  quarter  by  a  brave  defense,  and  another 
house,  belonging  to  a  widow,  was  saved  because  Montigny 
had  been  carried  into  it  after  being  severely  wounded.  The 
house  of  the  Dutch  domine,  Petrus  Tesschenmaeker,  had 
been  "  ordered  to  be  saved,  so  as  to  take  him  alive  to  obtain 
information  from  him ;"  but,  as  it  was  not  known,  it  was 
Domine  destroyed  with  the  others,  and  the  domine  and  his  papers 
maeker  perislicd.  His  head  was  put  on  a  pole  and  carried  to  Can- 
ada. The  massacre  lasted  two  hours,  and  then  the  assail- 
ants took  "  some  rest."  With  barbaric  ferocity,  the  Iroquois 
atrocities  at  Lachine  were  avenged  by  French  "  Praying  In- 
dians" at  Schenectady.  "  No  pen  can  write  nor  tongue  ex- 
press," were  Schuyler's  words,  the  terrors  of  that  cruel  night. 
Sixty  persons,  including  Talmage  and  several  of  his  Con- 
Kiued  and  uccticut  soldicrs,  were  killed,  and  an  equal  number  of  old 
prisoners.  ^^^^^^  wouicu,  and  children,  who  escaped  the  first  fury  of  the 
attack,  were  made  prisoners.  Twenty-five  almost  naked 
survivors  fled  from  their  burning  homes,  and  pushed  their 
miserable  way  through  the  snow  to  Albany.  Some  thirty 
Iroquois,  who  were  lodging  in  the  village,  were  spared, "  in 
order  to  show  them  that  it  was  the  English,  and  not  they, 
against  whom  the  grudge  was  entertained." 

At  daybreak  a  party  was  sent  to  the  house  of  Captain 
Alexander  Glen,  at  "  Scotia,"  on  the  north  side  of  the  Mo- 
hawk River,  about  half  a  mile  above  Schenectady.  Glen, 
who  was  the  chief  magistrate  of  the  village,  and  supported 
the  Albany  Convention,  had  become  so  unpopular  among 
the  partisans  of  Leisler  at  Schenectady  that  they  threaten- 
ed "  to  bum  him  upon  the  fire"  if  he  came  on  guard  with 
Glen,  or  them.  The  English  called  him  "  Captain  Sander,"  and  tlie 
coudre.'  French  "  Coudre."  Seeing  that  he  was  on  his  guard,  the 
French  told  him  that  they  had  resolved  that  he  and  all  his 
relations,  und  all  his  property,  should  be  safe,  in  consequence 
of  the  good  treatment  which  their  countrymen  had  received 
from  his  father,  his  brother,  himself,  and  his  wife.  Glen, 
thus  assm'ed,  accompanied  the  party  to  Schenectady,  where 
the  French  officers  were  directing  the  conflagration.  A 
few  houses,  which  he  said  were  his,  were  spared,  and  sev- 
eral women  and  children,  who  claimed  affinity  with  him, 
were  released  from  captivity.  The  Canadian  savages,  ob- 
serving the  number  of  their  prisoners  so  greatly  reduced, 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  609 

complained  that  "every  one  seemed  to  be  a  relation  of  Con-  cuap.xii. 

dre's."  ^  "l690~ 

It  was  well  for  the  French  that  they  listened  to  their  In- 
dian advisers,  and  did  not  attack  Albany,  where  they  would 
have  been  annihilated  by  the  vigilance  of  Schuyler.  The 
next  day  they  hastily  collected  their  twenty-seven  prisoners  M  ^^^- 

,  The  French 

and  their  plunder,  among  which  were  "  fifty  good  horses,'  return  to 
and  set  out  on  their  retmii  to  Canada,  having  caused  a  loss 
in  Schenectady  of  "  more  than  four  hundred  thousand  li- 
vres."  The  retreating  Canadians  suffered  from  hunger  and 
disease ;  thirty-four  of  their  fifty  captured  horses  were  eaten 
for  food,  and  Mohawk  war-parties  cut  off  many  stragglers. 
At  length  the  remnant  of  Frontenac's  New  York  expedi- 
tion returned  to  Montreal  with  its  surviving  prisoners,  hop- 1|  March, 
ing  that  it  had  "  greatly  retrieved,  in  the  estimation  of  the 
barbarians,  the  reputation  of  the  French  arms."* 

The  terrible  intelligence  from  Schenectady  was  brought  9  Feb. 

.  The  news 

to  Albany  about  five  o'clock  on  Sunday  morning  by  Symon  at  Albany. 
Schermerhorn,  who,  wounded  himself,  and  on  a  lame  horse, 
had  tediously  worked  his  path  there  by  way  of  JS^iskayuna. 
Schuyler  quickly  fired  the  guns  of  the  fort  to  summon  the 
people ;  and  an  express  was  sent  through  the  deep  snow  to 
Esopus,  and  to  Kinderhook,  and  Claverack,  for  assistance  to 
Albany,  which  it  was  supposed  would  be  next  attacked. 
The  next  day,  however,  Bull  was  sent  with  a  party  to  Sche-  lo  Feb. 
nectady  to  bury  the  dead  and  pursue  the  enemy.     Leisler's 
letters  were  "  found  all  bloody"  in  the  streets.     The  French 
were  pursued  as  far  as  Crown  Point,  whence  the  Mohawks 
followed  them  to  Canada,  and  killed  and  took  twenty-five.f 
Remembering  the  advice  of  the  sachems  at  Onondaga, 
the  Convention  quickly  wrote  to  the  governments  of  Mas-  is  Feb. 
sachusetts,  Connecticut,  Maryland,  and  Virginia,  and  to  "the  vise^°nat- 
civil  and  military  officers  of  New  York,"  desiring  them  "  to  c^ada. 
join  together,  that  Quebec  may  be  taken  by  water  in  the 
spring."     Thus  from  Albany,  in  the  midst  of  its  distress, 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  700,  T08, 716,  727 ;  ix.,  466-469 ;  La  Hontan,  i.,  204;  La  Potherie,  iii.,  67- 
70;  Charlevoix,  iii.,  63-68 ;  Colden,  i.,  121-123 ;  Chalmers,  ii.,  69,  70 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  186-195 ; 
N.Y.  H.S.Pi-oc,  1846,  App.,  101-123;  Coll.  (1S6S),  403 ;  Mather,  ii.,  595;  Smith,  i.,  103-105 ; 
Trumbull,  i.,  379, 380;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxv.,  230,268;  Garneau,  i.,  305,  307;  Bell,  i.,  323, 
324 ;  Dankers  and  Sluyter,  315,  316 ;  Dunlap,  i.,  175-179 ;  aiite,  329, 583.  I  refer  with  some 
diffidence  to  such  a  blundering  "■  authority"  as  Dunlap,  who  persistently  substitutes  the 
name  of '■^  Frontiffnac"  the  wine,  for  that  of"  Fronlenac"  the  governor. 

t  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,18S-193;  ii.,  87,88;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  708;  Colden,  i.,  123. 

II.— Q  Q 


610  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cn.vp.  xir.  came  the  first  suggestion  of  a  union  of  the  English  colonies 

to  attack  the  French.* 
o?w  ^  The  sachems  of  the  Mohawk  castles  now  came  to  Alba- 

2a  i  eb. 

The  Mo-     jjy  to  condole  with  its  masristrates  on  the  calamity  at  Sche- 

hawks  at         »'  ~  •' 

Albany,  ncctadj,  which  they  could  not  call  a  French  victoiy, "  for  it 
is  done  by  way  of  deceit."  With  many  Avamjjum  belts, 
they  desired  to  wipe  away  all  tears,  and  urge  those  who 
wished  to  go  to  New  York  not  to  leave  Albany.  "  If  the 
enemy  should  hear  that,  it  would  much  encourage  them ; 
we  are  of  the  race  of  the  bear,  and  a  bear  does  not  yield 
as  long  as  therQ  is  a  drop  of  blood  in  its  body.  We  must 
all  be  so."  Three  years  before  they  would  have  humbled 
the  French  if  they  had  not  been  prevented  by  Dongan,  who 
was  then  "  Corlaer ;"  but  now, "  let  us  go  on  briskly  with 
the  war."  "  Let  us  not  be  discouraged ;  the  French  are 
not  so  many  as  people  talk  of ;  if  we  but  mind  our  busi- 
ness, they  can  be  subdued  by  the  assistance  of  our  neigh- 
bors of  New  England,  whose  interest  it  is  to  drive  on  this 
war  as  much  as  ours,  that  it  may  be  speedily  ended."  The 
2G  Feb.  Albany  magistrates  the  next  day  answered  their  brethren, 
nesT  of  Mo- reproving  the  carelessness  of  the  Mohawk  scouts,  who  had 
HcZts  given  no  notice  of  the  French  approach,  and  informing  them 
that  letters  had  already  been  sent  to  the  English  colonies  to 
urge  the  capture  of  Quebec,  and  promising  that  special  mes- 
sengers should  be  sent  to  New  York  and  New  England  "on 
purpose  to  la}^  open  the  case  before  them,  and  to  move  them 
to  rig  out  vessels  not  only  to  hinder  succor  coming  from 
France,  but  to  take  Quebec  itself,  as  also  to  send  more  men 
hither,  that  we  may  then  send  men  along  with  you  to  an- 
noy the  enemy  in  their  country."  Thus  the  Albany  offi- 
cers in  February  foreshadowed  the  campaign  which  was  at- 
tempted the  following  summer.  At  the  same  time  they  ex- 
plained that  Dongan  had  acted  under  the  orders  of  a  king 
who  "  was  a  papist,  and  a  great  friend  of  the  French ;  but 
our  present  Great  King  will  pursue  the  war  to  the  utmost." 
r.pqnen  to  They  also  desired  the  Mohawks  to  persuade  the  Oneidas  to 
to  Albany,  scud  Millet  to  Albany ;  "  for  you  have  seen  how  dangerous 
it  is  to  have  such  persons  among  you,  who  inform  the  ene- 
my of  all  your  doings,  and  discover  all  our  designs."  The 
Mohawk  sachems  shouted  their  approval,  and  replied, "  We 

*  DocUist.,  ii.,S9,03;  Golden,  i,  117;  ante,C05. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  Gil 

will  go  with  a  whole  army  to  ruin  the  French  country ;  chap.  xii. 
the  business  must  be  soon  brought  to  a  period ;  therefore 
send  in  all  haste  to  New  England,  for  we  nor  you  cannot 
live  long  in  this  condition ;  we  must  order  it  so  that  the 
French  be  in  a  continual  fear  and  alarm."* 

The  Albany  Convention  accordingly  dispatched  Barent-  2t  Feb. 

Barentsen 

sen  to  N^ew  York,  with  instructions  to  wait  on  Governor  dispatcbcd 
Sloughter  "if  he  be  arrived,  otherwise  on  the  authority  York, 
there,"  and  urge  "  that  every  one  exert  his  power  to  crush 
the  common  enemy ;"  that  men  and  supplies  be  sent  to  Al- 
bany ;  and  that  the  people  in  the  metropolis  should  "  bring 
all  their  sea-force  together,  to  unite  with  our  neighbors  of 
Boston  to  attack  Canada."     Livingston  and  Teunissen,  of  s  Jiarcii. 

.      ,  4  March. 

Albany,  and  Garton,  of  Ulster,  were  also  commissioned  to  Living- ' 
hasten  to  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts,  and  ask  that  Cap-  nissen,  and 
tain  Bull  and  his  company  should  be  allowed  to  remain; sent tTcon. 
that  more  men  and  supplies  be  sent  to  Albany ;  and  that  and  Massa- 
botli  those  colonies  should  unite  with  New  York  in  attack-  '=^"^^"^- 
ing  Quebec  by  sea,  which  "  was  but  meanly  fortified  and 
few  men  there,  the  strength  of  Canada  being  drawn  up  to 
Montreal,  which  the  French  have  fortified."f 

The  idea  of  a  confederation  of  British  North  American 
Plantations  originated  in  New  England  in  1643.     The  pol- 
icy of  consolidating  his  colonies,  to  make  them  "  terrible  to 
the  French,"  was  the  thought  of  James  the  Second  in  1688. 
The  patriotic  purpose  of  a  union  of  all  the  English  depend-  The  union 
encies  in  North  America,  from  Virginia  to  New  England,  Bruisi/coi- 
against  a  common  enemy,  was  inspired  by  the  New  York  agLILt 
Iroquois,  and  formally  propomided  by  the  Albany  Conven-  Albany ''" 
tion  in  February,  1690.     From  Schuyler  and  his  associates  "^^'"' 
just  praise  should  not  be  withheld. 

When  the  news  from  Schenectady  reached  the  provincial  is  Feb. 
capital,  Leisler  "  made  an  alarm,"  and  disarmed  and  impris-  piisonsAn- 
oned  about  forty  officers  who  held  Andros's  commissions.  Jrs.lnd' 
Warrants  were  also  issued  against  Dongan,  Willet,  Hicks,  mnte  ^^^' 

against 
^  Dongan 

*  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  91-r5 ;  Golden,  i.,  123-12T:  Smith,  i.,  105,  lOG;  N.  Y.  11.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  105-  and  others. 
109;  Fioc,  ISIG,  122, 123 ;  Millet's  letter  of  C  July,  1691,  49.     Golden  paraphrases  rather 
than  copie.s  Livingston's  verbatim  account,  which  I  follow,  and  postdates  the  interview  of 
25  Februaiy  on  25  March,  1690.     Compare  N.  Y.  IL  S.  Coll.  (ISGO),  le.VlSG. 

t  Doc.  Hist,  ii.,  95-99  ;  Col.  Doc,  iii..  692-098,  70.3-T10.  Captain  Thomas  Garton,  of  li- 
ster, had  married  Ann  Tye,  who,  after  the  decease  of  her  first  husband,  Captain  Daniel  Broii- 
liead,  in  1G67,  espoused  his  former  subordinate,  William  Nottingham,  and  was  left  a  second 
time  a  widow :  N.  Y.  U.  S.  Coll.  (ISGS),  1S5 ;  Munsell'g  A!b.  Coll.,  iii. ;  ante,  123, 157. 


612  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  xn.  aud  others,  and  the  sheriffs  of  the  neighboring  counties 

were  directed  to  secure  "  all  such  persons  who  are  reputed 

IbJO.   pa^pjg|;g^  QY  iiold  or  maintain  any  commissions"  fi-om  Don- 

gan  or  Andros.     Yan  Cortlandt,  BrockhoUs,  and  Plowman 

21  Feb.      were  ordered  to  be  arrested.     Finding  himself  thus  perse- 

Dongan  in  cuted,  Dougau  left  his  house  at  Hempstead  and  went  to  ISTew 

fey^''"''    Jersey,  whence  he  came  to  Boston  to  "be  quiet."     "Van 

Cortlandt  escaped  to  New  England.     Hamilton,  Townley, 

Pinhorne,  and  other  New  Jersey  gentlemen,  dared  not  come 

to  New  York  for  fear  of  Leisler's  despotic  tastes.    To  such 

a  degree  did  he  gratify  his  appetite  for  imprisoning,  that 

Alderman  Kip,  a  deacon  in  the  Dutch  Church,  was  sent  to 

jail "  for  going  in  the  church  to  old  Mr.  Beekman  to  receive 

the  alms  before  he  went  to  young  Henry  the  baker,"  who 

was  one  of  the  Council.* 

Wrongly  blaming  the  Albany  Convention  for  the  calam- 
ity at  Schenectady,  which  was  owing  to  his  own  intrigues, 
21  Feb.      Leisler  dispatched  Counselors  Yermilye  and  Blagge,  with 
Secretary  Milborne,  to  New  Haven,  where  they  had  a  con- 
ference with  Treat  and  AUyn,  the  governor  and  secretary 
24  Feb.      of  Couuecticut.     The  New  York  agents  desired  that  the 
agents  in    Couuecticut  forccs  should  not  obey  the  Albany  Convention, 
connecti-  -^^^  Lcisler.    AUyn,  in  behalf  of  Connecticut,  advised  "  hope- 
ful and  peaceable  measures  for  a  right  understanding"  be- 
tween the  rival  authorities  at  New  York  and  Albany,  and 
thought  that  the  latter  would  jield  when  they  saw  the  king's 
letters  to  Nicholson.    But  this  did  not  satisfy  Leisler.    He 
1  March,    caused  Milborne  to  charge  Treat  and  the  Connecticut  mag- 
istrates with  being  upholders  of  "  rebellion"  in  Albany,  and 
demanded  that  Allyn  especially  should  be  prosecuted  as  a 
5  March,    traitor.    Allyn  calmly  rebuked  Leisler's  "  angry  letter,  stuff- 
bukedb^y   ed  with  unjust  calumniating  charges,"  and  declared  that 
connecti-  ^|^^  Conuccticut  govemmeut  had  advised  the  gentlemen  of 
Albany  "  not  to  contend,  but  to  submit  to  the  present  pow- 
er in  the  Province  of  New  York,  and  to  unite  as  one  man 
to  oppose  the  common  enemy ."f 
4  March.        Adopting  the  Albany  suggestion  of  15  February,  Leisler 
Maiyiand  wi'otc  to  Coodc,  of  Maryland,  asking  him  to  assist  New  York 

find  Massa-  «/  ■'  o 

chuaetts.'"    "  to  dcstroy  or  take  Canada,"  and  to  invite  Yirginia  to  join. 

•  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  41,  43, 103 ;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  C36,  701, 716, 719, 721 ;  Wood,  lOS. 
^  t  Doc.  Hist.,  ;L,  40,  43-40, 103 ;  Dunlap,  i.,  1S0-1S3. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  613 

At  the  same  time  he  asked  Bradstreet  what  assistance  Mas-  chap.  xii. 

sachiisetts  would  sive,  chargino;  that  Connecticut  had  "  re-  ^TZ 

1  fiQO 
fused  to  advise"  with  New  York.     The  next  day,  hearing  ' 

that  Livingston  had  gone  on  his  mission  to  Boston,  Leisler 

dispatched  Blagge  thither,  and  Terneure  to  Hartford,  to  ap-  5  March. 

prehend  him  under  a  general  warrant,  which  alleged  that  against 

he  had  doubted  the  success  of  the  Prince  of  Orange's  inva-  '^*°^''°°- 

sion  of  England."* 

On  reaching  Hartford,  Livingston  and  his  colleagues  ex-  ii  March. 
plained  to  Treat  and  his  council  the  condition  of  affairs  at 
Albany,  and  in  a  powerful  memorial  urged  a  union  of  all 
the  English  colonies  "  by  sea  and  land  to  invade  and  sub- 
due Canada."     The  Connecticut  authorities,  however,  in- 12  March, 
sisted  on  recalling  Bull  and  his  soldiers  from  Albany.    At  connecti- 
the  same  time,  they  informed  Leisler  that  his  warrant  to  ap- 
prehend Livingston  was  defective,  and,  promising  to  join 
"  with  all  the  rest  of  the  Colonies  and  Provinces  in  this  wil- 
derness to  do  what  we  shall  judge  necessary  to  manage  the 
design  against  the  French,"  advised  moderation  and  as  lit- 
tle alteration  as  possible  among  the  officers  at  Albany,  so 
"  that  nothing  be  done  to  discourage  the  Five  Nations  in 
amity  with  us."t 

From  Hartford  the  Albany  agents  hastened  to  Boston,  20  March, 
where  they  earnestly  pressed  the  capture  of  Quebec,  which 
would  be  "  the  downfall  of  Anti-christ,"  and  the  plunder 
would  "  ten  times  pay  the  charge  of  the  expedition."     La- 
menting the  distractions  in  New  York,  where,  by  reason  of 
Leisler's  ambition, "  there  is  neither  pleasure  nor  satisfac- 
tion to  be  in  office,"  they  set  forth  the  influence  the  French 
had  gained  over  the  Iroquois  by  their  Jesuit  missionaries, 
and  urged  that  "  young  divines"  should  be  sent  from  Mas- 
sachusetts "  to  instruct  the  Indians,  especially  the  Mohawks, 
in  the  true  Protestant  religion,  since  divers  have  an  inclina- 
tion to  it,  one  being  by  the  great  pains  and  industry  of  our 
minister,  Domine  Dellius,  brought  so  far  that  he  made  his 
public  confession  in  the  church  at  Albany."     Massachu- Massachu- 
setts, however,  received  Livingston's  propositions   coldly.  theAibtny 
She  was  fitting  out  an  expedition,  under  the  command  of  cfidiy. 
Phipps,  against  Port  Poyal,  where  spoil  was  nearer.     But 

•  Doc.  ni£t.,  iL,  35,  SO,  95, 100-104, 114-117 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  747 ;  Dunlap,  i.,  1S2, 183 ;  ante, 
609.  t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  632-694, 6D6 ;  Doc  Uist.,  ii.,  105, 100. 


G14 


HISTOHY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


4  March. 
Leisler 
sends  De 
Bruyn, 
Provoost, 
and  Mil- 
borne  to 
Albany. 


17  March. 


cuAp.  XII.  when  Blagge  demanded  the  apiDrehension  of  Livingston  un- 

der  Leisler's  warrant,  he  was  flatly  "  denied."     The  Albany 

1690.   j(jga  of  taking:  Canada,  however,  was  not  dropped,  and  a 

But  refuses  ~  i.  j.        ^ 

toietLiv-  sloop  which  Andros  had  built  in  Maine  was  dispatched 
.apprehend-  from  Boston  to  England  to  beg  a  snpply  of  powder.  By 
1  April,  that  conveyance  Ashurst  was  informed  that,  "  there  being 
now  wars  between  Holland  and  France,  some  are  fearful 
least  the  Hollanders  should  essay  the  possessing  themselves 
of  Canada,"  and  that  it  was  better  that  the  English  should 
have  it  rather  than  "  the  French,  or  Dutch  either."* 

Meanwhile  Leisler  had  gathered  a  force  of  one  hundred 
and  sixty  men  in  New  York  and  its  neighborhood,  and  had 
commissioned  De  Bruyn,  Provoost,  and  Milborne  to  go  with 
it  to  Albany,  and  "  superintend,  direct,  order  and  controul" 
every  thing  there,  and  obtain  possession  of  Fort  Orange.  A 
similar  commission  authorized  them  to  "  order,  settle,  and 
establish"  the  county  of  Ulster,  The  commissioners  hast- 
ened up  the  river,  taking  with  them  presents  to  gain  the  Iro- 
quois, and  clothing  for  the  refugees  of  Schenectady.f 

On  reaching  Albany,  Leisler's  commissioners  found  its 
Convention  ready  to  act  on  the  advice  of  Connecticut,  and 
recognize  the  authority  in  New  York.  A  joint  meeting 
was  held,  and  Bull  was  desired  to  remain ;  but  this  he  could 
not  do ;  and,  as  he  left  Albany,  he  and  his  company  received 
"  uncivil  entreaty"  from  Milborne.  Fort  Orange  was  sur- 
rendered upon  written  conditions,  which  were  soon  violated, 
and  most  of  the  soldiers  discharged,  including  Lieutenant 
Sharpe,  who  had  been  wounded  by  the  bursting  of  a  can- 
non in  firing  the  alarm  for  Schenectady.  To  calm  all  ani- 
mosities, it  was  ordered  that  no  one  should  asperse  or  re- 
proach another,  under  penalty  of  breach  of  the  peace. 
Schuyler,  the  mayor,  and  the  other  city  officers,  were  con- 
coufirmed.  firmed  in  their  places,  and  all  persons  charged  to  respect 
and  obey  them.  Arrangements  were  made  for  an  expedi- 
•20  March,  tioii  against  the  French,  and  a  detachment  was  sent  to  keep 
watch  at  Crown  Point.:}: 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  C95-609,  709,  TCT ;  Poc.  Iliat.,  ii.,  104, 127,  151 ;  Hutch.,  i.,  30C,  307,  SOS ; 
Mather,  i.,lS3;  ii.,  439, 59G ;  Chalmer?,  ii.,  52-55,88,  89. 

t  Doc.  Hist,  ii.,  41, 100, 101, 103,  111,  112;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  702,  703,  717.  The  remainder  of 
the  money  that  was  gathered  for  the  redemption  of  the  slaves  in  Turkey  in  1G7S,  which  An- 
dros had  given  to  build  a  new  church  in  N.  York,  had  been  laid  out  in  Oanaburf);  linen,  whicli 
Leisler  seized  and  sent  to  Albany  with  Milborne:  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  3 1. "5,  717;  T>i'C.  Ili-^t.,  ii..  Ill  ; 
onta,  331, 50G.  t  Doc.  Hist.,  ii,  107-113;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  70.->,  70S,  70:\  710,716,  727. 


20  March. 
Fort  Or- 
ange sur- 
rendered to 
Leisler. 


22  March, 


Mayor 
Schuyler 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  615 

Leaving  Provoost  and  De  Bruyn  at  Albany,  MilbornecnAr.xn. 
went  down  to  Esopus,  and  then  proceeded  to  ]^ew  York,  ac-  ~7T~~ 
companied  by  two  Mohawk  sachems,  who  received  "  great  ^  ^^,  * 
satisfaction"  from  Leisler.     The  next  day  Milborne  went  Mohawks 

1/  at  Isew 

back  to  Albany  with  additional  forces,  and  a  large  quanti-  York, 
ty  of  maize  was  sent  up  from  Kingston  to  supply  the  sol- 
diers.* 

As  money  was  indispensable,  Leisler,  assuming  the  char- 
ter of  1GS3  to  be  in  force,  had  issued  his  writ  to  the  sever-  20  Feb. 
al  counties,  requiring  them  to  elect  and  send  representatives 
to  K'ew  York  "  to  consult  debate  and  conclude  all  such  mat- 
ters and  things  as  shall  be  thought  necessary  for  the  supply 
of  this  Government,  in  this  present  conjuncture."     But  he 
found  the  people  "very  slack"  in  complying.     Suffollc  ab-  Suffolk  ais- 
solutely  refused.     Easthampton  "  could  not  comply"  with  hiuui-s 
Leisler's  demand  to  be  recognized  as  the  king's  lieutenant  15  jiarcu.' 
governor,  and  informed  him  that  they  would  petition  their  10  Marcu. 
majesties  to  be  rejoined  to  Connecticut.     They  '*  distrusted 
the  purity  of  his  motives,"  and  would  not  submit  to  him. 
New  writs  were  accordingly  issued  of  the  same  tenor,  un-  s  Apni. 
der  which  several  of  the  counties  chose  representatives  "  by  auve?^"'" 
a  few  people"  of  Leisler's  side.     Albany  elected  Jan  Jan-  ^^^'^^^^ 
sen  Bleecker  and  Ryer  Schermerhorn.     New  York  chose 
John  Spratt,  Cornelius  Pluvier,  Eobert  Walters,  and  Wil- 
liam Beekman.     The  latter  excused  himself  from  attend- 
ing.   Pearson,  of  Queens,  refused  to  sit.    Ulster,  Kings,  and 
Westchester  sent  some  "  very  weak  men."     The  Assembly, 
thus  constituted,  met  at  the  house  of  Walters,  the  son-in-law  24  Apni. 
of  Leisler,  and,  having  chosen  Spratt  to  be  speaker,  passed  meTt™^'^ 
an  act  "  to  raise  throughout  the  whole  government  three 
pence  in  every  pound  real  and  personal,  to  be  paid  the  first 
of  June ;  and  that  all  towns  and  places  should  have  equal 
freedom  to  boult  and  bake,  and  to  transport  where  they 
please,  directly  to  what  place  or  country  they  think  it  fit, 
any  thing  their  places  afford,  and  that  the  one  place  should 
have  no  more  privileges  than  the  other."     This  was  aimed 
against  the  bolting  monopoly  which  New  York  had  enjoy- 
ed under  Andros  and  Dongan,  of  which  Albany  and  Ulster 
were  jealous.     But  petitions  from  the  inliabitants  coming 
in  "  for  the  prisoners  to  be  set  at  liberty,  and  that  their  griev- 

•  Doc.  mat.,  ii.,  IIS,  119, 127, 132 ;  Col.  Doc.,iii.,  703,  716. 


616  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  XII.  ances  might  be  redressed,"  Leisler  hastily  prorogued  his  As- 

sembly  to  September  when  he  saw  "  they  intended  to  work 

1690.  ^j^Ij  ^j^g  prisoners."  The  German  tyrant  justly  feared  a 
popular  inquisition,  and  doubted  the  fidelity  of  his  profess- 
ed friends,  some  of  whom  were  gentlemen.* 

If  Leisler  was  a  despot  and  a  usurper,  he  had  more  exec- 
utive ability  than  most  of  the  colonial  governors  in  North 
America  imder  British  authority.     In  his  youth  he  had 
struggled  against  his  superiors  in  social  position,  while  his 
talent  and  his  mercantile  training  would  have  admirably 
fitted  him  to  command  if  his  education  had  equaled  his  ex- 
perience in  practical  life.     Like  most  men  suddenly  exalt- 
ed, he  was  beguiled  by  vanity.     He  was  as  honest  as  he  was 
vain  ;  but  his  jealousy  of  gentlemen  like  Bayard  and  Van 
Cortlandt,  his  wife's  own  relatives,  was  so  overpowering 
that  he  gratified  it  whenever  he  could.     ISTevertheless,  Leis- 
ler was  a  true,  though  blundering  colonial  patriot.     Saga- 
ciously adopting  the  Albany  idea  jointly  to  attack  Canada, 
2  April,     he  urged  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  Connecticut,  and  Mary- 
congresa'''  kud  to  scud  delegates  to  New  York  to  concert  measures  for 
NewYork.  that  purposc.     But,  at  Livingston's  suggestion,  Massachu- 
setts had  already  called  a  New  England  meeting  at  Ehode 
Island.    This,  however,  was  abandoned ;  and  the  first  North 
1  May.      American  colonial  Congress  met  at  New  York  on  the  call 
of  Jacob  Leisler.f 

To  this  New  York  Congress  Massachusetts  sent  "William 
Stoughton  and  Samuel  Sewall ;  Plymouth,  Maj or  John  Wal- 
ley ;  and  Connecticut,  Nathan  Gold  and  William  Pitkin. 
New  York  was  represented  by  Jacob  Leisler  and  Peter  de 
la  Noy.  Ehode  Island  sent  no  delegates,  but  voted  that,  as 
she  could  not  give  men,  she  would  raise  money  in  "  reason- 
1  May.  able  proportiqn."  The  Congress  unanimously  agreed  that 
fhc'con-  New  York  should  provide  four  hundred  men,  Massachu- 
setts one  hundred  and  sixty,  Connecticut  one  hundred  and 
thirty-five,  and  Plymouth  sixty,  while  Maryland  promised 
one  hundred ;  in  all,  eight  himdred  and  fifty-five  men.  It 
was  also  agreed  that  Leisler  should  appoint  the  major,  or 

•  Doc. Hist., ii., 42, 104, 114, 120, 131, 133, 151,150;  Col. Doc.,iii., 702,717 ;  Wood,  10G,107, 
110;  Thompson,  i.,  163;  Smith,  i.,  42,  6S,  95;  Chalmers,  ii.,  70 ;  Council  Journals,  i.,  Int., 
xxiv;  an^c,  330, 391. 

t  Dnc.  Hist.,  ii.,  80,  95, 97, 117, 125, 126, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134 ;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  697, 69S,  090. 
709;  M.-i^g.H.S.  Coll.,  xxx-v., 232,  230,  244,249,250;  Trumbull, i.,  3S2;  Hutchinson,!., 398; 
Bancroft,  iii  ,  1S3 ;  anU\  GIO. 


greas 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVEENOR.  617 

''  chief  commander,"  and  the  other  colonies  the  next  cap-  chap,  xil 

tain.     But,  in  "Walley's  judgment, "  he  is  a  man  that  carries 

on  some  matters  too  arbitrary."     The  Massachusetts  dele-   -^"^^* 

gates,  however,  "  would  not  engage  that  their  fleet  should 

go  in  Canada  River  for  Quebec ;  only  if  they  had  success 

at  Port  Eoyal,  where  they  were  bound  they  believed,  being 

thereby  encouraged,  they  should  resolve  then."* 

To  stimulate  Massachusetts,  Leisler  fitted  out  three  ves- 
sels for  the  capture  of  Quebec — one  a  privateer  of  twenty 
guns,  another  a  brigantine  belonging  to  De  Peyster,  and  the 
other  a  Bermudan  sloop,  commanded  by  Captains  Mason, 
Goderis,  and  Bollen.     They  were  commissioned  to  attack  lo  May. 
Canada  and  take  French  prizes  at  sea,  and  Mason  was  to  cruisers 
act  as  admiral.     Two  sloops  were  also  sent  to  cruise  about  French. 
Block  Island  and  the  Sound  against  the  French.    Thus  Leis- 
ler zealously  imitated  the  early  energy  of  Mcolls  in  1667.t 

Meanwhile  the  answer  of  the  Iroquois  at  their  January 
conference  with  the  French  had  reached  Montreal.     Fron- 
tenac  resolved  to  restore  several  of  the  prisoners,  and  sent  9  March. 
back  a  reply,  which  he  wished  La  Hontan  to  convey ;  but,  sends 
as  he  declined,  the  Chevalier  D'Eau,  a  "  reduced"  or  half-  onondaga. 
pay  captain,  was  chosen.     D'Eau  was  accompanied  by  four 
Frenchmen,  and  carried  full  instructions  from  Frontenac 
and  messages  from  Oreouate,  as  well  as  a  letter  from  Lam-  c  May. 
berville  to  the  Oneida  sachem,  Father  Millet.:}: 

The  authorities  at  Albany  had  not  been  negligent  on 
their  side.  A  conference  was  held  with  representatives  of  13  ^^^7- 
the  Five  Nations,  whose  speaker, "  Diadorus,"  or  Tahaj  ado- conference 
ris,  accepted  the  metaphor  of  the  Albanians  that  the  French 
were  like  "a  fox  engendered  by  a  wolf."  At  the  same 
time,  they  desired  their  brethren  to  maintain  peace  among 
themselves, "  and  join  together  the  several  colonies  of  Kew 
England  and  Virginia,  likewise  those  of  Albany,  who  have 
always  sat  under  the  green  tree ;  otherwise  we  shall  destroy 
one    another."     They   also    recommended  that  Montreal 

•  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  133-135, 13S,  143, 144 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  TIT,  72T,  732 ;  R.  I.  Col.  Rec,  iii.,  273 ; 
Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxv.,  244,  245,  247,  249,  250,  251,  252;  Hutch.,  i.,  397;  Trumbull,  i.,  3S2; 
Bancroft,  iii.,  1S3, 1S4 ;  Arnold,  i.,  520;  Chalmers,  ii.,  70,  71.  In  the  Proceedings  of  the  New 
York  Historical  Society  for  1849,  p.  104, 105,  is  an  interesting  extract  from  Sewall's  Diary, 
giving  an  account  of  his  journey  to  and  from  New  York. 

t  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  132, 138, 141, 151,  l.'>2,  158, 165;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  717,  727, 732,  751 ;  Valen- 
tine's Man.,  1S57, 462 ;  DunIap,i.,lS5;  N.Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (1S6S),  321, 327;  nnte.nj. 

i  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  714,  715, 733-736 ;  ix.,  465, 466, 469,  470 ;  La  Hontan,  i.,  205 ;  La  Potherie, 
iii., 63-67,  70-74;  Charlevoix, ii., 425-429;  Colden, i.,  118, 129 ;  antc,605. 


618  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XII.  sliould  be  attacked  by  land,  and  Quebec  by  sea ;  that  Sche- 
nectadj  should  be  fortified  anew,  as  their  own  castles  had 
been ;  and  they  promised  that  the  Iroquois  confederates 
would  furnish  eighteen  hundred  men  to  assist  in  conquer- 
ing Canada."^ 
27  May.         Ordcrs  were  at  the  same  time  dispatched  by  Schuyler 
and  others  to  apprehend  the  French  agents  on  their  arrival 
at  Onondaga,  and  send  them  to  Albany.     They  were  ac- 
cordingly seized,  and  despoiled  of  all  their  letters  and  pres- 
ents.    Four  Frenchmen  were  given  to  the  savages,  who 
D'Eau      burned  two  of  them.     D'Eau,  with  his  papers,  was  sent  to 
ononda^ga  Albany,  and  thence  to  New  York.     Among  his  papers  was 
>rew  York."  the  Latin  letter  of  Lamberville  to  Millet,  which,  containing 
some  expressions  of  good-will  toward  Domine  Dellius,  of 
Albany,  gave  Leisler  the  opportunity  to  charge  that  cler- 
gyman with  "treasonable  correspondence"  with  the  en- 
emy.f 
IS  May.         Another  expedition  had  meanwhile  been  dispatched  from 
Montreal  to  act  against  the  English.     It  was  composed  of 
"Praying"  or  Caghnawaga  Indians,  and  commanded  by 
Kryn,  the  great  Mohawk,  and  was  accompanied  by  some 
French  officers  who  had  been  at  the  burning  of  Schenecta- 
dy.    Going  by  way  of  the  Sorel  River  and  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  the  expedition  took  several  Iroquois  and  eight  En- 
4  June,      glish  womcu  prisoners.     On  their  return  they  were  attack- 
ed at  Salmon  Eiver  by  a  party  of  Algonquins  and  Abena- 
quis,  who,  mistaking  them  for  English,  killed  two  and 
Kryn,  the  wouudcd  tcu.    Among  the  slain  was  Kiyn,  the  "  Great  Mo- 
Mohawk,-  hawk,"  whose  death  was  the  more  deplored,  because  Fron- 
tenac  and  the  Jesuits  had  hoped  that  through  his  influence 
all  the  New  York  Mohawks  would  eventually  be  dra\^^^  to 
Canada.:}: 
20  May.         Eusigu  Stoll  now  rctumcd  from  London  with  galling 
turaa't'ith  news  to  Lcislcr.     The  king  had  taken  no  notice  of  him,  but 
news^to""'  had  appointed  Sloughter  governor  of  New  York,  and  Nicli- 

Leiiler. 

*  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  136, 139  ;  Col.  Doc.,  iiL,  712-714,  7S3.  Golden  does  not  notice  this  confer- 
ence. There  is  a  remarkable  difference  in  style  between  the  minutes  kept  by  Livingston 
and  those  which  now  seem  to  have  been  recorded  by  Milborne. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  714, 715,  732-736,  7.53;  iv.,  214,  219;  ix.,  470;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  108,144, 1.50, 
151 ;  La  Potherie,  iii.,  74, 110 ;  La  llcintan,  i.,  20C,  207 ;  Charlevoi.x,  iii.,  S3,  S4 ;  Colden,  i., 
129;  Smith,  i.,  IOC;  Millet's  letter,  43.  .M 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  710,727;  ix.,  473.474;  La  Totherie,  iii.,  S1-S3  ;  Charlevoix,  iii.,  G9-7i; 
Shea's  Missions, 320;  Doc.  Ui^it.,  ii.,  151. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOE.  619 

olson  lieutenant  governor  of  Yirginia,  where  the  latter  soon  chap.  xii. 
arrived.     "  Tlie  merchants,  traders,  and  others,  the  princi- 
pal  inhabitants"  of  New  York,  accordingly  drew  up  an  ad-  jg  jj^y  ' 
dress  t6  William  and  Mary,  complaining  that  for  nearly  a  ^e'^p^ncu 
year  they  had  been  oppressed  by  the  "  arbitrary  power"  ex-  jfj„\°^"f^' 
ercised  by  some  "  ill  men,"  who,  in  spite  of  the  king's  proc-  ^^''^^i^^m 
lamation,  ruled  New  York  "  by  the  sword,  at  the  sole  will  aid  Mary. 
of  an  insolent  alien  [meaning  Leisler,  who  was  a  German], 
assisted  by  some  few,  whom  we  can  give  no  better  name 
than  a  rabble,  those  who  formerly  were  scarce  thought  fit 
to  bear  the  meanest  offices  among  us,  several  of  whom  also 
can  be  proved  guilty  of  enormous  crimes."     These  persons 
imprisoned  at  will,  opened  letters,  seized  estates,  plundered 
houses,  and  abused  the  ministers  of  the  Keformed  Dutch 
Churches,  so  that  "several  of  the  best  and  most  considera- 
ble inhabitants  are  forced  to  retire  from  their  habitations 
to  avoid  their  fury."     This  address  was  signed  by  Domines 
Yarick,  of  Long  Island,  and  Perret,  of  the  French  Church 
in  New  York,  with  several  elders,  and  deacons,  and  other 
prominent  persons.* 

The  people  of  New  York  not  in  Leislcr's  interest  now  be- 
came restive.    "  In  a  most  audacious  manner"  they  demand-  c  June. 
ed  the  release  of  their  fellow-citizens,  whom  he  had  impris- 
oned and  kept  captive  because  they  would  not  acknowledge 
his  government ;  and  many  refused  to  pay  the  tax  which 
his  pretended  Assembly  had  imposed.     Leisler  himself  was  Leisier  ns- 
assaulted  in  the  street,  but  his  opposers  were  quickly  over- 
powered, some  "  twenty  odd"  of  whom  were  put  in  prison, 
charged  with  being  "  Papists."     There  was  probably  more 
real  despotism  in  New  York  at  this  moment  than  in  any 
other  government  pretending  to  be  "  popular."     To  clinch 
his  power,  Leisler  proclaimed  that  all  who  would  not  sign  7  June, 
a  declaration  of  fidelity  to  himself  as  representing  King 
William  "shall  be  deemed  and  esteemed  enemies  to  his 
Majesty  and  country,  and  shall  be  treated  accordingly." 
Dispatches  to  the  king  and  Lord  Shrewsbury  were  also  pre-  23  june. 
pared  by  Leisler  and  his  council,  which  were  intended  to  be  Lettemo 
sent  to  England  by  Milborne,  but  which  were  intrusted  to  Ind  Lofd 

Shrews- 
bury sent 
*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  415,  T19, 731, 74S,  T40, 7G2 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii., 247;  Chalmers's  Annals,  i.,  610 ;  l^X  Ulagge. 

Bancroft,  iii.,  52.    The  very  imperfect  extract  of  this  address  by  Chalmers  has  misled  some 

later  writers. 


620  HISTORY  or  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1690. 


ciiAP.  xiL  Blagge,  as  Milborne  could  not  well  be  spared  from  Kew 

York  at  this  time,* 

Leisler  had  prevailed  on  the  colonial  Congress  in  May 

to  allow  him  to  name  the  commander  of  the  expedition 
25  May.  against  Canada.  Accordingly,  he  hastened  to  commission 
appointed  Milbomo  to  lead  the  forces  of  New  York,  New  England, 
Leisler.  and  Maryland.  This  very  unfit  appointment  was  especially 
by  connec-  distastcf  ul  to  Conuccticut,  whcre  Winthrop  was  known  to 
jiassa^chu-  bc  the  bcst  general.     Seeing  that  Massachusetts  united  with 

Connecticut  in  favor  of  Winthrop,  with  an  "  importunity 

20  June,     that  was  irresistable,"  Leisler  appointed  him  commander, 

and  sent  a  blank  commission  for  the  purpose  to  Albany. 
But  Massachusetts  and  Plymouth,  which  had  agreed  to  con- 
tribute forces,  recalled  them,  in  consequence  of  the  French 
attack  on  Casco  Bay.f 

Having  received  a  commission  fi*om  Governor  Treat,  of 

Connecticut, "  to  command  the  forces  designed  against  Can- 

14  July,     ada,"  Winthrop  set  out  from  Hartford,  accompanied  by  Liv- 

appointej  ingstou.     After  a  week's  march  "  through  the  diflacult  and 

marches  to  aluiost  impasiblc  parts  of  the  wilderness,"  the  Connecticut 

*°^'     general  reached  I^nderhook,  where  some  of  the  Albany  of- 

21  July,     ficers  hastened  to  meet  him,*    On  reaching  Albany,  "Win- 

throp made  Livingston's  house  his  headquarters,  and  "  found 
the  design  against  Canada  poorly  contrived  and  little  pros- 
ecuted, all  things  confused,  and  in  no  readiness  or  posture 
for  marching,"     None  of  the  quotas  of  men  were  equal  to 
those  promised  at  the  New  York  Congress,  and  Milborne, 
as  commissary,  was  inefiicient  and  obnoxious.     After  sev- 
31  July,     eral  days  spent  in  frivolous  disputes,  "Winthrop  accepted  the 
commission  which  Leisler  had  sent  up  to  be  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  combined  expedition  of  New  York^  New  En- 
gland, and  Maryland  against  Canada,     The  forces  moved 
northward,  through  Stillwater  and  Saratoga,  to  "Wood  Creek, 
7  August,  near  the  head  of  Lake  Champlain,  where  a  council  of  war 
warTt  °   was  held.    The  savages  advised  the  army  to  advance  at  once 
Creek.       to  Islc  La  Motte,  at  the  foot  of  the  lake,  where  the  "Western 
Iroquois  were  to  meet  the  expedition.    But  word  soon  came 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  732-74S,  750,  7C4,  765 ;  Doc.  Hist. ,  ii.,  14, 147, 14S,  151 ;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll. 
(1SG8),  326,  327.  If  Milborne  had  gone  to  ICnglandfhe  would  have  escaped  the  fate  which 
befell  him. 

t  Doc.  in.<t.,ii.,  135, 142-147, 149-152, 170;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  703-707,  727-731,  752;  M.iss.  II. 
S.  CoU.,  XXXV.,  25S-2G0 ;  ante,  606. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  621 

that  Milborne  could  furnish  no  provisions  from  Albany,  and  cqap.  xii. 
that  the  Senecas  were  suffering  from  the  epidemic  small- 
pox,  and  "  that  the  Great  God  had  stopt  their  way."     At-  g  j^^^^^[ 
tempts  were  nevertheless  made  to  construct  canoes  of  elm  f^^^^u.^^ 
instead  of  birch ;  but  it  was  so  late  in  the  season  that  the 
bark  would  not  peel.     The  small-pox  now  broke  out  in  the 
camp,  and  another  council  of  war  was  called,  at  which  "  it  is  August. 
was  thought  most  advisable  to  return  with  the  Army."    This  marches 

^  baclc  to 

decision  saved  Canada  from  her  threatened  danger.     But,  Albany. 
by  the  advice  of  the  savages.  Captain  John  Schuyler,  a 
younger  brother  of  the  Mayor  of  Albany,  was  detached, 
with  forty  Christians  and  one  hundred  and  twenty  Mohawks, 
Schatacooks,  and  Kiver  Indians,  to  attack  the  Prairie  de  la 
Madeleine,  opposite  Montreal.     Disheartened  by  circum- 
stances which  he  could  not  control,  Winthrop  led  his  army 
back, "  many  of  the  soldiers  being  sick  and  lame,"  and  in  a 
few  days  encamped  it  at  Greenbush,  opposite  Albany.*       20  August. 
Meanwhile  Phipps  had  sailed,  with  a  large  force,  from  9  August. 
Boston  to  attack  Quebec.    Knowing  this,  and  furious  at  the 
return  of  Winthrop's  army,  Leisler  hastened  to  Albany. 
Assuming  supreme  power, he  "questioned"  the  Connecticut  sr August. 
general  and  put  him  in  prison,  with  other  officers,  whom  he  Albany, 
selected  as  "  chief  actors."     This  outrage  excited  the  Mo-  winthrop- 
hawks  and  the  Connecticut  soldiers   at  Greenbush,  and 
Leisler  was  obliged  to  set  free  liis  prisoners.    Nevertheless, 
he  insolently  required  Winthrop  "  to  make  his  defence"  be- 
fore him  at  I^Tew  York.     The  Connecticut  government  at 
once  sharply  rebuked  the  vanity  of  the  German  demagogue.  1  Sept. 
"  The  army  being  confederate,"  it  wrote, "  if  you  be  con- 
cerned, so  are  we,  and  the  rest ;  and  that  you  alone  should 
judge  upon  the  General's  and  Council  of  war's  actions,  will 
infringe  our  liberty."     The  wholesome  reproof  was  added 
"  that  a  prison  is  not  a  catholicon  for  all  state  maladies, 
though  so  much  used  by  you."f 

The  long-talked-of  conquest  of  Canada  had  failed ;  yet 
one  masterly  achievement  blunted  the  edge  of  disappoint- 
ment in  New  York.     Captain  John  Schuyler's  expedition 

•  Col.  Doc., ili.,  T52, 753 ;  iv.,  193-196 ;  ix.,  492, 495, 513,  514 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  149, 151, 152, 
15T,  158,  IGO,  169, 170 ;  La  Potherie,  iii.,  126, 127 ;  Charlevoix,  iii.,  86-94 ;  Trumbull,  i.,  382, 
383;  Millet's  letter,  44,  46, 47 ;  Chalmers,  ii.,  55,  56. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  753 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  160, 162, 163 ;  Hutch.,  i,  400;  Trumbull,  i.,  3S4,  385, 
540,541;  Millet's  letter,  47 ;  Chalmers,  Key.  Col.,  i.,  230;  Annals,  ii.,  57;  Dnnlap,  i.,  191; 
Valentine's  Man.,  1861, 686. 


G22  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ciur.  XII.  was  a  brilliant  success.     Leaving  their  canoes  at  Chambly, 

they  marched  to  La  Prairie,  opposite  Montreal.     Frontenac 

had  meanwhile  gone  up  to  Montreal  from  Quebec  to  oppose 

the  expected  expedition,  and  a  force  of  twelve  hundred  men 

11  August,  -^as  reviewed ;  but  no  enemy  appearing,  vigilance  was  re- 

^  '""^'"      laxed.     Learning  from  his  spies  that  the  farmers  and  the 

garrison  were  all  cutting  grain,  Schuyler  endeavored  to  gain 

25  August,  possession  of  the  fort ;  but  the  eagerness  of  the  young  sav- 

ofptaVa     ages  precipitated  the  attack,  and  enabled  many  of  the  French 

Schuyler's  to  cscape.     Nineteen  prisoners  were  taken  and  six  killed ; 

suSuT  all  the  houses  and  haystacks  were  burned,  and  one  hundred 

and  fifty  head  of  cattle  destroyed.     Schuyler  then  fell 

30  August,  back  to  Chambly  and  returned  to  Albany,  having  lost  only 

one  European  and  six  Iroquois.     Thus  Schenectady  was 

avenged.* 

10  Sept.         On  his  return  to  New  York,  Leisler  wrote  to  Bradstreet, 

at  Boston,  charging  the  failure  of  the  Albany  expedition 

upon  Winthrop's  "  treachery  and  cowardice,"  and  Living- 

30  Sept.     ston's  confederacy  with  the  New  England  officers.    His  re- 

i^ttera  to    ply  to  Connecticut  was  still  more  intemperate.     Wiiithrop 

?eus  an'd""  was  chargcd  with  lax  morality,  and  called  upon  to  vindicate 

coonecti-  iiijjiggif .  ^yhilo  the  Hartfoi'd  authorities  were  threatened 

that,  when  "  searched  with  candles,"  their  nakedness  would 

be  uncovered.     This,  however,  did  not  affect  the  General 

9  October.  Court,  who  approved  Winthrop's  conduct,  and  thanked  him 

for  his  "  fidelity,  valor,  and  prudence."t 

The  Massachusetts  naval  expedition  against  Quebec  had 
9  August,  meanwhile  sailed  under  the  command  of  Phi|)ps,  with  Wal- 
ley,  of  Plymouth,  as  general  of  tlie  land  forces.     It  consist- 
ed of  thirty  or  forty  vessels  and  two  thousand  men,  and  was 
23  Sept.     more  than  a  month  in  reaching  Tadoussac.     Hearing  of  its 
approach,  Frontenac  hastened  with  a  large  force  from  Mon- 
j*j  Oct.     treal  to  Quebec,  which  he  quickly  put  in  a  state  of  defense. 
Two  days  afterward  Phipps  anchored  at  Beauport,  and  sent 
f„  Oct.     a  pompous  summons,  which  Frontenac  was  required  to  an- 
swer within  an  hour.     The  veteran  refused  to  negotiate 
with  those  who  served  the  Prince  of  Orange, "  a  usurper," 

'  Col.  noc.,iii.,T53;  iv.,19C;  ix.,  4T7-4'>1 ;  Doc.  Jlist.,  ii..lC0-162,169;  New  Jersey  II.  3. 
rroc.,i.,  72-74;  La  llontan,  i.,207,  20S;  La  Potherie,  Hi.,  98, 101, 102;  Cliarlevoi-x,  in.,  SC- 
91 ;  Chalmers,  ii.,  74. 

t  Hutch.,  i.,  30!),  410;  Doc.  UUt ,  ii.,  ICO,  170 ;  Tmmbull,  i.,  3S5;  Dunlap,  i.,103, 193;  N. 
V.  II.  S.  I'roc,  1819,1(17. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  623 

and  would  answer  only  by  his  cannon.     An  ill-conducted  chap.  xii. 
attack  was  made  and  vigorously  repulsed,  and  the  discom-  "TTTT" 
fited  expedition  retreated.    A  church  was  dedicated  at  Que-  g        ' 
bee  to  "  our  Lady  of  the  Victory ,"  and  Louis  ordered  a  med-  Mipps  re- 
al to  be  struck  in  honor  of  one  of  the  most  glorious  deeds  Quebec. 
of  his  reign.     Phipps  returned  humiliated  and  without 
spoil  to  Massachusetts,  which  was  obliged  to  issue  the  first  Paper 
paper  bills  in  America  to  pay  its  public  creditors.*  money. 

During  the  summer,  however,  the  three  vessels  which 
Leisler  had  fitted  out  had  been  quite  successful  at  Port  Roy- 
al and  Isle  Percee.     On  one  of  the  captured  French  vessels  ^^  '^"'^-    . 
was  a  letter  from  Louis  to  Frontenac,  intimating  that  he  New  York 
could  afford  no  further  assistance  to  Canada  this  year,  take 
Hearing  that  some  French  privateers  were  committing  ex-  prizTs. 
cesses  at  Nantucket  and  Block  Island,  Leisler  commission-  23  juiy. 
ed  four  other  vessels  to  cruise  against  them.   Several  French 
prizes  were  taken  and  brought  in  triumph  to  New  York, 
whicli  were  condemned  by  a  Court  of  Admiralty  appointed  n  sept. 
by  Leisler,  of  which  De  la  Noy  was  president,  while  Mil- 
borne  acted  as  attorney  general.f 

Owing  to  Leisler's  absence  in  Albany,  the  Assembly, 
which  he  had  prorogued  to  the  first  of  September,  did  not 
meet,  and  new  writs  were  issued  summoning  it  for  a  later  11  sept 
day.    At  its  meeting  the  Assembly  enacted  a  law  requiring  is  sept. 
all  persons  who  had  left  the  province  to  return  within  three  at^xew  ^ 
weeks  after  its  publication,  under  pain  of  being  "  deemed  and 
esteemed  as  persons  disobedient  to  the  government."     An- 
other law  levied  a  new  tax  for  the  support  of  two  hundred  2  October. 
men  as  Leisler's  garrison  in  the  fort.    A  third  law  declared  4  October. 
that  any  person  refusing  to  accept  a  civil  or  military  com-  passed, 
mission  from  Leisler  should  be  fined  seventy-five  pounds ; 
that  any  one  leaving  Albany  or  Ulster  without  his  permis- 
sion should  be  fined  one  hundred  pounds ;  that  no  merchan- 
dise from  those  counties  should  be  brought  down  the  Hud- 
son Piver  without  his  license,  under  penalty  of  confiscation ; 

•  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  452, 455-462, 4S1-401, 4r5 ;  La  rotlieric,  iii.,  111-123 ;  La  Hontan,  20S-217 ; 
Charlevoix,  Iii.,  94,  95, 110-128, 130, 134 ;  v.,  107 ;  Hawkins's  Quebec,  133, 137-140,  229,  314 ; 
Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  399-402, 554-500 ;  Mass.  H.  S. Coll.,  xxxv.,  263-2GS  ;  Plymouth  Rec,  vi.,  248, 
249;  Humble  Address,  etc.,  by  L.  Hammond;  Chalmers,  ii.,  50-58,  89;  Andros  Track; 
Smith,  1.,  107, 108.     Golden,  i.,  137, 138,  wrongly  dates  this  expedition  in  1601. 

t  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  141, 154-156, 164-108, 172, 176, 229, 230 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  751, 752 ;  ix.,  452, 
475, 477 ;  La  Potherie,  iii ,  89, 90 ;  Charlevoix,  iii.,  101-106 :  Mas.s.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxvi.,  263-274 ; 
Arnold,  i.,  521, 522;  N.Y.  U.  S.  Coll.  (1S6S),  822,327;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxvi. ;  an.V,  617. 


624  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  xu.  and  that  "  all  persons"  who  had  left  those  counties  must  re- 
7      tm-n  within  fourteen  days  after  publication  of  the  law,  "  at 
loyu.  ^[^q[j.  utmost  perils."     In  the  annals  of  "popular"  legis- 
lation, it  would  be  difficult  to  find  more  despotic  laws  than 
these.* 

Leisler  now  superseded  his  former  commission  to  De 
10  October.  Brujn,  Provoost,  and  Milborne,  and  appointed  Staats,  Wen- 
ficer3°^°'  dell,  Bleecker,  Bogardus,  and  Schennerhorn  "to  superin- 
tend, direct,  order  and  controul  all  matters  and  things  re- 
lating to  the  city  and  county  of  Albany,  and  the  safety  and 
defense  of  the  subjects  therein,  according  to  the  laws  of 
this  Province,  and  the  present  establishment."     Wendell 
8  October,  was  also  commissioucd  to  be  mayor  in  place  of  Schuyler^ 
14  October,  and  on  King  James's  birthday  aldermen  and  assistants  were 

elected  who  all  appear  to  have  been  Leisler's  friends.f 
20  October.  Lcttci's  wcrc  also  written  to  the  king  and  to  Lord  Shrews- 
bury, as  it  was  not  known  that  he  had  resigned  his  office  of 
secretary  of  state.  "ISTew  England's  perfidy  and  disap- 
pointments" were  set  forth  offensively,  and  the  "  Cocceian" 
Domine  Dellius,  of  Albany,  and  others,  denounced  as  trai- 
tors. These  letters,  which  were  the  last  that  Leisler  address- 
ed to  England,  seem  to  have  been  written  by  Milborne.:}: 
Leisler  Among  otlicr  quarrels,  Leisler  engaged  in  several  with 

with  tiie  the  Dutch  and  French  ministers.  Dellius  at  Albany,  who 
Fr"encii^'^  was  a  f  avoritc  with  the  Indians,  had  opposed  his  authority, 
mmi=tera.  ^-q^^j^j  p^.g^^  Q^y  £qj.  ^]^q  crowu,  and  not  for  the  King  of  En- 
gland, and  had  been  kindly  spoken  of  by  the  Jesuit  Lam- 
berville.  Leisler  endeavored  to  imprison  him  in  N"ew  York, 
but  Dellius  wisely  escaped  to  Boston,  whence  he  intended 
returning  to  Em'ope,  and  complain.  Yarick,  of  Flatbush, 
who  had  signed  the  address  to  the  king  and  queen  of  the 
previous  May,  for  uttering  his  sentiments  too  freely,  was 
obliged  to  fly  to  Newcastle,  and,  on  returning  to  his  house, 
was  arrested  and  imprisoned  "  for  •  speaking  treasonable 
words  against  Captain  Leisler  and  the  Port."  After  a  trial 
before  De  la  Noy  and  others,  under  a  special  commission, 
he  was  sentenced  "to  be  deprived  from  his  ministerial  func- 
tion, amerced  in  a  fine  of  eighty  pounds,  and  to  remain  in 

•  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  1.33, 15S,  159, 103, 1S1,  200, 201 ;  Col.  Poc,  iii.,  753 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xx.xvi.,  US; 
CouncilJoumaU,  i.,Tnt.,  XXV. ;  S.Wood,  lOS;  nji^c,  61C. 
t  Doc.  Hist.,  i!.,  100, 171, 199,  200;  Munsell,  ii.,  112. 
t  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  751-754 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxv.,  277. 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  625 

close  prison  until  that  fine  should  be  paid."     Upon  making  chap.  xii. 
his  submission  to  Leisler,  he  was  released.     Selyns  offered 
bail  for  Yarick,  but  he  was  refused,  and  "  grossly  abused  by  ' 

Leisler  himself  in  the  church  at  the  time  of  divine  service, 
and  threatened  to  be  silenced."  The  French  ministers,  Fer- 
ret and  Daille,  were  often  menaced  "  because  they  would 
not  approve  of  his  power  and  disorderly  proceedings."* 

A  colony  of  French  Huguenots  had  meanwhile  been 
founded  at  New  Kochelle,  upon  ground  sold  to  them  by  20  May. 
Leisler,  who  had  bought  it  of  Pell.  Its  first  minister  was  atle^Ko. 
the  Eeverend  David  Bonrepos,  who,  a  few  years  afterward, 
removed  to  Staten  Island.  Small  as  it  was,  the  new  colony, 
greatly  to  its  disgust,  was  called  upon  to  raise  the  taxes  im- 
posed by  Leisler's  Assembly.f  , 

Discontent  was  now  spreading  through  the  province. 
The  people  would  not  readily  pay  their  taxes,  especially  as 
the  Canada  expedition  had  failed,  for  whicli  Leisler  was 
held  responsible.    In  Queens  County  they  declared  against 
his  government,  and  he  suspended  the  session  of  the  court  26  October. 
"  until  the  said  rebells  be  suppressed,  and  the  counties  on  agafnst*" 
Long  Island  reduced  to  their  obedience."     Milborne  was^^"^^"^' 
also  commissioned  to  raise  what  force  he  could,  and," with  28 October. 
all  violence  and  hostility,"  to  subdue  all  "that  are  refrac- subdue  the 
tory  to  the  established  government."     Another  commission  30  October. 
directed  Edsall  and  Williams  to  assist  Milborne,  and  exam- 
ine vessels,  search  houses,  and  secure  all  "suspected  per- 
sons."    These  orders  were  executed  with  such  predatory  vi- 
olence that  the  inhabitants  of  Hempstead,  Jamaica,  Flush- 
ing, and  Newtown  met  and  directed  Captain  John  Clapp  to  7  Novem. 
write  a  letter  to  the  king's  secretary  of  state  explaining  jota"'" 
their  miserable  condition  "  by  the  severe  opjDressions  and  ti'r  to'tiJf' 
tyrannical  usurpations  of  Jacob  Leisler  and  his  accomplices."  ofTa'teT 
The  letter  was  telling  and  bitter.    Leisler  was  styled  a  "  bold 
« 

*  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  247 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  415,  C46, 651, 672, 696,  715,  732, 749,  753, 771 ;  iv.,  219, 
489,533;  Col.MSS.,  xxxvi.,142  ;  Corr.  01.  Amst. ;  Mui-phy's  Anthology,  103, 108, 113, 116, 
ns  ;  N.  Y.  Christ.  Int.,  21  Sept.,  1865 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (1S68),  407, 409.  Leisler  appears  to 
have  been  so  hostile  to  Selyns,  who  had  married  his  daughter  Catharine  to  Walters  in  Feb- 
ruary, 16S5,  that  he  would  not  allow  him  to  marry  his  daughter  Mary  to  Milborne  on  3  Feb- 
ruary, 1690-1 :  anie,  577.  By  whom  the  ceremony  was  performed  does  not  appear :  compare 
Val.  Man.,  1861, 652, 665 ;  1S62,  604, 611,  646 ;  1863, 791,  830 ;  Pass  Book,  iv.,  71 ;  New  York 
Marriages  (1860),  230,  263. 

t  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  171 ;  iii.,  560 ;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  745,  746;  Bolton's  Westchester,  i.,  375-396, 
414 ;  Church  in  Westchester,  388-396 ;  Selyns  to  Classis ;  Murphy's  Anthology,  120, 127 ; 
Dr.  De  Witt,  in  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Proc.  for  1848,  p.  82. 

IL— Rk 


026        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XII.  iisurper,"  and  Milbome's  former  conviction  for  clipping 

■  coin  had  made  him  "  famous  for  nothins;  but  infamy,"    In 
1  port 

a  barbarous  and  inhuman  manner  houses  had  been  plun- 
dered by  them,  women  stripped  of  their  apparel,  and  estates 
sequestered, "  because  we  would  not  take  commissions  from 
the  pretended  Lieutenant  Governor  to  be  ptirt  executioners 
of  his  tyrannical  will  and  exorbitant  demands,  and  extort 
an  illegal  tax  from  the  subjects."     The  crimes  which  Leis- 
ler  had  committed  would  force  him  to  take  shelter  under 
Catiline's  maxim, "  The  ills  that  I  have  done  can  not  be  safe 
but  by  attempting  greater ;"  and  the  king  was  besought  to 
"  break  this  heavy  yoke  of  worse  than  Egyptian  bondage." 
Adverse     Popular  fecliug  could  not  be  so  openly  expressed  in  New 
New°York.  York,  wliicli  was  overawed  by  the  fort,  and  where  none 
were  safe  but  Leisler's  "  faction."     It  was  alleged,  never- 
theless, that  much  of  the  plunder  which  he  obtained  from 
houses,  shops,  cellars,  and  vessels  was  "  sold  to  his  friends  in 
this  city,  and  shipt  off  for  the  West  Indies  and  elsewhere."* 
Yet  Leisler  did  not  neglect  the  security  of  Albany  against 
10  xovem.  the  Frcuch.    The  Ulster  officers  were  directed  to  send  thith- 
er as  many  men  as  they  could  upon  the  first  notice.    Viele 
20  Novem.  was  also  appoiutcd  general  agent  of  the  province,  to  go  to 
»t  un.mda-  Unoudaga  and  reside  among  the  Iroquois,  to  act  according 
^''  to  his  best  "  knowledge,  skill,  and  power."t 

n  Decern.      Lcislcr  was  now  advised  from  Boston  that  Governor 
vted  by  "  Sloughter  was  "  daily  expected,"  and  that  it  would  be  well 
for  him,  against  whom  many  "strange  reports"  had  been 
made,  to  temper  "  justice  with  moderation  and  mercy,"  es- 
pecially when  the  king's  own  settlement  of  the  matter  was 
so  near.     But  this  good  advice  had  little  influence  on  one 
•who  clung  to  his  usurped  authority  with  the  tenacious  grasp 
of  a  despot.     His  last  letter  to  Treat  had  not  been  answer- 
1G91.  ed.     Milborne  therefore  drafted  for  him  a  characteristical- 
liiS'^'  ly  abusive  New  Year's  greeting  to  Conjiecticut,  in  which 
'^e^tl^con-  Saint  James  was  cited  as  condemning  "hypocrites,"  and  the 
necticiit.    colony  reviled  for  its  "fig-leaf"  righteousness  and  its  "ex- 
tent of  treachery."     This  joint  "  effort"  was  a  coarse  and 
unsuccessful  imitation  of  the  usual  Puritan  stjde.:}: 

•  Poc.  Hist.,  ii.,lT3, 174,175,247;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  754-7.'>6;  Wood,  108,103  ;  Thompson,!., 
1C7;  Uikcr'8  Newtown,  119, 120 ;  Onderdonk's  Queens  County,  12;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.  (ISGS), 
381,  aS2.  t  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  177, 17S. 

t  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  17S,  179,  ISO  ;  JIass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  xxxv.,  277,  27^ 


JACOB  LEISLER,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  627 

Seeing  that  even  the  New  York  comity  militia  were  in  chap.  xii. 
disorder,  Leisler  ordered  their  major,  De  Brnyn,  to  "settle" 
them.     A  few  days  afterward  he  issued  a  proclamation  re-  g  jan. 
quiring  the  appointment  of  assessors  and  collectors  of  his  fj^^^t^ 
last  tax  in  each  town,  at  their  "  utmost  peril."     But  before  °^^^l^2 
this  spasmodic  effort  of  waning  despotism  could  be  accom- 
plished, Leisler's  pernicious  colonial  authority  was  over- 
thrown.* 

The  revolution  which  shifted  the  crown  of  England  from 
James  the  Second  to  William  and  Mary,  at  the  same  time 
transferred  the  allegiance  of  the  English  colonies  from  the 
old  to  the  new  sovereigns.  Thencef oi^ward  Parliament  as-  Parliament 
smned  more  immediate  direction  of  colonial  affairs  than  it  ciown. 
had  ever  before  taken.  Nevertheless,  the  English  crown 
remained  the  unquestioned  sovereign  of  all  British  Planta- 
tions.    But  the  crown  was  taught  wisdom  by  experience. 

Not  less  fond  of  power  than  James,  "William  ordained  for  1690. 
New  York  a  government  which  continued  substantially  in 
operation  for  nearly  a  century.     It  consisted  of  a  governor  ^yiniam's 
and  council,  appointed  by  the  English  sovereign,  and  an  As-  govem- 
sembly  elected  by  a  majority  of  the  freeholdei's  in  the  sev-'"^^  ' 
eral  counties  of  the  province.    In  their  mimic  sphere  these 
provincial  authorities  faintly  shadowed  the  king,  the  lords, 
and  the  commons  of  England.    Yet,  supreme  above  minia- 
ture colonial  legislation  soared  the  undefined  prerogative 
of  the  crown  of  England  and  the  imperial  arrogance  of  her 
Parliament. 

Sloughter's  commission  from  Wilham  resembled  in  form,  4  Jan. 
and  in  most  particulars,  those  which  James  had  given  to  commis"  ^ 
Dongan  and  to  Andros.     Its  chief  difference  was  the  an-  "°°* 
thority  intrusted  to  the  royal  governor  and  council  to  sum- 
mon Assemblies  of  the  fi'eeholders  of  the  province  of  New 
York.     The  governor,  with  the  consent  of  the  Council  and 
a  majority  of  the  Assembly  of  the  freeholders,  could  make  Assembly. 
local  laws  conformable  to  those  of  England,  which  colonial 
laws  the  king  might  approve  or  disallow  at  any  time.    The 
governor  might  negative  all  laws,  and  adjourn,  prorogue, 
and  dissolve  such  Assemblies.     The  new  oaths  enjoined  by 
Parliament  were  to  be  sworn  to  by  the  councilors  as  "  the 

•  Doc.  nut.,  ii.,  ISl ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  753;  ante,  023. 


(528  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XII.  Test"  of  1673,  which,  not  affecting  America,  James  had 
waived.     But  William  now  req  uired  it  to  be  taken,  as  well 

1  PQf) 

as  that  for  the  due  execution  of  their  places.  Like  Don- 
gan  and  Andros,  Sloughter  was  authorized  to  appoint  judges,: 
erect  courts,  pardon  offenders,  collate  ministers  in  vacant 
benefices,  command  the  militia,  execute  martial  law,  and 
act  as  vice-admiral.  In  case  of  his  death  or  absence  from 
the  province,  his  duties  were  to  be  executed  by  the  com- 
mander-in-chief, if  the  king  should  appoint  one,  and  if  not, 

councu.  by  "  the  first  counselor,"  who  was  to  act  as  president,  with 
the  usual "  powers  and  preheminences."* 

3ijan.  William's  instructions  to  Sloughter  were  also  modeled 

instnic"  ^  in  most  respects  exactly  after  those  which  James  had  given 
to  Dongan  and  Andros.  Sloughter,  however,  was  required 
to  cause  the  Test  of  1673  to  be  subscribed  by  all  officers, 
besides  their  other  oaths,  and  was  directed  to  appoint  an  at- 
torney general  and  call  a  Court  of  Exchequer.  The  former 
orders  respecting  the  Church  of  England  were  renewed,  by 
which  the  Bishop  of  London  was  to  have  ecclesiastical  ju- 
risdiction in  New  York,  certifying  ministers  and  licensing 
schoolmasters.  The  governor,  hoAvever,  could  collate  to  ben- 
efices, grant  marriage  licenses,  and  have  the  probate  of  wills 
as  surrogate.  Liberty  of  conscience,  which  James  had  grant- 
ed to  all  peaceable  inhabitants,  was  restricted  by  William  to 
all  such  persons  "  except  Papists."  The  old  instructions 
limiting  the  libert}^  of  printing  was  repeated  in  the  same 
Avords.     The  royal  councilors  in  New  York  named  by  Wil- 

counciiors.  Ham  wcrc  Frederick  Phillipse,  Stephen  van  Cortlandt,  Nich- 
olas Bayard,  William  Smith,  Gabriel  Minvielle,  Chidley 
Brooke,  William  Nicolls,  Nicholas  de  Meyer,  Francis  Rom- 
bouts,  Thomas  AVillett,  William  Pinhorne,  and  John  Haines. 
Of  these,  Phillipse,  Yan  Cortlandt,  and  Bayard  had  been  An- 
dres's former  counselors,  and  their  reappointment  by  the 
Dutch  king  showed  that  he  approved  of  their  loyal  conduct 
under  Nicholson.  But  he  left  out  Leisler,  because  he  was 
a  colonial  demagogue,  with  brains  and  honesty,  but  blunder- 
headed,  and  Brockholls  and  Baxter,  because   they  were 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,377-3S3,. "337-542,023-025;  Commissioni',  ii. ,  3 ;  Narcissus  Luttrcll,  ii.,  2; 
ante,  201,  202,  2C4,  452-455,  502-504,  564.  It  will  be  remembered  that  the  Knglish  "Test 
Act"  of  1073  required  all  officers  in  England  to  take  oaths  of  allegiance  and  supremacy  to 
the  king,  receive  the  .Sacrament  according  to  tlie  Knglisli  Episcopal  form,  and  sign  a  decla- 
ration against  the  liomish  doctrine  of  transubst.nntiation:  an^e,  201. 


JACOB  LEISLEE,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  629 

"  Papists,"  while  he  appointed  Smith,  Minvielle,  Rombouts,  chap.  xn. 
and  De  Meyer,  nominated  by  Dongan.'^  -irqo 

In  the  mean  time  the  acting  authorities  in  Massachusetts 
had  sullenly  obeyed  the  royal  command  to  send  to  England, 
to  answer  "what  may  be  obiected  against  them,"  Andros,  Androsana 

011161*9  sent 

Dudley,  Palmer,  Randolph,  West,  Graham,  Farewell,  and  toEngiaad. 
Sherlock,  whom  they  had  kept  in  close  confinement.     The 
prisoners  were  meanly  shipped  on  board  the  deeply-laden  u  Feb. 
bark  Mehitable,  in  which  they  "  endured  all  the  miseries  of 
a  troublesome  winter  voyage."     But  three  days  before  the  ii  Feb. 
Mehitable  sailed,  Cooke  and  Oakes  were  dispatched  in  the 
Martin,  as  special  agents  of  the  insurgents,  to  assist  Mather 
and  Ashurst,  on  the  part  of  Massachusetts.    With  them  sail- 
ed Wiswall,  of  Plj^mouth,  who  was  "  an  artist  at  sea."   When 
Andros  and  his  fellow-prisoners  appeared  before  the  Plan-  lo  Apra. 
tation  Committee,  they  were  ready  to  charge  Massachusetts 
with  "  rebellion  against  lawful  authority,  and  imprisoning 
the  King's  Governor."     The  agents  of  that  colony  were 
then  required  "  to  give  the  reasons  of  the  opposition  to  Sir  14  ApriL 
Edmund  and  his  authority."     This  was  done  in  an  unsign- 17  Apru. 
ed  paper,  which  the  committee,  of  course,  disregarded. 
Upon  their  report  the  king  ordered  the  prisoners  to  be  dis-  24  Apni. 
charged.     A  month   afterward  Andros   submitted  to  the  ch°aig°ed."" 
committee  a  fall  report  of  his  administration,  which  was     '  ^^' 
answered  by  the  Massachusetts  agents.     But  William,  full  so  May. 
of  Irish  affairs,  took  no  further  notice  of  this  ISTew  England 
cparrel.f 

Andros  being  thus  absolved  by  his  sovereign,  Dudley  and 
Graham,  with  their  associates,  shared  the  triumph  of  their 
chief.  The  question  of  a  new  charter  for  Massachusetts 
was  left  undecided,  and  meanwhile  tiie  king  directed  that 
Dudley  should  be  added  to  the  Council  of  New  York  as  its  Dudley. 

*  Col.  Doc,  ili.,  3C9-3T5,  41",  543-549,  6S5-CS1 ;  Chalmers,  ii.,  01 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.  aS6S), 
393 ;  Wood,  i.,  152. 

t  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  42;  Chalmers's  Annals,  ii.,  27, 2S,  29,  61, 89 ;  Mass.  H.  S.  Coll.,  xxxii.,  299, 
300,301;  XXXV.,  225-229  ;  Col.  Doe.,  iii.,  722-720;  Maine  H.  S.  Coll.,  v.,  393,  398;  Hutch. 
Mass.,  i.,  388,  391, 393-396;  Coll.,  568, 515;  Barry,  i., 510, 511;  Arnold,  i.,  515;  R.I. Rec,  iii., 
256,257,281-285;  Narcissus  Luttrell,  ii.,  32;  Hist.  Mag.,  i.,  342 ;  Palmer's  Impartial  Ac- 
count, Preface ;  Rev.  in  N.  E.  Just.,  in  Force's  Tracts,  iv.,  ix.,  9, 10 ;  Andros  Tratts ;  Palfrey, 
iii. ,  582,  note  ;  ante^  593. 

While  imprisoned  in  Boston,  Palmer  drew  up  liia  '■'•Impartial  Account.,"  which  he  could 
circulate  there  only  in  manuscript,  it  "  being  branded  with  the  hard  name  of  a  Treasonable 
and  seditious  libel;"  but,  on  reaching  more  liberal  London, he  had  it  printed  ^'•for  Edward 
Poole,  at  the  Shjp,  over  against  the  Royal  Exchange,  in  Cornhill,  1690."  Palmer's  "Account" 
has  been  reprinted  in  the  Andros  Tracts,  together  with  an  answer  to  it,  entitled  "  The  liciy- 
oluiion  in  New  England  Justified,^'  which  also  makes  No.  9  of  Force's  Tract.?,  iv. 


030  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XII.  first  member.     Graham  was  also  recommended  to  be  made 


1690. 

Graham. 


recorder  and  attorney  general.* 


The  king  in  Council  also  ordered  that  one  of  the  sloops 
20  Apru.    i!3uilt  bj  Andros,  together  with  the  guns  taken  from  Pema- 
New  York  quid,  and  the  New  York  Records  which  had  been  carried  to 
Boston,  should  be  delivered  to  Sloughter ;  and  a  letter  was  ac- 

30  April,    cordingly  written  to  the  acting  authorities  of  Massachusetts. 

31  May.     A  ncw  scal  was  likewise  appointed  for  New  York,  and  de- 
vinciar"    livered  to  Sloughter.     It  represented  on  one  side  the  effi- 
gies of  the  king  and  queen,  with  two  Indians  kneeling  and 
offering  presents  of  beaver,  and  on  the  other  the  royal  arms, 
with  appropriate  inscriptions.f 

It  was  more  than  ever  important  that  Sloughter  should 
hasten  to  his  government ;  yet,  after  all  the  delays  that  had 
already  occurred,  his  departure  was  again  retarded.  The 
frigate  appointed  to  carry  him  to  New  York  was  detached 
as  a  convoy  to  Ireland,  where  William  *vent  to  conduct  the 

1  jiiiv.  campaign  in  person.  The  defeat  of  James  at  the  River 
Boyne  enabled  the  king  to  return  soon  afterward  triumph- 
antly to  London.  The  French,  however,  were  still  very 
strong  at  sea.  It  was  so  difficult  to  obtain  convoys  that 
English  merchants  were  obliged  to  hire  the  protection  of 
Dutch  privateers.     At  lengtli  the  frigate  Archangel  and 

7  October,  three  smaller  vessels  were  assigned  to  convey  Sloughter, 

Soldiers  for       ,   ,  .  pit  p  o     •  i  i         -\-r         ^7-      i 

New  York.  With  two  compamcs  01  soldiers,  from  Spithead  to  JNew  l  ork. 
Of  one  of  these  companies  Sloughter  himself  was  made  the 
captain.     The  other  was  commanded  by  Major  Richard  In- 
goldesby,  of  "  a  worthy  family,"  but  "  a  rash,  hot-headed 
man,"  wlio  had  formerly  served  in  Holland,  and  had  just 
returned  from  victorious  service  under  William  in  Ireland. 
Ingoldesby  probably  owed  his  promotion  to  the  friendship 
of  the  eccentric  Marquis  of  Winchester,  whom  William  had 
10  Sept.     made  Duke  of  Bolton.    *IIis  commission  required  him  to 
ard  In-  ^  "  obcy  tlic  I'oyal  "  Governor  of  New  York  now  and  for  the 
commis^  ^  time  being,"  but  it  did  not  authorize  him  to  act  as  com- 
mander-in-chief in  case  of  Sloughter's  absence  or  death.:}: 

•Col.Doc.,iii.,364,721,7C0,7Gl,76T,TC8;  iv.,  551,847;  Council  Min.,  vi.,  2;  Doc.  Hist., 
ii.,  202  ;  Mass.  II.  S.  Coll.,  .xxxv.,  277, 279 ;  Hutch.  Mass.,  i.,  335 ;  ii.,  313.  Although  Dudley 
was  made  a  New  York  counselor,  he  was  not  appointed  its  chief  justice  by  the  king,  who  had 
intrusted  that  power  to  Sloughter,  who  accordingly  commissioned  Dudley  on  15  M.iy,  1601 : 
Col.  Doc,  iii.,C25;  Council  Min.,vi.,27;  ;>os?,  639. 

tCol.  Doc.,iii.,427.  540,024,  71>0-T1'2,  709;  Doc.  Hist.,  iv.,  2»;  ComraisMons,  ii.,  10. 

t  Chalmem's  Annuls,  ii.,  OS,  73, 91 ;  Kcv.  Col.,  i.,  242 ;  Uurchetf  a  Memoirs,  47, 5S,  02,  lO.")- 


JACOB  LEISLEE,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  631 

Meanwhile  Blagge  had  reached  London  with  Leisler's  dis-  cuap.  xii. 
patches  of  June,  and  submitted  "  a  memorial  of  what  has 
occurred  in  New  York,"  with  a  petition  to  the  king,  pray-  ^j^^^^  ^ 
ing  that  Leisler's  proceedings  might  be  approved,  that  the  Londou. 
Assembly  of  New  York  might  choose  the  members  of  the 
Council,  and  that  the  petitioner  might  be  "lieard  in  person. 
Blagge,  however,  met  with  no  more  favor  than  his  prede- 
cessor Stoll.     So  far  from  recognizing  Leisler  as  lieutenant 
governor,  or  approving  his  conduct,  the  king  did  not  even 
name  him  as  one  of  Sloughter's  counselors.     The  Privy 
Council  referred  all  the  papers  received  from  "  Captain  Leis-  it  oct. 
ler  and  others  calling  theipselves  the  Council  of  New  York,"  refened'^u! 
as  well  as  the  address  from  its  principal  inhabitants,  to    ""='*'"• 
Sloughter,  with  directions  strictly  and  impartially  to  exam- 
ine the  several  allegations  on  his  arrival,  and  return  "  a  true 
and  perfect  account  of  the  state  of  that  province."* 

At  length  Sloughter  set  sail  from  theJsle  of  Wight  fori  Decern. 
Bermuda  and  New  York  in  the  Archangel  frigate.  Captain  s-°iu{oT^ 
Jasper  Hicks,  which  was  to  convoy  the  Beaver,  the  Canter-  anTia  car- 
bury,  and  the  store-ship  John  and  James.    Ingoldesby,  with  J'^u'da!  ^'' 
his  company  of  soldiers,  and  Counselor  Brooke,  who  had 
also  been  appointed  collector  and  receiver  of  New  York, 
Secretary  Clarkson,  and  others,  embarked  in  the  Beaver. 
The  other  soldiers  were  in  the  Canterbury.     Dudley,  the 
"  first  Counsellor"  of  New  York,  appears  to  have  sailed  di- 
rectly to  Boston.     After  keeping  company  for  some  time, 
the  three  ships  separated  at  sea  from  the  Archangel, "  with- 
out any  direction  or  allowance,"  and  made  the  best  of  their 
way  to  New  York,  while  the  frigate  steered  for  Bermuda.f 

The  Beaver  and  the  store-ship  arrived  safely  at  New  1691. 
York,  and  presently  after,  Stephanus  van  Cortlandt  and  jng'^.tde-by 
many  others  came  on  board,  complaining  against  Leisler,  !J?^^^'^ 
and  urging  Ingoldesby  to  land  his  soldiers  and  take  posses- 
sion of  the  fort.     As  the  Archangel,  with  Sloughter  on 
board,  had  not  yet  arrived,  Ingoldesby  was  the  highest  roy- 
al officer  in  the  province.     Accordingly,  he  sent  Counselor 

113 ;  Narcissus  Luttrell,  ii.,  127 ;  Collins'a  Peerage,  i.,  229  ;  Macaulay,  iii.,  128, 1T0,  435, 533, 
579,600-677;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  126, 140,186;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  618,757,  791,  810,  845;  iv.,  214, 719, 
760;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxvi.,  119:  N.  Y.  II.  S.  Coll.  (1868),  299,  300. 

*  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  631,  650, 731-750 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii., 33,  34, 151,  203, 220,  221 ;  Mass.  11.  S.  Coll., 
XXXV.,  277 ;  ante,  619, 620. 

t  Col.  Doc,, iii., 756,  757, 75:^,  760 ;  iv.,  321, 5:5;  Wood,  15.1;  Mass.  U.S. Coll.,  .xxxv., 277, 
2T9. 


632  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cnAp.  xir.  Brooke,  Lieutenant  Shanks,  and  Ensign  Simmes  to  demand 
from  Leisler  possession  of  the  fort  for  the  king's  forces  and 
1691.  their  stores.  The  fort  was  certainly  the  proper  place  in 
which  Ingoldesby  and  his  soldiers  should  be  quartered,  and 
the  king's  commissioned  officer  naturally  considered  the 
German  usurper  no  more  than  a  "  pretended  Governor," 
Leisler  Lcislor  was  "  very  angry  at  the  demand ;"  he  was  willing 
veiy  an-  ^^  reccive  the  king's  stores,  but  not  the  king's  soldiers  into 
the  fort,  and  he  asked  Brooke  "  who  were  appointed  of  the 
Council  in  this  Province  ?"  Wlien  informed  that  William 
had  named  Phillipse,  Van  Cortlandt,  and  Bayard,  among 
others,  and  not  himself,  Leisler  fell  into  a  passion,  and  cried 
out, "  What !  those  Popish  Dogs,  Rogues — Sacrement,  if 
the  King  should  send  three  thousand  such,  I  would  cut  them 
all  qffr  It  was  a  crushing  blow  to  the  colonial  demagogue 
who  had  thus  been  reproved  by  his  king,  and  his  taste  of 
power  had  so  infatuated  him  that  he  could  not  "  bear  the 
thoughts  of  a  supersedeas,"  nor  conceal  his  resentment  to- 
ward those  "  harbengers,  as  he  judged,  of  an  authority  to 
which  he  must  submit."* 
i^uier'a  And  now  Leisler  had  to  meet  a  serious  dilemma.  He 
dilemma,  j-^g^^  scizcd  the  fort,  as  he  pretended  that  it  would  not  oth- 
erwise be  safely  kept  for  William.  He  had  usurped  the 
government  of  New  York  by  sheer  impudence,  and  without 
the  least  authority  from  the  English  crown.  The  only  per- 
son now  in  the  province  who  held  William's  commission  to 
command  the  king's  forces  there  was  Ligoldesby,  and  he 
was  bound  to  obey  Sloughter,  and  him  only,  as  the  royal 
governor  of  New  York.  As  the  proper  place  for  the  royal 
garrison  was  the  royal  fort,  Leisler  should  have  let  Ingoldes- 
by and  his  soldiers  occupy  it  at  once.  If  he  had  done  so, 
much  trouble  would  have  been  avoided. 
Lei.-ier  oij.  Kcvcrthelcss,  Leisler  resolved  to  hold  out  against  the 
change  which  he  saw  William  intended.  Sloughter  had 
not  arrived,  and  perhaps  he  might  not  come;  while  In- 
goldesby was  only  commissioned  to  obey  the  king's  govern- 
or of  New  York  for  the  time  being.  Of  this  technical  di- 
lemma Leisler  took  advantage,  and  assumed  that,  in  Slough- 
ter's  absence,  he  was  himself  the  commander-in-chief  of 

•  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  75T,  791  ;  ir.,  .^25 ;  Doc.  Ilift.,  ii.,  247,  24S ;  Wood,  i.,  152 ;  Thompson,  i., 
263 ;  N.  Y.  II.  S.  ColL  (ISGS),  315, 31S,  329,  392. 


btmate. 


JACOB  LEISLEE,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVEKNOR.  633 

New  York.    He  refused  to  give  up  the  fort  unless  Ingoldes-  chap.  xir. 
by  bad  directions  to  tbat  effect  from  King  William  or  Gov- 
ernor  Slougbter.     So  be  sent  De  la  ISToy  and  Milborne  to 
inspect  Ingoldesby's  orders,  and  offer  all  sorts  of  accommo- 
dations for  bimself,  bis  officers,  and  soldiers.     The  absurdi- 
ty of  Leisler's  position  is  obvious.     To  tbis  proposition  In- 
goldesby  and  the  king's  counselors  on  board  tbe  Beaver 
could  not  assent.     Tbey  knew  tbat  wlien  Slougbter  left  En- 
gland, William  bad  never  recognized  Leisler's  usurped  au- 
thority.   So  Ingoldesby  replied : — "  I  bave  seen  tlie  copy  of  so  Jan. 
bis  Majesty's  letter  directed  to  Lieut.  Govr.  Nicbolson,  etc., 
but  cannot  find  bow  you  may  derive  any  authority  to  your- 
self from  thence.     I  want  not  tbe  accommodation  you  spe- 
ciously offer  to  bis  Majesty's  soldiers  under  my  command. 
Possession  of  his  Majesty's  Fort  is  what  I  demand  from 
you ;  and  if  you  refuse  tbat,  I  must  esteem  you  no  friend  to 
their  Majesties  King  William  and  Queen  Mary."    The  same 
day  Ingoldesby  issued  a  mandate  to  Captain  Samuel  Moore,  so  jan. 
of  Long  Island,  for  aid  against  tbe  "  rebels"  who  opposed 
his  Majesty.    Leisler  answered  tbis  by  a  protest,  and  a  call  si  jan 
of  the  neighboring  militia  to  obey  bis  own  orders.     Find- 
ing that  malicious  rumors  bad  been  spread  against  him,  In- 
goldesby declared  tbat  his  pm'pose  was  not  to  disturb,  but  2  Feb. 
to  protect  the  people.     The  next  day  Leisler  announced  s  Feb.  - 
tbat  Slougbter  had  been  appointed  governor  of  the  prov- 
ince, and  tbat  the  fort  at  New  York  would  be  surrendered 
to  him  on  his  arrival ;  and  meanwhile  directed  Ingoldesby 
and  bis  soldiers  to  be  entertained  in  the  city.    So  he  for-  4  Feb. 
bade  all  persons  from  aiding  or  comforting  tbe  major  of  poses'^in"-^' 
William's  forces,  who  bad  no  orders  from  the  governor.    At  ^°^'^^^  ^' 
length  Ingoldesby,  feeling  tbat  the  "  well  affected"  in  the 
city  would  stand  by  him,  landed  bis  soldiers,  with  as  much  0  Feb. 
caution  as  if  be  bad  "  made  a  descent  into  an  enemies'  coun- 
try," and  quartered  them  in  the  City  Hall.* 

As  Bayard  and  Nicolls,  whom  Leisler  held  close  prison- 
ers in  the  fort,  bad  been  named  royal  counselors  by  the 
king,  Ingoldesby  demanded  their  release.     But  Leisler  re- 
plied that  they  must "  remaine  configned  until  his  Majesties  14  Feb. 
further  orders  arrive."    For  a  while  there  was  quiet  in  New 

•  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  181-185,  219,240;  Col.  Doc,  lii.,  T57,  750,  TOl ;  iv.,  214;  Punlap,  i.,  195- 
198 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  (1S6S),  300,  301,  302, 315-320, 383, 384, 403 ;  ante,  502,  507. 


63i  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cn.vr.  XII.  York,  Ingoldesby  hoping  for,  and  Leisler  dreading  the  ar- 
rival  of  Sloughter.     But  as  time  wore  on,  and  the  governor 

Leisier'a  *  ^^^  ^^*^^  come,  Lcislor  and  his  friends  circulated  reports  that 

fresh  lies.  '\;V'illiam's  officers  and  soldiers  were  "  Papists  and  disaffect- 
ed persons  fled  from  England,"  and  that  they  had  "  forged 
their  commissions,  and  were  enemies  of  King  William  and 
Queen  Mary,"  Upon  this,  Dudley,  who  had  come  on  from 
Boston,  and  the  five  other  members  of  the  royal  Council, 
except  Bayard  and  XicoUs,  whom  Leisler  still  kept  confined 

Action  of    iu  the  fort,  met  in  the  city,  and  endeavored  to  "  dispose  the 

tlie  royal 

councu.  people  to  a  better  understanding."  It  was  observed,  how- 
ever, that  armed  men  from  all  parts  of  the  province  and 
from  Xew  Jersey  were  constantly  brought,  with  large  sup- 
plies of  provisions,  into  the  fort,  the  guns  of  which  were 
taken  from  the  river  front  and  trained  to  bear  on  the  city. 
The  block-houses  were  likewise  filled  with  the  adherents  of 
Leisler,  who  objected  to  the  king's  soldiers  going  the  rounds, 
and  threatened  to  beat  the  houses  of  the  citizens  "  about 

-1  Maich.  their  ears."  This  obliged  the  counselors  to  call  for  the 
militia  of  the  neighboring  counties,  and  to  desire  "  Major 
Richard  Ligoldesby,  the  chief  commander  of  their  Majes- 
ties' forces  sent  thither,  to  take  into  his  care  and  charge  the 
defending  their  Majesties'  subjects  in  this  Province  from 
any  outrageous  and  hostile  proceedings  whatsoever,  in  such 
manner,  and  by  such  proper  and  just  means  as  to  him  shall 
seem  reasonable,  'till  such  time  as  his  Excellency,  Colonel 
Henry  Sloughter,  shall  arrive,  or  their  Majesties'  pleasure 
shall  be  farther  known."  In  the  absence  of  the  governor, 
this  was  evidently  the  only  way  in  which  the  king's  regu- 

fi  March,    lar  autliority  could  be  maintained.    Leisler,  however,  issued 

prociama-  auothcr  proclamation  from  Fort  William,  declaring  that  he 
was  "  constrained  to  take  np  arms  in  defence  of  their  Maj- 

10  March,  esties'  supremacy,"  and  denouncing  the  "  illegal,  nnwarrant- 
lible,  and  undue  practices"  of  the  king's  own  counselors  and 
the  second  in  command  of  the  royal  troops  under  Slough- 

1*2  March,  tcr.  lie  also  wrote  to  the  governor  at  Bermuda,  hoping 
that  his  excellency  might  speedily  arrive." 

By  order  of  six  of  the  king's  counselors,  Matthew  Clark- 

4  March,    son,  tlic  royal  Secretary  of  New  York,  meanwhile  wrote  to 

*  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  757,  758.750,700,  70.1;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  ISG,  1S7,  ISS,  1S9, 192, 193;  Dunlap, 
IL,  199 ;  N.  V.  II.  S.  Coll.  (ISGS),  304-310. 


JACOB  LEISLEE,  ACTING  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR.  C35 

the  government  of  Connecticut,  giving  an  account  of  affairs  cuap.  xil 
in  the  province,  and  soliciting  their  advice.     Secretary  Al- 
lyn  replied,  advising  the  New  York  counselors  "  to  avoid  ciarkson' 
contest  with  Captain  Leisler,  and  rather  to  bear  any  thing  '^'^^l^^„ 
tolerable  and  redressible,  'till  his  Excellency's  arrival."    At  <="*• 
the  same  time  he  wrote  to  Leisler  that  there  was  no  doubt  ii  Marcii. 
"  but  that  the  ships  and  gentlemen  arrived,  do  come  in  sub-  vice  to 

•     Leisler 

ordination  to  his  Excellency  Colonel  Sloughter,  and  that  his  ' 
Excellency,  as  Governor  from  their  Majesties,  is  daily  ex- 
pected at  New  York ;  that  therefore  you  so  act  and  demean 
yourself  as  may  no  ways  violate  their  Majesty's  subjects 
peace  and  safety."* 

The  advice  of  Connecticut  was  seconded  by  several  of 
Leisler's  own  followers.    Gerardus  Beekman  assembled  the 
people  of  Kings  and  Queens  at  the  ferry, "  to  write  togeth- 
er a  peace  address."     With  this  he  came  to  the  fort, "  to  "  Poace  aj- 
persuade  Leisler  from  such  base  and  inhuman '  actions."  Kings  and 
But  "  the  malice  of  a  choleric  man"  could  not  be  restrain-  colfnues. 
ed.     Seeing  that  he  meant  to  hold  out,  and  had  already 
gathered  three  hundred  men  in  the  fort,  the  Council  hast- 
ened the  militia  from  the  neighboring  towns,  and  in  a  short 
time  five  hundred  came  into  the  city.    Ciarkson  wrote  again  ic  ikicii. 
to  Connecticut,  asking  for  three  or  four  hundred  men  to  as- 
sist in  maintaining  the  king's  government.     Captain  Wil-  wiiiiam 
liam  Kidd,  a  "  blasphemous  privateer,"  was  also  employed  ^^ 
by  the  Council,  and  did  "  many  good  services"  with  his  ves- 
sel.f 

Leisler  now  prepared  a  long  declaration  against  Ingoldes-  is  March. 
by  and  the  royal  counselors,  requiring  them  to  disband  their  declaration 
forces ;  otherwise  they  would  be  pursued  and  destroyed  as  goidesby" 
"  impious  and  unreasonable  men."     This  was  sent  the  next 
day,  and  an  answer  required  within  two  hours.     A  temper-  n  March, 
ate  reply  was  returned,  that  the  counselors,  officers,  and  sol-  coSacu. 
diers  were  commissioned  by  King  William,  and  wished  to 
preserve  the  peace,  and  that  those  who  should  attack  them 
would  be  "  public  enemies  to  the  crown  of  England.":}: 

Affairs  were  now  coming  to  a  crisis.     Having  usurped 

*  Doc. Hist., ii.,  185,  ISS,  189;  Dunlap,  ii.,199,200;  ante,50e.  It  is  marveloiig  ho wr  per- 
versely Dunlap  blunders  in  calling  Ciarkson  the  "Secretary  of  the  pretended  King's  Coun- 
cil of  New  York.'* 

t  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  159,190-102, 194,  209;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  760;  Col.  MSS.,xxxvi.,  16;  Council 
Min.,  vi.,  6;  Journals,  i.,  3;  Assembly  Journ,"vl.i,  i.,6;  Hunt's  Merchants'  Mag.,  xiv.,  41. 

♦  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  193-196  ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  75S ;  Dunlap,  i.,  20D-202. 


636  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CiiAr.  xiL  the  authority  of  lieutenant  governor  by  a  false  construction 

of  the  king's  letter  to  Nicholson,  Leisler  determined  to  at- 

tack  the  king's  own  commissioned  officers  and  soldiers.  In 
the  absence  of  the  governor,  William  had  expressly  direct- 
ed that  the  commander-in-chief,  or  the  "  first  counsellor"  ap- 
pointed by  himself,  should  take  the  administration.  The 
ingoMesby  Couucil  held  that  Ingoldesby  was  such  chief  commander, 
mande?."'"  and  therefore  Dudley,  the  first  councilor,  did  not  act  as  pres- 
ident. Certainly  both  were  commissioned  directly  by  Wil- 
liam, which  Leisler  never  had  been.* 

Scarcely  a  quarter  of  an  hour  after  he  received  the  reply 
17  March,  of  tlic  Couucil,  Leislcr,  with  his  own  hand,  fired  one  of  the 
i^iskifires  ^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^  £^^^  ^^  ^1^^  king's  troops  as  they  stood  on  parade. 
troops.       rpi^.g  ^^^g  followed  by  other  shots  at  the  house  where  they 
were  lodged,  and  by  volleys  of  musketry,  which  wounded 
several  and  killed  two,  one  of  whom  was  an  old  soldier,  Jo- 
siah  Browne,  said  to  have  been  slain  by  Gouverneur.    Balls 
were  also  heated  in  the  furnace  to  fire  the  town.     The  guns 
of  the  fort  were  answered  from  the  land  side,  and,  in  firing 
Persona     ouc  of  the  cauuou,  six  persons,  among  whom  was  MacGreg- 
orie,  were  killed.    Leisler  had  meanwhile  ordered  the  block- 
house on  the  Smith's  Ylye,  at  the  opposite  side  of  the  city, 
to  support  the  fire  from  the  fort.     But  Ensign  Brasher,  its 
commander,  not  willing  to  oppose  Ingoldesby's  soldiers,  who 
were  preparing  to  attack,  went  to  the  fort  for  farther  orders, 
where  he  was  imprisoned ;  and,  in  his  absence,  the  burgher 
Block-      guard  in  the  block-house  laid  down  their  arms  and  went  to 

)iou.«e  sur-    , .      .     -■ 
renders.       thCU*  llOUSCS. 

This  defection  greatly  discouraged  Leisler  and  his  adhe- 
is  March,  rcuts,  uow  closcly  invested  in  the  fort.     The  next  day,how- 
more^'ho'u!^  cvcr,  lie  fired  a  few  more  shots,  which  did  no  harm ;  while 
Ingoldesby  refrained  from  attacking  and  held  his  men  on 
the  defensive,  expecting  a  sally  from  the  fort,  or  a  batter- 
ing down  of  the  city.     To  distinguish  his  men  from  those 
of  Leisler,  Ingoldesby  directed  them  to  wear  white  bands  on 
their  left  arms.f 
IS  March.       At  this  critical  moment  word  came  that  the  Archangel 
10  March,  had  auchorcd  below  the  Narrows.     The  next  morning  Dud- 

•  Col.  Doc,  iil.,  COG,  G2S,  791 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  192 ;  N.  Y.  U.  3.  CoU.  aS4S),  404. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  395, 75S,  760,  765, 767 ;  Doc  Hist,  ii.,  205, 206,  222,  227, 231, 233,  24S;  Mass. 
n.  S.  Coll.,  XXXV.,  2S2-2S4 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Proc,  1S49, 107 ;  Coll.  (ISGS),  3S4,  404.  Neither  Dun- 
lup  (i.,  202)  nor  Hoffman  (22J)  refer  to  the  events  of  IT  and  IS  Marclu 


HENRY  SLOUGHTER,  GOVERNOR.  637 

ley  and  the  other  councilors  went  down  in  a  brigantine  and  cuap.  xir. 
met  the  long-expected  governor.     The  frigate  had  been 
nearly  lost  upon  the  rocks  at  Bermuda,  where  she  was  de-  Arrival  of 
tained  three  weelis ;  and  six  weeks  more  were  consumed  in  siougiuer. 
coming  from  there  to  Sandy  Hook.     On  leanoiing  the  con- 
dition of  affaii-s  in  New  York,  Sloughter  hastened  up  to  the 
city  in  the  ship's  pinnace,  passing  through  the  Buttermilk 
Channel,  on  the  east  side  of  Nutten  Island.     "  The  noise     . 
and  shouting  that  followed  upon  the  Governor's  landing" 
made  the  hearts  of  Leisler's  followers  "  to  devide."     Going 
at  once  to  the  City  Hall,  Sloughter  caused  the  bell  to  be 
rung  and  his  commission  to  be  read,  after  which  he  took 
the  required  oaths  and  swore  in  Councilors  Dudley,  Phil-  coimcnora 
lipse,  Yan  Cortlandt,  Minvielle,  Brooke,  Willett,  and  Pin-  ^*'™" 
home,  all  who  "  were  at  liberty."*     The  governor  directed 
Ingoldesby  to  go  with  his  company  and  demand  entrance 
into  the  fort.     This  was  refused  by  Leisler,  who  sent  Stoll 
with  a  letter  to  Sloughter  requiring  "orders  under  the 
King's  own  hand,  directed  to  him."     Sloughter  told  Stoll 
that  he  was  glad  he  had  seen  him  in  England  and  now 
again  at  New  York,  and  Ingoldesby  was  again  directed  to 
demand  possession  of  the  fort,  the  release  of  Councilors 
Bayard  and  Nicolls  "to  attend  his  Majesty's  sendee,"  and 
the  presence  of  "  Leisler,  Milbome,  and  such  as  are  called 
his  Council."    To  this  second  demand  Leisler  answered  that 
the  fort  was  not  to  be  delivered  "  upon  such  easy  terms ;" 
and  he  sent  Milborne  and  De  la  Noy,  with  Ingoldesby,  back 
to  the  governor  "'  to  capitulate,"  as  if  he  were  an  enemy ;  re- 
fusing to  attend  himself  or  to  set  free  the  royal  councilor 
whom  he  held  in  prison.  '  Upon  this  Sloughter  committed 
Milborne  and  De  la  Noy  to  the  guards,  and  ordered  In-  Miibome 
goldesby  a  third  time  to  demand  the  surrender  of  the  fort,  SToy  i™- ' 
the  enlargement  of  Bayard  and  Nicolls,  and  the  attendance  ^^°^''^ 
of  Leisler ;  "  all  which  was  peremptorily  and  with  contempt 
refused."     As  it  was  now  nearly  midnight,  the  governor  di- 
rected the  Council  to  meet  the  next  morning,  and  so  ended 
this  eventful  day.f 

*  Colonel  William  Smith,  formerly  Crovernor  of  Tangier,  who  had  come  from  England  to 
New  York  in  16SG,  and,  having  been  recommended  by  Dongan  as  a  fit  councilor,  wag  eo 
named  in  Sloiighter's  commission,  was  sworn  and  took  his  seat  on  25  March,  1691 :  Council 
Min.,vi.,7;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  417,685,  T60,  T67;  iv.,1137;  Thompson's  L.  I., ii., 442. 

+  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  75G,  758,  759,  700,  7G5,  76G,  767;  ix.,  507;  Doc  Hist.,  ii.,  202,  222,  240; 
Chalmers,  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  243;  Annals,  i.,  594,  611, 612 ;  ii.,71;  Council  Min.,vi.,  1,2;  K.Y, 


638  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK.  ■ 

cuAP.  XII.  On  Friday  morning,  the  twentieth  of  March,  the  Council 
accordingly  met  the  governor  at  the  City  Hall.  Deprived 
of  Milborne, "  his  oracle,  and  De  la  Noy,  his  great  Minister 
of  State,"  who  were  now  in  custody,  Leisler  wrote  to  Slough- 
Leisier's  tcr, "  I  866  V6ry  Well  the  stroke  of  my  enemies,  who  are 
to  Slough-  wishing  to  cause  me  some  mistakes  at  the  end  of  the  loy- 


1691. 

20  March. 


ter. 


alty  I  owe  to  my  gracious  King  and  Queen ;"  and  he  sup- 
plicated the  governor  to  receive  the  fort,  and  treat  him  as  a 
person  who  would  give  "  an  exact  account  of  all  his  actions 
and  conduct."     But  this  letter  was  not  noticed.     The  gov- 
ernor ordered  Ingoldesby  and  his  soldiers  to  require  the 
men  in  the  fort  to  ground  their  arms  and  march  out,  prom- 
ising that  all  should  be  pardoned  except  Leisler  and  his 
Lcisiei's     council.     Lcislcr's  men  "  readily  forsook"  the  fallen  dema- 
reudei""^"    gogue ;  wlio  was  brought  before  the  governor  at  the  City 
Hall,  and  the  king's  letter  to  Nicholson  taken  from  him, 
while  he,  with  his  councilors, "  being  found  in  actual  rebel- 
lion," were  ordered  to  be  committed  to  the  guards.     Bay- 
Leisicr  ira-  ard  and  In  icolls,  freed  from  their  long  imprisonment,  were 
and  Bayard  swom  of  the  Couucil, "  and  Bayard's  chain  put  on  Leisler's 

and  NicoUa  ■,  ,..^A 

!-etlVee.       legg.    '^ 

Slonghter  at  once  took  possession  of  the  fort,  which  he 

20  March,  named  "  William  Henry,"  after  the  king,  and  then  issued 
an"\tsem.  writs  for  the  election  of  representatives  to  an  Assembly  to 
'''^*         meet  on  the  ninth  of  April.     John  Lawrence  was  commis- 
sioned as  mayor  of  New  York,  William  Pinhorne  recorder, 

21  March,  and  Thomas  Clarke  coroner.     Sheriffs  of  the  several  coun- 
poTnTed."^"  ties  wcre  also  appointed.     Thomas  Newton,  of  Boston,  who 

was  reputed  to  be  the  best  lawyer  in  America,  was  appoint- 
ed attorney  general  of  New  york*by  the  governor,  who  did 
not  know  of  Graham's  "  pretensions"  for  the  place.  On  the 
23  March,  flrst  Siuiday  after  Leisler's  imprisonment,  Domine  Selyns, 
sc'iyi'is'd  whom  he  had  so  coarsely  insulted,  preached,  in  the  full- 
ness of  joy,  before  the  new  governor,  from  the  text  in  the 
twenty  -  seventh  Psalm,  "  I  had  fainted,  unless  I  had  be- 

n.  S.  Coll.  (tSGS),  381,  404.  It  is  surprising  how  Dunlap,  i.,  202,  203,  misrepresents  these 
transactions,  and  how  implicitly  Ilofifman  (223,  224)  follows  his  errors,  wliich  later  writers 
have  reiterated. 

*  Col.  noc.,iii.,  7C7,  780,  794;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  202,  203, 21C,  217, 222,  240,241, 248;  Council 
Min.,vi.,2,  3;  N.Y.H.S.  Proc,  1849, 107;  Coll. (ISGS), 310,  311,405;  Mass.  U.S. Coll.,. xxxv., 
283;  Chalmers's  Annals,  i.,C12;  Smith,  i.,  110;  Dunlap,  i.,  203, 204, 20.'5,  206.  It  is  amusing 
to  see  how  obstinately  Dunl.ap  insists  that  Leisler  was  a  "Dutchman,"  and  not  "a  Ger- 
man."    Many  in  our  own  times  maintain  the  same  vulgar  error. 


eermon. 


HENRY  SLOUGHTER,  GOVERNOR.  639 

lieved  to  see  the  goodness  of  the  Lord  in  the  land  of  the  chap.  xn. 
living."*  -^^ 

Councilors  Dudley,  Van  Cortlandt,  and  Brooke  were  ap-  gg  March! 
pointed  to  examine  the  prisoners  with  a  view  to  their  com- 
mittal for  trial.     The  prisoners  asked  Sloughter  for  a  hear- 
ing before  himself,  under  the  reference  to  him  by  the  Privy 
Council  of  the  previous  October.     But  that  order  did  not 
relate  to  the  recent  transactions,  which  the  governor  judged 
it  proper  should  be  tried  by  a  cornt.     A  special  commission 
of  Oyer  and  Terminer  was  accordingly  ordered,  under  the  24  jraroh. 
king's  large  authority  to  Sloughter.     The  court  consisted  comu.is- 
of  Joseph  Dudley  and  Thomas  Johnson,  whom  the  govern-  oye.-  and 
or  forthwith  appointed  judges  in  admiralty,  together  with  26  MuvcIL' 
Sir  Robert  Robinson,  formerly  governor  of  Bermuda ;  Col- 
onel "William  Smith,  Recorder  Pinhorne,  and  Jo^in  Law- 
rence, of  the  Council ;  Captain  Jasper  Hicks,  of  the  frigate 
Archangel ;  Major  Ingoldesby ;  and  Colonel  John  Younge, 
and  Captain  Isaac  Arnold,  of  Long  Island,  or  any  six  of 
them, "  one  of  the  Judges  always  being  one."     This  court 
was  composed  of  persons  "  most  capable  of  discerning  the 
truth,  and  the  least  prejudiced  to  those  people ;  who  indeed 
executed  their  commission  with  all  the  lenity  and  patience 
imaginable."    The  prisoners  were  committed  to  the  custod}'^  20  March. 
of  Sheriff  Lyndall,  of  New  York,  for  trial  before  this  tribu-  onm/com- 
nal  on  a  charge  of  traitorously  levying  war  against  the  king  the  sheriff. 
and  queen,  counterfeiting  their  majesties'  great  seal,  mur- 
dering Josiah  Browne,  and  other  high  misdemeanors.   Coun- 
cilors Bayard,  Van  Cortlandt,  and  Pinhorne  were  directed  so  Marcii. 
to  prepare  tLfe  evidence,  and  Nicolls,  Farewell,  and  Emott 
were  assigned  as  king's  counsel  to  assist  Attorney  General 
Xewton.f 

When  the  trial  came  on,  the  indictment  found  by  theApni. 
grand  jury  charged  the  prisoners  with  treason  and  murder  dictment 
'•'  for  holding  by  force  the  King's  fort  against  the  King's  gramTjuvy. 
Governor,  after  the  publication  of  his  Commission,  and  he 
had  thereby  become  Chief  Magistrate,  and  after  demand 
had  been  made  in  the  King's  name,  and  in  the  reducing  of 

*  Council  Min.,  vi.,  3,  5,  6 ;  Col.  Doc.,  iii.,  T21,  T56,  761,  T67,  T6S ;  iv.,  219,  551,  847 ;  Min. 
of  N.  Y.  Com.  Council,  i.,  353 ;  Smith,  1.,  112;  Dunlap,  L,  200;  Mui-phy's  Anthology,  114;  N. 
Y.  H.  S.  ColL  (1S68),  406 ;  ante,  630. 

t  Council  Min.,  vi.,  5,  6,  7, 8,  9 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  iL,  153,  204, 205 ;  CoL  Doc,  iii.,  625, 663,  701, 
747,760,767,794;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxiv.,  80;  xxxvi.,32;  xxxvii.,  93,94;  N.  Y.Will?,  i  v.,  336; 
Smith,  i.,  110 ;  DHnIap,i.,206;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.  aS6S),  311, 353, 364, 405 ;  ante,  599,031. 


640  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  XII.  which  lives  had  been  lost."     There  was  nothing  alleged 
against  them  for  any  previous  irregularities  or  usurpations 
Petu  jury  ^^  authority.     The  petit  jury  was  "  composed  of  youths  and 
other  bitter  men."     Eight  of  the  prisoners  pleaded  not 
Leisier  and  guilty.     But  Lcisler  and  Milborne  refused  to  plead  "  until 
refuse  to    the  powcr  be  determined  whereby  such  things  have  been 
^'^'^'''       acted,"  and  they  insisted  that  the  court  should  first  decide 
whether  the  king's  letter  to  Nicholson  of  30  July,  16S9, 
"  had  not  given  Captain  Leisier  an  authority  to  take  upon 
him  the  Government."     This  was  simply  begging  the  ques- 
tion.    The  court,  however,  would  give  no  answer  until  the 
prisoners  had  pleaded,  which  they  refused  to  do.     Upon 
this,  the  court  thouglit  it  best  to  ask  the  governor  and  Coun- 
cil whether  the  king's  letter,  or  any  of  the  papers  which  had 
been  referred  to  Sloughter  by  the  Privy  Council, "  can  be 
understood  or  interpreted  to  be  and  contain  any  power  and 
direction  to  Captain  Jacob  Leisier  to  take  the  Government 
of  the  Province  upon  himself,  or  that  the  administration 
thereupon  be  to  be  holden  good  in  law."     Sloughter  and 
13  April,    his  counselors  accordingly  declared  their  opinion  "  that  the 
tiie  givem-  aforcsaid  letters  to  Captain  Nicholson,  nor  any  other  papers 
coSneii  on  III  the  packct  directed  to  his  Excellency  for  a  report,  con- 
I'uT "o^  tains  any  power  or  direction  for  the  government  to  the  said 
Nichouon.  Qap^aij^  Leisier."    Announcing  this  decision  as  its  own,  the 
court  again  called  on  Leisier  and  Milborne  to  plead  to  the 
indictment.     But  this  they  obstinately  refused  to  do,  and, 
"  after  several  hearings  as  mutes"  during  eight  days,  the 
F.ight  of    jury  found  them  guilty,  along  with  Abraham  Gouverneur, 
ers^^o™°°"  Gerard  us  Beekman,  Johannes  Vermilye,  Thomas  Williams, 
victed.      ]\j;yn(Jei.t;  Coerten,  and  Abraham  Brasher.     The  jury,  how- 
Two  ac-     ever,  acquitted  De  la  Noy  and  Edsall.     Sentence  of  death, 
^"^  "^  '     according  to  the  barbarous  English  law  then  in  force,  was 
at  once  pronounced  by  Dudley,  the  presiding  judge,  upon 
the  eight  condemned  criminals.     "By  the  advice  of  the 
90  April.    Judges,"  the  governor  reprieved  the  prisoners,  upon  their 
sentenced  pctitiou,  uutil  the  kiug's  pleasure  should  be  known, "  unless 
prie%?d.     any  insurrection  of  the  people  necessitate  their  execution."* 
Li  obedience  to  the  orders  of  the  Privy  Council,  Slough- 

*  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  60C,  750,  TOO,  7G3,  TOO,  T6T,  T89,  7.^2, 194,  811 ;  iv.,  215;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  20G, 
207,203,209,211,213,217,222,235,241.248;  Council  Min.,  vi.,  14,  59;  Chalmers's  Ann.ils, 
i., 594,012;  ii.,71,72;  Rev.  Col.,  i.,  249;  Assembly  Journals,  i.,  7;  Smith,  i.,  110,  111;  Pun- 
lap,  i.,  20C,  207 ;  N.  Y.  U.  S.  Coll.  (ISCS),  311-317,  323, 350-364,  385,  406 ;  cntr,  593, 5:)4, 59T. 


HENRY  SLOUGHTER,  GOVERNOR.  641 

ter  promptly  examined  into  the  allegations  in  the  address  cnAP.xii. 
of  the  merchants  and  other  inhabitants  of  ISTew  York  to  the 
king  against  Leisler,  and  found  them  "  severally  true,  and 
that  they  have  been  very  modes.t  in  their  relation,"     The 
memorial  of  Blagge  was  reviewed  and  answered  by  Bayard  2t  April. 
and  Nicolls,  and  the  governor  was  "  very  well  satisfied  with  memOTiai 
the  truth  thereof."    In  his  report  to  England,  Sloughter  re-  7  May!^^  ' 
marked  that,  during  his  absence, Ingoldesby  "did  behave repo?^s*to^ 
himself  with  much  prudence  and  discretion,  and  make  it  ^^^land. 
his  whole  care  to  prevent  bloodshed,  and  had  he  not  been, 
covered  by  the  militia,  this  place  had  been  too  hot  for  him. 
I  was  joyfully  received  amongst  them.     I  find  those  men 
against  whom  the  depositions  were  sent,  to  be  the  principal 
and  most  loyal  men  of  this  place,  whom  Leisler  and  Mil- 
borne  did  fear,  and  therefore  grievously  oppress.     Many 
that  followed  Leisler  are  well  enough  affected  to  their  Maj- 
esties' Government,  but  through  ignorance  were  put  upon 
to  do  what  they  did ;  and  I  believe  if  the  chief  ring-lead- 
ers be  made  an  example,  the  whole  country  ma}^  be  quiet- 
ed, which  otherwise  will  be  hard  to  do."     In  his  letters  27  Jiarch. 
to  Secretary"  Nottingham  and  the  Plantation  Committee,  7  uly. 
Sloughter  declared  that  "the  loyal  and  best  part  of  the 
country  is  very  earnest"  for  the  execution  of  the  prisoners, 
but  advised  that, "if  his  Majesty  shall  please  to  grant  his 
pardon  for  all  except  Jacob  Leisler  and  Jacob  Milborne,  it 
will  be  a  favour."*    As  Clarkson  was  the  provincial  secre- 
tary by  royal  patent,  the  governor  and  Council  appointed  15  Api-n. 
David  Jamison,  the  Scotch  "  Sweet  Singer,"  who  had  come  cfJSTthe 
back  from  Boston,  to  be  its  clerk.     The  affairs  of  Albany  ^°^^'^^- 
and  its  neighborhood  having  been  considered  in  Council, 
letters  were  ordered  to  be  written  to  Virginia,  Maryland,  Letters  to 
and  the  other  adjoining  colonies,  asking  assistance  to  'New  an!f other 
York  against  the  French  and  Indians, "  the  common  enemy 
of  the  English  in  America."     Domine  Dellius,  who  had 
hastened  back  to  New  York  after  the  fall  of  Leisler,  was 
now,  in  consideration  of  his  services  among  the  Mohawks,  is  Apru. 
allowed  the  sixty  pounds  "  formerly  paid  yearly  to  two  Kom-  turn's"and 
ish  Priests  that  attended  on  Governor  Dongan."f  w  reward- 

*  Council  Min.,  vi. ,  20, 21 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii. ,  731-750, 756-768  ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  220-223 ;  Chal- 
mers's Annals,  i.,  610,  611;  awfe,  631. 

t  Council  Min.,  vi.,  15, 17,  IS  ;  Col.  WS3.,  xxxvii.,  103  ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  771,  772  ;  iv.,  489 ; 
anfe,407, 408,  437,  511, 555,  596, 624. 

IL— S  s 


64:2  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuAP.  XII.      On  the  appointed  day  the  Assembly  which  Sloughter  had 
summoned  met  in  the  city  of  New  York.     It  was  the  fii"st 
9  A  ril      *^^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^®  popular  representatives  of  the  province  had 
Aseembiy   couvencd  Under  the  direct  authority  of  the  English  crown. 
The  metropolis  elected  James  Graham,  after  a  contest  Avith 
Its  mem-    Abraham  de  Peyster,  and  William  Merrett,  Jacobus  van 
^^^'        Cortlandt,  and  Johannes  Kipp.     Albany  chose  Dirck  Wes- 
sells  andLevinus  van  Schaick;  Ulster  and  Dutchess,  Hen- 
ry Beekman  and  Thomas  Garton ;  Westchester,  John  Pell ; 
Kichmond,  Elias  Duksberry  and  John  Dally ;  Suffolk,  Hen- 
ry Pierson  and  Matthew  Howell ;  Queens,  John  Bound  and 
Nathaniel  Pearsall ;  Kings,  Nicholas  Stillwell  and  John  Po- 
land.    Eensselaerswyck  afterward  sent  Killian  van  Pens- 
selaer.     All  the  elected  burgesses  took  the  appointed  oaths, 
with  the  Test,  except  those  from  Queens  county,  who  scru- 
pled because  they  were  Quakers ;  in  whose  places  Daniel 
Whitehead  and  John  Eobinson  were  returned.     William 
Demire  was  also  chosen  from  Ulster  in  place  of  Garton, 
who  "  could  not  attend."     The  members,  who  were  all  op- 
posed to  Leisler,  chose  James  Graham,  of  New  York,  for 
Speaker     tlicir  Speaker,  and  John  Clapp,  who  had  drawn  up  the 
Queens  county  letter  of  November,  1690,  their  clerk.    For 
many  years,  in  want  of  better  accommodation,  the  Assem- 
bly "  sat  in  a  Tavern."* 
Speeches  of     The  govcmor  and  "  President"  Dudley  each  made  speech- 
and  Du"   es  to  the  Assembly,  advising  them  to  prepare  an  address  to 
AJsembiy.  their  majesties,  as  well  as  laws  to  establish  courts  of  justice, 
to  maintain  ministers  in  every  town,  to  quiet  the  troubles 
in  the  province,  to  support  the  garrison  at  Albany,  and  to 
continue  the  revenue.     As  its  first  work,  the  Assembly  took 
15  April,    up  a  petition  "  by  several  Freeholders,  inhabitants  within 
this  Province,  setting  forth  several  oppressions  and  hard- 
ships executed  upon  their  Majesties  subjects  in  this  Prov- 
17  April,    ince  by  Jacob  Leisler,  Samuel  Edsall,  and  others."     Upon 
tion?^° "'  consideration,  the  House  resolved  unanimously  that  Leis- 
Sm's    ler's  acts  had  been  tumultuous,  illegal,  arbitrary,  destruc- 
arbitrary    ^.^,^^  ^^^^  rebellious  ;  and  that  the  tragedy  at  Schenectady 
could  only  be  "  attributed  to  the  disorders  and  disturbances 

•  Assembly  Journals,  1.,  1-10, 17T,  101 ;  Council  Journals,  i.,  1-6,  218,  220;  Col.  Doc,  iii., 
7.V5,TC1,7G8,  "89.792,705;  iv.,  215,  S47, 1115;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  2S0;  Smith,  i,  112,113;  Dun- 
lap,  i.,  207;  ii.,  App.  xlvii.,  xlviii, ;  antc^  G25,  020. 


HENRY  SLOUGHTER,  GOVERNOR.  643 

of  tlios3  who  had  usurped  a  power  contrary  to  their  Maj-  chap.  xii. 
esties   authority,  and  the  right  of  government  over  this 
Province."     This  expression  of  the  popular  voice  of  New  ^g  ^  ., ' 
York  was  agreed  to  by  the  governor  and  Council,  and  or- 
dered to  be  published.     In  answer  to  Sloughter's  request 
for  their  opinion  concerning  a  reprieve  to  Leisler  and  Mil- 
borne,  the  Assembly  resolved  "that  their  Majesties  have20ApnL 
only  intrusted  that  matter  of  reprieving  with  his  Excellen- 
cy alone,  and  they  dare  not  give  their  opinion  thereupon." 
At  the  same  time  they  presented  him  an  address, "  That  as  is  Aprii. 
in  our  hearts  we  do  abhorr  and  detest  all  the  rebellious  ar-  abhorred 
bitrary  and  illegal  proceedings  of  the  late  usurpers  of  their  slmhiy^^' 
Majesties'  authority  over  this  Province,  so  we  do,  from  the 
botfcom  of  our  hearts,  with  all  integrity,  acknowledge  and 
declare  that  there  are  none  that  can  or  ought  to  have  to 
rule  and  govern  their  Majesties  subjects  here,  but  their 
Majesties'  authority,  which  is  now  placed  in  your  Excel- 
lency."* 

A  few  days  afterward,  upon  information  "  That  the  sev-siApriL 
eral  laws  made  formerly  by  the  Genei-al  Assembly  and  his 
late  Koyal  Highness,  James,  Duke  of  York,  &c.,and  also 
the  several  ordinances  or  reputed  laws  made  by  tlie  pre- 
ceding governors  and  councils,  for  the  rule  of  their  Majes- 
ties' subjects  within  this  Province,  are  reported  amongst  the 
people  to  be  still  in  force,"  the  House  resolved  unanimous-  The  as- 
ly, "  That  all  the  laws  consented  to  by  the  General  Assem-  soi^es^thrt 
bl}^,  under  James,  Duke  of  York,  and  the  Liberties  and  ailaws°of' 
Privileges  therein  contained,  granted  to  the  People,  and  de-  vouf^  ^^^ 
Glared  to  be  their  Rights,  not  being  observed,  and  not  rati- 
fied and  approved  by  his  Poyal  Highness,  nor  the  late  Eng, 
are  null,  void,  and  of  none  effect :  And  also  the  several  or- 
dinances made  by  the  late  Governors  and  Councils,  being 
contrary  to  the  Constitution  of  England,  and  the  practice 
of  the  government  of  their  Majesties  other  Plantations  in 
America,  are  likewise  null,  void,  and  of  none  effect  nor 
force  wathin  this  Province."     Whatever  may  have  been  The  coun- 
the  motive  for  this  extraordinary  resolution,  the  Assembly  concu?in°' 
did  not  present  it  to  the  governor  and  Council  for  their  uon.^^^°'"' 
concurrence,  and  therefore  it  never  had  any  legal  effect  in 

*  Assembly  Journals,  i,,  2-7;  CouncilJournals,  i.,  2-4;  Smith,  i.,  113, 114;  Doct.  Hist., 
ii.,  207,  208. 


644  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XII.  ISTgw  Yoi'k.     Jaiiies's  laws  remained  in  force  tliere  until 

regularly  rej)ealed.* 
1691.       ^  loyal  address  to  the  king  and  queen  was  now  signed 
Asaembiy's  by  the  goveriior  and  Council,  and  the  Assembly,  and  sent 
wiuiam     to  England  by  way  of  Yirginia.     Its  chief  point  was  to  de- 
ary, g^^^  iiiQYQ  clearly  the  "  territories  depending"  on  the  prov- 
ince, mentioned  in  Sloughter's   commission   and  instruc- 
tions.    The  king  was  therefore  prayed  to  annex  again  Con- 
necticut, New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Delawai'e  to  ISTew 
York,  and  thus  re-establish  her  ancient  bomids,  for  her  bet- 
ter defense  and  support.f 

As  the  members  of  the  House  of  Assembly  were  not  ex- 
15  April,    perts  in  legislation,  they  asked  the  governor  and  Council 
Bills  to  be  that  Attorney  General  Newton  might "  draw  up  such  bills 
auorney^   as  are  ucccssary  for  their  Majesties'  service,  and  the  good 
ftf  April,    of  this  government."     This  was  ordered ;  but  Newton  at 
the  same  time  told  the  Assembly  that  the  governor  had  di- 
rected him  to  go  to  Boston,  and  bring  back  the  provincial 
records.     lie  was  answered  that "  it  was  his  duty  and  busi- 
ness to  attend  this  House  during  the  sessions."     Newton, 
however,  went  to  Boston,  as  Sloughter  had  ordered ;  and 
the  difficulty  was  overcome  by  the  appointment,  first,  of 
George  Farewell,  and  then  of  Speaker  Graham,  to  draft 
the  Assembly  bills.:|: 

The  first  royal  General  Assembly  of  New  York  passed 
c  Slay.  fourteen  laws.  Of  these,  the  earliest  was  "  for  quieting  and 
quiet  disor-  Settling  the  disorders  that  have  lately  happened  within  this 
Province,  and  for  the  establishing  and  securing  their  Maj- 
esties' present  government  against  the  like  disorders  for  the 
future."  This  law  was  thought "  very  necessary  to  remove 
the  people's  mistake  they  had  been  poisoned  with  from 
New  England,  that  the  Crown  has  nothing  to  do  with  the 
people  here."  It  enacted  "  that  there  can  be  no  power  and 
authority  held  and  exercised  over  their  Majesties'  subjects 

'  Assembly  Journals,  i.,  S,  9 ;  Smith,  i.,  114, 115  ;  Chalmers's  Annals,  i.,  5S5 ;  Butler,  41 ; 
Dal}',  34  Compare  Journal  of  the  Legislative  Council  of  New  York,  i.,  5-10,  in  which  there 
is  no  record  of  the  concurrence  of  the  Council,  nor  of  the  assent  of  the  governor.  Smith  as- 
cribes this  action  of  the  Assembly  to  "art"  rather  than  to  "ignorance;"  but  lean  not  see 
how  such  transparent  stupidity  could  deceive  oi  away  even  the  weak  Sloughter,  much  less 
his  Council. 

t  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  623,  685,  T62,  768,  700, 795;  Assembly  Journals,  i.,  3,  11 ;  Council  Jour- 
nals, i.,  7 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxxvii,  85,  S6. 

t  Assembly  Journals,  i.,  5, 7,  8, 10, 11, 12;  Council  Journals,  i.,  3,  7 ;  Council  Min.,  vi.,  15, 
51 ;  CoL  MSS.,  xxxvj.,  01,  238 ;  CoL  Doc,  iii.,  721 , 769 ;  iv.,  847. 


HENRY  SLOUGHTER,  GOVERNOR.  645 

in  this  their  Province  and  Dominion,  but  what  must  be  de-  chap.  xii. 
rived  from  their  Majesties,  their  heirs  and  successors;  *  * 
«  *  and  that  none  ouglit  or  can  have  power,  upon  any  pre- 
tence whatsoever,  to  use  or  exercise  any  power  over  their 
subjects  in  this  Province,  but  by  their  immediate  authority 
under  their  Broad  Seal  of  their  reahn  of  England  as  now 
established."  As  Bayard  and  others  had  suffered  severely 
under  Leisler,  it  was  further  enacted  "  that  wliatsoever  per- 
son or  persons  shall  by  any  manner  of  way,  or  upon  any  pre- 
tence whatsoever,  endeavour  by  force  of  arms  or  otherways, 
to  disturb  the  peace,  good,  and  quiet  of  this  their  Majesty's 
government,  as  it  is  now  established,  shall  be  deemed  and 
esteemed  as  rebels  and  traitors  imto  theii*  Majesties,  and  in- 
cur the  pains,  penalties  and  forfeitures  as  the  laws  of  En- 
gland have  for  such  offences  made  and  provided."" 

"While  the  Assembly  thus  testified  its  loyalty  to  the  En- 
glish crown,  it  reasserted  those  popular  rights  which  Don- 
gan's  first  Assembly  had  proclaimed.  An  act  was  passed, 
"  declaring  what  are  the  rights  and  privileges  of  their  Maj- 
esties subjects  inhabiting  within  this  Province  of  New  is  May. 
York,"  which  followed,  with  little  ^-ariation,  the  language  ciadng  the  ■ 
of  the  repealed  "Charter  of  Liberties"  of  October  30, 1683,  tal people 
It  differed  from  its  model  in  extending  the  Test  Act  of  York!^ 
England  to  New  York,  and  in  omitting  the  clauses  re- 
ferring to  the  "privileged  churches"  and  their  ministers 
throughout  the  province.  At  the  instance  of  the  Council, 
a  proviso  was  inserted  that  it  was  not "  to  give  liberty  for 
any  persons  of  the  Komish  religion  to  exercise  their  man- 
ner of  worship  contrary  to  the  laws  and  statutes  of  their 
Majesty's  Kingdom  of  England."  This  was  necessary,  be- 
cause William's  instructions  to  Sloughter  required  him  "  to 
permit  a  liberty  of  conscience  to  all  persons  except  Pa- 
jpistsP  Following  the  example  of  New  York,  Massachu- 
setts the  next  year  passed  a  similar  law.  But  the  govern- 
ment of  William  not  long  afterward  disallowed  both  these 
laws,  because,  among  other  things,  they  contained  "  several 
large  and  doubtful  expressions."f 

*  Bradford's  Laws  of  New  York,  1 ;  Van  Schaack,  1, 2 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  790, 795 ;  Assembly 
Journal,  i.,  8,  9, 10;  Council  Journal,  i.,  5,  6;  Smith,  i.,  104,  105;  Chalmers's  Rev.  Col.,  i., 
231 ;  Hargtaves  State  Trials,  v.,  421.  The  latter  clause  of  this  &ct  was  repealed  June  27, 
1704,  in  consequence  of  the  proceedings  under  it  against  Bayard  himself :  Council  Journals, 
i.,  208,  221 ;  Col.  Doc,  iv.,  1114, 1115. 

t  Bradford's  Laws,  2-5  (ed.  1694,  15-19) ;  Assembly  Journal,  i.,  9,  12,  13,  14 ;  CouncU 


Q4:6  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap. XII.      Another  important    act   was  passed  "for  establishing 
Courts  of  Judicature."     This  the  governor,  with  liis  Coun- 
6  May   '   ^^h  ^^^^  ^^^^  powcr  to  do  hj  his  commission  and  Instruc- 
ji°^cature  ^ions.     But  Sloughtcr  recommended  a  law  to  be  passed  sim- 
e^abikh-   jiar  to  that  of  Dongan's  in  16S3,  which  was  "  a  forme  found 
A'ery  agreeable  to  the  Constitution  of  this  Government." 
So  it  was  enacted  that,  besides  various  local  tribunals,  there 
should  be  a  Supreme  Com-t,  to  sit  in  the  city  of  Is^ew  York, 
and  be  held  by  a  chief  justice,  a  second  justice,  and  associ- 
ate justices,  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor.     The  act  was 
limited  to  two  years,  but  it  was  afterward  renewed  fi'om 
15  May.     tiiuc  to  time.     Under  this  law  Sloughter  appointed  Joseph 
pomted.''^'  Dudley  chief,  and  Thomas  Johnson  second  justice,  and 
William  Smith,  Stephen  van  Cortlandt,  and  William  Pin- 
liorne  associate  justices.     All  the  judges  were  members  of 
the  Council.     The  chief  justice  was  allowed  an  annual  sal- 
ary of  one  hundred  and  thirty  pounds,  and  the  second  jus- 
tice one  hundred  pounds,  "  for  riding  the  circuit ;"  but  no 
pay  was  given  to  the  other  three  "  puisne,"  or  inferior 
judges.* 
•16 May.  "A  rcvcnue  for  defraying  the  public  expense  of  the 

^evenue  pj.Qyjj^fjg"  ^^s  also  granted  by  the  Assembly.  The  mon- 
eys raised  were  to  be  paid  to  the  receiver  general,  and  is- 
sued under  the  gOA'ernor's  warrant.  But  the  law  was  lim- 
Limited.  itcd  to  two  ycars ;  and  this  became  a  precedent,  to  the  an- 
noyance of  the  succeeding  governors,  who  wished  revenue 
to  be  granted  for  longer  periods.  At  the  same  time,  the 
Assembly  asked  the  governor  to  order  the  receiver  general 
Kiddre-  to  pay  to  Captain  William  Kidd  one  hundred  and  fifty 
l^ounds,  "  as  a  suitable  reward  for  the  many  good  services 
done  to  this  Province,"  and  also  one  hundred  pounds  to 
Major  Ingoldesby  for  like  "good  services."! 

Journal,  i.,  T,  8, 9 ;  Smith,  i.,  IIT ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  357,  3T0,  CIS,  CS9 ;  iv.,  263-2C5 ;  Chalme^s•.^ 
Rev.  Col.,  i.,  235, 230,244;  Annala,  ii.,31,40,  72, 113;  Hutch.  Jrass.,ii.,  64;  Gordon's  Araer. 
Rev.,  i,  97-99;  Bancroft,  iii.,  50, 95;  Uutler,  35, 40,41 ;  N.  Y.  Laws  of  1S13,  ii.,  App.  iii.-vi. ; 
ante,  3S3-3S5,  420;  post,  Appendi.x,  Note  E. 

*  Bradford's  Laws  (1094) ;  Paine  and  Duer's  Practice,  ii.,  App.,  715;  Assembly  Journal, 
i.,  4,  5,  S,  9, 10 ;  Council  Journal,  i.,  3,  5,  6 ;  Council  Min.,  vi.,  27 ;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  364,  C25, 
CS7, 710,  756,818,848;  iv.,  25-28,  37, 1137;  Wood,  140;  Smith,  i.,  116,  370,380;  Butler,  44; 
Daly's  Sketch,  34,  35,  36 ;  Laws  of  1813,  ii.,  App.  viii.-x. ;  ante,  386. 

t  Bradford's  Laws,  27;  Chalmers's  Rev.  Col.,  5.,  244;  Smith,  i.,  116;  Butler,  43;  Assem- 
bly Journal,  i.,  6,  7, 13, 14 ;  Council  Journal,  i.,  2,  3,  5,  9, 10 ;  ante,  635.  At  the  game  time 
that  Captain  Kidd  received  the  money  voted  him  by  the  Assembly,  bo  was  married  to  Sa- 
rah, widow  of  the  late  John  Oort,  of  New  York :  V.-xl.  Man.,  1847,  350 ;  Col.  MSS.,  xxsvii., 
112,121;  Doc  Hist.,  ii.,  216;  Hunt's  Merchants'  Mug.,  xiv.,  41,42. 


HENRY  SLOUGHTEE,  GOVERNOR.  •     647 

The  Assembly,  however,  did  nothing  in  regard  to  Slough-  cn-vr.  xir. 
ter's  recommendation  for  the  establishment  of  ministers  in 
each  town.     A  bill  was  drafted  by  Farewell,  but  it  was  re-  ^  jj^^ 
jected, "  not  answering  the  intent  of  the  House."     The  last  ^°J^l; 
law  passed  by  the  Assembly  was  "  for  pardoning  such  as  le  May. 
hare  been  active  in  the  late  disorders."     It  excepted,  how-  law-cer- 
ever,  the  most  prominent  actors,  Jacob  Leisler,  Jacob  Mil-  tions.^^"*^^' 
borne,  Gerardus  Beekman,  Abraham  Gouverneur,  Abra- 
ham Brasher,  Thomas  Williams,  Myndert  Coerten,  and  Jo- 
hannes Yermilye,  who  had  already  been  attainted  of  trea- 
son and  murder ;  and  also  l^icholas  Blank,  Garret  Duyck- 
inck,  Hendrick  Jansen,  John  Coe,  William  Lawrence,  Cor- 
nelis  Pluvier,  William  Churchill,  Joost  Stoll,  Samuel  Staats, 
Jacob  Maurits,  Robert  Leacock,  Michael  Hansen,  Richard 
Parton,  Joseph  Smith,  John  Bailey,  Roeloff  S wartwout,  An- 
thony S wart wout,  Johannes  Pro voost,  Jacob  Melyn,  Benja- 
min Blagge,  Jochim  Staats,  and  Richard  Pretty,  who  had 
been  Leisler's  most  obnoxious  followers.^'" 

All  the  laws  were  duly  promulgated  at  the  City  Hall, 
and  the  Assembly  was  adjom-ned  to  the  next  September. 
At  the  same  time,  the  governor  issued  his  proclamation  is  May. 
"  for  calling  back  such  as  through  fears  and  jealousies  have  procfanfa'-^ 
deserted  their  habitations,  and  to  assm-e  them  of  freedom 
and  liberty  from  unlawful  and  vexatious  suits."f 

Meanwhile  the  conviction  of  Leisler  and  his  accomplices 
]iad  produced  great  excitement  in  the  province.     A  pe- 
tition for  their  pardon  was  largely  signed,  especially  in  Petitions 
Staten  Island  and  in  Westchester ;  for  which  Daille  was  ler-s  par- 
cited  before  the  Assembly,  and  others  imprisoned  by  order 
of  the  Council  as  promoters  of  "riots  and  disturbances." 
Word  also  came  from  Albany  that  the  Mohawks,  disgusted 
with  Leisler's  mismanagement,  were  in  treaty  with  the 
French,  and  that  it  was  indispensable  that  the  governor 
should  quickly  conciliate  the  Fi^'e  Nations.     Those  inhab- 
itants who  had  suffered  under  the  late  administration  bit- 
terly complained  of  its  tyranny,  and  demanded  expiation. 
The  Dutch  ministers,  Selyns,  Yarick,  and  Dellius,  constant-  His  execu- 
ly  preached  and  talked  about  Leisler's  tyranny ;  and  even  manded. 
the  "  wives  of  principal  men"  besought  the  governor  "  to 

•  Assembly  Journal,  i.,  7, 1(1, 11 ;  Bradford's  Laws  (1694),  31-33 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  ii.,  235 ;  anU, 
640.  t  Assembly  Journ.,  i.,  14;  Council  Journ.,  i.,  10;  Col.  MSB.,  xxxvii.,  116. 


(348  HISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cnAP.  XII.  have  compassion  on  them  and  the  country"  by  executing 
■  the  sentence  of  the  court.  "  Upon  the  clamour  of  the  Peo- 
14  Ma  P^^  daily  coming  to  his  Excellency's  ears,"  Sloughter  asked 
Resolution  ^]^q  opiiiioii  of  the  Council ;  which  unanimously  resolved, 
councu     "  That,  as  well  for  the  satisfaction  of  the  Indians,  as  the 

that  sen-  •'  .  .,..,. 

tence        assertinof  or  the  government  and  authority  residmo;  m  his 

should  be  "^  •-'  ,.  .  ttip 

executed.  Excelleiicy,  and  preventing  insurrections  and  disorders  for 
the  future,  it  is  absolutely  necessary  that  the  sentence  pro- 
nounced against  the  principal  offenders,  be  forthwith  put 
in  execution."  The  governor's  iii'st  purpose  had  been  to 
reprieve  the  condemned  until  the  king's  pleasure  should  be 
laiown  ;  but  the  "  clamour"  of  Leisler's  and  Milborne's  vic- 
tims could  neither  be  restrained  nor  disregarded.  Slough- 
ter, said  to  have  been  induced  by  his  wife,  accordingl}^, 

14  May.  with  rcluctauce  and  sadness,  signed  a  warrant  for  the  exe- 
signf  thf  cution  of  Leisler  and  Milborne,  leaving  the  other  convicts 
rlnt'oT'''  under  reprieve.  The  same  evening  Domine  Selyns  was 
MUborne?'^  scut  to  auiiounce  to  the  prisoners  their  several  fates,  and 

exhort  to  preparation  those  who  were  to  die.     The  resolu- 
tion of  the  Council  was  communicated  to  the  Assembly, 

15  May.     wliicli  tlic  ncxt  day  answered  "  that  this  House,  according 

to  their  opinion  given,  do  approve  of  what  his  Excellency 
and  Council  have  done."     The  judgment  of  the  court  was 
10  May.     accordingly  executed  on  Leisler  and  Milborne  the  f ollow- 
Miibome"^  ing  morning,  which  was  Saturday.     The  governor  "  respi- 
executed.    ^.^^  ^yi  the  Sentence  saving  the  hanging  and  the  separating 
their  heads  from  their  bodies."     The  gallows  on  which 
they  were  hung  was  near  the  old  "  Tammany  Hall,"  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  and  their  bodies  were  buried  at  its  foot. 
Domine  Selyns,  in  the  midst  of  a  drenching  rain,  offered 
the  last  consolations  of  religion  to  the  sufferers.     Leisler, 
Theiidy-   ill  his  dying  speech,  acknowledged  "several  enormities" 
Zf  ^^^^'^  '  committed  against  his  will,  and  prayed  for  "  pardon  and 
forgiveness."     Milborne,  in  a  more  theatrical  vein,  seeing 
Livingston  in  the  crowd,  impeached  his  recent  Albany  vic- 
tim "  before  God's  tribunal."* 

*  Council  Min.,  vi.,  23,  26,  2S ;  Assembly  Journal,  i.,  9, 10, 11, 13, 14 ;  Doc.  IliPt.,  211, 212- 
215,  217,230, 247,248;  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  762,  76S,  780,  792,794,812,  S2G;  iv.,  219,  400,  620;  Col. 
MSS.,  x.xxvii.,  50,  9C ;  Val.  Man.,  1S56,  441 ;  ISCO,  543 ;  1SG6,  507 ;  N.  Y.  II.  .S.  Proc.,  1849, 
IDS;  Colden,  i.,130, 131;  Smith,  i.,  118, 119;  Dunlap,  i.,  208, 209  ;  Grahamc,  ii.,  231 ;  Ban- 
croft, iii.,  54,  55;  New  York  II.  S.  Coll.  (ISOS),  71,72,  321,  400-409,  414.  Upon  "  tradition," 
Smith  (i.,113)  asserts  that  Sloughter  was  invited  to  a  feast, and  tliat  "when  his  Kxcellency'a 
reason  was  drowned  in  his  cups,  the  entreaties  of  tlio  company  prevailed  with  him  to  sign 


HENRY  SLOUGHTER,  GOVERNOR.  649 

The  execution  of  Leisler  and  Milborne,  although  per-  chap.  xii. 
fectly  lawful,  was,  nevertheless,  a  great  political  mistake. 
It  at  once  made  them  martyrs  instead  of  convicts,  and  gave  ,j,j^g  ^^^^'^_ 
rise  to  popular  divisions,  which  for  a  long  time  injm-ed  the  J^°?j°^  ^^^ 
province.  Concerning  no  prominent  actor  in  New  York  poii^°™i®  ^ 
colonial  history  has  opinion  more  widely  differed  than  in  "j^gg^fgi 
rea-ard  to  Jacob  Leisler.     A  German,  and  not  a  Dutchman,  ''"fences  in 

o  '  _  'New  York, 

he  has  been  generally  held  up  as  a  champion  of  Dutch  de- 
mocracy against  English  aristocracy  ;  of  colonial  liberty  as 
opposed  to  the  rule  of  the  mother  country ;  and  of  Protes- 
tantism against  Romanism.  His  official  career  negatives 
these  theories.  His  conduct  proved  him  to  be  more  a  ty- 
rant than  a  democrat,  and  as  bitter  an  enemy  of  unques- 
tionable'Protestants  as  he  was  of  avowed  Roman  Catholics. 
It  was  the  selfish  attempt  of  an  upstart  demagogue  to  ob- 
tain a  local  importance,  which  neither  his  own  character 
nor  the  circumstances  of  the  province  warranted.  Seizing 
colonial  authority  under  false  pretenses,  he  clutched  it  to 
the  end  with  a  firm  hand,  growing  more  confident,  more 
despotic,  and  more  obstinate  as  he  gained  lacking  experi- 
ence, and  committing  greater  excesses '  in  maintaining  his 
impudent  usurpation  than  any  Governor  of  New  York 
commissioned  by  the  Duke  of  York  or  King  James  the 
Second.  Leisler's  assumption  of  provincial  power  did  not 
benefit  the  English  Revolution.  If  William's  colonial  gov- 
ernment had  remained  in  the  hands  of  Nicholson  or  his 
counselors,  the  province  would  have  been  better  protected 
against  the  French  and  the  savages;  the  Canada  expedi- 
tion might  have  succeeded ;  and  New  York  would  not  have 
suffered  from  the  party  enmities  which  long  disturbed  her 
peace.* 

the  death-warrant,  and  before  lie  recovered  his  senses  the  prisoners  were  executed."  The 
records  of  the  Council  and  Assembly  seem  to  disprove  this  "tradition,"  although  it  is  af- 
firmed in  a  letter  of  members  of  the  Dutch  Church  in  New  York  to  the  Classis  of  Amster- 
dam of  21  October,  1698.  The  address  of  the  Assembly  to  Lord  Bellomont  of  15  May,  1699, 
attributes  Sloughter's  action  chiefly  to  the  "importunity"  of  Bayard,  at  whose  house  he 
was  then  lodging:  MS.  Journal,  N.  Y.  II.  S.,  C3,  64;  Col.  MSS.,  xliii.,  12;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll. 
(1863),  406, 414. 

*  Col.  Doc,  iiL,  82r  ;  Chalmers's  Annals,  11.,  71,  T2 ;  Wood's  Long  Island,  109, 110,  111 ; 
Miller's  New  York,  50,  51,  111,  112;  Smith,  1.,  118, 119;  Dunlap,  i.,210,  211 ;  Grahame,ii., 
231;  Bancroft,  iii.,  55,  50;  Hoffman,  in  Sparks's  Amer.  Biog.,  xiii.,  1T9-238.  Ebeling  is  a 
German,  and  not  a  Dutch  writer,  as  stated  by  Dunlap. 


APPENDIX, 


Note  A,  Cuaptek  I.,  page  17;  Chapter  VI.,  page  261. 
King  Charles  the  Second's  Grant  of  Kew  Ketherland,  etc.,  to  tJie  Duke  of  York. 
Chaeles  the  Second  by  the  Grace  of  God  King  of  England,  Scotland,  France  and  Ireland  De- 
fender of  the  Faith  &c.  To  all  to  whom  these  presents  shall  come  Greeting :  Know  ye  that  we 
for  divers  good  Causes  and  Considerations  us  thereunto  moving  Have  of  our  especial  Grace,  Cer- 
tain knowledge  and  mere  motion  Given  and  Granted  and  by  these  presents  for  us  Our  heirs  and 
Successors  Do  Give  and  Grant  unto  our  Dearest  Brother  James  Duke  of  York  his  Heirs  and  As- 
signs All  that  part  of  the  maine  Land  of  New  England  beginning  at  a  certain  place  called  or  known 
by  the  name  of  St.  Croix  next  adjoining  to  New  Scotland  in  America  and  from  thence  extending 
along  the  Sea  Coast  unto  a  certain  place  called  Petuaquine  or  Pemaquid  aud  so  up  the  River 
thereof  to  the  furthest  head  of  the  same  as  it  tendeth  Northward ;  and  extending  from  thence  to 
the  River  Kinebequi  and  so  Upwards  by  the  Shortest  course  to  the  River  Canada  Northward.  And 
also  all  that  Island  or  Islands  commonly  called  by  the  several  name  or  names  of  Matowacks  or 
Long  Island  situate  lying  and  being  towards  the  West  of  Cape  Cod  and  the  Narrow  Higansetts 
abutting  upon  the  main  land  between  the  two  Rivers  there  called  or  kno^vii  by  the  several  names 
of  Connecticut  and  Hudsons  River,  together  also  with  the  said  River  called  Hudsons  River  and  all 
the  Laud  from  the  West  side  of  Connecticut  to  the  East  side  of  Delaware  Bay.  And  also  all  those 
several  Islands  called  or  known  by  the  Names  of  Martin's  Vineyard  and  Nantukes  otherwise  Nan- 
tuckett ;  Together  with  all  the  Lands,  Islands,  Soils,  Rivers,  Harbors,  Mines,  Minerals,  Quarries, 
Woods,  Marshes,  Waters,  Lakes,  Fishings,  Hawking,  Hunting  and  Fowling  and  all  other  Royal- 
ties, Profits,  Commodities  and  Hereditaments  to  the  said  several  Islands,  Lands  and  Premises  be- 
longing and  appertaining  with  their  and  every  of  their  appurtenances ;  And  all  our  Estate,  Right, 
Title,  Interest,  Benefit,  Advantage,  Claim  and  Demand  of  in  or  to  the  said  Lands  and  Premises  or 
any  part  or  parcel  thereof  And  the  Reversion  and  Reversions  Remainder  and  Remainders  together 
with  the  yearly  and  other  the  Rents,  Revenues  and  Profits  of  all  and  singular  the  said  Premises 
and  of  every  part  and  parcel  thereof;  To  have  and  to  hold  all  and  singular  the  said  Lands,  Isl- 
ands, Hereditaments  and  premises  with  their  and  every  of  their  appurtenances  hereby  given  and 
granted  or  hereinbefore  mentioned  to  be  given  and  granted  unto  our  Dearest  Brother  James  Duke 
of  York  his  Heirs  and  Assigns  forever,  To  the  only  proper  use  and  behoof  of  the  said  James  Duke 
of  York  his  Heirs  and  Assigns  forever,  To  be  holden  of  Us  our  Heirs  and  Successors  as  of  our  Ma- 
nor of  East  Greenwich  and  our  County  of  Kent  in  free  and  common  soccage  and  not  in  Capite 
nor  by  Knight  service  yielding  and  rendering.  And  the  said  James  Duke  of  York  doth  for  him- 
self his  Heirs  and  Assigns  covenant  and  promise  to  yield  and  render  unto  us  our  Heirs  and  Suc- 
cessors of  and  for  the  same  yearly  and  every  year  forty  Beaver  skins  when  they  shall  be  demanded 
or  within  Ninety  days  after.  And  We  do  further  of  our  special  Grace  certain  knowledge  and  mere 
motion  for  us  our  Heirs  and  Successors  Give  and  Grant  unto  our  said  Dearest  Brother  James  Duke 
of  York  his  Heirs,  Deputies,  Agents,  Commissioners  and  Assigns  by  these  presents  full  and  abso- 
lute power  and  authority  to  correct,  punish,  pardon,  govern  and  rule  all  such  the  subjects  of  us 
Our  Heirs  and  Successors  who  may  from  time  to  time  adventure  themselves  into  any  of  the  parts 
or  places  aforesaid  or  that  shall  or  do  at  any  time  hereafter  inhabit  within  the  same  according  to 
such  Laws,  Orders,  Ordinances,  Directions  and  Instruments  as  by  our  said  Dearest  Brother  or  his 
Assigns  shall  be  established ;  And  in  defect  thereof  in  case  of  necessity,  according  to  the  good  dis- 
cretions of  his  Deputies,  Commissioners,  Officers  or  Assigns  respectively ;  as  well  in  all  causes  and 
matters  Capital  and  Criminal  as  civil  both  marine  and  others ;  So  always  as  the  said  Statutes 
Ordinances  and  proceedings  be  not  contrary  to  but  as  near  as  conveniently  may  be  agreeable  to 
the  Laws,  Statutes  &  Government  of  this  Our  Realm  of  England,  And  saving  and  reserving  to  us 
Our  Heirs  and  Successors  the  receiving,  hearing  and  determining  of  the  Appeal  and  Appeals  of  all 
or  any  Person  or  Persons  of  in  or  belonging  to  the  territories  or  Islands  aforesaid  in  or  touching 
any  Judgment  or  Sentence  to  be  there  made  or  given.  And  further  that  it  shall  and  may  be  law- 
ful to  and  for  our  said  Dearest  Brother  his  Heirs  and  Assigns  by  these  presents  from  time  to  time 
to  nominate,  make,  constitute,  ordain  and  confirm  by  such  name  or  name  stile  or  stiles  as  to  him 
or  them  shall  seem  good  and  likewise  to  revoke,  discharge,  change  and  alter  as  well  all  aud  sin- 


652  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

gnlar  Governors,  OfiScere  and  Ministers  which  hereafter  shall  be  by  him  or  them  thought  fit  and 
needful  to  be  made  or  used  within  the  aforesaid  parts  and  Islands  ;  And  also  to  malse,  ordain  and 
establish  all  manner  of  Orders,  Laws,  directions,  instructions,  forms  and  Ceremonies  of  Govern- 
ment and  Magistracy  fit  and  necessary  for  and  Concerning  the  Government  of  the  territories  and 
Islands  aforesaid,  so  always  as  the  same  be  not  contrary  to  the  laws  and  statutes  of  this  Our  Realm 
of  England  but  as  near  as  may  be  agreeable  thereunto :  And  the  same  at  all  times  hereafter  to 
put  in  execution  or  abrogate  revoke  or  change  not  only  within  the  precincts  of  the  said  Territo- 
ries or  Islands  but  also  upon  the  Seas  in  going  and  coming  to  and  from  the  same  as  he  or  they  in 
their  good  discretions  shall  think  to  be  fittest  for  the  good  of  the  Adventurers  and  Inhabitants 
there.  And  We  do  further  of  Our  speciall  Grace,  certain  knowledge  and  mere  motion  grant,  or- 
dain and  declare  that  such  Governors,  Officers  and  Ministers  as  from  time  to  time  shall  be  author- 
ized and  appointed  in  manner  and  form  aforesaid  shall  and  may  have  fuU  power  and  authority  to 
use  and  exercise  Martial  Law  in  cases  of  Rebellion,  Insurrection  and  Mutiny  in  as  large  and  ample 
manner  as  Our  Lieutenants  in  Our  Counties  within  Our  Realm  of  England  have  or  ought  to  have 
by  force  of  their  Commission  of  Lieutenancy  or  any  Law  or  Statute  of  this  our  Realm.  And  We 
do  further  by  these  presents  for  us  Our  Heirs  and  Successors  Grant  unto  Our  said  Dearest  Brother 
James  Duke  of  York  his  Heirs  and  Assigns,  That  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  to  and  for  the  said 
James  Duke  of  York  his  heirs  and  Assigns  in  his  or  their  discretions  from  time  to  time  to  admit 
such  and  so  many  Person  and  Persons  to  trade  and  traffic  unto  and  within  the  Territories  and 
Islands  aforesaid  and  into  every  or  any  part  and  parcel  thereof,  and  to  have  possess  and  enjoy  any 
Lands  or  Hereditaments  in  the  parts  and  places  aforesaid  as  they  shall  think  fit  according  to  the 
Laws,  Orders,  Constitutions  and  Ordinances  by  Our  said  Brother  his  Heirs,  Deputies,  Commis- 
sioners and  Assigns  from  time  to  time  to  be  made  and  established  by  virtue  of  and  according  to 
the  true  intent  and  meaning  of  these  presents  and  under  such  conditions,  reservations  and  agree- 
ments as  Our  said  Brother  his  Heirs  or  Assigns  shall  set  down,  order,  direct  and  appoint,  and  not 
otherwise  as  aforesaid.  And  We  do  further  of  Our  especial  grace,  certain  knowledge  and  mere 
motion  for  us  Our  Heirs  and  Successors  give  and  grant  to  Our  said  Dear  Brother  his  Heirs  and 
Assigns  by  these  presents  That  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  to  and  for  him,  them  or  any  of  them  at 
all  and  every  time  and  times  hereafter  out  of  any  Om-  Realms  or  Dominions  whatsoever  to  take 
lead,  carry  and  transport  in  and  into  their  Voyages  and  for  and  towards  the  Plantations  of  Our 
said  Territories  and  Islands  all  such  and  so  many  of  Our  Loving  subjects  or  any  other  strangers 
being  not  prohibited  or  under  restraint  that  will  become  Our  Loving  subjects  and  live  under  Our 
Allegiance  as  shall  willingly  accompany  them  in  the  said  voyages ;  together  with  all  such  clothing, 
implements,  furniture  and  other  things  usually  transported  and  not  prohibited  as  shall  be  neces- 
sary for  the  inhabitants  of  the  said  Islands  and  Territories  and  for  their  use  and  defence  thereof 
and  managing  and  carrying  on  the  trade  with  the  People  there  and  in  passing  and  returning  to 
and  fro :  Yielding  and  paying  to  us  Our  Heirs  and  Successors  the  Customs  and  Duties  therefore 
due  and  payable  according  to  the  Laws  and  Customs  of  this  Our  Realm.  And  We  do  also  for  us 
Our  Heirs  and  Successors,  grant  to  Our  said  Dearest  Brother  James  Duke  of  York  his  Heirs  and 
Assigns  and  to  all  and  every  such  Governor  or  Governors  or  other  Officers  or  Ministers  as  by  Our 
said  Brother  his  Heirs  or  Assigns  shall  be  appointed,  to  have  power  and  authority  of  Government 
and  Command  in  or  over  the  Inhabitants  of  the  said  Territories  or  Islands  that  they  and  every 
of  them  shall  and  lawfully  may  from  time  to  time  and  at  all  times  hereafter  forever  for  their  sev- 
eral defence  and  safety  encounter,  expulse,  repel  and  resist  by  force  of  Arms  as  well  by  sea  as  by 
land  and  all  ways  and  means  whatsoever  all  such  Person  and  Persons  as  without  the  speciall  Li- 
cence of  Our  said  Dear  Brother  his  Heirs  or  Assigns  shall  attempt  to  inhabit  within  the  several 
precincts  and  limits  of  Our  said  territories  and  Islands :  And  also  all  and  every  such  Person  and  Per- 
sons whatsoever  as  shall  enterprize  or  attempt  at  any  time  hereafter  the  destruction,  invasion,  det- 
riment or  annoyance  to  the  parts,  places  or  Islands  aforesaid  or  any  part  thereof  And  lastly  Our 
will  and  pleasure  is  and  We  do  hereby  declare  and  grant  that  these  Our  Letters  Patents  or  the 
enrolment  thereof  shall  be  good  and  efiectual  in  the  Law  to  all  intents  and  purposes  whatsoever 
notwithstanding  the  not  recitiug  or  mentioning  of  the  Premises  or  any  part  thereof  or  the  meets 
or  Bounds  thereof  or  of  any  former  or  other  Letters  Patents  or  Grants  heretofore  made  or  grant- 
ed of  the  Premises  or  of  any  part  thereof  by  L's  or  of  any  of  Our  progenitors  unto  any  other  Per- 
son or  Persons  whatsoever.  Bodies  Politic  or  Corporate,  or  any  Act,  Law  or  other  restraint  incer- 
tainty  or  imperfection  whatsoever  to  the  contrary  in  any  wise  notwithstanding  ;  although  express 
mention  of  the  true  yearly  value  or  certainty  of  the  premises  or  any  of  them  or  of  any  other  gifts 
or  grants  by  L^s  or  by  any  of  Our  progenitors  or  predecessors  heretofore  made  to  the  said  James 
Duke  of  York  in  these  presents  is  not  made  or  any  statute,  act,  ordinance,  provision,  proclama- 
tion or  restriction  heretofore  had,  made,  enacted,  ordained  or  provided,  or  any  other  matter  cause 
or  thing  whatsoever  to  the  Contrary  thereof  in  any  wise  Notwithstanding.  In  Witness  whereof 
We  have  caused  these  Our  Letters  to  be  made  Patents.  Witness  Ourself  at  Westminster  the 
twelfth  day  of  March  in  the  Sixteenth  Year  of  Our  Reign.  [1CG4] 

By  the  King.  Howahp. 

Crininal  in  State  TJbrar;/,  Albany;  Patents,  i.,  109-115  ;  Learning  and  Spiccr,  3-8 ;  Sew  York  Co- 
lonial Documents,  iL,  21)5-298. 


APPENDIX.  653 


Note  B,  Cuaptek  I.,  page  IS. 
The  Duke  of  York's  Commission  to  Colonel  Richard  Kicolls. 

JAMES,  Duke  of  Yokk  and  Albany,  Earl  of  Ulster,  Lord  High  Admiral  of  Enqla^'D  and  Iee- 
LAND,  &c.,  Constable  of  Dover  Castle,  Lord  Warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  and  Governor  of  Ports- 
mouth, &c.  Wheeeas  it  hath  pleased  the  King's  most  Excellent  Majesty,  my  Sovereign  Lord  and 
Brother,  by  His  Majesty's  Letters  Patents,  bearing  date  at  Westminster  the  Tivel/th  day  of  March 
in  the  Sixteenth  year  of  His  Majesty's  Keign,  to  give  and  grant  nnto  me  and  to  my  Heirs  and 
Assigns,  All  that  part  of  the  mainland  of  New  England,  Beginning  at  a  certain  place  called  or 
knovyn  by  the  name  of  Saint  Croix,  next  adjoining  to  Ketv  Scotland  in  America,  and  from  thence 
extending  along  the  sea-coast,  unto  a  certain  place  called  Petaquine  or  Pemaquid,  and  so  up  the 
Eiver  thereof  to  the  furthest  head  of  the  same,  as  it  tendeth  Northwards,  and  extending  from 
thence  to  the  Eiver  of  Kirtebequi,  and  so  upwards  by  the  shortest  course  to  the  River  Canada 
northwards  ;  And  Also  all  that  Island  or  Islands  commonly  called  by  the  several  name  or  names 
of  Matowacks  or  Long  Island,  situate,  lying,  and  being  towards  the  west  of  Cape  Cod  and  the  Nar- 
row-Higansets,  abutting  upon  the  mainland,  between  the  two  rivers  there,  called  or  known  by  the 
several  names  of  Connecticut  and  Hudsoti's  Eiver ;  Together  aiso  with  the  said  Eiver  called  Hud- 
son's River  and  all  the  land  from  the  West  side  of  Connecticut  Eiver  to  the  East  side  of  Delaioare 
Bay;  And  Also  all  those  several  Islands  called  or  known  by  the  name  of  Martin's  Vineyard  and 
Nantukes  otherwise  Nantucket;  Together  with  all  the  Lands,  Islands,  Soiles,  Eivers,  Harbours, 
Mines,  Minerals,  Quarries,  Woods,  Marshes,  Waters,  Lakes,  Fishing,  Hawking,  Hunting,  and 
Fowling,  and  all  other  Eoyalties,  Profits,  Commodities,  Hereditaments,  to  the  said  several  Islands," 
Lands,  and  Premises  belonging  and  appertaining,  with  their  and  every  of  their  Appurtenances ; 
To  Hold  the  same  to  my  own  proper  use  and  behoof.  With  Power  to  correct,  punish,  pardon,  gov- 
ern, and  rule  the  Inhabitants  thereof,  by  Myself,  or  such  Deputies,  Commissioners,  or  Officers  as  I 
shall  think  fit  to  appoint ;  as  by  His  Majesty's  said  Letters  Patents  may  more  fully  appear:  And 
Whereas  I  have  conceived  a  good  opinion  of  the  Integrity,  Prudence,  Ability  and  Fitness  of  Eioii- 
AKD  NicoLLS,  Esquire,  to  be  employed  as  my  Deputy  there,  I  have  therefore  thought  fit  to  consti- 
tute and  appoint.  And  I  do  hereby  constitute  and  appoint  him  the  said  Richard  Nicolls,  Esquire, 
to  be  my  Deputy-Governor  within  the  Lands,  Islands,  and  Places  aforesaid.  To  perform  and  exe- 
cute all  and  every  the  Powers  which  are  by  the  said  Letters  Patents  granted  unto  me,  to  be  exe- 
cute by  my  Deputy,  Agent,  or  Assign.  To  Have  and  to  Hold  the  said  place  of  Deputy^Governor 
unto  the  said  Richard  Nicolls,  Esquire,  during  my  will  and  pleasure  only  ;  Hereby  willing  and  re- 
quiring all  and  every  the  Inhabitants  of  the  said  Lauds,  Islands,  and  Places  to  give  obedience  to 
him  the  said  Richard  Nicolls  in  all  things,  according  to  the  tenor  of  His  Majesty's  said  Letters 
Patents ;  And  the  said  Richard  Nicolls,  Esquire,  to  observe,  follow  and  execute  such  Orders  and 
Instructions  as  he  shall  from  time  to  time  receive  from  myself.  Given,  under  my  hand  and  seal, 
at  Whitehall,  this  Second  day  of  April,  in  the  Sixteenth  Year  of  the  Eeign  of  our  Sovereign  Lord 
Charles  the  Second,  by  the  Grace  of  God  King  of  England,  Scotland,  France,  and  Ireland,  &c., 
Annoque  Domini,  1664.  JAMES. 

By  Command  of  His  Royal  Highness, 

W.  COVENTEY. 

Patents,  i.,  116-llS ;  Learning  and  Spicer,  6G5-CC7. 


Note  C,  CnArxEE  VL,  page  271. 
Governor  Colve  to  the  liurgomasters  d:c  of  New  Orange. 
Burgomasters  and  Schepens  being  on  the  invitation  of  the  H'.  Govern^  assembled  Collegi- 
aliter  in  the  City  Hall  on  the  15  Ocf  16T4:— 
The  H'.  Govemour  General  appearing  at  the  meeting  represents  that  he  hath  now  received  by 
the  Government  ship  the  Miiyll  Tromp,  Letters  &  Absolute  Orders  from  the  Lords  Majors  and 
their  High  Mightinesses,  for  the  Restitution  of  this  Province  of  N.  Netherland  to  his  Majesty  of 
Great  Britain  pursuant  to  the  Treaty  of  peace  concluded  on  the       February  last ;  with  further 
order  for  himself  to  return  immediately  with  the  Garrison,  which  His  Honour  thought  fit  to  com- 
municate to  the  meeting,  further  stating  to  them  if  they  had  any  Representation  to  make  to  their 
High  Mightinesses,  and  Honbie  Mightinesses  that  his  Honour  would  willingly  present  the  same.— 
New  Orange  Records,  vii.,  237. 

Governor  Andros  to  Governor  Colve. 
Being  arrived  to  this  Place  with  Orders  to  Receaue  from  you  in  the  Behalf  of  his  Mat'e  of  Great 
Britagny  Pursuant  to  the  Late  Articles  of  Pease  with  the  States  Generall  of  the  United  Neather- 
lands,  The  New  Netherlands  and  Dependances,  now  vnder  your  Command,  I  hane  herewith,  by 
Capt.  Philipe  Carterett:  and  Ens.  Cisesar  Knapton,  sent  you  the  Respective  Orders  from  the  said 
States  Generall,  the  States  of  Zealand  and  Admirality  of  Amsterdam,  to  that  Efect,  and  desire  youl 


654  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Please  to  apoiut  some  short  time  for  it,  Our  Soldjers  having  [been]  long  ahord,  I  pray  your  Answer 
by  these  Jeutlemeu  and  I  shall  bee  Keady,  to  serve  yoa  in  what  may  Lay  in  my  Power,  Being 

Your  Very  Humble  Servant. 
From  abord  His  Mat'es  Ship 
The  Diamond,  att  Anker  neare 
Staten  Island  this  22'"i  of  Oct''" 
1674 

Superscription. 

"  For  the  HMe  The  Gouemor 
Commander  in  Chief  in  The 

New  Netherlands,      These."  Cvl.  3ISS.,  x:Kin.,i12. 

Governor  Andros  to  Governor  Colve. 

S'.— I  Receined  yours  Last  Night  of  the  same  date,  by  Capt  Carell  Epissej'n  &  Lieut  Charles 
Quirryuse  which  were  I  com  in  a  private  capasity  or  bound  elsewhere,  is  very  obligin  to  my  supe- 
riors and  Family.    But  I  am  suprized  that  being  sent  Authorized  as  I  am  for  Kecea\'iug  the  Place 
which  I  length  you  severall  Eeteirated  the 

States  General!,  the  States  of  Zealand  &  Admiralty  of  Amsterdam  (which  you  also  tell  mee  you 
had  Already  receaved  before  my  Arival  &  itt  being  so  long  after  the  Tyme,  itt  should  have  been 
delivered  if  demanded)  you  have  nott,  so  Much  as  Sett  any  Time  for  the  Effecting  itt,  I  doe  nott 
Doubt  the  Freedom,  &  y  Kind  Vsage  of  all  Inglish,  In  generall  w^*  is  daylay  practized  betweene 
our  Superiors,  &  Two  Nafons  in.Vrope,  &  Elsewhere,  but  having  no  Orders  to  Land  vpun  a  pri- 
vate acompt  &  The  Ships  sent  w""  mee  by  the  King  of  Ingland,  my  Master,  being  nott  ouely  att 
vci-y  great  Expense,  but  designed  for  his  Sarvice,  elsewhere  as  soone  as  I  am  possesd  of  this  Place ; 
I  againe  desire  you  y'  pursuant  to  the  Articles  of  Peace,  &  the  Severall  Orders  you  haue  Received, 
you  vrill  apoint  a  short  Tyme  for  Effecting  itt. 

This  is  by  Capne  Philipe  Carterett,  Capne  Mathias  NicoUs  &  Ens :  Csesar  Knaptou  who  will  tel 
you  the  same  things  verbally,  and  also  ashure  you  as  I  now  doe  that  if  M''  Colve  or  any  of  yo''^  or 
Ships  should  nott  be  Ready  to  goe  on  Bord,  or  Saile,  that  you  shall  not  onely  have  all  kindnesse 
as  is  dayly  Practised  att  Home,  butt  myselfe.  Ready  to  Sarve  you  upun  all  occacons  to  my  Power: 
So  nott  Doubting  yo''  Considering  things  as  they  your  present  Resolve,  Conformable  to 

friendship  &  orders  of  Superr"  &  desiring  y' Answer  by  these  Jeutlemen,  I  am  in  Reality 

Yo' Friend  &  Humble  Servant, 

From  Abord  his  Mat^  ship  Signed  Ed™  Andeos. 

The  Diamond,  at  Anker  neare 
Staten  Island ;  23"'  Oct''"  16TJ. 

CoMfSS.,xxiii.,416. 

Governor  Andros  to  Governor  Colve. 

S"'.— I  received  yo"  yesterday  in  the  Evening  in  answer  to  mine  by  the  hands  of  Capt  Philip 
Carteret  Matthias  Nicolls  &  Ensigne  CiEsar  Knaptou. 

You  tell  me  That  you  hoped  &  did  not  doubt  but  within  the  space  of  eight  days  you  would  be 
ready  pursuant  to  y"  Articles  of  peace  and  Instructions  to  Surrender  y=  place  now  under  yo'  Com- 
mand. 

If  the  Time  for  y^  Surrender  had  beene  certainly  preflxt  &  by  a  Lesse  space,  I  should  not  have 
had  [the  necessity  of]  giving  you  this  farther  Trouble.  Now  once  againe  by  the  same  Gentleman 
I  Desire  you  to  lett  me  [know  with  certainty  when]  I  tC-  my  forces  viay  2iur8itant  both  to  your  tt  my 
Orders  [.take  jMsscssion  of  the2  Fm't  and  Government  yoii  now  are  [commanding']  I  alsoe  icish  you  will 
take  into  your  Co[7isideration  to]  pitch  upon  a  shorter  time  then  you  have  proposed  : 

These  Gentlemen  I  have  now  appointed  to  discourse  with  you  about  the  [time]  thereof  that 
nothing  may  further  intervene  to  delay  it  <i:  for  the  furthering  of  which  if  you  thinke  convenient  d: 
you  may  please  to  send  some  ofyor  Councell  to  mee  (or  whom  else  you  shall  thinke  fitt  to  authorize) 
that  we  may  haue  conference  about  the  same. 

I  should  bee  very  glad  these  matters  may  bee  concluded  in  a  Faire  &  amicable  way  I  doe  hope 
&  will  not  doubt  yo'  effectuall  answer,  desiring  nothing  more  then  a  friendly  Conference  &  the 
houo'  of  seeing  and  serving  you  That  I  may  not  bee  obleged  pursuant  as  I  think  to  my  duty  to 
justify  my  proceedings  by  a  pnblick  Protest.  And  if  there  yet  shall  remaiue  anything  either  pub- 
lick  or  yo'  private  Concernes,  if  you  please  to  let  me  Know  it  by  these  Gentlemen  or  any  of  them 
I  shall  bee  very  ready  &  glad  of  all  opportunitys  to  testify  how  much  I  am 

Yo'  humble  Servant. 

From  on  board  his  Ma'iea  ship 

Tlie  Diamond  at  Anchor 

neare  Statcu  Island  Octob  The  24"" 

30T4.  CyJ.3/,S'.S'.,xxiii.,414. 


APPENDIX.  655 

Committee  apx>ointed  to  uelcome  Governor  Andros. 
04  OctoTier 
g^g^- j--^  A"  1674.    Burgomasters  and  Schepens  being  met  at  the  City  Hall  with  the  Burgher 

Council  of  war,  they  with  the  approbation  of  the  W  Govemour,  appointed  and  qualified,  as  they 
hereby  appoint  and  qualify  the  H'  Cornells  Steenwyk,  with  the  Heerea  Burgomaster  Johannes 
van  Brugh  &  Willem  Beekman  to  repair  on  board  his  Majesty's  frigate  now  anchored  under  Staten 
Island,  and  there  welcome  the  H^  Governour  Andrews  and  to  request  together  some  privileges 
from  him  for  the  advantage  of  the  commonalty. 

The  foregoing  Commissioners  returning  this  date  reported  that  they  welcomed  the  H'  Governor 
Major  Andrews  and  requested  from  him  to  favor  the  Inhabitants  with  some  privileges ;  Who  an- 
swered them  that  they  the  Commissioners  may  assure  the  Inhabitants  of  the  Dutch  Nation  that 
they  should  participate  in  the  same  privileges  as  those  of  the  English  Nation,  and  that  his  Honour 
would  as  far  as  possible  promote  their  interests ;  referring  himself  further  to  the  Instructions 
given  him  by  his  Koyal  Majesty  &  Highness  the  Duke  of  York.— ^Vci«  Orange  Records,  vii.,  253. 

Governor  Andros  to  Governor  Colve. 

S'— I  rec"'  yo''^  the  last  night  by  M''  Steenwyck  &  Capt  Charles  Eppistejnie  together  with  the  en- 
closed paper  of  severall  particulars  relating  to  the  Towue ;  To  which  (did  I  think  myselfe  Author- 
ized to  Treat  particularly  of  things  of  this  nature  afore  my  Landing)  I  should  not  scruple  nor 
doubt  to  give  you  a  particular  and  satisfactory  Answ^  to  most  of  them ;  which  I  hope  you  will 
have  in  the  Gen"  by  my  Assuring  you  as  I  now  do  againe.  That  I  am  not  onely  Commanded  punc- 
tually to  obsen-e  the  Articles  of  Peace,  But  have  also  his  Majesty's  and  Koyall  Highnesse  particu- 
lar Orders  to  do  it  in  the  best  and  most  fi'riendly  manner  with  kindnesse  to  such  Dutch  as  I  shall 
finde  upon  the  place ;  As  to  y«  last  relating  to  the  Ship,  I  desire  to  do  it  as  farre  as  reasonably 
they  can  expect  (but  It  relates  to  some  of  our  Acts  of  Parliam')  I  haue  spoken  to  one  of  the  Own- 
ers, and  desire  that  they  will  amongst  themselves  and  the  Master  advise  together,  how  farre  that 
may  be  with  safety,  particularly  to  themselves ;  Vpon  which  I  shall  bee  willing  to  do  the  utmost 
in  my  Power  accordingly.  I  have  directed  the  Bearer,  Capt"  Matthias  Nicolls,  Personally  to  con- 
ferre  with  you,  more  at  large  to  this  effect  in  any  of  these  particulars,  if  you  shall  think  fitt.  I  am 
sorry  for  the  disorders  you  menf  on,  happened  in  the  Towne,  which  I  doubt  not  are  now  wholly 
remedyed  by  the  Orders  you  have  taken  in  commanding  all  the  Souldyers  to  the  Fort  from  ram- 
bling about  the  towne,  as  also  enjoyning  all  others  to  repaire  Home,  which  will  (without  doubt) 
quiet  Peoples  mindes ;  so  that  if  you  have  not  already  released  those  Souldyers  committed  for 
som  disorders  in  the  street  (being  drunk)  I  againe  now  desire  you  to  Pardon  them,  in  which  you 
Avill  oblige  mee ;  so  hoping  to  heere  from  you  to  morrow,  for  sending  p'sons  on  Shoare  to  see  and 
take  knowledge  of  such  things  as  you  shall  leave  in  the  ffort,  for  me  to  receive  ;  with  my  thanks 
for  yo''  last  Civilltyes,  being  ready  to  serve  yo"  in  what  may  ly  in  my  Power,  I  remaine 

S'  Yo"'  most  humble  Serv' 

Signed  E.  Axbros. 

From  on  board  his  Ma'y» 

Ship  the  Dyamond  at 

Anchor  neare  Staten  Island, 

Oct.  2Sth.  16T4.  Col.  3LSS.,  sxiii.,  415, 413. 

Governor  Andros  to  Governor  Colve. 

No :  2d  16T4. 

Sr.— This  is  to  return  you  my  acknowledgements  and  thanks  for  both  yo"^  of  the  10">  and  ll"" 
ultimo  upon  the  subject  of  my  relieving  you  in  this  place,  being  also  obliged  to  you  for  yo''  good 
opinion  and  Character  of  me  here ;  &  shall  bee  glad  of  all  opportunity  wherein  I  may  testify  yc 
Generosity  in  all  yo'  proceedings  since  my  arrivall  to  these  parts. 

I  have  upon  yo'  desire  wholly  freed  the  two  prison"  you  left  mee  here :  I  have  also  here  enclosed 
sent  you  as  you  directed  an  answer  in  the  Margent  to  the  severall  particulars  in  the  s^"  pap' which 
I  hope  you  will  bee  satisfyed  is  as  full  &  ample  as  is  any  way  in  my  power.  But  againe  assure 
you  that  having  his  Maties  &  his  K.  H^  orders  I  shall  endeauo'  all  I  may  the  good  &  welfare  of  y« 
Inhabitants  of  this  place. 

I  haue  now  onely  to  adde  my  farther  acknowledgements  and  thanks  for  y«  present  of  the  three 
horses  &  Coach,  am  onely  confused  that  yo'  sudden  departure  for  soe  great  a  distance  wUl  deprive 
me  of  y«  means  of  shewing  how  sensible  I  am  of  this  particular  obUgacon  to  myselfe. 

This  is  by  Capt.  Matthias  Nicolls  &  E.  Cses&r  Knapton  who  will  tell  you  the  same  verbally  & 
wish  you  a  good  &  prosperous  voyage,  also  requesting  you  from  mee  to  let  mee  know  all  oppor- 
tunityes  wherein  I  may  serue  you  during  j'o'  longer  stay  in  these  parts.    Remaining 

CoJ.  Jf,S,S'.,X2dii.,420. 


65G 


HISTOEY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 


GOVEBNOB  AnDEOS'S  ANSWERS. 


S'— I  have  upon  yo'  desire  for  yo'  satisfaction 
given  you  the  following  Answer  to  yo'  several! 
Particulars : — 


To  the  1»'.  I  shall  bee  ready  upon  all  occa- 
sions to  countenance  and  bee  helpeful  to  any 
you  shall  think  fltt  to  entrust  in  this  place,  as 
farre  as  may  bee  in  my  power  pursuant  to  the 
Articles  of  Peace  &  Law. 


To  the  2n'i.  To  continue  pursuant  to  Law  and 
the  utmost  of  the  Articles  of  Peace. 

To  the  S*".  All  Justice  with  friendship  shall 
bee  shewne,  pursuant  to  the  Articles  of  Peace. 


To  tlie  4">.  The  usuall  discipline  of  their  Church 
to  bee  continued  to  them  as  formerly,  and  the 
other  of  Inheritance,  as  farre  as  I  may,  &  for 
those  that  shall  desire  it. 

To  the  S"".  I  have  neither  Orders  nor  directions 
for  any  pressing  whatever  and  shall  allwaycs 
bee  glad  to  favour  the  Inhabitants  therein. 

To  the  C"'.  I  shall  allwayes  bee  ready  to  allow 
&  favour  so  charitable  a  worke. 

To  the  7'\  I  shall  take  fitting  Care  in  this  par- 
ticular to  the  satisfaction  of  all  the  good. 

To  the  S"".  I  have  scene  since  my  arrivall  sev- 
erall  orders  or  Decrees  upon  Record,  for  the  ar- 
resting &  forfeiting  the  Effects  of  the  West  In- 
d3'a  Company  in  these  parts,  during  the  former 
Warre  in  ICC-l  &  1065,  which  I  am  also  informed 
have  since  been  accounted  for  at  home,  so  not 
in  rrly  power. 

To  the  g"".  I  hope  this  will  not  bee  expected 
from  mee,  which  if  due  should  have  beeue  ef- 
fected by  my  Predecessors  &  is  not  in  my  power. 


To  the  10'\  This  seemcs  to  relate  to  the  first, 
Ilowever  I  have  his  Eoyall  Highnesse  particular 
Orders  &  Eegulacon  for  the  Customes  in  every 
particular,  from  which  I  may  not  vary. 


To  the  11"'.  As  to  this  particular,  I  shall  con- 
tinue all  the  favour  and  friendship  I  may  pur- 
suant to  the  Articles  of  Peace,  and  Acts  of  Par- 
liam'  &  shall  not  take  any  advantage  or  tollcrate 
U,  but  afford  a  reasonable  Time. 


Pboposalls  sent  by  GovEB^•OB  CoLVE  to  Gover- 
nor Andros  previous  to  the  Surrender  of  Kew 
A'ethcrland,  Oct.  27  1674. 
Myn  Heer— Pursuant  to  my  last  I  have  con- 
sidered it  my  duty  to  propose  to  your  Honor 
herewith  the  following  Articles,  on  the  one  side 
for  the  greater  satisfaction  of  my  Lords  &  Mas- 
ters, and  on  the  other  for  the  greater  tranquility 
of  the  good  People  of  this  Province,  requesting 
I  may  receive  your  answer  in  the  margin  there- 
of—to wit : — 

I'".  As  it  is  impossible  to  settle  before  my  de- 
parture all  the  debts  of  the  present  government 
and  to  dispose  of  its  effects  consisting  princi- 
pally in  the  confiscated  property  of  the  late  En- 
glish Officers  found  here  on  the  reduction  of  this 
Province,  from  which  their  personal  debts  must 
first  be  paid ;  and  as  it  will  be  necessary  for  that 
end  to  leave  authority  here  on  behalf  of  my  Lords 
Principals,  I  do  therefore  request  that  your  Hon- 
or on  being  solicited,  will  be  pleased  to  lend  him 
a  helping  hand  on  all  occurring  occasions. 

2.  That  all  sentences  and  Judgments  passed 
during  my  Administration  may  stand  good. 

3.  That  the  present  owners  of  the  houses, 
lands  and  other  effects  of  private  persons  con- 
fiscated during  the  war,  may  be  maintained  in 
their  possession. 

4.  That  the '  Inhabitants  of  the  Dutch  Na- 
tion may  be  allowed  to  retain  their  customary 
Church  privileges  in  Divine  Service  and  Church 
discipline  besides  their  Fathers'  laws  &  customs 
in  the  division  of  their  Inheritances. 

5.  That  they  may  be  excused  from  Impress- 
ment, if  not  wholly  at  least  against  their  own 
Nation. 

6.  That  each  Congregation  whether  Lutherans 
or  others  may  support  their  own  Poor. 

7.  That  all  Publick  houses  may  continue  ac- 
cording to  the  Customs  now  existing. 

8.  That  the  West  India  Company's  creditors 
in  this  Country  may  be  paid  from  their  proper- 
ty and  outstanding  debts  here. 


9.  That  the  City  Tapsters  Excise  may  remain 
for  the  benefit  of  the  city  until  the  debts  of  the 
City,  contracted  before  my  Administration,  shall 
be  paid,  as  was  agreed  unto  by  the  Capitulation 
in  the  Year  1664. 

10.  '\Miereas  the  Inhabitants  of  this  Province 
advanced  some  monies  by  form  of  a  Loan  for 
the  fortification  of  this  City,  for  the  repayment 
of  which  money  a  small  Impost  was  laid  on  ex- 
ported Beavers  and  peltries  and  imported  In- 
dian goods,  that  the  same  Impost  may  stand 
good  until  the  said  expended  monies  shall  be 
paid. 

11.  That  the  Ship  the  Beaver,  Skipper  Jacob 
Mauritz  destined  hence  for  Holland  may  be  al- 
lowed to  remain  unmolested  at  anchor  here  to 
sell  his  goods,  to  receive  his  pay,  to  load  his 
Ship  here  to  depart  with  the  same  directly  for 
Fatherland. 


APPENDIX.  657 

S'^Yo'^most  humble  Serv' 
For  the  Honi>ie  Govern  o"^  Colve  on  board  the 
States  Ship  the  Surynam,    These. 

This  is  a  true  Copie  of  the  Proposalls  sent  by  Governo'  Colve  to  Gouevno'  Andres  before  the 
surrender  of  the  Fort  bearing  date  Octob'  27'"  old  stile  with  the  Answer  returned  to  the  seuerall 
particulars  therein  afterwards ;  pursuant  to  the  Assurance  given  by  those  employed. 

Mattuias  Nicolls,  Seer. 
Endorsed 

"  Proposalls  from  the 
Dutch  Governo"'  and  the  Governo" 

Answer  Nov.  2^1  lOli."  Col.  MSS.,  xxiii.,  419, 421. 

Governor  Aiulros  to  Governor  Colve. 
S'— I  have  rcc"  yo"  of  the  13"'  new  style,  by  Capt.  Carel  Epesseyn  &  Lieut  Carel  Quirinsen,  to- 
gether with  the  orders  for  the  respective  places  of  this  Governm'  to  bee  delivered  to  mee  pursuant 
to  the  Articles  of  Peace,  And  now  have  ouely  to  adde  my  ackuowledgm'^  and  thankes  for  y«  fuither 
kind  Expressions  to  mee  in  yo'  letter. 

As  to  yo"^  Postcript  concerning  pressing  I  doe  hope  my  former  Answer  will  bee  satisfactory  for 
quieting  y=  miude  of  the  Inhabitants ;  but  for  yo''  owne  further  satisfaction  I  doe  further  assure 
you,  that  I  shall  neither  impose,  nor  desire  their  bearing  Arms  ag"  their  Nation. 

As  to  M''  W""  Dervalls  molesting  in  words  a  person  possest  of  a  Confiscated  house,  As  soone  as  I 
heard  it,  I  did  check  the  s"  Darvall  for  soe  doeing,  Letting  him  know,  that  all  were  to  have  the  free 
benefit  of  y"  law  &  Articles  of  Peace  &  did  Assure  the  other  of  Right  and  Justice  pursuant  there- 
unto which  in  all  Cases  shall  bee  my  Endeavo"',  as  it  is  my  Orders. 

This  is  by  Capt.  Matthias  Nicolls  who  will  tell  you  the  same  verbally :  &  by  whom  (having  had 
many  addresses)  I  have  sent  you  such  demands  as  haue  beene  given  mee  in  writings,  for  damages 
sustained  from  those  under  yo'  Comand,  since  the  time  limited  for  Peace  in  these  Parts ;  vpon 
which  I  pray  &  will  not  doubt  yo'  effectual  Answer ;  If  there  bee  any  thing  yet  remaining  wherein 
I  may  serve  you  before  yo'  voyage,  I  shall  bee  ready  to  testify  how  much  I  am 

Yo'  most  humble  Serv' 
Novemb'  7'"  1674. 
Endorsed 

"Lre  to  Go.  Colve 

No.  T.  1674."  Col  2ISS. ,  xxiv.,  7. 

Governor  Colve  absolves  the  Dutch  from  their  Allegiance. 

At  a  Court ;  present  the  Heeren  Burgotnasters  Schepens  and  Burgher  Court  Martial— holden 
and  assembled  by  the  Special  Orders  of  the  Heer  Governour  General  Antuony  Colve,  at  the 
City  Hall  of  the  City  New  Orange,  the  9""  Novembr  stilo  novo,  A"  1674. 
The  H'  Governour  General  appearing  in  Court  informed  the  same  that  he,  pursuant  to  the  orders 
of  his  Lords  Principals,  should  on  to-morrow  Surrender  the  Fort  and  this  Province  of  N.  Nether- 
land,  conformably  to  the  Articles  of  Peace,  to  the  H' Major  Andros  on  the  behalf  of  bis  Majisty  of 
Great  Britain.    And  hath  thereupon  thanked  the  Meeting  for  their  past  services  and  at  the  same 
time  absolved  and  discharged  them  from  the  Oath  of  Allegiance  taken  to  their  High  Mightinesses 
and  his  Serene  Highness ;  further  ordering  that  the  5  banners  of  the  Out  people  together  -with  the 
Cushions  and  Ta|)le  Cloth  now  in  the  City  Hall  should  be  taken  Charge  of  by  the  Bargomaster 
Johonnes  van  Brngh  until  they  were  demanded  &  removed  by  Superior  Authority— taking  there- 
upon, further,  his  farewell  of  the  Assembly  which  I  testify  having  occuiTed. 

Epheaim  Heeman,  Sec. 
New  Orange  Records,  vii.,  2&4. 

Governor  Colve  to  the  Sheriff  of  Esopus. 

Honourable,  Beloved,  Faithful — Whereas  I  have  received  ample  orders  from  ray  Lords  Superiors 
their  High  Mightinesses  the  Lords  States  General  of  the  United  Netherlands,  their  ^Mightinesses 
the  Lords  delegated  Councillors  for  the  Province  of  Zealand,  and  their  Mightinesses  the  Lords 
Commissioners  in  the  Board  of  Admirality  at  Amsterdam,  for  delivering  up  the  Province  of  New 
Netherland  for  the  behoof  of  his  Majesty  of  England,  pursuant  to  the  Treaty  of  Peace  concluded 
between  the  two  Nations  dated  the  19  February,  to  the  Heer  Major  Edmond  Andros  who  hath  also 
arrived  here  from  his  Majesty  of  England  for  that  purpose,  with  orders  &  qualifications  to  me  ex- 
hibited, your  Honour  is  therefore  ordered  &  charged  on  receipt  hereof  to  deliver  up  and  hand  over 
to  the  aforesaid  Heer  Major  Andros  or  to  whomsoever  his  Honour  shall  qualify  thereunto,  accord- 
ing to  the  tenor  of  said  Treaty  of  Peace  the  Command,  Eight  and  Jurisdiction  of  the  Places,  situ- 
ated under  your  Honors  resort ;  further  hoprug  and  wishing  at  all  times  to  hear  of  your  future 

II.— T  T 


f,5S  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OE  NE\V  YORK. 

j-.rosperity, happiness  &  welfare;  finallj'  assuring  your  Honour  that  my  further  servicea  in  Vropa 
if  required  shall  not  fail  you,  if  demanded,  to  my  uttermost  power,  to  prove  that 

I  am  your  affectionate  friend 
(was  undersigned)  A.  Colve. 

Done,  Fort  Willem  Hendrick 
iu  N.  Nethherland  ady  10  Nov  16T4. 
The  superscription  reads  thus 

Honourable  Beloved  Faithful 

Sieur  Isaacq  Greveraedt  Scout  iu  the  village 
Swanenburg  in  the  Esopus. 
Agrees  with  the  original 

To  my  knowledge 

W.  i)E  LA  MoNTAGNE,  Secret?^.  Col.  MSS.,  xxiii.,  :23. 

Surrender  of  Xeio  Xcthei-land  to  the  English. 

On  the  10  November  A"  1674,  the  Province  of  New  Netherland  was  surrendered  by  Governor 
Colve  to  Governor  Major  Edmund  Andross  on  behalf  of  his  Britauuick  Majesty. 

Keio  Orange  Records,  vii.,  255. 

Compare  Col.  MSS.,  xxiii.,  412-423 ;  xxiv.,  1-13 ;  Sew  Orange  Records,  vii.,  237,  253-255 ;  Vol.  Man., 
1S50,  522 ;  1S52,  415-421 ;  1S53, 4S9, 49S ;  Doc.  Hist,  iii.,  45-52. 


Note  D,  Cu  after  VII.,  page  354. 
Petition  of  the  Members  of  the  Court  of  Assizes,  to  tlie  Duke  of  York,  for  an  Assemhhj. 
To  his  Roijal  Highness,  James,  Duke  of  York  and  Albany: 

The  humble  petition  of  the  council  of  the  province,  the  aldermen  of  New-York,  and  of  the  jus- 
tices assembled  at  a  special  court  of  assize  held  at  the  city  of  New-York,  June  29th,  1681, 

S/iOirc^/i— That  we,  your  royal  highness'  most  humble  and  obedient  sen-ants,  assembled  together 
by  virtue  of  your  royal  highness'  authority  established  in  his  colony,  humbly  craving  the  conjunc- 
tion and  assistance  of  this  court  to  make  a  submissive  address  to  your  royal  highness :  therein 
representing  the  great  pressure  and  lamentable  condition  of  his  majesty's  subjects  iu  this  your 
roj'al  highness'  colony ;  and  also  presenting,  for  the  only  remedy  and  ease  of  those  burdens,  that 
an  assembly  of  the  people  may  be  established  by  a  free  choice  of  the  freeholders  and  inhabitants 
of  this  your  royal  highness'  colony.  The  which  request,  we  having  maturely  and  deliberately 
weighed  and  considered,  and  having  full  assurance  of  your  royal  highness' good  gracious  and  real 
intentions  to  encourage  and  advance  the  ease,  benefit,  and  advantage  of  trade,  and  the  merchants 
and  inhabitants  of  this  your  said  colony,  and  the  removal  of  all  things  that  might  obstruct  or  hin- 
der the  same  to  us  particularly,  signified  by  your  gracious  commission  given  to  John  Lewin,  your 
royal  highness  agent  and' servant  here,  bearing  date  the  24th  of  May,  16S0,  which  with  great  joy 
and  general  satisfiiction  was  received  and  published.  Expecting  aud  longing  for  the  happy  event 
of  such  your  royal  highness'  grace  and  favour,  the  enjoyment  of  which  we  have  not  as  yet  attained, 
we  find  ourselves  encouraged  aud  obliged  to  concur  with  the  said  grand  inquest ;  and  iu  all  sub- 
missive manner  to  prostrate  ourselves  at  your  royal  highness'  feet,  aud  represent  the  miserable 
and  deplorable  condition  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  your  royal  highness'  colony,  who  for  many 
years  past  have  groaned  under  inexpressible  burdens  by  having  an  arbitrary  aud  absolute  power 
used  and  exercised  over  us,  by  which  a  j'early  revenue  is  exacted  from  us  against  our  wills,  and 
trade  grievously  burdened  with  undue  and  unusual  customs  imposed  on  the  merthandize  without 
oiu-  consent— our  liberty  and  freedom  iuthraled,  and  the  inhabitants  wholly  shut  out  and  deprived 
of  any  share,  vote,  or  interest,  in  the  government,  to  their  great  discouragement,  and  contrary  to 
the  laws,  rights,  liberties,  and  privileges,  of  the  subject;  so  that  we  are  esteemed  as  nothing,  and 
have  become  a  reproach  to  the  neighbours  In  other  his  majesty's  colonies,  who  flourish  under 
the  fruition  and  protection  of  his  majesty's  unparalleled  form  and  method  of  government  in  his 
realm  of  England,  the  undoubted  birthright  of  all  his  subjects.  Which  necessitates  us,  in  behalf 
of  this  your  royal  highness'  colony,  to  become  humble  suppliants  and  suitors  to  your  royal  high- 
ness ;  praj-ing,  and  we  do  hereby  humbly  and  submissive!}',  with  all  obedience,  pray  and  beseech 
}'Our  royal  highness,  that,  for  the  redressing  aud  removal  of  the  said  grievances,  the  government 
of  this  your  colony  may,  for  the  future,  be  settled  and  established,  ruled  and  governed,  by  a  gov- 
ernor, council,  and  assembly :  which  assembly  to  be  duly  elected  and  chosen  by  the  freeholders 
of  this  your  royal  highness'  colony,  as  is  usual  and  practicable  with  the  realm  of  England,  and 
other  his  majesty's  plantations.  Which  will  give  great  ease  and  satisfaction  to  all  his  majesty's 
subjects  in  this  your  royal  highness'  colony ;  who  desire  no  greater  happiness  than  the  continu- 
ance of  your  royal  highness'  grace  and  favour,  aud  to  be  aud  remain  his  majesty's  loyal  and  free 
subjects.  By  order,  &c.,  John  We.st,  Clerk  of  Assize. 

Wood's  Long  Island,  pp.  17S,  179. 


APPENDIX.  659 

Note  E,  Ciiaptee  VIII.,  pagk  384,  and  Chaptek  XII.,  page  645. 

"  The  Chaetek  of  Libertys  and  Privileges  granted  by  his  Royal  Hvjhness  to  the  Inhabitants  of  New- 
York  and  its  Dependencies. 

[Passed,  Oct.  30, 1683.] 
"For  the  better  establishing  the  Government  of  this  province  of  Nevr-York,  and  thatt  Jus- 
tice and  Eight  may  bee  equally  done  to  all  persons  within  the  same:  Bee  it  enacted  by 
the  Govern'r,  Councell,  and  Representatives  now  in  gen'all  assembly,  mett  and  assembled, 
and  by  the  authority  of  the  same, 

*'  Thatt  the  Supreme  legislative  Authority  under  his  Majesty  and  Royall  Highnesse  James,  Duke 
of  York,  Albany,  &c.  Lord  proprietor  of  the  said  province,  shall  forever  bee  and  reside  in  a  Gover- 
nour,  councell  and  the  people,  mett  in  a  Generall  assembly. 

"  That  the  Exercise  of  the  Chiefe  magistracy  and  administration  of  the  government  over  the  said 
Province,  shall  be  in  the  said  Govern'r ;  assisted  by  Councell,  with  whose  advice  and  consent,  or 
with  att  least  four  of  them,  hee  is  to  rule  and  govern  the  same  according  to  the  laws  thereof. 

"Thatt  in  case  the  Governour  shall  dy  or  bee  absent  out  of  the  province,  and  thatt  there  bee  no 
person  within  the  said  province,  commissionated  by  his  Royall  Highnesse  his  he3Tes  or  successors, 
to  bee  Governour  or  Commander  in  Chief  there,  thatt  then  the  Councell  for  the  time  being,  or  so 
many  of  them  as  are  in  the  said  province,  do  take  upon  them  the  Administracon  of  the  govern- 
ment, and  the  Execucon  of  the  laws  thereof,  and  powers  and  authoritys  Jpelonging  to  the  Gover- 
nour and  councell.  The  first  in  nomiuacon,  in  which  councell  is  to  preside  untill  the  said  Gover- 
nour shall  retume  and  arrive  in  the  said  province  againe,  or  the  pleasure  of  his  Royall  Highnesse, 
his  heyres  or  successors,  bee  further  known — 

"  Thatt,  according  to  the  usage,  costome,  and  practice  of  the  Realm  of  England,  a  sessions  of  a 
generall  assembly  bee  held  in  this  province  once  in  three  yeares  att  least. 

"That  every  ffreeholder  within  this  province,  and  flfreeman  in  any  corporacon,  shall  have  his 
free  choice  and  vote  in  the  Electing  of  the  representatives,  without  any  manner  of  constraint  or 
imposition,  and  that  in  all  Elections  the  Majority  of  Voices  shall  carry  itt,  and  by  ffreeholders  is 
understood  every  one  who  is  so  understood  according  to  the  laws  of  England. 

"Thatt  the  persons  to  bee  elected  to  sitt  as  representatives  in  the  Generall  assembly  from  time 
to  time  for  the  several  Cittys.  Towns,  Countyes,  Shires,  or  divisions  of  this  province,  and  all  places 
within  the  same  shall  bee  according  to  the  proporcou  and  number  hereafter  expressed — That  is 
to  say — For  the  city  and  county  of  New-York  four— For  the  county  of  Suffolk  two— For  Queen's 
county  two— For  King's  county  two— For  the  county  of  Richmond  one — For  the  county  of  West- 
chester one— For  the  county  of  Ulster  two— For  the  county  of  Albany  two — And  for  Schanectade, 
within  the  said  county,  one— For  Duke's  county  one— For  the  county  of  Cornwall  one. 

"And  as  many  more  as  his  Royall  Highness  shall  think  fit  to  establish. 

"Thatt  all  persons  chosen  and  assembled  in  manner  aforesaid,  or  the  major  part  of  them,  shall 
be  deemed  and  accounted  the  representatives  of  this  province,  which  said  representatives,  togeth- 
er with  the  Governor  and  his  councell,  shall  forever  be  the  supream  and  only  legislative  power 
under  his  Roy'll  Highnesse,  of  the  said  province — 

"Thatt  the  said  representatives  may  appoint  their  own  times  of  meeting  during  their  sessions, 
and  may  adjourne  their  house,  from  time  to  time,  to  such  time  as  to  them  shall  seem  meet  and 
convenient. 

"  Thatt  the  said  representatives  are  the  sole  Judges  of  the  Qualliflcacons  of  their  own  members, 
and  likewise  of  all  undue  elections,  and  may,  from  time  to  time,  purge  their  house  as  they  shall 
see  occasion  dureing  the  said  sessions. 

"Thatt  no  Member  of  the  Generall  Assembly,  or  their  servants,  during  the  time  of  their  ses- 
sions, whilest  they  shall  be  going  to,  and  returning  from  the  said  assembly,  shall  be  arrested,  sued, 
imprisoned,  or  any  wayes  molested  or  troubled,  nor  bee  compelled  to  make  answer  to  any  suite, 
bill,  plaint,  declaracou  or  otherwise,  cases  of  High  treason  and  felony  only  excepted— provided  the 
number  of  the  said  servants  shall  not  exceed  three. 

"Thatt  all  bills  agreed  upon  by  the  said  Representatives,  or  the  major  part  of  them,  shall  bee 
presented  unto  the  Governour  and  his  councell  for  their  approbacon  and  consent,  all  and  every 
which  said  bills  so  approved  of  and  consented  to  by  the  Governor  and  his  Councell,  shall  bee  es- 
teemed the  Lawes  of  the  province  which  said  lawes  shall  continue  and  remaine  in  force  until  they 
shall  bee  repeeled  by  the  Authority  aforesaid ;  That  is  to  say,  The  Governour,  Councell,  and  Repre- 
sentatives in  Generall  Assembly,  by  and  with  the  approbation  of  his  Royal  Highnesse,  or  expire 
by  their  own  limitations. 

"  Thatt  in  all  cases  of  death  or  removeall  of  any  of  the  said  Representatives,  the  Governour  shall 
issue  out  summons  by  Writt  to  the  respective  Townes,  Cittyes,  Shires,  Countyes  or  Divisions  for 
which  hee  or  they  so  removed  or  deceased  were  chosen,  willing  and  requiring  the  ffreeholders  of 
the  same  to  elect  others  in  their  place  and  stead. 

"Thatt  no  ffreeman  shall  bee  taken  and  imprisoned,  or  bee  disseized  of  his  ffreehold  or  liberty, 
or  free  customes,  or  bee  outlawed  or  exiled,  or  any  other  wayes  destroyed,  nor  shall  be  passed 
upon,  adjudged  or  condemned,  butt  by  the  lawfull  judgment  of  his  peers,  and  by  the  law  of  this 


660  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

province,  justice  nor  right  shall  bee  neither  sold,  denyed,  or  deferred  to  any  man  within  this 
province. 

"  Thatt  no  aid,  tax,  tallage,  assessment,  custom,  loane,  benevolence,  or  imposition  whattsoever, 
shall  bee  layed,  assessed,  imposed,  or  levyed  on  any  of  his  Ma'ties  subjects  within  this  province, 
or  their  Estates  uppon  any  Manner  of  colour  or  pretence,  butt  by  the  act  and  consent  of  the  Gov- 
ernor, councell  and  representatives  of  the  people  in  generall  assembly  mett  and  assembled. 

"  Thatt  no  Man,  of  whatt  Estate  or  Condicon  soever,  shall  be  putt  out  of  his  lands  or  tenements, 
nor  taken  nor  imprisoned  nor  disinherretted,  nor  banished,  nor  any  wayes  destroyed  without 
being  brought  to  answer  by  due  course  of  law. 

"  Thatt  a  flfreeman  shall  not  bee  amerced  for  a  small  fault,  butt  after  the  manner  of  his  fault, 
and  for  a  great  fault  after  the  greatnesse  thereof,  saving  to  him  his  fl'reehold,  and  a  husbandman 
saving  to  him  his  wainage,  and  a  merchant  likewise  saving  to  him  his  Merchandize,  and  none  of 
the  said  amerciaments  shall  bee  assessed  butt  by  the  oath  of  twelve  honest  and  lawful  men  of  the 
\kinage— provided  the  faults  and  misdemeanours  be  not  in  contempt  of  courts  of  Judicature. 

"  All  tryalls  shall  bee  by  the  Verdict  of  twelve  men,  and  as  near  as  may  bee.  Peers  or  Equalls  of 
the  Neighbourhood,  and  in  the  County,  Shire,  or  Division  where  the  fact  shalf  arise  or  grow, 
whether  the  same  bee  by  Indictment,  Informacon,  Declaracon,  or  otherwise,  against  the  person, 
offender,  or  defendant. 

"Thatt  in  all  cases  capitall  or  criminal!,  there  shall  be  a  grand  Inquest,  who  shall  first  present 
the  Offence,  and  then  twelve  Men  of  the  Neighbourhood  to  try  the  Offender,  who  after  his  plea  to 
the  Indictment,  shall  be  allowed  his  reasonable  challenges. 

"Thatt  in  all  cases  whatsoever  Bayle,  by  sufficient  suretys,  shall  be  allowed  and  taken,  unlesse 
for  Treason  or  ffelouy  plainly  and  specially  expressed  and  menconed  in  the  Warrant  of  Commit- 
ment ;  Provided  ahcaucs,  thatt  nothing  herein  conteyned  shall  extend  to  discharge  out  of  prison, 
uppon  Baile,  any  person  taken  in  execucon  for  debts,  or  otherwise  legally  sentenced  by  the  judg- 
ment of  any  of  the  Courts  of  Record  within  this  province. 

"Thatt  no  ffreeman  shall  be  compelled  to  receive  any  marriuers  or  souldiers  into  his  house,  and 
there  suffer  them  to  sojournc  against  then-  wills ;  Provided  always,  it  be  not  in  time  of  actuall  war 
within  this  province. 

"Thatt  no  commissions  for  proceeding  by  raartiall  law  ag'st  any  of  his  Ma'ties  subjects,  within 
this  province,  shall  issue  forth  to  any  person  or  persons  whatsoever,  least  by  colour  of  them  any 
of  his  Ma'ties  subjects  bee  destroyed  or  putt  to  death,  except  all  such  officers,  persons  and  soul- 
diers in  pay  throughout  the*  Government. 

"That  from  henceforward  no  lands  within  this  province  shall  be  esteemed  or  accounted  a  chat- 
tie  or  personal!  Estate,  but  an  Estate  of  Inheritance  according  to  the  customes  and  practice  of  his 
Majestye's  realme  of  England. 

"Thatt  no  Court  or  Courts  within  this  province  have,  or  att  any  time  hereafter  shall  have  any 
Jurisdiccon,  power  or  authority,  to  grant  out  any  execucon  or  other  writt,  whereby  any  man's  land 
may  bee  sold,  or  any  other  way  disposed  of,  without  the  owner's  consent ;  Provided  ahcayes,  that 
the  issues  or  meane  proffitts  of  any  man's  land  shall  or  may  bee  extended  by  execucon  or  other- 
wise, to  sattisfy  just  debts,  any  thing  to  the  contrary  hereof  in  any  wise  nottwithstanding. 

"  Thatt  no  Estate  of  a  ffeme  covert  shall  be  sold  or  conveyed  butt  by  deed  acknowledged  by  her 
in  some  Court  of  Record,  the  woman  being  secretly  examined,  if  shee  doth  itt  freely  without 
threats  or  compulsion  of  her  husband. 

"  Thatt  all  wills  in  Writing  attested  by  two  credible  Witnesses,  shall  be  of  the  same  force  to  con- 
vey lands  as  other  Conveyances  being  registered  in  the  Secretarye's  office  within  fforty  days  after 
the  testator's  death. 

"Thatt  a  Widdow,  after  the  death  of  her  Husband,  shall  have  her  dower,  and  shall  and  may 
tarry  in  the  chiefe  house  of  her  husband  forty  days  after  the  death  of  her  husband,  within  which 
forty  days  her  dower  shall  bee  assigned  her,  and  for  her  dower  shall  bee  assigned  unto  her  the 
third  part  of  all  the  lands  of  her  husband  during  coverture,  except  shee  were  endowed  of  lesse 
before  marriage. 

"That  all  lands  and  heritages  within  this  province  and  dependencyes,  shall  bee  free  from  all 
ffiues  and  lycences  upon  alienacons,  and  from  all  hesiotts,  wardships,  liverys,  primier  seizins,  year, 
(lay,  and  wast,  escheats,  and  forfeittures  upon  the  death  of  parents  or  ancestors,  natural!,  unnata- 
rall,  casuall  or  judicial!,  and  thatt  for  ever;  cases  of  High  Treason  only  excepted. 

"  Thatt  no  person  or  person's,  which  proffcsse  ffaith  in  God  by  Jesus  Christ,  shall,  at  any  time, 
be  any  wayes  molested,  punished,  disquieted,  or  called  in  question  for  any  difference  in  opinion 
or  matter  of  religious  concernment,  who  do  nott  actually  disturbe  the  civil!  peace  of  the  province, 
butt  thatt  all  and  every  such  person  or  p'sons  may,  from  time,  and  at  all  times  freely  have  and 
fully  enjoy,  his  or  their  judgments  or  consciences  in  matters  of  religion  throughout  all  the  prov- 
ince, they  behaving  themselves  peaceably  and  quietly,  and  nott  using  tliis  liberty  to  Lycencious- 
ncsse,  nor  to  the  civil!  injury  or  outward  disturbance  of  others ;  Provided  alwaija,  Thatt  this  liber- 
ty, or  any  thing  conteyned  therein  to  the  contrarj',  shall  never  be  construed  or  improved  to  ma!<e 
void  the  settlement  of  any  publique  minister  on  Long  Island,  whether  such  settlement  bee  by  two 
thirds  of  the  voices  in  any  Townc  thereon,  which  shall  alwayes  include  the  minor  part;  or  by  sub- 


APPENDIX.  661 

scriptions  of  perticular  inhabitants  in  said  townes;  Provided,  they  are  the  two  thirds  thereof; 
liutt  thatt  all  such  agreements,  covenants  and  subscriptions  thatt  are  there  already  made  afid  had, 
or  thatt  hereafter  shall  bee  in  this  manner  consented  to,  agreed  and  subscribed,  shall  att  all  time 
and  times  hereafter,  bee  firm  and  stable  ;  and  in  confirmation  hereof,  it  is  enacted  by  the  Gover- 
nour,  Councell,  and  Representatives,  That  all  such  summs  of  money  so  agreed  on,  consented  to, 
or  subscribed  as  aforesaid,  for  maintenance  of  said  publique  ministers,  by  the  two  thirds  of  any 
towne  on  Long  Island,  shall  alvrayes  include  the  minor  part,  who  shall  bee  regulated  thereby : 
and  also  such  subscriptions  and  agreements  as  are  beforemenconed,  are  and  shall  bee  alwayes 
ratifyd,  performed  and  payd,  and  if  any  towne  on  said  Island,  in  their  publique  capacity  of  agree- 
ment with  any  such  minister  or  any  perticular  persons,  by  their  private  subscriptions  as  aforesaid, 
shaU  make  default,  deny,  or  withdraw  from  such  payments  so  covenanted  to,  agreed  upon,  and 
subscribed,  thatt  in  such  case,  upon  complaint  of  any  Collector  appointed  and  chosen  by  two 
thirds  of  such  towne  upon  Long  Island,  unto  any  Justice  of  thatt  County,  upon  his  hearing  the 
same,  he  is  hereby  authorized,  impowered,  and  required  to  issue  out  his  warrant  unto  the  consta- 
ble or  his  deputy,  or  any  other  person  appointed  for  the  collection  of  said  rates  or  agreement,  to 
levy  upon  the  goods  and  chattells  of  said  delinquent  or  defaulter,  all  such  summes  of  money  so 
covenanted  and  agreed  to  be  paid,  by  distresse,  with  costs  and  charges,  without  any  further  suit 
in  law,  any  law,  custome  or  usage  to  the  contrary  in  any  wise  notwithstanding ;  Provided  alicays, 
the  said  snmme  or  summes  bee  under  fi"orty  shillings,  otherwise  to  be  recovered  as  the  law  directs. 

"And  wJiereas  all  the  respective  Christian  Churches  now  in  practice  within  the  Citty  of  New- 
Yorke,  and  the  other  places  of  this  province,  do  appear  to  bee  priviledged  Churches,  and  have 
been  so  established  and  confirmed  by  the  former  authority  of  this  Government ;  Bee  it  hereby  en- 
acted by  this  present  Generall  Assembly,  and  by  the  Authority  thereof.  That  all  the  said  respective 
Christian  Churches  be  hereby  confirmed  therein,  and  thatt  they  and  every  of  them  shall  from 
henceforth,  forever,  be  held  and  reputed  as  priviledged  churches,  and  enjoy  all  their  former  free- 
domes  of  their  religion  in  divine  worship  and  church  discipline  ;  and  thatt  all  fonner  contracts 
made  and  agreed  on  for  the  maintenances  of  the  several  ministers  of  the  said  Churches,  shall 
stand  and  continue  in  full  force  and  vertue,  and  thatt  all  contracts  for  the  future  to  bee  made, 
shall  be  of  the  same  power ;  and  all  p'sons  that  are  unwilling  to  performe  their  part  of  the  said 
contract,  shall  bee  constrained  thereunto  by  a  warrant  from  any  Justice  of  the  Peace  ;  Provided  itt 
bee  under  forty  shillings,  or  otherwise,  as  the  law  directs ;  Provided  allso,  That  all  other  Christian 
Churches  that  shall  hereafter  come  and  settle  within  this  province,  shall  have  the  same  priviledges. 

"A  continued  bill  for  defraying  the  requisite  charges  of  the  government. 

[This  continued  bill  grants  certain  duties  on  liquors,  merchandizes,  &c.  to  the  Governor,  for  the 
support  of  government,  and  is  on  the  same  engrossed  bUl  with  the  foregoing  "charter  of  libertys," 
&c.  and  passed  with  it] 

"  ISTew-Torke,  Oct.  26, 1CS3. 

"The  Representatives  have  assented  to  this  bill,  and  order  it  to  bee  sent  up  to  the  Governo'r 
and  Councell  for  their  assent.  M.  Nicolt-s,  Speaker." 

"After  three  times  reading,  it  is  assented  to  by  the  Governour  and  Councell  this  thirtieth  of 
October,  16S3.  Tuo.  Dongan. 

"John  Spragge,  Clerk  of  the  Assembly." 

MS'S.  in  Secretary's  office,  Albany;  New  York  Revised  Laws,  1S13,  iL,  Appendix,  iii.-vi. ;  Colonial 
Documents,  iii.,  357-359. 


Note  F,  Chaptee  X.,  page  506. 

It  would  seem,  from  the  printed  minutes  of  "  The  Acts  and  Proceedings  of  the  General  Synod 
of  the  Reformed  Peotestant  Dutch  Chuech  in  North  America"  for  the  years  1S66, 186T,  1S68,  and 
1869,  that  that  venerable  body  deliberately  perpetrated  one  of  the  grossest  outrages  on  American 
history  ever  done  in  this  country.  The  Synod,  after  debate,  and  against  the  protest  of  some  of 
the  most  devoted  friends  of  the  Church,  resolved  that  the  words  "  Dutch"  and  "  Protestant"  were 
not  proper  words  to  be  retained  in  its  title.  Noisy  and  active  members  of  the  Synod  denounced 
those  words  as  "  foreign,"  and  not  "American."  Yet  the  oldest  ecclesiastical  body  of  Christians 
in  our  country  is  the  one  which  has  so  persistently  rejected  these  expressive  designations.  To 
say  that  the  Church  which  Holland  planted  in  America  is  not  a  "Dutch"  Church,  is  to  affirm  a 
falsehood.  To  deny  that  that  Dutch-American  Church  was  a  "  Protestant"  Church,  is  to  reiterate 
an  historical  lie. 

By  this  action  of  the  venerable  Synod  of  the  Reformed  Protestant  Dutch  Church  in  North  Amer- 
ica the  history  of  our  country  has  been  belied.  Ever  since  the  surrender  by  the  Dutch  of  New 
Netherland  to  the  English,  the  Church  which  the  Fatherland  planted  in  New  York  was  known  and 
distinguished  as  a  "Dutch"  Church.  Certainly  it  was  a  "Protestant"  Church.  How  could  it  be 
otherwse  ?  The  blood  of  the  martyrs  in  the  "  Dutch  Republic"  who  resisted  Alva  must  have  been 
wretchedly  diluted  when  any  of  their  descendants  in  America  could  shrink  from  calling  them- 
gelves  "Dutch"  and  "Protestant." 


QQ2  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

In  a  vigorous  memorial  against  the  proposed  change  of  this  old  "denomination,"  some  members 
of  it  set  forth  their  objections  to  the  alteration  of  the  name  of  the  Church  of  their  fathers.  Their 
objections  baffled,  for  a  time,  the  synodical  machinations  of  those  who  wished  to  destroy  the  iden- 
tity of  their  ancient  body.  Its  name  was  first  officially  given  in  the  memorial  which  Domine 
Selyns,  of  New  York,  and  his  Consistory,  offered  to  Governor  Dongan  in  10S3.  It  was  confirmed 
by  a  charter  which  Governor  Fletcher  granted  to  the  metropolitan  corporation  in  1696,  under  the 
title  of  "The  Minister,  Elders,  and  Deacons  of  the  Reformed  Protestant  Dutch  Church  in  New 
York."  This  is  the  oldest  religious  corporation  in  our  country.  It  still  retains  its  honorable  his- 
torical name.  Yet,  under  foolish  guidance,  its  superior  ecclesiastical  authority,  in  the  full  light  of 
day,  rejected  the  words  "Dutch"  and  "Protestant"  from  the  title  of  an  act  by  which  the  Legisla- 
ture of  the  State  of  New  Y'ork,  in  1819,  authorized  "  The  General  Synod  of  the  lie/ormed  Protestant 
Dutch  Church'"  in  North  America  to  hold  estate. 

The  memorial  to  the  Legislature  of  New  Y'ork,  referred  to  above,  presented  in  its  session  ofl86S, 
stated  the  history  of  the  Dutch  Church  in  this  country,  and  showed,  among  other  things,  that  the 
resolution  ot  the  Sjiiod  to  change  its  corporate  name  to  that  of  "T/ic  Reformed  Church  in  Amer- 
ica" was  the  impudent  appropriation  of  an  ecclesiastical  designation  which  might  rightfully  be 
shared  by  those  "Reformed"  Churches  which  French  and  German  Protestants  planted  here,  after 
the  Dutch  established  theirs.  This  memorial  was  met  by  scurrility  from  some  who  called  them- 
selves "Christian."  Nevertheless,  the  Legislature  would  not  sanction  the  proposed  synodical 
change  of  name  in  1S6S.  But,  as  a  preponderating  majority  of  Dutch  Churchmen  chose  to  follow 
those  leaders  who  insisted  on  the  change,  controversy  was  abandoned,  and  the  Legislature,  in 
1869,  passed  the  desired  law. 

The  Acts  and  Proceedings  of  the  Reformed  Protestant  Dutch  Church,  1866-1869  ;  Historical  Maga- 
zine for  May,  1868,  pp.  268-2T0 ;  Hoffman's  Ecclesiastical  Law  in  the  State  of  Xeia  York,  pp.  98-129, 


Note  G,  CnAriEE  XL,  page  540. 
The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  Circular  Letter  of  the  English  Pricy  Council  to  the  several  Colonial 
Governors : 

After  our  very  hearty  commendations: — Whereas,  William  and  Mart,  Prince  and  Princess  of 
Orange,  have,  with  the  consent  and  at  the  desire  of  the  Lords  Spiritual  and  Temporal,  in  Parlia- 
ment Assembled  at  Westminster,  been  proclaimed  King  and  Queen  of  England,  France  and  Ire- 
land, and  of  the  Territories  and  Dominions  thereunto  appertaining;  We  have  thought  fit  hereby 
to  signify  the  same  unto  you,  with  directions  that  with  the  Council  and  other  principal  oflicers  and 
inhabitants  of  [Virginia]  you  proclaim  their  most  sacred  Majestys,  according  to  the  form  here  in- 
closed [see  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ill.,  605],  with  the  solemnities  and  ceremonies  requisite  on  the  like  oc- 
casion. And  we  do  further  transmit  unto  you  their  Majestys  most  gracious  Proclamation,  signi- 
fying their  Majesty's  pleasure  that  all  men  being  in  offices  of  Government  shall  so  continue,  until 
their  Majesty's  further  pleasure  be  known.  We  do  in  like  manner  will  and  require  you  forthwith  . 
to  cause  to  be  proclaimed  and  published,  as  also  that  you  do  give  order  that  the  oaths  herewith 
sent,  be  taken  by  all  persons  of  whom  the  oaths  of  Supremacy  and  Allegiance  might  heretofore 
have  been  required  ;  and  that  the  said  oaths  of  Allegiance  and  Supremacy  be  set  aside  and  abro- 
gated within  your  government.  And  so,  &c.  &c.  &c. 
From  the  Council  Chamber,  the  19t-h  February,  1688-9. 

IIaliiax,  C.  p.  S.  Siikewbbury,  Macclesfield, 

Bath,  H.  Capel,  J.  Boscawen, 

Wi>"ouestee,  Devonsuire,  Delamere, 

R"  Howard,  R.  Hampden. 

The  foregoing  dispatch  was  sent  to,  and  acted  on,  in  Virginia,  and  in  Pennsylvania;  and  it  would 
surely  have  been  obeyed  by  Andros,  if  he  had  received  it,  in  Nexo  England.  Compare  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc, 
iii.,  572, 583,  587, 588,  605 ;  Chalmers,  i.,431, 469 ;  ii.,  in  N.  F.  //.  S.  Coll.  (1868),  37;  Anderson's  Colonial 
Church,  ii.,  381,  382 ;  Penn.  Col.  Rec.,  i.,  340,  341 ;  Historical  Magaziw,  Jamiary,  1867,  p.  10. 


Note  H,  Chapter  XL,  page  £4S. 
The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  Proclamation  cf  Governor  General  .indros,  dated  at  Fort  Charles, 
at  Pemaquid,  on  the  lOi/t  of  January,  1688-9: 

BY    mS    EXCELLENCY 
A 

PROCLAMATION. 

TTTHEREAS  His  MAJESTY  hath  been  graciously  pleased,  by  His  Royal  Letter,  bearing  Date 

'  »     tlie  sixteenth  day  of  October  last  past,  to  signifie  that  he  hath  received  undoubted  Advice 

that  a  great  and  sudden  Invasion  from  Uolland,  with  an  armed  Force  of  Forreiguers  and  Strangers, 


APPENDIX.  663 

will  speedily  be  made  iu  an  hostile  manner  upon  His  Majesty's  Kingdom  oi  EXGLAND ;  and 
that  altho'  some  false  pretences  relating  to  Liberty,  Property,  and  Religion,  (contrived  or  worded 
with  Art  and  Subtilty)  may  be  given  ont,  (as  shall  be  thought  useful  upon  such  an  Attempt ;)  It 
is  manifest  however,  (considering  the  great  Preparations  that  are  making)  That  no  less  matter  by 
this  Invasion  is  proposed  and  purposed,  than  an  absolute  Conquest  of  His  Majesty's  Kingdoms, 
and  the  utter  Subduing  and  Subjecting  His  Majesty  and  all  His  People  to  a  Forreign  Power,  which 
is  promoted  (as  His  Majesty  understands)  altho'  it  may  seem  almost  incredible)  by  some  of  His 
Majesty's  Subjects,  being  persons  of  wicked  and  restless  Spirits,  implacable  Malice,  and  desperate 
Designs,  who  having  no  sence  of  former  intestine  Distractions,  (the  Memory  and  Misery  whereof 
should  endear  and  put  a  Value  upon  that  Peace  and  Happiness  which  hath  long  been  enjoyed) 
nor  being  moved  by  His  Majesty's  reiterated  Acts  of  Grace  and  Mercy,  (wherein  His  Majesty  hath 
studied  and  delighted  to  abound  towards  all  His  Subjects,  and  even  towards  those  who  were  once 
His  Majesty's  avowed  and  open  Enemies)  do  again  endeavour  to  embroil  His  Majesty's  Kingdom 
in  Blood  and  Ruin,  to  gratitie  their  own  Ambition  and  Malice,  proposing  to  themselves  a  Prey 
and  Booty  in  such  a  publick  Confusion : 

And  that  although  His  Majesty  had  Notice  that  a  forreign  Force  was  preparing  against  Him, 
yet  His  Majesty  hath  alwaies  declined  any  forreign  Succour,  but  rather  hath  chosen  (next  under 
GOD)  to  rely  upon  the  true  and  ancient  Courage,  Faith  and  Allegiance  of  His  own  People,  with 
whom  His  Majesty  hath  often  ventured  His  Life  for  the  Honour  of  His  Nation,  and  in  whose  De- 
fence against  all  Enemies  His  Majesty  is  firmly  resolved  to  live  and  dye  ;  and  therefore  does  sol- 
emnly Conjure  His  Subjects  to  lay  aside  all  manner  of  Animosities,  Jealousies,  &  Prejudices,  and 
heartily  &  chearfully  to  Unite  together  iu  the  Defence  of  His  MAJESTYsmdi  their  native  Couutrey, 
which  thing  alone,  will  (under  GOD)  defeat  and  frustrate  the  principal  Hope  and  Design  of  His 
Majesty's  Enemies,  who  expect  to  find  His  People  divided ;  and  by  publishing  (perhaps)  some 
plausible  Reasons  of  their  Coming,  as  the  specious  {Vao'  false)  Pretences  of  Maintaining  the  Prot- 
estant Religion,  or  Asserting  the  Liberties  and  Properties  of  His  Majesty's  People,  do  hope  there- 
by to  conquer  that  great  and  renowned  Kingdom. 

That  albeit  the  Design  hath  been  carried  on  with  all  imaginable  Secresie  &  Endeavours  to  sur- 
prise and  deceive  lixs  MAJESTY,  HE  hath  not  been  wanting  on  His  part  to  make  such  provision 
as  did  become  Him,  and,  by  GOD's  great  Blessing,  His  Majesty  makes  no  doubt  of  being  found  in 
so  good  a  Posture  that  His  Enemies  may  have  cause  to  repent  such  their  rash  aud  nnjnst  Attempt. 
ALL  WHICH,  it  is  His  Majesty's  pleasure,  should  be  made  known  in  the  most  publick  manner  to 
His  loving  Subjects  within  this  His  Territory  and  Dominion  oi  NEW-ENGLAND,  that  they  may 
he  the  better  prepared  to  resist  any  Attempts  that  may  be  made  by  His  Majesties  Enemies  in 
these  parts,  aud  secured  in  their  trade  and  Commerce  with  His  Majesty's  Kingdom  oi England. 

Do  therefore,  in  pursuance  of  His  MAJESTYs  Commands,  by  these  Presents  make  knotvn 
siui  Publish  the  same  accordingly:  And  hereby  Charge  and  Command  all  Officers  Civil  & 
Military,  and  all  other  His  Majesty's  loving  Subjects  within  this  His  Territory  and  Dominion 
aforesaid,  to  be  Vigilant  and  Careful  in  their  respective  places  and  stations,  and  that,  upon  the 
Approach  of  any  Fleet  or  Forreign  Force,  they  be  in  Readiness,  and  use  their  utmost  Endeavour 
to  hinder  any  Landing  or  Invasion  that  may  be  intended  to  be  made  within  the  same. 

Given  at  Fort-Charles  at  Pemaquid,  the  Tenth  Day  oi  January,  in  the  Fourth  year  of 
the  Reign  of  our  Sovereign  Lord  JAMES  the  Second,  of  England,  Scotland,  France 
and  Ireland  KING,  Defender  of  the  Faith  d-c.    Annoq ;  DOMINI  lOSS. 
By.  His  EXCELLENCY'S  Command.  E  ANDROS 

JOHX  WEST.  Wy.  Seer'. 

GOD  SA  VE  THE  KING. 
Printed  at  Boston  in  ]S'ew-England  by  R.  P. 


I 


INDEX. 


"A  moviDg  fort,"  the  Iroquois  term  for  La 
Salle's  brigantine  "Griffin,"  on  Lake  Erie,  325. 

Abdication  of  James  IL,  535;  see  James  IL 

Abenaqnis,  the,  a  race  of  Americans  who  inhab- 
ited, before  European  visitation,  the  region 
now  known  as  the  State  of  Maine,  U.  S.  A., 
3T4, 5S2, 584, 61S. 

Aborigines,  or  "from  the  first,"  the  people  of 
North  America,  their  dislike  to  be  considered 
European  "children, '-519,  580,582. 

Acadia,  or  Nova  Scotia,  8,  38,  39,  64,  78, 12T,  134, 
136, 140, 199, 235,  23T,  254, 379, 492,  507,  574, 603. 

Achter  Col,  or  Kol,  in  New  Jersey,  199,  200,  210, 
218, 235,  255. 

Acossen,  or  "  the  Partridge," 402. 

Adarahta,  a  "  Praying  Indian,"  004. 

Adario, "  the  Rat,"  a  Huron,  519. 

Admiralty,  the  British,  4,  5,  SO,  81 ;  court  of,  in 
New  York,  87, 140,  219 ;  see  Courts. 

Aemonts,  Captain  Juriaen,  254. 

Agariata,  a  Mohawk  chief,  hung  by  Tracy  at 
Quebec,  116. 

Albanel,  the  Father  Charles,  117. 

Albania,  48, 49,  84. 

Albany,  or  Fort  Orange,  25,  36,  40,45,  48,  74,  87, 
97,  99,  103,  110,  114,  120,  127,  131,  141,  146,  159, 
167, 1C9, 174, 181, 188, 194, 199,  213,  21S,  235,  248, 
272,  280,  287,  289,  300,  306,  309,  313,  318,  360,  369, 
376,  378,  382,  385,  391,  395,  398,  402,  409,  429,  434, 
464,  474,  481,  487,  506,  517,  580,  585,  587,  589,  602, 
610,  614,  617,  621 ;  Duke  of,  124. 

Albemarle,  George  Monk,  Duke  of,  a  co-propri- 
etor of  Carolina,  82. 

Albertsen,  Arent,  of  Esopus,  convicted  of  a  riot 
there,  and  mildly  punished,  128. 

Aldermen,  the  first,  in  New  York,  appointed  by 
Nicolls  in  June,  1065,  names  of,  76. 

Algonquins,  the  aboriginal  tribe  of,  114, 117, 179, 
192, 404,  606,  618. 

"All  related  to  Coudre,"  609;  see  Iroquois,  or 
Five  Nations. 

Allard,  Anthony,  48, 60,  76, 182,  ISS. 

Alleghanies,  the,  9. 

Alleghany  River,  the,  323. 

Allen,  John,  sheriff  of  Pemaqnid,  379,  394. 

Allison,  Robert,  denied  his  wish  to  hold  his 
Honduras  slave  in  New  York,  510. 

Allouez,  the  Father  Claude,  162, 179,  326. 

Allyn,  John,  secretary  of  Connecticut,  253,  320, 
389, 470, 472, 512,  559,  571, 585,  612,  635. 

Allyn,  Matthew,  53. 

Alricks,  Peter,  51, 140,  219,  224,  234,  27S,  320. 


Alva,  the  Dnke  of,  247,  661. 

Amboy,  in  New  Jersey,  369, 392, 411, 432, 460, 491. 

America,  North,  the  settlement  of,  7 ;  conflicting 
claims  of  the  English  and  Dutch  colonizers, 
10 ;  general  history  of,  13, 15,  31,  38,  40,  42, 44, 
50, 57,  61, 64,  68,  78, 97, 103, 112, 133, 136, 106, 174, 
209,  246,  252,  271,  513,  536,  545,  553,  592,  611. 

Amersfoort,  L.  I.,  214,  227. 

Amstel,  New,  on  the  Delaware,  51, 53, 219. 

Amsterdam,  in  Holland,  22,  50,  78,  95,  136, 151, 
160, 175,  205,  213,  222,  245,  248,  252,  256,  271,  2SS, 
314,  329. 

Amsterdam,  New,  in  America,  9, 15, 23, 24, 25,  30, 
32,  50,  64,  08,  78,"20S,  222,  230,  245,  248,  252,  256, 
271,  288. 

Andastes,  114, 147, 181, 192, 193,  299, 309,  328 ;  see 
Susquehannas  and  Conestogues,  or  Conesto- 
gas. 

Andringa,  Joris,  Governor  of  New  Netherland, 
245. 

Andros,  Major  Edmund,  Governor  of  New  York, 
257,  269,  272,  275,  279,  284,  287,  289,  301,  304,  300; 
knighted,  315,  319,  327,  343,  354,  448,  467,  409, 
472,  488,  492,  494 ;  Governor  General  of  New 
England,  again  in  New  York,  512,  513, 515,  517, 
521,  526,  542, 547 ;  imprisoned  at  Boston  by  in- 
surgents there,  553,  556,  564,575;  sent  to  En- 
gland, by  command  of  King  William,  and  ac- 
quitted, 593,  014,  629. 

Anne,  Princess  of  England,  535,  538. 

Anticosti,  the  Island  of,  241. 

Appleboom,  the  Swedish  minister  in  England, 
22. 

Apsley,  Sir  Allen,  261. 

Aquehonga  Manacknong,  the  Indian  name  of 
Staten  Island,  166. 

Archer,  John,  grantee  of  Fordham,  182. 

Arensius,  Domine  Bernardus,  Lutheran  minis- 
ter, 174, 195, 273, 329, 407. 

Arkansas,  the  American  River,  explored  or  first 
seen  by  Europeans,  241, 308. 

Arlington,  Sir  Henry  Bennet,  Earl  of,  English 
Secretary  of  State,  5,  35,  81, 105,  114,  125, 131, 
138, 142, 144, 149, 251,  250. 

Arnold,  Captain  Isaac,  of  Southold,  L.  I.,  218, 
228,  231,  639. 

Arnont,  or  Viele,  319 ;  see  Viele. 

Arrest  of  Boston  "  scholars"  by  Leisler,  575. 

Ashley,  Lord,  Anthony  Ashley  Cooper,  after- 
ward Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  5 ;  a  member  of  the 
"Cabal," 5, 82;  an  erratic  but  far-seeing  cour- 
tier, 185 ;  see  Shaftesbury. 


G66 


INDEX. 


Ashton,  Thomas,  sheriff  and  marshal  in  New 
York,  319. 

Ashurst,  Sir  Henry,  member  of  the  British  Par- 
liament, 5il,  592,  014,  6-29. 

Assembly,Nicolls's  New  York  General,  at  Hemp- 
stead, L.  I.,  in  1GC5, 113. 

Assembl}-,  Provincial,  in  New  York,  353, 85S,  372, 
3S2,  3S5,  407,  40S,  410,  427,  453,  45S. 

Assembly,  Stuyvesant's,  63, 07 ;  ante,  vol.  i. 

Assizes,  New  York  Court  of,  63,  67,  60,  70,  75,  90, 
108,  110,  113,  141,  173,  353,  3S0,  40S ;  see  Court 
of. 

Atkins,  Samuel,  437. 

Attiwandaronk,  or  Neutres,  102 ;  see  Hurons  and 
Senecas. 

Autochthones,  or  aborigines,  the  red  savages, 
original  or  native  owners  of  North  America, 
as  were  the  Greeks  of  Greece,  2S1, 2S2. 

Avon,  in  New  York,  480. 

Bailey,  John,  49, 647. 

Baker,  Captain  John,  49,  87, 103,114, 120, 123, 141, 
167, 199. 

Baker,  Nathaniel,  of  Easthampton,  309, 407. 

Baker,  Thomas,  63. 

Balfour,  John,  of  Burley,  534. 

Baltimore,  Lord,  of  Maryland;  13,  50,  64, 100, 150, 
164, 190,  279,  309,  347,  349,  3C5,  393,  435,  556 ;  bee 
Calvert. 

Baukes,  John,  230. 

Barbadoes,  or  Barbados,  6,  58, 165, 190. 

Barclay,  Robert,  of  Ury,  346, 368. 

Barentsen,  Conielis,  123. 

Bareutsen,  Eegnier,  of  Albany,  sent  to  New 
York,  Oil. 

Barillon,  Monsieur  de,  French  envoy  at  London, 
406, 420, 431,  492. 

Barnegat,  303. 

Barton,  Roger,  63. 

Basuage,  Jacques  de  Beauval,  435. 

Batavilin  race,  the,  influence  of,  9,  200,  246,  249, 
271,  315, 448,  513, 533,  539. 

Bath,  Earl  of,  539. 

Battle  of  the  Boync,  030. 

Batts,  Thomas,  his  explorations  in  Virginia,  177. 

Baxter,  George,  14,  IS ;  see  vol.  i. 

Baxter,  Jervis,  Lieutenant  and  Captain,  and 
counselor  in  New  York,  366,  401,  425,  427,  453, 
453,  462,  495.  510,  517,  519,  521,  557,  562,  579,  028. 

Bayard,  Nicholas,  afterward  Colonel  and  Mayor 
of  New  York,  31,  77, 145, 195,  211,  219,  222,  234, 
258,  277,  390,  428,  433,  402,  465,  481, 486,  506,  510, 
515,  521,  549,  557,  559,  502,  507,  570,  573,  580,  589, 
594,  596,  600,  023,  633,  037,  639,  641. 

Bayard's  letter  against  Leisler,  589. 

Bechefer,  the  Father  Thierry,  115, 169. 

Becker,  Jan,  4i59. 

Bedlow,  Isaac,  144, 145, 173. 

Bedlow's  Island,  168. 

Beekman,  Gerardus,  595, 598, 635,  640. 

Beekman.William,  46, 43, 83, 156, 107, 182, 234, 250, 
269, 270, 277, 375,  521, 615. 

Belcher,  a  New  England  agent,  at  New  York, 
5S4. 

Bcllingham,  William,  Governor  of  Massachu- 
setts, 2S7. 


Bellomont,  the  Earl  of,  534. 

Benedict,  Thomas,  68. 

Bennet,  Secretary  Henry,  52,  58 ;  see  Arlington. 

Bennett,  Ensign,  602. 

Beresford,  Sergeant  Christopher,  at  Esopus,  145, 

150, 157, 107. 
Bergen,  N.  J., 49, 67, 177,  219, 233, 235,  243, 369, 590. 
Bergeres,  Sieur  de,  481,  509. 
Berkeley,  Governor  Sir  William,  13, 143,  206, 203, 

301. 
Berkeley,  John,  Lord,  of  Stratton,  an  owner  of 

New  Jersey,  4,  5,  81,  83, 106, 150, 164,  340. 
Berkeley,  Vice-Admiral,  124. 
Bermuda,  631,  634,  037. 
Berry,  Captain  John,  of  New  Jersey,  189,  20O, 

219,  369. 
Betts,  Richard,  67. 
Biggs,  John,  157. 
Biljou,  Peter,  214 

Billop,  Christopher,  205,  306,  320,  342,  411. 
Binckes,  Commodore  Jacob,  205,  206,  209,  213, 

221,  245. 
Bird,  Colonel,  of  Virginia,  430. 
Bishop,  William,  of  Flushing,  punished,  124. 
Blagge,  Benjamin,  612,  620,  631,  641,  647. 
Blank,  Nicholas,  647. 
Blathwayt,  Secretary  William,  343,  359, 422,  429, 

492,  595. 
Bleecker,  Captain  Jan  Jansen,  254,  298,  409,  439, 

443,  578,  534,  588,  602,  615,  624;  see  vol.  i.,  62.5, 

note. 
Block  Island,  617,  623. 
Blom,  Domine,  of  Esopus,  159;  see  vol.  i.,  080, 

710,  711. 
Bloodgood,  Francis,  chief  of  the  Dutch  of  Flush- 
ing, L.L,  243. 
Boes,  Nicholas,  210,  213. 
Bogardus,  Domine  Everardus,  his  Bouwery  (now 

held  by  Trinity  Church  in  the  City  of  New 

York),  183,  274 ;  see  vol.  i.,  206. 
Bogardus,  Pieter,  of  Albany,  624. 
Bogardus,  William,  466. 
Bollen,  Captain  James,  49,  84,  86,  189,  219,  334, 

350,  617. 
Boniface,  the  Father  Francis,  191,  235. 
Bonrepos,  Rev.  David,  025. 
Bonrepos,  Sieur  de,  492. 
Boone,  Francis,  a  New  York  alderman,  144. 
Booth,  John,  of  Southold,  his  case,  174. 
Boston  Gentlemen's  "Declaration,"  551. 
Boston,  in  Massachusetts,  86, 89,  92, 112, 114, 127, 

141, 152, 170, 188, 190,  199,  232,  237,  244,  254,  2S0, 

237,  294,  317,  324,  336,  344,  359,  375,  379,  409,  416, 

445,  459,  463,  467,  472,  495,  504,  511,  515,  521,  524, 

526,  529,  549,  551,  554,  556,  500,  563,  593,  013,  017, 

623,  630,  63S. 
Boston  in  secession,  556. 

Boston  "scholars"  apprehended  by  Leisler,  575. 
Bourdon,  the  Sieur  de,  395. 
Bowne,  Captain  Andrew,  502. 
Bowne,  John,  67, 84. 
Boyne, William  the  Third's  victory  at  the  River, 

in  Ireland,  630. 
Bradford.Williara,  436. 
Bradstreet,  Simon,  Governor  of  Massachusetts, 

337,  550,  552,  560,  613,  622. 


INDEX. 


667 


Brasher,  Ensign  Abraham,  G3G,  G40. 

Breda,  negotiations  at,  131, 135, 13T,  141, 152, 1S2, 

199,  249. 
Breedon,  Captain  Thomas,  45". 
Brent,  Solicitor  of  the  Temple  at  London,  529. 
Brisay,  Jacques  Rene  de,  430;  see  Denonville, 

Marquis  of,  Governor  of  Canada. 
Bristol,  K.  I.,  24T,  2S2. 
British  Commissioners  of  Charles  the  Second, 

proclamation  of,  24,  49,  65. 
British  "Declaration  of  Right,"  538. 
British  possessions  in  North  America,  see  New 

England,  etc. 
British  "  Whigs"  and  "  Tories," 532, 539. 
Brockholls,  Major  Anthony,  264,  271,  2T9,  2ST, 

291,  310,  312,  336,  344,  349,  352,  354,  356,  360,  365, 

369,  3S9,  453,  458,  481,  4ST,  510,  515,  521, 549,  554, 

55T,  601,  612,  628. 
Brodhead,  Captain  Daniel,  20, 45, 46,  88, 104, 121. 
Brodhead,  Mrs.  Ann,  123, 15T,  Gil;'  see  Notting- 
ham and  Garton. 
Brooke,  Chidley,  628, 631,  63",  639. 
Brookhaven,  L.  I.,  6S,  90,  108,  109,  216,  226 ;  see 

Setalcott,  or  Setauket. 
Brooklyn,  L.  I.,  33,  35, 42, 67,110, 159, 175,  214,  227, 

289, 437,  573. 
Brown,  Daniel,  his  case,  190. 
Browne,  Josiah,  636,  639. 
Browne,  Samuel,  426. 
Brugge,  Carel  van,  215. 
Brugh,  Johannes  van,  43,  60,  76. 
Briiyas,  the  Father  Jacques,  Jesuit  missionary 

and  philologist,  128, 130, 147,  IGl,  169, 178, 191, 

235,  253,  287,  307,  404, 476,  479. 
Bruyn,  Francis  de,  214. 
Buccaneers,  524,  529. 

Buisset,  the  Father  Luke,  at  Cataracouy,  299. 
Bulkley,  Peter,  of  Massachusetts,  298,  316,  336, 

467,  511. 
Bull,  Captain  Jonathan,  of  Connecticut,  579, 584, 

589,  602,  609,  611,  613. 
Bull,  Captain  Thomas,  284. 
Burhaus,  Jan,  235. 

Burlington,  in  New  .Jersey,  164,  306,  312,  512. 
Burnet,  Bishop  Gilbert,  of  Salisbury,152, 534, 600. 
Burning  of  Frenchmen,  618 ;  of  Schenectady, 

607,  608. 
Burroughs,  John,  276. 
Burton,  Captain  Cassibelan,  270,  270. 
Burying  the  axes  at  Albany,  398. 
Bushwick,  L.  I.,  67,  91, 109,  214. 
Byllinge,  Edward,  of  London,  grantee  of  Lord 

Berkeley,  2GG,  301,  341. 

Cabal,  the  English,  5, 185,  201, 249,  252. 
Cabo  Corso,  the  Dutch  fort  at,  4. 
Cabot,  Sebastian,  10. 
Cadillac,  La  Motte,  547. 
Caffiniere,  Admiral,  547,  60?,  GIS. 
Caghnawaga,  129, 161, 169,  235,  299,  327,  362,  395. 
Caghnawagas,  or  "  Praying  Indians,"  606,  618. 
Callieres,  Hector  de,  Governor  of  Canada,  405, 

476, 489,  520,  545,  582,  603,  606. 
Calvert,  Cecil,  366. 
Calvert,  Charles,  366. 
Calvert,  see  Baltimore,  164, 190,  278,  309,  SGG. 


Canada,  or  New  France,  T,  11,  38,  39,  78,  9T,  99, 
102,  111,  113, 117, 121, 127, 133, 162, 164, 178, 193, 
235,  240,  299,  306,  323,  326,  363,  365,  369,  378,  394, 
401,  400,  442,  474,  476,  479,  485,  488,  494,  506,  613, 
519,  547,  582,  603,  609,  620,  622. 

Cauajoharie,  129. 

Canandaigua,  479. 

Canterbury,  Archbishop  of,  450, 504,  532,  536. 

Cantwell,  Captain  Edmund,  278,  302. 

Cape  May,  267. 

Capel,  Sir  Heury,  539. 

Carheil,  the  Father  Etieune,  147,  102,  169,  191, 
237,  299,  327,  362,  377,  476,  494,  500. 

Carolina,  490. 

Carr,  Andrew,  195. 

Carr,  Lieutenant  John,  51,  52,  53, 140,  165,  190, 
206,  234,  278. 

Carr,  Sir  Robert,  18,  30,  35,  42,  50,  51,  75,  80,  lOG, 
111,  177. 

Carteret,  Captain  James,  177, 189,  200,  205,  218. 

Carteret,  Captain  Philip,  SO,  84, 110, 149, 176, 189, 

199,  235,  27(T,  278,  303,  312,  332,  334,  342,  349,  368. 
Carteret,  Sir  George,  4,  5,  23,  81,  83, 106, 104, 189, 

200,  221,  223,  235,  266,  268,  303,  305,  341,  368,  371. 
Cartwright,  Colonel  George,  18,  20,  21,  24,  30,  35, 

42,  45,  47,  50,  52,  66,  74,  75,  81,  92,  111,  158, 186. 
Casco  Bay,  520,  606,  620. 
Castin,  Baron  Vincent  de  Saint,  379,  394,  510. 
Cataracouy,  or  Kataracouy,  or  Fort  Frontenac, 

241,  299,  307,  326,  363,  365,  404,  440,  442,  474,  477, 

494,  508,  519,  603,  620. 
Catholicou,  a  prison  not  a,  621. 
Catholics,  Roman,  in  Canada,  7 ;  in  Maryland,  S ; 

in  New  York,  130,  146,  IGl,  170,  184,  192,  193, 

201,  235,  247,  250,  287,  299,  307,  326,  338. 
Cavalier,  John,  409. 

Cayugas,  the,  93, 102,  128,  147,  161,  169, 178, 191, 
237,'  299,  32T,  362,  376,  395,  401,  429,  508,  518,  579, 
C04. 

Chambers,  Captain  Thomas,  46,  88, 156, 194. 

Chambly,  French  fort  at,  101,  254,  326,  444,  484, 
4SS,  507,  622. 

Champlain,  Lake,  115, 120, 127, 128,  487,  507,  518, 
546,  603,  618,  020. 

Champlain,  Samuel  de,  163. 

Charles  IL  of  England,  his  accession  to  the 
throne,  3  ;  his  lack  of  kingly  qualities,  3 ;  his 
ministers,  5;  the  "Cabal,"  5;  his  principles 
and  course,  10, 11, 13, 15, 16,  20,  22,  23,  38,  39, 57, 
64,  T8,  93,  94,  95,  97,  124,  131,  137,  143,  151,  158, 
184,  201,  216,  247,  250,  256,  258,  206,  296,  304,  305, 
314,  340,  347,  357,  359,  381,  385,  394,  414,  417,  421. 

Charlton,  R.,  Clerk  of  New  York  Court  of  Ad- 
miralty, 87. 

Charter  of  Connecticut,  471, 555;  "Charter  Oak" 
of,  472. 

Charter  of  Massachusetts,  417,  525. 

Charter  of  New  Jersey,  490. 

Charter  of  New  York,  415. 

Charter  of  Pennsylvania,  348;  Penn's  "Treat}'- 
tree"  of,  368. 

Chatham,  in  England,  the  Dutch  at,  134. 

Chaumonot,  the  Father  Joseph,  among  the  Sen- 
ecas,  148. 

Chazy,  the  Sieur  de,  murdered  at  Lake  Cham- 
plain, 116. 


G6S 


INDEX. 


Chester,  in  Pennsylvania,  367. 

Chicago,  324. 

Chicheley,  Sir  Henry,  of  Virginia,  361. 

Chippewas,  162. 

Church  of  England,  the,  in  New  York,  IS,  20,  44, 
201,  2SS,  319,  33S,  374,  3S0,  407,  414,  440,  454,  457, 
464,  490,  504,  513,  527,  534,  536,  557,  571,  628. 

Church,  the  Dutch  Eeformed,  or  Reformed 
Dutch,  in  New  York,  18, 159, 167, 175,  212,  219, 
226,  246,  256,  2SS,  300,  361,  379,  407, 465,  506,  514, 
557,  563,  565,  571,  572,  612,  624,  641,  647,  661,  602. 

Church,  the  French,  624,  625. 

Church,  the  Roman  Catholic,  513,  528,  531,  547, 
557,  571. 

Churcher,  William,  566,  574. 

Churchill,  William,  534,  647. 

Cibola,  meaning  of,  322. 

Clapp,  Captain  John,  of  Long  Island,  625. 

Clarendon,  Edward  Hyde,  Earl  of.  Lord  Chan- 
cellor of  England,  5, 12, 14, 15, 18,  57,  79,  82,  95, 
105,  111,  136, 421. 

Clarke,  the  Reverend  Josias,  407, 457. 

Clarke,  Thomas,  24,  35,  600,  638. 

Clarke,  Walter,  of  Rhode  Island,  royal  counsel- 
or, 503,  512,  559. 

Clarkson,  Matthew,  576,  590,  031,  034,  641. 

Claverack,  009. 

Cleyborne,  Captain,  at  Boston,  229. 

Coaquannock,  367. 

Coddington,  Governor  of  Rhode  Island,  290. 

Coe,  John,  67,  647. 

Coe,  Robert,  182. 

Coerten,  Myndert,  640. 

Coffin,  Tristram,  of  Nantucket,  174, 199. 

Coinage  of  plate,  illicit,  established  at  Boston, 
in  Massachusetts,  525. 

Colbert,  Jean  Baptiste,  1,  100,  117,  128,  134,  162, 
169, 179,  240,  3'i2,  326,  435,  545. 

Colbert,  Jean  B.,  the  younger,  see  Seignelay. 

Coleman,  Henry,  an  insurgent  Finn  at  the  Dela- 
ware, punished,  165. 

Coleman,  master  of  the  frigate  Elias,  lands  in 
Staten  Island  granted  to,  49. 

Collier,  or  Collyer,  Captain  John,  commander  in 
Delaware,  302,  300 ;  Sheriff  of  New  York,  331, 
390. 

Collins,  John,  Massachusetts  agent  at  London, 
257. 

Colonies,  or  Plantations,  the  North  American 
English,  required  to  help  in  defending  New 
York  against  the  French,  493, 496,  505. 

Columbus,  Christopher,  10. 

Colve,  Captain  Anthony,  Governor,  207,  211,  221, 
223,  225,  227,  232,  235,  242,  252,  256,  259,  270,  272, 
288. 

Communipaw,  in  New  Jersey,  49 ;  see  vol.  i. 

Comprehensive  Report  of  Governor  Dongan, 
402. 

Compton,  Henry,  Bishop  of  London,  348,  456, 
504,  534,  539. 

Conde,  Louis,  "  the  great,"  1, 17,  203. 

Conestogas,  or  Audasles,  147,  328 ;  see  Susque- 
hannas. 

Coney  Island,  559. 

Confederation  in  North  America,  611,  616,  623. 

Congress,  first  Colonial,  at  New  York,  016,  623. 


Connecticut,  S,  12, 16,  23,  24,  29,  33,  35,  53,  55,  57, 
60,  OS,  87, 107,  111,  113, 127, 139, 155, 171, 187, 200, 
205,  215,  229,  232,  243,  253,  260,  274,  279,  280,  286, 
2SS,  292,  295,  309;  335,  338,  360,  373,  387,  412,  419, 
435,  445,  402,  463,  468,  471,  487,  490,  495,  500,  522, 
554,  501,  569,  571,  574,  579,  584,  589,  612,  616,  620, 
626,  635. 

Connecticut,  the  annexation  of,  desired  by  New 
York  governors,  445,  463,  468,  495,  595,  644. 

Conty,  the  Prince  of,  323  ;  Fort  Conty,  320. 

Convention  at  Albany,  581,  585,  588,  602. 

Convention  at  Westminster,  537,  540. 

Convention,  Jacob  Leisler's,  573,  587,  590. 

Convention  of  "Boston  Gentlemen,"  551, 500. 

Coode,  John,  of  Maryland,  556,  612. 

Cooke,  Elisha,  of  Massachusetts,  629. 

Cooper,  Sir  Anthony,Lord  Ashley,  5 ;  see  Shaftes- 
bury. 

Cornbury,  Edward  Hyde,  Lord,  534. 

Corneilssen,  Hendrick,  122. 

Cornhill,  Richard,  68. 

Cornwall  County,  3S6,  468. 

Coruwell,  Justice,  of  Long  Island,  213. 

Cortelyou,  Jacques,  67, 142, 107. 

Cortlandt,  Oloff  Stevensen  van,  35, 60,76, 138,151. 

Cortlandt,  Stephanus  van,  372,  389,  397,  43S,  453, 
45S,  462,  484,  480,  492,  506,  510,  515,  521, 557,  563, 
578,  590,  594,  596,  600,  612,  628,  631,  637,  639,  040. 

Cortlandt,  the  manor  of,  see  Kicthawan  and  S. 
van  Cortlandt. 

"  Council  of  Safety"  in  Massachusetts,  554, 560. 

"  Council  of  Safety"  in  New  York,  576,  587,  590. 

Courcelles,  the  Chevalier  de.  Governor  of  Cana- 
da, 101 ;  invades  New  York,  102, 103 ;  retreats 
ingloriouslj',  104, 115 ;  tries  it  again,  117,121; 
in  command,  127, 147, 101, 109, 177 ;  up  the  St. 
Lawrence,  ISl,  192. 

Courcelles,  Daniel  de.  Governor  of  Canada,  100, 
101, 102, 103, 101,  ISO,  181, 193,  307,  607. 

Coursey,  Colonel  Henry,  of  Maryland,  309,  365. 

Court  of  Admiralty  in  New  York,  S7, 140,  319, 
409,  639. 

Court  of  Assizes,  the,  in  New  York,  62,  67,  69,  70, 
75,  90,  lOS,  110,  113,  141,  157,  160,  177,  195,  199, 
275,  289,  301,  334,  353,  380,  408. 

Court  of  Chancery  in  New  York,  3S6, 409. 

Court  of  Exchequer  in  New  York,  428,  600,  028. 

Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  in  New  York,  3S0, 
409,  639. 

Court  of  Sessions  in  New  York,  108, 140, 171, 173, 
195, 199,  293,  335,  380. 

Court  or  Office  of  Records  in  New  York,  90. 

Court,  Surrogate's,  in  New  York,  409. 

Court,  the  Mayor's,  274. 

Courts  of  Judicature  established,  646. 

Coussean,  Jacques,  35,  60, 138, 151. 

Couture,  William,  116. 

Coventry,  Sir  William,  Secretary,  4, 5,  58, 92, 105, 
136,  258. 

Cox,  William,  390. 

Crantield,  Edward,Governor  of  New  Hampshire, 
300,  394, 418. 

Crfivecoeur,  Fort,  302 ;  see  Peoria. 

Cromwell,  Oliver,  2,  .5,  8, 11, 134, 136, 143. 

Cromwell,  Richard,  of  Long  Island,  360. 

Croton,  see  Cortlandt, Van,  and  Kicthawan. 


INDEX. 


669 


Crown  Point,  609, 614. 

Culpepper,  Lord,  of  Virginia,  336,  359. 

Curafoa,  220. 

Curler,  Arendt  van,  103, 105, 121. 

Cuyler,  Lieutenant  Henry,  563, 506. 

Dablon,  the  Father  Claude,  162, 1T9, 191, 193,  236. 
238,  241. 

Daille,  Domine  Peter,  380,  516,  625,  64T. 

D'Allonne,  Mademoiselle,  4SS,  506. 

Danby.'the  Earl  of,  539. 

Dancing  in  New  York,  465 ;  see  Stepney. 

Bankers,  Jasper,  328. 

D'Argenson,  Governor  of  Canada,  98. 

D'Avaugour,  Governor  of  Canada,  98. 

D'Avaux,  the  Count,  474. 

Davis,  Samuel,  205. 

Davison,  Sir  William,  131. 

De  Baugy,  the  Chevalier,  373,  305. 

De  Bruyn,  Francis,  214. 

De  Bruyn,  Johannes,  558,  569,  589,  614,  624,  627. 

De  Chazy,  the  Sieur,  116 ;  see  Chazy. 

Declaration  of  "Boston  Gentlemen,"  551,  560. 

Declaration  of  Jacob  Leisler,  566. 

"  Declaration  of  Right"  in  England,  538. 

Declaration  of  the  Albany  Convention,  581,  5SS, 
602. 

De  Courcelles,  see  Conrcelles. 

De  Decker,  John,  35, 45, 188. 

D'Eau,  the  Chevalier,  or  D'O,  617. 

Deerfield,  in  Massachusetts,  attacked,  289. 

D'Elba,  Antonio,  121, 123. 

D'Estrades,  minister  of  Louis,  78,  93,  95,  97, 100. 

D'Estrees,  French  Admiral,  188. 

De  Klercke,  Daniel,  574. 

De  la  Barre,  Le  Febvre,  the  Count,  120,  365,  369, 
378,  395,  400,  405,  430,  476,  508,  520. 

De  la  Noy,  Peter,  573,  578,  598,  016,  623,  633,  037, 

640. 
De  la  Salle,  Eobert  Cavelier,  162, 170, 179 ;  see  La 

Salle. 
De  la  Troye,  the  Chevalier,  481. 
Delavall,  Thomas,  43, 61, 76, 122, 138, 144, 157, 1C7, 

173, 181, 188, 195,  212,  223,  300,  321,  350. 

Delaware,  territory  of,  50,  52,  87, 106, 140, 150, 164, 

177, 190, 195,  200,  210,  219,  234,  255,  267,  278,  801, 

306,  346,  366,  433. 

Delaware,  the  River,  8,  9, 10,  49,  51,  82, 100, 149, 

164, 177, 190,  224,  242,  302,  806,  319,  308,  459,  466. 

Dellins,  Domine  Godfrey,  380,  579,  5SS,  613,  618, 

624,  641,  647. 
De  Marest,  Jean,  574. 
De  Meyer,  Nicholas,  271,  628. 
De  Mezy,  Augustin,  99. 
De  Milt,  Anthony,  21 2,  277. 
Democracy  of  New  York,  354,  407. 
De  Montmorency,  Bishop  Laval,  99  ;  see  Laval. 
Denmark,  Prince  George,  of,  414,  535. 
Denonville,  the  Marquis  de.  Governor  of  Cana- 
da, 430,  440,  443,  474,  477,  484,  489,  494,  500,  517, 
519,  546,  582,  603. 
Denton,  Daniel,  49,  68,  74, 153, 154, 195,  219. 
Denton,  Richard,  574. 

D'Orvilliers,  the  Chevalier,  at  Niagara,  479. 
De  Peyster,  Abraham,  558,  503,  566,  569,  589, 

617. 


De    Peyster,  Johannes,  60,  212,  225,  259,  277, 

289. 
De  Prouville,  Alexander,  Marquis  of  Tracy,  101, 

104 ;  see  Tracy. 
De  Ruyter,  Admiral,  22, 58, 79, 81, 94, 105, 124, 134, 

185,  202,  205. 
Dervall,  William,  212,  271,  273,  276,  289,  355. 
De  Saint  Castin,  Baron  Vincent,  379,  394,  510; 

see  Castin. 
De  Salieres,  the  Sieur,  101. 
De  Sille,  Fiscal  Nicasius,  84, 142. 
De  Soto,  Hernan,  308. 
Dethronement  of  James  II.,  532. 
Detroit,  444,  489, 494. 
Devonshire,  the  Earl  of,  539. 
De  Witt,  Cornells,  134,  204. 
De  Witt,  John,  "  the  wisdom  of  Holland, "2;  in 
alliance  with  Cromwell ;  with  Charles  II. ; 
with  France;   a  controlling  power  in  the 
Dutch  Government,  15,  21,  57,  78,  93,  94,  95, 
124, 151,  202,  250. 
Dictatorial  government  in  New  York,  575,  578, 

585,  5S9,  612,  616,  619,  626. 
Disunion  in  New  England,  553,  556,  500. 
Dollier,  Franp ois,  a  French  Sulpitian,  explores 

Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  163, 164. 
Dongan,  Colonel  Thomas,  Governor   of  New 
York,  370,  379,  400,  430,  4-13,  463,  469,  472,  4S4, 
489,  494,  506,  512,  521,  562,  575,  590,  611,  641. 
Doughty,  Elias,  6S. 
Douglass,  William,  105. 
Dover,  in  New  Hampshire,  582. 
Downfall  of  Leisler's  tyranny,  638. 
Downing,  Sir  George,  his  character,  5 ;  his  evil 
influence,  6, 7 ;  his  general  course,  14, 15,  21,  57, 
5S,  78,  96, 151, 185. 
Doxy,  Ralph,  case  of,  255. 
Draeyer,  Lieutenant,  Captain,  and  Admiral  in 

Danish  and  Dutch  services,  224,  235,  254. 
Drisius,  Domine   Samuel,  44,  91,  159,  175 ;  see 

Dutch  Church. 
Drummond,  James,  Earl  of  Perth,  368, 392. 
Drummond,  John,  Earl  of  Melfort,  308. 
Dryden,  John,  distich  on  Holland,  3 ;  "Annus 

Mirabilis,"  125. 
Du  Bois,  Louis,  of  Hurley,  Marbletown,  and  New 

Paltz,  157,  235,  311. 
Duchesnau,  Jacques,  Intendant  of  Canada,  299, 

363,  431,  489. 
Dudley,  Joseph,  of  Massachusetts  andNewYork, 
360,  394,  410,  445,  467,  511,  555,  593,  629,  634,  637, 
639,  646. 
Dudson,  Joseph,  232. 
Du  Lhut,  or  Du  Luth,  Daniel,  a  French  Canadian 

explorer  and  trader,  862, 478. 
Dumont,  Elambert,  4S9, 494. 
Dutch  Church,  the  Reformed,  in  New  York,  34, 
36,  44,  47,  71,  91,  101,  159 ;  privileged,  167,  175, 
212,  219,  225,  246,  250,  255,  288,  301,  328,  330,  361, 
379,  383,  465,  506,  514,  563,  624,  641,  645;  repudi- 
ation of  the  words  "  Dutch"  an  d  "  Protestant" 
by  the  General  Synod  of,  661,  662. 
Dutch,  the,  enterprise  of,  2,  3 ;  as  colonizers,  9, 
10, 12, 14, 18,  20,  23,  35,  38,  40,  42,  44,  50,  57,  60, 
64,  74,  78,  91,  95,  97, 110,  131,  136,  151,  160,  185, 
194,  201,  203,  205,  207,  209,  212,  215,  219,  242,  250, 


G70 


INDEX. 


252,  255,  32S,  353,  3GT,  3S0,  387,  436,  4C4,  4S4,  483, 

513,  532,  535,  53S,  563,  5SS. 
Dutch  view  of  taxation,  353. 
Dutchess  Couuty,  385. 
Duyclvinck,  Garret,  647. 
Dyer,  or  Dyre,  William,  247,  265, 271,  277, 293,  303; 

332, 330, 351,  353,  355,  357, 432. 

Eastchester,  109, 160,  215. 

Easthampton,  Long  Island,  GS,  109, 126, 132, 145, 
155, 172,  ISG,  226,  22S,  253,  274,  289,  355,  381,  407, 
438,  560,  615. 

East  India  Company,  the  Dutch,  3,  C,  10,  22,  58, 
79, 94,  96,  135, 185. 

Easton,  John,  282. 

East  Riding  of  Long  Island,  215. 

Ebbing,  Jeronimus,  212. 

Ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  of  the  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don in  the  English  colonies,  456,  504,  628. 

Edgartown  (Martha's  Vineyard),  199. 

Edict  of  Nantes,  435, 490,  ."US. 

Edsall,  Samuel,  142, 195, 573, 598,  625,  640. 

Eelkens,  Jaques,  579;  see  vol.  i. 

EiBngham,  Lord  Howard  of,  396,  418,  430,  482, 
505, 595. 

Elbertsen,  Elbert,  67. 

Elections  in  New  York  under  Dongau's  char- 
ter, 577. 

Eliot,  the  Reverend  John,  near  Boston,  281. 

Elizabeth,  Queen,  10, 11, 15. 

Elizabethtown,  in  New  Jersey,  49,  86,  177,  1S9, 
218,  235,  303,  312,  332,  350^  368,  392, 432,  512 ;  see 
Carteret. 

Embarkation  of  William  at  Helvoetslnys,  533. 

Emigration  encouraged,  286, 432. 

Emott,  James,  639. 

England,  relations  of,  to  America,  2, 7, 12, 13, 1.5, 
17,  23,  26,  33, 38, 40, 42, 44, 57,  62,  64,  69, 78, 87, 93, 
97,  103,  105,  111,  124, 131,  136,  151,  158, 172, 184, 
201,  205,  209,  244,  247,  249,  251,  271,  304,  314,  357, 
421,  489,  497,  516,  531,  533,  536,  540,  556,  592. 

English  bishops  arraigned ;  tried  and  acquitted, 
532. 

Epesteyn,  Carel,  224,  228,  270. 

Episcopalians,  the  English,  IS,  20, 44,  70,  532 ;  see 
Church. 

Erie,  Lake,  163, 170,  241,  326, 362, 364,  431, 478. 

Esopus,  in  New  York,  4.5,  46,  67,  88, 104, 121, 140, 
145, 156, 182, 194,  201,  213,  218,  220,  235,  242,  360, 
375,  380,  407,  459,  519,  585,  589,  615. 

Essex,  in  New  Jersey,  573. 

European  colonies  in  North  America,  7,  57,  62, 
69,  79,  87, 93  ;  see  Colonies. 

Evelyn,  John,  135, 186. 

Evertsen,  Admiral,  killed,  125. 

Evertsen,  Admiral  Cornells,  205, 207,  209,  212, 221, 
533. 

Evertsen,  John,  of  Brooklyn,  67. 

Ewoutsen,  Cornclis,  221, 231,  243. 

Exchequer,  Court  of,  428  ;  sec  Courts. 

Execution  of  Leisler  and  Milborue,  648. 

Exeter,  in  England,  William  at,  534. 

Exton,  Sergeant  and  Captain  Thomas,  111,  127. 

Fabricius,  the  Reverend  Jacobus,  159, 174,  255, 
SOI. 


Fallacy  of  Leisler's  logic,  577,  586,  590. 

Farewell,  George,  467,  511,  527,  552,  555,  593,  629, 
639,  644. 

Fauconberg,  Viscount,  539. 

Fawkes,  Guy,  533, 591. 

Fenwick,  John,  266, 301,  302,  320,  339,  SCO. 

"Filibusters,"  524. 

Finch,  Sir  Heneage,  Lord  Keeper  and  Lord 
Chancellor  of  England,  250,  434,  539 ;  see  Not- 
tingham. 

First  Colonial  Congress  called  in  New  York, 
616,  C23. 

First  paper  currency  issued  by  Massachusetts, 
623. 

First  royal  General  Assembly  in  New  York,  644. 

Fisher,  William,  112. 

Fisher's  Island,  139,  335. 

Fitch,  James,  of  Connecticut,  571, 574. 

Five  Nations  of  New  York,  97, 103, 105, 114, 121, 
127,  130, 147, 161, 166, 169, 179, 191, 193,  218,  239, 
287,  306,  309,  322,  327,  362,  365,  375,  377,  394,  404, 
406,  430,  440,  466,  474,  479,  486,  492,  507,  517,  520, 
546,  579,  582,  584,  594,  604,  60S,  611,  CIS,  621 ;  see 
Iroquois. 

Flatbush,  or  Midwout,  in  Long  Island,  67,  109, 
175,  206,  214,  227,  233,  437,  573,  624. 

Flatlauds,  in  Long  Island,  67, 109. 

Florida,  38. 

Flushing,  in  Long  Island,  68,  lOS,  126,  IGO,  172, 
191,  213,  215,  243,  437,  573,  625. 

Fontaine,  La  Grand,  French  Governor  of  Aca- 
dia, 379. 

Fontaine,  Marion  la,  121,  406,  429,  432,  443,  444; 
shot,  478. 

Fordham,  manor  of,  182,  233. 

Foresight  of  Charles  II. — James  "on  his  trav- 
els," 535. 

Forman,  Samuel,  255. 

Fort  Albany,  313,  4Q3,  519,  521,  580,  5S6 ;  see  Al- 
bany. 

Fort  Amsterdam,  26, 37, 40 ;  see  New  York,  Fort 
James,  Fort  William,  etc. 

Fort  Chambly,  101. 

Fort  Charles,  310,  313,  319,  4C8,  511,  523, 548 ;  see 
Pemaquid. 

Fort  Christina,  140. 

Fort  Conty,  325,  326. 

Fort  Du  Coudray,  127. 

Fort  Frontenac,  298,  307,  323,  363,  378,  395,  401, 
405,  431, 440, 4SS,  519,  582, 603 ;  see  Cataracouy. 

Fort  James,  49,  73,  81, 84,  87,  89, 127, 140, 145, 153, 
166,  171, 188,  200,  206,  210,  302,  310,  313,  375,  382, 
391, 442, 457, 4C2, 489, 512,  521,  549, 5C3, 570. 

Fort  La  Galette,  365. 

Fort  Nassau,  218, 224,  235,  254. 

Fort  Orange,  25,  36, 40, 45,  4S,  51,  99, 103, 121, 134, 
444,  601,  614 ;  see  Albany. 

Fort  Plain,  129. 

Fort  Saint  Joseph,  478. 

Fort  Saint  Louis,  363,  378,  395. 

Fort  Sainte  Anne,  115, 118, 128. 

Fort  Sainte  Thercse,  101, 103. 

Fort  William,  571,  578,  590,  601,  638. 

Fort  Willem  Hendrick,  210,  217,  219,  225,  233, 255. 

Fosse,  Younger,  67. 

Fox,  George,  190, 191. 


INDEX. 


671 


Fox,  Lieutenant  Humphrey,  49. 

France,  T,  3S,  39,  78,  99, 102, 104, 113, 114, 183, 151, 
15S,  179, 1S4, 194, 199,  201,  204,  238,  240,  246, 248, 
250,  299,  307,  314,  322,  364, 379,  387,  394,  405, 435, 
442,  474,  479,  489,  493,  507,  518,  520,  535,  544, 547. 

France,  New,  97, 99, 102, 104, 113, 127, 133, 151, 153, 
179 ;  see  Canada. 

Free  Trade  in  New  York,  353,  391. 

Fremin,  the  Father  Jaques,  117, 123, 130, 146, 101, 
17S,  236,  300, 327,  480. 

French  and  Indians,  massacre  by,  at  Schenec- 
tady, 60S. 

French,  Philip,  509. 

Fresno,  the  Marquis  del,  251. 

Friesland,  125. 

Froutenac,  Louis  de  Buade,  Count  de,  Governor 
of  Canada,  193,  237,  240,  254,  312,  322,  320,  363, 
405, 507,  545, 547,  603,  606,  618,  C22. 

Gabry,  Timotheus,  CO. 

Gage,  Charles,  487. 

Galinee,  the  Father  Rene  de,  163. 

Galkonthiage,  near  Oneida  Lake,  443. 

Galley  slaves  of  Louis  XIV.,  520,  540,  582,  604 

Gannoron,  meaning  of  the  Indian  word,  326. 

Garakontie,  or  Garacontie,  98, 147,  169, 178, 191, 

299,  404,  406,  430,  477,  519. 
Gardiner,  Da^^d,  90,  217. 
Gardiner,  Richard,  199. 
Gardiner's  Island,  90. 
Gamier,  the  Father  Julian,  147,  IGl,  178, 192, 237, 

299,  324,  362,  378,  480. 
Garritse,  Adrian,  439. 
Garton,  Captain  Thomas,  of  Ulster ;  see  Brod- 

head  and  Nottingham,  611. 
Gaudais,  Du  Pont,  99, 102. 
Gedney,  Bartholomew,  a  counselor  of  Andros, 

473,  503. 
General  Assembly  of  New  Jersey,  369. 
General  Assembly  of  New  York,  372,  382,  385, 

408. 
Genherontatie,  Millet  so  called  by  the  savages, 

5S2 ;  see  Tareha. 
George,  Captain  John,  552. 
Gerritsen,  Martin,  294. 
Gibbs,  Thomas,  188,  207,  274. 
Glen,  Captain  Alexander,  608. 
Goddard,  Giles,  394,  407. 
Goderis,  Captain,  617. 
God's  field  "  sufficiently  harrowed,"  532. 
Gold,  Nathan,  of  Connecticut,  53,  389,  569,  571, 

574,  616. 
Gordon,  the  Rev.  John,  Chaplain  at  New  York, 

374,  380,  407. 
Gorges,  Sir  Ferdinando,  138. 
Goulding,  William,  84. 
Gouverneur,  Abraham,  574,  677,  636,  640. 
Governor  AndroB  in  prison  at  Boston,  553 ;  see 

Andros. 
Governor  Dongan  proposes  to  annex  Connecti- 
cut and  Rhode  Island  to  New  York,  445,  463, 

468,  495,  500 ;  see  Dongan. 
Governor  Sloughter  asks  for  "  the  Jerseys  and 

Pennsylvania,"  595,  644 ;  see  Sloughter. 
Governor's,  or  Nooten  Island,  33, 154. 
Graham,  James,  318,  376,  391,  409,  428,  487,  458, 


462,  4G5,  4C9,  4S6,  511,  527,  549,  553,  555,  593,  629, 

638,  644. 
Grande  Gueule,  an  Onondaga  chief,  403, 406, 478, 

507,  520 ;  see  Outreouati. 
Graveraet,  Andries,  549. 
Gravesend,  Long  Island,  25,  30,  32,  54,  60,  67,  74, 

109, 152,  160, 172, 191,  214,  227. 
Great  Britain,  Parliament  of,  4, 15, 58,  69, 79, 134, 

136, 152, 184,  201,  249,  251,  314,  536,  538,  540,  594, 

627. 
"Great  wooden  Canoe,"  La  Salle's  vessel  on 

Lake  Ontario  so  called  by  the  Seuecas,  323  ; 

see  GrifQn. 
Green  Bay,  240. 

Green,  Samuel,  printer  at  Cambridge,  near  Bos- 
ton, 89. 
Greenhalgh,  Wentworth,  explores  "Western  New 

York,  310,  429. 
Griffin,  the,  launched  in  the  Niagara,  and  sails 

up  Lake  Erie,  325,  326 ;  lost,  362. 
Griffith,  Captain  Richard,  270,  276,  278. 
Groom,  Samuel,  of  New  Jersey,  368. 
Grove,  Captain  Edward,  49,  50. 
Guineas,  origin  of  the  term,  6.  , 

Guy  Fawkes's  plot,  533,  591. 

Haaskouan,  or  Outreouati,  or  Hoteouati,  an 

Onondaga  chief,  402,  403  ;  see  Grande  Gueule. 

Hackensack,  or  Hackinsack,  in  New  Jersey,  49, 

222,  369. 

Hadley,  in  Massachusetts,  127,  289. 

Hague,  the  Dutch  Government  at  the,  14, 15,  22, 
23,  35,  57,  64,  78,  91,  95,  97, 105, 110, 113, 132, 136, 
151, 160, 172, 175, 184, 198,  201,  204,  208,  210,  213, 

223,  226,  230,  242,  245,  247,  249,  251,  314,  533,  538, 
541 ;  see  Holland. 

Haige,  William,  376. 

Hales,  Sir  Edward,  447. 

Half  Moon,  the  track  of  the,  7. 

Halifax,  Lord,  418,  420,  539. 

Hall,  George,  273. 

Hall,  Ralph  and  Mary,  90, 142. 

Hamilton,  Colonel  Andrew,  of  New  Jersey,  491, 
512,  559,  501,  612. 

Hammond,  Robert,  408,  427. 

Hampton  Court,  in  England,  592. 

Hampton,  East,  on  Long  Island,  57,  68, 107, 109, 
126, 132, 145, 155, 172, 186 ;  see  Easthampton. 

Hampton,  South ;  see  Southampton. 

Hansen,  Michael,  647. 

Harlem,  New,  76, 106, 142, 222,  233,  243 ;  see  New 
York  Cit}'. 

Harrison,  Heniy,  487. 

Harrison,  Katherine,  171. 

Hartford,  in  Connecticut,  53,  55,  T5, 114, 139, 171, 
196,  210,  213,  215,  22S,  230,  253,  280,  285,  291,  388, 
446, 468, 472,  521, 555,  574,  579,  G13,  621 ;  see  Con- 
necticut. 

Harvey,  Matthias,  68,  574. 

Harvey,  Thomas,  374,  487. 

Hasbrouck,  Abraham,  a  patentee  of  New  Paltz, 
311. 

Hathorne,  William,  of  Massachusetts,  111. 

Haynes,  or  Haines,  John,  573,  628. 

Heathcote,  Captain  George,  287,  301,  466. 

Heermans,  Augustine,  49. 


672 


INDEX. 


Helder,  the,  Battle  of  the,  204. 

Hell  Gate,  154. 

Helvoetsluys,  the  embarkation  of  William  at, 

533. 
Hempstead,  on  Long  Island,  67,  G9,  73,  89, 107, 

lOS,  109, 155, 160, 1T2,  215, 243,  301,  437,  521,  590, 

612,  625. 
Hendricksen,  Koeloff,  235. 
Henlopen,  Cape,  367. 
Hennepiu,  the  Father  Louis,  209,  307,  324. 
Hermann,  Ephraim,  215. 
Hertel,  the  Chevalier,  606 ;  see  Schenectady. 
Heymaus,  Albert,  123, 157,  235. 
Hicks,  Captain  Jasper,  631,  C39. 
Hicks,  John,  6S,  74. 
Hicks,  Thomas,  360,  611. 
Hill,  Captain  William,  49. 
Hinckley,  Thomas,  Governor  of  New  Plymouth, 

445,  467,  510,  530,  554. 
Hiunoyossa,  Alexander,  Governor  on  the  Dela- 
ware, 51,  86. 
Hobart,  Josiah,  355. 
Holidays  observed  in  New  York,  591. 
Holland,  the  States  General  of,  2,  7,  9, 10, 11, 14, 

16,  22,  31,  35,  57,  64,  78,  91,  95,  97, 105, 110, 113, 

132, 130, 151, 100, 172, 175, 1S4,  533,  535,  533 ;  see 

Dutch. 
Hollis,  Lord,  124. 
Holmes,   Sir  Robert,  his  aggressions  on  the 

Dutch,  7,  79, 125. 
Hooghland,  Christopher,  234,  256. 
Hopkins,  Samuel,  205,  219. 
House  of  Nassau,  533,  539 ;   see  Orange  and 

Nassau. 
Howard,  Lord,  of  Effingham,  3S6,  418,  430,  482, 

505,  595 ;  see  Effingham. 
Howell,  John,  54, 56,  68, 107,  229,  253,  274. 
Hubbard,  James,  67. 
Hubert,  Jeronymus  de,  215. 
Hudson,  Henry,  10,  382. 
Hudson  River,  the,  9,  10,  14, 16,  49, 55,  82,  89,  99, 

IIG,  120, 149, 153, 166, 168,  ISS,  229,  242,  280,  291, 

295,  311,  369, 388,  396,  455,  400,  547. 
Hudson's  Bay,  507. 

Huguenots,  435,  444,  490,  546,  547,  582,  505. 
Huntington,  Long  Island,  68,  74,  109,  172,  216, 

226,  228,  355,  361, 437,  510,  560. 
Hurley,  in  New  York,  89, 167,  21S,  254 ;  see  Ulster 

County. 
Huron,  Lake,  478. 

Hurons,  the,  117, 148, 162, 109, 179,  404,  519. 
Hussey,  Frederick,  157. 
Hutchinson,  Anne,  554 ;  see  ante,  vol.  i. 
Hutchinson,  Elisha,  529 ;  see  Nowell,  Samuel. 
Hyde,  Captain  Hugh,  50,  51. 
Hyde,  Lawrence,  261 ;  see  Rochester,  Earl  of. 

Illinois,  the  river  of  the,  241. 

Illinois,  the,  303,  878,  405. 

Indian  galley-slaves  of  Louis,  476,  507,  520,  546, 

5S2,  604. 
Indians,  North  Amerian,  object  to  being  called 

"cbildrcu,"517,  580,  582. 
Ingoklesby,  Major  Richard,  030,  639,  646. 
Inhuman  velaliatiou  of  the  "  Praying  Indians," 

60S. 


Innis,  the  Rev.  Alexander,  chaplain  at  New 
York,  457,  488,  561,  571,  596. 

Innkeepers,  regulations  for,  73. 

Innocent  the  Eleventh,  Pope,  581. 

Insurgency  in  Massachusetts,  558,  556,  560. 

Irish  emigration  favored,  485. 

Irondequoit,  478. 

Iroquois,  the,  46,  51,  78,  99, 100, 102, 104, 114, 121, 
127, 130, 147, 161, 166, 169, 178, 191, 193,  218,  235, 
239,  254,  287,  290,  307,  309,  311,  322,  827,  802,  865, 
375,  377,  394, 404, 406, 430,  440,  466,  474,  478,  486, 
492, 507,  517,  520,  540,  579,  582,  584,  594,  004,  608, 
611, 618, 62S ;  see  Five  Nations. 

Jackson,  Robert,  68. 

Jacob  "  my  friend,"  or  Jacob  Young,  327. 

Jacobsen,  Henry,  563. 

Jamaica,  on  Long  Island,  49,  65,  68,  74, 109, 172, 
191,  195,  215,  243,  560,  625. 

Jamaica,  the  Island  of,  840,  450. 

James,  Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  4 ;  Lord  High 
Admiral  of  England ;  his  commissioners,  4 ; 
Introduces  "guineas"  and  slaves,  6;  is  made 
Proprietary  of  New  York,  12, 15, 17,  20,  23,  32, 
87,  40,  40,  49,  53,  55,  57,  66,  68,  73,  76,  78,  80,  82, 
87,  89,  93, 97,  105, 107, 112,  136, 140, 151,  157, 166, 
184, 199,  201,  248, 256,  260,  269, 279,  298,  304, 314, 
317,  332,  389,  352,  853,  858,  367,  371,  378,  394, 406. 

James  in  Ireland,  544,  630. 

James,  the  Second,  of  England,  10,  94,  421,  449, 
457, 475,  487,  497,  517,  526,  528, 532,  535. 

James,  the  Rev.  Thomas,  145, 155,  229,  ."81,  437. 

James,  the  River,  in  Virginia,  126,  205. 

Jamestown,  in  Virginia,  556. 

Jamison,  David,  407, 487,  511, 555,  641 ;  see  Sweet 
Singer. 

Jansen,  Hendrick,  599,  647. 

Jay,  John,  the  first  person  of  that  name  known 
in  America,  a  Bermudian  Quaker,  191 ;  see 
Fox,  George. 

Jefi"reys,  Colonel  Herbert,  of  Virginia,  327, 841. 

Jeffreys,  Sir  George,  341,  414,  457,  475. 

Jeftrow's  Hook,  311. 

Jegow,  Peter,  16-4, 184. 

"  Je  Maintiendrai,"  the  Dutch  motto,  533. 

Jennings,  Edward,  430. 

Jephson,  William,  537. 

Jersey,  the  island  of,  201. 

Jessop,  Edward,  68. 

Jesuits,  the,  in  Canada  and  New  York,  99, 100, 
114, 117, 119, 128, 129, 146, 161, 170, 178, 192,  193, 
237,  241,  247,  249,  253,  287,  80S,  824,  362,  364,  377, 
394,  406,  435,  475, 487,  495,  529,  531,  546,  557,  018. 

Jocelyn,  Henry,  385. 

Jogues,  the  Father  Isaac,  129, 161 ;  see  Jesuits. 

Johnson,  Johannes,  578. 

Johnson,  Thomas,  639,  046. 

Jolliet,  Louis,  194,  240,  308,  363 ;  see  Mississippi. 

Jones,  the  Rev.  Eliphalet,  361. 

Jones,  Sir  William,  297,  316,  340,  352,  418. 

Jorassen,  Hendrick,  67. 

Jurisdiction  of  the  Bishop  of  London  in  the  En- 
glish colonies,  456, 504,  628. 

Kahanksen,  or  Kerhonksen  Creek,  89 ;  see  Eso- 
pus  and  Ulster. 


INDEX. 


673 


Keith,  George,  459. 

Kendall,  Colonel  William,  328. 

Kennebec,  the  River,  199, 394, 507. 

Kensington,  363. 

Ketcham,  John,  68. 

Kick,  Abraham,  541. 

Kicthawan,  or  Croton,  see  Cortlandt,  Stephanus 

van,  and  manor  of. 
Kidd,  Captain  William,  635,  646. 
Kieft,  Governor  William,  of  New  Netherland, 

37,  111. 
Kieft 's  old  Dutch  Church  in  New  York,  or  New 

Amsterdam,  37 ;  see  Episcopal,  Presbyterian, 

and  other  Churches. 
Kierstede,  Koeloff,  235. 
Kinaquariones,  IGl. 
Kinderhook,  5SG,  620. 
Kings  County,  3S6,  500,  635. 
Kingston,  in  Canada,  193. 
Kingston,  in  New  York,  157,  194,  218,  235,  329, 

459, 519,  015. 
Kinshon,  meaning  of  the  word,  309,  6C5 ;  see 

Pynchon. 
Kip,  Alderman,  612. 
Kip,  Jacob,  60,  212,  234,  256,  259,  277. 
Kirke,  Colonel  Piercy,  419, 433, 448,  534. 
Knapton,  Ensign  Csesar,  265,  270,  272,  310,  312, 

319,  335. 
Knight,  John,  Clerk  of  New  York,  409,  428. 
Knight,  Sir  John,  of  Bristol,  247. 
Knyflf,  Captain  William,  215,  224,  226,  228,  233, 

242,  256. 
Kregier,  or  Cregier,  Martin,  166, 184,  284,  259. 
Kryn,  the  great  Mohawk  chief,  476, 484 ;  a  Cana- 
dian "  Praying  Indian,"  606,  618. 
Krynssen,  Commander  Abraham,  of  Flushing, 

in  Virginia,  126,  205. 

Labadie,  Jean  de,  32S,  329,  332 ;  founds  the  sect 
of  Labadists  ;  see  Bankers  and  Sluyter. 

Labadists,  328,  332 ;  see  Labadie. 

La  Ceudre  Chaude,  479. 

Lachine,  massacre  at,  583. 

La  Durantaye,  478. 

LaFamine,  on  Lake  Ontario,  402, 40C,  430, 508, 519. 

La  Fontaine,  Abel  Marion,  429, 443, 478 ;  see  Fon- 
taine and  Marion. 

La  Galette,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  238 ;  see  Pres- 
cott. 

La  Hontan,  the  Baron  de,  617. 

Lamberville,  the  Father  James  de,  362,  377,  395, 
401,  430, 440, 443,  474,  481,  4SS,  507,  604,  618. 

Lamberville,  the  Father  John  de,  236,  299,  306, 
327. 

La  Montague,  William,  46,  235. 

La  Motte,  Captain,  of  Canada,  114,  323. 

Landing  of  William  at  Torbay,  533. 

Landt-dag,  Stuyvesant's,  63,  67, 382. 

Lane,  Daniel,  68. 

Lansing,  Henry,  254 

Lansing,  John,  439. 

La  Prairie,  622 ;  see  Prairie  de  la  Madeleine. 

La  Salle,  Robert  Cavelier  de,  162,  170,  179,  237, 
241,  298,  308,  323,  326,  362,  378,  405,  478. 

La  Salle,  the  village  so  called  in  Niagara  Coun- 
ty, 325,  note. 

II.— U  u 


Lauderdale,  the  Earl  of,  87. 

Laurie,  Gawen,  302, 342,  392, 432. 

Laval,  Bishop  de  Montmorency,  149, 169, 178. 

Lawrence,  John,  76,  87,  212,  271, 273, 389, 638. 

Lawrence,  William,  108,  215,  233, 574,  599,  647. 

Leacock,  Robert,  647. 

Leete,  William,  Governor  of  Connecticut,  303, 
319,  320. 

Leisler,  Jacob,  90,  300,  318,  549,  558,  500,  564,  570 : 
like  Masaniello,  573,  574,  575 ;  usurps  author- 
ity, 574,  575,  576,  585,  589,  590,  598,  599,  600,  602, 
613,  616,  619, 622 ;  his  rule  overthrown,  638;  his 
trial  and  execution,  648 ;  see  Milborne,  Jacob. 

Leisler's  "  Half  Moon,"  574. 

Le  Moyne,  Charles,  180, 364, 402,  604. 

Le  Moyne,  David,  147. 

Le  Moyne,  Simon,  98. 

L'Espinard,  Anthony,  475, 485. 

Leverett,  Governor  of  Massachusetts,  244,  254, 
257,  297,  312. 

Lewin,  John,  343,  351,  356. 

LeOTSton,  323. 

Liberty  of  conscience  declared  in  New  York, 
527,  532,  628,  645. 

Littleton,  Colonel  Southley,  of  Virginia,  328. 

Livingston  County,  480. 

Livingston,  Robert,  287, 439,  505, 578, 611,013, 620, 
622,  648. 

Livingston's  Patent,  439. 

Lloyd,  Philemon,  365,  393. 

Locke,  John,  177, 187,  249. 

Lockhart,  Captain  George,  523, 554. 

Lockhart,  Doctor  George,  407. 

Lodwyck,  or  Lodwick,  Charles,  55S,  566, 569, 576, 
590. 

Lokeuius,  Domine  Laurentius,  165. 

London,  colonial  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  of 
Bishop  of,  456,  504,  628. 

Loudon,  the  plague  in,  93 ;  great  Are  in,  125 
blockaded  by  the  Dutch,  135 ;  William  of  Or- 
ange in,  185, 536, 537 ;  see  Orange  and  William 

Long  Island,  in  New  York,  8, 11, 13, 15, 18, 21, 24, 
26,  28, 31,  34, 37, 42, 48,  53,  56,  61, 63, 65,  67,  73, 80, 
90,  94,  107,  109,  124,  127,  143,  152,  160,  171,  182, 
187, 191,  206,  210,  213,  215,  220,  229,  233,  248,  253 
255,  261,  267,  275,  286,  288,  291,  300,  355,  360,  367, 
375,  381, 391,  408,  459,  464,  486,  514,  555,  560,  573, 
625,  639. 

Louis  XIV.  of  France,  1,  78 ;  as  mediator,  93 
just  decision  of,  about  New  Netherland,  95 
97,  99,  102,  113,  127,  134,  152,  184,  203,  205,  247 
249,  251,  298,  308,  314,  322,  326,  364,  378,  387,  394, 
406,  420,  430,  435,  475,  489,  493,  507,  518,  533,  535, 
544,546. 

Louisiana,  364,  406. 

Louvois,  Louis  Michael,  Marquis  of,  1,  545,  547. 

Lovelace,  Captain  Dudley,  167, 1S4,  213. 

Lovelace,  Captain  Thomas,  172, 188,  206, 411. 

Lovelace,  Colonel  and  Governor  Francis,  138, 
140, 152, 158, 101, 165, 171, 174, 181, 190, 194, 196, 
199,  201,  205,  208,  212,  215,  223,  225,  229,  257,  269, 
275. 

Lovelace,  John,  Lord,  of  Lady  Place,Hurley,  534. 

Lovelace,  Sir  Richard,  of  Lady  Place,  Hurley,143. 

Loveridge,  William,  292,  301. 

Lubberlsen,  Frederick,  67. 


674 


INDEX. 


Lucas,  Nicholas,  S02. 

Lussou,  Ue  Saint,  199. 

Lutherans  in  New  York,  159, 174,  224,  226,  300. 

Luxembourg,  Francis  Henry  de  Montmorenci, 

Dnke  of,  1,  203. 
Lnyck,  ^gidius,  175,  212, 225,  234,  259,  277. 
Lyndall,  Sheriff  Thomas,  of  New  York,  639. 
Lyonne,  Hugues  de,  101, 124. 

MacGregorie,  Major  Patrick,  443,  47S,  4S3,  4SS, 

494,  522,  554,  575,  636. 
Mackenzie,  Sir  George,  36S. 
Macy,  Thomas,  174. 
Mahicans,  99,  113, 127, 129, 146, 161, 178,  191, 194, 

236,  290,  325,  430,  47S,  4S1,  4SS,  494. 
Maine,  141,  254,  296,  SOS,  394, 419, 434, 520, 52S,  64S, 

554, 582, 605. 
Maiutenon,  Madame  de,  364, 435, 548. 
Malypart,  Anthony,  226. 
Mamaroueck,  388. 
Mamaroneck,  the  River,  55, 56 ;  a  boundary,  213, 

215,  280,  294. 
Manhattan,  the  Island  of,  or  New  York,  9, 15, 27, 

30,  34,  36,  39,  40,  42,  48,  57,  68,  76,  78,  82,  87,  91, 

134, 146, 151, 153, 157, 161, 168,  210,  214,  219,  225, 

229,  248,  254,  257,  367,  385,  390,  431,  483,  489,  547. 
Manning,  Captain  John,  45,  46,  74,  87,  138,  144, 

156, 172, 181, 182, 188,  200,  206,  212,  213,  223,  256, 

270,  276. 
Manning,  Nicholas,  394. 
Manning's,  or  Blackwell's  Island,  138,  276. 
Mantel,  a  Canadian  Lieutenant,  with  the  party 

which  attacked  Schenectady,  006. 
Maquas,  290, 308 ;  see  Mohawks. 
Marbletown,  in  New  York,  157, 1C7,  21S. 
Markham,  William,  349,  353. 
Marquette,  the  Father  James,  162, 194,  240,  303 ; 

see  Mississippi. 
Marson,  Captain,  254. 
Marteuse,  Roeloff,  67. 
Martha's,  or  Martin's, Vineyard,  138, 173, 174, 199, 

211,  278,  288,  335,  875,  386,  575,  051,  653. 
Martinique,  205. 
Mary  of  Modena,  248,  532. 
Mary,  Princess  of  England  and  Orange,  185, 314, 

532, 538. 
Maryland,  8, 13,  39,  50,  52,  64, 86, 141, 164, 190,  223, 

234,  237,  244,  248,  278,  309,  327,  348,  359,  365,  393, 

396,  435,  460,  490,  505,  549,  556,  580,  592,  612,  616. 
Mason,  Captain  audMajor  John,  of  Connecticut, 

155. 
Mason,  Captain,  of  New  York,  617. 
Mason,  Colonel  Robert,  297, 473, 512, 517, 519. 
Massachusetts,  .5,  8, 11, 12, 14,  23,  24,  29, 43,  66,  78, 

86,  89, 92, 105,  111,  113, 125, 127, 136, 138, 141, 188, 

199,  229,  232,  244,  248,  254,  257,  278,  291,  294, 296, 

298,  309,  316,  319,  336,  354,  359,  394,  397,  416,  433, 

445,  450,  471,  514,  522,  526,  527,  528,  530,  537,  54S, 

553,  555,  560,  584,  593,  605,  613,  017,  020,  628,  029, 

646. 
^Massacre  at  Lacbinc,  533. 
Massacre  at  Schenectady,  60S. 
Massasoit,  the  chief,  281,  296. 
Mather,  Cotton,  526,  651. 
Matlicr,  Increase,  528,  537,  542,  54S,  550,  556,  560, 

692,  694,  029. 


Mather,  Samuel,  595. 

Maurits,  Jacob,  647. 

Maverick,  Samuel,  14,  18,  21,  50,  52,  75,  86,  111, 
126, 142, 149, 153, 158. 

May,  Cape,  367. 

Mayhew,  Thomas,  138, 174, 199,  278,  281. 

Mayor's  Court  of  New  York,  274,  277,  578. 

Mazarin,  the  Cardinal,  1,  248. 

Megapoleusis,  Domine  John,  34,  M,  47,  91,  159, 
256. 

Megapoleusis,  Domine  Samuel,  35, 15D. 

Melyn,  Isaac,  252. 

Melyn,  Jacob,  647. 

Menard,  Reni',  147. 

Mennonists,  the,  51, 125. 

Meschasipi,  "  the  great  river,"  103 ;  see  Missis- 
sippi. 

Metacomet,  or  King  Philip,  281,  290,  295. 

Metropolitan  elections  in  New  York,  577,  5S5. 

Meulles,  the  Sieur  de,  365, 405. 

Miamis,  363,  404, 429,  481. 

Michielsen,  Andries,  213,  244. 

Michigan,  Lake,  362. 

Michilimackinack,  194,  240,  323,  302, 429, 

Middelburg,  215. 

Middleton,  Thomas,  106, 421. 

Middletown,  in  New  Jersey,  84, 190. 

Midwout,  214,  227,  233  ;  see  Flatbush. 

Milborne,  Jacob,  195,  300,  321,  356,  576,  585,  587, 
589,  612,  015,  620,  623,  633,  648. 

Milborne,  William,  576. 

Milford,  in  Connecticut,  482. 

Military  despotism  in  New  York,  574, 577, 589. 

Militia  laws  of  New  York,  72. 

Millet,  the  Father  Pierre,  147,  162, 178, 191,  236, 
253,  299,  327,  362,  377,  395,  401,  431,  476,  507,  509, 
582,  604,  610,  018. 

Minisinks,  441. 

Mint  at  Boston,  525. 

Minuit,  Peter^367. 

Minvielle,  Gabriel,  184,  234,  273,  375,  408,  iZS,  521, 
558,  569,  028,  637. 

Mississippi,  the  River,  163, 194,  240,  308,  322,  303, 
378, 405. 

Missouri,  the  River,  240. 

Mohawks,  or  Maquas,  the  Iroquois  tribe  of,  46, 
87,  97,  100,  102,  104,  113,  115,  121,  127,  129,  146, 
101, 178, 191, 194,  222,  235,  254,  287,  290,  294,  299, 
307,  311,  312,  327,  302,  377,  394,  442,  478,  482,  488, 
494,  507,  517,  579,  583,  588,  003,  610,  018,  622. 

Monroe  County,  479. 

Montauk,  155, 155. 

Montezuma,  New  York,  192. 

Moutigny,  the  Chevalier,  at  Schenectady,  008. 

Montmaguy,  101 ;  see  Onondagas  and  Onuontio. 

Montmorency,  Bishop  Laval  de,  99,  299. 

Montreal,  98, 102, 120,  163,  178, 193,  237,  241,  302, 
304,  404,  470, 489,  507,  519,  546,  583,  603,  611,  617, 
622. 

Moore,  Captain  Samuel,  633. 

Mordaunt,  Viscount,  539. 

Morgan,  Henry,  524 ;  see  Buccaneers. 

Morley,  Captain  Thomas,  50, 51. 

Morrice,  Secretary  Sir  William,  5,  87,  111. 

Morris,  Captain  Richard,  188. 

Morris,  Colonel  Lewis,  190,  227,  309,  392,  571, 600. 


INDEX. 


675 


Malforcl,  John,  253,  274, 43T. 

Muuicipal  Government  of  New  York  City,  300. 

Mutiny  in  Boston,  554,  556. 

Mutiny  in  New  York,  566,  5S7. 

Myles,  the  Eev.  Samuel,  Rector,  of  Boston,  527. 

Nantasket,  Dongan  at,  375. 

Nantes,  the  Edict  of,  435, 490. 

Nantucket,  13S,  173, 174, 199,  231, 278, 2SS,  335,  623. 

Narragansetts,  155,  2S2,  290,  555. 

Nassau,  the  House  of,  533. 

Navigation  Act-,  the  British,  3, 12, 13,  29,  52, 105, 
156, 1S5,  249,  2S2. 

Navigation  Law  of  New  York,  40S,  417. 

Needham,  Captain  Rohert,  43,  52,  T5,  86,  87, 122. 

Negroes  and  uegresses,  the  price  of,  at  Boston, 
337,  474. 

Nelson,  John,  329, 552. 

Neperhaem,  109. 

Netherlands,  the  United,  treaty  of,  with  France, 
1 :  at  the  zenith  of  prosperity,  2  ;  foreign  trade 
of,  3 ;  aggressive  spirit  of  the  English  Govern- 
ment upon,  6 ;  seizure  of  the  Dutch  fort  Cabo 
Corso  by,  7 ;  apology  of  Lord  Clarendon  to,  7 ; 
the  territorial  question,  10 ;  conflicting  Dutch 
and  English  claims,  11 ;  policy  of  Charles  II., 
12;  England  resolves  to  seize  New  Nether- 
land,  13  ;  the  Dutch  expostulate,  14 ;  the  Duke 
of  York's  unwarrantable  claims,  16 ;  a  com- 
mission, for  conquest,  formed,  18 ;  instructed 
to  possess  the  country  and  reduce  the  people, 
19 ;  ships  ordered,  20 ;  infatuation  of  the  gov- 
ernment at  the  Hague,  21, 22 ;  defenseless  con- 
dition of  Fort  Amsterdam,  26 ;  efforts  of  Gov- 
ernor Stuyvesant,  30 ;  New  Netherland  lost  to, 
36^0,  57, 64,  78, 91, 93, 131, 175. 

Nevius,  JoanfSes,  77. 

New  Amsterdam,  206,  208,  211,  219,  224,  230,  244, 
250,  257,  260,  271. 

Newark,  New  Jersey,  164,  218. 

Newberry,  Walter,  512, 559. 

Newcastle,  Delaware,  53,  140,  104, 106,  1S4,  190, 
302,  320,  329,  348,  367. 

New  Dorp,  in  Esopus,  S9, 145, 153, 167 ;  see  Hur- 
ley. 

New  England,  in  North  America,  7,  8, 10, 12, 15, 
18,  20,  22,  24,  34,  37,  42,  52,  57,  62,  68,  78,  80,  80, 
89,  lOS,  111,  126, 141, 172,  186,  196,  223,  228,  230, 
244,  247,  257,  281,  290,  309,  317,  336,  345,  359,  366, 
373,  385,  409,  417,  434,  446,  450,  407,  473,  490,  500, 
502,  512,  513,  517,  526,  528,  530,  537,  547,  554,  556, 
560,  580,  582,  593,  611,  622,  629,  644 ;  see  British 
Possessions,  etc. 

Newfoundland,  10,  58. 

New  France,  or  Canada,  7, 11,  38,  39,  78,  98, 102, 
104, 114, 121, 162,  235,  323. 

New  Hampshire,  359,  374,  394, 418,  434,  450,  502, 
519,  582,  606. 

New  Haven,  Connecticut,  24,  53,  55,  66, 173,  213, 

320, 469,  574,  612. 
New  Jersey,  or  New  Csesarea,  82, 89, 106, 149, 164, 
166, 176, 184, 189, 190, 199,  200,  210,  218,  235,  255, 
260,  267,  278,  2S6,  301,  303,  332,  339,  345,  352,  366, 
368,  371,  392,  409,  412,  432,  450,  455,  459,  491,  495, 
500,  502,  505,  512,  513,  554,  556,  5T3. 
New  London,  Connecticut,  231. 


Newmarket,  or  Hempstead,  L.  I.,  74. 
New  Netherland  colonized,  1 ;  motives  of  the 
colonizers,  8 ;  Cromwell's  recognition  of,  8 ; 
superb  geographical  position  of,  9 ;  influence 
of  its  founders,  9 ;  the  germ  of  a  mighty  cos- 
mopolitan state,  9 ;  views  of  the  States  Gen- 
eral and  Charles  II.  of  England  concerning, 
10  ;  charter  by  the  States  General  in  1614, 10 ; 
inconsistency  of  the  English  claim  in  1621, 11 ; 
Stuyvesant's  boundary  treaty  at  Hartford  in 
1650, 11 ;  English  Navigation  Act  of  1600, 12 ; 
Charles  II.  resolves  to  seize,  13 ;  expedition 
ordered,  15 ;  oflicers  and  details  of  the  squad- 
ron, 20 ;  remissness  of  the  Dutch  Government, 
21 ;  Stuyvesant's  letter  to  the  West  India  Com- 
pany, 28 ;  Winthrop's  letter  to  Stuyvesant,  29 ; 
Stuyvesant  tears  it  in  pieces,  30 ;  imperious 
demands  of  NicoUs,  33 ;  a  capitulation  agreed 
to,  36 ;  New  Amsterdam  surrenders,  Sth  Sep- 
tember, 1664;  a  result  of  duplicity  and  out- 
rage, 37;  what  Holland  lost  and  England 
gained,  38^1,  57,  64,  78,  91,  93,  98, 101, 110, 124, 
131, 136, 142, 166, 175,  209,  211,  216,  219,  223,  225, 
230,  244,  250,  254,  256,  200,  271,  281,  309,  340,  366, 
430. 
New  Orange,  211,  214,  216,  219,  224,  227,  230,  242, 

249,  254,  256,  260,  271,  281. 
NewPaltz,  patent  of,  see  Dubois  andHasbronck, 

311. 
Newport  News,  Virginia,  84. 
Newport,  Rhode  Island,  155 
New  Rochelle,  625. 
Newton,  Isaac,  345. 
Newton,  Thomas,  638,  644. 
Newtown,  L.  I.,  63,  67, 109, 100,  243,  276,  437,  573, 

025. 
New  Utrecht,  L.  L,  67, 109, 142,  206,  214,  227. 
New  York,  38,  40,  45,  48,  50,  52,  56,  61,  63,  66,  69, 
73, 75, 78, 83, 87,  91, 97, 102, 105, 110, 124, 127, 131, 
137, 140, 142, 157, 160, 168, 170, 175, 184, 188, 190, 
195, 199,  206,  208,  209,  211,  219,  227,  230,  242,  250, 
254,  256,  260,  271,  281,  288,  300,  306,  309,  313,  317, 
320,  332,  339,  345,  352,  353,  301,  366,  369,  375,  380, 
382,  385,  394,  408,  450,  458,  459,  465,  484,  490,  500, 
502,  512,  513,  517,  527,  546,  554,  557,  559,  562,  570, 
574,  577,  587,  590,  593,  595,  623,  627,  644. 
New  Yorkf  a  seal  improvised  for,  599. 
New  York,  Assembly  of,  353,  358,  382,  385,  407, 

410,  427,  456, 458. 
New  York,  charter  of,  415, 438, 453. 
New  York,  liberty  of  conscience  in,  527,  628,  645. 
New  York,  municipal  Government  of,  390,  408, 

410,438,465. 
New  York,  new  royal  seal  for,  491 ;  to  be  de- 
stroyed, 503. 
New  York,  new  seal  ordered  by  William  for,  630. 
New  York  "the  centre  of  all  English  Planta- 
tions," 596. 
Niagara,  163,  241,  323,  325,  362,  364,  378,  403,  421. 

440,  444,  466,  478,  480,  489,  494,  507,  509. 
Nicholson, Frauds,  Lieutenant  Governor  of  New 
York,  451,  467,  504,  512,  516,  521,  524,  548,  553, 
557,  659,  561,  563,  570,  593 ;  appointed  Lieuten- 
ant Governor  of  Virginia,  595. 
Nicolas,  Louis,  162, 169. 
Nicolls,  Captain  Matthias,  75,  87,  165,  172,  211, 


676 


INDEX. 


213,  271,  2T2,  2T7,  310,  31-?,  333,  336,  351,  3S2,  386, 

3S9,  40S. 
Nicolls,  Colonel  Kichard,  Governor,  IT,  20, 21, 22, 

24,  26,  27,  30,  32,  35,  40,  42,  45,  47,  50,  52,  54,  57, 

61,  63,  66,  OS,  73,  78,  S3,  S4,  S7,  91,  97,  104,  111, 

113, 122, 126,  130, 137, 142, 157, 174,  ISG,  225,  257, 

260,  266. 
Nicolls,  WOliam,  312,  466,  600,  628,  633,  637,  639, 

641. 
Nieuweuhuysen,  Domine  Wilhelmus  van,  150, 

174, 1S3,  219,  256,  272,  2SS,  329, 361. 
Nimegnen,  peace  of,  315. 
Xlnigret,  155. 
Kiskayuna,  609. 
"No  beggars  nor  idlers  iu  New  York"  iu  1687, 

465. 
North  America,  settlement  of,  7, 12, 14, 17,  24,  26, 

34,  36,  39,  40,  42,  44,  52,  57,  63,  6S,  75,  78,  86,  91, 

98, 105, 112,  124, 133,  136,  166,  175, 1S5,  209,  244, 

247,  250,  260,  271,  345,  364,  366,  378,  385,  394,  442, 

450,  490,  499,  508. 
Nortbampton,  Massachusetts,  127. 
Northfield,  Massachusetts,  289. 
North,  Francis  (Barou  Guilford,  of  England), 

Chief  Justice  of  the  Common  Pleas  and  Lord 

Keeper,  34S. 
North  Riding  of  Long  Island,  107,  300,  360,  SS2 ; 

see  Long  Island. 
Norwood,  Captain  Harry,  52, 92. 
Nottingham,  the  Earl  of,  539,  041. 
Nottingham,  William,  611;  see  pp.123  and  127, 

and  Garton  and  Brodhead. 
Nova  Scotia,  8,  38,  39,  45,  64,  7S,  114, 127, 134, 136. 
Nowell,  Samuel,  529. 

Ogden,  John,  49, 219,  235. 

Ogdensbnrg,  180. 

Ogilby,  John,  153. 

Ogle,  see  Fabricius,  301. 

Ohio,  the  River,  163,  240,  SOS,  323,  363. 

Onas,  Penn  so  called  by  the  Indians,  368. 

Oneidas,  the,  97, 102, 104,  115,  12S,  130,  147,  161, 

109, 178, 191,  236,  311,  327,  362,  377,  395,  401,  430, 

479,  508,  518,  579,  605,  610. 
Onnissantie,  the  Indian  name  of  the  Father 

James  de  Lamberville,  402. 
Ounontio,  meaning   of,  101 ;  see  Mpntmagny 

and  Canadian  Governors. 
Onondagas,  the,  9S,  102, 114, 128,147, 161,169, 178, 

191,  236,  299,  306,  327,  362,  364,  377,  395,  401,  406, 

430,  474,  478,  4S0,  4S6,  507,  518,  579,  004,  626. 
Ontario,  Lake,  98, 102,  148, 163, 170,  ISO,  191, 103, 

237,  241,  306,  323,  364,  896,  429,  479,  507,  519,  5S3. 
Oothout,  Fob,  51. 
Orange  County,  3S5,  573. 
Orange,  the  Princes  of,  1,  2,  94, 1S5,  202,  204,  217, 

220,  230,  246,  250,  252,  271. 
Orange,  William,  Prince   of,  387,  532,  592 ;  see 

William. 
"  Oranje  Boven,"  203,  210. 
Oswego,  192,  239,  364, 483,  51S. 
Otkon,  meaning  of,  325. 
Ottawas,  162, 194,  241,  363,  404,  429,  431,  443,  479, 

4S1. 
Oyster  Bay,  L.  I.,  OS,  73,  107,  191,  210,  215,  226, 

255, 


Paine,  John,  ISS,  229. 

Palmer,  John,  2S9,  369,  3S6,  409,  434,  438,  444,  453, 

462,  469,  481,  484,  492,  510,  524,  627,  549,  553,  655, 
667,  501,  593,  629. 

Paltz,  New,  in  New  York,  Dubois  and  others  ob- 
tain a  patent  for,  311, 312  ;  see  New  Paltz  and 
Dubois. 

Panama,  524. 

Paper  money  first  used  by  Massachusetts,  623. 

Parker,  James,  439. 

Parker,  Sir  Robert,  482. 

Parliament,  the  British,  4, 15,  5S,  69,  79, 134,  201, 
219,  251,  303,  315,  33S,  348,  357,  418,  436,  447,  49S, 
536,  638,  540,  594,  627. 

Parton,  Richard,  647. 

Patent,  the  Duke  of  York's,  for  New  York,  16, 
17, 19,  32,  40,  53,  55,  57,  5S,  6S,  70,  75,  80,  89,  93, 
97,  105,  107, 109, 112, 149,  157,  166  ;  see  York, 
Duke  of. 

Pawling,  Henry,  145, 156, 107. 

Pearson,  Henry,  21S,  615 ;  see  Kersou. 

Pelham,  patent  of,  109. 

Pell,  John,  025. 

Pemaqaid,  Maine,  16,  66,  199,  211,  261,  278,  296, 
310,  319,  328,  335,  375,  379,  386,  394,  407,  444,  451, 

463,  510,  523,  528,  548,  582. 
Penn,  Sir  William,  Admiral,  4. 
Pennsylvania,  346,  359,  306,  393, 418, 490,  500,  502, 

505,  531,  547,  557,  592. 
Penn,  William,  301,  305,  342,  317,  359,  306,  368, 

375,  393,  435,  490,  531,  557. 
Peunyman,  James,  290. 
Penobscot,  254, 379, 445,  507,  510,  520,  523. 
Peoria,  Illinois,  362  ;  see  Cril-vecoeur. 
Pepys,  Samuel,  4,  23, 125, 136, 422. 
Pequods,  281,  291,  295. 
Perret,  the  Reverend  Autoiue,  619^625. 
Perry,  John,  474,  600. 
Perth  Amboy,  in  New  Jersey,  origin  of  the 

name,  392, 432 ;  made  a  port,  400,  491. 
Perth,  the  Earl  of,  368, 392, 432,  500. 
Peru  Bay,  New  York,  121. 
Petre,  Edward,  the  Jesuit,  529. 
Philadelphia,  367, 436  ;  see  Pennsylvania. 
Philip,  King,  281,  290,  295. 
Phillipse,  Frederick,  271,  273,  360,  372,  389,  453, 

458,  506,  510^  515,  521,  557,  565,  570,  572,  590,  594, 

590,  62S,  637. 
Phipps,  Sir  William,  528,  537,  542,  555,  592,  595, 

613,  621. 
Pierce,  Nehemiah,  290. 
Pierron,  Jean,  the  Jesuit  Father,  12S,  130,  146, 

161, 169,  237,  299,  327. 
Pierson,  Henry,  21S,  615. 
Pietersen,  Evert,  175. 
Pinhorne,  William,  31S,  390,  427,  612,  62S,  637, 

639,  646. 
Pipou,  Joshna,  468, 511. 
Pirates,  523, 524 ;  see  Buccaneers  and  Phipps. 
Piscataway,  219. 
Pitkin,  William,  292,  389,  616. 
Plantation  Committee  of  James,  529;  of  William, 

539,  544,  561, 592,  694,  629, 641. 
Plantation  Council,  the  English,  5, 12, 14, 18,  82, 

150,  180,  202,  247,  249,  297,  310,  337,  347,  422,  433, 

449,  456,  460,  471,  503. 


INDEX. 


677 


Plowman,  Matthew,  401,  505,  521,  558,  571,  5T3, 

612. 
Pluvier,  Cornelius,  615,  C4T. 
Plymouth  and  the  "Bay  horse,"554. 
Plymouth  "  annexed"  to  New  York,  595. 
Plymouth,  New,  111,  13S,  22S,  232,  281,  291,  298, 

316,  338,  445,  467,  516,  530,  554,  584,  592,  616,  620, 

623,  629. 
Poleron,  the  Island  of,  93, 95, 136. 
Polhemus,  Domlne,  159, 175. 
Population  of  New  York  in  1680, 458. 
Port  Jervis,  459. 
Port  Royal  in  Acadia,  613,  617. 
Port  Royal  in  South  Carolina,  176 ;  see  Yea- 
mans. 
Post  messengers  established  by  Lovelace,  196, 

197, 198. 
Postal  affairs,  413,  466. 
"Praying  Indians"  of  Canada,  608,  61S ;  see 

Caghnawagas. 
Prescott,  or  La  Galette,  238. 
Pretty,  Richard,  439. 
Prince  George,  of  Denmark,  414,  535. 
Prince,  Thomas,  Governor  of  New  Plymouth, 

139. 
Princess  Anne,  of  England,  414,  535. 
Princess  Mary,  of  England,  314 ;  see  Orange. 
Printing  in  America  restrained  by  James,  455, 

467,  504 ;  see  example  in  Massachusetts,  and 

censorship  of  press,  and  Sewali,  Samuel. 
Printing-press,  the  Cambridge,  89  ;  Bradford's, 

in  Pennsylvania,  436. 
Privy  Council,  the  English,  4,  12,  13,  22,  58,  82, 

143,  357,  418,  421,  431,  447, 450,  475 ;  of  William, 

539,  543,  556,  570,  593,  596,  631,  639. 
Protestants,  198,  201,  205,  210,  212,  220,  246,  247, 

250,  255,  270,  288,  300,  315,  328,  338,  348,  373,  380, 

352,  387,  407,  414,  435,  445,  450,  457,  465,  490,  408, 
504,  513,  517,  522,  532,  536,  539,  547,  551,  556,  502, 
568,  572,  627. 

Provincial  Assembly  of  New  York,  under  James, 

353,  358,  382,  385,  407,  410,  427,  456,  458 ;  under 
William,  627,  638,  642. 

Provoost,  Johannes,  614,  624, 647. 

Puritans,  281,  291,  298,  316,  354,  360,  383,  407,  446, 

451, 467,  473,  480. 
Pynchon,  John,  24,  30,  35,  198,  309,  336,  446,  473, 

559,  584 ;  see  Kinshou. 

Quakers,  190, 191,  302,  305,  339,  412,  437,  446,  459, 
464, 509,  527. 

Quebec,  99, 102, 104, 114, 121, 127, 134, 146, 161, 169, 
178, 193,  237,  240,  299,  305,  368,  378,  395,  402,  430, 
432,  476,  520,  547,  582,  603,  609,  613,  622. 

Queens  County,  386, 560, 573,  025,  635. 

Quider,  309,  605, 606 ;  see  Schuyler,  Peter. 

Quinby,  John,  68. 

Quinto  Bay,  194,  237,  240. 

Quirynsen,  Charles,  228 ;  see  Kryussen. 

Raffeix,  the  Father  Pierre,  117, 178, 191, 193,  237, 

299,  324,  362. 
Rame,  Maurice  de,  126. 
Randolph,  Edward,  297,  336,  359,  417,  433,  445, 

467,  471,  510,  512,  524,  528,  552,  555,  592,  593,  629. 
Kapin  de  Thoyras,  435,  534. 


Rapoos,  311. 

Raritan,  369. 

Ratcliffe,  the  Rev.  Robert,  445. 

Reed,  Robert,  601. 

Reformed  Protestant  Dutch  Church  in  North 
America,  repudiation  by  its  Synod  of  the 
words  "Dutch"  and  "Protestant"  in  its  cor- 
porate title,  601, 062 ;  see  Dutch  Church. 

Reid,  John,  432. 

Renkokus  Creek,  New  Jersey,  303. 

Rensselaerv(7^ck,  438. 

Revolution,  the  English,  in  1689, 540. 

Rhode  Island,  54,  87,  111,  155,  189,  228,  232,  247, 
265,  282,  290,  338,  419,  433,  445,  452,  403,  467,  473, 
502,  514,  554,  561,  610.  • 

Ribourde,  the  Father  Gabriel  de,  170,  240,  299, 
320. 

Richards,  James,  53,  216,  308. 

Richards,  John,  360, 416. 

Richards,  Paulus,  61 ;  alderman,  578. 

Richmond  County,  385. 

Rider,  John,  195. 

Riggs,  John,  561, 592,  594,  590. 

Roades,  Doctor,  279. 

Robinson,  Andrew,  459. 

Robinson,  John,  390. 

Robinson,  Sir  Robert,  Governor  of  Bermuda, 
at  New  York,  634, 039. 

Rochester,  Earl  of,  421,  434. 

Rodgers,  Sergeant  Charles,  586. 

Roelofse,  Teuuis,  574. 

Roman  Catholics,  366,  387,  394,  406,  435,  457,  474, 
405,  498,  514,  522,  528,  531,  547,  557,  562. 

Rombouts,  Francis,  Mayor  and  Counselor,  256, 
259,  330,  628. 

Rooseboom,  Captain  Johannes,  429, 443,  478. 

Rosewell,  William,  216. 

Rotterdam,  135,  258,  287. 

Rouvigny,  Count,  French  Envoy,  251,  315. 

Royal  African  Company,  6, 455,  504. 

Royal  Commissioners,  18-20,  24,  25, 105,  111. 

Rudyard,  Thomas,  368,  392, 409, 428. 

Rupert,  Prince,  124,  204. 

Russell,  Ensign  Bartholomew,  562. 

Russell,  Lord  William,  414. 

Rnyter,  Admiral  De,  124, 134, 185. 

Ruyven,  Cornells  van,  43,  47,  59,  76,  88,  111,  122, 
132, 142, 144, 172,  212,  220,  231,  233,  255. 

Ryckman,  Albert,  439. 

Rye,  in  Westchester,  389. 

Rye-House  Plot,  414. 

Saffln,  John,  470. 

Saint  Castin,  the  Baron  Vincent  de,  379, 394, 510 ; 

see  Castin. 
Saint  Croix,  the  River,  502, 510. 
Saint  Lawrence,  the  River,  7,  8, 103, 178,  396, 401, 

502. 
Sainte  Hel&ne,  at  Schenectady,  607. 
Salem,  or  Elsingburg,  New  Jersey,  302,  306,  320. 
Salisbury,  Ensign  and  Captain  Sylvester,  20,  61, 

167, 198,  200,  213,  275,  280,  293,  294,  306,  312,  320, 

366. 
Salisbury  Plains,  L.  I.,  74. 
Salle,  Robert  Cavelier  de  la,  162,  170,  179  ;  see 

La  Salle. 


67S 


DsDEX. 


Salmon  Falls,  New  Hampshire,  606. 

Salmon  Eiver,  402,  507, 51S,  61S ;  see  La  Famine. 

Salvaye,  the  Sieur  de,  369, 401. 

Sancroft,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  457,  532. 

Sanders,  Robert,  604. 

Sandy  Hook,  152,  225,  305,  332,  369,  460,  547,  559. 

Santen,  Lucas,  374,  3S4, 409, 42S,  453, 45S,  461, 465, 

491. 
Saratoga,  or  "Saraaghtoga,"  or  "  Serachtague," 

3S5,  440,  442,  4S4,  620. 
Sault  Saint  Louis,  241,  327,  442, 479, 4S4. 
Saurel,  or  Sorel,  101, 116. 
Sausamau,  John,  2S1. 
Savage,  Thomas,  5S4. 
Savages  cooked  au4  eaten,  479. 
Sawyer,  Sir  Robert,  348, 417, 433,  541. 
Say  and  Sele,  Lord,  5. 
Saybrook,  284,  2SS. 
Schaats,  the  Domine,  159, 169,  2SS,  300,  329,  330, 

579. 
Schaghticoke,  or  Scatacook,  Indians  at,  294, 295, 

621. 
Schelling,  Island  of,  125, 134,  230. 
Schenectady,  103, 131, 194,  21S,  222,  235,  327,  380, 

443,  4S1,  4S5,  579,  5SG,  539,  607. 
Schermerhorn,  Eyer,  615. 
Schermerhorn,  Symon,  609,  624. 
Schomberg,  Marshal,  435. 
Schuyler,  Arent,  443. 
Schuyler,  Captain  John,  621. 
Schuyler,  David,  439. 
Schuyler,  Peter,  309,  409,  439,  4S3,  554,  553,  578, 

536,  538,  602,  603,  614,  613,  624. 
Scot,  George,  432. 

Scott,  Captain  John,  14, 15, 18,  24,  31,  82,  85. 
Seal  of  Great  Britain  thrown  in  the  Thames,  535. 
Seal  of  New  England,  553. 
Seal  of  New  York  ordered  to  be  destroyed,  503 ; 

new  one  for,  630. 
Secession  in  Massachusetts,  553,  556,  560. 
Seditious  course  of  INIilborue,  5SS,  590. 
"  Seeds  of  sedition"  blown  about,  5G1. 
Seii,'uclay,  the  Sieur  de,  431, 440, 442,  501, 507,  520, 

545. 
Sclleck,  John,  215. 
Selyns,  Domine  Henrlcus,  175,  361,  379,  515,  557, 

571,  590,  625,  638,  647,  648. 
Senecas,  the,  46,  51,  98, 100, 102, 114, 128, 148, 1G2, 

169, 17S,  237,  290,  309,  324,  327,  363,  365,  370,  373, 

395,  401,  429,  440,  445,  474,  479,  433,  51S,  547,  579, 

621. 
Sessions,  Courts  of,  63,  07,  70,  72,  74,  77,  91, 108, 

140, 172, 195, 199,  293,  .335,  330,  391 ;  see  Courts. 
Sctalcott,  or  Setauket,  L.  I.,  63, 103,  221,  226,  228 ; 

see  Brookhaven. 
Sewall,  Samuel,  445,  525,  616. 
Shackamaxon,  368. 

Shaftesbury,  Lord,  5,  201,  247,  249,  ^?S,  541. 
Shanks,  Matthew,  Lieutenant  and  Captain,  632. 
Sharpe,  John,  195,  20G,  252. 
Sharpe,  Thomas,  Sergeant,  Ensign,  and  Lienten- 

ant,  272,  292, 33.5,  379, 519, 535,  614. 
Shelter  Island,  100, 191,  211,  217,  228,  243. 
Sherlock,  James,  529,  552,  ."iSS,  593,  029. 
Shrcwsbni-j',  New  Jersey,  34,  219. 
Shrewsbury,  the  Earl  of,  539, 543, 570, 596, 619, 624. 


Shrimpton,  Samuel,  394,  503. 

Shutte,  John,  English  schoolmaster  at  Albany, 

83. 
Sidney,  Algernon,  359, 414. 
Simmes,  Ensign  Thomas,  032. 
Sioux,  395. 

Skannadario,  323 ;  see  Ontario. 
Slaves,  English,  at  Barbadoes,  6, 155 ;  origin  of 

the  term  "guineas,"  6;  in  Virginia,  51;  in  New 

England,  231,  290,  337;  in  New  York,  72,  313, 

331,  434, 455, 465, 4SG,  504,  510. 
Sloughter,  Colonel  Henry,  Governor   of  New 

York,  594,  637,  641. 
Sluyter,  Peter,  328. 
Smith,  Arthur,  108. 
Smith,  John,  487,  522,  561. 
Smith,  Joseph,  647. 

Smith,  Richard,  of  Rhode  Island,  503, 559. 
Smith,  William,  of  Long  Island,  462, 561, 023,  637, 

639,  646. 
Smits  Jan,  116, 119. 
Sodus  Bay,  507. 
Sol,  Jan,  225. 
Solebay,  Battle  of,  1S6. 
Somers,  John,  532,  533,  545. 
Sorel  River,  618. 
Southampton,  L.  L,  63, 107, 110, 12G,  173,  ISC,  215, 

218,  223,  243,  253,  274,  239,  301,  313,  560. 
Southampton,  the  Earl  of,  5, 79. 
South  Carolina,  176. 
Southold,  L.  L,  03,  73, 107,  110,  ICG,  155,  173, 186, 

216,  213,  227,  231,  243,  i;53,  274,  286,  301, 355,  361, 

407.  555,  557. 
Spain,  10,  33,  39, 73, 152,  247,  250,  538. 
Spiting  Devil,  or  Spytendnjwel  (,Spyt  den  Duijvcl 

— "  in  spite  of  the  devil'"),  182,  222 ;  see  vol.  i., 

421. 
Spragg,  John,  374,  3S2, 40S,  438, 414, 453, 458, 402. 
Spratt,  John,  615. 

Springfield,  Massachusetts,  198,  280, 289, 517,  521. 
Staats,  Lieutenant  Joachim,  439,  533,  601,  603, 

624,  647. 
Staats,  Samuel,  59S,  647. 
Stacev,  Robert,  306. 
Stadtholder,  the  Dutch,  536,  546,  550. 
Stamford,  Connecticut,  50,  215,  412,  473. 
"  State  Rights"  in  New  England,  556,  560. 
Staten  Island,  24,  49,  63,  149,  166,  181,  206,  214, 

263,  239,  291,  306,  312,  320,  350,  361,  369,  330,  336, 

410,  460,  573,  625,  647. 
States  General,  the  Dutch,  2,  9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 

22,  23,  27, 31,  35,  33,  40,  57,  73,  91,  94,  97, 103, 105, 

110, 131,  136, 151, 175, 184, 193,  201,  205,  203,  211, 

218,  245,  249,  252,  260,  314,  533,  535,  538. 
Stealman,  John,  67. 
Steenwvck,  Cornells,  35,  48,  60,  SO,  144, 181, 134, 

183,  222, 225,  228,  231,  234,  259,  270,  277,  280,  239. 
Stevens,  Captain  Tristram,  361. 
Stillwater,  620. 
Stirling,  the  Earl  of,  11, 12, 14, 15, 16,  90,  94,  138, 

173, 137,  269. 
Stock,  Arthur,  51, 106. 
Stockbridge,  Massachusetts,  295. 
Stoll,  Joost,  562, 566,  574,  576, 596, 618,  637,  647. 
Stonington,  139,  231. 
Stoughton,William,  298, 316, 336, 467, 473, 51 1, 616. 


INDEX. 


679 


Stratton,  John,  GS. 

Strycker,  Jacob,  214,  227. 

Stryker,  John,  67. 

Stuyvesant,  Nicholas  W.,  55S,  569,  590. 

Stuyvesant,  Peter,  Governor,  11, 21,  22,  23,  25,  26, 

27,  30,  31,  32,  33,  36,  40,  42,  47,  48,  59,  63,  95,  111, 

131, 136, 13S,  142, 1S3, 188,  208,  211,  215,  218,  22?, 

226,  260. 
Suffolk  County,  386,  560,  573,  615. 
Sunderland,  the  Earl  of,  421,  427,  445,  46S,  471, 

4S5,  495,  529,  534. 
Superior,  Lake,  170, 179, 194. 
Surinam,  136,  211,  258. 
Susquehannas,  the,  100, 177, 193, 309,  375, 393,  397, 

465, 474 ;  see  Andastes  and  Couestogaa. 
Swansey,  or  Seaconk,  283,  2S5. 
Swartwout,  Anthony,  647. 
Swartwout,  Roeloff,  647. 
Sweden,  22,  50,  51, 140, 151,  250. 
"  Sweet  singers,"  the  Scotch,  407,  641. 
Sweringen,  Van,  Schout,  51. 
Swinton,  Isaac,  428,  439. 
Sylvester,  Constant,  106. 
Sylvester,  Nathaniel,  106,  217,  227,  231,  243. 

Tackapausha,  the  Sachem,  107. 

Tadoussac,  622. 

Talbot,  Captain  Mark,  375,  387, 415. 

Talcott,  John,  253. 

Talmage,  Lieutenant  Enos,  5S9,  607. 

Talon,  the  Sieur  Jean,  100, 12S,  134, 102, 170, 179, 
194. 

Tareha,  582  ;  see  Millet. 

Tegancourt,  Sachem,  404. 

Teharonhiagaunra,  or  "the  looker  up  to  heav- 
en," the  Indian  name  of  Millet,  178;  see  Millet. 

Teiorensere,  the  Indian  name  of  the  Father  John 
de  Lamberville,  402,  429, 477. 

Temple,  Sir  Thomas,  114, 185,  379. 

Temple,  Sir  William,  151,  251. 

Tenbroeck,  Wessel,  235. 

Terneure,  Lieutenant  Daniel,  601,  613. 

Tesschenmaeker,  Domine  Petrus,  329,  380,  608. 

Test  Act,  the  English,  201, 415,  447, 489. 

Teunis,  Guisbert,  67. 

Teunise,  Lieutenant  and  Captain  Egbert,  292, 
585. 

Thompson,  Major  Robert,  2S6,  611. 

Thoyras,  Kapiu  de,  534 ;  see  Kapin. 

Three  Rivers,  606. 

Ticonderoga,  129,  518. 

Tinicum,  Island  of,  195. 

Tom,  William,  164. 

Tonty,  Henry  dc,  323,  378,  395, 478. 

Topping,  Captain  Thomas,  43,  68,  75,  87. 

Torbay,  William's  landing  at,  533,  591. 

Tories  and  Whigs  in  England,  338,  532,  539. 

Tortugas,  523. 

Tower-a-tauch,  311. 

Townley,  Richard,  of  New  Jersey,  012. 

Tracy,  the  Marquis  de,  101, 104, 114, 121, 127, 162. 

Treat,  Robert,  Governor  of  Connecticut,  388, 412, 
446, 468, 470, 472, 488,  555,  559,  585,  612,  620. 

Treaty  of  Nimeguen,  315. 

Treaty  of  Westminster,  251,  253,  256,  268,  200,  277, 
297, 304,  314, 340. 


Trinity  Church,  New  York,  183. 

Tromp,  Admiral  (the  younger),  79, 125,  205 ;  vul- 
gar English  usage  to  prefix  a  "Van"  to  his 
name,  1.,  545,  note. 

Tudor,  John,  390, 487. 

Turenue,  Henri  de  la  Tour  d'Auvergne,  1, 17, 
203,  312. 

Two  new  holidays  in  New  York,  591. 

Tye,  Ann,  Oil ;  see  Brodhead,  Nottingham,  and 
Garton. 

Tyng,  Edward,  473,  503. 

Ulster  County,  New  York,  157, 167,  235,  385,  407, 

459, 4S4,  573,  5S0,  589,  614,  623,  626. 
Uncas,  294. 

Underbill,  Captain  John,  68,  73, 107. 
United  Netherlands,  the,  1,  3,  6,  7, 10, 12, 14, 10, 

IS,  20,  22,  26,  30,  36, 40, 42,  57,  T8,  93. 
Usher,  John,  473,  512. 
Usurpation  of  Leisler,  574,  578,  584.  587,  590,  601, 

612,  616,  619,  626. 

Vaillant,  the  Father  Francis,  377, 476, 489, 494. 

Valrennes,  M.  de,  583. 

Van  Ale,  Lawrence,  439. 

Van  Brugge,  Carel,  215. 

Van  Brugh,  Johannes,  43,  60,  76, 212,  225, 233, 250, 

259,  270,  277. 
Van  Cortlandt,  Oloff  Stevensen,  35,  GO,  76, 151. 
Van  Cortlandt,  Stephanas,  234,  250,  259,  271,  312, 
319;  see  Cortlandt,  the  manor  of,  and  Ste- 
phanus  van. 
Van  Curler,  Anthonia,  235. 
Van  Curler,  or  Corlaer,  Arendt,  103, 105, 120, 121. 
Van  Curler,  Commissary,  54. 
Van  der  Donck,  182. 
Van  der  Spiegel,  Laurens,  212. 
Van  de  Water,  Jacobus,  Major,  234,  242. 
Van  Gaasbeeck,  Domine  Laurentius,  329,  330. 
Van  Gogh,  Dutch  Ambassador  at  Loudon,  23, 

57,  90. 
Van  Laer,  Adriaen,  163. 
Van  Rensselaer,  Captain  Kiliaen,  585. 
Van  Rensselaer,  Jeremiah,  45, 47,  218. 
Van  Rensselaer,  Nicolaus,  the  Reverend,  272, 

2SS,  300. 
Van  Ruy^-en,  Cornells,  43,  47,  59,  76,  88,  111,  122, 

132, 142, 144, 172,  212,  220,  231,  233,  255. 
Van  Schaick,  Alderman  Levinus,  439, 578,  5S5. 
Van  Schaick,  Captain  Goosen  Gerritsen,  294. 
Van  Sweringen,  Schout,  51, 86. 
Van  Zuuren,  Domine,  329,  3S0. 
Van  Zyll,  Captain  Ferdinandus,  210,  21.3. 
Varick,  Domine  Rudolphus,  619,  624, 647. 
Varlett,  Abram,  226. 
Varlett,  Nicholas,  35. 
Vaudreuil,  Philippe  de,  476. 
Vermilye,  Johannes,  574,  599,  612,  640. 
Verplanck,  Gelyn,  212,  234,  250,  390. 
Verplanck,  Isaac,  439. 
Vesey,  Ensign,  558. 
Viele,  Arnout  Cornelisseu,  301,  398,  402,  444,  486, 

517,  004,  626. 
Virginia,  7,  8, 13,  39,  52,  64, 126, 143, 177,  205,  223, 

248,  309,  327,  374,  378,  396,  418,  420,  482,  505,  556, 

580,  592. 


GSO 


INDEX. 


Vos,  Nicholas,  22S. 
Vroedschap,  48. 
Vrooman,  Adam,  60S. 

"  Wacht  een  beetje,"665. 

Wadsworth,  Lieutenant  Joseph,  4T2. 

Waldron,  Resolved,  222. 

Waller,  Edmund,  the  poet,  5. 

Walley,  John,  512,  GIG,  622. 

WallkUl,  311. 

Walters,  Robert,  5TT,  615. 

Wauipanoags,  2S1,  291. 

Wampum  bells,  "  to  wipe  away  tears,"  610. 

Wamsutta,  the  Chief,  2S1. 

Wassenaar,  Admiral,  79. 

Watteau,  the  Father  Melithon,  3G2. 

Weall,  Thomas,  110. 

Wedderborue,  George,  561. 

Weeksteeu,  Domine  Johannes,  330, 3S0. 

Weems,  Lieutenant,  523. 

Wells,  Philip,  410,  459. 

Wells,  William,  43,  68,  73,  75, 107. 

Welsh,  AVilliam,  393. 

Wendell,  Captain  Johannes,  409,  439,  57S,  5Si, 

5SS,  602,  624. 
Wenham,  Thomas,  573. 
Werden,  Sir  John,  261,  2S0,  294,  304,  300,  332,  339, 

349,  354,  367,  371,  393, 411,  422. 
Wessels,  Alderman  and  Recorder  Dirck,  of  Al- 
bany, 439,  494,  578,  587. 
Westchester  County,  55, 63,  67, 68, 73, 109, 160, 171, 

182,  214,  385,  392, 560,  573,  615,  647. 
West  India  Company,  the  Dutch,  6,  9, 15,  21,  22, 
23,  25,  27, 37, 38, 40, 44,  57,  78, 94, 95, 110, 132, 135, 
136, 149, 183,  209,  25S. 
West  Indies,  257. 

West,  John,  318,  335,  353,  374,  390,  413,  444,  468, 
510,  512,  527,  549,  553,  555,  593,  629. 

Westminster,  Convention  at,  537, 540. 

Westminster,  Treaty  of,  251,  253,  256,  258,  2C6, 
277,  297,  314,  340. 

West  Riding  of  Long  Island,  300. 

Wethersfield,  in  Connecticut,  171. 

Wharton,  Anthony,  48. 

Wharton,  Philip,  Lord,  534, 537, 542. 

Wharton,  Richard,  530. 

Wharton,  Thomas,  534. 

Wharton,  Walter,  224. 

Whigs  and  Tories,  origin  of  names,  338. 

Whitehall,  in  London,  535,  595. 

Whiting,  William,  470. 

Whitlield,  Ralph,  144. 156. 

Wildwvck,  in  Esopus,  SS. 

"  Willemstadt,"  or  Albany,  218,  224, 226, 235,  242, 
252, 271. 


Willett,  Captain  and  M«jor  Thomas,  24,  25,  28, 

30,  45,  47,  75,  76,  87,  144,  182,  223,  481,  611,  628, 

C37. 
William  IL  of  Orange,  1. 
William  III.  of  Orange,  2, 94, 185, 202, 204, 210,  217, 

220,  230,  246,  252,  271,  314,  387,  532,  537,  539,  G27. 
William  and  Mary  proclaimed  King  and  Queen 

of  England,  at  London,  539 ;  at  Boston,  555 ; 

in  Pennsylvania,  557 ;  in  Connecticut,  571 ;  iu 

New  York,  572;  in  Albany,  580. 
Williams,  John,  361. 
Williams,  Roger,  554. 
Williams,  Thomas,  574,  539,  025,  640. 
Williamson,  Secretary,  15. 
Willys,  Samuel,  35,  200,  229,  231,  253,  275,  292. 
Wilmington,  Delaware,  140. 
Winantse,  Melgert,  439. 
Winder,  John,  273. 
Winder,  Samuel,  352,  357,  359,  410. 
Windsor,  Ensign,  536. 
Winnington,  Attorney  General,  416. 
Winslow,  John,  Governor  of  Massachusetts,  298, 

549. 
Winthrop,  Captain  and  General  Fitz  John,  229, 

231,  243, 522,  620,  622. 
Winthrop,  John,  5, 12,  23,  28,  30,  32,  35,  53,  55,  60, 

87, 114, 12G,  139,  158,  101, 171, 187,  196,  200,  205, 

213,  230,  274,  284,  335,  446,  473,  559. 
Wiswall,  the  Rev.  Mr.,  of  Plymouth,  554,  629. 
Witchcraft  not  a  capital  offense  by  the  Nev,- 

York  code,  72  ;  trial  for,  90. 
Wolley,  the  Reverend  Charles,  New  York  Chap- 
lain, 318,  329,  331,  332. 
Wood  Creek,  020. 
Wood,  Jonas,  68,  74. 
Woodbridge,  in  New  Jersey-,  177,  218. 
Woodhnll,  Richard,  108. 
Wren,  Matthew,  136, 186. 
Wyalusiug,  the  Falls  of,  397. 
Wj-nkoop,  Cornells,  235. 
Wynningtou,  Sir  Thomas,  Attorney  General  of 

the  Duke  of  York,  261, 316. 

Yeamans,  Sir  John,  176. 

York,  the  Archbishop  of,  530. 

Young,  Jacob,  327. 

Young,  Thomas,  375. 

Younge,  Captain,  Colonel,  and  Counselor  John, 
24,  3.5,  43,  54,  50,  68,  107,  174,  188,  229,  253,  294, 
353,  381,  889,  453,  458,  402,  480,  521,  557,  559,  639. 

Zealand,  the  Province  of,  2,  6, 184, 187,  204,  211, 

223,  249,  258,  533. 
Zenobe,  or  Zenobius,  Membre,  the  Franciscan 

Father,  299,  326,  365,  378, 405. 


THE    END. 


?W55?J 


.  ^' 


V  ■  ■ 


%^'^.r''» 


.vji'^ 


.ji«r%--,  •'•^;i::^'P 


.'^;'^. 


^C^«;*^, 


.>-^i. 


x^